# China Railway

China State Railway Group Co., Ltd., doing business as China Railway (CR), is the national passenger and freight railroad corporation of the People's Republic of China.
China Railway operates passenger and freight transport throughout China with 18 regional subsidiaries. By September 2022, the total assets of China Railway Group are CNY 9.06 trillion (USD 1.24 trillion). China has the highest railway usage in the world.

## History

China Railway Corporation was established in 2013 to be responsible for railroad construction, operation, and maintenance.$^{:209}$
Under the Chinese Corporate Law, China Railway Corporation was reorganized into China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. on 18 June 2019. This meant the Ministry of Finance would act as an investor on behalf of the state and the company would be led by a board and managed by board-chosen executives.
By the end of 2019, China Railway employed 2 million people and operated 139,900 km of railroads, of which 35,388 are high-speed railroads.$^{:209–211}$

## Logo

The China Railway logo was designed by Chen Yuchang (Chinese: 陈玉昶) (1912–1969), officially adopted on 22 January 1950. The whole logo represents the front of a locomotive. The upper part of the logo represents the Chinese character 人 (people), while the lower part represents the transversal surface of a rail. The logo means that China's railway belongs to the people. The lower part represents the character 工 (labour), means that China's railway belongs to the working class.
The "CR" logo is used on the Fuxing (train) along with the China Railway logo.
The "CRH" logo is used on the Hexie (train).

## Companies

There are 21 primary subsidiary companies under China Railway. As of 2008, approximately two million people work in China Railway.
| Business | Company | Provinces of operation | Regions of operation |
| Passenger | China Railway Harbin Group Company (CR Harbin) | Northeastern Inner Mongolia (Hulunbuir and part of Xingan League), Heilongjiang | Northeast China |
| Passenger | China Railway Shenyang Group Company (CR Shenyang) | Liaoning (except Bohai Strait ferry), Jilin, Southeastern Inner Mongolia (Chifeng, Tongliao and part of Xingan League), southern Heilongjiang, northeastern Hebei | Northeast China |
| Passenger | China Railway Beijing Group Company (CR Beijing) | Beijing, Hebei (most parts), Tianjin, western Shandong, northern Henan, eastern Shanxi, with all the exception of Daqin Railway | North China |
| Passenger | China Railway Hohhot Group Company (CR Hohhot) | Inner Mongolia (most parts) | North China |
| Passenger | China Railway Taiyuan Group Company (CR Taiyuan) | Shanxi, also operates Daqin Railway through sub-company | North China |
| Passenger | China Railway Jinan Group Company (CR Jinan) | Shandong (includes Bohai Strait ferry) | East China |
| Passenger | China Railway Shanghai Group Company (CR Shanghai) | Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui (most parts) | East China |
| Passenger | China Railway Nanchang Group Company (CR Nanchang) | Jiangxi, Fujian | East China |
| Passenger | China Railway Guangzhou Group Company (CR Guangzhou) | Hainan, most parts of Guangdong and Hunan | South China |
| Passenger | China Railway Nanning Group Company (CR Nanning) | Guangxi, western Guangdong | South China |
| Passenger | China Railway Wuhan Group Company (CR Wuhan) | Hubei, southern Henan, a little part of Anhui | Central China |
| Passenger | China Railway Zhengzhou Group Company (CR Zhengzhou) | Henan (middle and northern parts), southern Shanxi | Central China |
| Passenger | China Railway Chengdu Group Company (CR Chengdu) | Sichuan (most parts), Chongqing, Guizhou (most parts), a little part of Yunnan | Southwest China |
| Passenger | China Railway Kunming Group Company (CR Kunming) | Yunnan (most parts), a little part of Sichuan and Guizhou | Southwest China |
| Passenger | China Railway Qingzang Group Company (CR Qingzang) | Tibet | Southwest China |
| Passenger | China Railway Qingzang Group Company (CR Qingzang) | Qinghai | Northwest China |
| Passenger | China Railway Lanzhou Group Company (CR Lanzhou) | Gansu (most parts), Ningxia, a little part of Inner Mongolia | Northwest China |
| Passenger | China Railway Ürümqi Group Company (CR Ürümqi) | Xinjiang, a little part of Gansu | Northwest China |
| Passenger | China Railway Xi'an Group Company (CR Xi'an) | Shaanxi (most parts), northeast Sichuan | Northwest China |
| Freight | China Railway Special Cargo Service Company (CRSCS) | Nationwide | Nationwide |
| Freight | China Railway Express Company (CRE) | Nationwide | Nationwide |
| Freight | China Railway Container Transport Company (CRCT) | Nationwide | Nationwide |

### Second tier subsidiaries

| Parent | Subsidiary | Operational line |
| CR Guangzhou | Guangshen Railway Company | Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway |
| CR Guangzhou | Guangmeishan Railway Company | Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou railway |
| CR Guangzhou | Sanmao Company | Sanshui–Maoming railway |
| CR Guangzhou | Shichang Railway Company | Shimen–Changsha railway |
| CR Guangzhou | Yuehai Railway Company | Guangdong–Hainan railway |
| CR Kunming | Shuibai Railway Company | Liupanshui–Baiguo railway |
| CR Nanchang | Wuyishan Railway Company | Hengfeng–Nanping railway |
| CR Nanchang | Quanzhou Railway Company | Zhangping–Longyan–Kanshi railway |
| CR Nanchang | Longyan Railway Company | Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo railway |
| CR Nanchang | Xiamen Haicang Railway Company | Haicang branch railway |
| CR Shanghai | Xiaoyong Railway Company | Xiaoshan–Ningbo railway |
| CR Shanghai | Hejiu Railway Company | Hefei–Jiujiang railway |
| CR Shanghai | Xinchang Railway Company | Xinyi–Changxing railway |
| CR Shanghai | Jinwen Railway Company | Jinhua–Wenzhou railway |
| CR Shanghai | Ningqi Railway Company | Nanjing–Qidong railway |
| CR Shanghai | Ninghe Railway Company | Hefei–Nanjing passenger railway |
| CR Shanghai | Hewu Railway Company | Hefei–Wuhan railway |
| CR Taiyuan | Daqin Railway Company | Datong–Qinhuangdao railway |
| CR Wuhan | Huhanrong Railway Hubei Company | Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway (Hubei section) |
| CR Wuhan | Luofu Railway Company | Luohe–Fuyang railway |
| CR Xi'an | Xiyan Railway Company | Xi'an–Yan'an railway |
| CR Zhengzhou | Anli Branch Line Company | Anyang–Lizhen railway |
| CR Zhengzhou | Tanghe Branch Line Company | Tangyin–Hebi railway |

## Corporate affairs
### Business trends

The key trends for the China Railway are (as of the financial year ending 31 December):
| | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
| Revenue (RMB t) | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.25 |
| Operating income (RMB b) | −34.8 | −54.4 | 27.47 |
| Net income (RMB b) | −49.9 | −69.6 | 3.30 |
| Total assets (RMB t) | 8.92 | 9.20 | 9.53 |
| Total equity (RMB t) | 3.00 | 3.09 | 3.22 |
| References | | | |

## International operations
### International trains

China Railway operates passenger trains from China to Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Vietnam and Laos. Also operates freight (cargo) trains to these countries.
* The Beijing–Pyongyang passenger train with the emblem of China
* The Beijing–UlaanBaatar–Moscow passenger train
There are 11 international passenger train services:
* 95/8, Dandong–Pyongyang
* 401/2, Suifenhe–Grodekovo
* K3/4, Beijing–Ulaanbaatar–Moscow
* K19/20, Beijing–(Manzhouli)–Moscow
* K23/4, Beijing–Ulaanbaatar
* K27/8, Beijing–Pyongyang
* K4651/2/3/4, Hohhot–Ulaanbaatar
* K9795/6, Ürümqi–Almaty
* K9797/8, Ürümqi–Astana
* Z5/6–T8701/2, Beijing West–Nanning (transfer station)–Gia Lâm (Hanoi)
* D887/888, Kunming South —Vientiane

### Services to Europe (New Silk Route)

As of 2017 China Railway ran goods services to 15 European cities, including routes to Madrid and Hamburg and the experimental East Wind service to London to test demand. The Chinese government refers to the two-week 12,000 km (7,500 mi) route, starting at Yiwu and with trains to London traversing Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland, Germany, Belgium and France, as the Belt and Road Initiative. Containers must be transferred several times, as different, incompatible, rail gauges are used in different regions, and the same rolling stock cannot be used throughout.

### Africa

China has been investing in and helping to rebuild railways in Africa. Below is an incomplete list of rail projects.
| Name | Location | Constructed | Company | Cost | Comments & Ref |
| High Plateau line, Algeria | Relizane, Saida, Tiaret, Tissemsilt, Boughezoul to M'Sila, Algeria | 2009–2013 | China Railway Group & China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation | US$2.8bn | |
| Benguela Railway | Lobito to Luau, Angola | 2006–2014 | China Railway Construction Corporation Limited | US$1.83bn | Railway was rebuilt following civil war |
| Chad Railway | Ngaoundéré, Cameroon to Nyala, Sudan via Moundou, N'Djamena and Abéché in Chad | 2012–ongoing | China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation | US$5.6bn | Construction over three phases |
| Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to Djibouti City, Djibouti | 2011–2016 | China Railway Group & China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation | US$4bn | Electric |
| Mombasa-Nairobi Railway | Mombasa to Nairobi, Kenya (extended to Naivasha, Kenya in 2016 | 2014–2017 | China Communications Construction | US$3.6bn | |
| Kenya–Uganda border | Naivasha, Kisumu to Malaba, Kenya | 2016–ongoing | China Road and Bridge Corporation (subsidiary of China Communications Construction) | US$5.42bn | |
| Mali–Guinea Railway | Bamako, Mali to Conakry, Guinea | 2016–ongoing | China Railway Construction Corporation Limited | US$8bn | |
| Mali–Senegal Railway | Bamako, Mali to Dakar, Senegal | 2016–ongoing | China Railway Construction Corporation Limited | US$2.7bn | |
| Nigeria Coastal Railway | Lagos to Calabar, Nigeria | 2014–ongoing | China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation | US$11.1bn | |
| Lagos–Kano Railway | Lagos to Kano, Nigeria | 2011–ongoing, Abuja to Kajuna completed in 2016 | China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation | US$8.3bn | |
| Sudan Railway | Khartoum to Port Sudan, Sudan | 2007–2012, 2014 opened | China Railway Engineering Corporation | US$1.5bn | |
| TAZARA Railway | Dar es Salaam, Tanzania to Kapiri Mposhi, Zambia | 1970–1975 | Railway Engineering Corps (now CRCC), Ministry of Railways (now CCECC) | US$500m | Currently in need of reinvestment |
| Uganda Railway | Malaba, Kampala, Kasese, Uganda to Rwanda and South Sudan | 2015–ongoing | China Harbour Engineering (subsidiary of China Communications Construction) | US$8bn | |

## List of directors general
### China Railway Corporation

* Sheng Guangzu (2013–2016)
* Lu Dongfu (2016–2018)

### China State Railway Group
#### Chairman

* Lu Dongfu (2018–2022)
* Liu Zhenfang (2022–present)

#### General Manager

* Yang Yudong (2018–2022)
* Guo Zhuxue (2022–present)

## Footnotes

* ↑ Including revenue from "Railway Construction Fund"
* ↑ EBIT, including revenue from "Railway Construction Fund" but excluding contribution to "Water Conservancy Construction Fund"