# Devon wrestling

Devon wrestling or Devonshire wrestling is a type of wrestling that originated in Devon, England, which was popular in the nineteenth century. The Devonshire style of wrestling allows footwear to be worn and kicking intended to trip and disable the opponent.
It has similarities to Cornish wrestling but it focuses more on foot moves and less on throwing. Traditionally, Cornish wrestling used 'Hugs and heaves', whereas the Devonshire style used 'Kicks and trips'.
Despite some differences in emphasis and naming conventions, the two styles are considered to be the same, and may be referred to collectively as 'Westcountry Play', or 'Westcountry Wrestling'.

## Notable Devonshire Wrestlers

The best known champion Devon wrestler is Abraham Cann of Colebrooke, Devon. However, there were also many others who were prolific in the sport.
* John Ridd, from Devon, held the championship belt for Devon and Cornwall in about 1685.
* John Coppe, known as "Little Cock", came from near Great Torrington, was about 5 feet 5 inches high and bow-legged and in the middle of the 18th century was champion throughout Devon, Somerset and Cornwall, for about 20 years.
* William Wreyford (1755–1838) from Cheriton Bishop was one of the best wrestlers in the Western counties if not in all England at the end of the eighteenth century.
* William Ford (1784–1874), from Zeal Monachorum, was a wrestler of great reputation in North Devon.
* John Jordan (1787-1818), from Grantham near Hatherleigh and known as "Giant Jordan" or the "Devonshire Giant", was a famously massive champion wrestler from Devon who was 6 feet 4 inches tall. He fought in the early 1800s and had a series of famous matches with Cann. He was champion of Devon in 1811 and 1812. He also had famous matches with the Great Parkyn (1811) and John Truscott (1813), both of which he lost.
* William Wreford (1793-1835), who lived at Cheriton Cross between Okehampton and Exeter, was 5 feet 10 inches tall and was a sightless champion in the early 1800s. He was known as 'Blind Bill'. He was always allowed a grip on his opponent's collar at the start of a hitch.
* John Bolt (1793–1875), from Cheriton Bishop, was a farmer and a champion wrestler throughout Britain and was Cann's second in his fight with Polkinghorne.
* Charles Cleeve of Kenton was champion of England in 1827.
* William Wreford (1793-1866) was born at Morchard Bishop was a champion Devonian wrestler of whom Abraham Cann said he was the "best best man he ever took by the collar". He came to fame after throwing Giant Jordan at the Crediton competition in 1812.
* Abraham Cann (1794-1864) was born in Crediton and was a famous wrestler who had an infamous wrestling match with James Polkinghorne in Devonport in 1826, watched by a crowd of over 10,000. After discussions between the triers, the match was declared a draw. A song was written about the match. He was the champion wrestler of England. It was claimed that he became champion of the world. His father, Robert, and brothers: James (?-1849), Robert, George and William (1793-1872) were also successful wrestlers. Cann had defeated John Jordan, Flower, Wreyford, Simon Webber, and the other good wrestlers in Devon, and carried off the prizes at many of the places where he became a competitor.
* James Truscott (1804–1891), born on West Street, Tavistock and often called 'Jemmy', weighing 10st (63 kg), claimed to be the English lightweight champion in 1845. He later managed many wrestling matches and tournaments in London and tended to open the events with a shout of "A hat! A hat!". He was also a boxer and was one of the founders of the Patriotic Club at Clerkenwell Green.
* William Chapple from Bishop's Nympton, was champion of Devon in 1841, 1844, 1845 and 1847. He was champion of England in 1842 and 1847.
* William Davy May (1817–1842) was champion of England in 1841. During his career, he threw the best men of Devon and Cornwall, including the Gundrys, Ellicombe, Matthews, Chapple and Upton.
* John Slade, known as 'Jack Slade', held the Devon title for many years in the mid 19th century. He won the Prince of Wales Cup and the Duke of Cornwall Cup and a large number of tournaments and matches. He was all weights champion of England in 1860.
* Thomas Cooper (1823–1875), born at Sampford Courtenay, won many tournaments and was the four Western counties champion in the 1860s through to 1870. He was champion of West of England in 1859, 1869 and 1870. and reported to be champion of England in 1869. He was champion of Devon in 1852, 1858, 1870, 1871, 1873 and 1874. He had a brother John, 3 years his senior, who had some tournament success and who lived on the farm where Abraham Cann was born.
* Frank Hutchings from Moreton was Cornish wrestling champion of England in 1877, beating Phil Hancock.
* Robert Baker (1847-?) of Bow was champion of England in 1879, throwing Pike in the 10th round of the second day. He was also Devon champion in 1879. He had a brother Thomas who also had some success.
* Richard Pike (1850-1909) of Bow was a champion wrestler in the 1880s and 1890s and was referred to as the "great Pike", sometimes fighting under the name of "Shepherd". He was about 6 feet 2 inches high and weighed 244 lbs. He was champion of Devon in between 1878 and 1881. He was champion of England in 1882. He was world champion in 1894. He was West of England champion for 17 years.
* Samuel Battershill (1855–1902) of Bow was champion of Devon from 1885 through to 1887.
* John Stentiford (1862-?) from Drewsteignton was in the Royal Marine Light Infantry, weighed 14 stone 4 lbs and was 5 feet 9 inches high. He won many first prizes in tournaments towards the end of the 1800s in Devon and Cornwall, including beating John Capell. He lost a title match for the world championship in 1888 against Jack Pearce after wrestling over two days.

## Practice

There are a number of throws that are taught in training classes, but each has many variants depending on context. A wrestler is taught how to exploit their own physical and tactical advantages, and how to use the right technique for the situation.

### Positions

There are 2 initial stances, known as the Wide position and the Narrow position. The wide position is to stand facing forward, with both feet pointing forward and shoulder width apart. The narrow position is to stand with one side of the body leading and the other one trailing, so that the profile of the body is presented to one’s adversary. The position was known in Boxing as ‘the square’ because the heels and feet create a right-angle.

### Taking hold

To grasp the opposing wrestler's jacket is called a 'hitch'. There are 4 main hitches, taken in 2 different ways.
* The collar hold (‘yoke’ or ‘normal’ hold)
* The sleeve-and-collar hold
* The single sleeve hold
* The sleeve-and-waist hold

### Throws

| In Play | Heaves | Back Heave |
| In Play | Heaves | Cornish Hug |
| In Play | Heaves | Fore Heave |
| In Play | Heaves | Flying Mare |
| In Play | Heaves | Half Heave |
| In Play | Heaves | Scat un Back |
| In Play | Heaves | Teddy Bag Heave |
| In Play | Heaves | Under Heave |
| In Play | Crooks | Back Crook |
| In Play | Crooks | Fore Crook |
| In Play | Crooks | Slip Crook |
| In Play | Sprags | Back Sprag |
| In Play | Sprags | Double Sprag |
| In Play | Sprags | Single Sprag |
| In Play | Hip Throws | Fore Hip |
| In Play | Hip Throws | Pull Over Hip |
| Out Play | Trips | Back Step |
| Out Play | Trips | Heel |
| Out Play | Trips | Lock Arm |
| Out Play | Trips | Pull Under |
| Out Play | Trips | Toe |
| Foul Throws | Foul Moves | Cross Collar |
| Foul Throws | Foul Moves | Crowbar Hitch |

## Differences between Devon and Cornish Wrestling

There are few differences in practice between the teaching of wrestling in Devon and Cornwall, which is why the art was referred to together. The best descriptions are found in 19th century sources such as newspapers:
   The play of Cornwall and Devonshire is the same, with a difference. They both have the jacket, and they play for a hitch in the same fashion. Sticklers are appointed, who keep the ring, and the public are present in crowds.
   In Cornwall, however, the man steps into the ring in his stockings or socks. In Devonshire he wears his shoes, made for the express purpose. He is bound by rule not to have any iron or other metal whatever, in his shoe, but he has the soles so hardened by baking that they are very formidable weapons....The difference in the play has been called the in-and-out play, the off-and-on play, the toe-and-heel play. Cornish play—the hugging and heaving; the Devonshire play—the kicking and tripping. It might be thus defined: in Cornwall the shoulders and arms are chiefly relied on, in Devonshire the legs.
   In Cornwall the Cornish game is always played, in Devonshire the Devonshire game is played; but on the borders of the counties, in Plymouth especially, where a great deal of play used to be seen, Cornwall and Devonshire met one another, and sometimes each would play his own game. The Devonshire play is a lively play: the kick and the leg-play in general must be very quick, and it is undoubtedly fine play when properly played. If the Cornish player were not thrown in the Devonshire out-play, he would get his man too close to him for a kick, and try his own Cornish play on him. The Devonshire player would still play his leg-play, and a couple of hours might pass before one or the other got his back fall.
The primary differences are in application:
   Devon wrestling differs from most other modes. It would, however, be easy to demonstrate its superiority over that practised by other wrestlers, who are unable, with any amount of success, to meet any stranger who does not conform to their own style, whereas knowledge of Devon wrestling enables man to successfully meet whomsoever cares to confront him.

## Rules

Original rules, as published in 1888.
   The following will be found the rules which are observed in all matches or contests :—
   * Each contestant chooses umpire, and if a referee cannot be agreed upon mutually, the two umpires toss for one. Sometimes power is given the stakeholder to name one ; when this done the preliminaries are more easily got over at the ring side.
   * The men after to the drawers put on a strong canvas jacket, though ordinary ones would do equally well, if very strong man may get his holds upon any part of his opponent’s jacket, but he must not take both collars in one hand, neither is he allowed to catch hold of the legs, drawers, or belt.
   * To obtain a “back” one must be pitched flatly upon his back.
   ** The articles should state whether “three pin” or “four pin” match agreed upon; if the former, two shoulders and one hip, or two hip and one shoulder must touch the ground ere back is won ; if the latter, the two shoulders and two hips must simultaneously pitch upon the ground.
   * No back allowed if a man’s leg, side, or shoulder first reach the ground ; neither is there, if in throwing a man, the thrower allows any part of his own body to be undermost; even the hand or arm, if between a man’s back and the ground, is sufficient to disqualify back, no matter how “flat” the back is otherwise given.
   * Backs are often disallowed only on account of this slight infringement.
   * The rules should be read to the men by the referee before play begins.
   * All arrangements being made, the order is given to commence play ; each man then walks to the centre of the ring, and shakes his antagonist’s right hand.
   * The hands must then be separated, after which each tries his best to get good holds.
   * This accomplished the struggle for the falls take place.

## Extinction

The cause of the extinction of the sport in Devon has been attributed to a range of factors. It may be likely that no single factor was responsible, but rather a combination of factors led to the sport's extinction.

### Under-investment

The sport lacked investment, and that it wasn't supported as well as Cornish Wrestling was in Conwall. There was no single governing body in Devon that supported the interests of the sport.

### Changing tastes

The most common reason is that the sport was brutal and was perceived as a blood sport. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century many Devon wrestlers used to wear "baked" boots when wrestling, which could cause serious injury to opponents (on rare occasions leading to death). Another example in the Western Times (1933) where the writer had spoken to old ‘Farmer Ridd, who farmed on Glebe Farm’, Exeter:
   “I remember him telling me that he had wrestled in all parts of Devon, and on one occasion he was badly bruised about the legs that the last three miles to his home he crawled on his hands and knees.”
The result was that few spectators chose to watch wrestling, whilst fewer wrestlers opted to compete, thus driving down participation.

### Match fixing

It became more common towards the end of the 19th century that competitors would agree before a match to who was going to win, and thereby fix the result. The intention was that they could bet on the outcome themselves, or otherwise guarantee their own safety without overexertion. Gambling was interwoven into the sport, which meant that match-fixing became an easier way to have a financial gain from a wrestling event. This practice was known at the time as 'faggotting'.

### Unruly spectators

Fights would often break out between spectators, which also added to bringing the sport into disrepute.

## Revival

Since the sport became extinct in the late 19th century, there have been a number of attempts to bring back the sport.
First attempt (1925-1926): The St. Budeaux Devon Wrestling Committee (Affiliated to the Cornwall County Wrestling Association) reinstated tournaments within the St. Budeaux Horse Show field. On the 3rd November 1925, it was reported in the Western Morning News:
   EFFORT TO INTRODUCE GAME INTO DEVON. Mr. W. Phillips, of Devonport, is one of many who has been attracted to the revival of Cornish wrestling, and he has tesirous steps taken to introduce the sport into Devon. He has the support loose interested the game Cornwall, although nothing officially has been done yet, certain a commits of those interested in Devon being established, but active advice and support would be assured from the Westernmost county. The introduction of Cornish wrestling into Devon— the old-time Devon style, was too brutal for it to stand a chance of revival— may not easy of accomplishment, but once the initial steps have been taken success will be assured if the present intention of introducing it as sport chiefly, and not altogether a lasttime for spectators.
The event gained limited interest, such that "...junior members were received with great enthusiasm, and they have on several occasions since had practice bouts. Unfortunately, the senior members were not been as keen." Mr Phillips of Davenport was unperturbed and continued to explore collaboration with the Cant. E. H. Whitford Hawkey, of St. Wenn, to work on re-establishing Devon wrestling with the help of the Head of Cornish wrestling. The Cornwall Association secretary, Mr. W. Tickell, Bodmin, replied, and stated how he was "very pleased that a revival of wrestling Devon was possible, as for many years there were matches between the two counties." The plans for the St Budeaux Devon Wrestling Committee was to begin a committee and to see tournaments in Plymouth and London.
A few months later, an article appeared in the Western Times exploring the new 'proposed revivial of the game':
   I hear that a movement is afoot to revive wrestling in Devon. This news will be welcomed by followers this form of sport, and especially those participants in it in the days when wrestling was the feature of rural entertainments. Half a century ago— and more recent years—no village revel or fair was worthy of the name if it did not include in its programme a wrestling contest. Nothing took the fancy of the countryside or got so much grip on the rural manhood as the bouts that were invariably fought out in the arena between the giants of this game. ... Why should not a revival be made in Devonshire? It would, I feel sure, materially add to the attractions of rural sports gatherings. Therefore one welcomes the proposal of well-known sporting gentleman in the Tiverton district who, I understand, want to see wrestling restored in the county. He purposes organising a meeting in September and hopes to arrange at least couple contests, one for 9-stone men; and under and another for men of any weight. There are still some of the old hands left who would glad to assist and coach the youth of the countryside in this manly game, and doubt some the best of the Cornish players would be willing to give an exhibition match.
No further information about this revival has been found.
2nd attempt (2014–Present): A local project called 'The Devonshire Wrestling Society' (DWS) started in 2014 to bring back the practice of the sport. It was the first time in 100 years that Devonshire Wrestling was formally practiced in Devon. The project was named after the Devonshire and Cornwall Wrestling Society that promoted the sport in the 19th century.
Their mission is:
   We share traditional Westcountry Martial Arts with the world. We will build a stronger global connection to our local heritage, and preserve folk martial arts for future generations.
The group have catalogued and presented the sport for people outside of Devon to take up the sport, seeking to make the content more accessible. The modern practice consists of 12 techniques, 2 positions, 4 orientations and 4 hitches (jacket grips), which have been reclaimed from historical records, as well as drawn from modern Cornish Wrestling.
The curriculum is divided into 5 ranks, based upon the traditional structure for training.
Besides practical instruction, the group also maintains an archive of records collected from local museums and archives. Local history groups have welcomed the effort, and provided their own coverage of the project.
There are active clubs in both Plymouth and Exeter. In addition to the Devonshire-style wrestling course, the curriculum covers stickfighting ('Cudgelling') from Somerset, as well as Cornish Wrestling.