# Flora of Cape Verde

The Flora of Cape Verde includes the flowers and plants of Cape Verde, mostly native to the islands. There are about 240 species of plants.

## About the flora

In the process of development, many lands in the islands were converted to agricultural fields and several hundred varieties of herbaceous plant and tree species were introduced, resulting in depletion of the original vegetation. However, efforts are now underway at reforestation to improve the wildlife of Cape Verde, with reported planting of three million new trees every year (about 7000 per day), with pine, oak, sweet chestnut and acacia as the prominent varieties being planted. Cape Verde is also one of the world's top ten coral reef Biodiversity hotspots.
Historically, Cape Verde was probably not rich with greenery, although the evidence of the situation in earlier times is severely lacking. When Cape Verde was first discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century, the wildlife consisted mainly of dry forests and scrub habitat, which underwent a sea change under the influence of the inhabitants of this then isolated and uninhabited group of islands. The endemic flora and fauna of the islands were disturbed and have now remained confined mostly in the mountain peaks, steep slopes and other inaccessible areas. Vegetation in the islands is basically of the savannah or steppe type. There are trees typical of both temperate and tropical climates, depending on elevation. The flatter parts of the islands sustain semi-desert plants while the higher lands have arid shrubland. The leeward slopes tend to contain desert, with a very sparse shrub cover, mostly thorny or toxic. A number of xerophilous plants grow in the brackish subsoil of Maio, Sal, and Boa Vista.
There are 664 listed plant species, which include two threatened species. Over 80 vascular plant taxa are reported to be endemic to Cape Verde; these include Tornabenea, Aeonium gorgoneum, Campanula bravensis (bellflower), Asteriscus smithii (Nauplius smithii), Artemisia gorgonum (sagebrush), Sideroxylon marginatum, Lotus jacobaeus, Lavandula rotundifolia, Cynanchum daltonii, Euphorbia tuckeyana, Polycarpaea gayi and Erysimum caboverdeanum (wallflower). Several trees are indigenous such as the blue-green flat-topped dragon tree Dracaena draco, Tamarix senegalensis, Phoenix atlantica (tamateira), in the lagoons and deserts of Boavista, the ironwood tree and a species of fig tree and Prosopis juliflora which locally is simply called "acácia"). As a result of extensive tree planting since 1975, there are pine trees, oaks and sweet chestnuts on the cool peaks of Santo Antao, eucalyptus on the heights of Fogo, multiple neem trees in São Vicente and forests of acacia on Maio.

## List of endangered flora

Here is a list of endangered flora in Cape Verde, of which 97 are ranked species and 19 are ranked subspecies. They belong to 62 genera and 28 families. Of which 50 of them are in the island of Santo Antão, 45 in São Nicolau, 38 in Santiago and 37 in Fogo. 80% of them are in the highlands.
| No. | Species | Family |
| 1 | Aeonium gorgoneum | Crassulaceae |
| 2 | Aeonium webbii | Crassulaceae |
| 3 | Arenaria gorgonea | Caryophyllaceae |
| 4 | Aristida cardosoi | Poaceae |
| 5 | Aristida funiculata var. paradoxa | Poaceae |
| 6 | Artemisia gorgonum | Asteraceae |
| 7 | Asparagus squarrosus | Asparagaceae |
| 8 | Asteriscus daltonii | Asteraceae |
| 9 | Asteriscus smithii | Asteraceae |
| 10 | Asteriscus vogelii | Asteraceae |
| 11 | Brachiaria lata subsp. caboverdiana | Poaceae |
| 12 | Campanula bravensis | Campanulaceae |
| 13 | Campanula jacobaea | Campanulaceae |
| 14 | Campylanthus benthamii | Plantaginaceae |
| 15 | Campylanthus glaber subsp. spathulatus | Plantaginaceae |
| 16 | Carex antoniensis | Cyperaceae |
| 17 | Carex paniculata subsp. hansenii | Cyperaceae |
| 20 | Centaurium tenuiflorum subsp. viridense | Gentianaceae |
| 21 | Chloris pilosa | Poaceae |
| 22 | Conyza feae | Asteraceae |
| 23 | Conyza pannosa | Asteraceae |
| 24 | Conyza schlechtendalii | Asteraceae |
| 25 | Conyza varia | Asteraceae |
| 26 | Cuscuta nothochlaena | Convolvulaceae |
| 27 | Cyphia stheno | Campanulaceae |
| 28 | Diplotaxis antoniensis | Brassicaceae |
| 29 | Diplotaxis gorgadensis | Brassicaceae |
| 30 | Diplotaxis gracilis | Brassicaceae |
| 31 | Diplotaxis glauca | Brassicaceae |
| 32 | Diplotaxis harra subsp. harra | Brassicaceae |
| 33 | Diplotaxis hirta | Brassicaceae |
| 34 | Diplotaxis sundingii | Brassicaceae |
| 35 | Diplotaxis varia | Brassicaceae |
| 36 | Echium glabrescens | Boraginaceae |
| 37 | Echium hypertropicum | Boraginaceae |
| 38 | Echium stenosiphon subsp. lindbergii | Boraginaceae |
| 39 | Echium vulcanorum | Boraginaceae |
| 40 | Enteropogon rupestris | Poaceae |
| 41 | Eragrostis concertii | Poaceae |
| 42 | Eragrostis insulatlantica | Poaceae |
| 43 | Erysimum caboverdeanum | Brassicaceae |
| 44 | Fagonia mayana | Zygophyllaceae |
| 45 | Fagonia sinaica var. albiflora | Zygophyllaceae |
| 46 | Festuca gracilis | Poaceae |
| 47 | Forsskaolea procridifolia | Urticaceae |
| 48 | Forsskaolea viridis | Urticaceae |
| 49 | Frankenia ericifolia subsp. caboverdeana | Frankeniaceae |
| 50 | Frankenia ericifolia subsp. montana | Frankeniaceae |
| 51 | Globularia amygdalifolia | Plantaginaceae |
| 52 | Gongrothamnus bolleanus | Asteraceae |
| 53 | Gossypium capitis-viridis | Malvaceae |
| 54 | Helianthemum gorgoneum | Cistaceae |
| 55 | Ipomoea sancti-nicolai | Convolvulaceae |
| 56 | Ipomoea webbii | Convolvulaceae |
| 57 | Kickxia brunneri | Plantaginaceae |
| 58 | Kickxia elegans ssp dichondraefolia | Plantaginaceae |
| 59 | Kickxia elegans ssp elegans | Plantaginaceae |
| 60 | Kickxia elegans ssp webbiana | Plantaginaceae |
| 61 | Launaea gorgadensis | Asteraceae |
| 62 | Launaea intybacea | Asteraceae |
| 63 | Launaea melanostigma | Asteraceae |
| 64 | Launaea picridioides | Asteraceae |
| 65 | Launaea thalassica | Asteraceae |
| 66 | Lavendula stricta | Lamiaceae |
| 67 | Limonium braunii | Plumbaginaceae |
| 68 | Limonium brunneri | Plumbaginaceae |
| 69 | Limonium jovibarba | Plumbaginaceae |
| 70 | Limonium lobinii | Plumbaginaceae |
| 71 | Limonium sundingii | Plumbaginaceae |
| 72 | Linaria brunneri | Plantaginaceae |
| 73 | Lobularia canariensis subsp. fruticosa | Brassicaceae |
| 74 | Lobularia canariensis subsp. spathulata | Brassicaceae |
| 75 | Lotus arborescens | Fabaceae |
| 76 | Lotus brunneri | Fabaceae |
| 77 | Lotus jacobaeus | Fabaceae |
| 78 | Lotus latifolius | Fabaceae |
| 79 | Lotus purpureus | Fabaceae |
| 80 | Lythanthus amygdalifolius | Plantaginaceae |
| 81 | Melanoselinum insulare | Apiaceae |
| 82 | Nauplius daltonii | Asteraceae |
| 83 | Nauplius smithii | Asteraceae |
| 84 | Nervilia simplex | Orchidaceae |
| 85 | Odontospermum daltonii | Asteraceae |
| 86 | Odontospermum volgelii | Asteraceae |
| 87 | Papaver gorgoneum | Papaveraceae |
| 88 | Paronychia illecebroides | Caryophyllaceae |
| 89 | Periploca laevigata | Apocynaceae |
| 90 | Phagnalon melanoleucum | Asteraceae |
| 91 | Phoenix atlantica | Arecaceae |
| 92 | Pluchea bravae | Asteraceae |
| 93 | Polycarpaea gayi | Caryophyllaceae |
| 94 | Pulicaria burchardii | Asteraceae |
| 95 | Pulicaria diffusa | Asteraceae |
| 96 | Sarcostemma daltonii syn. of Cynanchum daltonii | Apocynaceae |
| 97 | Satureja forbesii | Lamiaceae |
| 98 | Sideroxylon marmulana var. marginata | Sapotaceae |
| 99 | Sinapidendron decumbens | Brassicaceae |
| 100 | Sonchus daltonii | Asteraceae |
| 101 | Sporobolus minutus subsp. confertus | Poaceae |
| 102 | Stachytarpheta cayennensis | Urticaceae |
| 103 | Stoechas rotundifolia | Lamiaceae |
| 104 | Tephrosia gorgonea | Fabaceae |
| 105 | Tithymalus tuckeyanus | Euphorbiaceae |
| 106 | Tolpis farinulosa | Asteraceae |
| 107 | Tolpis glandulifera | Asteraceae |
| 108 | Tornabenea annua | Apiaceae |
| 109 | Tornabenea bischoffii | Apiaceae |
| 110 | Tornabenea humilis | Apiaceae |
| 111 | Tornabenea insularis | Apiaceae |
| 112 | Tornabenea tenuissima | Apiaceae |
| 113 | Umbilicus schmidtii | Crassulaceae |
| 114 | Verbascum caboverdeanum | Scrophulariaceae |
| 115 | Verbascum capitis-viridis | Scrophulariaceae |
| 116 | Verbascum cystolithicum | Scrophulariaceae |

## Extinct flora

| Species | Family |
| Stachytarpheta fallax | Verbenaceae |
| Habenaria petromedusa | Orchidaceae |