# Sombor

Sombor (Serbian Cyrillic: Сомбор, pronounced; Hungarian: Zombor; Rusyn: Зомбор, romanized: Zombor) is a city and the administrative center of the West Bačka District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The city has a total population of 41,814 (as of 2022), while its administrative area (including neighboring villages) has 70,818 inhabitants.

## Name and etymology

In Serbian, the city is known as Sombor (Сомбор), in Hungarian as Zombor, in Rusyn as Zombor (Зомбор).
The older Hungarian name for the city was Czoborszentmihály. The name originates from the Czobor family, who were the owners of this area in the 14th century. (The family name came from the Slavic name Cibor.) The Serbian name for the city (Sombor) also came from the family name Czobor, and was first recorded in 1543, although the city was mentioned in historical documents under several more names, such as Samobor, Sambor, Sambir, Sonbor, Sanbur, Zibor, and Zombar.
An unofficial name for the city is Ravangrad (Раванград), which literally means "flat town" in Serbian.

## History

The first historical record relating to the city is from 1340. The city was administered by the Kingdom of Hungary until the 16th century, when it became part of the Ottoman Empire. During the establishment of Ottoman authority, the local Hungarian population left the region. As a result, the city became populated mostly by ethnic Serbs. It was called "Sonbor" during Ottoman administration and was a kaza centre in the Sanjak of Segedin at first in Budin Province until 1596, and then in Eğri Province between 1596 and 1687.
In 1665, a well-known traveller, Evliya Çelebi, visited Sombor and wrote: "All the folk (in the city) are not Hungarian, but Wallachian-Christian (Serb). These places are something special; they do not belong to Hungary, but are a part of Bačka and Wallachia. Most of the inhabitants are traders, and all of them wear frontiersmen clothes; they are very polite and brave people." According to Celebi, the city had 200 shops, 14 mosques and about 2,000 houses.
Since 12 September 1687, the city was under Habsburg administration, and was included into the Habsburg Military Frontier. Ottomans attempted to recapture it during the Battle of Zenta on 11 September 1697. However their attack was repulsed. In 1717, the first Orthodox elementary school was opened. Five years later a Roman Catholic elementary school was opened as well. In 1745, Sombor was excluded from the Military Frontier and was included into Bacsensis County. In 1749, Sombor gained royal free city status. In 1786, the city became the seat of Bacsensis-Bodrogiensis County. According to 1786 data, the population of the city numbered 11,420 people, mostly Serbs.
According to the 1843 data, Sombor had 21,086 inhabitants, of whom 11,897 were Orthodox Christians, 9,082 Roman Catholics, 56 Jewish, and 51 Protestants. The main language spoken in the city at that time was Serbian, and the second-largest language was German. In 1848/1849, Sombor was part of the Serbian Vojvodina, a Serb autonomous region within Austrian Empire, while between 1849 and 1860, it was part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat, a separate Austrian crown land. Sombor was a seat of the district within voivodship. After the abolishment of this crown land, Sombor again became the seat of the Bacsensis-Bodrogiensis (Bács-Bodrog, Bačka-Bodrog) County.
According to the 1910 census, the population of Sombor was 30,593 people, of whom 11,881 spoke Serbian, 10,078 spoke Hungarian, 6,289 spoke Bunjevac, and 2,181 spoke German.
In 1918, Sombor became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). Between 1918 and 1922 it was part of Bačka County, between 1922 and 1929 part of Bačka Oblast, and between 1929 and 1941 part of Danube Banovina.
In 1941, the city was occupied by the Axis powers and annexed by Hungary. Many prominent citizens from the Serb community were interned and later executed. In 1944, the Yugoslav Partisans and Soviet Red Army expelled the Axis forces from the city. Since 1944, Sombor was part of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina of the new Socialist Yugoslavia and (since 1945) socialist Serbia. Today, Sombor is the seat of the West Bačka District in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in the Republic of Serbia.
In recent times, Sombor became known all around the world because NBA champion and Finals MVP Nikola Jokić was born here in 1995.

## Geography
### Climate

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (Warm Temperate Climate/humid subtropical climate).
Climate data for Sombor (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.3 (66.7) | 21.3 (70.3) | 27.6 (81.7) | 30.8 (87.4) | 35.1 (95.2) | 37.1 (98.8) | 40.3 (104.5) | 40.6 (105.1) | 36.5 (97.7) | 30.0 (86.0) | 25.7 (78.3) | 20.7 (69.3) | 40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) | 7.0 (44.6) | 12.7 (54.9) | 18.6 (65.5) | 23.4 (74.1) | 27.0 (80.6) | 29.0 (84.2) | 29.3 (84.7) | 23.9 (75.0) | 18.3 (64.9) | 11.2 (52.2) | 4.7 (40.5) | 17.4 (63.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) | 2.1 (35.8) | 6.7 (44.1) | 12.2 (54.0) | 17.2 (63.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 22.5 (72.5) | 22.0 (71.6) | 16.8 (62.2) | 11.5 (52.7) | 6.3 (43.3) | 1.4 (34.5) | 11.7 (53.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.7 (27.1) | −2.0 (28.4) | 1.6 (34.9) | 6.1 (43.0) | 10.9 (51.6) | 14.5 (58.1) | 15.8 (60.4) | 15.5 (59.9) | 11.2 (52.2) | 6.5 (43.7) | 2.6 (36.7) | −1.5 (29.3) | 6.5 (43.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.2 (−17.0) | −26.8 (−16.2) | −24.5 (−12.1) | −5.6 (21.9) | −1.0 (30.2) | 2.0 (35.6) | 7.3 (45.1) | 4.6 (40.3) | −2.2 (28.0) | −6.9 (19.6) | −18.4 (−1.1) | −23.7 (−10.7) | −27.2 (−17.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 37.1 (1.46) | 37.7 (1.48) | 35.4 (1.39) | 40.3 (1.59) | 64.8 (2.55) | 79.8 (3.14) | 72.7 (2.86) | 56.2 (2.21) | 60.9 (2.40) | 54.3 (2.14) | 49.5 (1.95) | 47.3 (1.86) | 636.0 (25.04) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 11.8 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 10.9 | 13.0 | 11.8 | 10.0 | 8.6 | 10.2 | 9.5 | 11.1 | 12.3 | 130.2 |
| Average snowy days | 6.5 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 4.5 | 21.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84.0 | 77.9 | 69.6 | 65.0 | 64.5 | 64.8 | 63.4 | 65.0 | 70.7 | 75.7 | 82.5 | 85.9 | 72.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 65.1 | 97.6 | 159.7 | 208.8 | 254.3 | 278.6 | 306.4 | 291.0 | 200.5 | 154.0 | 82.0 | 53.6 | 2,151.6 |
| Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia ||||||||||||||

## Settlements

The city administrative area of Sombor includes following villages:
* Aleksa Šantić
* Bački Breg
* Bački Monoštor
* Bezdan
* Gakovo
* Doroslovo
* Kljajićevo
* Kolut
* Rastina
* Riđica
* Svetozar Miletić
* Stanišić
* Stapar
* Telečka
* Čonoplja
Smaller and suburban settlements, "Salaši" include
* Bukovački Salaši
* Rančevo
* Kruševlje
* Bilić
* Lugomerci
* Žarkovac
* Šaponje
* Obzir
* Milčići
* Gradina
* Lenija
* Nenadić
* Radojevići

## Demographics

According to the last official census done in 2011, the city of Sombor has 85,903 inhabitants.

### Ethnic groups

Settlements with Serb ethnic majority (as of 2002) are: Sombor, Aleksa Šantić, Gakovo, Kljajićevo, Kolut, Rastina, Riđica, Stanišić, Stapar, and Čonoplja. Settlements with Croat/Šokac ethnic majority (as of 2002) are: Bački Breg and Bački Monoštor. Settlements with Hungarian ethnic majority (in 2002) are: Bezdan, Doroslovo, and Telečka. Ethnically mixed settlement with relative Hungarian majority is Svetozar Miletić.
The ethnic composition of the city:
| Ethnic group | Population | % |
| Serbs | 54,370 | 63.29% |
| Hungarians | 9,874 | 11.49% |
| Croats | 7,070 | 8.23% |
| Bunjevci | 2,058 | 2.40% |
| Roma | 1,015 | 1.18% |
| Yugoslavs | 852 | 0.99% |
| Montenegrins | 541 | 0.63% |
| Germans | 494 | 0.58% |
| Macedonians | 171 | 0.20% |
| Albanians | 118 | 0.14% |
| Slovaks | 117 | 0.14% |
| Others | 9,223 | 10.74% |
| Total | 85,903 | |

## Culture

Sombor is famous for its greenery, cultural life and beautiful 18th and 19th century center. The most important cultural institutions are the National Theater, the Sombor City Museum, the Modern Art Gallery, the Milan Konjović Art Gallery, the Teacher's College (Preparandija), the Serbian Reading House, and the Sombor Gymnasium. Teacher's College (Preparandija) founded in 1778, is the oldest college in Serbia and the region.
There are two monasteries in this city:
* Sombor Orthodox Monastery, founded in 1928–1933
* Discalced Carmelite Catholic monastery, founded in 1904

### Buildings and architecture

* Županija building housing city and city administration
* The old town hall of Sombor and the Holy Trinity Square
* Sombor theater building
* Sombor main street with the water fountain
* Catholic church in Sombor

## Economy

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022):
| Activity | Total |
| Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 803 |
| Mining and quarrying | 3 |
| Manufacturing | 4,985 |
| Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 197 |
| Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities | 257 |
| Construction | 903 |
| Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 3,344 |
| Transportation and storage | 1,224 |
| Accommodation and food services | 823 |
| Information and communication | 284 |
| Financial and insurance activities | 332 |
| Real estate activities | 51 |
| Professional, scientific and technical activities | 687 |
| Administrative and support service activities | 991 |
| Public administration and defense; compulsory social security | 1,355 |
| Education | 1,697 |
| Human health and social work activities | 2,055 |
| Arts, entertainment and recreation | 315 |
| Other service activities | 443 |
| Individual agricultural workers | 976 |
| Total | 21,727 |

## Sports

Radnički Sombor is the main football club from the city competing in Vojvodina League North.
Sombor is the hometown of Radivoj Korać, the FIBA Hall of Fame basketball player. Korać holds the EuroLeague record for points in a game at 99.
Sombor is the hometown of 3x NBA MVP, NBA Champion and Finals MVP Nikola Jokić. The local basketball club where he began his playing career renamed itself KK Joker in 2017 after his English-language nickname, and was promoted to the top-level Basketball League of Serbia at the end of the 2022–23 season.

## Local media
### Newspapers

* Somborske novine

### TV stations

* K-54
* Spektar
* RTV Sreće

### Radio stations

* Radio Marija (95.7)
* Radio Sombor (97.5)
* Radio Fortuna (106.6)

### Internet media

* Novi Radio Sombor http://www.noviradiosombor.com/
* SOinfo.org

## Twin cities

Twin cities:
* Baja, Hungary
* Kispest, Hungary
* Veles, North Macedonia
* Istočno Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Regional cooperation:
* Osijek, Croatia
* Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Vukovar, Croatia

## Transportation
### Buses

Buses offer direct connections to major Serbian cities including Belgrade, Novi Sad and Subotica, as well as many regional towns. Among the companies operating in the area is Severtrans.

### Rail

Sombor is linked by direct rail links to Novi Sad and Subotica, among others.

### Air

The city houses Sombor Airport.

## Notable residents

* József Schweidel (b. 1796), Home Guard General, Martyr of Arad, his statue stood in the square in front of the County Hall until 1918.
* Samuilo Maširević (1804–1870), Orthodox Patriarch of Karlovci
* Laza Kostić (1841–1910), poet, prose writer, lawyer, philosopher, polyglot, publicist, and politician
* Joseph Kish (1899 – 1969), Academy Award winning Art Director
* Ernest Bošnjak (1876–1963), cameraman, film director and printer. One of the founders of the filmography in the area
* Sándor Gombos (1895–1968), Olympic champion fencer
* Milan Konjović (1898–1993), prominent painter
* Gustav Mezey (1899–1981), artist
* Sava Stojkov (1925–2014), naive art painter
* Bogdan Maglić (1928–2017), nuclear physicist
* Zvonko Bogdan (b. 1942), performer of traditional folk songs
* Radivoj Korać (1938–1969), basketball player in the FIBA Hall of Fame
* Andrija Konc (1919–1945), singer, born in Sombor.
* Nemanja Milić (b. 1990), professional football player
* Filip Krajinović (b. 1992), professional tennis player
* Nikola Jokić (b. 1995), professional basketball player, NBA Champion and Olympic silver medalist
* Filip Rebraca (b. 1997), professional basketball player