OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chandra Pulla Reddy

Chandra Pulla Reddy (1917 – 9 November 1984, Calcutta) was an Indian communist leader.

## Biography

Chandra Pulla Reddy was born in 1917 at Velugodu village in what is currently the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. A leading activist in Indian freedom struggle as a student of Guindy Engineering College of the then Madras (present Chennai) against British colonial rule. He was dismissed from the college. Later he became the Kurnool district secretary of the then united Communist Party of India (CPI). Later he became the editor of the party organ Janasakthi.
C.P. Reddy became one of the main leaders of the Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries. Reddy began organising armed struggles in the Khammam and Warangal areas, without the approval of the APCCCR leadership. Reddy then conducted self-criticism. In December 1969, the APCCCR leadership was arrested. In their absence Reddy strengthened his role inside the organisation. The leadership sent a letter of criticism from jail against the line implemented by Reddy. Effectively the organisation faced a split, with Reddy leading his own APCCR as of 1971.
In 1975 his group merged with the CPI (ML) led by Satyanarayan Singh. In 1980, he broke away from the party, forming a CPI (ML).
He died on 9 November 1984 at Calcutta due to a massive heart attack.
His Selected Writings consists, so far, of seven volumes. More are to come.
# Kotalawala Walawwa

Kotalawala Walawwa is a historic Walawwa building situated in Hindagoda, Badulla, Sri Lanka. The building is located on the Badulla - Passara main road (A5), approximately 1 km (0.62 mi) away from the Badulla town. It was the residence of former Muhandiram Don Carolis Kotalawala. The Walawwa has been formally recognised by the Government as an archaeological protected monument in Sri Lanka. The designation was declared on 22 November 2002 under the government Gazette number 1264.

## History

Since 1818 uprising against the British colonial government, Uva area was suffering from the ravages of British military actions. It is said that British rulers had almost neglected Uva's economic, transport and educational development. Therefore, some part of Badulla area was also in rural and forested state without proper development. Meanwhile, a youth named Don Carolis Kotalawala, born in 1847 from Undugoda, Raigam Korale area decided to migrate to Badulla and began his career as a good transporter. He first introduced a fleet of double bullock carts to transport goods through the jungle maze and personally supervised the transport network which was stalked by bandits and robbers. The success of his career led him into well known merchant and land proprietor in the area. Being a notable person in the region he was conferred the title Muhandiram and married to Sudu Menika Wijekoon, a lady of a high class family from the area. A stately house put up at Hindagoda off Badulla became their family residence and which was later known as Kotalawala Walawwa.
# Jack Hillier (art historian)

Jack Ronald Hillier (29 August 1912 – 5 January 1995) was a British scholar of Japanese art.

## Biography

Hillier was born on 29 August 1912 in Fulham, England to Charles Hillier and his wife Minnie (née Davies). His father was a postman; one of five siblings, Hillier had a "happy, if slightly impoverished, childhood." His only early "tenuous connection with art was that his father, during his rounds, delivered the mail of Edward Burne Jones, the noted late Victorian artist, who lived in Kensington." He left Fulham Secondary School at 15 and worked for an insurance company until 1967. During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force. Although he applied to be a pilot, "regrettably, the detailed work that he carried out during the day, combined with his wood engraving, had slightly impaired his eyesight, and his application, therefore, was not accepted".
Hillier became interested in Japanese ukiyo-e art in the 1940s, when it was at a low ebb in terms of interest from the West. He collected Japanese prints, books, and paintings. He taught himself to draw and make prints, and in 1951 had Old Surrey Watermills published, with his own illustrations.
Hillier went on to become a leading European ukiyo-e scholar. He assisted in the formation of several collections, and catalogued collections by those such as Henri Vever. He was cataloguer for Japanese prints at Sotheby's for 25 years. Hillier had his first book on ukiyo-e, Japanese Masters of the Colour Print, published by Phaidon Press in 1954. He followed with the monographs Hokusai in 1955, Utamaro in 1961, and Hokusai Drawings in 1966. Later books include The Uninhibited Brush (1974), about the Shijō school of painting; The Art of Hokusai in Book Illustration (1980); and The Art of the Japanese Book (1987). Hillier eventually sold his Nanga and Shijō paintings to Oxford's Ashmolean Museum and his collection of books to the British Museum.
Hiller gave the Cohn Memorial Lecture at Oxford in 1977; he was the only speaker to deliver it who had never held an academic or museum post. He was subject to a Festschrift on his 70th birthday in 1982. The Japanese government conferred on him the Rising Sun with Gold Rays and Rosette.
Hillier married Mary Louise Palmer in 1938, with whom he had a son, the historian Bevis Hillier, and daughter, Mary Alison. He died in Redhill, Surrey, on 5 January 1995.
# Saltwood

Saltwood is a village and civil parish in the Folkestone and Hythe District of Kent, England. Within the parish are the small hamlets of Pedlinge and Sandling.

## Geography

Saltwood is located immediately to the north of Hythe on the high land looking over the Romney Marsh. It is served by Sandling railway station on the South Eastern Main Line. It is surrounded by farming land.
The parish includes the hamlet of Sandling which has a railway station. It is the location of Sandling Park, a large estate and house, which stretches around the village of Saltwood and ends at Saltwood's other satellite hamlet, Pedlinge. The gardens of the Park are often open during the summer months.

## Castle

Saltwood Castle, once a possession of the Archbishops of Canterbury, is located here, having been assigned to them by a deed of 1026 (now in the British Museum) signed by such leading figures as King Canute and Earl Godwin. The castle was the overnight resting place of four knights (Reginald fitzUrse, Hugh de Morville, William de Tracy, and Richard le Breton) on their journey to Canterbury to murder Thomas Becket.
More recently this castle (now privately owned) has been home to Kenneth Clark, Lord Clark of Saltwood, and then his son Alan Clark MP. It is located about a mile to the north of the cinque port of Hythe, although the parish boundaries of Saltwood come very much closer to Hythe town centre.

## Religious buildings

The Norman parish church is dedicated to St Peter & St Paul. There is also an Anglican chapel of ease at Pedlinge. The residents of Sandling Park, the estate and their estate employees traditionally worship at the latter, which is served by the parish priest (rector) of Saltwood.

## Schools

There are two primary schools, Saltwood CEP, and St Augustine's RCP, as well as a major secondary comprehensive school, Brockhill Park Performing Arts College, located in the parish.

## Leisure

Brockhill Country Park is located here. Saltwood also has a Cricket team which plays in the Kent Village League's Second Division, and has a ground and pavilion in the village at Kiln Corner, on the top of Tanners Hill.
Until 1987 Saltwood attracted visitors to a historical point of interest, the Saltwood Miniature Railway, which was the oldest miniature railway in the world, still extant. However, in 1987 the railway closed. The locomotives and rolling stock were sold, and some time later the track was lifted. For about ten years it remained possible to follow the course of the line, but the entire site has now been redeveloped with new houses.
An inn of some antiquity trades on the village green. The Castle Hotel was first licensed as a public house in 1890 by the local Mackeson's Brewery, although there is evidence that beer was sold on the site for some time before that date.
# Kajiwa Dam

The Kajiwa Dam is a concrete-face rock-fill dam on the Muli River near Kajiwa in Muli Tibetan Autonomous County, Sichuan Province, China.
Preliminary construction (roads, bridges, foundation work) on the dam began in 2008 and construction on the 452.4 MW power station began in August 2011. The dam began to impound its reservoir in December 2014. The first 110 MW unit was commissioned on 16 March 2015. The power station went fully operational in the end of 2015. To operate, water from the dam is sent to a power station about 6 km (3.7 mi) downstream.
# Northfields, London

Northfields is an area in Ealing, west London. It is centred on Northfield Avenue, a shopping street of mostly independent shops and restaurants. It lies partially in the Ealing W5 and partially in west Ealing's W13 postcode. It lies in the southwest corner of Ealing.
From the 14th century this area was part of the manor of Coldhall, or West Ealing. Great and Little Northfields were two large fields in the late Middle Ages, lying in the extreme west of Ealing parish. By the mid-17th century, Northfields Road as it was first called, was constructed to connect Little Ealing (next to South Ealing) to the road to Uxbridge (the current Uxbridge Road running from Shepherds Bush to Uxbridge). Yet the area remained rural, covered in apple orchards into the late nineteenth century.
Today the area is served by the Piccadilly line from Northfields tube station designed by architect Charles Holden and by the E2 and E3 bus services running to Greenford, Ealing, Brentford, Hanwell, Acton and Chiswick, and the N11, a night bus to Central London. Northfields is a middle-class area, with high levels of education, employment and home ownership. It is home to three local authority primary schools, Little Ealing Primary School, Fielding Primary School and Mount Carmel Catholic Primary School.
Northfield Avenue has an annual street festival organised by the local trade association, NABA (Northfield Avenue Business Association). The first festival was held in summer 2007.

## History

The Plough Inn which marks the junction of Little Ealing Lane and Northfield Avenue was in existence by 1722. Maps of Ealing from 1890 and before show Northfields as almost entirely rural, with just a few houses along Little Ealing Lane. The rest of the area was largely orchards. The arrival of the District Railway in 1883, and the opening of the Northfields Halt in 1908, prompted development of the area.

## Notable residents

The acrobat and tightrope walker Charles Blondin was best known for his crossing of Niagara Falls on a tightrope. Blondin retired to live in Northfields from 1886 until his death in 1897 in a house on the site of what is now Niagara House, opposite The Plough pub on Northfield Avenue. Blondin Avenue, Blondin Park and Niagara Avenue are named after him; they were formerly the site of part of Hugh Ronalds' renowned nursery.
Between 1815 and 1817 John Quincy Adams, later to become the 6th President of the United States lived with his family at Little Boston House in Windmill Road in Little Ealing in Northfields.
The pop singer Dusty Springfield was a pupil at St Anne's Convent School on Little Ealing Lane in the 1950s.
The BBC Weather presenter Tomasz Schafernaker lives in this area.

## Notable buildings

A former cinema on Northfield Avenue is the area's only Grade 2* listed building. Built in 1932 in an unusual Spanish style, it closed in 1987 and was converted into the Ealing Christian Centre in 1994.
Other Grade 2 listed buildings in Northfields are:
* Rochester House
* Place House (Ealing Fields High School)
* The Forester public house, architect Nowell Parr
* Northfields tube station
* 53 Northfield Road (Orchard Lofts)
# Náströnd

In Norse mythology, Náströnd ("Corpse Shore") is a place in Hel where Níðhöggr devours the dead souls of the dishonorable. It is the afterlife for those guilty of murder, and severe oath-breaking.

## Orthography

In the standardized Old Norse orthography, the name was spelled Nástrǫnd, which in 11th century Old West Norse was pronounced. In Modern Icelandic the letter 'ǫ' is replaced by ö, and Náströnd is pronounced.

## Poetic Edda

The Völuspá says:
| Sal sá hón standa sólo fiarri, Nástrǫndu á, norðr horfa dyrr. Fello eitrdropar inn um lióra. Sá er undinn salr orma hryggiom. Sá hón þar vaða þunga strauma menn meinsvara ok morðvarga ok þannz annars glepr eyrarúno. Þar saug Níðhǫggr nái framgengna, sleit vargr vera. Vitoð ér enn, eða hvat? Völuspá 38-39, Dronke's edition | A hall she saw standing remote from the sun on Dead Body Shore. Its door looks north. There fell drops of venom in through the roof vent. That hall is woven of serpents’ spines. She saw there wading onerous streams men perjured and wolfish murderers and the one who seduces another’s close-trusted wife. There Malice Striker sucked corpses of the dead, the wolf tore men. Do you still seek to know? And what? Völuspá 38-39, Dronke's translation |

## Prose Edda

Snorri Sturluson quotes this part of Völuspá in the Gylfaginning section of his Prose Edda. He uses the plural of the word: Nástrandir (Corpse Shores).
| Á Náströndum er mikill salr ok illr, ok horfa í norðr dyrr, hann er ok ofinn allr ormahryggjum sem vandahús, en ormahöfuð öll vitu inn í húsit ok blása eitri, svá at eptir salnum renna eitrár, ok vaða þær ár eiðrofar ok morðvargar, svá sem hér segir: Sal veit ek standa sólu fjarri Náströndu á, norðr horfa dyrr. Falla eitrdropar inn of ljóra. Sá er undinn salr orma hryggjum. Skulu þar vaða þunga strauma menn meinsvara ok morðvargar. En í Hvergelmi er verst: Þar kvelr Níðhöggr nái framgengna. Gylfaginning 52, EB's edition | On Nástrand [Strand of the Dead] is a great hall and evil, and its doors face to the north: it is all woven of serpent-backs like a wattle-house; and all the snake-heads turn into the house and blow venom, so that along the hall run rivers of venom; and they who have broken oaths, and murderers, wade those rivers, even as it says here: I know a hall standing far from the sun, In Nástrand: the doors to northward are turned; Venom-drops falls down from the roof-holes; That hall is bordered with backs of serpents. There are doomed to wade the weltering streams Men that are mansworn, and they that murderers are. But it is worst in Hvergelmir: There the cursed snake tears dead men's corpses. Gylfaginning 52, Brodeur's translation |
# Kaymu

Kaymu is an online marketplace founded in 2013, providing localized C2C and B2C products in Africa, Europe and Asia. The platform lets buyers and sellers meet to make deals on new and used fashion items, mobile phones, jewelry, and home appliances.

## History

Kaymu initially launched in Nigeria and Pakistan in January 2013 and within 27 months opened operations in 32 other countries. Kaymu copies eBay's model; it does not offer first-party product sales, and it has separate retail websites for each of the countries it operates in. Kaymu's closest competitor is Naspers-owned OLX who have operations in over 100 countries and run a C2C model.
In January 2013, Kaymu received an undisclosed amount in seed funding from Rocket Internet and began operations in Nigeria and Pakistan. Kaymu grew from an employee base of 10 to 60 in nine months and opened operations in Ghana and Morocco in October 2013, before expanding to other emerging economies in its second year of operation.
As at June 2015, Kaymu's operations have grown to include Mozambique, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Slovenia, Sri Lanka, Bulgaria, Uzbekistan, and Philippines. Kaymu operates in 35 countries, 17 of which are in Africa, and the rest in Europe and Asia.
Kaymu currently has operations in the following regions & countries:
* Africa: Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda & Zambia
* Asia and Middle East: Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia & Uzbekistan
* Europe: Albania, Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Belarus, Croatia, Georgia, Slovakia & Slovenia
In 2016, Kaymu markets in Africa turned into Jumia, and markets in South Asia turned into Daraz. Since 2024, Daraz currently operates in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Myanmar.

## Investors

Kaymu is backed by a Nepalese Citizen Rajib Kumar Mehta, under the umbrella of the Jumia Group conglomerate. Rocket Internet CEO Oliver Samwer has described his company as a platform that builds internet companies rather than as investors, innovators or startup incubators as they are perceived by others. Rocket Internet oversees all of its business affairs in Africa through Africa Internet Group which has shared ownership among Rocket Internet, MTN and Millicom.

## Controversy

Kaymu, like other startups that belong to the list of companies backed by Rocket Internet, has been criticized for its copy-and-paste model. Rocket Internet takes business models that have succeeded in Europe and the U.S. and clones them in emerging economies. Kaymu is one of such models, and has been described to copy the eBay model.

## Awards

* Online Retail Award (London, 2014)
# Kayman's Gate

Kayman's Gate (Sinhala: කයිමන් දොරකඩ, Kaiman Dorakada) was an entrance to the former Colombo Fort located at the foot of the Wolvendaal Hill in the Pettah district of Colombo, Sri Lanka. A historic free-standing bell tower still stands at the site, now at the intersection of Main and 4th Cross Streets.

## History

The second Colombo Fort was constructed by the Portuguese in 1554 as a fortification of their trading post at Colombo, and captured by the Dutch in 1656. Under the Portuguese, the fort's principal entrance at the eastern rampart was Porta Reinha ("Queen's Gate"), a large tunnel guarded by drawbridge and moat. "Kayman's Gate" comes from the Dutch word kaaiman, crocodile. During that period, mugger crocodiles were found in large numbers in the Beira Lake, and would congregate in the moat to eat rubbish thrown out by the city dwellers within the fort. The south–north canal linking Beira Lake to the sea via the moat was later named St. John's River, and then, after being filled in during the British occupation, St John Street. Konings Straat (literally "King's Street"; originally the Portuguese Roa Directo, and now Main Street), linked the old city of Pettah with the fort, and terminated at Kayman's Gate. By 1870, the fort and its structures were almost completely demolished. Until the late 19th century, colonial rulers used the site of Kayman's Gate for public hangings.
The Kayman's Gate bell purportedly dates back to the 16th century, where it originally hung in a Portuguese church dedicated to Saint Francis in the Royal City of Kotte. Although Kotte was abandoned in 1565, the Dutch later reoccupied it and found a bell amidst the ruins of the church. This bell was relocated to a newly constructed bell tower at Kayman's Gate, where it was used as a curfew bell ‘to mark the closing of the Castle’s gates and lights out’. Following the demolition of the fort's walls, the bell was used to summon the worshippers to prayer and praise at the Wolvendaal Church, with the bell tower becoming part of the church's property.
Kayman's Gate is referenced in the song Paru Palamen, written by Sunil Edirisinghe.
# Myxothiazol

Myxothiazol is a chemical compound produced by the myxobacterium Myxococcus fulvus. It is an inhibitor of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex (coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase).
Myxothiazol is a competitive inhibitor of ubiquinol, and binds at the quinol oxidation (Qo) site of the bc1 complex, blocking electron transfer to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein. Binding of myxothiazol induces a red-shift to the visible absorption spectrum of reduced haem bl. In contrast to stigmatellin, myxothiazol does not form a hydrogen bond to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein, binding instead in the 'b-proximal' region of the cytochrome b Qo site. Movement of the cytoplasmic domain of the Rieske protein is therefore unaffected by the binding of this inhibitor.
# Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl

Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl is a rearrangement product of 7-hydroxymitragynine, an active metabolite of mitragynine.
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl can be produced in the blood as a metabolite of 7-hydroxymitragynine.

## Pharmacology

Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl is a μ-opioid receptor agonist and δ-opioid receptor antagonist. It is a G protein biased agonist at the μ-opioid receptor, which may be responsible for its favorable side effect profile compared to conventional opioids. Cryo-EM structures of μOR-Gi1 complex with mitragynine pseudoindoxyl and lofentanil (one of the most potent opioids) revealed that the two ligands engage distinct subpockets, and molecular dynamics simulations showed additional differences in the binding site that promote distinct active-state conformations on the intracellular side of the receptor where G proteins and β-arrestins bind. Importantly, studies have shown that oxidative metabolism is capable of transforming mitragynine (the main alkaloid in kratom) into mitragynine pseudoindoxyl in two steps, which is likely to influence kratom's complex pharmacological effects.

## Chemistry

Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl was first accessible via biomimetic semisynthesis from mitragynine. Total synthesis of an unnatural analogue was reported featuring an interrupted Ugi reaction as the key step. Scalable and modular total synthesis of the natural product has also been accomplished using a chiral pool based strategy. This study also demonstrated structural plasticity in biological systems.
# Ciuciulea

Ciuciulea is a village in Glodeni District, Moldova.
# Avram Brankovic

Avram Branković or Abraham Brankovits (Serbian Cyrillic: Аврам Бранковић; Vranjevo-Novi Bečej, 1799 - Brusnica, July 1831) was a Hungarian official in Buda of Serbian descent. He is best remembered as an excellent translator from German to Serbian.

## His life

Son of Antonije Branković. He studied law in Karlovica and Szeged and received his degree in Jurisprudence from the Grande école in Pest, then he went on to perfect his Hungarian in Kežmarok and German in Vienna. In 1830 he went to the Serbia and sought employment as a district clerk at the newly-established printing press where he met many literary figures, including Vuk Karadžić, Marija Milutinovic Punktatorka, Julijana Radivojevic, Georgije Magarašević and others.
Avram Branković is best known for one of the oldest books that deals with the problems of ethnologic characteristics in Serbia -- "Characteristic or nation description" -- which was published in 1827 in Buda, only two years after Noveise zemleopisanie by Joakim Vujić was also published in Buda.

## His works

* Charakteristik aller Nationen or "Characteristics or nation description", Buda, 1827
* Pregled i lětočisleno označenie u carstvu istorie svemirne: od početka sveta do danas, Buda, 1828
* Boj kod Novarina, Buda, 1829 (The Battle of Navarre, translated from German:Die Schlacht von Navarin)
* Novi zabavni kalendar, Buda, 1830 (New Serbian entertainment calendar.

## Sources

* József Szinnyei: The Life and Works of Hungarian Writers I. (Aachs – Bzenszki). Budapest: Hornyánszky. 1891. (Abraham Biankovič)
* József Szinnyei: The Life and Works of Hungarian Writers I. (Aachs – Bzenszki). Budapest: Hornyánszky. 1891 (Abraham Brankovits)
* This is the case in Novi Bečej i Novobečejce

## Additional notes

* Pál Gulyás: The Life and Works of Hungarian Writers. Bp., Association of Hungarian Librarians and Archivists, 1939-2002. From volume 7 to press order. János Viczián.
* Das geistige Ungarn, Biographisches Lexikon. Hrsg. Oscar von Krücken, Imre Parlagi. Wien-Leipzig, W. Braumüller, 1918.
* Pallas the great lexicon, an encyclopedia of all knowledge. 1-16 k. (17-18 deputies. Edited by József Bokor). Bp., Pallas-Révai, 1893-1904.