# 77th New York State Legislature

The 77th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to April 17, 1854, during the second year of Horatio Seymour's governorship, in Albany.

## Background

Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators were elected in single-seat senatorial districts for a two-year term, the whole Senate being renewed biennially. The senatorial districts (except those in New York City) were made up of entire counties. 128 Assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts to a one-year term, the whole Assembly being renewed annually. The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all in the same county. The City and County of New York was divided into four senatorial districts, and 16 Assembly districts.
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Whig Party.
The Democratic Party was split into two factions: the Hard-Shells (or Hards) and the Soft-Shells (or Softs). In 1848, the Democratic Party had been split into Barnburners and Hunkers. The Barnburners left the party, and ran as the Free Soil Party, with presidential candidate Martin Van Buren. Afterwards the larger part of the Free Soilers re-joined the Democratic Party. During the following years, the Hunkers split over the question of reconciliation with the Barnburners. The Hards were against it, denying the Barnburners to gain influence in the Party. The Softs favored reconciliation with the intention of maintaining enough strength to win the elections. Both Hards and Softs favored a compromise on the slavery question: to maintain the status quo and to leave the decision to the local population in new Territories or States if they want slavery or not, as expressed in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Barnburners were against the permission of slavery in new Territories or States, but were now the minority in the party. The small faction of the Free Soil Party which advocated abolition of slavery, ran their own State ticket as the "Free Democratic Party".
About this time the Temperance movement began to enter politics to advocate legal and/or political measures to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages, and endorsed candidates of the major parties who favored prohibition.

## Elections

The 1853 New York state election was held on November 8. Due to the Democratic split, of the ten statewide elective offices up for election, eight were carried by the Whigs, and two by the Democrats. The approximate statewide party strength, as shown by the vote for Secretary of State, was: Whig 160,000; Hard 99,000; Soft 96,000; and Free Democrats 14,000.

## Sessions

The Legislature met for the regular session at the Old State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1854; and adjourned on April 17.
Robert H. Pruyn (W) was elected Speaker with 74 votes against 24 for George De Witt Clinton (Hard) and 17 for Jonathan C. Collins (Soft).
On January 20, the Legislature passed "An Act to perfect an amendment of the Constitution, providing means for the completion of the canals of this State".
On January 30, Andrew B. Dickinson (W) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.
On February 15, a special election was held at which the Canal Amendment was ratified by the voters with 185,771 votes For; and 60,526 votes Against the proposed amendment.
On April 4, the Legislature elected Victor M. Rice (W) as the first State Superintendent of Public Instruction.

## State Senate
### Districts

* 1st District: Queens, Richmond and Suffolk counties
* 2nd District: Kings County
* 3rd District: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th wards of New York City
* 4th District: 7th, 10th, 13th and 17th wards of New York City
* 5th District: 8th, 9th and 14th wards of New York City
* 6th District: 11th, 12th, 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st and 22nd wards of New York City
* 7th District: Putnam, Rockland and Westchester counties
* 8th District: Columbia and Dutchess counties
* 9th District: Orange and Sullivan counties
* 10th District: Greene and Ulster counties
* 11th District: Albany and Schenectady counties
* 12th District: Rensselaer County
* 13th District: Saratoga and Washington counties
* 14th District: Clinton, Essex and Warren counties
* 15th District: Franklin and St. Lawrence counties
* 16th District: Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer and Montgomery counties
* 17th District: Delaware and Schoharie counties
* 18th District: Chenango and Otsego counties
* 19th District: Oneida County
* 20th District: Madison and Oswego counties
* 21st District: Jefferson and Lewis counties
* 22nd District: Onondaga County
* 23rd District: Broome, Cortland and Tioga counties
* 24th District: Cayuga and Wayne counties
* 25th District: Seneca, Tompkins and Yates counties
* 26th District: Chemung and Steuben counties
* 27th District: Monroe County
* 28th District: Genesee, Niagara and Orleans counties
* 29th District: Livingston and Ontario counties
* 30th District: Allegany and Wyoming counties
* 31st District: Erie County
* 32nd District: Cattaraugus and Chautauqua counties

### Members

The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. James H. Hutchins changed from the Assembly to the Senate.
| District | Senator | Party | Notes |
| 1st | Hugh Halsey | Dem.-Hard/Temp. | |
| 2nd | James H. Hutchins* | Dem.-Hard | |
| 3rd | Thomas J. Barr | Dem.-Hard | |
| 4th | Thomas R. Whitney | Whig | on November 7, 1854, elected to the 34th U.S. Congress |
| 5th | Mark Spencer | Dem.-Soft | |
| 6th | Erastus Brooks | Whig | |
| 7th | William H. Robertson | Whig | |
| 8th | Robert A. Barnard | Whig | |
| 9th | John D. Watkins | Dem | |
| 10th | Eliakim Sherrill | Whig | |
| 11th | Clarkson F. Crosby | Whig | |
| 12th | Elisha N. Pratt | Whig | |
| 13th | James C. Hopkins | Whig | also Postmaster of Granville |
| 14th | George Richards | Whig | |
| 15th | Zenas Clark | Dem.-Soft | |
| 16th | George Yost | Whig | |
| 17th | Peter S. Danforth | Dem.-Hard | |
| 18th | Ebenezer Blakely | Whig | contested; vacated on March 14 |
| 18th | Adam Storing | Democrat | seated on March 14 |
| 19th | Daniel G. Dorrance | Whig | |
| 20th | Simon C. Hitchcock | Democrat | |
| 21st | Robert Lansing | Democrat | |
| 22nd | James Munroe* | Whig | |
| 23rd | George W. Bradford | Whig | |
| 24th | William Clark | Whig | |
| 25th | Josiah B. Williams* | Whig | |
| 26th | Andrew B. Dickinson | Whig | on January 30, elected president pro tempore |
| 27th | William S. Bishop | Whig | |
| 28th | Ben Field | Whig | |
| 29th | Myron H. Clark* | Whig | on November 7, 1854, elected Governor of New York |
| 30th | Martin Butts | Whig | |
| 31st | James O. Putnam | Whig | |
| 32nd | Alvah H. Walker | Whig | |

### Employees

* Clerk: Hugh J. Hastings
* Sergeant-at-Arms: Joseph Garlinghouse
* Assistant Sergeant-at-Arms: Hiram M. Eaton
* Doorkeeper: Samuel R. Tuell
* Assistant Doorkeeper: Almond Becker

## State Assembly
### Assemblymen

The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.
Party affiliations follow the vote on Speaker.
| District | District | Assemblymen | Party | Notes |
| Albany | 1st | Stephen M. Hollenbeck | Dem.-Hard | |
| Albany | 2nd | Israhiah W. Chesebro | Whig | |
| Albany | 3rd | Robert H. Pruyn | Whig | elected Speaker |
| Albany | 4th | Archibald A. Dunlop | Whig | |
| Allegany | 1st | Gideon H. Jenkins | Whig | |
| Allegany | 2nd | Lucius S. May | Whig | |
| Broome | Broome | Robert Harpur | Whig | |
| Cattaraugus | 1st | William H. Wood | Whig | took his seat on January 9 |
| Cattaraugus | 2nd | James Kirkland | Whig | |
| Cayuga | 1st | Justus Townsend | Whig | |
| Cayuga | 2nd | Mosely Hutchinson | Whig | |
| Cayuga | 3rd | Mathias Hutchinson* | Whig | |
| Chautauqua | 1st | Walter L. Sessions* | Whig | |
| Chautauqua | 2nd | Francis W. Palmer | Whig | |
| Chemung | Chemung | John M. Randall | Dem.-Soft | |
| Chenango | 1st | Levi Harris | Whig | |
| Chenango | 2nd | Rufus J. Baldwin | Whig | |
| Clinton | Clinton | George V. Hoyle* | Whig | |
| Columbia | 1st | Milton Martin | Whig | |
| Columbia | 2nd | Harvey W. Gott | Whig | |
| Cortland | Cortland | Perrin H. McGraw | Whig | |
| Delaware | 1st | Samuel F. Miller | Dem.-Soft | |
| Delaware | 2nd | Daniel Rowland | Dem.-Soft | |
| Dutchess | 1st | Peter P. Monfort | Whig | died on February 26, 1854 |
| Dutchess | 2nd | George W. Sterling | Free Dem./Temp. | |
| Dutchess | 3rd | William H. Bostwick | Dem.-Hard | |
| Erie | 1st | William W. Weed | Whig | |
| Erie | 2nd | Rollin Germain | Whig | |
| Erie | 3rd | Charles A. Sill | Whig | |
| Erie | 4th | Edward N. Hatch | Whig | |
| Essex | Essex | Jonathan Burnet* | Whig | |
| Franklin | Franklin | Andrew W. Ferguson | Dem.-Soft | |
| Fulton and Hamilton | Fulton and Hamilton | Wesley Gleason | Whig | |
| Genesee | 1st | Theodore C. Peters* | Whig | |
| Genesee | 2nd | Joseph Cook* | Whig | |
| Greene | 1st | Joshua Fiero Jr. | Whig | |
| Greene | 2nd | George Robertson | Whig | |
| Herkimer | 1st | Gardner Hinkley | Dem.-Soft | |
| Herkimer | 2nd | Dean Burgess | Dem.-Soft | |
| Jefferson | 1st | Calvin Littlefield | Whig | |
| Jefferson | 2nd | Alden Adams | Whig | contested; vacated on February 3 |
| Jefferson | 2nd | Jesse E. Willis | | seated on February 3 |
| Jefferson | 3rd | William Dewey | Whig | |
| Kings | 1st | John G. Bergen | Whig | |
| Kings | 2nd | Samuel D. Backus | Whig | |
| Kings | 3rd | Samuel D. Morris | Dem.-Hard | |
| Lewis | Lewis | Jonathan C. Collins | Dem.-Soft | |
| Livingston | 1st | Leman Gibbs | Dem.-Hard | |
| Livingston | 2nd | Abram Lozier* | Whig | |
| Madison | 1st | Samuel White 2nd | Dem.-Hard | |
| Madison | 2nd | Franklin M. Whitman | Dem.-Hard | |
| Monroe | 1st | Lyman Payne* | Whig | |
| Monroe | 2nd | James L. Angel | Whig | |
| Monroe | 3rd | Pliny B. Holdridge | Whig | |
| Montgomery | 1st | Aaron W. Hull | Whig | |
| Montgomery | 2nd | Hezekiah Baker | Whig | |
| New York | 1st | Peter H. Graham | Whig | |
| New York | 2nd | George De Witt Clinton | Dem.-Hard | |
| New York | 3rd | Daniel W. Clarke | Dem.-Soft | contested; vacated on February 18 |
| New York | 3rd | Patrick H. Maguire | Dem.-Hard | seated on February 18 |
| New York | 4th | Theodore A. Ward | Whig | |
| New York | 5th | Edmund P. Barrow | Whig | |
| New York | 6th | William B. Aitken | Dem.-Hard | |
| New York | 7th | Charles C. Leigh | Dem.-Soft | |
| New York | 8th | George H. Richards | Dem.-Soft | |
| New York | 9th | Daniel Willis | Whig | |
| New York | 10th | Joseph W. Savage | Whig | |
| New York | 11th | James M. Boyd | Whig | |
| New York | 12th | Peter Dawson | Dem.-Soft | |
| New York | 13th | Frederick A. Conkling | Whig | |
| New York | 14th | John P. Cumming | Whig | |
| New York | 15th | Edward A. Ware | Whig | |
| New York | 16th | Alexander P. Sharp | Whig | "Independent Whig", but voted for Pruyn |
| Niagara | 1st | Robert Dunlap | Dem.-Hard | |
| Niagara | 2nd | Reuben F. Wilson* | Dem.-Hard | |
| Oneida | 1st | Joseph Benedict | Whig | |
| Oneida | 2nd | A. Pierson Case | Whig | |
| Oneida | 3rd | Derick L. Boardman | Whig | |
| Oneida | 4th | James Mitchell | Whig | |
| Onondaga | 1st | James M. Munro | Free Dem. | |
| Onondaga | 2nd | Milton A. Kinney | Whig | |
| Onondaga | 3rd | Daniel P. Wood* | Whig | |
| Onondaga | 4th | William Richardson | Whig | |
| Ontario | 1st | Jesse Cost | Whig | |
| Ontario | 2nd | Stephen V. R. Mallory | Whig | took his seat on January 16 |
| Orange | 1st | Charles W. Cushman | Dem.-Hard | |
| Orange | 2nd | Charles M. Thompson | Dem.-Hard | |
| Orange | 3rd | Andrew J. Mills | Dem.-Hard | |
| Orleans | Orleans | Jeremiah Freeman | Whig | |
| Oswego | 1st | DeWitt C. Littlejohn* | Whig | |
| Oswego | 2nd | Azariah Wart | Dem.-Soft | |
| Otsego | 1st | Lewis Whipple | Whig | |
| Otsego | 2nd | Andrew A. Mather | Free Dem. | |
| Otsego | 3rd | St. Paul Seeley | Dem.-Soft | |
| Putnam | Putnam | James J. Smalley | Dem.-Hard | |
| Queens | Queens | John A. Searing | Dem.-Hard | |
| Rensselaer | 1st | Jonathan Edwards | Whig | |
| Rensselaer | 2nd | Lyman Wilder | Dem.-Soft | |
| Rensselaer | 3rd | George Brust | Dem.-Hard | |
| Richmond | Richmond | Nicholas Crocheron | Whig | |
| Rockland | Rockland | John I. Suffern | Dem.-Hard/Temp | |
| St. Lawrence | 1st | Barnabas Hall* | Dem.-Soft | |
| St. Lawrence | 2nd | Silas Baldwin | Whig | |
| St. Lawrence | 3rd | Levi Miller | Dem.-Soft | |
| Saratoga | 1st | George W. Neilson | Whig | |
| Saratoga | 2nd | Joseph Baucus | Dem.-Hard | |
| Schenectady | Schenectady | Matthew Winne Jr. | Whig | |
| Schoharie | 1st | Jacob J. Barton | Dem.-Hard | |
| Schoharie | 2nd | James S. Wood | Dem.-Hard | |
| Seneca | Seneca | David D. Scott | Whig | |
| Steuben | 1st | John F. Williams | Dem.-Soft | |
| Steuben | 2nd | Benajah P. Bailey | Whig | |
| Steuben | 3rd | Obadiah Stephens | Whig | |
| Suffolk | 1st | George Miller | Whig/Temp. | |
| Suffolk | 2nd | William S. Preston | Dem.-Hard | |
| Sullivan | Sullivan | Amos Y. Sheeley | Dem.-Hard | |
| Tioga | Tioga | Lewis P. Legg | Dem.-Soft | |
| Tompkins | 1st | Benjamin Joy | Temperance | |
| Tompkins | 2nd | Eli Beers | Whig | |
| Ulster | 1st | Meeker Gorham | Whig | |
| Ulster | 2nd | John B. Howell | Free Dem. | |
| Warren | Warren | David Noble 2nd | Dem.-Hard | |
| Washington | 1st | Ebenezer McMurray | Whig | |
| Washington | 2nd | George W. Thorn | Whig | |
| Wayne | 1st | Willis G. Wade | Whig | |
| Wayne | 2nd | John P. Bennett | Whig | |
| Westchester | 1st | Elijah Lee | Dem.-Hard | |
| Westchester | 2nd | Jacob Odell* | Dem.-Hard | |
| Wyoming | Wyoming | Alonzo B. Rose* | Whig | |
| Yates | Yates | David G. Underwood | Whig | |

### Employees

* Clerk: Richard U. Sherman
* Deputy Clerk: Loren B. Sessions
* Sergeant-at-Arms: Silas D. Nicholas
* Doorkeeper: John Davis
* First Assistant Doorkeeper: Byron Ellsworth
* Second Assistant Doorkeeper: John Lewis