OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zine Magubane

Zine Magubane is a scholar whose work focuses broadly on the intersections of gender, sexuality, race, and post-colonial studies in the United States and Southern Africa. She has held professorial positions at various academic institutions in the United States and South Africa and has published several articles and books.

## Early life and education

Magubane was born in Chicago, Illinois. Her father, Bernard Magubane, was a prominent South African scholar and one of the leading anti-apartheid activists based in the United States.
Magubane received her undergraduate degree in politics at Princeton University, and obtained a master's degree and Ph.D. degree in sociology from Harvard.

## Career

Magubane began her career as a lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Cape Town. After a brief hiatus to do research with the Human Sciences Research Council in Pretoria, South Africa, Magubane returned to teaching. She served as an associate professor of Sociology and African Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign before her current position as a professor of sociology at Boston College. In 2015, Magubane returned to the University of Cape Town when she accepted a six-month visiting professorship through the Van Zyl Slabbert Chair.

## Academic work and publications

Magubane's work addresses intersections of gender, sexuality, race, and post-colonial studies.

### Books

Magubane is the author of Bringing the Empire Home: Race, Class, and Gender in Britain and Colonial South Africa, which explores colonial conceptions of blackness across England and South Africa and how these representations continue to influence ideas of race, gender, and class today. She is the co-editor of Hear Our Voices: Race Gender and the Status of Black South African Women in the Academy, a book that highlights the institutional racism and sexism within the academy in South Africa. Magubane is also the editor of Postmodernism, Postcoloniality, and African Studies, an interdisciplinary collection of essays by scholars around the world that addresses race, gender, and identity.

### Articles

Magubane has published various articles in various publications since she began her academic career in 1994. Her most cited article is "Which bodies matter? Feminism, poststructuralism, race, and the curious theoretical odyssey of the 'Hottentot Venus,'" which seeks to expose colonial representations of black women as a social construction rather than a biological fact. Magubane is also the author of "The (Product) Red Man’s Burden: Charity, Celebrity, and the Contradictions of Coevalness" in which she uses the concept of 'coevalness' to analyze Western, specifically celebrity, involvement in the Product Red campaign. Other commonly cited articles by Magubane include "The Revolution Betrayed? Globalization, Neoliberalism, and the Post-Apartheid State," "Globalization and the South African Transformation: The Impact on Social Policy," and "Spectacles and Scholarship: Caster Semenya, Intersex Studies, and the Problem of Race in Feminist Theory."
# Sudgar nask

The Sudgar nask is the first nask (volume) of the Sasanian Avesta. Like most other nasks, it is no longer extant, but its content can be reconstructed from references in later Pahlavi writings and the parts still contained in the extant Avesta.

## Sources

The 8th book of the Denkard, a 9th-10th century compendium of Zoroastrianism, as well as a number of Rivayats, a series of epistles from the 15th - 17th century, list its content. In addition the 9th book of the Denkard provides a lengthy description its content. As a result, its original form can be reconstructed with some degree of certainty.

## Name

The work is called Studgar and Istudgar in the Rivayats. Both are considered corruptions of Sudgar. Its name has been interpreted as meaning benefit-making. There is no consensus on a possible connection between this name and its content. For example, Vevaina has opined that it is derived from its eschatological content.

## Structure

The Sasanian Avesta was organized into 21 nasks, i.e., volumes, with each nask being in turn divided into several chapters. These 21 nasks are grouped into 3 divisions; the Gāhānīg (Gathic nasks), Hada Mānsrīg (manthras connected with the ritual), and Dādīg (legal nasks). Within this structure, the Sudgar nask was the first nask, but only the second of the Gathic nasks, to which it belonged. This discrepancy was due to the Stōd-yasn being placed as the first nask of the Gathic group, while being overall the last of the 21 nasks of the Sasanian Avesta. It has been speculated that this arragement was meant to convey the cyclical and interconnected nature of the different nasks within the Sasanian Avesta.

## Content

The Sudgar nask was divided into 22 fargards (chapters) and consisted, according to West's estimate, of ca. 4.700 words of Avestan text accompanied by ca. 10.500 word commentary in Pahlavi. It covered the central part of the Staota Yesnya, starting with the Ahuna Vairya manthra (fargard 1), followed by the Ashem Vohu manthra (fargard 2), the Yenghe hatam manthra (fargard 3), the Ahunavaiti Gatha (fargard 4-10), the Yasna Haptanghaiti (fargard 11), the Ushtavaiti Gatha (fargard 12-15), the Spenta Mainyu Gatha (fargard 16-19), the Vohu Khshathra Gatha (fargard 20), the Vahishto Ishti Gatha (fargard 21) and finally the Airyaman ishya manthra (fargard 22).

## Translations

A complete translations of the summary of the Sudgar nask was provided by Edward William West published in 1892 as Volume 37 of the Sacred Books of the East series by Max Müller. Between 1874 and 1926, Dastur Peshotan Behramji Sanjana and his son Dastur Darab Peshotan Sanjana published an edition of the Denkard in 19 volumes in Gujarati. Volume 17 of this edition covers Book 9 of the Denkard and an English translation was provided by Ratanshah Erachshah Kohiyar. More recently in 2024, Vevaina published a new critical edition of Denkard book 9 with a particular focus on the Sudgar nask.
# The Mighty Crusaders (film)

The Mighty Crusaders (Italian: Gerusalemme liberata, lit. 'Jerusalem Set Free') is a 1957 film about the First Crusade (1096–1099), based on the 16th-century Italian poem Jerusalem Delivered by Torquato Tasso.
This film was directed by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia. The Italian version was written by Sandro Continenza and the English translation was written by Annalena Limentani and Frederica Nutter.

## Plot

The film is based on the poem by Torquato Tasso, and is set in the time of the Crusades in Jerusalem. The commander Godfrey of Bouillon, Christian blessed by the pope, is attacking the Holy City for years, with no victory. In fact, his work is to free the Holy Sepulchre of Christ from the hands of the Muslim infidels. The best soldier of Godfrey's troop is Tancredi, who during a battle, confronts a Muslim soldier. While this soldier is very strong, Tancredi discovers that "he" is a young woman, named Clorinda. The two fall in love while the war rages; but unfortunately their love does not last long; the witch Armida, with his faithful Muslims, creates a spell that affects Tancredi and Clorinda, who resume to fight in the war against each other.

## Cast

* Francisco Rabal as Tancredi d'Altavilla
* Sylva Koscina as Clorinda
* Gianna Maria Canale as Armida
* Rik Battaglia as Rinaldo d'Este
* Philippe Hersent as Godfrey of Bouillon
* Andrea Aureli as Argante
* Alba Arnova as Harem Dancer
* Nando Tamberlani as Pietro
* Cesare Fantoni as Aladino
* Carlo Hintermann as Dilone

## Release

The Might Crusaders was released in United States in January 1961.
# Simon de Montfort the Younger

Simon VI de Montfort (April 1240 – 1271), known as Simon de Montfort the Younger, was the second son of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and Eleanor of England.
His father and his elder brother Henry were killed at the Battle of Evesham in August 1265. The younger Simon had been slow to bring his forces from London, and had seen them and their banners captured by Prince Edward, who then used the banners to trick Simon's father. He arrived at Evesham just in time to see his father's head atop a pike. The younger Simon tried to raise a rebellion in Lincolnshire, but this petered out by Christmas.
In 1266, Simon and his supporters were now stuck in Kenilworth Castle, which was previously owned by his father. Having promised to surrender the castle to King Henry III of England, Simon later changed his mind and so the King decided to besiege the castle on 21 June. The Siege of Kenilworth lasted six months, making it one of the longest sieges ever conducted in the British Isles. Simon surrendered the castle to the King on 14 December.
After the surrender at Kenilworth, Simon and his younger brother Guy escaped to France and Italy. In 1271 they discovered and murdered their cousin Henry of Almain (whom they blamed for the death of their father) at the San Silvestro church in Viterbo, for which they were excommunicated. Simon died later that year from Toscana virus at Siena, "cursed by God, a wanderer and a fugitive".
# Susanne Nies

Susanne Nies is an energy and climate professional and political scientist, specialising in EU and Eastern Europe. She served in various roles across the industry and in think tanks. She is currently project lead at Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin. She is also the chair of the Board of Fraunhofer IEE, Kassel. and teaches at TU Berlin.
Other positions include, from March 2020 to March 2023, as General Manager Germany DACH at Smart Wires, ENTSO-E

## Biography

Susanne Nies is a German national by origin. She holds a PhD from Bonn University and a Habilitation from Berlin Free University, as well as Sciences Po Paris, in Political Sciences, in International Relations, slavistics, romanistics. She also owns an MBA and an economics degree from London School of Economics.
From 2015 to 2020, Susanne Nies has headed the Corporate Affairs Section of the European Association of Transmission Network Operators, ENTSO-E. Until then she was Head of Unit Distribution System Operators with EURELECTRIC, the European electricity sector association based in Brussels, since June 2014. Before and from 2010 she was heading the Energy Policy and Power Generation Department for the same association.
Previously she was heading the French Institute for International Relations Brussels branch and was affiliated as a senior researcher to the energy programme of the Institute; was working with CERI and IRIS, Free University Berlin, CIFE Nice and Heinrich Boell Foundation. She has a long track of academic publication on energy, international relations and Eastern Europe:
Her publications include a master work on ´the stalinism debate in Sovietunion´ (unpublished), publications on Memorial, the first partner of Heinrich Boell Stiftung in Sovietunion, a PhD on Latvia in the international politics (1995), as well as on energy networks - first gas and oil to Europe and then At the speed of light, electricity interconnections for Europe published in 2010. She published as editor and author ´The European Energy Transition: an Agenda for the Twenties, prefaced by Jacques Delors and with multiple experts contributing. Recent publications relate to energy and climate in Ukraine and Eastern Europe. She is a regular contributor to media articles and interviews and to events.
She speaks fluently German, English, French and Russian.
# Letter of 59

The Letter of 59 (also known as the Memorial or Memorandum of 59) was an open letter signed by 66 (or 59 at first, hence the name) Polish intellectuals who protested against the changes of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland that were made by the communist party of Poland in 1975. Additional people signed the letter in January 1976.
The letter was closely related to the Helsinki Accords. On September 1, 1975, the Polish socialist government signed "The Blue Book" of the OSCE (the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) committing to, among other things, respect for human rights and refraining from the threat or use of force. Meanwhile, the new changes to the Polish constitution proposed by the Polish United Workers' Party after the Helsinki Accords, included new ideological clauses pronouncing and reaffirming the "steering role of the Party in the nation," the "socialist character of the nation," a "permanent and unbreakable alliance with the Soviet Union," and most of all, that the "government obligation to respect the rights of the citizens" is conditional only, and "dependent on the citizens fulfilling their obligations towards the country."
The communist government criticized the letter of protest publicly, with Edward Gierek calling the signatories "furious anticommunists, politically blind". Eventually, although the constitution was changed, the above fragments were redrafted to sound more neutral:
* the steering role of the Party "in the nation" was changed to "in the building of socialism"
* "alliance" with the USSR was replaced with "friendship"
* citizens' rights were not linked with their obligations
The government could not officially persecute the signatories for their letter, although various semi-official persecutions were implemented, for example, some authors had the government agencies refuse to print or distribute their books for several years thereafter.

## Signatories

Italics refer to the additional signatories from early 1976
In addition in January 1976, 78 emigrants and exiled Polish intellectuals also signed the letter, including:
# Hingalol

Hingalol or Hingalool (Somali: Xingalool) is a district located in the Sanaag region of Puntland.

## Overview

Hingalol is situated on the Hadeed Plateau of the Sanaag region. Hingalol was established in 1958. A small hamlet, it increased in size and population in the wake of the Somali Civil War and became a full district. In November 2017, Puntland built a military base on the outskirt of the city. In October 2020, Puntland Minister of Education and Minister of Agriculture visited Hingalol to assess needs and support schools and other institutions in the district.
While growing at a faster pace, basic services and government assistance are lacking. In September 2021, the local hospital reported serious cases of COVID-19 in the Hingalol area. For the first time, the Federal Government in Mogadishu delivered essential medical supplies and equipments.

## Education

Hingalol has several academic institutions. According to the Puntland Ministry of Education, there are 11 primary schools in the Hingalol District. Among these are Mindhicir, Shibiraale, Carmale and Darul Qur'aan. Secondary schools in the area include the Hingalol Secondary School. In addition, the new Hingalol Public Library provides a wide range of information and needed library services to users of all ages and abilities, and, in so doing, it remains a significant community asset. It also offers online courses
# Mounia Akl

Mounia Akl (Arabic: مونيا عقل) is a Lebanese actress, screenwriter, and director. She is perhaps best known for her film Costa Brava, Lebanon, which premiered at the 2021 Venice Film Festival.

## Early life

Akl was born in Lebanon. She received a bachelor's degree in archtitecture from the Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts (ALBA) and a master of fine arts in directing from Columbia University.

## Career

In 2011, she along with Cyril Aris created Beirut I Love You, a Lebanese television/web-series. She has since written and or directed several shorts, television episodes, and one feature-length film, Costa Brava, Lebanon. In July 2024, it was announced that Akl will direct three episodes of the upcoming Netflix series House of Guinness.

## Personal life

Akl splits her time between London and New York City.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Director | Writer | Producer | Notes |
| 2010 | Cheers, to Those Who Stay | Yes | Yes | Yes | Short film |
| 2011 | Anoesis | Yes | Yes | Yes | Short film |
| 2014 | Christine | Yes | Yes | No | Short film |
| 2014 | Eva | Yes | No | No | Short film |
| 2016 | Submarine | Yes | Yes | No | Short film |
| 2016 | Lebanon Factory | Yes | Yes | No | Short film, omnibus production |
| 2017 | El Gran Libano | Yes | Yes | No | Short film |
| 2021 | Costa Brava, Lebanon | Yes | Yes | No | Feature film |
| 2024 | Dancing on the Edge of a Volcano | No | No | No | Documentary |

### Television

| Year | Title | Director | Network | Notes |
| 2011-12 | Beirut I Love You | Yes | LBC | also lead actress |
| 2023 | Boiling Point | Yes | BBC One | 2 episodes |
| 2024 | The Responder | Yes | BBC One | 2 episodes |
| TBD | House of Guinness | Yes | Netflix | 3 episodes |
# 1975 Little All-America college football team

The 1975 Little All-America college football team, also known as the College Division All-America football team, is composed of college football players from small colleges and universities who were selected by the Associated Press (AP) as the best players at each position. The AP selected three teams, each consisting of separate offensive and defensive platoons.

## First team

| Position | Player | Team |
| Offense |||
| Quarterback | Lynn Heiber | IUP |
| Running back | Vince Allen | Indiana State |
| Running back | Bill Deutsch | North Dakota |
| Running back | Terry Egerdahl | Minnesota–Duluth |
| Wide receiver | Sammy White | Grambling State |
| Tight end | David Hill | Texas A&I |
| Tackle | Steve Musulin | Guilford |
| Tackle | Mike Timmermans | Northern Iowa |
| Guard | Ned Deane | UMass |
| Guard | Mark Law | Hillsdale |
| Center | Kevin Martell | New Hampshire |
| Defense |||
| Defensive end | Willie Lee | Bethune–Cookman |
| Defensive end | Lawrence Pillers | Alcorn State |
| Defensive tackle | Larry Czarnecki | Ithaca |
| Defensive tackle | Bobby Kotzur | Southwest Texas State |
| Middle guard | Junior Hardin | Eastern Kentucky |
| Linebacker | Greg Blankenship | Hayward State |
| Linebacker | Rick Green | Western Kentucky |
| Linebacker | Bill Linnenkohl | Puget Sound |
| Defensive back | Ralph Gebhardt | Rochester |
| Defensive back | James Hunter | Grambling State |
| Defensive back | Anthony Leonard | Virginia Union |
# Jennifer Malat

Jennifer Malat is an American sociologist. She is dean of the College of Arts & Sciences at the University of New Mexico.

## Early life and education

Malat was raised in Rochester, Minnesota and attended the University of Minnesota for her Bachelor of Science degree in sociology. She then traveled to Michigan to earn her Master's degree and PhD in sociology from the University of Michigan.

## Career

Upon receiving her PhD, Malat joined the faculty of the Department of Sociology at the University of Cincinnati as an assistant professor in 2000. She was promoted to associate professor in 2006 and full professor in 2014. Malat's research examines how racial inequity affects health.
In 2011, she was appointed director of the University of Cincinnati's Kunz Center for Social Research. Later, Malat co-founded The Cincinnati Project with Earl Wright II in 2013 and served as its founding director until 2020. The project was a research initiative aimed at promoting equity throughout the city. In 2016, Malat served as the first associate dean—later, the title was changed to divisional dean—for the social sciences in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Cincinnati.
In 2020, Malat left her position at the University of Cincinnati for Virginia Commonwealth University. She first served as dean of the College of Humanities and Sciences. Then in 2022, she joined the Office of Development and Alumni Relations to support senior leaders' efforts to ensure an inclusive approach to philanthropy at Virginia Commonwealth University.
In 2023, Malat was appointed dean of the College of Arts & Sciences at the University of New Mexico, and she began her term on August 21, 2023.
# Antônio Fagundes de Souza

Antônio Fagundes de Souza (12 August 1934 – 10 February 2025) was a Brazilian politician. A member of the Liberal Front Party, he served in the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais from 1987 to 1988.
De Souza died in Belo Horizonte on 10 February 2025, at the age of 90.
# Ishwarbhai Parmar

Ishwarbhai Ramanbhai Parmar (born 1971) is an Indian politician from Gujarat. He is a member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly. He won the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election representing the Bharatiya Janata Party from Bardoli Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in Surat district.

## Early life and education

Parmar is from Bardoli, Surat district, Gujarat. He is the son of Ramanbhai Sukhabhai Parmar. He studied Class 12 at MB Vamdeet Sarvajanik High School, Bardoli in 1990 but failed to clear the examinations.

## Career

Parmar won from Bardoli Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 118,527 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Pannaben Patel of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 89,948 votes. He first became an MLA winning the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election representing the BJP from Bardoli. He retained the seat in the 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He won for a third straight time in the 2022 Assembly election.
# Don Vultaggio

Domenick "Don" Vultaggio (born 1951/1952) is an American billionaire businessman, the co-founder and chairman of Arizona Beverage Company. As of July 2024, his net worth was estimated at US$6.5 billion.

## Early life

Vultaggio grew up in Flatbush, a working-class neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, New York. His father was the manager of an A&P supermarket.

## Career

In 1992, he and John Ferolito started Arizona from a warehouse in Brooklyn.
In 2015, following a lengthy and bitter legal battle, he bought out Ferolito for about $1 billion.

## Personal life

Vultaggio is married to Ilene, an artist. They have two sons, and live in Port Washington, New York. Their sons both work for the company; Wesley as chief creative officer and Spencer as chief marketing officer.
In 2004, they bought a two-acre "private peninsula" in Sands Point, Long Island for $4 million, and finished building a 30-room mansion in 2007.
# Lewis Shuey House

Lewis Shuey House is a historic home located near Swoope, Augusta County, Virginia. The house was built around 1795. Also on the property are two contributing outbuildings.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.