# Delaware Railroad

The Delaware Railroad was the major railroad in the US state of Delaware, traversing almost the entire state north to south from the mid-1850's until 1976. It began in Porter and was extended south through Dover and Seaford before reaching Delmar on the border of Maryland in 1859. Although operated independently, in 1857 it was leased by and under the financial control of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, which was purchased by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) in 1881. In 1891, it was extended north approximately 14 miles (23 km) with the purchase of existing track to New Castle and Wilmington. It remained a part of the PRR system and then Penn Central until 1976 when Penn Central went bankrupt at which point it was absorbed into Conrail.

## History
### Origin

The railroad was conceived in 1836 by John M. Clayton, a former United States senator who obtained a charter from the Delaware General Assembly to serve the Delmarva Peninsula. He was concerned that a proposal in Maryland to build a line along the western side of the peninsula would harm Delaware's economy. Delaware was highly motivated and exempted the railroad from taxation for fifty years and provided other incentives. Clayton, William D. Waples and Richard Mansfield were appointed as commissioners and a survey of the line was made. The Depression of 1837-1839 prevented investment in the railroad and the charter was forfeited.
The charter was renewed in 1848 under the promotion of Samuel M. Harrington (Clayton at this time was serving as the United States Secretary of State). It called for a line from Dona Landing (just east of Dover) to Seaford that would be part of a Philadelphia to Norfolk route. Sufficient investment was secured by 1852, when the state of Delaware stepped in and bought 5,000 shares of stock to its construction allowing commencement of the operation. In 1853, the PW&B railroad and the du Pont family guaranteed Construction bonds, and the line was built from a junction with the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad in Porter to Dover. It opened in 1855 and the line to Seaford opened in 1856. Moving the northern terminus from Dona Landing to Porter added approximately 35 miles (56 km) to the originally planned length.
The first section was opened with an inaugural eight-car train north from Middletown on September 1, 1855, carrying the president of the railroad and that of the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, the chief engineer, and railroad contractors.
The PW&B leased the railroad in 1855 and starting in 1857 it operated the line as its Delaware Division. It was extended to the Maryland state line at Delmar, Delaware in 1859.
Prior to the railroad, steamship traffic from Philadelphia ran to Dona Landing, a Dona steamship line port on the Leipsic River just off Delaware Bay and approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Dover. Passengers would then go by stagecoach to Dover and south to Seaford where they would then resume travel by ship south to Norfolk on the Nanticoke River. Both the stage and steamship lines were made obsolete by the railroad and hence abandoned.

### Route

The railroad ran inland to avoid wetlands near the coast through areas that had been sparsely populated. Railroad access spurred the growth of farms in this part of the state as farmers had means to ship produce north to Philadelphia, New York and Boston. Land that had not been farmed was cleared as the new access to city markets increased agricultural output. The railroad assisted the Delaware peach industry, allowing faster peach transport to market than had been possible by steamship. It also allowed the introduction of peach orchards to areas without access to river shipping. The industry spread downstate from the Delaware City area where it originated as the railroad extended further south. By 1875, five million baskets (900,000 carloads) of peaches were shipped on the Delaware railroad. The railroad is credited with the peach becoming a "signature crop" in Delaware - the first state from which peaches were a commercial crop shipped long distances to market. In 1863, peach farmers sued the railroad after they grew a bumper crop but the railroad did not have enough freight cars to accommodate the entire crop, and as a result there was significant spoilage. The railroad felt the judgment was "exorbitant".
New towns formed along the railroad including Bridgeville, Greenwood, Clayton (named for the railroad's founder John M. Clayton) was nearby Smyrna which did not want the railroad competing with its shipping industry, Wyoming (nearby Camden refused to allow the railroad to be built through the town), Felton (named after David Felton, president of the railroad) and Harrington. In 1855, the railroad located its main office in Clayton.
The Delaware Railroad became the spine to which all Delmarva branch lines connected. After completing its line to Delmar, the Delaware Railroad starting building branches and acquiring control of those that connected to it in Delmarva.

### Civil War

Prior to the Civil War, southern sympathizers utilized the railroad as a route south to join the Confederacy. In 1861, Charles du Pont Bird (a descendant of E.I. du Pont) advised General Robert E. Lee that the railroad should be destroyed to prevent its use by the Union Army to ship troops and supplies to Washington, DC. The railroad remained under Federal control throughout the war. The railroad was used to ship contraband south to the Confederacy as its geography placed it in a prime smuggling route.

### Extension

The Delaware Railroad was only allowed to construct a rail line within the state of Delaware. After it reached Delmar in 1859, the 1835 charter of the Eastern Shore Railroad was revived and after the disruption of the Civil War, the Eastern Shore extended the line to Crisfield, Maryland in 1866 and built a branch to Pocomoke City, Maryland in 1871.
In 1879 the Eastern Shore Railroad was foreclosed on and acquired by the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad (NYP&N) which built an extension from Pocomoke City to Cape Charles, Virginia in 1884.

### Pennsylvania Railroad

The Pennsylvania Railroad acquired the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad in 1881 bringing the Delaware Railroad under its control. It later purchased several east–west lines serving locations throughout the Delmarva Peninsula in Delaware and the eastern shore of Maryland, effectively securing a monopoly over the peninsula. These included the Junction and Breakwater Railroad and the Queen Anne's Railroad (later the Maryland, Delaware and Virginia Railroad).
After opening in 1884, the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad utilized the Delaware Railroad track to reach its line to Cape Charles and this increased business on the Delaware Railroad. Cape Charles was located close to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay on Virginia's Eastern Shore and the railroad used a rail ferry to reach Norfolk, Virginia.
In 1891, the former New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad track from Porter to New Castle and the former New Castle and Wilmington Railroad track was added to the Delaware Railroad (both then owned by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore) extending its northern terminus to the Christiana River in Wilmington. With this additional track, the total length was 95.2 miles (153.2 km).
In 1910, the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad (the successor to the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore) renewed its lease of the railroad for another 99 years. The lease included the:
* mainline Shellpot Crossing to Delmar 95.2 miles (153.2 km)
* branch (cutoff) New Castle to Wilmington 5.98 miles (9.62 km)
* branch Centreville, Maryland to Townsend 34.99 miles (56.31 km)
* branch Chestertown, Maryland to Massey, Maryland 20.52 miles (33.02 km)
* branch Nicholson, Maryland to Wharton, Maryland 3.73 miles (6.00 km)
* branch Clayton to Symrna 1.27 miles (2.04 km)
* branch Clayton to Oxford, Maryland 54.27 miles (87.34 km)
* branch Seaford to Cambridge, Maryland 32.96 miles (53.04 km)
Facing competition from automobiles, passenger service was eliminated by 1949.

### Penn Central

Facing financial difficulties in the 1960s, the Pennsylvania Railroad merged with its rival New York Central in 1968 forming the Penn Central which itself filed for what was, at that time, the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history in 1970. The mainline of the Delaware Railroad was eventually absorbed into Conrail, created by the Federal Government to operate the potentially profitable lines of multiple bankrupt carriers.
Becoming profitable in the 1980s, most of Conrail was sold off to CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway in 1998. Norfolk Southern then operated the Delaware Railroad mainline until it was spun off in October 2016 to the Delmarva Central Railroad, a short-line railroad that operates 188 miles (303 km) of track on the Delmarva Peninsula.

## Legacy

Today the Delmarva Central Railroad operates trains on the right-of-way of the old Delaware Railroad, which is owned by Norfolk Southern. The railroad extends past the southern terminus of the Delaware Railroad at Delmar another 35 miles (56 km) into Maryland to Pocomoke City and still has several branches that connect to it.
Some of the railroad's old stations, such as the Felton Railroad Station and the Wyoming station still exist. The former was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 and was renovated for use as a museum, and the latter was listed in 1980.