# 78th New York State Legislature

The 78th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to April 14, 1855, during the first year of Myron H. Clark's governorship, in Albany.

## Background

Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators were elected in single-seat senatorial districts for a two-year term, the whole Senate being renewed biennially. The senatorial districts (except those in New York City) were made up of entire counties. 128 Assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts to a one-year term, the whole Assembly being renewed annually. The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all in the same county. The City and County of New York was divided into four senatorial districts, and 16 Assembly districts.
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Whig Party.
The Democratic Party was split into two factions: the Hard-Shells (or Hards) and the Soft-Shells (or Softs). In 1848, the Democratic Party had been split into Barnburners and Hunkers. The Barnburners left the party, and ran as the Free Soil Party, with presidential candidate Martin Van Buren. Afterwards the larger part of the Free Soilers re-joined the Democratic Party. During the following years, the Hunkers split over the question of reconciliation with the Barnburners. The Hards were against it, denying the Barnburners to gain influence in the Party. The Softs favored reconciliation with the intention of maintaining enough strength to win the elections. Both Hards and Softs favored a compromise on the slavery question: to maintain the status quo and to leave the decision to the local population in new Territories or States if they want slavery or not, as expressed in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Barnburners were against the permission of slavery in new Territories or States, but were now the minority in the party. The small faction of the Free Soil Party which advocated abolition of slavery, now known as the "Free Democratic Party", endorsed the Whig nominees Clark and Raymnond.
The Whig Party was in the process of disintegrating. The radical anti-slavery Whigs formed the Anti-Nebraska Party, the moderate anti-slavery wing became the Republican Party in other States, but still retained the Whig label in New York. Most of the Whigs which favored a compromise, or preferred to sidestep the issue, joined the Know Nothing movement which ran as the American Party.
About this time the Temperance movement began to enter politics to advocate legal and/or political measures to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages, and endorsed candidates of the major parties who favored prohibition. At this election, they endorsed the Whig nominees Clark and Raymond.

## Elections

The 1854 New York state election was held on November 7. Due to the Democratic split, the whole Whig ticket was elected. State Senator Myron H. Clark and New York Times publisher Henry J. Raymond were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor. Clark defeated the incumbent Gov. Horatio Seymour (Soft) by a plurality of only 309 votes. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote on Governor was: Whig/Anti-Nebraska/Temperance/Free Democratic/Anti-Rent fusion 156,800; Soft 156,500; American 122,000, and Hard 34,000.

## Sessions

The Legislature met for the regular session at the Old State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1855; and adjourned on April 14.
DeWitt C. Littlejohn (W) was elected Speaker.
On January 22, Josiah B. Williams (W) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.
On February 6, the Legislature re-elected U.S. Senator William H. Seward (W) to a second six-year term, beginning on March 4, 1855.
On March 2, Richard M. Blatchford (W) was elected Speaker pro tempore of the Assembly.
On April 9, the Legislature passed "An Act for the prevention of Intemperance, Pauperism and Crime", thus enacting Prohibition. The law was declared unconstitutional in March 1856 by the New York Court of Appeals, thus repealing Prohibition.

## State Senate
### Districts

* 1st District: Queens, Richmond and Suffolk counties
* 2nd District: Kings County
* 3rd District: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th wards of New York City
* 4th District: 7th, 10th, 13th and 17th wards of New York City
* 5th District: 8th, 9th and 14th wards of New York City
* 6th District: 11th, 12th, 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st and 22nd wards of New York City
* 7th District: Putnam, Rockland and Westchester counties
* 8th District: Columbia and Dutchess counties
* 9th District: Orange and Sullivan counties
* 10th District: Greene and Ulster counties
* 11th District: Albany and Schenectady counties
* 12th District: Rensselaer County
* 13th District: Saratoga and Washington counties
* 14th District: Clinton, Essex and Warren counties
* 15th District: Franklin and St. Lawrence counties
* 16th District: Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer and Montgomery counties
* 17th District: Delaware and Schoharie counties
* 18th District: Chenango and Otsego counties
* 19th District: Oneida County
* 20th District: Madison and Oswego counties
* 21st District: Jefferson and Lewis counties
* 22nd District: Onondaga County
* 23rd District: Broome, Cortland and Tioga counties
* 24th District: Cayuga and Wayne counties
* 25th District: Seneca, Tompkins and Yates counties
* 26th District: Chemung and Steuben counties
* 27th District: Monroe County
* 28th District: Genesee, Niagara and Orleans counties
* 29th District: Livingston and Ontario counties
* 30th District: Allegany and Wyoming counties
* 31st District: Erie County
* 32nd District: Cattaraugus and Chautauqua counties

### Members

The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.
Party affiliations follow the vote on U.S. Senator.
| District | Senator | Party | Notes |
| 1st | Hugh Halsey* | Dem.-Hard | |
| 2nd | James H. Hutchins* | Dem.-Hard | |
| 3rd | Thomas J. Barr* | Dem.-Hard | |
| 4th | Thomas R. Whitney* | American | on November 7, 1854, elected to the 34th U.S. Congress |
| 5th | Mark Spencer* | Dem.-Soft | |
| 6th | Erastus Brooks* | American | |
| 7th | William H. Robertson* | Whig | |
| 8th | Robert A. Barnard* | Whig | |
| 9th | John D. Watkins* | Dem.-Hard | |
| 10th | Eliakim Sherrill* | Whig | |
| 11th | Clarkson F. Crosby* | Whig | |
| 12th | Elisha N. Pratt* | Whig | |
| 13th | James C. Hopkins* | Whig | also Postmaster of Granville |
| 14th | George Richards* | Whig | |
| 15th | Zenas Clark* | Dem.-Soft | |
| 16th | George Yost* | Whig | |
| 17th | Peter S. Danforth* | Dem.-Hard | |
| 18th | Adam Storing* | Democrat | |
| 19th | Daniel G. Dorrance* | Whig | |
| 20th | Simon C. Hitchcock* | Democrat | |
| 21st | Robert Lansing* | Democrat | |
| 22nd | James Munroe* | Whig | |
| 23rd | George W. Bradford* | Whig | |
| 24th | William Clark* | Whig | |
| 25th | Josiah B. Williams* | Whig | on January 22, elected president pro tempore |
| 26th | Andrew B. Dickinson* | Whig | |
| 27th | William S. Bishop* | Whig | |
| 28th | Ben Field* | Whig | |
| 29th | William H. Goodwin | American | elected to fill vacancy, in place of Myron H. Clark: took his seat on February 5 |
| 30th | Martin Butts* | Whig | |
| 31st | James O. Putnam* | American | |
| 32nd | Alvah H. Walker* | Whig | |

### Employees

* Clerk: Hugh J. Hastings
* Sergeant-at-Arms: Joseph Garlinghouse
* Assistant Sergeant-at-Arms: Hiram M. Eaton
* Doorkeeper: Samuel R. Tuell
* Assistant Doorkeeper: Almond Becker

## State Assembly
### Assemblymen

The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.
Party affiliations follow the vote on U.S. Senator.
| District | District | Assemblymen | Party | Notes |
| Albany | 1st | Pryse Campbell | | |
| Albany | 2nd | Martin J. Blessing | American | |
| Albany | 3rd | Alexander Davidson | Whig | |
| Albany | 4th | James B. Van Etten | American | previously a member from Chemung Co. |
| Allegany | 1st | Lucien B. Johnson | Whig | |
| Allegany | 2nd | Lucius S. May* | Whig | |
| Broome | Broome | Charles McKinney | Whig | |
| Cattaraugus | 1st | Alexander Storrs | Dem.-Hard | |
| Cattaraugus | 2nd | James Kirkland* | Whig | |
| Cayuga | 1st | Moore Conger | Dem.-Soft | |
| Cayuga | 2nd | David L. Dodge | Democrat | |
| Cayuga | 3rd | William B. Woodin | Whig | |
| Chautauqua | 1st | Samuel S. Whallon | American | voted for Dix; on November 6, 1855, elected a Canal Commissioner |
| Chautauqua | 2nd | Francis W. Palmer* | American | |
| Chemung | Chemung | Orrin Robinson | Whig | |
| Chenango | 1st | Daniel Palmer | Whig | |
| Chenango | 2nd | Lewis Fairchild | Whig | |
| Clinton | Clinton | Josiah T. Everest | Whig | |
| Columbia | 1st | David Rhoda | Whig | |
| Columbia | 2nd | Elisha W. Bushnell | Whig | |
| Cortland | Cortland | John H. Knapp | Whig | |
| Delaware | 1st | William B. Smith | Dem.-Soft | |
| Delaware | 2nd | Ezekiel Miller | Whig | |
| Dutchess | 1st | Albert Emans | American | |
| Dutchess | 2nd | Joseph E. Allen | Dem.-Hard | |
| Dutchess | 3rd | Ambrose Wager | Dem.-Soft | |
| Erie | 1st | William W. Weed* | American | |
| Erie | 2nd | Daniel Devening Jr. | Dem.-Soft | |
| Erie | 3rd | Lorenzo D. Covey | Dem.-Hard | |
| Erie | 4th | Seth W. Goddard | American | |
| Essex | Essex | Nathaniel C. Boynton | Whig | |
| Franklin | Franklin | Edward Fitch | Whig | |
| Fulton and Hamilton | Fulton and Hamilton | Wesley Gleason* | Whig | |
| Genesee | 1st | Ambrose Stevens | Dem.-Hard | |
| Genesee | 2nd | David Mallory | Whig | |
| Greene | 1st | Martin L. Rickerson | Whig | |
| Greene | 2nd | John C. Palmer | Free Dem. | |
| Herkimer | 1st | Edmund G. Chapin | Free Dem. | |
| Herkimer | 2nd | William Bridenbecker | Dem.-Soft | |
| Jefferson | 1st | Calvin Littlefield* | Whig | |
| Jefferson | 2nd | Moses Eames | Whig | |
| Jefferson | 3rd | Joshua Main | Whig | |
| Kings | 1st | Augustus H. Ivans | Dem.-Hard | unsuccessfully contested by David S. Mills |
| Kings | 2nd | George A. Searing | Dem.-Hard | |
| Kings | 3rd | John H. Rhodes | American | |
| Lewis | Lewis | Aaron Parsons | Dem.-Soft | |
| Livingston | 1st | Lyman Odell | Dem.-Hard | |
| Livingston | 2nd | McNiel Seymour | Dem.-Hard | |
| Madison | 1st | Gilbert Tompkins | Whig | |
| Madison | 2nd | Aaron B. Brush | Whig | |
| Monroe | 1st | Benjamin Smith | Whig | |
| Monroe | 2nd | John W. Stebbins | Whig | |
| Monroe | 3rd | Nehemiah P. Stanton Jr. | Free Dem. | |
| Montgomery | 1st | Aaron W. Hull* | Whig | |
| Montgomery | 2nd | Hezekiah Baker* | Whig | |
| New York | 1st | David O'Keefe | Dem.-Soft | |
| New York | 2nd | Robert B. Coleman | Whig | |
| New York | 3rd | Patrick H. Maguire* | Dem.-Hard | voted for Seward |
| New York | 4th | John D. Dixon | Dem.-Hard | |
| New York | 5th | Edwin L. Smith | Dem.-Soft | |
| New York | 6th | William B. Aitken* | Dem.-Hard | |
| New York | 7th | Charles C. Leigh* | Dem.-Soft | voted for Seward |
| New York | 8th | Theodore Stuyvesant | Whig | |
| New York | 9th | Robert J. Jimmerson | Whig | |
| New York | 10th | Nicholas Seagrist | Dem.-Soft | |
| New York | 11th | Joseph H. Petty | American | |
| New York | 12th | William G. McLaughlin | Dem.-Soft | |
| New York | 13th | Richard M. Blatchford | Whig | on March 2, elected Speaker pro tempore |
| New York | 14th | Thomas J. Munday | Dem.-Hard | |
| New York | 15th | Aras G. Williams | American | |
| New York | 16th | John S. Cocks | American | |
| Niagara | 1st | Linus Jones Peck | American | |
| Niagara | 2nd | Ira Tompkins | Whig | |
| Oneida | 1st | George D. Williams | Whig | |
| Oneida | 2nd | Levi Blakeslee | Whig | |
| Oneida | 3rd | Hezekiah H. Beecher | Whig | |
| Oneida | 4th | Daniel Walker | Whig | |
| Onondaga | 1st | James M. Munro* | Free Dem. | voted for Seward |
| Onondaga | 2nd | William J. Machan | Whig | |
| Onondaga | 3rd | Dudley P. Phelps | Whig | |
| Onondaga | 4th | Joshua V. H. Clark | Whig | |
| Ontario | 1st | William H. Lamport | American | |
| Ontario | 2nd | Oliver Case | Democrat | |
| Orange | 1st | Joel T. Headley | American/Temp. | on November 6, 1855, elected Secretary of State of New York |
| Orange | 2nd | Samuel Beyea | Whig | |
| Orange | 3rd | James Bennett | Whig | |
| Orleans | Orleans | Elisha S. Whalen | American | Assemblyman-elect Alexis Ward died on November 28, 1854; Whalen elected to fill the vacancy on December 26, 1854 |
| Oswego | 1st | DeWitt C. Littlejohn* | Whig | elected Speaker |
| Oswego | 2nd | Jacob M. Selden | Free Dem. | contested, vacated on March 8 |
| Oswego | 2nd | Andrew S. Warner | | seated on March 8 |
| Otsego | 1st | Henry H. Davy | Dem.-Soft | |
| Otsego | 2nd | Alonzo Churchill | Whig | |
| Otsego | 3rd | William Comstock | Whig | |
| Putnam | Putnam | James J. Smalley* | Dem.-Hard | |
| Queens | Queens | James Rider | Free Dem. | |
| Rensselaer | 1st | Jonathan Edwards* | Whig | |
| Rensselaer | 2nd | Nicholas M. Masters | Democrat | |
| Rensselaer | 3rd | Edmond Cole | Whig | |
| Richmond | Richmond | John F. Raymond | Whig | |
| Rockland | Rockland | John W. Ferdon | American | |
| St. Lawrence | 1st | Asaph Green | Free Dem. | |
| St. Lawrence | 2nd | Silas Baldwin* | Whig | |
| St. Lawrence | 3rd | Levi Miller* | Dem.-Soft | |
| Saratoga | 1st | Cornelius Schuyler | Whig | |
| Saratoga | 2nd | John Terhune | Whig | |
| Schenectady | Schenectady | James Donnan | Whig | |
| Schoharie | 1st | Wilkinson Wilsey | Whig | |
| Schoharie | 2nd | Joseph H. Ramsey | Whig | |
| Seneca | Seneca | Daniel S. Kendig | American | |
| Steuben | 1st | Seth B. Cole | Whig | |
| Steuben | 2nd | Sylvester Smith | Whig | |
| Steuben | 3rd | Peter C. Ward | Dem.-Soft | |
| Suffolk | 1st | John E. Chester | American | |
| Suffolk | 2nd | David Platt | Whig | |
| Sullivan | Sullivan | William H. Buckley | Dem.-Hard | |
| Tioga | Tioga | Carlisle P. Johnson | Whig | |
| Tompkins | 1st | Frederick S. Dumont | Whig | |
| Tompkins | 2nd | Justus P. Pennoyer | Whig | |
| Ulster | 1st | Theodore B. Gates | American | |
| Ulster | 2nd | Asa S. Wygant | American | |
| Warren | Warren | Reuben Wells | Whig | |
| Washington | 1st | James I. Lourie | Whig | |
| Washington | 2nd | Justin A. Smith | Democrat | |
| Wayne | 1st | James T. Wisner | Whig | |
| Wayne | 2nd | John P. Bennett* | Whig | |
| Westchester | 1st | Daniel Hunt | Whig | |
| Westchester | 2nd | Frederick W. Waterbury | American | voted for Dickinson |
| Wyoming | Wyoming | John C. Paine | Whig | |
| Yates | Yates | Jacob B. Van Osdol | Whig | |

### Employees

* Clerk: Richard U. Sherman
* Sergeant-at-Arms: Byron Ellsworth
* Doorkeeper: Harmon Groesbeck
* First Assistant Doorkeeper: Samuel Hall
* Second Assistant Doorkeeper: William Buttro