OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kamal Saleem

Kamal Saleem (born 1957) is the pseudonym of a Lebanese-American self-claimed former Muslim terrorist. He is a convert to Christianity and minister who evangelizes to Muslims.

## Biography
### Early life

Born in Lebanon, Saleem claims to have been taught to wage jihad from a young age for the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Muslim Brotherhood. When he was seven, he says he was sent by his parents to Muslim training camps to learn to use weapons and engage and kill the enemy. He was reportedly also taught another more subtle form of warfare, called "Cultural Jihad", which he was eventually chosen to wage in the United States.
He says he lived in a small Midwestern town in the early 1980s where he tried to recruit men in poorer neighborhoods to Islam. He then had a serious car crash, which hospitalized him. He subsequently received support from Christians, and after being "overwhelmed with the outpouring of Christian love", he eventually converted to Christianity. It has been uncovered that he worked for the Christian Broadcasting Network from 1987 to 2003, and for Focus on the Family since then.

### Alleged terrorist activities

Saleem recounted his story as a terrorist in the book The Blood of Lambs: A Former Terrorist’s Memoir of Death and Redemption in 2009. His claims of being a former terrorist, including an encounter with Yasser Arafat, having helped run a terrorist camp in the Libyan desert under Moammar Qaddafi, visiting Iraq where he rubbed shoulders with Saddam Hussein, and working alongside the mujahideen in Afghanistan, have been questioned in the magazine Mother Jones, Books & Culture, The Daily Beast and The Kansas City Star. Saleem additionally claims that the Muslim Brotherhood has put a $25 million bounty on his head, and alleges that he has been the subject of an assassination attempt. He has been compared to other alleged ex-Muslim terrorist converts to Christianity such as Walid Shoebat, Zachariah Anani, Ergun Caner and Emir Caner, whose stories have also been disputed.

### Activities after conversion

Saleem founded Koome Ministries together with his wife in 2006, and travels across the United States "challenging Muslims to question their allegiance to Allah," and aiming to "teach about what it sees as 'radical Islam's true agenda'." He has appeared on CNN, CBS News, and Fox News, and has spoken on terrorism and radical Islam at Stanford University, the University of California, the Air Force Academy, and other institutions. He has been described as a part of the counter-jihad movement.
# Gilles de Roberval

Gilles Personne de Roberval (August 10, 1602 – October 27, 1675) was a French mathematician born at Roberval near Beauvais, France. His name was originally Gilles Personne or Gilles Personier, with Roberval the place of his birth.

## Biography

Like René Descartes, he was present at the Siege of La Rochelle in 1627. In the same year he went to Paris, and in 1631 he was appointed the philosophy chair at Gervais College, Paris. In 1634, he was also made the chair of mathematics at the Royal College of France. A condition of tenure attached to this particular chair was that the holder (Roberval, in this case) would propose mathematical questions for solution, and should resign in favour of any person who solved them better than himself. Notwithstanding this, Roberval was able to keep the chair until his death.
Roberval was one of those mathematicians who, just before the invention of the infinitesimal calculus, occupied their attention with problems which are only soluble, or can be most easily solved, by some method involving limits or infinitesimals, which would today be solved by calculus. He worked on the quadrature of surfaces and the cubature of solids, which he accomplished, in some of the simpler cases, by an original method which he called the "Method of Indivisibles"; but he lost much of the credit of the discovery as he kept his method for his own use, while Bonaventura Cavalieri published a similar method which he independently invented.
Another of Roberval’s discoveries was a very general method of drawing tangents, by considering a curve as described by a moving point whose motion is the resultant of several simpler motions. He also discovered a method of deriving one curve from another, by means of which finite areas can be obtained equal to the areas between certain curves and their asymptotes. To these curves, which were also applied to effect some quadratures, Evangelista Torricelli gave the name "Robervallian lines."
Between Roberval and René Descartes there existed a feeling of ill-will, owing to the jealousy aroused in the mind of the former by the criticism that Descartes offered to some of the methods employed by him and by Pierre de Fermat; and this led him to criticize and oppose the analytical methods that Descartes introduced into geometry about this time.
As results of Roberval’s labours outside of pure mathematics may be noted a work on the system of the universe, in which he supports the Copernican heliocentric system and attributes a mutual attraction to all particles of matter and also the invention of a special kind of balance, the Roberval Balance.

## Works

* Traité de Mécanique des Poids Soutenus par des Puissances sur des Plans Inclinés à l’Horizontale (1636).
* Le Système du Monde d’après Aristarque de Samos (1644).
* Divers Ouvrages de M. de Roberval (1693).
# Guenther Podola

Guenther Fritz Erwin Podola (8 February 1929 – 5 November 1959, alias Mike Colato) was a German-born petty thief, and the last man to be hanged in the UK for killing a police officer. His trial was notable and controversial because of his defence of amnesia and the use of expert witnesses to determine whether his illness was real.

## Life

Podola was born in Berlin, Germany. He was a fanatical member of the Hitler Youth movement. Podola moved to Canada in August 1952. On 1 March 1957 he was sentenced to 10 days' imprisonment following a conviction for burglary in Montreal. Then on 26 March he was sentenced for another 11 counts of theft and burglary and imprisoned for 2 years. On 25 July 1958 Podola was released and deported back to West Germany.

## London

Podola moved to London on 21 May 1959. He assumed the alias of Mike Colato and pretended to be a gangster. He broke into the house of an American model, Verne Schiffmann in Roland Gardens, and stole jewellery and furs worth £2,000. He offered to return her possessions for £500, but she notified the police who attempted to arrest Podola on 12 July 1959 in Kensington. Podola shot one of the officers, Detective Sergeant Raymond Purdy, through the heart with a Radom 9mm semi-automatic pistol, after he ran into a house at 105 Onslow Square. He was later apprehended and Podola claimed he was beaten up by the police and, as a result, lost his memory of events. The police claimed that he was merely hit on the head when they broke down the door to his hotel room.

## Trial

The start of the trial was delayed for nine days while a jury heard evidence of whether Podola was medically fit to stand trial. After 3+1⁄2 hours of deliberation, they decided he was. A fresh jury was called to hear the trial itself which commenced on 18 July 1959. When asked for his plea, he replied: "I do not remember the crime for which I stand accused ... I am unable to answer the charges." He was defended by Frederick Lawton QC. Neurologist Michael Ashby gave evidence as an expert medical witness at his trial, as did psychiatrist Archibald Leigh, who claimed Podola was feigning his illness.
The jury took 38 minutes to find Podola guilty of murder, and he was sentenced to death by the trial judge, Mr Justice Edmund Davies. He later confessed his guilt. The Home Secretary, Rab Butler, under a little-known and little-used power, referred the case to the Court of Criminal Appeal, which upheld the conviction. The Attorney-General's refusal of leave to appeal to the House of Lords brought the case to a close in a fresh outburst of public controversy. Podola was hanged at Wandsworth Prison at 9:45 a.m. on 5 November 1959. He was buried in the prison graveyard (grave 59). His execution took place five years before the last execution of any criminal and six years before the suspension and later abolition of the death penalty.
# Francis, Day & Hunter Ltd v Twentieth Century Fox Corp

Francis, Day & Hunter Ltd v Twentieth Century Fox Corp is a leading Judicial Committee of the Privy Council opinion on copyright law.

## Background

In 1892, Francis, Day and Hunter had released a song titled "The Man who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo", which was written and composed by Fred Gilbert. It acquired copyright under the Copyright Act 1842, but failed to acquire the parallel performing right under the Copyright (Musical Compositions) Act 1882 because the published copies lacked a notice of reservation of such right.
Gilbert died intestate in 1903, at which time British copyright law stated that copyright in his works would lapse in 1934. However, the Copyright Act 1911 extended it until the end of 1953.
In 1935, 20th Century Fox released the film The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo, which (other than the title) had no other connection to the song. As it was exhibited in various theatres in Canada, Francis sued in the Supreme Court of Ontario for infringement of copyright by performance in public, infringement of the literary copyright, and for passing off.

## The courts below

At trial, McEvoy J found against Francis on the issue of the performing right, but found in their favour on the question of the "title and theme" of the musical work. The question of passing off did not arise.
On appeal, Middleton JA of the Appellate Division agreed with McEvoy J on the first issue, reversed his judgment on the second, and further held that there was no passing off.
Francis appealed the ruling to the Privy Council.

## At the Privy Council

The Board rejected the appeal, agreeing with the Ontario courts on all counts. In his ruling, Lord Wright stated the following:
   * The question of performing right failed in law, because of the lacking reservation notice required under UK copyright law, which extended to Canada at that time. It also failed in fact, because neither the song nor the music was performed in the film.
   * The claim of literary infringement failed, because the only copying was in the use of the title, and that was too insubstantial in the facts of the case to constitute infringement. A name alone cannot possess copyright unless it is sufficiently original and distinctive. "To break the bank" is a hackneyed expression, and Monte Carlo is or was the most obvious place at which that achievement or accident might take place."
   * Passing off did not take place in this case, as a person seeing the film was not likely to expect to hear the song. "The thing said to be passed off must resemble the thing for which it is passed off. A frying pan cannot be passed off as a kettle."
# Hunan Coal Group

Hunan Coal Group, or Xiangmei Group (simplified Chinese: 湘煤集团; traditional Chinese: 湘煤集團; pinyin: Xiāngméi Jítuán), full name Hunan Provincial Coal Industry Group (湖南省煤业集团有限公司), is a large energy enterprise in China that has more than 30,000 employees and controls over six billion tons of coal resources. The company consists of 56 subsidiaries operating in Hunan and Xinjiang.

## History

Hunan Coal Group was established on June 19, 2006, by integrating the Lianshao Mining Bureau, Zixing Mining Group, Baisha Coal and Electricity Group, Changsha Mining Group, Xiangtan Mining Group, and Chenxi Coal Mine.
In 2009, Hunan Coal Group, China Telecom, and Datang Telecom Group jointly established Hunan Black Gold Times (湖南黑金时代), now called Hunan Coal Industry. It is a key thermal coal producer in Hunan province, and the listed arm of Hunan Coal Group.
In August 2009, roughly five thousand of the company's coal miners began striking after managers of a mine in Jinzhushan, Lengshuijiang, tried forcing them to sign contracts that would make their severance pay disconnected from their length of service, which violated China's 2008 Labour Contract Law.
From 2018 to 2020, the group reported over ten billion yuan in revenue, paying approximately one billion yuan in taxes and profiting between 250 and 280 million yuan. In 2023, the company's revenue reached 18.107 billion yuan, resulting in 1.703 billion yuan paid in taxes, and a profit of 802 million yuan. That year, Hunan Coal Group was ranked 40th place among the "Top 50 Chinese Coal Enterprises".
In May 2018, the Intermediate People's Court in Yueyang, Hunan, sentenced Tan Daoxiong, Chairman of the Hunan Coal Group and Hunan Black Goal Times, to nine years in prison and a 600,000 RMB fine on bribery, corruption, and abuse of power charges. Using his Chinese Communist Party and corporate positions to solicit bribes, Tan had accepted property and money worth more than two million yuan.
# Jargalyn Erdenetülkhüür

Jargalyn Erdenetülkhüür (born 13 September 1978) is a Mongolian cross-country skier. He competed in the men's 15 kilometre classical event at the 2002 Winter Olympics.
# Damik Scafe

Damik Alonzo Scafe (born April 26, 1988) is a former American football defensive end. He was originally signed by the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent in 2011. He played college football at Boston College.

## Early life

Scafe earned Hartford Courant All-State honors as a senior defensive lineman at Windsor High School. He also gained All-State accolades from the Connecticut High School Coaches Association. Scafe was childhood friends with NFL nose tackle Terrance Knighton and Chris Baker since high school, where the three of them were teammates.

## College career

Scafe was a starter on the Eagles defensive line in his last two years with Boston College (2009, 2010).

## Professional career

He began his rookie season on the Reserve/Injured list and spent the final four weeks on the Chargers' practice squad.
He made his NFL debut on December 23, 2012 against the New York Jets and appeared in final two games as sub, registering one quarterback hit.
Scafe was waived/injured by the Chargers on August 18, 2014. He waived on May 5, 2015.
# Gunnar Garfors

Gunnar Garfors (born 29 May 1975) is a Norwegian traveler, author, media professional, and public speaker. Garfors was the first person to visit every country in the world twice, he holds a range of travel world records and has written several travel books. He has also worked in broadcasting and new media developments since 2001.

## Personal life

Garfors is the oldest of seven children. He was born in Hammerfest in Northern Norway but soon moved to Naustdal Municipality on the country's west coast where he grew up with his mother Ruth Berit Stensletten Garfors, his father Reidar Magne Garfors and his six siblings. He has also lived in Havøysund, Førde, Dublin, Falmouth, Copenhagen and Taipei. He now lives in Oslo with his wife, Jacqui Kunz.
Garfors holds a bachelor's degree (Hons) from Falmouth College of Arts in Great Britain and a Master of Management degree from the Norwegian School of Management.

## Travels and world records

On 18 June 2012, Garfors and Adrian Butterworth set a Guinness World Record by being the first people to visit five continents in the same day. Garfors, Øystein Djupvik, and Tay-young Pak set a record in September 2014 by visiting 19 countries in 24 hours. Garfors set another Guinness World Record on 2 February 2018 when he circumnavigated the world via the six inhabited continents on scheduled aircraft in 56 hours and 56 minutes together with Dutchmen Erik de Zwart and Ronald Haanstra. On 16 December 2018, he became the first person to visit all 198 countries (including states recognized by at least 10 UN members) in the world twice.

## Writing

Garfors has written several travel books, including Ingenstad which has featured as a Norwegian bestseller. Garfors wrote a bimonthly travel column in the Japanese newspaper Mainichi Shimbun from 2013 to 2015 and occasionally wrote travel articles for The Guardian.
# Michael Albeck

Michael Albeck (Hebrew: מיכאל אלבק; born October 1934) is an Israeli organic and bioorganic chemist of tellurium compounds. He was President of Bar-Ilan University from 1986 to 1989.

## Early life and education

Michael Albeck was born in Berlin, Germany to Hanoch and Henya Albeck in October 1934. His family immigrated to Israel (then Mandatory Palestine) in 1935 and settled in Jerusalem. He earned both MSc in Chemistry (1959) and PhD (1962) from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

## Career

He worked as Principal Investigator in the Institute for Fiber and Forest Products in Jerusalem in 1962-1964, as the head of the chemical laboratories of Mekorot Water Company in 1964-1965, and then he joined Bar Ilan University as a faculty member at the Department of Chemistry, becoming a Full Professor in 1978. Albeck served as the Dean of The Faculty of Natural Sciences of Bar Ilan University twice (1967-1969 and 1972-1975), as a member of the Board of Governors and the Board of Trustees of the university (1982-1999) and as the university’s Rector (1982-1986) and President (1986-1989; succeeding Emanuel Rackman, and succeeded by Ernest Krausz). Since 2003 he is a Professor Emeritus at Bar Ilan.
Albeck assumed many scientific duties outside Bar Ilan University, including member of the boards of The Weizmann Scientific Press, Dead Sea Works, The German-Israel Binational Foundation (GIF), Teva Pharmaceuticals, and as the President of The Israel Chemical Society. Prof. Michael Albeck is the son of the late Prof. Hanoch Albeck, who was a Professor of Talmud at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and one of the foremost scholars of Judaic studies. Michael and his wife Shulamit, a retired Faculty member of the School of Social Work at Bar Ilan University, have four children, including chemistry professor Amnon Albeck, grandchildren and great grandchildren.

## Scientific interests and publications

Albeck’s main scientific interests are in the chemistry
and biological activity
of organic and inorganic tellurium compounds. Two of these compounds, AS101 and SAS, exhibit immuno-modulating, antiviral and anticancer activity. They are now in various clinical trials. He published over 120 scientific publications and patents.
# Massimo Maffezzoli

Massimo Maffezzoli (born 21 February 1976) is an Italian basketball head coach, currently managing Sidigas Avellino in the Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) and the Basketball Champions League. He is assistant coach of Romeo Sacchetti for the Italian national team.

## Career

Massimo Maffezzoli started his coach-career managing the youth sector of Scaligera Verona, SanZeno Verona, VL Pesaro, Aquila Trento and UC Casalpusterlengo from 1997 to 2008.
He later started a long career as assistant-coach of many clubs like Pallacanestro Trapani, Rimini Crabs, Veroli Basket, and Virtus Roma (in Serie A).
On 2 July 2013 Maffezzoli became assistant coach of Dinamo Sassari.
From 2016 to 2018, he was assistant coach for New Basket Brindisi.
In 2018 Maffezzoli became assistant coach for Scandone Avellino. On 10 April 2019 Maffezzoli became new head coach of Avellino.

## Honours and titles

Assistant Coach
* Lega Basket Serie A: 1
    Dinamo Sassari (2015)
* Italian Basketball Cup: 2
    Dinamo Sassari (2014, 2015)
* Italian Basketball Supercup: 1
    Dinamo Sassari (2014)
* Italian LNP Cup: 1
    UC Casalpusterlengo (2007)
# Irwin Cohen

Irwin Lee Cohen (January 21, 1952 – August 27, 2012) was an American judoka who represented the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. He won a gold medal at the 1973 Maccabiah Games in Israel, and a silver medal at the 1975 Pan American Games.

## Biography

He represented the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany.
At the 1973 Maccabiah Games in Israel, he won the light-heavyweight gold medal, defeating Canadian Olympian Terry Farnsworth. He won silver at the 1975 Pan American Games.
Irwin Cohen's two sons Aaron and Richard were also accomplished judokas. Aaron in particular was a five-time national champion and three-time bronze medallist at the Pan American Judo Championships.
Irwin Cohen's brother Steve Cohen is a former Olympic Team competitor (1988) and Olympic coach (2000).
Irwin Cohen, who had lived in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, died on August 27, 2012, from amyloidosis and myelodysplastic syndromes.
# Makimuku Site

The Makimuku Site (纒向遺跡, Makimuku iseki) is an archaeological site with the traces of a late-Yayoi period (2nd century) to early-Kofun period (4th century) settlement located at the northwest foot of Mount Miwa of the city of Sakurai, Nara Prefecture, in the Kansai region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site in 2013.

## Overview

Located in Ota, Tsuji, and Higashida neighborhoods of Sakurai, this large settlement was located on an alluvial fan formed by the Makimukagawa River, a tributary of the Hatsuse River. In the Tsuji area to the east, there were two artificial ditches, 5 meters wide and one meter deep, that merged midway and had a weir. In some places, the banks were protected by driving sheet piles into the ground, and in other places, water collection basins were built, and a large amount of earthenware from the early Kofun period has been excavated from the ditches. In addition to the above, there are many excellent wooden vessels such as boat-shaped and bird-shaped wooden vessels, agricultural tools, and discs with complex arc patterns. Since 1971, the Kashihara Archaeological Institute has conducted surveys and confirmed the existence of six settlements and tomb groups connected by a single water system within an area of 2.5 kilometers east to west and 2 kilometers north to south. There are over 40 prehistoric storage pits and linear waterways on the fringes of the settlements. The bottoms of the pits reach the spring water layer, and excavated pottery and wooden artifacts from these pits is thought to have been used in agricultural rituals, weaving tools, winnowing baskets, burnt wood, and large amounts of rice husks. some 30% of the early Kofun period remains are from other regions, such as eastern and western Tokai, Hokuriku, Sanin, the Osaka Bay coast, central and western Setouchi, and Kyushu, indicating diverse exchanges with each region. The site contains fragments of dotaku bronze bells and large number of Yayoi pottery fragments from the middle and late Yayoi periods and the remains of pit dwellings and post-hole buildings into the Asuka period. Only a small portion of the site has been excavated.
Adjacent to these two areas are the Yazuka Kofun and Ishizuka Kofun, whose moats have yielded a large amount of pottery, and the shape of the moat indicates that it is a scallop-shaped keyhole-shaped kofun measuring approximately 90 meters in length. Together with other nearby tombs, it forms the Makimuku Kofun Cluster, which and some researchers believe (together with the Hashihaka Kofun located approximately one kilometer to the south), to be linked to Yamataikoku or the "Early Yamato Government."