# Ekaterina Maximova

Ekaterina Sergeyevna Maximova (Russian: Екатерина Сергеевна Максимова; 1 February 1939 – 28 April 2009) was a Soviet and Russian ballerina of the second part of the 20th century who was internationally recognised. She was a prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Theatre for 30 years, a ballet pedagogue, winner of international ballet competitions, Laureate of many prestigious International and Russian awards, a professor in GITIS, Honorary professor at the Moscow State University, Academician of the Russian Academy of Arts, and an Executive Committee member of the Russian Center of Counseil International De La Danse, UNESCO.

## Early life

Maximova was born in Moscow on 1 February 1939 to a highly educated family. Her maternal grandfather was Gustav Shpet, a Russian philosopher, historian of philosophy, psychologist, art theoretician, and interpreter (he knew 17 languages) of German-Polish descent. Her mother Tatiana Maximova (née Shpet) was a journalist and publishing house editor and her father Sergey Maximov was an engineer.
She was admitted to Moscow Ballet School (now Moscow Ballet Academy) and the age of 10 and the same year as her future partner and husband Vladimir Vasiliev. Their ballet partnership started at school.
Former ballerina of Mariinsky Ballet Elizaveta Gerdt was Maximova's instructor at the ballet school. Maximova graduated from Moscow ballet school in 1958 and joined Bolshoi Ballet the same year. She won first prize at the National Ballet competition in 1957 while still a ballet student.

## Career

In the Bolshoi Theater
Maximova's first ballet as a Bolshoi ballet dancer was The Stone Flower (in the leading role of Katerina). Her performance was so impressive that she was chosen to go on the first Bolshoi tour in the US in 1959. The American press called her "a little elf" and complemented her technique, grace and artistic style even though legendary Galina Ulanova was the real sensation of that tour. Later Ulanova became Maximova's ballet coach in the Bolshoi for many years.
In 1961, as a young ballerina Maximova starred along with Vladimir Vasiliev in the film for European and American viewers The USSR with an Open Heart, where they played ballet dancers. The premiere took place in Paris, France where Maximova and Vasiliev arrived as newlyweds.
According to ballet professionals, Maximova possessed ideal ballet body lines, effortless jumps and spins and flawless technical clarity. She started as a lyrical ballerina dancing title roles in classical ballets Giselle, Nutcracker (Marie), Fountain of Bakhchisarai (Maria), Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty (Aurora), but extended her breathtaking artistic talent and technical virtuosity through her hard work and devotion to her art. This enabled her to widen her artistic range with playful Kitri (Don Quixote), comic Eliza Doolittle (Galatea) and dramatic roles of Juliet, Phrigia (Spartacus), Anyuta (Chekov's story "Anna on the neck") Tatiana (Onegin) that tested her dramatic skills as an actress most completely.
Maximova seriously injured her spine during a rehearsal in 1975 and some doctors did not believe that she would walk again, but she returned on the stage in 1976.
She was known to decline roles she felt unable to perform, which earned her the sobriquet "Madame No". She did this because she did not believe in herself and her skills. She always questioned herself if she was good enough to dance even better than before. She had a very few interviews in her entire life and always stressed that she was a hardworking ballerina permanently trying to improve her skills. She could keep a very high level of performance and youthful dancing style through her 40-year career In 2003 she wrote her autobiography and named it "Madame No".
Maximova danced many duets with Vladimir Vasiliev, who is regarded by some as one of the greatest male dancers of all time. They took part in numerous Bolshoi ballet tours in USA, Canada, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Australia, Argentine, Japan, and dozens of other countries in the world as well as in a Kirov Ballet (now Mariinsky Ballet) tour in Paris, France. She was one of the Bolshoi stars who danced in the last program presented at the old Metropolitan Opera House on Thirty-ninth Street and Broadway on 8 May 1966. Maximova and Vasiliev started dancing abroad as guest stars in 1978. Fortunately, many of their performances have been preserved on film and prove a lasting testament to one of the greatest ballet partnerships in the history of dance. Among her other ballet partners were M. Liepa, M. Lavrovsky, and A. Bogatyrev.
Ballet achievements with other ballet companies
Maximova was invited to work with famous contemporary choreographers including Maurice Béjart, Roland Petit, Kasyan Goleizovsky, Pierre Lacotte, Gerald Arpino, Tom Schilling, Martha Clarke, Lorca Massine and appeared in their ballet productions and ballet excerpts for gala concert performances.
She also started dancing in Moscow Classical Ballet productions in 1980 where she performed the title role in Pierre Lacotte's Nathalie and roles of Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, and Eve in the Creation of the World. She danced the title role in Cinderella in the Kremlin Ballet choreographed by her husband, Vladimir Vasiliev who also choreographed a great number of ballet compositions for her through her career.
Maximova graduated from GITIS (now The Russian Academy of Theater Arts) in 1980 with a diploma of ballet master and started teaching classical choreography and dance composition there in 1982 while she was still dancing in the Bolshoi Theater.
After retiring from the Bolshoi Theater as a prima ballerina in 1988, Maximova continued dancing the role of Anyuta at the Bolshoi through 1994 and in addition she had more opportunities to tour and to work for other Russian ballet troupes and ballet companies abroad as a guest star for following 10 years performing some classical ballets with new choreography and modern ballets that did not appear in the Bolshoi repertoire.
Throughout her career she danced on the famous stages in the world such as Covent Garden (London), Grand Opera (Paris), La Scala (Milan), Metropolitan Opera (New York), Rome Opera (Rome), Teatro Colón (Buenos Aires) and performed with international ballet companies Maurice Bejart's The 20th Century Ballet (Belgium) (1977–1978), St. Carlo Theater (Italy) (1986, 1988–1989) Roland Petit's Ballet National de Marseille (France) (1987) English National Ballet (Great Britain) (1989), American Ballet Theatre (USA) (1990) National Ballet of Canada (1993) and others.
Ballet pedagogical and professional activities
In 1990 she started coaching the leading soloists in ballet roles in the Kremlin Ballet (such as N. Balakhnicheva, T. Predeina, Z. Bogoroditskaya) and in 1996 with the Bolshoi Ballet (such as G. Stepanenko, S. Lunkina, M. Ryzhkina, A. Nukulina) along with teaching in GITIS where she became a professor in 1996.
Maximova and Vasiliev were the founding organizers for the Arabesque ballet competition in Perm, Russia in 1990 and established their prize for "The best duet" there in 1992. She was a jury member at Arabesque through 2008.
Maximova taught masterclasses throughout the world, served as a member of various committees and councils for creative arts in Russia and abroad and was invited to be a jury member at ballet competitions (the Chairman of the jury in 5th International Ballet competition "Premia Rome", Italy and Arabesque ballet competition 1996–2008, Russia, and the juror of the ballet competitions in Jackson USA, Paris France, Lausanne Switzerland, Nagoya Japan, Seoul Korea and others).
While Vasiliev was the Bolshoi Theater director, he and Maximova took an active part in opening the first (outside Moscow) Bolshoi Theater ballet school in Joinville, Brazil in 2000. Both of them were awarded the highest Brazilian awards in 2004.
Her last ballet performance was at the gala dedicated to her 60th birthday on 1 February 1999 in the Bolshoi Theater.
Over the years, Maximova has received many of the most prestigious Soviet, Russian and foreign prizes, orders, medals and highest awards of the countries.
She appeared in a great number of Russian movies, video ballet productions, TV ballet and musical films as well as in international ones. Several TV ballet films were made for her by the movie director A. Belinsky (Galatea, Old Tango, Anyuta, Chapliniana) Maximova's art of dance was an inspiration for several ballets, movies, documentaries, books and even poems. She and her husband also gained wide exposure for their appearances in Franco Zeffirelli's filmed version of Giuseppe Verdi's opera La Traviata (1982). Both performed in Spanish costumes in the divertissements composed for the equivalent of Act II, scene 2.

## Ballet roles

Selected ballet roles in the Bolshoi Theater (the first interpreter* and the first interpreter in the Bolshoi **)
* Katerina in The Stone Flower, S. Prokofiev, choreography Grigorovich (1959)**
* Prelude and Waltz in Chopiniana, F. Chopin, choreography Fokine (1960)
* Title role in Giselle A. Adam, choreography Coralli/Perrot/Petipa (1960)
* Jeanne in Flames of Paris, B. Asafyev, choreography Vainonen (1961)
* Muse in Paganini, S. Rachmaninov, choreography Lavrovsky (1962)
* Masha in The Nutcracker, P. Tchaikovsky, choreography Vainonen (1962)
* Maria in The Fountain of Bakhchisarai, B. Asafyev, choreography Zakharov (1962)
* Bacchante in Walpurgis Night, C. Gounod choreography Lavrovsky (1962)
* Florina in The Sleeping Beauty, P. Tchaikovsky, choreography Petipa/Grigorovich (1963)**
* Soloist in variation in School of Ballet, D. Shostakovich, A Glazunov, choreography Messerer (1963)*
* Title role in Cinderella, S. Prokofiev, choreography Zakharov (1964)
* Aurora in The Sleeping Beauty, P. Tchaikovsky, choreography Petipa/Grigorovich (1964) revised choreography Petipa/ Grigorovich (1973)**
* Ballerina in Petrushka, I. Stravinsky, choreography Fokine/Boyarsky (1964)**
* Kitri in Don Quixote, L. Minkus, choreography Gorsky (1965)
* Masha in The Nutcracker, P. Tchaikovsky, choreography Grigorovich (1966)**
* Phrygia in Spartacus, A. Khachaturian, choreography Grigorovich (1968)*
* Young girl in Le Spectre de la Rose, C. Weber, choreography Fokine (1968)
* Odette/Odile in Swan Lake, P. Tchaikovsky, choreography Petipa/Ivanov/Gorsky (1968)
* Young girl in Icarus, S. Slonimsky, choreography Vasiliev (1971)* Aoela (revised choreography) (1976)*
* Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, S. Prokofiev, choreography Lavrovsky (1973)
* Soloist in Those Charming Sounds, A. Corelli, G. Torelli, V. Mozart, choreography Vasiliev (1978)*
* Shoura Azarova in The Hussar's Ballad, T. Khrennikov, choreography Briantzev (1980)*
* Title role in Anyuta, V. Gavrilin, choreography Vasiliev (1986)*
Leading ballet roles with other ballet companies (first interpreter in Russia*)
* Match Pas de deux choreography T. Schilling (1972)*
* Juliet in Romeo and Juliet H. Berlioz, choreography M. Béjart (with Ballet of the 20th Century) (1977–1978)*
* Pas de deux from Sylvia L. Delibes, choreography F. Ashton (at M. Liepa's gala) (1979)*
* Title role in Nathalie A. Gyrowetz, choreography P. Taglioni/P. Lacotte (with Moscow Classical Ballet) (1980) *
* Juliet in Romeo and Juliet S. Prokofiev choreography Kasatkina/Vasilyov (with Moscow Classical Ballet) (1981)
* Eve in The Creation of the World A. Petrov, choreography Kasatkina/Vasilyov (with Moscow Classical Ballet) (1981)
* Rose in Blue Angel M. Constant, choreography R. Petit (with Ballet de Marseille) (1987)*
* Glove seller in Gaieté Parisienne J. Offenbach choreography L. Massine (St. Carlo Theater, Naples) (1988)*
* Tatiana in Onegin P. Tchaikovsky choreography J. Cranko (with English National Ballet) (1989)*
* Romola in Nijinsky selected music by various composers, director B. Menegatti choreography V.Vasiliev) (St. Carlo Theater, Naples) (1989)*
* Title role in Cinderella S. Prokofiev, choreography V.Vasiliev (with Kremlin Ballet) (1991)*
* Girl in Round of Angels G. Mahler, choreography G. Arpino (1994)*
* Soloist in The Gardens of Villandry, F. Schubert choreography M. Clarke (1999)*

## Awards

Ballet, Theater and Film awards
1957 Gold medal All-Union Ballet competition Moscow, USSR
1959 1st prize and Gold medal VII International Youth Festival Vienna, Austria
1964 1st prize 1st Varna International Ballet Competition, Bulgaria
1969 Anna Pavlova Prize "The Best Dancer of the World" from Paris Dance Academy, France
1972 Marius Petipa Prize "The Best Duet of the World" with Vladimir Vasiliev from Paris Dance Academy, France
1980 InterVision Prize for the best actress in the leading role for TV film "Old tango" at International Festival "Zlata Praha", Czechoslovakia
1984 Premio SIMBA, Accademia SIMBA, Italy
1984 Vasilyev Brothers State Prize of the RSFSR for the leading role in TV film-ballet "Anyuta"
1989 Gino Tani Prize for the Art of Dance (Premio Internazionale Gino Tani, Italy) for "The Best Duet" with Vladimir Vasiliev
1990 Sergey Dyagilev Prize, Russia
1993 Leonide Massine Prize for Art of Dance (Positano Premia la Danza Leonide Massine), Italy
1993 Crystal Turandot Award for theater arts with Vladimir Vasiliev (Golden Duet) Russia
Honorary Soviet, Russian and International awards
1964 Honored Artist of the RSFSR
1969 People's Artist of the RSFSR
1971 Order of the Red Banner of Labour, USSR
1973 People's Artist of the USSR
1976 Order of Lenin, USSR
1981 Order of Friendship of Peoples, USSR
1981 USSR State Prize
1989 Member of International Academy of Creative Endeavors- Russian Section
1990 UNESCO Pablo Picasso Medal
1990 Member of the Executive Committee of Counseil International De La Danse, UNESCO (International Dance Council)
1991 Glinka State Prize of the RSFSR
1992 -2009 Jury member for Russian Independent Theater Award "Triumph"
1994 Second Order of Friendship of Peoples, Russia
1995 Honorary Professor, Moscow State University, Russia
1995 Academician of the Russian Academy of Arts
1999 Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
2004 Order of Rio Branco, Brazil
2004 Soul of Dance Award, Russian Magazine "Ballet"
2008 Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class

## Film, television and books

List of leading roles in full length ballet videos
1970 Phrigia in Spartacus, A. Khachaturian, choreography Grogorovich, Bolshoi Theater
1974 Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, S. Prokofiev choreography, Lavrovsky, Bolshoi Theater
1978 Masha in Nutcracker, P. Tchaikovsky, choreography Grigorovich, Bolshoi Theater
1978 Katerina in the Stone Flower, S. Prokofiev, choreography Grigorovich, Bolshoi Theater
1980 Title role in Nathalie or Swiss Milkmaid, A. Gyrowetz, choreography Talioni/Lacotte, Moscow Classical Ballet
1987 Masha in Nutcracker, P. Tchaikovsky, choreography Grigorovich, Bolshoi Theater
1994 Title role in Cinderella, S. Prokofiev, choreography Vasiliev, Kremlin Ballet
List of selected appearances in TV film ballets, musical films and documentaries
* Ballet dancer in The USSR with an open heart, directors V Katanian & L Christie, Mosfilm, USSR 1961
* Self in The Best of Bolshoi (Bolshoi Ballet), TV miniseries, Skiatron, USA 1965
* Soloist in Moscow in Notes, film-concert, director N. Gostev, Mosfilm and Heinz Liesendahl, Bavaria-Atelier GmbH USSR & BRD 1969
* Girl in Trapeze, TV film-ballet, director F. Slidovker, choreography Ryzhenko, Central TV, USSR 1970
* Ballet dancer in Parad attraktsionov, musical film, director A. Andriyevsky, Gorky movie studio, USSR 1971
* Soloist in World of Dance, TV documentary, director Y. Aldokhin, Tsentrnauchfilm, USSR 1972
* Self in Le grand échiquier, TV series, 2 episodes 1972-1973 Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française (ORTF), France
* Soloist (Don Quixote) Masters of the Bolshoi in concert, musical film, USSR 1973
* Eve in Choreography Novellas, TV film, Central TV, USSR 1973
* Bacchante in Walpurgis Night, documentary, USSR 1974
* Soloist in Bolshoi Ballet and Japan, documentary, director Y. Aldokhin, Tsentrnauchfilm, USSR, 1974
* Eliza in Galatea, TV film, director A. Belinsky, choreography Briantzev, Lentelefilm, USSR 1977
* Francesca/Peter in Old Tango, TV film, director A. Belinsky, choreography Briantzev, Lentelefilm, USSR 1979
* Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, choreography M. Bejart, Central TV USSR 1979
* Self in The World of Galina Ulanova, documentary, director A. Simonov, Central TV, USSR 1981
* Soloist in That charming sounds, documentary, director F. Slivdoker choreography Vasiliev Gosteleradio 1981
* Title role in Anyuta, TV film, director A. Belinsky, choreography Vasiliev, Lentelefilm, 1982
* Soloist in Spanish dance in La Traviata, musical film, director Franco Zeffirelli, choreography Vasiliev, Accent Film B.V., Italy, 1983
* Soloist in Fragments of one biography, TV film, director N. Shevchenko, choreography Vasiliev, Central TV, USSR 1985
* Soloist in Grand Pas in the White Night, TV film ballet, director M. Bejart and O. Vinogradov, Lentelefilm, USSR 1987
* Primadonna in Chapliniana TV, film, director A. Belinsky, choreography Abaydulov Lentelefilm, USSR 1987
* Soloist in Stars of the Russian Ballet, documentary, director F. Slidovker, Gosteleradio, Russia 1991
* Soloist in The Glory of the Bolshoi (Nutcracker, Don Quixote, Spartacus, Paganini: Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12, 18), documentary, MIRIS/NYC ARTS, Russia &USA 1995
Leading roles in movies
Stella Cotman in Gigolo and Gigolette, director A. Belinsky, choreography V. Vasiliev, Central TV, USSR 1980
Elena Knyazeva in Fuete, (Fouetté) director B. Yermolaev, choreography for ballet excerpts V. Vasiliev, Lenfilm, USSR 1986
Nalalia Davydovna in Klassnaya Dama, director A. Belinsky, Lentelefilm, Russia, 1994
Documentaries and books about Ekaterina Maximova
Composition of dances Part II, documentary, director Y. Aldokhin, Tsentrnauchfilm, USSR 1967
Duet: Ekaterina Maximova Vladimir Vasiliev, TV film, director F. Slidovker T/O Ekran, USSR 1973
N Avaliani, L Jdanov. Bolshoi's young dancers, p.60-107 (London, Central books 1975)
S. Montague. Pas de Deux, p. 93-97 (N-Y., Universe books 1981)
M. Konstantinova. Ekaterina Maximova (M., Iskusstvo 1982)
G. Smakov. The Great Russian Dancers, p. 180-185 (N-Y., Knopt 1984)
Katia et Volodia, documentary, director D. Delouche, Les Films du Prieure, Paris, France 1989
And as always, something was left unsaid, Part I, Part II, TV documentary, 2 episodes, Central TV, Russia 1990
R. Lazzarini. Maximova & Vasiliev at the Bolshoi, photo album (London: Dance Books, 1995)
Katya, documentary, director N. Tikhonov, Bolshoi Theater video studio, Russia, 1999
E. Fetisova Ekaterina Maximova Vladimir Vasiliev, photo album (М., 1999)
Ekaterina Maximova: When dancing becomes one's life, documentary, director N. Tikhonov, Bolshoi Theater video studio, Russia, 2004
Fouette along the life, documentary, director N. Tikhonov, Bolshoi Theater video studio, Russia, 2009
Vasiliev Maximova: Dance of fate, TV documentary, Central TV, Russia, 2010
Katya. A letter from the past, documentary, director V. Vasiliev, Russia-K, Russia, 2019

## Tributes

1980 An asteroid that was discovered by Crimea Astrophysical Observatory was named MAXIMOVA in her honor.
1994 Maximova Benefit performance for her 55th birthday was held in the Kremlin Palace. She performed in the Round of Angels choreographed by Gerald Arpino as his gift for her birthday.
1999 The Gala in honor of her 60th birthday was held in the Bolshoi Theater. Maximova performed in the Gardens of Villandry that was choreographed by Martha Clarke as her gift for Maximova's gala.
2002 Annual Ballet festival in Maximova's honor started in Chelyabinsk Ballet theater with the premier of Prokofiev's Cinderella choreographed by Vladimir Vasiliev. Maximova's student Tatiana Predeina danced Cinderella and the exhibition "E. Maximova and her students" was opened. Maximova's students S. Lunkina, M. Ryzhkina and others from the Bolshoi Theater and N. Balakhnicheva and Z. Bogoroditskaya from the Kremlin Ballet took part in the festival in the following years.
2008 The Bolshoi Theater celebrated Maximova's and Vladimir Vasiliev's "50 years on stage" with a five day festival of gala performances in their honor.
2009 The Gala performance in Maximova's honor was held to celebrate her 70th birthday on 1 February in the Kremlin Palace.
2010 XI Arabesque International ballet competition in Perm, Russia was dedicated to her memory.
2012 Arabesque Ballet competition and the Grand Prix were named after Maximova.
2014 In honor of Maximova's 75th birthday the exhibition in Moscow Bakhrushev Theater Museum has recreated a dressing room of Maximova with her tutus, shoes, make-up mirror (which had belonged to the great theater actress Vera Komissarzhevskaya), bottles, combs, and other items she had to prepare for going on stage.
2014 The Bolshoi gala to celebrate Maximova's 75th birthday was held on February 21.
2019 The Bolshoi Theater organized the Ballet Gala Night in Commemoration of Maximova's 80th birthday. Best ballet excerpts were performed by the Bolshoi Ballet Stars.

## Personal life

Maximova was married to Vladimir Vasiliev for almost 50 years. They had no children.
She died of heart failure on 28 April 2009, at the age of 70.