# San Cristóbal Island

San Cristóbal Island (Spanish: Isla San Cristóbal), also known as Chatham Island, is the easternmost island in the Galápagos archipelago, as well as one of the oldest geologically. It is administratively part of San Cristóbal Canton, Ecuador.

## Names

San Cristóbal is Spanish for Saint Christopher, reckoned in Catholicism as the patron saint of sailors.
The English pirate William Ambrosia Cowley named it Dassigney's Island in 1684, later shortened to Dassigney or Dassigny Island, in honor of Philip Dassigny, the member of Bartholomew Sharp's crew who translated the Spanish atlas that saved the captain from being hanged for piracy. The British captain James Colnett renamed it Lord Chatham Island in 1793 after John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham and First Lord of the Admiralty, on the specious claim it had never been previously charted. Colnett also named Kicker Rock, which lies in Stephens Bay, on the western side of the island. That name is thought to be a reference to two English navigational towers, Kickergill and Gilkicker, that were erected in Hampshire, England in the 17th century, to help ships navigate the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour.

## History

San Cristobal Island is composed of three or four fused volcanoes, all extinct. It is home to the oldest permanent settlement of the islands and is the island where Darwin first went ashore in 1835. A small lake called El Junco is the only source of fresh water in the islands. The availability of fresh water is what led to the early settlement of San Cristobal. A penal colony was built on San Cristóbal Island in 1880 for prisoners from mainland Ecuador. This later turned into a military base for Ecuador and export center for the island's products including sugar, coffee, cassava, cattle, fish and lime.
In April 1888 USS Albatross, a Navy-crewed research vessel assigned to the United States Fish Commission, made landfall at an abandoned settlement on Charles Island.

## Geography

San Cristóbal has an area of 558 km$^2$ (215 sq mi) and its highest point rises to 730 metres (2,400 ft). The population is approximately 6000. San Cristóbal is the most fertile island of the archipelago and is the second most populated after Santa Cruz. The capital of the archipelago, Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, lies at the south-western tip of the island.

## Air transport

The island is served by San Cristóbal Airport, with daily flights from Quito and Guayaquil.

## Ecology

This island hosts frigatebirds, Galápagos sea lions, Galápagos tortoises, blue and red footed boobies, tropicbirds, marine iguanas, dolphins and swallow-tailed gulls. It has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International. Its vegetation includes Calandrinia galapagosa, Lecocarpus darwinii, trees such as Lignum vitae, Matazarna. In the waters nearby are sharks, rays, and lobsters.
The largest fresh water lake in the archipelago, Laguna El Junco, is located in a crater in the highlands of San Cristóbal, in the southern half of the island. The lake harbors a large population of birdlife, but reaching the lake requires a short uphill walk. Nearby, La Galapaguera is a breeding station and sanctuary for giant tortoises.

## Economy

Most inhabitants of San Cristóbal Island make their living in government, tourism, and fishing. The majority of the residents of San Cristóbal live in the port city of Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, which is the capital of Ecuador′s Galápagos Province. Island tourism sites nearer the town of Puerto Baquerizo Moreno include the Cerro Tijeretas, a nesting colony for frigate birds, and a statue of Charles Darwin, marking the original site where he first disembarked in the Galápagos Islands during the second voyage of HMS Beagle on 16 September 1835. La Loberia, a colony of sea lions, lies about ten minutes by bus from the town.
Local boat tours also take visitors to two popular nearby dive sites. "Kicker Rock" (the Spanish name is "León Dormido") is the remains of a lava cone, now split in two. Isla Lobos ("Sea Lion Island") is also a nesting site for blue-footed boobies.

## Climate

San Cristóbal Island has a tropical climate with warm, dry winters and hot, humid summers with more precipitation than in winter.
Climate data for San Cristóbal Island, 1981–2010 normals :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.2 (84.6) | 30.3 (86.5) | 30.5 (86.9) | 30.2 (86.4) | 29.2 (84.6) | 27.6 (81.7) | 26.4 (79.5) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.7 (78.3) | 26.0 (78.8) | 27.0 (80.6) | 27.8 (82.0) | 28.0 (82.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.1 (79.0) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.5 (79.7) | 25.9 (78.6) | 24.7 (76.5) | 23.5 (74.3) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.8 (73.0) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.9 (75.0) | 24.8 (76.6) | 24.8 (76.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.9 (73.2) | 23.1 (73.6) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.7 (72.9) | 21.7 (71.1) | 20.7 (69.3) | 19.8 (67.6) | 19.8 (67.6) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 21.7 (71.1) | 21.6 (70.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 83.4 (3.28) | 107.4 (4.23) | 106.3 (4.19) | 94.9 (3.74) | 41.9 (1.65) | 32.5 (1.28) | 18.8 (0.74) | 9.8 (0.39) | 7.6 (0.30) | 11.0 (0.43) | 12.6 (0.50) | 51.5 (2.03) | 577.7 (22.76) |
| Average precipitation days | 11 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 119 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organization ||||||||||||||
The following table shows the variation of precipitation in different places of Santa Cruz Island:
| Location | Charles Darwin Station | Devine Farm | Media Luna |
| Altitude | 6 m | 320 m | 620 m |
| January | 23.0 mm | 78.0 mm | 172.6 mm |
| February | 16.8 mm | 155.2 mm | 117.0 mm |
| March | 249.0 mm | 920.8 mm | 666.7 mm |
| April | 68.5 mm | 79.5 mm | 166.4 mm |
| May | 31.4 mm | 214.6 mm | 309.8 mm |
| June | 16.8 mm | 147.3 mm | 271.8 mm |
| July | 12.0 mm | 42.2 mm | 135.6 mm |
| August | 3.8 mm | 13.7 mm | 89.5 mm |
| September | 18.5 mm | 90.9 mm | 282.6 mm |
| October | 3.2 mm | 22.6 mm | 96.5 mm |
| November | 11.0 mm | 52.8 mm | 172.7 mm |
| December | 15.7 mm | 84.1 mm | 175.3 mm |
| TOTALS | 469.7 mm | 1901.7 mm | 2656.4 mm |