# European Union Referendum Act 2015

Part of a series of articles on :
UK membership of the European Union (1973–2020) :
Accession
Treaty of Accession 1972
1972 EC Act
1973 enlargement of the EC :
1975 referendum
Referendum Act (results) :
Treaty amendments Single European Act, 1986 (UK ratification) Maastricht Treaty, 1992 (UK ratification) Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997 (UK ratification) Treaty of Nice, 2001 (UK ratification) Treaty of Lisbon, 2007 (UK ratification)
Related:
2011 UK Act on new EU Treaty amendments
EU-related British Acts
Proposed European Constitution referendum
European Union Bill 2004–2005 :
MEPs for UK constituenciesMembers 1973–1979 (elected by parliament)Members 1979–1984 (1979 election)Members 1984–1989 (1984 election)Members 1989–1994 (1989 election)Members 1994–1999 (1994 election)Members 1999–2004 (1999 election)Members 2004–2009 (2004 election)Members 2009–2014 (2009 election)Members 2014–2019 (2014 election)Members 2019–2020 (2019 election)
Women :
Officials and bodies
House of Lords EU Committee
House of Commons EU Committee
Permanent EU Representatives for UK
Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels
EU Representative in London
UK European Commissioners
Department for Exiting the European Union :
Issues and events
Economy
The Euro
Black Wednesday
UK budget rebate
Nationality law
Euroscepticism in the UK
United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation
Maastricht Rebels
Balance of Competences Review :
Withdrawal
2015 UK general election
2015–2016 membership renegotiation
2016 EU membership referendum
Vote Leave
Britain Stronger in Europe
Notification of withdrawal
2017 UK general election
Brexit negotiations
Impact of Brexit
Future relationship
Withdrawal agreement
No-deal Brexit
Impact on Irish border
Northern Ireland Protocol
Parliamentary votes
Proposed second referendum
2019 UK general election :
EU portal
UK portal :
vte :
Constitutional documents and events relevant to the status of the United Kingdom and its countries :
List per year
Treaty of Union1706Acts of Union1707Succession to the Crown Act 17071707Septennial Act1716Wales and Berwick Act1746Constitution of Ireland (1782)1782Acts of Union 18001800HC (Disqualifications) Act 18011801Reform Act 18321832Scottish Reform Act 18321832Irish Reform Act 18321832Judicial Committee Act 18331833Judicial Committee Act 18431843Judicial Committee Act 18441844Representation of the People Act 18671867Reform Act (Scotland) 18681868Reform Act (Ireland) 18681868Irish Church Act1869Royal Titles Act 18761876Appellate Jurisdiction Act1876Reform Act 18841884Interpretation Act 18891889Parliament Act1911Aliens Restriction Act1914Status of Aliens Act 19141914Government of Ireland Act 19141914Welsh Church Act1914Royal Proclamation of 19171917Representation of the People Act 19181918Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act1919Government of Ireland Act1920Anglo-Irish Treaty1921Church of Scotland Act 19211921Irish Free State (Agreement) Act1922Irish Free State Constitution Act1922Ireland (Confirm. of Agreement) Act 19251925Balfour Declaration of 19261926Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act1927Representation of the People Act 19281928Eire (Confirmation of Agreement) Act 19291929Statute of Westminster1931HM Declaration of Abdication Act 19361936Regency Act 19371937Regency Act 19431943British Nationality Act 19481948Representation of the People Act 19481948Ireland Act 19491949Statute of the Council of Europe1949Parliament Act 19491949Regency Act 19531953Royal Titles Act 19531953European Convention on Human Rights1953Interpretation Act (NI)1954HC Disqualification Act 19571957Life Peerages Act1958Commonwealth Immigrants Act 19621962Peerage Act1963Royal Assent Act1967Commonwealth Immigrants Act 19681968Immigration Act1971EC Treaty of Accession1972NI (Temporary Provisions) Act1972European Communities Act1972Local Government Act1972UK joins the European Communities1973Local Government (Scotland) Act1973NI border poll1973NI Constitution Act1973House of Commons Disqualification Act1975Referendum Act1975EC membership referendum1975Interpretation Act1978Scotland Act 19781978Wales Act 19781978Scottish devolution referendum1979Welsh devolution referendum1979British Nationality Act1981Representation of the People Act 19831983Representation of the People Act 19851985Single European Act1985Maastricht Treaty1993Local Government (Wales) Act1994Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act1994Referendums (Scotland & Wales) Act1997Scottish devolution referendum1997Welsh devolution referendum1997Good Friday Agreement1998Northern Ireland Act1998Government of Wales Act1998Human Rights Act1998Scotland Act1998House of Lords Act1999Representation of the People Act 20002000Parties, Elections and Referendums Act2000Constitutional Reform Act2005Government of Wales Act 20062006Northern Ireland Act 20092009Lisbon Treaty2009Constitutional Reform and Governance Act2010Parl. Voting System and Constituencies Act2011Welsh devolution referendum2011Alternative Vote referendum2011European Union Act 20112011Fixed-term Parliaments Act2011Scotland Act 20122012Succession to the Crown Act 20132013Scottish independence referendum2014House of Lords Reform Act2014Wales Act 20142014HL (Expulsion and Suspension) Act2015Recall of MPs Act2015European Union Referendum Act2015EU membership referendum2016Scotland Act 20162016Wales Act 20172017EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act2017Invocation of Article 502017European Union (Withdrawal) Act2018EU Withdrawal Act 20192019 EU Withdrawal (No. 2) Act2019 Early Parliamentary General Election Act2019EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act2020UK leaves the European Union2020UK Internal Market Act2020EU (Future Relationship) Act2020Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act2022 Elections Act2022 :
vte :
The European Union Referendum Act 2015 (c. 36) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that made legal provision for a consultative referendum to be held in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar, on whether it should remain a member state of the European Union or leave the bloc altogether. The bill was introduced to the House of Commons by Philip Hammond, Foreign Secretary on 28 May 2015. Two weeks later, the second reading of the Bill was supported by MPs from all parties except the SNP; the bill subsequently passed on its third reading in the Commons on 7 September 2015. It was approved by the House of Lords on 14 December 2015, and given Royal Assent on 17 December 2015. The Act came partly into force on the same day and came into full legal force on 1 February 2016.
The Act gave effect to a manifesto commitment of the Conservative Party at the general election of May 2015, and was one of the most significant pieces of legislation that was passed by the 2015–17 Parliament. It required the Secretary of State to appoint the day on which the referendum should be held, although it could not be any later than 31 December 2017 and, on 20 February 2016, David Cameron announced that the referendum would take place on 23 June 2016. In the referendum, the electorate voted by 51.9 per cent to 48.1 per cent in favour of leaving the EU, on a 72 per cent national turnout.
The Act became spent upon the conclusion of the referendum.

## Origin

On 1 January 1973, the United Kingdom and Gibraltar joined what was then known as the European Communities, under terms negotiated by the then Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath. In accordance with British constitutional convention, specifically that of parliamentary sovereignty, accession was not subject to approval by referendum. Both the Conservative Party and the Labour Party were divided over the issue, and the European Communities Act 1972 was passed due to sufficient Labour abstentions to counteract the number of rebel Tories. In the run-up to the February 1974 general election, the Labour Party manifesto promised a referendum "on renegotiated terms", which its leader Harold Wilson hoped would end the division of his party. However, the election proved indecisive, and marked the end of Heath's premiership as Prime Minister; Wilson became PM, and called a second election later in the year. Following the October 1974 general election, the Labour Party formed a minority administration and held the referendum on continued membership the following year, which was approved by 67% of voters.
For a few years the issue was largely settled but, with the approval by Parliament of the Single European Act, the Maastricht Treaty and the Lisbon Treaty, there were calls from eurosceptic Members of Parliament for a new UK referendum on continued membership. Conservative Party leader David Cameron announced in January 2013, in what became known as "The Bloomberg speech", a proposal to undertake a renegotiation of the terms of the UK's membership of the EU, and subsequently to hold a UK referendum on its membership of the Union. However, at the time of Cameron's speech, the Conservative Party was in Coalition government with the Liberal Democrats who, along with the Labour Party, were at the time opposed to any new referendum being held. The Conservative Party did not have an overall majority and a private member's bill by Conservative MP James Wharton to legislate an in-out referendum by the end of 2017 was blocked in the House of Lords. The proposals were contained in the Conservative Party manifesto for the 2015 general election; the Labour and Lib Dem parties had also made previous election manifesto commitments to an EU referendum but no commitment was made by these parties to the holding of any such referendum in the event they won the 2015 general election. On the Bill's second reading, on 9 June 2015, MPs voted by 544 to 53 in favour of the principle of holding a referendum with only the Scottish National Party opposing the Bill, and by 316 votes to 53 on its third reading in the Commons on 7 September 2015.

## The Act

The Act legislated for a referendum to be held in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar on whether to remain a member of the EU, to be conducted by the Electoral Commission and overseen by an appointed "Chief Counting Officer" (CCO) and a "deputy chief counting officer" (DCCO) who declared the final result for the United Kingdom. By regulation the Act ordered the Secretary of State (in this case the Prime Minister) to appoint a date for the holding of the referendum, as long as the date was no later than 31 December 2017, and not on 5 May 2016 or 4 May 2017. The Electoral Commission is the public body under the terms of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 that was given the task to raise public awareness ahead of polling day, and to oversee the conduct of the referendum.

## The referendum
### Limitation

This Act required a referendum to be held on the question of the UK's continued membership of the European Union before the end of 2017. The Bill did not contain any requirement for the UK Government to implement the results of the referendum, nor set a time limit by which a vote to leave the EU should be implemented. Instead, this was a type of referendum known as a pre-legislative or consultative referendum, which enables the electorate to voice an opinion which then influences the Government in its policy decisions. The referendums held in Scotland (1997), Wales (1997) and Northern Ireland (1998) are examples of this type, where opinion was tested before legislation was introduced. The UK does not have constitutional provisions which would require the results of a referendum to be implemented, unlike, for example, Ireland, where the circumstances in which a binding referendum should be held are set out in its constitution.
In contrast, the legislation which provided for the referendum held on AV in May 2011 would have implemented the new system of voting without further legislation, provided that the boundary changes also provided for in the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 were also implemented. In the event, there was a substantial majority against any change. The 1975 referendum was held after the re-negotiated terms of the UK's EC membership had been agreed by all EC Member States and the terms set out in a command paper which later became known as the Referendum Act 1975 and was passed by both Houses.
The Bill became law when it received Royal Assent on 17 December 2015.
In accordance with the Act and the public duty of the Electoral Commission, a guide was posted to every household in the UK and Gibraltar in the week beginning of 16 May 2016 by HM Government. The leaflet was titled: "Why the Government believes that voting to remain in the European Union is the best decision for the UK". This leaflet stated: "This is your decision. The government will implement what you decide".

### Campaign period

The Act legislated that the official referendum campaign period up until polling day would be of ten weeks' duration (which in the event ran from 15 April to 23 June 2016), with an official "purdah" period lasting four weeks (in the event running from 27 May until polling day) during which all government and public bodies were not permitted to comment or publish information specifically related to the subject of the referendum.

### Campaign groups spending

Under this Act and the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000, the Electoral Commission had the authority to designate and to provide funding for two official lead campaign groups, one for "Remain" and one for "Leave". Each designated group had access to grants worth up to £600,000 as well as television spots and free leaflet drops. The Act declared that these designated groups were not permitted to spend overall more than £7 million. The Act permitted other registered campaign groups to participate but that their overall spending was limited to a maximum of £700,000. Spending by unregistered groups was limited by the Act to a maximum of £10,000. The Electoral Commission announced the official "Remain" and "Leave" designated groups before the beginning of the official campaign period (on 13 April 2016) ahead of the deadline on 14 April 2016: Britain Stronger in Europe for "Remain" and Vote Leave for "Leave".

### Political parties spending

Under the Act and the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000, political parties were permitted to provide funding for the referendum, although their spending was limited according to their performance at the 2015 general election and, under the rules, the political parties were limited to the maximum of each amount as follows:
* Conservative Party £7 million
* Labour Party £5.5 million
* UKIP £4 million
* Liberal Democrats £3 million
* SNP £700,000
All other political parties who received less than 5% of the national vote share had their maximum spending limited to no more than £700,000.

### Individual spending

Unless individuals are officially registered with the Electoral Commission, the maximum limit for spending in the referendum was to be no more than £10,000.

## Referendum question

The question that appeared on ballot papers in the referendum before the electorate under the Act was (in English):
   Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?
with the responses to the question to be marked with a single (X):
   Remain a member of the European Union Leave the European Union
and in Welsh:
   A ddylai'r Deyrnas Unedig aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd neu adael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd?
with the responses (to be marked with a single (X)):
   Aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd Gadael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd

### Original proposed question

Originally the Bill set out the question that was to appear on ballot papers as:
   Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union?
and in Welsh:
   A ddylai'r Deyrnas Unedig aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd?
permitting a simple YES/NO answer.
The original proposed question was similar to the question voters were asked in the original 1975 EC membership referendum. However, during subsequent research by the Electoral Commission in their assessment which was published in September 2015 found that "members of the public feel the wording was not balanced and there was a perception of bias" and proposed a change in the wording of the question. The proposed change was accepted by the government, shortly before the Bill's third reading.

## Voting areas

Under the provisions of the Act, the designation of a "voting area" (also known by some as "Counting areas") on the day of the referendum was to be overseen by "Counting officers" (CO) who were to declare the results of their local areas within the United Kingdom and Gibraltar as follows:
* A district in England for which there is a district council
* A county in England in which there are no districts with councils (Unitary authority)
* A London borough
* The City of London (including the Inner and Middle Temples)
* A county or county borough in Wales
* A local government area in Scotland
* Northern Ireland
* Gibraltar
There were a total of 382 voting areas. 326 in England, 32 in Scotland, 22 in Wales and single areas for Northern Ireland and Gibraltar. The local counts in the voting areas began from 22:00 BST (Western European Summer Time) on Thursday 23 June 2016 after all polling stations had closed. Recounts within "voting areas" were permitted when circumstances require under the instructions of the "Counting officers (CO)." It was the first time that a United Kingdom referendum was counted overnight as both the previous 1975 EC Referendum and the 2011 AV Referendum were counted during the course of the following day after polling stations closed.

## Regional counts

The Act also made provision for the results from the "voting areas" to fed into twelve "regional counts" to be overseen by Regional Counting Officers who were appointed in the following regions and declared the results for their regions as used under the European Parliamentary Elections Act 2002:
| Region or nation | Number of voting areas |
| East Midlands | 40 |
| East of England | 47 |
| Greater London | 33 |
| North East England | 12 |
| North West England | 39 |
| Northern Ireland | 1 |
| Scotland | 32 |
| South East England | 67 |
| South West England and Gibraltar | 38 |
| Wales | 22 |
| West Midlands | 30 |
| Yorkshire and the Humber | 21 |
The Gibraltar results were fed into the South West England regional count. The regions each declared their results once all local voting areas had declared their local results early on Friday 24 June 2016. There was no provision under the Act for any national or regional recounts by the Chief Counting Officer or Regional Counting Officers.

## Franchise

The right to vote in the referendum applied to UK and Gibraltar residents who were British, Irish and Commonwealth citizens, in accordance with the provisions of the Representation of the People Act 1983 and the Representation of the People Act 2000. Members of the House of Lords were able to vote in the referendum. Citizens of other EU countries resident in the UK were not allowed to vote unless they were citizens of Ireland, Malta or Cyprus. The same Acts only permitted UK nationals who had lived overseas for less than 15 years to vote, thus excluding a large number of British Europeans who were directly concerned, from voting either. This meant that a total of around 46.5 million people would be eligible to cast a vote in the referendum. Voting on the day of the referendum was from 07:00 to 22:00 BST (Western European Summer Time) (07:00 to 22:00 Central European Summer Time in Gibraltar) in some 41,000 polling stations staffed by over 100,000 officials. Each polling station was specified to have no more than 2,500 registered voters. Also under the provisions of the Representation of the People Act 2000 postal ballots were also permitted in the referendum and were sent out to eligible voters some three weeks ahead of the vote (2 June 2016). Residents of the Isle of Man, and the other Crown Dependencies Jersey and Guernsey, were not eligible to vote in the referendum, as those territories are not part of the UK [nor of the EU].
The minimum age for voters in the referendum was 18 years, in accordance with Representation Acts (above). A House of Lords amendment proposing to lower the minimum age to 16 years was rejected.

## Calling of referendum

On the morning of Saturday 20 February 2016 Prime Minister David Cameron held a special cabinet meeting in 10 Downing Street with his fellow Ministers (the first such meeting to be held on a Saturday since 3 April 1982 at the start of the Falklands War). Following the meeting, he announced outside the door of No 10 that the referendum would be held on Thursday 23 June 2016. On Monday 22 February 2016, Parliament enacted secondary legislation to authorise the holding of the referendum on that date.

## Eligible voters

On Tuesday 21 June 2016, the Electoral Commission announced the provisional official number of eligible voters who were entitled to vote in the referendum on Thursday 23 June in each of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom and Gibraltar following the closing date for registration on Thursday 9 June 2016 (these figures include all Commonwealth and Irish citizens along with members of the House of Lords who are not normally eligible to vote in general elections). The final number of eligible voters was published after 9 pm on Thursday 23 June 2016 by the Electoral Commission.
| Country | Eligible voters | Eligible voters |
| Country | Provisional | Final |
| United Kingdom | 46,475,420 | 46,475,882 |
| Gibraltar | 24,117 | 24,119 |
| United Kingdom and Gibraltar | 46,499,537 | 46,500,001 |

### English regions (together with Gibraltar)

| English regions | Eligible voters | Eligible voters |
| English regions | Provisional | Final |
| East Midlands | 3,385,057 | 3,384,299 |
| East of England | 4,398,430 | 4,398,796 |
| London | 5,424,289 | 5,424,768 |
| North East England | 1,934,228 | 1,934,341 |
| North West England | 5,237,900 | 5,241,568 |
| South East England | 6,472,915 | 6,465,404 |
| South West England (together with Gibraltar) | 4,138,015 | 4,138,134 |
| West Midlands | 4,116,199 | 4,116,572 |
| Yorkshire and the Humber | 3,873,908 | 3,877,780 |
| England and Gibraltar | 38,980,941 | 39,005,781 |

### Constituent countries

| Constituent countries | Eligible voters | Eligible voters |
| Constituent countries | Provisional | Final |
| England (excluding Gibraltar) | 38,956,824 | 38,981,662 |
| Gibraltar | 24,117 | 24,119 |
| England and Gibraltar | 38,980,941 | 39,005,781 |
| Northern Ireland | 1,260,955 | 1,260,955 |
| Scotland | 3,988,492 | 3,987,112 |
| Wales | 2,270,743 | 2,270,272 |
| United Kingdom and Gibraltar | 46,499,537 | 46,500,001 |

## Referendum result

The national result was declared by Chief counting officer (CCO) and the then chair of the Electoral Commission Jenny Watson at Manchester Town Hall on Friday 24 June 2016 at 07:20 BST after all 382 voting areas and the 12 regions of the United Kingdom had declared their results. Of the voting areas a total of 263 returned majority votes in favour of leaving the European Union whilst 119 returned majority votes in favour of continued European Union membership including every council area within Scotland on a national turnout of 72% and in the voting regions Scotland, Northern Ireland and Greater London voted to remain whilst all other regions including Wales voted to leave.
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum :
| Choice | Votes | % |
| Leave the European Union | 17,410,742 | 51.89 |
| Remain a member of the European Union | 16,141,241 | 48.11 |
| Valid votes | 33,551,983 | 99.92 |
| Invalid or blank votes | 25,359 | 0.08 |
| Total votes | 33,577,342 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 46,500,001 | 72.21 |
| Source: Electoral Commission |||
National referendum results (excluding invalid votes) :
| Leave 17,410,742 (51.9%) | Remain 16,141,241 (48.1%) |
| ▲ 50% ||

### Results by regions

| Region | Region | Electorate | Voter turnout, of eligible | Votes | Votes | Proportion of votes | Proportion of votes | Invalid votes | Invalid votes |
| Region | Region | Electorate | Voter turnout, of eligible | Remain | Leave | Remain | Leave | Invalid votes | Invalid votes |
| | East Midlands | 3,384,299 | 74.2% | 1,033,036 | 1,475,479 | 41.18% | 58.82% | 1,981 |
| | East of England | 4,398,796 | 75.7% | 1,448,616 | 1,880,367 | 43.52% | 56.48% | 2,329 |
| | Greater London | 5,424,768 | 69.7% | 2,263,519 | 1,513,232 | 59.93% | 40.07% | 4,453 |
| | North East England | 1,934,341 | 69.3% | 562,595 | 778,103 | 41.96% | 58.04% | 689 |
| | North West England | 5,241,568 | 70.0% | 1,699,020 | 1,966,925 | 46.35% | 53.65% | 2,682 |
| | Northern Ireland | 1,260,955 | 62.7% | 440,707 | 349,442 | 55.78% | 44.22% | 374 |
| | Scotland | 3,987,112 | 67.2% | 1,661,191 | 1,018,322 | 62.00% | 38.00% | 1,666 |
| | South East England | 6,465,404 | 76.8% | 2,391,718 | 2,567,965 | 48.22% | 51.78% | 3,427 |
| | South West England (including Gibraltar) | 4,138,134 | 76.7% | 1,503,019 | 1,669,711 | 47.37% | 52.63% | 2,179 |
| | Wales | 2,270,272 | 71.7% | 772,347 | 854,572 | 47.47% | 52.53% | 1,135 |
| | West Midlands | 4,116,572 | 72.0% | 1,207,175 | 1,755,687 | 40.74% | 59.26% | 2,507 |
| | Yorkshire and the Humber | 3,877,780 | 70.7% | 1,158,298 | 1,580,937 | 42.29% | 57.71% | 1,937 |

### Results by constituent countries & Gibraltar

| Country | Country | Electorate | Voter turnout, of eligible | Votes | Votes | Proportion of votes | Proportion of votes | Invalid votes | Invalid votes |
| Country | Country | Electorate | Voter turnout, of eligible | Remain | Leave | Remain | Leave | Invalid votes | Invalid votes |
| | England | 38,981,662 | 73.0% | 13,247,674 | 15,187,583 | 46.59% | 53.41% | 22,157 |
| | Gibraltar | 24,119 | 83.7% | 19,322 | 823 | 95.91% | 4.08% | 27 |
| | Northern Ireland | 1,260,955 | 62.7% | 440,707 | 349,442 | 55.78% | 44.22% | 384 |
| | Scotland | 3,987,112 | 67.2% | 1,661,191 | 1,018,322 | 62.00% | 38.00% | 1,666 |
| | Wales | 2,270,272 | 71.7% | 772,347 | 854,572 | 47.47% | 52.53% | 1,135 |

## Legislative consequences

The Act made no provision for the result to be legally binding on the government or on any future government; legally it was merely advisory. The result of the referendum required a single majority vote of the United Kingdom and Gibraltar with no super majorities, no double majorities of the constituent countries, nor any minimum turnout threshold required for the vote to pass. The Act did not specify any specific consequences that would follow the result of the referendum. In the event of a "Leave" vote, it was expected that the government would decide whether, when, and under what circumstances, the UK would invoke Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union to begin a two-year process of negotiations for Britain to leave the EU. Since the Act was also silent on the question of executive prerogative, the question of whether the government or Parliament was entitled to invoke Article 50 was the subject of court proceedings (Miller's case). James Eadie QC, acting for the government, submitted in his address to the court that, because the Act is silent, it would imply that Parliament chose not to limit prerogative powers in this matter.
On 3 November 2016, the High Court in London ruled that it is the responsibility of Parliament (and not of the Government unilaterally) to decide whether, when, and how the UK should set aside legislation (in this case, the European Communities Act 1972 that makes the UK a member of the EU). The court held that the referendum was "advisory for the lawmakers in Parliament", enabling the electorate to influence Parliament in its policy decisions. In interpreting the intent of the Act, the court considered the precedents of previous UK referendums. As a consequence, the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill 2017 was introduced into Parliament to gain Parliament's consent for the invocation of Article 50. European Union law remains enforceable in the United Kingdom until or unless the European Communities Act 1972 is repealed. In October 2016, Theresa May promised a "Great Repeal Bill", which would repeal the European Communities Act and restate in UK law all enactments previously in force under EU law. This bill was expected to be introduced in the May 2017 parliamentary session and enacted before or during the Article 50 negotiations. It would not come into force until the date of exit. It would smooth the transition by ensuring that all laws remain in force until specifically repealed. This ultimately became the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018.

## Outcome

Following the referendum result and the verdict of the R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union case in January 2017 the UK Government led by Prime Minister Theresa May passed the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 which legally allowed the UK to formally begin the process and formally notified the European Union of the United Kingdom's intention to leave both the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community by triggering Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union on Wednesday 29 March 2017.