# Western Province, Sri Lanka

The Western Province (Sinhala: බස්නාහිර පළාත Basnāhira Paḷāta; Tamil: மேல் மாகாணம் Mael Mākāṇam) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Western Province is the most densely populated province in the country and is home to the legislative capital Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte as well as to Colombo, the nation's administrative and business center.

## History

Parts of present-day Western Province were part of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Kotte. The province then came under Portuguese, Dutch and British control. In 1815 the British gained control of the entire island of Ceylon. They divided the island into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil. The Western Province was part of the Low Country Sinhalese administration. In 1833, in accordance with the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission, the ethnic based administrative structures were unified into a single administration divided into five geographic provinces. The districts of Chilaw, Colombo, Kalutara, Puttalam, Seven Korales (present day Kurunegala District), Three Korales, Four Korales and Lower Bulatgama (present day Kegalle District) formed the new Western Province. Chilaw District, Puttalam District and Seven Korales were transferred to the newly created North Western Province in 1845. Three Korales, Four Korales and Lower Bulatgama were transferred to the newly created Sabaragamuwa Province in 1889.
It is planned to create a planned Megacity under the Western Region Megapolis Plan in the Western Province designed by Surbana. Originally initiated in 2004 by Ranil Wickremesinghe it was stopped after his election defeat and was restarted again after his return to power in 2015. The project plans to merge Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara districts and introduce zoning.

## Geography and climate

Western Province is located in the southwest of Sri Lanka. It has an area of 3,684 square kilometres (1,422 sq mi), making it the smallest of the country's nine provinces. The province is surrounded by the Laccadive Sea to the west, North Western Province to the north, Sabaragamuwa Province to the east and the Southern Province to the south.
The Western Province is vulnerable to recurrent flooding as a result of an increase in average rainfall coupled with heavier rainfall events, with knock-on impacts on the infrastructure, utility supply, and the urban economy of the Province. As the most urbanised province in Sri Lanka, these climate events pose a number of problems due to the rapid urban growth the province has undergone.

## Administrative divisions
### Districts

The Western Province is divided into three administrative districts, 40 Divisional Secretary's Divisions (DS Divisions) and 2,505 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).
| District | Capital | District Secretary | DS Divisions | GN Divisions | Total Area (km$^2$) | Land Area (km$^2$) | Population (2012 Census) | Population (2012 Census) | Population (2012 Census) | Population (2012 Census) | Population (2012 Census) | Population (2012 Census) | Population Density (/km$^2$) |
| District | Capital | District Secretary | DS Divisions | GN Divisions | Total Area (km$^2$) | Land Area (km$^2$) | Sinhalese | Sri Lankan Moors | Sri Lankan Tamil | Indian Tamil | Other | Total | Population Density (/km$^2$) |
| Colombo | Colombo | Sunil Kannangara | 13 | 566 | 699 | 676 | 1,771,319 | 242,728 | 231,318 | 27,336 | 37,108 | 2,309,809 | 3,304 |
| Gampaha | Gampaha | J. J. Rathnasiri | 13 | 1,177 | 1,387 | 1,341 | 2,079,115 | 95,501 | 80,071 | 10,879 | 29,075 | 2,294,641 | 1,654 |
| Kalutara | Kalutara | U. D. C. Jayalal | 14 | 762 | 1,598 | 1,576 | 1,054,991 | 112,276 | 24,362 | 23,611 | 2,020 | 1,217,260 | 762 |
| Total | Total | Total | 40 | 2,505 | 3,684 | 3,593 | 4,905,425 | 450,505 | 335,751 | 61,826 | 68,203 | 5,821,710 | 1,580 |

### Major population centres

Largest cities or towns in Western Province,Sri Lanka As per the 2024 Census :
| | Rank | | District | Pop. | |
| Colombo Kaduwela | 1 | Colombo | Colombo | 639,818 | Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Maharagama |
| Colombo Kaduwela | 2 | Kaduwela | Colombo | 252,041 | Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Maharagama |
| Colombo Kaduwela | 3 | Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia | Colombo | 219,827 | Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Maharagama |
| Colombo Kaduwela | 4 | Maharagama | Colombo | 196,423 | Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Maharagama |
| Colombo Kaduwela | 5 | Moratuwa | Colombo | 185,031 | Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Maharagama |
| Colombo Kaduwela | 6 | Kesbewa | Colombo | 245,232 | Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Maharagama |
| Colombo Kaduwela | 7 | Negombo | Gampaha | 137,223 | Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Maharagama |
| Colombo Kaduwela | 8 | Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte | Colombo | 115,826 | Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Maharagama |
| Colombo Kaduwela | 9 | Gampaha | Gampaha | 9,350 | Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Maharagama |
| Colombo Kaduwela | 10 | Katunayake | Gampaha | 84,643 | Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Maharagama |

## Demographics
### Population

The Western Province's population was 6,219,000 in 2021. The majority of the population are Sinhalese, with a minority Sri Lankan Moor and Sri Lankan Tamil population.

### Ethnicity

Population of Western Province by ethnic group 1981 to 2012 :
| Year | Sinhalese | Sinhalese | Sri Lankan Moors | Sri Lankan Moors | Sri Lankan Tamil | Sri Lankan Tamil | Indian Tamil | Indian Tamil | Other | Other | Total No. |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | Total No. |
| 1981 Census | 3,321,830 | 84.74% | 238,728 | 6.09% | 228,516 | 5.83% | 59,402 | 1.51% | 71,331 | 1.82% | 3,919,807 |
| 2001 Census | 4,530,918 | 84.20% | 374,729 | 6.96% | 325,706 | 6.05% | 61,337 | 1.14% | 88,507 | 1.64% | 5,381,197 |
| 2012 Census | 4,905,425 | 84.26% | 450,505 | 7.74% | 335,751 | 5.77% | 61,826 | 1.06% | 68,203 | 1.17% | 5,821,710 |

### Religion

Population of Western Province by religion 1981 to 2012 :
| Year | Buddhist | Buddhist | Christian | Christian | Muslim | Muslim | Hindu | Hindu | Other | Other | Total No. |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | Total No. |
| 1981 Census | 2,885,789 | 73.62% | 556,581 | 14.20% | 279,639 | 7.13% | 194,000 | 4.95% | 3,798 | 0.10% | 3,919,807 |
| 2001 Census | 3,942,171 | 73.26% | 721,115 | 13.40% | 441,397 | 8.20% | 271,777 | 5.05% | 4,737 | 0.09% | 5,381,197 |
| 2012 Census | 4,288,797 | 73.67% | 752,993 | 12.93% | 500,992 | 8.61% | 274,336 | 4.71% | 4,592 | 0.08% | 5,821,710 |

## Economy

The Western province provides the highest contribution to the Gross Domestic Product contributing 41.2% of the Provincial Gross Domestic Product(PGDP) and has a nominal PGDP growth rate of 5.8% as of 2015. Agriculture only made up 1.7% of the GDP the lowest among the nine provinces while Industrial sector made up 34.6% the highest in the country and service sector represented 56.5%.
The province is undergoing rapid development with several of the largest infrastructure development projects happening in the province such as the Colombo International Financial City(CIFC) which is an International Financial Zone and the Western Region Megapolis Planning Project(WRMPP) Western province is also undergoing a major real estate and construction boom with residential and commercial buildings and skyscrapers changing the skylines of cities such as Colombo and Rajagiriya. Several major residential, office and hotel buildings as well as resorts and malls are either proposed or under construction.
The Colombo Harbour is also a major driver of economic growth being the busiest port in South Asia. It has both privately run and state owned terminals and is being expanded.

## Education

Almost all the premier educational institutions in the island are located in the Western Province. Universities in the province includes the University of Colombo, University of Kelaniya, University of Moratuwa, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Open University, Sri Lanka, Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, National Institute of Business Management and the Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology. Having the highest population in all the provinces, Western Province has the largest number of schools in the country, which includes national, provincial, private and international schools.

## Transportation
### Expressways in Western Province

* E01 Southern Expressway
* E02 Outer Circular Expressway
* E03 Colombo-Katunayake Expressway

### International Highways in Western Province

* AH43

### National Highways in Western Province

* A0 Kollupitiya to Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte
* A1 Colombo to Dummaladeniya
* A2 Colombo to Alutgama
* A3 Colombo to kochchikade
* A4 Colombo to Avissawella
* A8 Panadura to Nambapana
* A33 Ja Ela to Yakkala