OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Theresa Nyava

Theresa Farai Nyava-Machadu (born 1991) is a Zimbabwean activist campaigning against period poverty. Nyava is the founder of Sanitary Aid Zimbabwe Trust, a nongovernmental organization helping fight stigma and discrimination around menstruation and prevent girls from rural areas from leaving school due to the lack of access to sanitary products.

## Biography
### Early life

Nyava grew up in Zimbabwe's Zvimba district in Mashonaland West. As one in a family of 15, of which 7 were girls requiring sanitary products, Nyava personally faced period poverty in her home as a child. In Zimbabwe, her situation was not unusual, as a majority of girls do not have access to sanitary products.
Nyava-Machadu found the prevalence of period poverty had significant impacts on educational outcomes for girls, who would find themselves in desperate situations without access to sanitary products. Nyava-Machadu observed,
   "girls are often laughed at when they spoil their school uniform or the school chair, or when walking awkwardly due to use of improper and inconvenient menstrual absorbents such as rags, cow dung, you name it.”

### Sanitary Aid Zimbabwe

In 2016, she established Sanitary Aid Zimbabwe with her own savings, in an effort to do more to prevent other girls from facing the same challenges she did growing up. Sanitary Aid Zimbabwe is a charitable organization that helps to distribute period products to needy girls and women. The organization also works with schools to help educate young people about menstruation and health. In 2019, Nyava-Machadu helped develop a reusable sanitary pad that won third place in the FemBioBiz entrepreneurial competition.

### Advocacy

Through Sanitary Aid Zimbabwe, Nyava-Machadu has also worked to lobby the Zimbabwean government to allocate funding towards supporting sanitary products for girls, and for removing tax barriers to menstrual products. In 2019, the government passed its first budget explicitly outlining period products for schools.
When provisions on sanitary products were not passed in subsequent budget allocations, Nyava-Machadu responded by calling on the government for action. In addition to her work lobbying government, Nyava-Machadu regularly raises awareness about period poverty in the press through regular columns in the media.

## Awards

* 2019 – Power, Together award, Women Leaders Global Forum at the Reykjavík Global Forum.
* 2022 – World of Difference Award, The International Alliance for Women.
* 2022 – Frontline Hero Award, Ignite Youth Awards
# Macy–Colby House

The Macy–Colby House is a historically significant saltbox house at 257 Main Street in Amesbury, Massachusetts. It is a historic house museum and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2008. In addition to its great age, it is notable for its association with Thomas Macy, an early settler of Nantucket and the subject of a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier, and for its long association with the locally significant Colby family.

## History

The Macy–Colby House was originally built by Thomas Macy, probably about 1649, and sold to Anthony Colby in 1654. The saltbox structure was extensively modified by Obadiah Colby (1706–1749) in the early 1740s.
Thomas Macy was Amesbury's first town clerk; he held many town offices, and was involved in numerous land transactions. He left Amesbury in 1659 after years of conflict with local Puritan leaders, most notably over giving shelter to Quakers in this house. He became the first European settler to establish his family on the island of Nantucket. Macy became the subject of a poem by the 19th-century poet John Greenleaf Whittier entitled "The Exile", depicting the plight of Quakers in the religiously intolerant Puritan society of colonial Massachusetts.
Anthony Colby (1605–1660/61) came to America with the Winthrop fleet in 1630. He first settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was in Salisbury, Massachusetts, by 1640. He was one of the first settlers of the new town of Amesbury in 1650. He was active in town affairs, served in various offices, and was part owner of a local sawmill.
Anthony Colby's descendants owned the Macy–Colby property for 245 years; nine generations of Colbys lived in this house. In 1899, Moses Colby (1822–1901) donated the house and property to the Bartlett Cemetery Association as a memorial to the Colby and Macy families, and to the people of Amesbury, Massachusetts. The property is maintained by the Friends of the Macy–Colby House Association, and is open to the public on Saturdays during the summer.
This house dates to ca. 1745 according to the Massachusetts Historical Commission/ Massachusetts Cultural Resources Information System.
# NS 3850

The NS 3851–3855 was a series of locomotives was in service at the Dutch Railways shortly after the Second World War. They were originally German locomotives.

## History

As a successor to the P6, the Prussian P8 was developed by Robert Hermann Garbe. The locomotive was built by the Berliner Machinenbau AG and was intended for the Königlich Preußische Staatseisenbahnen (K.P.St.E.). The first locomotives initially showed some weaknesses, such as wrongly dimensioned connecting rods and a tender that ensured that the locomotive could not run faster than 45 km/h backwards. Over the years, various adjustments were made to the P8, such as the use of a DB tender (wannentender) for the P8, which greatly improved the running characteristics of the locomotive backwards and which was now able to achieve a speed of 85 km/h running in reverse. (the Dutch locomotives had no wannentenders).

## Service with the NS

Five locomotives entered service with the NS in 1945 because many Dutch locomotives were taken or destroyed by the Germans in World War II. They were classified as the series NS 3850. They were numbered 3851 to 3855.
All locomotives were returned to Germany in 1947.
| Manufacturer | Serial number | DRB number | NS number |
| Maschinenbau Anstalt Humboldt | 1684 of 1922 | 38 3733 | 3851 |
| Maschinenbau Anstalt Humboldt | 1664 of 1921 | 38 3553 | 3852 |
| Linke-Hofmann Werke | 1294 of 1916 | 38 1856 | 3853 |
| Henschel & Sohn | 16881 of 1919 | 38 2527 | 3854 |
| Berliner Maschinenbau AG | 7201 of 1920 | 38 2776 | 3855 |

## Gallery

* NS 3851 of the NS in Eindhoven. (Locomotive belonged to the D.R.B.)
* Steam locomotive no. 3851 of the N.S. from the D.R.B. (originally number 38 3733) in Hengelo (1946)
* Two locomotives of the series NS 3851 at the (restored) railway bridge over the Maas in Hedel during the load test. These originally German steam locomotives Baureihe 38 that were in service in the Netherlands from 1945 to 1947
* NS 3853 from the D.R.B. (originally number 38 1856) in Hengelo (1946)

## Sources

* H. Waldorp: Onze Nederlandse stoomlocomotieven in woord en beeld, (7e druk) uitgeverij De Alk, Alkmaar, 1986. ISBN 90-6013-947-X.
* Het Utrchts Archief
# Nouri Abusahmain

Nouri Abusahmain (Arabic: نوري أبو سهمين; born October 25, 1956) is a Libyan politician who served as the President of the General National Congress (GNC) of Libya from 2013 until the GNC's dissolution in 2016. He was a major figure on the Islamist side of the Libyan civil war (2014–2020) and is the founder of the Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room (LROR), which is recognized as a terrorist organization by the Libyan House of Representatives. He is reported to have rigged proceedings of the GNC while serving as its president.

## Biography

He was originally elected to the GNC as member for Zuwarah. He had some support from the Muslim Brotherhood, but stood as an independent candidate. He has denied strong links with the Muslim Brotherhood.
In 2013, he was the Islamist candidate for president of the Libyan General National Congress, but was considered a compromise candidate acceptable to more liberal members of the congress. As a result, he became GNC president on 25 June 2013. He had the support of the Muslim Brotherhood's party, the Justice and Construction Party, in his election. On becoming GNC president, Abusahmain was the first Libyan Berber to attain a national leadership role since the Tripolitanian Republic of 1918–22. Abusahmain immediately set up an Islamist armed group, the LROR, which attempted an Islamist coup in October 2013. He suppressed debates and inquiries which the Islamist part of the GNC did not want, including a debate over his alleged illegal diversion of money towards the LROR.
During Abusahmain's presidency of the GNC and subsequent to GNC's decision to enforce sharia law in December 2013, gender segregation and compulsory hijab were being imposed in Libyan universities from early 2014, provoking strong criticism from Women's Rights groups.
He played a part in the constitutional crisis which emerged when Islamist Ahmed Maiteeq was supposedly elected prime minister in a GNC session in April 2014 which was intimidated by armed Islamist militants bursting into parliament. Although the Deputy Speaker, Justice Ministry, Supreme Court and opposition parties rejected the proceedings as illegal, Abusahmain signed a decree confirming Maiteeq
According to supporters of the eastern government, his term ended when the new House of Representatives was established on 4 August 2014. He was succeeded by Abu Bakr Baira, the interim head of new parliament. He was also GNC representative for his Berber hometown of Zuwarah, in the west of the country.
# Blanking level

In video technology, blanking level is the level of the composite video signal during the front and back porches of the video signal.
The composite video signal is actually the video information superimposed on blanking. The total level of the composite video signal (blanking + video) is 1000 mV. This level can also be given in IRE units such that the level difference reserved for video information is 100 IRE units. So white corresponds to 100 IRE units and blanking level corresponds to 0 IRE units. The level of black is 0 IRE units in the case of CCIR System B and CCIR System G (European systems) and 7.5 IRE units in the case of CCIR System M (American system), although NTSC-J in Japan, also utilizing System M, uses 0 IRE for both black and blanking much like Systems B & G. So, while there is no difference between the black and the blanking levels in most systems, they differ by 50 mV in system M. (When defined in terms of voltage difference, 7.5 IRE units is almost equal to 50 mV.)
# Josa

Josa is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the population had 30 inhabitants.
# Andrew Exum

Andrew Exum (born c. 1978–1979) is an American scholar of the Middle East, a former U.S. Army officer. He was a part of General Stanley McChrystal's review of the American strategy in Afghanistan.

## Life

Exum graduated from The McCallie School in Chattanooga, Tennessee (1996) and the University of Pennsylvania (2000), where he was a columnist for the Daily Pennsylvanian, a member of Sigma Nu fraternity, and a member of the Sphinx Senior Society. As a U.S. Army officer, he led a platoon of light infantry in Afghanistan following the September 11, 2001 attacks and subsequently led a platoon of Army Rangers as a part of special operations task forces in Kuwait and Afghanistan with the rank of captain. He was commissioned as an officer through the University of Pennsylvania's Army ROTC program, which he initially joined as a means of financing his education there. He graduated in 2000 with a Bachelor of Arts in classics and English literature. He is a veteran of Operation Anaconda. He earned a master's degree in Middle Eastern Studies at the American University of Beirut. In 2006–2007, Exum was a Soref fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. He later studied towards a doctorate from the Department of War Studies, King's College London.
Blake Hounshell of Foreign Policy calls Exum, "one of the sharpest Middle East analysts around."
While still on active duty, but "laid up with a non-combat knee injury," Exum wrote his first book, This Man's Army: A Soldier's Story from the Front Lines of the War on Terrorism.
On May 30, 2008, Exum revealed himself to be the founder of the blog Abu Muqawama (Arabic: أبوالمقاومة for "father or expert of the Resistance"). This blog, "dedicated to following issues related to contemporary insurgencies," was followed by many notable students and practitioners of counterinsurgency in the military, academia, and the media. It has also been referred to as Small Wars Journal's "rogue cousin" partially due to the large overlap in topics and participants and due to its ability to initiate a discussion about topics that are not yet appropriate for the more professional forum. At the time of the revelation, Exum also announced he was leaving the blog to pursue his research.
Exum became a Fellow of the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). He returned to the blog, now hosted at CNAS, continuing to post under the pseudonym Abu Muqawama. He subsequently began posting under his own name.
He served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Middle East Policy in the US Government from 2015 to 2016.

## Views

Exum has criticized several strategic elements of the War on Terror. In particular, he is critical of the U.S. government's reliance on private military corporations in Iraq and Afghanistan as well as what he sees as the misuse of drones in eliminating terror targets.

## Books

* This Man's Army: A Soldier's Story from the Front Lines of the War on Terrorism
# Public Schools of Petoskey

Public Schools of Petoskey is a school district headquartered in Petoskey, Michigan.

## History

Chris Parker served as superintendent until his 2022 resignation. The employees partook in a survey, and the survey concluded that 90% of the employees perceived serious problems to be present in the culture of the school district. The school board made a plan in response to the survey finds and Parker's departure.
In 2022 Jeffrey Leslie became the superintendent. He was selected out of three interviewed candidates, which in turn were out of ten applicants.

## District boundary

In Emmet County the district includes, in addition to Petoskey: Bay View, Conway, and a portion of Oden. Townships include Bear Creek Township, Resort Township, Springvale Township, and sections of Little Traverse Township and Littlefield Township. A portion of the district is in Charlevoix County, where it includes Walloon Lake. Townships covered include portions of Chandler Township, Hayes Township, and Melrose Township.

## Schools
### Secondary schools

* Petoskey High School
* Petoskey Middle School

### Elementary schools

* Central Elementary School
* Lincoln Elementary School
* Ottawa Elementary School
* Sheridan Elementary School
* Montessori School
# Hryhoriy Arshynov

Hryhoriy (Grisha) Arshynov (Ukrainian: Григорий Аршинов; 1961 – 1 November 2020) was a Ukrainian Jewish civil engineer and activist. He spearheaded the restoration of the 17th-century Great Maharsha Synagogue and the Jewish cemetery in Ostroh.
Arshynov died on 1 November 2020, of complications from COVID-19.

## Publications

Khrystyna Semeryn. Der Mann, Der ein Gewolde Trug | Чоловік, який тримав склепіння. Gel:blau, 2022. [The Man Who Held Up the Vault. Literary reportage]
# Janel Jorgensen

Janel Simone Jorgensen (born May 18, 1971), later known by her married name Janel McArdle, is an American former competition swimmer and butterfly specialist. As a 17-year-old at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, she won a silver medal as a member of the second-place U.S. team in the women's 4×100-meter medley relay, together with her teammates Beth Barr (backstroke), Tracey McFarlane (breaststroke), and Mary Wayte (freestyle).
Jorgensen received an athletic scholarship to attend Stanford University, where she swam for the Stanford Cardinal swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Pacific-10 Conference competition. In 1992–93, she was the recipient of the Honda Sports Award for Swimming and Diving, recognizing her as the outstanding college female swimmer of the year. In 2021, she was honored to be a part of the CSCAA's 100 Greatest Collegiate Swimmers of All Time.
Jorgensen is the current COO of Swim Across America, a national non-profit organization that has raised over $100 million for cancer research, prevention and treatment through swimming events all over the United States.
# LSWR X2 class

The LSWR X2 class was a class of express passenger 4-4-0 steam locomotives designed for the London and South Western Railway by William Adams. Twenty were constructed at Nine Elms Locomotive Works between 1890 and 1892.
The class were numbered 577–596, and were an enlarged version of the 460 class. Adams had designed his 7-foot-1-inch (2.159 m) drivered locomotives for the London to Bournemouth route, while the 6-foot-7-inch (2.007 m) drivered locomotives were intended for the London to Salisbury route which had more severe gradients.
Table of locomotive orders :
| Year | Order | Quantity | LSWR Numbers | Notes |
| 1890 | X2 | 10 | 577–586 | |
| 1891 | F3 | 10 | 587–596 | |
All passed to the Southern Railway at the grouping in 1923. Withdrawals started in 1930, and by the end of 1933, only four remained. No. 592 went in 1936, numbers 587 and 590 were retired during 1937, leaving only No. 586, which was withdrawn in November 1942. All were scrapped.
Table of withdrawals :
| Year | Quantity in service at start of year | Quantity withdrawn | Locomotive numbers |
| 1930 | 20 | 1 | 595 |
| 1931 | 19 | 8 | 582, 583, 585, 589, 591, 593, 594, 596 |
| 1932 | 11 | 3 | 579, 581, 588 |
| 1933 | 8 | 4 | 577, 578, 580, 584 |
| 1936 | 4 | 1 | 592 |
| 1937 | 3 | 2 | 587, 590 |
| 1942 | 1 | 1 | 586 |
# Navon figure

A Navon figure is made of a larger recognisable shape, such as a letter, composed of copies of a smaller different shape. Navon figures are used in tests of visual neglect. David Navon's research demonstrated that global features are perceived more quickly than local features. Jules Davidoff also performed research, but in a remote culture, finding opposite results; the participants more readily identified the local features. Patients with simultanagnosia have difficulty identifying global features, and when presented with a Navon figure will identify only the local features. A 2010 study comparing global-local processing in different races, found that East Asians demonstrated significantly stronger global processing than Caucasians.

## Example

A letter T (global) composed of repeat copies of the letter S (local).

## The Navon effect

Reading Navon figures has been found to affect a range of tasks. It has been shown that just 5 minutes reading out the small letters of Navon figures has a detrimental effect on face recognition. The size of the Navon effect has been found to be influenced by the properties of the image. The effect is short lived (lasting less than a couple of minutes).
The Navon effect has also been observed in other tasks such as golf putting where reading the small Navon letters leads to poorer putting performance.
# Kaden Braithwaite

Kaden Elliot Braithwaite (born 25 March 2008) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for Manchester City.

## Club career

Braithwaite was born in Bolton and was first scouted by Manchester City at under-sevens level while playing for his grassroots team Ladybridge. He was named vice-captain of their under-18 team.
On 24 September 2024, Braithwaite made his senior club debut starting in the EFL Cup against Watford. He became the third-youngest player to make their full debut for the club, and the youngest player to play under manager Pep Guardiola.

## International career

Born in England, Braithwaite is of Jamaican descent. He is an England youth international. In 2023 he made four appearances for the England under-15 team and also represented England U16. In September 2024 he scored for England U17 against Germany.

## Style of play

Braithwaite mainly operates as a defender. He specifically operates as a center-back. He can also operate as a left-back or as a midfielder. He is known for his strength. He is also known for his versatility.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 24 September 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | EFL Cup | EFL Cup | Europe | Europe | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Manchester City | 2024–25 | Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
# Acidipropionibacterium timonense

Acidipropionibacterium timonense (A. timonense) is a bacterium from the genus of Acidipropionibacterium.

## Discovery

A. timonense was discovered in 2019 during a macrobiotic study of the breast milk of 4 unrelated healthy mothers in Mali. Alongside A. timonense, Lactimicrobium massiliense, Anaerolactibacter massiliensis, and Galactobacillus timonensis were also discovered. These four species were first isolated in breast milk, making them the first species since Streptococcus lactarius to be discovered by this method. The name timonense was to signify the French quarter of La Timone located in Marseille, the location in which the species was first isolated and discovered. A. timonense's taxonomic status is not currently recognized by the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.

## Taxonomy and Evolution

For phylogenetic analysis, 16S ribosomal RNA PCR was used to identity and classify A. timonense. Genetic classification of 16S RNA found that L. massiliense, A. massiliensis, and G. timonensis were closely related, while A. timonense was more closely related to Cutibacterium acnes, Cutibacterium avidum, and Cutibacterium granulosum. A. timonense is also related to the propionibacterium genus, and is part of the larger propionibacteriaceae family. A phylogenetic tree comparing A. timonense to genetically similar species is shown below:

## Description and Cell Biology

A. timonense is a gram-positive, non-endospore forming, non-motile, and faculative anaerobic bacterium. The bacteria is 0.8 μm in width and 1.2 μm long with a coccobacilli (short rod) shape. The cell wall is primarily made up of 15-carbon fatty acid chains. A. timonense has been observed to grow between 28°C and 45°C, with optimal growth occurring at 37°C. A. timonense's pH range is between 6.5 and 8.0, with optimum growth at 7.5. Colonies of A. timonense are circular, cream-colored, and non-haemolytic. Metabolically, A. timonense is capable of hydrolysing aesculin and gelatine, and ferments cellobiose, maltose, glucose, glycerol, sucrose, and trehalose, along with most other sugars. A. timonense is unable to produce urease and, thus, cannot reduce nitrates. Additionally, it cannot ferment arabinose, rhamnose, sorbitol and xylose.
# Pueblo County School District 70

Pueblo County School District 70 (D70) is a school district headquartered in unincorporated Pueblo County, Colorado, near Pueblo.

## Schools

High schools:
* Pueblo County High School (Vineland, in an unincorporated area)
* Pueblo West High School (Pueblo West, in an unincorporated area)
* Rye High School (unincorporated area, near Rye)
K-8 schools:
* Beulah School of Natural Sciences (Beulah)
Middle schools:
* Craver Middle School (Colorado City)
* Pleasant View Middle School
* Liberty Point International School (formerly Pueblo West Middle School) (Pueblo West)
* Skyview Middle School (Pueblo West)
* Vineland Middle School (Vineland)
Elementary schools:
* Avondale Elementary School
* Cedar Ridge Elementary School
* Desert Sage Elementary School
* Liberty Point Elementary School
* North Mesa Elementary School
* Prairie Winds Elementary School
* Rye Elementary School
* South Mesa Elementary School
* Sierra Vista Elementary School
* Vineland Elementary School