# Gandaki Province

Gandaki Province (Nepali: गण्डकी प्रदेश) Listen), is one of the seven federal provinces established by the current constitution of Nepal which was promulgated on 20 September 2015. Pokhara is the province's capital city. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region in Southwest China to the north, Bagmati Province to the east, Karnali Province to the west, and Lumbini Province and Bihar of India to the south. The total area of the province is 21,504 km$^2$ - constituting 14.57% of Nepal's total area. According to the latest census, the population of the province was 2,479,745. The newly elected Provincial Assembly adopted Gandaki Province as the permanent name by replacing its initial name Province No. 4 on 27 April 2023. Surendra Raj Pandey is the present chief minister of Gandaki Province.

## Etymology

Gandaki Province was named after the river Gandaki, which is a major river in the province. This river has important links with historical Hindu civilization. The Gandaki river is mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit epic Mahabharata. It has been said that Valmiki wrote the great epic Ramayana here. It is also believed to be the birthplace of Luv & Kush. Its evolution is described in Shiva Purana, Kumarakhand, in the chapter of the killing of Shankhachuda.

## History

Gandaki province was once home to the Chaubisi Rajya, the 24 kings, of which Gorkha was one. From Gorkha, Prithvi Narayan Shah arose to unify all the kingdoms and expand to include all of present-day Nepal. Gandaki Province was known as "Gandak Kshetra" which was established in 1956. Gandak Kshetra was composed by grouping the then 4 districts. Those 4 districts are now divided into many districts. Gandak Kshetra had total area of 5,400 square miles (14,000 km$^2$) and total population was 12 Lakhs. The four districts were:
* Lumbini District (Rupandehi, Parasi, Palpa)
* Syangja District (Syangja, Nawalpur)
* Pokhara District (Tanahun, Kaski)
* Gorkha District (Gorkha, Lamjung, Manang)
In 1962, the administrative system was restructured again and the "Kshetras" system was canceled. The country was restructured into 75 development districts and those districts were grouped into zones. In 1972 area of the Gandaki Province named Western Development Region. It had 3 zones and 16 districts.

## Geography

The province has an area of 21,773 km$^2$ which is about 14.66% of the total area of Nepal. The state extends between 27°-20' N ~ 29°-20' N latitude and 82° 52' E ~ 85°-12' E longitude. In terms of terrain, the province is spread over the Himalayan, Hilly and Terai region of Nepal; 5,919 km$^2$ (26.8%) of the area falls under the Himalayan region, 14,604 km$^2$ (67.2%) of the area falls under the Hilly region and 1,310 km$^2$ (6%) of the area falls under the Terai region.
Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in Gandaki :
| Location | August (°F) | August (°C) | January (°F) | January (°C) | Annual Precipitation (mm/in) |
| Baglung | 72.1 | 22.3 | 47.5 | 8.6 | 1766.1/69.5 |
| Besishahar | 72.3 | 22.4 | 47.5 | 8.6 | 1639.6/64.6 |
| Chapakot | 60.2 | 20.4 | 46.5 | 9.6 | 1766.1/69.5 |
| Modi | 60.8 | 16 | 33.4 | 0.8 | 1094.7/43.1 |
| Pokhara | 74.8 | 23.8 | 50.4 | 10.2 | 2010.3/79.1 |
| Waling | 77.5 | 25.3 | 54.1 | 12.3 | 1962.7/84.5 |

## Demographics

Religion in Gandaki Province
The province has a population of 2,403,016 which is just about 9.06% of the total population of Nepal. The population density is about 110 persons per square kilometre. The province has a population growth rate of -0.33%. The sex ratio is 89 males for 100 females, with a total of 948,028 males and 1,144,124 females recorded in 2011. The urban population of the region is 1,452,186 (60.5%) and the rural population is 943,652 (39.5%). About 50.1% of the population in the province are independent population.

### Ethnicity

Caste/ethnicities in Gandaki Province
Hill Brahmins are the largest community with 21.26% of the population. Other aboriginal Khas communities include Khas/Chhetri (13.13%), Kami (8.66%), Sarki (4.10%), Damai (3.84%), Thakuri (1.61%) and Kumal (1.49%). The Janajati groups are Magar (18.79%), Gurung (11.30%), Newar (4.23%), Tamang (2.03%), Tharu (1.68%) and Bhujel (1.27%).

### Language

Languages of Gandaki province (2011)
According to the 2011 Nepal census there are total 88 languages spoken in Gandaki Province. Nepali/Gorkhali/Khas Kura is the most-spoken language, by 72.67% of the population. 9.85% speak Kham Magar, 8.70% Gurung, 1.72% Newar, 1.48% Tharu and 1.42% Tamang.
The Language Commission of Nepal has recommended Magar, Gurung and Bhojpuri as official language in the province. The commission has also recommended Tharu, Nepal Bhasa and Tamang to be additional official languages, for specific regions and purposes in the province.

#### Administrative subdivisions

Gandaki province is divided into 11 districts, which are listed below. A district is administered by the head of the District Coordination Committee and the District Administration Officer. The districts are further divided into municipalities or rural municipalities. The municipalities include one metropolitan city and 26 municipalities. There are 58 rural municipalities in the province.
Districts in the province:
* Baglung District
* Gorkha District
* Kaski District
* Lamjung District
* Manang District
* Mustang District
* Myagdi District
* Nawalpur District
* Parbat District
* Syangja District
* Tanahun District
Largest cities or towns in Gandaki Province Central Bureau of Statistics :
| | Rank | | District | Pop. | Rank | | District | Pop. | |
| Pokhara | 1 | Pokhara | Kaski | 513,504 | 11 | Bhanu | Tanahun | 42,794 | Gaindakot |
| Pokhara | 2 | Kawasoti | Nawalpur | 86,821 | 12 | Putalibazar | Syangja | 41,743 | Gaindakot |
| Pokhara | 3 | Gaindakot | Nawalpur | 79,349 | 13 | Besishahar | Lamjung | 38,232 | Gaindakot |
| Pokhara | 4 | Vyas | Tanahun | 78,939 | 14 | Kushma | Parbat | 38,101 | Gaindakot |
| Pokhara | 5 | Madhyabindu | Nawalpur | 61,091 | 15 | Palungtar | Gorkha | 37,409 | Gaindakot |
| Pokhara | 6 | Devchuli | Nawalpur | 58,003 | 16 | Beni | Myagdi | 32,697 | Gaindakot |
| Pokhara | 7 | Baglung | Baglung | 56,102 | 17 | Galyang | Syangja | 31,034 | Gaindakot |
| Pokhara | 8 | Shuklagandaki | Tanahun | 55,620 | 18 | Galkot | Baglung | 30,588 | Gaindakot |
| Pokhara | 9 | Gorkha | Gorkha | 52,468 | 19 | Bhimad | Tanahun | 29,248 | Gaindakot |
| Pokhara | 10 | Waling | Syangja | 50,488 | 20 | Jaimini | Baglung | 24,628 | Gaindakot |

## Government and administration
### History and overview

The Provincial Assembly of Gandaki Province is formed under Article 175 of the Constitution of Nepal 2015 which guarantees a provincial legislative for each province in the country. The first provincial elections were conducted for all seven provinces in Nepal and the elections in Gandaki Province was conducted for 60 seats to the assembly. The first meeting of the provincial assembly was held on 4 February 2018. Netra Nath Adhikari from Maoist Centre was elected as the first speaker of the provincial assembly, and Srijana Sharma from CPN (UML) as the first deputy speaker of the provincial assembly.
The Governor acts as the head of the province while the Chief Minister is the head of the provincial government. The Chief Judge of the Pokhara High Court is the head of the judiciary. The present Governor, Chief Minister and Chief Judge are Sita Kumari Poudel (governor), Surendra Raj Pandey (chief minister) and Purushottam Bhandari. The province has 60 provincial assembly constituencies and 18 federal House of Representative constituencies.
Gandaki Province has a unicameral legislature, like that of the other provinces in Nepal. The tenure of the provincial assembly is of five years. The Provincial Assembly of Gandaki Province is temporarily housed at the Urban Development Training Centre in Pokhara.

### Gandaki Provincial Assembly

Further information: Gandaki Provincial Assembly
Gandaki has 36 provincial assembly seats under FPTP.
| Districts | Constituencies |
| Gorkha District | 4 |
| Lamjung District | 2 |
| Tanahu District | 4 |
| Syangja District | 4 |
| Kaski District | 6 |
| Manang District | 2 |
| Mustang District | 2 |
| Parbat District | 2 |
| Myagdi District | 2 |
| Baglung District | 4 |
| Nawalpur District | 4 |

### List of assemblies

| Election Year | Assembly | Start of term | End of term | Speaker | Chief Minister | Party |
| 2017 | 1st Assembly | 4 February 2018 | September 2022 | Netra Nath Adhikari | Prithvi Subba Gurung (Cabinet) | CPN (UML) |
| 2017 | 1st Assembly | 4 February 2018 | September 2022 | Netra Nath Adhikari | Krishna Chandra Nepali Pokharel (Cabinet) | Nepali Congress |
| 2022 | 2nd Assembly | 2 January 2023 | 27 April 2023 | Krishna Dhital | Khagaraj Adhikari (Cabinet) | CPN (UML) |
| 2022 | 2nd Assembly | 27 April 2023 | Incumbent | Krishna Dhital | Surendra Raj Pandey cabinet (Cabinet) | Nepali Congress |

### Committees

Article 195 of the Constitution of Nepal provides provincial assemblies the power to form special committees in order to manage working procedures.
| S.No. | Committee | Membership |
| 1 | Work Arrangement Advisory | 11 |
| 2 | Legislative | 13 |
| 3 | Public Accounts | 13 |
| 4 | Finance and Development | 14 |
| 5 | Provincial Affairs | 11 |

### Current composition

Main article: 2nd Gandaki Provincial Assembly § Members
| Party | Party | Parliamentary party leader | Seats |
| | Nepali Congress | Surendra Raj Pandey | 27 |
| | CPN (UML) | Khagaraj Adhikari | 22 |
| | CPN (Maoist Centre) | Hari Bahadur Chuman | 8 |
| | Rastriya Prajatantra Party | Pancha Ram Gurung | 2 |
| | CPN (Unified Socialist) | Fanindra Devkota | 1 |
| Total | Total | Total | 60 |

## Economy

The economy of the province is largely dependent on tourism.

## Infrastructure
### Roadways

9 out of 11 districts of Gandaki Province are connected via surfaced roads. Road connections to Mustang and Manang are unsurfaced and can be impassable during the rainy season. Siddhartha Highway connects Lumbini to Gandaki. The highway starts at the Nepal-India Border in Siddharthanagar and terminates at Prithivi chowk, Pokhara. The major settlements on the highway are Siddharthanagar, Butwal, Tansen, Waling, Putalibazar, Syangja, and Pokhara.
Kali Gandaki Corridor Project

### Airways

Here are the lists of domestic and international airport in the province.

#### Current airports

* Pokhara International Airport PKR- VNPK & VNPR - Operates both International as well as domestic flights.
* Pokhara Airport (old), which continues to operate flights to Mustang and also offers ultra-light aircraft services.
* Manang Airport NGX- VNMA
* Jomsom Airport JMO- VNGS
* Dhorpatan Airport VNDR
* Baglung Airport

#### Former airport

* Palungtar Airport GKH- VNGK