# Sri Mulyani

Sri Mulyani Indrawati (born 26 August 1962) is an Indonesian economist who currently serves as the Minister of Finance of Indonesia as part of the Onward Indonesia Cabinet. She had served as Minister of Finance in two separate terms; under Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono between 2005–2010 and under Joko Widodo and Prabowo Subianto since 2016.
In her first tenure, she was credited with strengthening Indonesia's economy, increasing investments, and steering Southeast Asia's largest economy through the 2007–2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession. However, Sri Mulyani was widely criticized for supporting a bailout of Bank Century in 2008, which cost the government 6.7 trillion rupiahs. Although she believed it was the right decision, she resigned in 2010 and took a position at the World Bank as Managing Director, before returning as finance minister in 2016.
In 2023, she was ranked 38th on the Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women.

## Biography
### Early life and education

Sri Mulyani was born in Tanjung Karang (now called Bandar Lampung) in Lampung, Sumatra, on 26 August 1962. She is the seventh child of university lecturers professor Satmoko and Retno Sriningsih. Her brothers were Agus Purwadianto, Nanang Untung Cahyono, Nunung Teguh Trianung, and Soetopo Patria Jati. Her sisters were Asri Purwanti, Nining Triastuti Soesilo, Atik Umiatun Hayati, Sri Harsi Teteki, and Retno Wahyuningsih.
Sri Mulyani obtained a BA in Economics from the University of Indonesia in 1986. She then attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where she received a MSc in Policy Economics in 1990 and a PhD in economics in 1992. In 1994 and 1995, she worked as and expert for the Economic Planning Agency. In 1996 and 1997, she was a program director of the Master Program on Planning and Public Policy at the University of Indonesia. From 1998 to 2001, she was a lecturer in economics at the University of Indonesia. In 2001, Sri Mulyani moved Atlanta, Georgia, to serve as a consultant with the United States Agency for International Development for programs to strengthen Indonesia's autonomy. In 2002, she lectured on the Indonesian economy as a visiting professor at the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies at Georgia State University. From 2002 to 2004, she was an executive director on the board of the International Monetary Fund representing 12 economies in Southeast Asia.

## Career
### First term as finance minister (2005)

Sri Mulyani was first appointed as Minister of Finance in 2005 by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. One of her first acts was to fire 150 corrupt tax and customs officers in the finance department and penalize another 2,000 officers. She successfully reduced political corruption and initiated reforms in Indonesia's tax and customs office. She also revised incentive structures for civil servants in her ministry and began paying higher salaries to tax officials deemed to be "clean" so they would have less temptation to accept bribes. Indonesia attracted $8.9 billion in foreign direct investment in 2005, Sri Mulyani's first year as finance minister, a significant increase from $4.6 billion in 2004.
In 2006, she was named Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year by Euromoney magazine. In September 2006, Emerging Markets selected Sri Mulyani as the Asia Finance Minister of The Year.
In 2007, Indonesia recorded 6.6% economic growth, its highest rate since the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In July 2008, Sri Mulyani was inaugurated as the Coordinating Minister for the economy, replacing Boediono, who was to head Bank Indonesia.
Growth in 2008 was 6% despite the Great Recession. By January 2009, public debt was reduced to 30% of gross domestic product from 100% in 1999, making it easier for Indonesia to sell debt to foreign institutional investors.

### Bank Century bailout and criminal accusations (2008)

Golkar, the party that controlled the legislature, accused Mulyani of criminality in the bailout of Bank Century during the 2007–2008 financial crisis. Critics of the bailout claimed it was done without legal authority and without proving that a capital injection was needed to prevent a run on other banks. The bailout cost the state close to 6.7 trillion rupiah ($710 million). Sri Mulyani defended the bailout as necessary and denied any wrongdoing. The allegations could have resulted in impeachment charges.
Criticism on Sri Mulyani's policy also came from then-Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla. He denied claims by former Bank Indonesia officials that if the lender had been allowed to fail, there would have been a systemic impact on the country's banking system and economy.
All nine factions in the House of Representatives special committee agreed that there were suspicious and possibly fraudulent transactions and evidence of money laundering as a result of the bailout, alleging that preventing such fraud was the responsibility of the Indonesian National Police and Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK).
After Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was re-elected in the 2009 Indonesian presidential election in July 2009, Sri Mulyani was re-appointed in her post of Finance Minister. In 2009, the Indonesian economy grew by 4.5% despite the Great Recession affecting most of the world economies. Along with India and China, Indonesia was one of just three major emerging economies to grow faster than 4% in 2009. Under the supervision of Sri Mulyani, the government increased the number of income taxpayers from 4.35 million in 2005 to nearly 16 million individuals in 2010, and tax receipts grew by around 20% each year to more than Rp 600 trillion in 2010.

### Resignation and move to the World Bank (2010)

On 5 May 2010, Sri Mulyani was appointed as one of three managing directors of the World Bank, replacing Juan Jose Daboub who had stepped down after 4 years of his term on 30 June, responsible to work in 74 countries in South America, Caribbean, Eastern Asia–Pacific, Middle East, and North Africa.
Mulayani resigned as finance minister in May 2010. Her resignation was viewed negatively; the Indonesia Stock Exchange closed down 3.8% after the news, amid a broad selloff in Asia, while the Indonesian rupiah fell nearly 1% against the dollar. The drop in Indonesian stock exchange was the sharpest in 17 months.
There was widespread speculation that her resignation was due to political pressure, especially from Aburizal Bakrie, a powerful tycoon and leader of Golkar. Bakrie had enmity toward Sri Mulyani due to her investigation into tax fraud by the Bakrie Group, her refusal to prop up Bakrie's coal interests using government funds, and her refusal to declare the Sidoarjo mud flow, which was caused by drilling by Bakrie's company, as a "natural disaster".
On 20 May 2010, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono named Agus Martowardojo, CEO of Bank Mandiri, the largest bank in Indonesia, as her replacement.

### Alleged hacking by Australian intelligence (2013)

In November 2013, The Guardian published articles based on leaks by Edward Snowden that showed the Australian Intelligence Community had hacked into the mobile phones of top Indonesian leaders in 2009. This included Sri Mulyani, who at that time was the minister of finance. Prime Minister of Australia Tony Abbott defended the actions, saying that the activities were not so much "spying" as "research" and that its intention would always be to use any information "for good".
In May 2014, Sri Mulyani testified at a trial related to the Century Bank bailout, where she reiterated that she believed that the bailout was a good decision.

### Reappointment as finance minister (2016-present)

In 2016, Sri Mulyani was reappointed as finance minister. From 2017 to 2019, Sri Mulyani was named the best finance minister in the Asia-Pacific region three years in a row by FinanceAsia. In 2018, Indonesia recorded its smallest budget deficit since 2012.
In February 2020, Sri Mulyani announced a 10.3 trillion rupiah economic stimulus package to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 recession. In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Sri Mulyani released a global bond series with a 50-year maturity, the longest loan offered in Indonesian history. In 2021, after the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 78/2021, she became one of the Vice Heads of the National Research and Innovation Agency Steering Committee, together with Suharso Monoarfa.
On 20 October 2024, Sri Mulyani was reappointed as Minister of Finance by President Prabowo Subianto for 3rd consecutive term, ending in 2029, making her the first person to hold the position under three presidential administrations.

## Personal life

Sri Mulyani married economist Tonny Sumartono in 1988, with whom she has three children. She is a professional economist and has no political affiliation. Mulyani considers herself a role model for women.

## Honours

* Indonesia:
** Star of Mahaputera (2nd Class) (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana) (10 August 2011)