OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gnosiology

Gnosiology ("study of knowledge") is "the philosophy of knowledge and cognition". In Soviet and post-Soviet philosophy, the word is often used as a synonym for epistemology. The term is also currently used in regard to Eastern Christianity.

## Etymology

The term is derived from the Ancient Greek words gnosis ("knowledge", γνῶσις) and logos ("word" or "discourse", λόγος). Linguistically, one might compare it to epistemology, which is derived from the Greek words episteme ("certain knowledge") and logos.
The term "gnosiology" is not well known today, although found in Baldwin's (1906) Dictionary of Psychology and Philosophy. The Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) remarks that "The term Gnosiology has not, however, come into general use."
The term "gnosiology" (Modern Greek: γνωσιολογία) is used more commonly in Modern Greek than in English. As a philosophical concept, gnosiology broadly means the theory of knowledge, which in ancient Greek philosophy was perceived as a combination of sensory perception and intellect and then made into memory (called the mnemonic system). When considered in the context of science, gnosiology takes on a different meaning: the study of knowledge, its origin, processes, and validity. Gnosiology being the study of types of knowledge i.e. memory (abstract knowledge derived from experimentation being "episteme" or teachable knowledge), experience induction (or empiricism), deduction (or rationalism), scientific abductive reasoning, contemplation (theoria), metaphysical and instinctual or intuitive knowledge. Gnosiology is focused on the study of the noesis and noetic components of human ontology.
Within gnosiology, gnosis is derived by noesis. Noesis refers to the experiences or activities of the nous. This makes the study and origin of gnosis and gnosiology the study of the intuitive and or instinctual.

## Philosophy and Western esotericism

In philosophy, gnosology (also known as gnoseology or gnostology) literally means the study of gnosis, meaning knowledge or esoteric knowledge. The study of gnosis itself covers a number of subjects, which include magic, noetics, gnostic logic, and logical gnosticism, among others. Gnosology has also been used, particularly by James Hutchison Stirling, to render Johann Gottlieb Fichte's term for his own version of transcendental idealism, Wissenschaftslehre, meaning "Doctrine of Knowledge".
The so-called "intellectus ectypus" derives its knowledge of objects from intuitions of things-in-themselves without the forms of intuition while the "intellectual archetypus" creates the objects of its knowledge through the act of thinking them. Emilii Medtner drew from Kant's gnosology along with the Kantian theory of knowledge to respond to Carl Jung's Zofingia Lectures, particularly to criticize the way intuition was conceived as a knowledge organ that is capable of functioning with validity and independence.
# 1907 Halifax by-election

The 1907 Halifax by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Halifax in the West Riding of Yorkshire on 6 March 1907.

## Vacancy

Under the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act 1707 and a number of subsequent Acts, MPs appointed to certain ministerial and legal offices were at this time required to seek re-election. The by-election in Halifax was caused by the appointment of the sitting Liberal MP, John Henry Whitley as a Junior Lord of the Treasury, the formal title given to the government’s junior whips in Parliament.

## Candidates

Whitley, who had held the seat since 1900 fought the seat again in the Liberal interest. Halifax was a constituency at that time returning two members and there was recent history of both Liberal Unionist and Labour Party MPs being elected there. However the Unionist members met on 2 March to consider whether or not to run a candidate and decided to do so only if Labour contested the election. Later that day Labour announced they would not oppose Whitley and there being no other nominations, Whitley was therefore returned unopposed on 6 March 1907.

## The result

Halifax by-election, 1907 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | John Henry Whitley | Unopposed | N/A | N/A |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Liberal hold |
# Ken Meahl

Kenneth M. Meahl (April 9, 1931 – February 14, 2025) was an American Modified racing driver. He was the driver for teen car owner Jerry Cook for several years before the NASCAR Hall of Fame driver came of age.

## Racing career

Ken Meahl began racing at the Lockport Fairgrounds NY in 1948, and soon began competing with the NASCAR Modified series at the Buffalo Civic Center NY and winning the 1949 points championship at the Monroe County Fairgrounds NY. He went on to compete at race tracks throughout New York, including victories at Canandaigua Speedway, Fonda Speedway, Lancaster Speedway, Utica-Rome Speedway, Vernon Fairgrounds, and the Victoria Speedway in Dunnsville, claiming the Ransomville Speedway track championship in 1960 and 1966.
Meahl was also successful at venues elsewhere in the Northeast, such as Merrittville Speedway ON, Trenton Speedway NJ and Stafford Motor Speedway CT, and captured the 1963 Independence Day event at the Syracuse Mile NY. He was inducted into the Northeast Dirt Modified Hall of Fame in 1997.

## Death

Meahl died on February 14, 2025, at the age of 93.
# Nitro II: H.W.D.W.S.

Nitro II: H.W.D.W.S. (Hot, Wet, Drippin' with Sweat) is the second and final studio album by American heavy metal band Nitro. It was released on March 21, 1992, by Rampage Records, a division of Rhino Entertainment. The band's cover of Ted Nugent's "Cat Scratch Fever" was issued as the album's only single.

## Background

Nitro II: H.W.D.W.S. was recorded at the Platinum Post Full Sail Center for Recording Arts in Orlando, Florida, with Nitro vocalist Jim Gillette leading its production alongside recording and mixing engineer Gary Platt. The album features bassist Ralph Carter and drummer Johnny Thunder, both of whom joined the band after the promotional concert tour for the 1989 album O.F.R. H.W.D.W.S. was the last album Nitro released before breaking up in 1993.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jim Gillette and Michael Angelo Batio, except where noted

## Personnel

* Jim Gillette – vocals, production
* Michael Angelo Batio – guitars, keyboards
* Ralph Carter – bass
* Johnny Thunder – drums
* Gary Platt – co-production, engineering, mixing, programming
* Dan Mockensturm – programming
* Joe Phillips – programming
* Sean Worrell – programming
* Doug Smith – engineering assistance
* Mark Mason – engineering assistance
* Bob Ludwig – mastering
* Geoff Gans – art direction
* Jack White – photography
# WJWD

WJWD (90.3 MHz) is a non-commercial FM radio station licensed to Marshall, Wisconsin and serving the Madison metropolitan area. It is owned by the Calvary Radio Network, an Indiana nonprofit corporation based in Valparaiso, Indiana. WJWD broadcasts that network's lineup of Christian talk and teaching programs with some Contemporary Christian music, mostly modern praise and worship and Christian rock and pop. Calvary Radio is the radio outreach of several non-denominational churches focused on the "inerrancy of the Bible" and the "expository teaching from Genesis to Revelation".
WJWD has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 9,900 watts (vertical polarization) and 55 watts (horizontal polarization). The transmitter is on Route 60 at Zurbruegg Road in Columbus, Wisconsin. In Madison, WJWD can also be heard on 10 watt FM translator W270AU at 101.1 MHz.

## History

This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on February 25, 2000. The new station was assigned the call letters WJWD by the FCC on August 1, 2001. WJWD received its license to cover from the FCC on March 19, 2003.
WJWD first signed on in January 2003. In February 2007, the station applied to the FCC for a "main studio waiver" that would allow the station to be operated remotely from outside the broadcast area of the station itself.
Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa sold the station in 2010 to the Calvary Radio Network.

## Programming

Some of the station's programs include The Upward Call and Battleground. For The Upward Call, Pastor Jeff Solwold presents the Gospel with line by line, verse by verse Bible teaching that airs weeknights at 6:00 p.m., noon on Saturdays, and 9:30 a.m. on Sundays. Battleground airs live Mondays through Fridays at 10:30 a.m. Central.
Another popular program is Pastor's Perspective, a live call in show that deals with Christian apologetics and questions about the Bible and Christian living. It airs every week night.
The Word For Today, with Pastor Chuck Smith, is broadcast twice a day at 7:30 a.m. and Noon. The Word For Today is a non-profit organization, and an outreach of Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa. Pastor Chuck Smith's radio and TV programs can be heard on stations nationwide. The program can be heard in over 350 cities worldwide, and airs more than 300 times daily.
WJWD airs the 10:30 a.m. services, live, from Calvary Chapel Madison starting at 10:40 a.m. until noon.

## Translators

| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP (W) | Class | FCC info |
| W270AU | 101.9 FM FM | Madison, Wisconsin | 139064 | 10 | D | LMS |
# Manu Bueno

Manuel Bueno Sebastián (born 27 July 2004) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Sevilla Atlético.

## Club career

Born in Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Andalusia, Bueno joined Sevilla FC's youth setup at the age of ten, from hometown side AD Marianistas Jerez. He made his senior debut with the reserves on 10 October 2021, coming on as a second-half substitute for Juanlu Sánchez in a 5–1 Primera División RFEF away loss against Villarreal CF B.
Bueno started the 2022–23 season as a full member of the B-team, now in Segunda Federación, and renewed his contract until 2026 on 15 May 2023. He made his first team – and La Liga – debut twelve days later, starting in a 2–1 home loss against Real Madrid.

## International career

On 26 May 2021, Bueno was called up to Spain at under-17 and under-18 levels in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played 2 March 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Copa del Rey | Copa del Rey | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Sevilla | 2022–23 | La Liga | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Sevilla | 2023–24 | La Liga | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |

## Honours

Sevilla
* UEFA Europa League: 2022–23
# Ran Tal

Ran Tal (Hebrew: רן טל; born 1963) is an Israeli film director specializing in documentary filmmaking.

## Career

Tal began his filmmaking career in 1996 by co-directing "Skin Deep" with Etgar Keret, which won the Ophir Award. His 2007 film Children of the Sun, based on his family's memories, won the Jerusalem Film Festival and the Ophir Award, and was screened at the Toronto International Film Festival.
In 2012, he directed "Garden of Eden", which won the Jerusalem Film Festival and was screened at IDFA and Hot Docs. His 2017 documentary "The Museum", is an ideological work that explores the Israel Museum, focusing on its people and the intersection of art, history, and national identity.
In 2022, Tal directed 1341 Frames of Love and War, a film that explores the life and work of photographer Micah Bar-Am through his extensive photo archive. The film was subsequently adapted into an exhibition at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art.
In addition to filmmaking, he heads the international MFA documentary film program at Tel Aviv University's Steve Tisch School of Film and Television.

## Filmography

* 1996: Skin Deep (short film)
* 1998: 67 Ben Tsvi Road
* 1999: Prostheses (short film)
* 2000: Non-White Jews
* 2005: My Dream House
* 2007: Children of the Sun
* 2008: Born Again
* 2009: Gitai in Search of his Carmel
* 2012: The Garden of Eden
* 2012: Shi'ur BeKaduregel
* 2017: The Museum
* 2021: What If? Ehud Barak on War and Peace
* 2022: 1341 Frames of Love and War
# Alwin C. Ernst

Alwin C. Ernst, also known as Alvin C. Ernst and A. C. Ernst (CPA) (July 26, 1881 – May 13, 1948), was an American businessman who co-founded the accounting firm of Ernst & Ernst, in 1903, and who is credited with devising management consulting.

## Biography

Alwin Charles Ernst was born July 26, 1881, to John C. and Mary (Hertel) Ernst, in Cleveland, Ohio. He had, among his siblings, an older brother, Theodore C. Ernst (September 23, 1869 – 3 October 1946). After finishing high school, Ernst took evening courses at a business college.

## Career

In 1900, he and his older brother, Theodore, began working as bookkeepers at The Audit Co. in Cleveland. In 1903, the brothers founded the Ernst & Ernst bookkeeping service with an invested capital of $500.
Ernst created the firm's "Special Services Department" in 1908, noted as "the predecessor of current management-consulting services." He is credited with pioneering the concept of using financial accounting data to inform business decisions, as well as with creating management consulting.
Aggressive and ambitious, Ernst had already opened offices in Chicago by 1908 and in New York City by 1909. He obtained an Ohio Certified Public Accountant (CPA) certificate in 1910, and continued a rapid expansion, adding offices in Cincinnati in 1911, and in St. Louis in 1913, growing the firm's locations to 16 offices by 1919, then 26 offices by 1929.
Ernst advertised and solicited new clients, in violation of Ohio state board rules; along with two of his partners, he resigned from the American Institute of CPAs (AICPA) when it acted against the firm for its brand of advertising. Ernst never rejoined the AICPA.
In April 1913, Governor James M. Cox appointed Ernst secretary of the Red Cross Ohio Flood Relief Commission, following the Great Flood of 1913 in Southern Ohio.

## Thoroughbred racing

Ernst owned and bred thoroughbred racehorses, primarily those that ran in sprint races. Among his best horses was multiple stakes winner Alorter whose wins included the 1943 Cowdin Stakes. Ernst also bred Algasir, dying prior the horse winning the 1948 Cowdin Stakes and the Flash Stakes, and setting a world record for four furlongs.

## Death and legacy

Ernst was buried at Knollwood Cemetery in Mayfield Heights, Ohio.
He was noted as "one of Cleveland's most charitable and philanthropic citizens."
After Ernst's death, his estate was inherited by his four daughters and, in August 1948, they sold most of his racing stable through an auction at Saratoga Race Course. There, Algasir was purchased by F. Ambrose Clark for US$106,000.
# Vertue Rewarded

Vertue Rewarded; or, The Irish Princess is a 1693 novel. Published in London, it is one of the earliest examples of Irish prose fiction in the English language.
Two original copies survive; one in the Bodleian Library and one in the British Museum.

## Plot summary

The novel opens with a quote from William D'Avenant's Gondibert (1651).
Set in Clonmel, Ireland in August 1690, the young Irish Protestant woman Marinda is romanced by a European prince in the army of William of Orange.
There are two interpolated tales: one about the Irish princess Cluaneesha (set in pre-Norman Ireland) and one about Faniaca, an indigenous American living through the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.

## Literary significance and criticism

Prof Hubert McDermott has suggested the work as a possible inspiration for Samuel Richardson's Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), considered the first major English novel – the two books have similar plots: "a beautiful and virtuous young woman of little or no social status falls in love with a prince or libertine who is equally besotted but whose wealth, rank and ambition make him desire only to seduce and debauch the chaste heroine, without having to marry her." Also, the title "virtue rewarded" is not found in any other work of the period.
Ian Campbell Ross has noted similarities with Oroonoko, both books mixing romance, history and folklore.
John Wilson Foster wrote on how Vertue Rewarded excludes the "wild Irish" from its world (Marinda is an English-speaking Protestant, and presumably of English ancestry), and notes how the Peru story "reinforces the impression of dislocated exotica." Vertue Rewarded is assumed to have been written by one of the British planters who settled in Ireland after the Williamite conquest, and has been described as anti-Irish propaganda.
# WJXP

WJXP (90.1 FM) was a radio station licensed to serve Fitchburg, Massachusetts. The station was owned by Epic Light Network, Inc. It began broadcasting in 2011, and was owned by Horizon Christian Fellowship, airing a Christian format as an affiliate of RenewFM. On February 19, 2019, the station went silent. The station again went silent on February 24, 2020, for technical reasons. Effective November 24, 2020, the station was sold to Epic Light Network, Inc.
WJXP's license was cancelled on April 1, 2022, for failing to file a renewal application.
# Mae Hong Son Airport

Mae Hong Son Airport (IATA: HGN, ICAO: VTCH) is in Chong Kham subdistrict, Mueang Mae Hong Son district, Mae Hong Son province in northern Thailand. It has two main buildings, one each for departing and arriving guests. It contains a convenience store, coffee shop, restaurant, souvenir shop, ATM, as well as a parking garage.

## Airlines and destinations

The airport offers both regular flights and helicopter services. It is served by Bangkok Airways.
| Airlines | Destinations |
| Bangkok Airways | Lampang |
# Richmond Barracks, North Yorkshire

Richmond Barracks was a military installation in Richmond, North Yorkshire.

## History

The barracks were built as the depot of the two battalions of the 19th (The 1st Yorkshire North Riding - Princess of Wales's Own) Regiment of Foot between 1875 and 1877. Their creation took place as part of the Cardwell Reforms which encouraged the localisation of British military forces. Following the Childers Reforms, the 19th Regiment of Foot evolved to become the Green Howards with its depot at the barracks in 1881.
The barracks were demoted to the status of out-station to the Yorkshire Brigade depot at Queen Elizabeth Barracks in 1958 and at the same time renamed Alma Barracks after the Battle of Alma, in which conflict the Regiment took part during the Crimean War. The main part of the barracks closed in 1961 and the Regimental Headquarters and the Green Howards Museum moved to Holy Trinity Church in Richmond Market Place in 1973. The main site was converted for use as an approved school and, since 1985, as a housing development known as Garden Village.
# Astrid Stampe Feddersen

Astrid Stampe Feddersen, usually known as Astrid Stampe, (1852–1930) was a Danish women's rights activist and author alongside her sister Rigmor Stampe Bendix. Stampe joined the women's movement early on and from 1883 to 1887, she was on the board of the Danish Women's Society, playing an active part in work on women's issues.
As an activist, Stampe authored several pamphlets in support of her cause, including: Kvindesagen (1886) and Kan Kvindesagen og Sædelighedssagen skilles ad? (1888).

## Early life and education

Born on 19 December 1852 at Christinelund near Vordingborg, Stampe was of noble ancestry. She was the daughter of Henrik Stampe (1821–1892), a Chamberlain and Hofjægermester. Because of her father's rank, she was born with the title of baroness. Other family member of note include her grandmother, Christine Stampe, and her great-grandfather, Jonas Collin, who was Hans Christian Andersen's fatherly benefactor. Stampe's personal tutors, her upbringing in Copenhagen, and her educational travels gave her a cultured background. She learned Swedish, French and English though as a result of the Schleswig wars, she did not learn German.

## Career

In 1881, she married Gustav Hakon Valdemar Feddersen (1848–1912). In the course of his career, Gustav was an assistant to the Ministry of the Interior, an Amtman in Ringkjøbing, and later for the Diocese of Lolland-Falster. The couple had four children: Hakon (born 1883), Jonna (1884), Gudrun (1887), and Ingrid Kristine (1888).
Stampe took part in the fight against prostitution and fought for greater equality between men and women, including unmarried women. Her husband supported her feminist interests and her membership of the Copenhagen chapter of the Danish Women's Society, beginning in 1882. She successfully sought to reinforce the association's position and extend its influence to the provinces. In April 1883, she became a member of the board of the Women's Society a position which she held until 1887, though she was re-elected to the board in 1903. She was chairman of the society from 1913 until 1918. In this position, she chaired the first Nordic meeting on women's rights in Copenhagen in 1914.
Stampe wrote an article in Højskolebladet which called for the founding of a Danish society for "friends of Iceland," much like the already existing German society Islandsfreunde. In 1916, her proposed society became the Danish-Icelandic Society (Danish: Dansk-Islandsk Samfund). Stampe was awarded the Gold Medal of Merit on her 70th birthday in 1922.

## Death

She died on 16 April 1930 in Copenhagen. She was buried at Jungshoved Cemetery, though her grave is no longer there.

## Selected works

* Kvindesagen, 1886
* Kan Kvindesagen og Sædelighedssagen skilles ad?, 1888
* Om Kvindesagen: Et Foredrag, 1907
* Frue og Frøken, 1911
* Vort Modersmaal, 1912
* Dansk Navneskik, 1914
# Great City Race

The Great City Race is an annual road running event over 5 km which takes place in July in the City of London and London Borough of Islington. The race starts and ends at the Artillery Ground.