OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chopper pump

A chopper pump is a centrifugal pump which is equipped with a cutting system to facilitate chopping or maceration of solids that are present in the pumped liquid. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents clogging of the pump itself and of the adjacent piping, as all the solids and stringy materials are macerated by the chopping system. Chopper pumps exist in various configurations, including submersible and dry-installed design and they are typically equipped with an electric motor to run the impeller and to provide torque for the chopping system. Due to its high solids handling capabilities, the chopper pump is often used for pumping sewage, sludge, manure slurries, and other liquids that contain large or tough solids.

## History

The chopper pump was invented in 1950 by the Danish company Landia. The pump manufacturer, Christian Ølgaard, developed a pump with a special knife system to meet the need for macerating and pumping manure in agricultural applications. Manure with high solids content, containing straw and sawdust, would clog up other types of pumps, causing unstable operation in an environment which required high reliability.
As the need for the pumping of difficult media expanded to other industries, so did the use of the chopper pump in both dry and submersible applications and in various industries, including meat, paper and food processing, as well as the automobile industry, biogas, chemical plants, municipal wastewater and prison lift stations.

## Working principle

A chopper pump is operated by a drive unit (e.g. electric motor, hydraulic motor, power takeoff (PTO)), which turns the impeller and the cutting system. An open impeller design is used to successfully pass the macerated solids or thick slurry. A set of hardened steel cutters is installed externally to the pump suction in order to macerate all solids prior to entering the hydraulic parts of the pump. A chopper pump should not be confused with a grinder pump, which uses its impeller as part of the cutting mechanism. Grinder pumps are typically used for light weight sewage applications, whereas chopper pumps are used for tough solids handling applications.
The chopping system consists of a set of rotating cutters that are keyed to the shaft and work in conjunction with the stationary cutters, which are bolted to the suction plate. A system of mechanical seals are used to prevent the pumped liquid from entering the motor. The pump can either be connected to a pipe, flexible hose or lowered down a guide rail so that the pump sits on a coupling foot (aka base elbow), thereby connecting it to the discharge pipe.

## Applications

Examples of applications where chopper pumps are commonly applied include:
* Scum pumping at wastewater treatment plants
* Sewage wet wells and lift stations; especially sewage containing wet wipes
* Sludge pumping at biogas facilities
* Pumping agricultural manure (dairy, hog and poultry)
* Septage receiving stations
* Waste processing at slaughterhouses, poultry abattoirs, fish processing plants, etc.
* Paper mills / pumping of pulp
* Highway Departments, to spread chopped hay to prevent soil erosion
# Golden dove

The golden dove (Ptilinopus luteovirens), also known as the golden fruit dove, lemon dove or yellow dove, is a small, approximately 20 cm (8 in) long, short-tailed fruit-dove in the family Columbidae. The common name refers to the males' bright golden-yellow colour. The body feathers appear almost iridescent due to their elongated shape and hair-like texture. The head is slightly duller with a greenish tinge. The bill, orbital skin and legs are bluish-green and the iris is whitish. The underwings and tail coverts are yellow. The female is a dark green bird with bare parts resembling those of the male. The young resembles the female.
The golden dove is endemic to the forests of Fiji. The diet consists mainly of various small fruits, berries and insects. The female usually lays a single white egg.
The golden dove is closely related to the whistling dove and orange dove. These species are allopatric, meaning they do not share the same habitat in any location.
A common species throughout its limited range, the golden dove is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The golden dove is one of over 50 species in the genus Ptilinopus. Within the genus, it is most closely related to the orange dove and whistling dove. These three species are placed together in their own subgenus, Chrysoena. They are also sometimes treated as their own genus. It is monotypic.
The species' generic name comes from the Ancient Greek ptilon (feather) and pous (foot), while the specific epithet luteovirens is from the Latin luteus (orange-yellow), and virens (green), referring to its colour.

## Distribution and habitat

The golden dove is endemic to the islands of Viti Levu, Ovalau, Beqa, Ngau and Waya. It mainly inhabits open forest, gallery forest, and secondary growth, but is also found in mature rainforest with sparse undergrowth and tall trees. It is found between elevations of 60–1,200 m (200–3,940 ft). They are occasionally found near towns and villages.
# Bytów County

Bytów County (Kashubian: bëtowsczi pòwiat Kashubian pronunciation:, Polish: powiat bytowski Polish pronunciation:) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bytów, which lies 79 kilometres (49 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. The only other town in the county is Miastko, lying 37 km (23 mi) west of Bytów.
The county covers an area of 2,192.81 square kilometres (846.6 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 79,260, out of which the population of Bytów is 16,918, that of Miastko is 10,439, and the rural population is 51,903.
Bytów County on a map of the counties of Pomeranian Voivodeship
Bytów County is bordered by Słupsk County to the north, Lębork County to the north-east, Kartuzy County and Kościerzyna County to the east, Chojnice County and Człuchów County to the south, and Szczecinek County and Koszalin County to the west.

## Local Government

District head
* Leszek Pałasz (1998-2001)
* Andrzej Hrycyna p.o. (2001-2002)
* Michał Świątek-Brzeziński (2002-2006)
* Roman Zaborowski (2006-2007)
* Jacek Żmuda-Trzebiatowski (2007-2015)
* Leszek Waszkiewicz (from 2015)
Vice district head
* Andrzej Hrycyna (1998-2002)
* Tomasz Borowski (2002-2006)
* Krzysztof Sławski (2006-2010)
* Andrzej Marcinkowski (2010-2014)
* Zbigniew Batko (from 2014)
Chairman of the county council
* Mieczysław Bachórz (1998-2002)
* Jerzy Jobczyk (2002-2006)
* Andrzej Hrycyna (from 2006)

## Administrative division

The county is subdivided into 10 gminas (two urban-rural and eight rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
| Gmina | Type | Area (km$^2$) | Population (2019) | Seat |
| Gmina Bytów | urban-rural | 197.4 | 25,457 | Bytów |
| Gmina Miastko | urban-rural | 466.8 | 19,558 | Miastko |
| Gmina Czarna Dąbrówka | rural | 298.3 | 5,923 | Czarna Dąbrówka |
| Gmina Lipnica | rural | 309.6 | 5,227 | Lipnica |
| Gmina Tuchomie | rural | 106.5 | 4,266 | Tuchomie |
| Gmina Kołczygłowy | rural | 173.3 | 4,255 | Kołczygłowy |
| Gmina Parchowo | rural | 130.9 | 3,778 | Parchowo |
| Gmina Studzienice | rural | 176.0 | 3,742 | Studzienice |
| Gmina Trzebielino | rural | 225.5 | 3,715 | Trzebielino |
| Gmina Borzytuchom | rural | 108.6 | 3,339 | Borzytuchom |
# Meigs County Fairgrounds

The Meigs County Fairgrounds is a county fairgrounds located north of Pomeroy in Meigs County, Ohio, United States. Some of the fairgrounds has been designated a historic site, with particular emphasis having been placed on the fairgrounds' racetrack and its associated grandstand.
The first Meigs County Fair was held in the village of Middleport on Wednesday, October 22, 1851. In 1968, Jane and Leonard Carleton sold 10 1/4 acres to the Meigs County Agricultural Society. This land would become part of the Rocksprings Fairgrounds. Jane Carleton deeded 98 additional rods of land to the Meigs County Agricultural Society on Christmas Eve of 1899. The construction dates of some elements of the grounds are unknown, but the present sharply-curved racetrack was finished in 1889 or earlier, when it was converted from a one-third mile track into a half mile track. In 1890, donations by average citizens paid for the construction of a grandstand by the track to supplement a nearby hillside where fairgoers had previously sat. Instead of being placed simply along one side of the track, the grandstand curves around the northeastern turn of the track; it is the only curved grandstand at an Ohio county fairgrounds. The grandstand is capable of holding one thousand people.
In 1946, a Junior Fair Board was established, and it is made up of kids from groups that make up the Junior Fair. The Junior Fair Board is still in effect to this day.
In 1982, much of the fairgrounds, including the racetrack and grandstand, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Besides the unusual method of construction seen in the grandstand and track, the fairgrounds qualified for its importance in the area's social history as a reflection of the importance of fairgoing, especially harness racing at the track, to Meigs County residents.
# 1885 Massachusetts legislature

The 106th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1885 during the governorship of George D. Robinson. Albert E. Pillsbury served as president of the Senate and John Q. A. Brackett served as speaker of the House.
In 1885 the legislature officialized the state coat of arms and seal. Other notable legislation included an "Act to Protect Persons Using Public Libraries From Disturbance."

## Senators

* Frank M. Ames
* John F. Andrew
* Josiah C. Bennett
* Francis Bigelow
* Eleazar Boynton
* Frederick L. Burden
* George L. Burt
* William Cogswell
* Charles A. Denny
* James R. Dunbar
* Charles B. Emerson
* Newton P. Frye
* Wesley A. Gove
* Levi J. Gunn
* John M. Harlow
* Charles H. Howland
* Martin V. B. Jefferson
* Herbert C. Joyner
* Paul H. Kendricken
* Job M. Leonard
* George A. Marden
* Alexander McGahey
* Eben C. Milliken
* George W. Morrill
* Henry F. Naphen
* Howes Norris
* Henry S. Nourse
* Albert E. Pillsbury
* Horace Reed
* Thomas P. Root
* George W. Sanderson
* Augustus E. Scott
* William R. Sessions
* William H. Tappan
* S. Proctor Thayer
* Edward I. Thomas
* Ezra J. Trull
* Myron P. Walker
* Henry J. Wells
* Arthur F. Whitin

## Representatives

* Julius Caesar Chappelle
# Convolution quotient

In mathematics, a space of convolution quotients is a field of fractions of a convolution ring of functions: a convolution quotient is to the operation of convolution as a quotient of integers is to multiplication. The construction of convolution quotients allows easy algebraic representation of the Dirac delta function, integral operator, and differential operator without having to deal directly with integral transforms, which are often subject to technical difficulties with respect to whether they converge.
Convolution quotients were introduced by Mikusiński (1949), and their theory is sometimes called Mikusiński's operational calculus.
The kind of convolution (f, g)↦f∗g{\textstyle (f, g)\mapsto f*g} with which this theory is concerned is defined by
    $(f*g)(x)=\int _{0}^{x}f(u)g(x-u)\,du.$
It follows from the Titchmarsh convolution theorem that if the convolution f∗g{\textstyle f*g} of two functions f, g{\textstyle f, g} that are continuous on [0, +∞){\textstyle [0, +\infty )} is equal to 0 everywhere on that interval, then at least one of f, g{\textstyle f, g} is 0 everywhere on that interval. A consequence is that if f, g, h{\textstyle f, g, h} are continuous on [0, +∞){\textstyle [0, +\infty )} then h∗f=h∗g{\textstyle h*f=h*g} only if f=g.{\textstyle f=g.} This fact makes it possible to define convolution quotients by saying that for two functions ƒ, g, the pair (ƒ, g) has the same convolution quotient as the pair (h * ƒ,h * g).
As with the construction of the rational numbers from the integers, the field of convolution quotients is a direct extension of the convolution ring from which it was built. Every "ordinary" function $f$ in the original space embeds canonically into the space of convolution quotients as the (equivalence class of the) pair $(f*g,g)$, in the same way that ordinary integers embed canonically into the rational numbers. Non-function elements of our new space can be thought of as "operators", or generalized functions, whose algebraic action on functions is always well-defined even if they have no representation in "ordinary" function space.
If we start with convolution ring of positive half-line functions, the above construction is identical in behavior to the Laplace transform, and ordinary Laplace-space conversion charts can be used to map expressions involving non-function operators to ordinary functions (if they exist). Yet, as mentioned above, the algebraic approach to the construction of the space bypasses the need to explicitly define the transform or its inverse, sidestepping a number of technically challenging convergence problems with the "traditional" integral transform construction.
# List of casinos in New York

This is a list of casinos in New York.

## Gallery

* Empire City Casino
# List of casinos in Puerto Rico

This is a list of casinos in Puerto Rico.

## List of casinos

One must be 18 to enter a casino in Puerto Rico (18 is the legal gambling age), ID is needed for locals, and tourists need to show a passport to enter.
# List of casinos in South Dakota

This is a list of casinos in South Dakota.

## Gallery

* Bullock Hotel
# List of casinos in Washington

This is a list of casinos in Washington.

## List of card rooms

Permitted by the state, card rooms are establishments that offers card games for play.
# List of cemeteries in Hawaii

This list of cemeteries in Hawaii includes currently operating, historical (closed for new interments), and defunct (graves abandoned or removed) cemeteries, columbaria, and mausolea which are historical and/or notable. It does not include pet cemeteries.

## Hawaii (island)

* Kuamoo Burials (also known as the Lekeleke Burial Grounds), Kuamo'o Bay, North Kona District

## Maui

* Mokuʻula cemetery, Lahaina
* Waiola Church Cemetery (also known as Waineʻe Church Cemetery), Waiola Church, Lahaina

## Oahu

* Hawaii State Veterans Cemetery, Kaneohe
* Honolulu Catholic Cemetery, Honolulu
* Kyoto Gardens of Honolulu Memorial Park, Honolulu
* Lunalilo Mausoleum, Honolulu
* National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, Honolulu
* Oahu Cemetery (also known as Nuʻuanu Cemetery), Honolulu
* Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla), Honolulu
* USS Utah, Pearl Harbor,
* USS Arizona Memorial, Pearl Harbor,
* Valley of the Temples Memorial Park, near Kāneʻohe
# List of cemeteries in Minnesota

This list of cemeteries in Minnesota includes currently operating, historical (closed for new interments), and defunct (graves abandoned or removed) cemeteries, columbaria, and mausolea which are historical and/or notable. It does not include pet cemeteries.

## Clay County

* Prairie Home Cemetery in Moorhead

## Clearwater County

* Cemetery sites at Itasca State Park near Park Rapids; IUCN-listed

## Dakota County

* Acacia Park Cemetery in Mendota Heights

## Fort Snelling (unorganized territory)

* Fort Snelling National Cemetery

## Hennepin County

* Bloomington Cemetery in Bloomington; NRHP-listed
* Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis; NRHP-listed
* Minneapolis Pioneers and Soldiers Memorial Cemetery in Minneapolis; NRHP-listed

## Meeker County

* Steelesville Cemetery near Dassel

## Ramsey County

* Indian Mounds Park in Saint Paul

## Sibley County

* Cemetery at Church of St. Thomas in Jessenland Township; NRHP-listed
# Union, Washington

Union or Union City is a small census-designated place in Mason County, Washington, United States. The community lies along the southern shore of the Great Bend of the Hood Canal, near the mouth of the Skokomish River, which flows from the nearby Olympic Mountains. The U.S. Census reported a population of 631 inhabitants in the 2010 census. The ZIP Code for Union is 98592.
State Route 106 is the main route through Union, leading to Belfair farther north, and Potlatch and US Highway 101 to the south.

## History

The Hood Canal basin is the indigenous territory of several neighboring Native American communities, including the Skokomish and Squaxin peoples.
In the 1830s, white fur traders built a blockhouse on the bluff where Union. Settlers arrived in the area in the 1840s, with the future Union City site being claimed in 1852 by Thomas Webb or Wells. The town of Union was founded and named in 1858 by merchants Willson and Anderson.
In 1889, logging pioneer John McReavy platted Union City on Hood Canal's south shore. The area's logging operations worked at an unprecedented scale to supply the expansionist ethos of Manifest Destiny. Dozens of mills sent timber to the booming California goldfields and for the construction of the Panama Canal. The generation that followed McReavy's drew inspiration from the surrounding landscape. Union society circulated around Olympus Manor, an artist colony that prospered until 1952 when the manor burned. It was the first non-native artist colony in Washington.
Union City was envisioned as the western terminus of a transcontinental railroad but the project was abandoned by the Union Pacific Railroad after the Panic of 1893.

## Climate

This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Union has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.

## Arts and culture

Local attractions include a working farm and roadside market, a golf course, marinas and public boat launch sites, and the deep saltwater fjord of Hood Canal. Visitors come to the area for activities including boating, fishing, hunting, shellfishing, sea kayaking and birding.
In 2010, Union was named one of America's twenty prettiest towns by Forbes Traveler.

## Parks and recreation

In 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt designated the nearby wilderness of the Olympic Mountains a national park. The area is now an International Biosphere Reserve and a World Heritage Site. The mountains in the southeast corner of the park, Mount Washington, Mount Constance and the Brothers, rise across Hood Canal and can be seen from almost any point in Union.
# Franz Crass

Franz Crass (9 March 1928 – 23 June 2012) was a German bass singer.
A native of Wipperfürth, Rhine Province, Crass studied with Gerda Heuer in Wiesbaden and with Professor Clemens Glettenberg at the Hochschule für Musik in Köln. He won numerous competitions throughout Germany in the 1950s. In 1954, he made his debut at the municipal theater in Krefeld; from 1956 he sang at the Landestheater Hannover.
Crass established a reputation as a Wagnerian early in his career, appearing at the Bayreuth Festival between 1954 and 1973. He made guest appearances throughout Germany, and was a regular member of the Köln Opera from 1962 until 1964. In addition to his work as a concert and oratorio singer, he became known for singing works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Crass developed hearing problems and as a result, ended his career abruptly in 1981; after that he devoted himself to coaching younger singers. He died in Rüsselsheim, in 2012, aged 84.
The Kammersänger left recordings as Heinrich der Vogler in Lohengrin (opposite Anja Silja's Elsa), Sarastro in Die Zauberflöte (opposite Fritz Wunderlich and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, conducted by Karl Böhm), the Sprecher and Second Armed Man in Otto Klemperer's famous recording of Die Zauberflöte, the Commendatore in Don Giovanni, the title role in Der fliegende Holländer, Gurnemanz in Parsifal, Don Fernando in Fidelio (with Christa Ludwig); also as baritone soloist in the Brahms Requiem and Bach's Christmas Oratorio, and as bass soloist in the Mozart Requiem.
# Sceloporus tanneri

Sceloporus tanneri, Tanner's spiny lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Phrynosomatidae. It is endemic to Mexico.
# National Testing Service

National Testing Service - Pakistan (NTS) is a nonprofit organization in Pakistan that administers academic performance evaluation tests. It is a member of the International Association for Educational Assessment and the Higher Education Commission.
NTS offers two main types of tests, the National Aptitude Test (NAT) and the Graduate Assessment Test (GAT).
NTS was formed to ensure quality educational standards in Pakistan and to "provide a national scale for comparative grading between institutes", consolidating examination boards under one administrating body. Tests implemented prior to the development of the NTS were criticized as not accommodating socio-cultural differences, resulting in a need for "an indigenous testing service that should design and develop testing materials within an indigenous context".

## History

Controversy erupted in 2007 following the mandating of NTS testing, first announced by Governor of Punjab, with regards to admission to universities and later set aside by the government unless the laws regarding university admission were amended. Criticism included allegations that the services were inconvenient to access and prohibitively expensive to economically challenged students. Maqbool called for input from the vice-chancellors of Punjab's public universities on 4 June. That year, each university department was permitted to set its own entrance requirements, with six of 64 departments at Punjab University electing to utilize tests from NTS. In October 2007, the vice-chancellor of Punjab University, Muhammad Arif Butt, endorsed the use of NTS testing in all departments of the university. NTS director Haroon Rasheed said that no tuition centres are associated with the service and NTS exams will not be out of course.

## Legal education

In 2016 the Pakistan Bar Council amended the Legal Practitioners and Bar Councils Rules 1976 pertaining to admission of new advocates to the provincial Bar Councils. The new rules required applicants to sit and pass the Law Graduate Assessment Test (Law GAT) conducted by National Testing Service.
# John E. Davis (architect)

John Eayres Davis (August 4, 1891 – January 2, 1961) was a college football player and a notable architect in Birmingham, Alabama.

## Auburn University

Davis was a prominent fullback for the Auburn Tigers of Auburn University from 1907 to 1911.

### 1910

Davis was captain in 1910. Auburn was co-champion of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA).

### 1911

He was selected All-Southern in 1911.

## Architect

Davis was an architect of the firm of Warren, Knight & Davis in Birmingham. He had previously worked in Detroit.