OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mark Canning (diplomat)

Mark Canning CMG (born 15 December 1954) is a British former diplomat and was British Ambassador to Indonesia between August 2011 and 2014, before being succeeded by Moazzam Malik. He served concurrently as British Ambassador to the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and to Timor Leste. He is a career member of the UK Foreign Service and has occupied a series of challenging and sensitive senior diplomatic appointments. Prior to his current position he served as Britain's Ambassador to Zimbabwe (2009–2011) and to Myanmar (Burma) (2006–2009). Prior to his three ambassadorial assignments, he served as a Deputy High Commissioner at the British High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Canning was educated at Downside School and University College London. He holds also a Masters in Business Administration. He joined the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1974 and has served in a wide variety of diplomatic roles, both at home and overseas. His appointments at the Foreign Office in London included significant exposure to counter-terrorism, security and other foreign policy issues. His overseas postings have had a strong focus on the emerging markets of the Asia Pacific and support to UK business, but he has also served in Africa, the US and Latin America. He is an experienced media operator, who has made frequent appearances in the broadcast and print media. As a noted expert on the politics and economics of the nations of South East Asia, Canning has also lectured at a range of academic and other institutions including the Royal College of Defence Studies.
Canning was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in The Queen's 2009 New Year Honours list. He is married with one daughter.
Since leaving the British Diplomatic Service in 2014 he has acted as an advisor to a range of companies active in Southeast Asia and elsewhere.
# Keijō shinpō

Keijō Shinpō (京城新報, Korean: 경성신보; RR: Gyeongseong Sinbo; MR: Kyŏngsŏng Sinmun) was a daily Japanese-language newspaper published in Korea from 1907 to 1912. It briefly went by the name Keijō Shinbun (京城新聞, 경성신문; Gyeongseong Sinmun; Kyŏngsŏng Sinmun) in 1908 before returning to its original name.

## History

It published its first issue on November 3, 1907.
The newspaper published articles that were critical towards Japanese policies in Korea. One Japanese scholar described the paper as "Korea's only civilian independent newspaper that dared to style itself as an enemy of the Governor-General's rule". The newspaper's very first issue had an article by journalist Minegishi Shigetarō (峰岸繁太郎) that was critical of the Japanese Resident-General of Korea, Itō Hirobumi. The article described Itō's policies as "weak-kneed". In April 1908, another article by Minegishi described Itō as "unfit to be resident-general". Historian Jun Uchida theorized that this reflected Minegishi's membership of an opposing political faction.
It changed its name to Keijō Shinbun from July 5 to December 23, 1908.
It published its final issue (No. 880) on February 29, 1912.
# Job by distribution

Job by distribution (Russian: работа по распределению, rabota po raspredeleniyu) was a Soviet practice of obligatory job placement for college graduates. After graduation, a person would be "distributed" by a committee to a particular position anywhere within the Soviet Union, and had an obligation to work there, typically for three years.
During that time, an employee had the special status of a "young specialist": they could not be fired, and could get special benefits like housing. After the placement term expiration, the employee could continue to work there or leave for another job.
Job by distribution is still practiced in Belarus.
# Stochastic Neural Analog Reinforcement Calculator

The Stochastic Neural Analog Reinforcement Calculator (SNARC) is a neural-net machine designed by Marvin Lee Minsky. Prompted by a letter from Minsky, George Armitage Miller gathered the funding (a few thousand dollars) for the project from the Office of Naval Research in the summer of 1951 with the work to be carried out by Minsky, who was then a graduate student in mathematics at Princeton University. At the time, a physics graduate student at Princeton, Dean S. Edmonds, volunteered that he was good with electronics and therefore Minsky brought him onto the project.
During undergraduate years, he was inspired by the 1943 Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts paper on artificial neurons, and decided to build such a machine. The learning was Skinnerian reinforcement learning, and Minsky talked with Skinner extensively during the development of the machine. They tested the machine on a copy of Shannon's maze, and found that it could learn to solve the maze. Unlike Shannon's maze, this machine did not control a physical robot, but simulated rats running in a maze. The simulation is displayed as an "arrangement of lights", and the circuit was reinforced each time the simulated rat reached the goal.
The machine surprised its creators. "The rats actually interacted with one another. If one of them found a good path, the others would tend to follow it."
The machine itself is a randomly connected network of approximately 40 Hebb synapses. These synapses each have a memory that holds the probability that signal comes in one input and another signal will come out of the output. There is a probability knob that goes from 0 to 1 that shows this probability of the signals propagating. If the probability signal gets through, a capacitor remembers this function and engages an electromagnetic clutch. At this point, the operator will press a button to give a reward to the machine. This activates a motor on a surplus Minneapolis-Honeywell C-1 gyroscopic autopilot from a B-24 bomber. The motor turns a chain that goes to all 40 synapse machines, checking if the clutch is engaged or not. As the capacitor can only "remember" for a certain amount of time, the chain only catches the most recent updates of the probabilities.
Each neuron contained 6 vacuum tubes and a motor. The entire machine is "the size of a grand piano" and contained 300 vacuum tubes. The tubes failed regularly, but the machine would still work despite failures.
This machine is considered one of the first pioneering attempts at the field of artificial intelligence. Minsky went on to be a founding member of MIT's Project MAC, which split to become the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, and is now the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. In 1985 Minsky became a founding member of the MIT Media Laboratory.
According to Minsky, he loaned the machine to students in Dartmouth, and subsequently lost, except for a single neuron. A photo of Minsky's last neuron can be seen here. The photo shows that 6 vacuum tubes, one of which is a Sylvania JAN-CHS-6H6GT/G/VT-90A.
# Steen Ottesen Brahe (1623–1677)

Steen Ottesen Brahe (28 August 1623 – 26 February 1677) was a Danish military officer and landowner.

## Early life

Steen Brahe was born on 28 August 1623 at Hagenskov Castle, son of the privy counsellor Jørgen Brahe (1585–1661) and Anne Gyldenstierne (1596–1677). He was the older brother of Preben Brahe (1627–1708).
In 1640, he enrolled at the University of Leiden, then continued his studies in Strasbourg in 1645. After his return to Denmark, he succeeded his father at Knutstorp (then Knudstrup) in Scania.

## Career

In 1653, he was appointed ritmester in the Scanian Company of the new national cavalry, but he was fired in 1657. He returned to service during the First and Second Dano-Swedish Wars. He was in 1658 sent to Lolland with a small group of men and was present at the Siege of Nakskov.
During the Dano-Swedish War, in 1658–60, together with Holger Vind, he served as General War Commissioner (generalkrigskommissær) and was thus responsible for payment of troops.
He was represented at the meeting of the estates of the realm (stændermødet) in Copenhagen in 1660 and was one of the Sovereignty Act of 1661.
The Treaty of Copenhagen had ceded Scania to Sweden. Brahe still settled at Knutstorp but without swearing loyalty to the Swedish king. During the Scanian War, in 1676, he went back into Danish service with the rank of colonel and was put in charge of the new Scanian Dragoon Regiment and participated with honour in the assault on Karlshamn in October 1676. He was also responsible for organising the border defence in Blekinge. He had been appointed as county governor of Assens and Hindsgavl in January of that same year.
He died on 26 February 1677 at Kristianstad. A report in the Danish National Archives from 10th March 1677 states that he had been ill and that he died from "stockfluss" ("Wan auch der Obrist Steen Brahe nach ausgestandener Krankheit und zwar am stuckfluss gestorben...").
Brahe's dragoon regiment was then dissolved.

## Personal life

Brahe married Sophie Rosenkrantz, a daughter of Holger Rosenkrantz (1574–1642) and Sophie Brahe (1578–1646), on 6 September 1646.
# Stressed member engine

A stressed member engine is a vehicle engine used as an active structural element of the chassis to transmit forces and torques, rather than being passively contained by the chassis with anti-vibration mounts. Automotive engineers use the method for weight reduction and mass centralization in vehicles. Applications are found in several vehicles where mass reduction is critical for performance reasons, usually after several iterations of conventional frame/chassis designs have been employed.

## Applications
### Motorcycles

Stressed member engines was patented in 1900 by Joah ("John") Carver Phelon and his nephew Harry Rayner. and were pioneered at least as early as the 1916 Harley-Davidson 8-valve racer, and incorporated in the production Harley-Davidson Model W by 1919. The technique was developed in the 20th century by Vincent and others, and by the end of the century was common feature of chassis built by Ducati, BMW and others. In 2019, KTM Duke 790's engine is used as a stressed member.

### Automobiles

Many mid-engine sport cars have used stressed engine design.

#### Race cars

The 1967 Lotus 49 is credited for establishing a solution copied by "everyone" in Formula One. This requirement is cited as a reason the rules committee changed from an inline-four to a V-6 configuration for the 2014 Formula One season.

#### Production automobiles

The limited-production De Tomaso Vallelunga mid-engine car prototyped in 1963 used the engine as a stressed member.
In GM's Chevrolet Bolt and Tesla Motors Model S and Roadster electric cars, the battery pack is a stressed member to increase rigidity.

### Tractors

The Fordson tractor Model F, designed during World War I, eliminated the frame to reduce cost of materials and assembly, and was probably influenced by the similar design of the 1913 Wallis Cub.
# Ardrahan Grassland

The Ardrahan Grassland (Irish: Féarach Árd Raithín) Special Area of Conservation or SAC is a designated Natura 2000 site, situated near the towns of Gort and Loughrea in County Galway, Ireland. Ardrahan Grassland is designated as a Special Area of Conservation under four qualifying interests: alpine and boreal heaths, Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands, semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) and limestone pavements.

## Location

Ardrahan Grassland Special Area of Conservation is located in south County Galway, northwest of the town of Ardrahan, in the townlands of Brackloon, Caherateige, Caherdaly, Cloghboley, Keamsellagh East, Kiltiernan West, Parkatleva and Rooaunmore.

## Etymology

According to archival material provided in the Logainm.ie Irish placenames website, the name Ardrahan, as Árd Raithín in the Irish language, dates back at least to the Annals of Connacht in the 1200s. The first part of the name Ardrahan - ‘Árd’ - corresponds to ‘height’ or ‘high’ in the Irish language, while the second part of the name ‘rahan’ or, in Irish, ‘raithín', corresponds to ‘small ringfort.’

## Special Area of Conservation qualification

The Ardrahan Grassland site was designated as a Special Area of Conservation for four key Habitats Directive Annex I habitats:
* Limestone pavement (priority habitat) [Natura 2000 code 8240]
* Orchid‐rich Calcareous grassland (priority habitat) [Natura 2000 code 6210]
* Alpine and subalpine heaths [Natura 2000 code 4060]
* Juniper scrub [Natura 2000 code 5130]
These four habitats were selected as key Irish sites for protection under the Habitats Directive Annex III criteria.
# Janith

Janith is both a given name and a surname.
Notable people with the given name include:
* Janith Liyanage (born 1995), Sri Lankan cricketer
* Janith Silva (born 1990), Sri Lankan cricketer
* Janith Pathirage (born 1990), Sri Lankan book reviewer
Notable people with the surname include:
# Arena Zabrze

The Arena Zabrze, officially known as the Stadion im. Ernesta Pohla w Zabrzu (Ernest Pohl Stadium in Zabrze), is a football stadium in Zabrze, Poland. It is the home ground of Górnik Zabrze. Originally constructed in 1934, it is currently in the process of complete rebuilding.

## History

Built in 1934 in what was then Germany as Adolf-Hitler-Kampfbahn (en: Adolf Hitler Arena), this name was used until 1946. In 2004 it was given the new name of Ernest Pohl, a famous Polish footballer who played for Górnik Zabrze. In 2016 the stadium was named "Arena Zabrze", although the formal name is still "Ernest Pohl Stadium".

## New stadium

A first stage of renovation was approved for 192.5 million złoty, and is to hold 24,563 spectators. Three stands were opened on February 21, 2016. Completed stadium will have capacity of 31,871.
In 2023, second phase of renovation main stand will be start until completion in 2025.
# Anwara Begum

Anwara Begum (known as Anwara) is a Bangladeshi film actress. She has acted in more than 600 films as of 2015. She earned Bangladesh National Film Award for Lifetime Achievement (2020) from Bangladesh government. She won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress seven times for her roles in Golapi Ekhon Traine (1978), Sundori (1979), Sokhinar Juddho (1984), Moroner Pore (1990), Radha Krishna (1992), Banglar Badhu (1993) and Ontore Ontore (1994), and Best Actress award once for Shuvoda (1986).

## Career

In 1961, while Anwara was a student of seventh grade in Palasi Girls' School, she performed as a dancer in a group for the film Aajan. The film was never released. In 1963, Anwara acted as a dancer in two films Nachghor and Preeti Na Jane Reet. She then acted as a supporting actress in the film Sangam (1964). She performed as an actress in a lead role for Bala (1967). She got her breakthrough in 1967 for her Aleya role in the film Nawab Sirajuddaula.
Since 1972, Anwara started performing in roles of mothers, aunts and mothers-in-law.

## Personal life

Anwara married to Muhitul Islam Muhit in 1972. Anwara has a daughter, Rumana Islam Mukti.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Director | Role | Notes |
| 1964 | Sangam | Zahir Raihan | | |
| 1965 | Janajani | | | |
| 1965 | Ekaler Rupkotha | | | |
| 1967 | Nawab Sirajuddaula | Khan Ataur Rahman | Aleya | |
| 1967 | Bala | | | |
| 1976 | Nayanmoni | | Padma Kaki | |
| 1978 | Golapi Ekhon Traine | Amjad Hossain | Moina | won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 1979 | Sundori | Amjad Hossain | | won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 1980 | Kosai | | | |
| 1980 | Goriber Meye | | | |
| 1980 | Bashori | | | |
| 1982 | Devdas | Chashi Nazrul Islam | Chandramukhi | |
| 1984 | Sokhinar Juddo | | | won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 1986 | Shuvoda | Chashi Nazrul Islam | | won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Actress |
| 1989 | Bouma | | | |
| 1990 | Moroner Pore | | | won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 1991 | Danga | Kazi Hayat | Amena Begum | |
| 1992 | Radha Krishna | | | won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 1993 | Banglar Badhu | | | won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 1994 | Ontore Ontore | | Dadi | won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 1999 | Srabon Megher Din | Humayun Ahmed | Kusum's Mother | |
| 2013 | Purno Doirgho Prem Kahini | Safi Uddin Safi | Rokeya Begum/Dadi | |
| 2014 | Chini Bibi | Nazrul Islam Babu | Dadi | |
| 2016 | Ojante Bhalobasha | A J Rana | Prem's grandma | |
# Bob Breen

Bob Breen is an author and professional martial artist who began martial arts training in 1966. He has trained under a significant number of senior martial arts experts and respected figures in the martial arts world. He has published 5 martial arts books.

## Career

Having begun martial arts training in 1966, after what he described as an early life involving frequent fights brought about by circumstances rather than intent, Bob began studying Wado Ryu under Tatsuo Suzuki (martial artist) in the early part of 1967. He earned his black belt in Wado Karate in 1970. He then went on to pass his second degree in 1972. Bob continued to study Karate and associated arts, and trained at Nihon University in Tokyo in 1974 under a number of Senior Masters, including Gōgen Yamaguchi. He competed for Great Britain in traditional Karate, captaining the Amateur Martial Arts Association (AMA) team who beat the Japanese in 1974, before discovering Jeet Kune Do and bringing it to Britain. Soon after, Bob began boxing and groundwork, and became one of the pioneers of full contact in Europe, both in terms of fighting and promoting. In 1978, he started Eskrima with Jay Dobrin. Since 1979, he has been studying Jeet Kune Do and Filipino Kali under master and worldwide respected figure Dan Inosanto, who himself trained under Bruce Lee, father of Jeet Kune Do. He is one of the foremost experts in knife-defense and close quarter combat, and was the team captain and a competitor at the 1989 World Stickfighting championships and Coach of the British Eskrima team that won 13 World Championship medals, including four gold medals in 1992.
He is now qualified as a Full Instructor in JKD and Kali. Regarded as the father of JKD/ Kali and Filipino martial arts in the UK and Europe, he has released a range of self-defence books and DVDs, and online courses.
Bob Breen has also worked in training film actors in martial arts and fighting techniques, including working on spear and sword fighting with Michael Fassbender and other actors for the 2007 film 300. Bob has worked on numerous other films, including recently training Robert Pattinson in fighting techniques for the movie The Batman in 2022.

## Publications

* Fighting ISBN 1-905005-07-5
* Power Punching www.bobbreen.com/courses/power-punching
* Sparring ISBN 1-905005-37-7
# Dadiah

Dadiah (Minangkabau) or dadih (Indonesian and Malaysian Malay) a traditional fermented milk popular among people of West Sumatra, Indonesia, is made by pouring fresh, raw, unheated, buffalo milk into a bamboo tube capped with a banana leaf and allowing it to ferment spontaneously at room temperature for two days.
The milk is fermented by indigenous lactic bacteria found in the buffalo milk. Its natural fermentation provides different strains of lactic acid bacteria involved in each fermentation. The natural, indigenous, lactic acid bacteria found in dadiah could be derived from the bamboo tubes, buffalo milk, or banana leaves.
Dadiah is usually eaten for breakfast, mixed together with ampiang (traditional glutinous rice krispies) and palm sugar. Dadiah can also be eaten with hot rice and sambal.
Some studies on the probiotic properties of indigenous strains isolated from dadiah were found to exhibit antimutagenic and antipathogenic properties, as well as acid and bile tolerance. Natural, wild strains isolated from dadiah show inhibitory, competitive, and displacing properties against pathogens, and they are promising candidates for future probiotics. Lactobacillus plantarum strains from dadiah play important roles in removing microcystin-LR, cyanobacterial toxin. This wild strain of Lactobacillus plantarum from dadiah has the highest removal abilities when compared to other commercial probiotic strains. This finding offers new and economical tools for decontaminating microcystin containing water.
In the rest of Indonesia and Malaysia, the dish is known as dadih. Dadih prepared in Malaysia is quite different from Minangkabau dadiah. In the Malaysian version, the thickening agent is gelatin or agar-agar strands; it is not fermented and is usually sweetened with artificial flavourings such as corn, pandan, yam, chocolate, and strawberry, and is thus more akin to milk pudding.
# 2002 in Belgium

Events from the year 2002 in Belgium

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Albert II
* Prime Minister: Guy Verhofstadt

## Events
### January

* 1 January – Reform of Belgian local police territories into 28 "zones" comes into effect. The Euro Currency officially became the legal tender for Belgium, along with the other European Union (EU) Eurozone member area countries, replacing the Belgian franc by being introduced physically with the official launch of the currency coins and banknotes. Belgium entered a period on the same day where specifically both the Euro Currency and the Belgian franc were in dual circulation until exactly February 28.

### April

* World's first fetoscopic tracheal occlusion for congenital diaphragmatic hernia carried out in UZ Leuven.

### June

* 13 June – Peter Carmeliet awarded the Francqui Prize for his work in the biological and medical sciences.

### August

* 3-4 August – 2002 Spa 24 Hours won by Larbre Compétition

### September

* 1 September – 2002 Belgian Grand Prix at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps won by Michael Schumacher.
* 21 September – Antwerp fashion museum opens.

### October

* 30 October – Frank De Winne's first spaceflight begins.

### December

* 4 December – Xavier Deutsch awarded the Prix Rossel for La Belle Étoile.

## Art and architecture
### Buildings

* Poelaert Elevators in Brussels inaugurated
* Art Deco Flagey Building, former national broadcasting headquarters, reopens as a cultural centre after renovations.

## Births

* 15 January – Jannes Van Hecke, footballer
* 2 May – Killian Sardella, footballer
* 8 August – Marco Kana, footballer
* 21 August – Isaac Asante, footballer

## Deaths
### January

* 15 January – Jean Dockx, footballer (born 1941)
* 28 January – Gustaaf Deloor, cyclist (born 1913)

### February

* 11 February – Frans Van Coetsem, linguist (born 1919)

### March

* 23 March – Marcel Kint, cyclist (born 1914)

### April

* 20 April – Pierre Rapsat, singer-songwriter (born 1948)

### June

* 7 June – Lilian, Princess of Réthy (born 1916)

### November

* 19 November – Prince Alexandre de Mérode (born 1934)