# Central Bikol

Central Bikol, commonly called Bikol Naga or simply as Bikol, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Bicolanos, primarily in the Bicol Region of southern Luzon, Philippines. It is spoken in the northern and western part of Camarines Sur, second congressional district of Camarines Norte, eastern part of Albay, northeastern part of Sorsogon, San Pascual town in Masbate, and southwestern part of Catanduanes. Central Bikol speakers can be found in all provinces of Bicol and it is a majority language in Camarines Sur. The standard sprachraum form is based on the Canaman dialect. The language has also speakers outside their native regional homeland, especially in Metro Manila, Mindoro, Palawan, and Mindanao (particularly in Mati, Davao Oriental)
Central Bikol features some vocabulary not found in other Bikol languages nor in other members of the Central Philippine language family like Tagalog and Cebuano. Examples are the words matua and bitis, which are the same as the Kapampangan words meaning 'older' and 'foot, feet', respectively. The word banggi ('night') is another example of this as it is different from the usual Bikol word gab-i but closer to the word bengi of Kapampangan. There is no formal study on the relationship of the Central Luzon languages to Central Bikol but the latter has several words that are also found in the archaic form of Tagalog spoken in the Rizal and Quezon provinces that are believed to be the home of Central Luzon languages such as Kapampangan in Pampanga and southern Tarlac, and Sambalic languages in Zambales province.

## Central Bikol dialects

Because of its broad geographic coverage as compared to other Bikol languages separated by islands and mountains, Central Bikol diverged into six dialects, which are still mutually comprehensible. The division of the language into different dialects is mainly because of the influence of other Bikol and non-Bikol languages surrounding the region.
The Canaman dialect, despite being used only by a small portion of the population in Camarines Sur, is the standard form of Central Bikol used in literature, Catholic religious rites and mass media. Naga City dialect is spoken in the first, second, third districts (except in Del Gallego, where residents are mostly Tagalog speakers), and in the western and eastern portions of the fourth district (Caramoan, Garchitorena, Presentacion, Siruma and Tinambac) of Camarines Sur. It is also spoken in San Pascual, Masbate (Burias Island) and the southwestern part of Catanduanes. The Partido dialect is spoken in the eastern part of Camarines Sur centered in the southern portion of the fourth districts (Goa, Lagonoy, Sagñay, San Jose, and Tigaon). The Tabaco-Legazpi-Sorsogon (TLS) dialect is spoken in the eastern coast of Albay and the northeastern part of Sorsogon. TLS is the dialect that has been most influenced by the Inland Bikol languages. The Daet dialect, on the other hand, is spoken in the second district of the province of Camarines Norte. The Virac dialect (or Viracnon language) is spoken around Virac, Catanduanes and surrounding towns on the southeastern part of the island of Catanduanes.

### Dialectal comparison of Central Bikol

The following table shows the sentence "Why did Pedro's bird not fly even though there is no lock to the cage?" translated to different dialects of Central Bikol along with some other languages in the region.
| Canaman dialect (Standard) | Naga City dialect | Partido dialect | Tabaco - Legazpi - Sorsogon (TLS) dialect | Virac dialect | Daet dialect | Rinconada Bikol language (Inland Bikol) | Sorsoganon language (Bisakol) |
| Tàdaw ta dai luminayog an gamgam ni Pedro dawà na dai nin kandado an hawla? | Tâno daw ta dai naglayog an gamgam ni Pedro dawà na mayò nin kandado si hawla? | Hadáw ta ê naglayog an gamgam ni Pedro maski na mayò nin kandado su hawla? | Natà daw ta dai naglayog an bayong ni Pedro maski na warâ ki kandado su hawla? | Ngatà daw ta dài nagḽayog an gamgam ni Pedro maski na daing kandado su hawla? | Bakin daw kaya dai naglupad ang ibon ni Pedro maski na mayong kandado si hawla? | Ta'onō/Ŋātâ raw ta diri naglayog adtoŋ bayoŋ ni Pedro dāwâ na ədâ ka kandado su awlā? | Nakay daw kay diri naglupad an tamsi ni Pedro maski na warâ san kandado su hawla? |
Like other Philippine languages, Bikol has a number of loanwords, largely Spanish ones as a result of Spanish rule in the Philippines. These include swerte (suerte, 'luck'), karne (carne, 'meat'), imbestigador (investigador, 'investigator'), litro ('liter'), pero ('but'), and krimen (crimen, 'crime'). Another source of loanwords in Bikol is Sanskrit, with examples including words like bahala ('responsibility') and karma.

## Phonology
### Consonants

There are 16 consonants in the Bikol language: /m, n, ŋ, p, t, k, ʔ, b, d, ɡ, s, h, l, w~ʋ, ɾ, j~ʝ/. Eight sounds are borrowed from loanwords: /f, v, ɲ, tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ, ʎ/.
The sound system of the language according to Mintz in 1971 is as follows.
| | | Labial | (Denti-) Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n̪ | (ɲ) | ŋ | |
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t̪ | (tʃ) | k | ʔ |
| Stop/ Affricate | voiced | b | d̪ | (dʒ) | ɡ | |
| Fricative | voiceless | (f) | s | (ʃ) | | h |
| Fricative | voiced | (v) | | (ʒ) | | |
| Lateral | Lateral | | l | (ʎ) | | |
| Sonorant | Sonorant | w~ʋ | ɾ | j~ʝ | | |

#### Notes

* ʃ – written as ⟨sy⟩, this is only found only in loan words from English, as in shirt.
* tʃ – written as ⟨ty⟩, this is found in loan words from Spanish and English and is pronounced like the ch in check.
* dʒ – written as ⟨dy⟩, this is found basically in loan words from English and is pronounced like the j sound in jeep.
* ɲ – written as ⟨ny⟩, this is found in loan words from Spanish and is pronounced like the ñ in baños.
* ʎ – written as ⟨ly⟩, this is found in loan words from Spanish and is pronounced like the ll in llave and sencillo (in Spanish dialects without yeísmo).
* h – Due to contact with the nearby Albay Bikol languages, words that start with h in Bikol Naga, start with ʔ in Bikol Legazpi.
** Ex: hiling ('look', Bikol Naga) becomes iling ('look', Bikol Legazpi)

### Vowels

Native words exhibit a three-vowel system whose vowels can be noted as /a, i, u/, with /u/ realized as [o] in the final syllable. Due to contact with Spanish, modern Central Bikol also has two marginal phonemes /e, o/ distinct from /i, u/.
Table of the five general Central Bikol vowel phonemes :
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i ⟨i⟩ | | u ⟨u⟩ |
| Mid | e ⟨e⟩ | | o ⟨o⟩ |
| Open | | a ⟨a⟩ | |

## Grammar

| | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique |
| 1st person singular | ako | ko | sakuya, sakô |
| 2nd person singular | ika, ka | mo | saimo, sìmo |
| 3rd person singular | siya | niya | saiya |
| 1st person plural inclusive | kita | niato, ta | satuya, satô |
| 1st person plural exclusive | kami | niamo, mi | samuya, samô |
| 2nd person plural | kamo | nindo | saindo |
| 3rd person plural | sinda | ninda | sainda |

### Particles

Like many other Philippine languages, Bikol has a rich set of discourse particles.
* bagá – (Tagalog: diba/nga) used for emphasis determined by context
* bayâ – giving a chance to someone; polite insisting
* daa – (Tagalog: daw) quoting information from a secondary source
* pati - emphasizing the condition that intensifies the difficulties. (Mauranon pati)
* daw – (Tagalog: ba/kaya) interrogative particle
* dawà/maski - (Tagalog: kahit) although
* dángan - (Tagalog: tapos) then
* garó – (Tagalog: mukhang, parang) likeness or similitude. English: 'It looks like, it's as if'.
* gáyo – 'exactly'
* daing gáyo – 'not exactly, not really'
* gayód – (Tagalog: bakâ) 'maybe, could be'
* giráray/liwát – (Tagalog: [m]uli) 'again'
* kutâ (na) – 'I hope (something did / did not happen' ; 'If only ...' (conditionality of past events)
* lámang, lang/saná – (Tagalog: lang) 'only, just'
* lugód – hoping that something will happen, or expressing surrender/assent
* man – (Tagalog: din, rin) 'also' or 'ever' (such as ano man 'whatever' and si isay man 'whoever')
* malà - 1. relenting or agreeing (Mala, dumanan mo siya kun iyan an gusto mo) 2. one is yielding (Mala ta nagpahunod na siya.) 3. stating what actually happened (Mala iyan, inabotan mi sindang huruba.)
* mûna/ngûna – (Tagalog: muna) 'first' or 'yet'
* na – (Tagalog: na) 'now' or 'already'
* naman – (Tagalog: naman) 'again'
* nanggád – (Tagalog: talaga, nga) 'really, truly, absolutely' (adds a sense of certainty)
* niyako – 'I said'
* nganì – expresses fate ("This is helpless") or a plea for others not to insist
* ngántig – indicates to a person what they should say to another (Ini ngantig an dapat gibohon niya.)
* ngápit – 'in the future', 'later' (span of time)
* ngayá – expresses a hypothetical event/situation (Ini man ngaya an taguan ninda.)
* pa – (Tagalog: pa) 'still'
* palán – (Tagalog: pala) expresses surprise or sudden realization
* tabì – (Tagalog: po) politeness marker; po in some Bikol dialects due to the influence of Tagalog.
* harambili – 'lest' (Akuon ko na sana an ayuda kan barangay, harambiling makamati nin gutom. I'll just accept the help of the barangay, lest I will get hungry).
* túlos – (Tagalog: agad) 'immediately, right away'
* talagá – (Tagalog: talaga) 'really', 'truly'

## Numbers
### Numerals

There exist two types of numerals in Bikol: native Bikol and Spanish numerals. Generally, Bicolanos use the Spanish terms when referring to time, as in the phrase a las singko ('5 o'clock'). However, the native terms can be read in literary books. The Spanish numerals are often encountered in pricing.

#### One-half.

    Kabangâ / médiya

#### One.

    Sarô / uno; una (used for time); un (used for counting higher numbers, rare)

#### Two.

    Duwá / dos

#### Three.

    Tuló / tres

#### Four.

    Apát / kuwátro

#### Five.

    Limá / síngko

#### Six.

    Anóm / saís

#### Seven.

    Pitó / siyéte

#### Eight.

    Waló / ótso

#### Nine.

    Siyám / nuwébe

#### Ten.

    Sampulò / diyés

#### Eleven.

    Kagsarô / ónse

#### Twelve.

    Kagduwá / dóse

#### Thirteen.

    Kagtuló / trése

#### Fourteen.

    Kag-apát / katórse

#### Fifteen.

    Kaglimá / kínse

#### Sixteen.

    Kag-anóm / diyésisaís

#### Seventeen.

    Kagpitó / diyésisiyéte

#### Eighteen.

    Kagwaló / diyésiótso

#### Nineteen.

    Kagsiyám / diyésinuwébe

#### Twenty.

    Duwampulò / béynte (báynte)

#### Twenty-five.

    Duwampulò may lima / béynte (báynte) y síngko

#### Thirty.

    Tulompulò / tréynta (tráynta)

#### Thirty-five.

    Tulompulò may lima / tréynta (traynta) y singko

#### Forty.

    Apát na pulò / kuwarenta

#### Forty-five.

    Apát na pulò may lima / kuwarenta y singko

#### Fifty.

    Limampulò / singkuwénta

#### Fifty-five.

    Limampulò may lima / singkuwénta y singko

#### Sixty.

    Anóm na pulò / sesénta (sisénta)

#### Sixty-five.

    Anóm na pulò may lima / sesenta (sisénta) y singko

#### Seventy.

    Pitompulò / seténta (siténta)

#### Seventy-five.

    Pitumpulò may lima / seténta (siténta) y singkó

#### Eighty.

    Walompulò / otsénta

#### Eighty-five.

    Walompulò may lima / otsénta y singko

#### Ninety.

    Siyam na pulò / nobenta

#### Ninety-five.

    Siyam na pulò may lima / nobenta y singko

#### One-hundred.

    Sanggatós / siyen, siyento

#### One-thousand.

    Sangribo / Un mil

#### Ten-thousand.

    Sangyukot (Old Bikol) / Diyes mil

#### One-million.

    Sanglaksâ (Old Bikol) / Milyón

## Angry speech register

The angry register of Bikol, also known natively as tamanggot or rapsak, is used when angry, shouting, or speaking in a high-pitched voice at someone. Some examples of the register include:
| Normal Bikol | Angry-register Bikol | English translation |
| malutò | malustod | rice (cooked) |
| bagas | las(u)gas | rice (uncooked) |
| tubig | tamìlig, tùlig | water |
| bungog | lusngog | deaf |
| uran | bagrat | rain |
| bagyo | alimagyo | typhoon/hurricane |
| babayi | babaknit, siknit | female |
| lalaki | lalaknit | male |
| bado, gubing | la(ma)sdô, gubnit | clothes |
| harong (Naga), balay (Legazpi) | langag | house |
| sira | sigtok, buragtok | fish |
| ikos | k(ur)asmag, kurakod | cat |
| ayam, idò | da(ma)yô (Naga), ga(ma)dyâ (Legazpi) | dog |
| damulag (Naga), karabaw (Legazpi) | ga(ma)dyâ (Naga) | carabao |
| humali | wumara | leave |
| magkakan/kumakan (Naga), magkaon/kumaon (Legazpi) | hablô, humablô, habluon, sibà, sumibà, sumibsib | eat |
| burat (Naga), buyong (Legazpi) | lasngag, lusrat, lusyong, bultok | drunk |
| taram | tabil | to speak |
| kapot, kapotan | kamlô, kamlùon | to hold, holding |
| hiling | butlâ | to see |
| bitis | s(am)ingkil, samail, siki | foot |
| talinga | talingugngog | ear |
| ngusò (Naga), ngimot (Legazpi) | ngurapak, ngaspak, ngislo | mouth |
| kamot | kamulmog | hand |
| mata | ma(ta)lsok | eye |
| payo | ali(ma)ntak | head |
| hawak (Naga), lawas (Legazpi) | kabangkayan | body |
| tulak | tindos, la(ma)sdak | belly/stomach |
| sapatos | sapagtok | shoe |
| kalayo | kalasbot | fire |
| kawali | kawalwag | frying pan |
| sarwal | sarigwal | shorts or underwear |
| asin | tasik | salt |
| manok | maldos, malpak | chicken |
Note:
* ↑ Depends on the dialect of Bikol; in some dialects, sarwal means 'shorts', while in others, it means 'underwear'.