# Narrowband IoT

Narrowband Internet of things (NB-IoT) is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) radio technology standard developed by 3GPP for cellular network devices and services. The specification was frozen in 3GPP Release 13 (LTE Advanced Pro), in June 2016. Other 3GPP IoT technologies include eMTC (enhanced Machine-Type Communication) and EC-GSM-IoT.
NB-IoT focuses specifically on indoor coverage, low cost, long battery life, and high connection density. NB-IoT uses a subset of the LTE standard, but limits the bandwidth to a single narrow-band of 200kHz. It uses OFDM modulation for downlink communication and SC-FDMA for uplink communications. IoT applications which require more frequent communications will be better served by LTE-M, which has no duty cycle limitations operating on the licensed spectrum.
In March 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) announced that over 100 operators had either NB-IoT or LTE-M networks. This number had risen to 142 deployed/launched networks by September 2019.

## 3GPP LPWAN standards

| vte | LTE Cat 1 | LTE Cat 1 bis | LTE-M | LTE-M | LTE-M | LTE-M | NB-IoT | NB-IoT | EC-GSM-IoT |
| vte | LTE Cat 1 | LTE Cat 1 bis | LC-LTE/MTCe | eMTC | eMTC | eMTC | | | NB-IoT | NB-IoT | EC-GSM-IoT |
| vte | LTE Cat 1 | LTE Cat 1 bis | LTE Cat 0 | LTE Cat M1 | LTE Cat M2 | non-BL | LTE Cat NB1 | LTE Cat NB2 | EC-GSM-IoT |
| 3GPP release | Release 8 | Release 13 | Release 12 | Release 13 | Release 14 | Release 14 | Release 13 | Release 14 | Release 13 |
| Downlink peak rate | 10 Mbit/s | 10 Mbit/s | 1 Mbit/s | 1 Mbit/s | ~4 Mbit/s | ~4 Mbit/s | 26 kbit/s | 127 kbit/s | 474 kbit/s (EDGE) 2 Mbit/s (EGPRS2B) |
| Uplink peak rate | 5 Mbit/s | 5 Mbit/s | 1 Mbit/s | 1 Mbit/s | ~7 Mbit/s | ~7 Mbit/s | 66 kbit/s (multi-tone) 16.9 kbit/s (single-tone) | 159 kbit/s | 474 kbit/s (EDGE) 2 Mbit/s (EGPRS2B) |
| Latency | 50–100 ms | | not deployed | 10–15 ms | | | 1.6–10 s | | 700 ms – 2 s |
| Number of antennas | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1–2 |
| Duplex mode | Full duplex | | Full or half duplex | Full or half duplex | Full or half duplex | Full or half duplex | Half duplex | Half duplex | Half duplex |
| Device receive bandwidth | 1.4–20 MHz | | 1.4–20 MHz | 1.4 MHz | 5 MHz | 5 MHz | 180 kHz | 180 kHz | 200 kHz |
| Receiver chains | 2 (MIMO) | | 1 (SISO) | 1 (SISO) | 1 (SISO) | 1 (SISO) | 1 (SISO) | 1 (SISO) | 1–2 |
| Device transmit power | 23 dBm | 23 dBm | 23 dBm | 20 / 23 dBm | 20 / 23 dBm | 20 / 23 dBm | 20 / 23 dBm | 14 / 20 / 23 dBm | 23 / 33 dBm |

## Deployments

As of March 2019 GSA identified:
* 149 operators in 69 countries investing in one or both of the NB-IoT and LTE-M network technologies
* 104 of those operators in 53 countries had deployed/launched at least one of the NB-IoT or LTE-M technologies of those, 20 operators in 19 countries had deployed/launched both NB-IoT and LTE-M
* 22 countries are now home to deployed/launched NB-IoT and LTE-M networks
* 29 countries are home to deployed/launched NB-IoT networks only
* Two countries are home to deployed/launched LTE-M networks only
* 141 operators in 69 countries investing in NB-IoT networks; 90 of those operators in 51 countries had deployed/launched their networks
* 60 operators in 35 countries investing in LTE-M networks; 34 of those operators in 24 countries had deployed/launched their networks

## Devices and modules

The 3GPP-compliant LPWA device ecosystem continues to grow. In April 2019, GSA identified 210 devices supporting either Cat-NB1/NB-2 or Cat-M1 – more than double the number in its GAMBoD database at the end of March 2018. This figure had risen a further 50% by September 2019, with a total of 303 devices identified as supporting either Cat-M1, Cat-NB1 (NB-IoT) or Cat-NB2. Of these, 230 devices support Cat-NB1 (including known variants) and 198 devices support Cat-M1 (including known variants). The split of devices (as of September 2019) was 60.4% modules, 25.4% asset trackers, and 5.6% routers, with data loggers, femtocells, smart-home devices, and smart watches, USB modems, and vehicle on-board units (OBUs), making up the balance.
In 2018 first NB-IoT data loggers and other certified devices started to appear. For example ThingsLog released their first CE certified single channel NB-IoT data logger on Tindie in late 2018.
To integrate NB-IoT into a maker board for IoT developments, SODAQ, a Dutch IoT hardware and software engineering company, crowdfunded an NB-IoT shield on Kickstarter. They then went on to partner with module manufacturer u-blox to create maker boards with NB-IoT and LTE-M integrated.
Since 2021, there also is a cheap all-in-one NB-IoT solution available to the general public developed by the Chinese manufacturer Ai-Thinker.
At the beginning of 2023 the Belgian company DPTechnics released the Walter IoT board which combines an ESP32-S3 together with a Sequans Monarch 2 NB-IoT/LTE-M platform. The board is focused on long-term availability and includes a GNSS receiver.