OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Electromagnetically enhanced Physical Vapor Deposition

Electromagnetically-enhanced Physical Vapor Deposition (EPVD) is coating technique developed by Paradigm Shift Technologies, Inc. which uses electromagnetic fields to improve traditional physical vapor deposition, particularly in high-stress applications like gun barrel coatings.

## History

EPVD technology was developed by Paradigm Shift Technologies, Inc., a Canadian company founded in 1995. It was invented to replace the traditional chrome plating.
Thin-film deposition is the overarching technology from which PVD, CVD, ALD, EBPVD, and EPVD are derived, each employing different methods to achieve specific coating characteristics. PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) involves the physical vaporization of material in a vacuum to form a thin film, while EBPVD (Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition) uses an electron beam to vaporize the source material more efficiently.
EPVD (Electro-magnetically enhanced Physical Vapor Deposition), on the other hand, enhances the standard PVD process by utilizing electromagnetic fields to guide the deposition. This allows coatings to be applied to non-line-of-sight internal surfaces, such as the interiors of tubular components, resulting in much thicker, more robust, and uniform coatings compared to traditional PVD methods. This advanced process not only improves the durability of the coating but also enables the use of these coatings in more complex geometries, making it highly advantageous in industries requiring extreme wear resistance.

## Process overview

EPVD involves vaporizing the coating material in vacuum and depositing it onto the substrate. Electromagnetic fields are applied to control the deposition rate and ensure uniform coating thickness, resulting in superior coating properties. In this process, the material is removed from a target made from the refractory alloy and deposited on the bore of the gun barrel in a low-pressure, inert environment.
The EPVD process generates thick coatings (50 to 300 microns) needed for gun barrels and can be adapted for small, medium, and large calibers. It applies engineered multi-layer coatings using mostly metallic or ceramic materials, predominantly featuring tantalum, tungsten, and other refractory metals.

## Applications

EPVD technology is mainly used in the defense industry for coating gun barrels, enhancing accuracy, durability, and lifespan under high-stress conditions.
Beyond defense, EPVD is applied in aerospace for turbine blades and engine components to improve temperature and wear resistance. The automotive industry uses it to enhance engine and transmission parts, while petrochemical, industrial machinery, and medical device sectors benefit from increased durability and bio-compatibility in surgical instruments and implants.
# Cnemidophorus ruatanus

Cnemidophorus ruatanus is a species of teiid lizard found in Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Belize.
# Tetsuya Chikushi

Tetsuya Chikushi (Japanese: 筑紫 哲也, Chikushi Tetsuya, 23 June 1935 – 7 November 2008) was a Japanese journalist, TV presenter and news anchor.

## Career

Chikushi was born in Hita, Ōita on 23 June 1935. He graduated from Waseda University's school of political science and economics, and joined the Asahi Shimbun newspaper in 1959 as a reporter.
He worked for the Asahi Shimbun's political news department, Okinawa bureau, and Washington bureau, before being appointed as managing editor of the Asahi Journal magazine.
He later resigned from the Asahi Shimbun to become the anchorman of TBS's News 23 late-night news programme in October 1989.
He left TBS's News 23 in May 2007 after announcing on air that he was suffering from cancer. However he returned in October, although he appears irregularly. Finally on 28 March 2008, he permanently left News 23.
He died of lung cancer on 7 November 2008 at a hospital in Tokyo, aged 73. He was a guest professor of Waseda University and Ritsumeikan University.
# John Fishwick

John Palmer Fishwick (September 29, 1916 – August 9, 2010) was an American railroad executive and chief executive of Norfolk and Western Railway.
Born in Roanoke, Virginia, John was a graduate of Jefferson High School in downtown. He was one of four children, having two sisters and one brother, noted literary scholar and author, Marshall Fishwick. Fishwick attended Roanoke College, where he was a member of Kappa Alpha Order and served as editor of the College's newspaper. He graduated in 1937 with a major in English and a minor in economics. Fishwick furthered his education at Harvard Law School, graduating in 1940. After completing law school he worked as an associate with Cravath, Swaine & Moore before joining the Navy in 1942. Fishwick left the United States Navy as a lieutenant commander. After World War II he joined Norfolk and Western in November 1945 and worked as assistant to the general counsel. In 1947, he was promoted to assistant general solicitor, and in 1951 he was promoted to assistant general counsel. In 1954, he was promoted yet again, this time to general solicitor. He served as general counsel until his promotion to chief executive in 1970.
He served as chief executive of Norfolk and Western from 1970 to 1981, playing a key role in the merger with Southern Railway that formed Norfolk Southern Railway. Following his retirement, he was a partner at Windels Marx Lane & Mittendorf until 1986.
Fishwick's wife, Blair, was a fellow Roanoke College graduate. They had three children together and she was a well known artist in the Roanoke area. She died in June, 1987. Mr. Fishwick married Doreen Hamilton in 1989. Fishwick's son, John Fishwick, Jr., served as U.S. Attorney and is a practicing lawyer in Roanoke.
On July 16, 2018 the Roanoke City School Board announced that Stonewall Jackson Middle School in Roanoke, VA would be renamed John P. Fishwick Middle School.
# John Fox Jr.

John Fox Jr. (December 16, 1862 – July 8, 1919) was an American journalist, novelist, and short story writer. His home in Big Stone Gap, Virginia is a museum and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Several of his works were bestsellers and were adapted to films. He married an opera star. He was inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame.

## Biography

Born in Stony Point, Kentucky, to John William Fox Sr. and Minerva Worth Carr, Fox studied English at Harvard University. He graduated in 1883 before becoming a reporter in New York City. After working for both New York Times and the New York Sun, he published a successful serialization of his first novel, A Mountain Europa, in Century magazine in 1892. Two moderately successful short story collections followed, as well as his first conventional novel, The Kentuckians in 1898. Fox gained a following as a war correspondent, working for Harper's Weekly in Cuba during the Spanish–American War of 1898, where he served with the "Rough Riders." Six years later he traveled to Asia to report on the Russo-Japanese War for Scribner's magazine.
Though he occasionally wrote for periodicals, after 1904, Fox dedicated much of his attention to fiction. The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come (published in 1903) and The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (published in 1908) are arguably his most well known and successful works, entering the New York Times top ten list of bestselling novels for 1903, 1904, 1908, and 1909 respectively. In The Trail of the Lonesome Pine, the character Devil Judd Tolliver was based on the real life of "Devil John" Wesley Wright, the sheriff of Wise County, Virginia. Many of his works reflected the naturalist style, his childhood in Kentucky's Bluegrass region, and his life among the coal miners of Big Stone Gap, Virginia. Many of his novels were historical romances or period dramas set in that region.

## Legacy

John Fox Jr. died in 1919 of pneumonia during the global influenza epidemic in Big Stone Gap, Virginia; he was buried in the family plot in Paris, Kentucky. His marriage to Austrian opera singer Fritzi Scheff in 1908 lasted just over four years. He had no children.
The John Fox Jr. House in Big Stone Gap was turned into a museum after the death of John's sister in 1970. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
# Takao Ishii

Takao Ishii (born 1 February 1941) is a Japanese sport shooter who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# Hurting Each Other

"Hurting Each Other" is a song popularized by the Carpenters in 1972. It was written in 1965 by Gary Geld and Peter Udell, and has been recorded many times by artists ranging from Ruby & the Romantics to Rosemary Clooney.
This song begins with the way one feels about their loving relationships, despite the fact that the couples go on Hurting Each Other, physically, mentally, and emotionally. In the final repeated Chorus, there is an urgent plea for the stoppage of hurting each other. "Making each other cry, Breaking each other's Heart", and "Tearing each other apart".

## Previous versions

The original version of the song was recorded by Jimmy Clanton and released in 1965 as a single on Mala Records. According to Richard Carpenter, this version of "Hurting Each Other" had a very different feel from the Carpenters' product. However, there are definite similarities in the vocal refrain. Clanton's 1965 single of the song failed to chart.
Chad Allan & the Expressions, who later became The Guess Who, also recorded the song in 1965 on their Canadian LP Hey Ho (What You Do to Me!). Released as a single, the song hit #19 on the Canadian charts in early 1966. In June 1966 a version by Ruth Lewis, produced by Udell and Geld, was released as a single by RCA Victor records. A version also appeared on The Walker Brothers' second album, Portrait, which was released in November 1966.
Ruby & the Romantics released the song as a single in 1969. The vocal arrangement is reflected in the Carpenters' version three years later.

## Carpenters' version

The Carpenters recorded "Hurting Each Other" with instrumental backing from L.A. sessions musicians from the Wrecking Crew, towards the end of 1971. Some footage of Richard and Karen performing the backup vocals can be seen on Jerry Dunphy Visits the Carpenters, when news anchor Jerry Dunphy went to Karen and Richard Carpenter's house and interviewed them and their parents about their life.
It was released as a single in late 1971 from the album A Song for You. It reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100; it was kept from number one by "Without You" by Harry Nilsson. It also became Carpenters' sixth top-ten single in the Billboard Hot 100. "Hurting Each Other" also peaked at number one on the Easy Listening chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 65 song for 1972.
The Carpenters performed "Hurting Each Other" at many live concerts, including a shortened version from the "Live in Osaka" concert in 1974.

## Personnel

* Karen Carpenter - lead and backing vocals
* Richard Carpenter - backing vocals, piano, Wurlitzer electronic piano, orchestration
* Joe Osborn - bass
* Hal Blaine - drums
* Gary Coleman - percussion

## Post-Carpenters versions

In 1994, a version performed by Johnette Napolitano and Marc Moreland (of Concrete Blonde and Wall of Voodoo respectively) appeared on producer Matt Wallace's alternative rock tribute album of Carpenters covers, If I Were a Carpenter.
In 2020, The Avalanches sampled the Carpenters' chorus for their song, "We Go On".
# Brochocinek, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Brochocinek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kondratowice, within Strzelin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Kondratowice, 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Strzelin, and 37 kilometres (23 mi) south of the regional capital Wrocław.
As of 2021, the estimated population is 17.
# Children's World (retailer)

Children's World Ltd was a British retail chain. It was established by Boots in 1987 and sold to Storehouse in 1996, when the stores were rebranded as Mothercare World.

## Format

At the time, Boots' larger high street stores sold a range of baby products, maternity and children's clothing. However the Children's World stores were a larger "superstore" format typically located in retail parks, which sold a wider range of children's clothing, shoes, toys, baby products and nursery furniture. The stores also included a play area, a hairdresser and a snack bar.

## Marketing

The logo resembled a pile of multicoloured building blocks. The slogan was "Everything in the World for Children".

## Finances

By 1995 the retailer had 48 stores and a turnover of £105 million. Storehouse acquired the business from Boots in 1996.
# CPG

CPG may stand for:

## Organizations

* Cameron Pace Group, a 4D technology and production company based in Berlin, Germany
* Catholic Police Guild, of England & Wales, founded in 1914
* Center for the Prevention of Genocide at the United States Holocaust Memory Museum
* Central People's Government, term used for the government of the People's Republic of China
* Chingwin Publishing Group, a Taiwanese Publishing Group famous for its large manga selection
* CITIC Publishing Group, a publishing company under CITIC Group based in Beijing, China
* Communist Party of Greece
* Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa, a Tunisian mining company
* CPG Corporation, the corporatized entity of the former Public Works Department of Singapore
* CPI Property Group, a Luxembourg-based property company

## Science

* Caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside, a type of phenolic compound (see for instance Verbascoside)
* Calorically perfect gas
* Clopidogrel
* CpG ODN, a synthetic TLR9 agonist
* CpG site, a site in DNA
* CpG island, a specialized region of DNA
* Central pattern generator, a neural oscillator, for example generating the respiratory cycle
* abbreviation for Calopogon, an orchid genus containing the "grass pinks"
* Catalog of Principal Galaxies, see Principal Galaxies Catalogue
* Controlled Porosity Glass or Controlled Pore Glass, synonyms for porous glass
* Clavis Patrum Graecorum, volumes published by Brepols of Turnhout in Belgium
* Cycloprolylglycine (traneurocin), an endogenous compound and drug

## Other uses

* Canadian Parliamentary Guide
* Chrysler Proving Grounds
* Clinical practice guideline
* Codices Palatini germanici, German-language manuscripts in the Palatine library in Heidelberg
** CPG 359, the Cod. Pal. germ. 359 illustrated manuscript
* Code property graph, a computer program representation
* Consumer packaged goods, another name for fast-moving consumer goods
* ICAO airline designator for Corporacion Aeroangeles, Mexico
* CPg, a Hungarian punk rock band
* CPG (Cyber PlayGround), codename for the 2001 console Xbox.
# Croatian Coalition (2010)

The Croatian Coalition (Croatian: Hrvatska koalicija) was the coalition of two Croat parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990 and Croatian Party of Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This coalition was involved in 2010 Bosnia and Herzegovina general election where it ran for seats and parliament and presidential election. They main opposition was coalition which was formed by Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Peasant Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina - New Croatian Initiatieve and Croatian Party of Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In February 2010, president of the Croatian Party of Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Zvonko Jurišić, signed a unity agreement with Croatian People's Union led by Milenko Brkić and Croatian Union of Herzeg-Bosnia led by Petar Milić in Mostar. According to this agreement all this party would act under one name - Croatian Party of Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
At the election, this coalition won 49,524 votes, respectively 4,86% of Croat votes which gave them 4 out of 57 seats in Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 8 out of 156 seats in Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina. They run exclusively for Croat votes.
The coalition ended in March 2011 when HDZ 1990 and HSP BiH split; HSP BiH entered in new coalition with Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Party of Democratic Action and People's Party Work for Betterment and formed a government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Bronów, Góra County

Bronów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Góra, within Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) east of Góra, and 64 km (40 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.
# Contomastix leachei

Contomastix leachei is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae. The species is endemic to Argentina.

## Etymology

The specific name, leachei, is in honor of Argentinian landowner Don Francisco Leache who was the kind host of Italian ornithologist Alfredo Borelli, who collected the holotype.

## Geographic range

C. leachei is found in northwestern Argentina, in the provinces of Jujuy and Salta.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of C. leachei is forest.

## Reproduction

C. leachei is oviparous.

## Taxonomy

C. leachei is a member of the C. lacertoides species group.
# Adamn Killa

Adam Kelly, pseudonymously known as Adamn Killa, is an American rapper and musical artist from Chicago, Illinois. Kelly has been recognized for his collaborations with members of the YEAR0001 collective, including Yung Lean, Bladee, and Thaiboy Digital, as well as for his experimental contributions to the hip-hop genre.

## Career
### 2015

* October: Kelly releases his first EP, Libra Season, with artist Blank Body.

### 2016

* March: Kelly's debut studio album, Back 2 Ballin, is released.
* May: Kelly releases his single, Ten, with Swedish rapper Yung Lean, alongside an accompanying music video.
* July: Kelly announces the release of his mixtape MR650 and releases a single titled Catch Me.

### 2017

* January: Kelly releases the music video to his single, "Commas," produced by Ryan Hemsworth.
* June: Kelly releases his 16-track project, I Am Adamn.
* December: Kelly releases a joint project with American rapper—and at-the-time girlfriend—Killavesi, titled Love Not a Killa.

### 2018

* March: Kelly releases his project Adamn Everlasting (In Loving Memory of Jalen) with appearances from rappers Yung Lean, Riff Raff, Lil Reek, and Z Money.

### 2020

* April: Kelly releases his single, Hit the Adamn, with an accompanying dance.

### 2021

* November: Kelly launches accusations against rapper Lil Uzi Vert, DJ Drama, and Don Cannon, alleging they scammed him of twenty-thousand dollars for a feature.
# Kursk Front

The Kursk Front was a front of the Red Army during the Second World War.
It was set up on March 23, 1943, following a Stavka directive of March 19 by re-purposing the command cadre of Reserve Front to defend the westernmost sector of the Kursk Salient. It consisted of 38th Army, 60th Army, and 15th Air Army, with another field army to be assigned, probably either the 63rd or 66th. Col. Gen. M.A. Reiter was appointed to command, with Maj. Gen. I.Z. Susaikov as member of the military council and Lt. Gen. L.M. Sandalov as chief of staff.
The new Front was very short lived. Another Stavka directive on March 24 transformed Kursk Front into the new Oryol Front, to be established by March 27. At the same time, 60th Army was transferred to Central Front, and 38th to Voronezh Front. Finally, on March 28, Oryol Front was ordered to be renamed as the new Bryansk Front.
# Ally Wilkes

Ally Wilkes is an LGBTQ English author of horror novels and short stories. She also writes under the name A. V. Wilkes. Wilkes studied law at the University of Oxford and practised as a criminal barrister for eleven years. She currently lives in Greenwich, London.
Wilkes has published two novels, All the White Spaces (2022) and Where the Dead Wait (2023), both alternate history polar exploration stories set in early twentieth-century Antarctica and nineteenth-century Arctic respectively. She said she has always been fascinated by the early polar expeditions and "the unbeatable combination of harsh and deadly terrain, isolation, claustrophobia".
Wilkes has also published several works of short fiction and is Book Reviews Editor for the British horror website, Horrified. All the White Spaces was nominated for the 2022 Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel.
# Multani

Multani may refer to:
* something of, from, or related to Multan, a city in Punjab, Pakistan
** Multani alphabet, a historic script
** Multani (Unicode block), containing Multani alphabet characters
* Multani people, an ethnic group of Pakistan
* Multani Khussa, type of footwear from Multan
* Multani Caravanserai, caravanserai in Baku, Azerbaijan
* 15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis), cavalry regiment of the British Indian Army
* Multani (caste), an Indian community found in the Gujarat state in India
* Multani Lohar, a Muslim community found in the states of Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh in India
* Multani (raga), a raga in Indian classical music
* Multani v. Commission scolaire Marguerite‑Bourgeoys, a 2006 decision of the Supreme Court of Canada
* Multani Mal Modi College, in Patiala, India
* Ali Haider Multani (1690–1785), Punjabi Sufi poet
* Ayn al-Mulk Multani, commander of the Delhi Sultanate in India
* Har Karan Ibn Mathuradas Kamboh Multani, writer during the Mughal Empire
# 2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 1 – Women's 1000 metres

The women's 1000 metres race of the 2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 1, arranged in the Olympic Oval, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, was held on 14 November 2015.
Heather Richardson-Bergsma of the United States won the race on a new world record, while compatriot and previous world record holder Brittany Bowe came second, also beating the old record, and Zhang Hong of China came third. Li Qishi of China won the Division B race.

## Results

The race took place on Saturday, 14 November, with Division B scheduled in the morning session, at 09:30, and Division A scheduled in the afternoon session, at 12:30.

### Division A

| Rank | Name | Pair | Lane | Time | WC points | GWC points |
| | Heather Richardson-Bergsma | 9 | i | 1:12.51 WR | 100 | 100 |
| | Brittany Bowe | 8 | o | 1:12.54 | 80 | 80 |
| | Zhang Hong | 9 | o | 1:12.65 NR | 70 | 70 |
| 4 | Jorien ter Mors | 10 | o | 1:12:66 NR | 60 | 60 |
| 5 | Vanessa Bittner | 8 | i | 1:13.68 NR | 50 | 50 |
| 6 | Marrit Leenstra | 6 | o | 1:14.35 | 45 | — |
| 7 | Ida Njåtun | 5 | i | 1:14.37 NR | 40 | |
| 8 | Karolína Erbanová | 10 | i | 1:14.98 | 36 | |
| 9 | Margot Boer | 2 | i | 1:15.09 | 32 | |
| 10 | Lee Sang-hwa | 1 | i | 1:15.24 | 28 | |
| 11 | Olga Fatkulina | 5 | o | 1:15.26 | 24 | |
| 12 | Sanneke de Neeling | 7 | o | 1:15.41 | 21 | |
| 13 | Ayaka Kikuchi | 6 | i | 1:15.54 | 18 | |
| 14 | Gabriele Hirschbichler | 3 | i | 1:15.56 | 16 | |
| 15 | Maki Tsuji | 4 | i | 1:15.77 | 14 | |
| 16 | Roxanne Dufter | 4 | o | 1:15.90 | 12 | |
| 17 | Yekaterina Aydova | 7 | i | 1:16.42 | 10 | |
| 18 | Nao Kodaira | 2 | o | 1:16.46 | 8 | |
| 19 | Heather McLean | 3 | o | 1:17.07 | 6 | |
| 20 | Park Seung-hi | 1 | o | 1:17.18 | 5 | |
    Note: WR = world record, NR = national record.

### Division B

| Rank | Name | Pair | Lane | Time | WC points |
| 1 | Li Qishi | 12 | o | 1:14.44 | 25 |
| 2 | Ivanie Blondin | 5 | i | 1:14.72 | 19 |
| 3 | Yu Jing | 7 | i | 1:14.91 | 15 |
| 4 | Miho Takagi | 10 | o | 1:15.11 | 11 |
| 5 | Hao Jiachen | 8 | i | 1:15.55 | 8 |
| 6 | Hege Bøkko | 10 | i | 1:15.71 | 6 |
| 7 | Erina Kamiya | 9 | i | 1:15.82 | 4 |
| 8 | Martina Sáblíková | 6 | o | 1:15.86 | 2 |
| 9 | Sugar Todd | 5 | o | 1:15.89 | 1 |
| 10 | Margarita Ryzhova | 9 | o | 1:15.97 | — |
| 11 | Yekaterina Shikhova | 11 | o | 1:15.98 | |
| 12 | Kim Hyun-yung | 4 | o | 1:16.22 | |
| 13 | Kaylin Irvine | 11 | i | 1:16.24 | |
| 14 | Linda de Vries | 12 | i | 1:16.41 | |
| 15 | Jang Mi | 6 | i | 1:16.50 | |
| 16 | Nadezhda Aseyeva | 8 | o | 1:16.71 | |
| 17 | Kali Christ | 2 | i | 1:16.76 | |
| 18 | Natalia Czerwonka | 7 | o | 1:16.98 | |
| 19 | Marsha Hudey | 2 | o | 1:17.01 | |
| 20 | Paige Schwartzburg | 3 | i | 1:17.28 | |
| 21 | Francesca Bettrone | 1 | i | 1:17.60 | |
| 22 | Elina Risku | 4 | i | 1:18.19 NR | |
| 23 | Ksenia Sadovskaya | 3 | o | 1:19.84 | |
    Note: NR = national record.