OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Oleh Fedor

Oleh Fedor (Ukrainian: Олег Андрійович Федор; born 23 July 2004) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Rukh Lviv.

## Club career

Born in Lviv, Fedor began his career in the local Karpaty Lviv, where his first coach was Vitaliy Ponomaryov. Then he continued in the Rukh Lviv academy.
In September 2020 he signed a contract with the Ukrainian Premier League side Rukh Lviv. He made his debut in the Ukrainian Premier League on 17 September 2023 in an away match against LNZ Cherkasy.

## International career

On 6 March 2024, Fedor was called up by Ruslan Rotan to the Ukraine Olympic football team preliminary squad as a preparation to the 2024 Summer Olympics.
# National Energy Action

National Energy Action (NEA) is a fuel poverty charity that works to eradicate fuel poverty and campaigns for greater investment in energy efficiency to help those who are poor or vulnerable gain affordable heat.
NEA has its headquarters in Newcastle upon Tyne and currently operates 20 demonstration projects at 10 offices in England and Wales. NEA has a separate office in Belfast which works throughout Northern Ireland and has two bases in Wales. NEA works closely with its sister organisation, Energy Action Scotland on fuel poverty in Scotland.

## NEA achieves its objectives through

Source:
Research and analysis into the causes and extent of fuel poverty and the development of policies which will address the problem.
Providing advice and guidance to installers on good practice in delivering energy efficiency services to low-income householders.
Developing national qualifications and managing their implementation to improve standards of practical work and the quality of energy advice.
Producing educational resources to teach people about the importance of energy efficiency.
Managing demonstration projects in inner cities and rural areas which show innovative ways of tackling fuel poverty and bring the wider benefits of energy efficiency to local communities.
The definition of affordable warmth in affordable warmth schemes is where a household can achieve temperatures needed to maintain health and comfort for expenditure of less than 10% of income. This definition has been accepted and used by successive Government Departments with responsibilities for fuel poverty issues to quantify the extent of the problem. However, there has been some disagreement over what constitutes household income and this clearly has considerable bearing on the total number of fuel-poor households.
The Government's preferred definition of household income includes Housing Benefit and Income Support for Mortgage Interest in the calculation of household resources, although fuel poverty estimates are also published using a formula that excludes housing subsidies.
NEA's view is that neither of these definitions is acceptable or rational and that the only sensible definition of income is one that uses actual disposable income after housing costs.
Fuel poverty results from a combination of low household income, unaffordable energy costs and inadequate thermal insulation and inefficient and uneconomic heating systems. Welfare benefit increases for vulnerable groups, and other initiatives such as the minimum wage, have addressed some aspects of general poverty and fuel poverty, this approach must be considered short term in the context of fuel poverty. NEA maintains that energy efficiency is the only rational solution to fuel poverty and that Government should direct.
# Hugo Spadafora

Hugo Spadafora Franco (September 6, 1940 – September 13, 1985) was a Panamanian physician and guerrilla fighter in Guinea-Bissau and Nicaragua. He criticized the military in Panama, which led to his murder by the government of Manuel Noriega in 1985.

## Biography

Born in Chitré, Spadafora was a physician, graduated from the University of Bologna, in Italy. He served as a combat medic with the independence guerrilla of Guinea-Bissau during the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence. Originally a critic of the military regime headed by Omar Torrijos, he served as its Vice-Minister of Health. In 1978, he organized the Victoriano Lorenzo Brigade, formed by a group of up to 1,200 Panamanian fighters to fight against the Anastasio Somoza Debayle regime in Nicaragua.
Concerned about the increased Soviet and Cuban influence in the Sandinista regime of Nicaragua and the delay of free elections, Spadafora joined the Sandino Revolutionary Front (FRS) alongside Edén Pastora ("Comandante Cero"), hero of the August 1978 seizure of the National Palace in Nicaragua. The rise of Manuel Noriega as authoritarian ruler of Panama compelled Spadafora to denounce Noriega's protection of drug trafficking. Spadafora was detained by Noriega's forces when entering Panama from Costa Rica in September 1985, and his decapitated body was later found stuffed in a post office bag. The autopsy later found Spadafora's stomach full of the blood he had ingested during the slow severing of his head. He had also endured hours of severe torture, as is quoted in Gary Webb's Dark Alliance: "His body bore evidence of unimaginable tortures. The thigh muscles had been neatly sliced so he could not close his legs, and then something had been jammed up his rectum, tearing it apart. His testicles were swollen horribly, the result of prolonged garroting, his ribs were broken, and then, while he was still alive, his head had been sawed off with a butcher's knife." His head was never found. President Nicolás Ardito Barletta tried to set up a commission to investigate the murder but was forced to resign by Noriega, which increased suspicions that the military had ordered the beheading.
The brutality of the murder shocked many and it was a contributing factor to the deterioration of relations between the US and Noriega. Four years after the murder, the US under president George H. W. Bush overthrew Noriega by invading Panama in 1989.
It was not until the administration of President Guillermo Endara in 1989, that a court found Noriega (in absentia) and other followers guilty of a conspiracy to murder Spadafora.
In 2013, his biography Hugo Spadafora: Bajo la Piel del Hombre was published by Amir Valle, a Cuban journalist, literary critic and writer exiled in Germany.
# Buffalo Zone

Buffalo Zone is the third studio album by American country music duo Sweethearts of the Rodeo, released in 1990 via Columbia Records. The album's cover was an obvious homage to The Byrds' 1968 album Sweetheart of the Rodeo, from which the duo derived their name. The album was not as successful as their first two albums, Sweethearts of the Rodeo and One Time, One Night. Notable songs include "Uphill All the Way", "This Heart" (Billboard #25), "Hard Road to Go", and "Cómo Se Dice (I Love You)", although none charted very high.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
In his Allmusic review, critic Jason Ankeny called the album "more melancholy" than their previous work.

## Personnel

* Victor Battista – upright bass
* Eddie Bayers – drums
* Mark Casstevens – acoustic guitar
* Paul Franklin – dobro, pedal steel guitar
* Steve Gibson – electric guitar, mandolin
* Roy Huskey, Jr. – upright bass
* Albert Lee – electric guitar
* Tim Mensy – acoustic guitar
* Joey Miskulin – accordion
* Farrell Morris – vibraphone
* Phil Naish – keyboards
* Mark O'Connor – fiddle
* Tom Robb – bass guitar
* Ricky Skaggs – background vocals
* Harry Stinson – background vocals
* Pete Wasner – keyboards
* Curtis Young – background vocals

## Production

* Steve Buckingham – producer
* Janis Gill – associate producer
* Marshall Morgan – engineer
* Denny Purcell – mastering
* Gary Paczosa – assistant engineer
* Brad Jones – assistant engineer
* Jeanne Kinney – assistant engineer
* Bill Johnson – artwork, art direction
* Dennis Davis – artwork, design, illustrations
* Beth Mallen – production assistant

## Chart performance

| Chart (1990) | Peak position |
| U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums | 41 |
# Bob Ligashesky

Bob Ligashesky (born June 2, 1962) is an American football coach. He is the special teams coordinator at the University of Minnesota. Ligashesky has been as assistant coach with several teams in the National Football League (NFL).

## Playing career

Ligashesky was a linebacker for the Sto-Rox High School Vikings. He was a three-year letter winner as a defensive back at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP). He graduated from IUP in 1985.

## Coaching career

Ligashesky has coached for the Jacksonville Jaguars (2004) and the St. Louis Rams (2005–2006) of the National Football League (NFL). Ligashesky was hired on January 29, 2007, as the Pittsburgh Steelers special teams coach after Kevin Spencer left to coach for the Arizona Cardinals. He was hired when Mike Tomlin became head coach after Bill Cowher resigned early in 2007. He was released by the Steelers on January 7, 2010.
Ligashesky coached for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2012. The most notable incident of Ligasheky's tenure occurred in practice when Ligashesky, "walked onto the wrong area of the practice field during a drill" upon which head coach Greg Schiano, "launched into a loud tirade and threatened to fire him." Ligashesky was fired at the end of the season.
From 2013 to 2015, he worked as the special teams coordinator for the Houston Texans. He was released in January 2016 after a devastating loss to the Kansas City Chiefs in the AFC Wild-Card playoff game.
As a college football coach, Ligashesky has coached at the University of Pittsburgh, Bowling Green State University and Kent State University. Ligashesky was also a graduate assistant at Arizona State University and Wake Forest University.
On March 17, 2016, he was hired as the special teams coordinator and tight end coach at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
Following the staff's dismissal at Illinois, Ligashesky was hired by Scot Loeffler to be the special teams coordinator at Bowling Green in March 2021.
Ligashesky was hired as Syracuse's Special teams coordinator on December 9, 2021.
# Olga Titkova

Olga Vasilyevna Titkova (Russian: Ольга Васильевна Титкова; 26 August 1941 – 11 February 2025) was a Russian actress. As the leading soloist of the Novosibirsk Musical Theatre she was an Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1988), People's Artist of Russia (2004), and winner of the Golden Mask theatre award (2002).

## Life and career

Olga Titkova was born in Novosibirsk on 26 August 1941, to a creative family, but despite this, she initially did not dream of becoming an actress and after graduating from school the future theatre artist entered a technical school, after which Titkova began working as a radio technician at an enterprise, where she was engaged in amateur performances (jazz singing and poetry reading). However, her plans changed when Novosibirsk Theatre of Musical Comedy (modern Novosibirsk Musical Theatre) was opened.
In 1968, she graduated from the Lunacharsky State Institute for Theatre Arts and began her career at the Novosibirsk Theatre of Musical Comedy in the same year.
Titkova died on 11 February 2025, at the age of 83.

## Some roles

* Adel – Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss II
* Princess Jutta – Das Hollandweibchen by Emmerich Kálmán
* Justine – Madame Favart by Jacques Offenbach
* Pamela – Dear Pamela (based on the play by John Patrick)
* Karolina – Mister Iks (This operetta was a Russian adaptation of Die Zirkusprinzessin by Emmerich Kálmán)
* Nekhama – The Drayman and the King by Vladimir Alenikov
* Donna Lucia – Charley's Aunt by Brandon Thomas
* Atuyeva – Krechinsky's Wedding (performance baced on Aleksandr Sukhovo-Kobylin's comedy)

## Family

* father – Vasily Titkov (1907–1977), was a painter, member of the Artists' Union of the USSR.
* uncle – Ivan Titkov (1905–1993), was also a painter.
* sister – Rita is a choir artist in the opera theatre.
* cousin – Eleonora Titkova (1937–2016) was an opera director, Merited Worker of the Arts of the Russian Federation, the chief director of the Novosibirsk Theatre of Musical Comedy (1982–1989 and 2002–2012).

## Awards

In 2002, she became a laureate of the Golden Mask theatre award for her performance as Countess Dankova in the Der Graf von Luxemburg by Franz Lehár (The best female role in operetta). This Golden Mask was the first in the history of the Novosibirsk Theatre of Musical Comedy.

### State awards

Olga Titkova was awarded the titles of Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1988) and People's Artist of Russia (2004).
# Hatching (disambiguation)

Hatching is an artistic technique for shading. It may also refer to:
* The crosshatch symbol or number sign
* Crossed letter, an overwritten document
* Hatching (heraldry), a system for depicting armory in monochrome
* An animal escaping its egg after incubation

## Film

* The Hatching, a 2014 British black horror comedy film
* Hatching (film), a 2022 Finnish horror film
# Afleet

Afleet (1984 - 2014) was a Canadian-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who was voted the 1987 Canadian Horse of the Year and Canadian Champion Three-Year-Old Colt.

## Career

Afleet's best season came in 1987 during his three-year-old campaign, in which he won six races in ten starts. These wins include the Jerome Handicap (G1) and Pennsylvania Derby (G2) in the United States plus the Friar Rock Stakes, Queenston Stakes and Plate Trial Stakes in Canada. He also placed in the Meadowlands Cup Handicap (G1) and the Queen's Plate. Afleet only finished below third on two occasions with a fifth place in the Marine Stakes, and a tenth-place finish in the Breeders Cup Classic (G1).
As a four-year-old in 1988 he won the Toboggan Handicap (G3) and finished second in the Metropolitan Handicap (G1) and Carter Handicap (G1), and ran third in the Breeders' Cup Sprint (G1) and Massachusetts Handicap (G2).

## Retirement

Afleet was retired to stud in 1989 and stood at Taylor Made Farm who had bought an interest in him while still racing.
His North American progeny included Canadian Champion A Fleet's Dancer, Grade 1 winners Flat Fleet Feet and Twist Afleet. He also produced the Grade 2 winner, Northern Afleet, who is a successful sire standing in Kentucky. His progeny includes the 2005 Preakness and Belmont Stakes winner, Afleet Alex. In 1990 Afleet was sold to Japanese breeders, he continued producing grade 1 winners such as Big Wolf and Bamboo Ere, along with multi-millionaire Preeminence. Afleet sired over 60 stakes winners in 21 foal crops.

## Death

Afleet was pensioned from stud service in 2011. He later died in 2014 at the age of 30 where he stood at Breeder's Stallion Station in Japan.
# Carlos Olses

Carlos Raúl Olses Quijada (born 5 September 2000) is a Venezuelan footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for A Lyga side FK Žalgiris.

## Club career

On January 28, 2018 Carlos debuted for Deportivo La Guaira in the Venezuelan Primera División. On 1 February 2019, Olses joined Argentine club Racing Club on a 18-months loan deal for a fee of 150.000 dollars with an option to make the move permanent for 650.000 dollars for 80% of the players rights.

### FK Žalgiris

On 18 February 2025 Olses signed with lithuanian Žalgiris Club.

## International career

Olses, at first was called up to the Venezuela under-15 side for the 2015 South American Under-15 Football Championship, he started all the games Venezuela played in the tournament.
After that he was called up to the Venezuela under-17 side for the 2017 South American Under-17 Football Championship, and also starred all the games Venezuela played in the tournament.
Between August and September 2017, he was called up to play with the Venezuelan national selection "La Vinotinto" being named as the youngest player to be selected by this professional category in the Venezuelan Football Federation (FVF).
During the month of November 2017 he was called up to play in the 2017 "Juegos Bolivarianos" Under-20 Football Championship.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of 30 August 2017
| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Season | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Deportivo La Guaira | | |
| Deportivo La Guaira | 2017 | 2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | Total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## Personal life

Carlos' parents are called Alejandro and Irene. He has two siblings; a brother and a half-sister.
# Alex Sandusky

Alexander Vincent Sandusky (August 17, 1932 – August 11, 2020) was an American professional football guard who played for 13 seasons with the Baltimore Colts of the National Football League (NFL). Sandusky attended Clarion State College — now known as Pennsylvania Western University, Clarion.
# Pine Bluff Commercial Historic District

The Pine Bluff Commercial Historic District encompasses a portion of the historic city center of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. It extends from Barraque Street south along Main Street, extending in places to properties alongside streets. The area's commercial development began about 1840, when the courthouse square was laid out at Barraque and Main, and proceeded through the early 20th century. Most of the commercial properties of the district were built between 1880 and 1910, and are reflective architecturally of late 19th-century commercial building styles.
The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. Properties previously listed on the Register and included in the district are the Merchants and Planters Bank Building, Union Station, the Community Theatre, the Masonic Temple, and the Hotel Pines.
# Dorothy Smith (gymnast)

Dorothy Smith (16 November 1919 – 2005) was a British gymnast. She competed in the women's artistic team all-around at the 1948 Summer Olympics."Dorothy Smith". Retrieved 17 July 2021.

## Career

Dorothy Smith was part of the British gymnastics team at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. The British team finished ninth in the women's artistic team all-around event."Dorothy Smith - Olympics.com". Retrieved 18 February 2025.
In 1938, competing under her married name, Dorothy Brookes, she won the Yorkshire skipping and club-swinging titles at the Saltaire Gymnasium."Dorothy Smith - Olympics.com". Retrieved 18 February 2025.

## Later Life

Limited publicly available information exists regarding Smith’s life after her gymnastics career. She passed away in 2005 in England.
# Chundi Ramgha

Chundi Ramgha is a village which lies in Bhanu Municipality, Tanahun District, Nepal. Actually Chundi is the name of river (Chundi River), which flows through the lower lands of Ramgha base.
The first poet of Nepali language hence known as Aadikavi (early poet) Bhanubhakta Acharya was born in Chundi Ramgha. Nara Nath Acharya, who wrote the Authentic Biography of Bhanubhakta Acharya was also born and lived in this village.
# Boys v Chaplin

Boys v Chaplin [1971] AC 356 is a leading conflict of laws case decided by the House of Lords.

## Facts

The plaintiff, a passenger on a motorcycle, was injured through the negligence of the defendant whose car had hit the motorcycle. The plaintiff and defendant were British soldiers stationed in Malta. David Boys was run into by a motor car driven by Richard Chaplin. He was serving in the Royal Naval Air Squadron and was also stationed in Malta at the time.
David Boys was badly injured. He had a fractured skull and was unconscious for three days. The right side of his face was crushed. He was taken to the Royal Naval Hospital in Malta. He was there for about six weeks. Then, he was brought back to England on 19 September 1963 and taken to the Royal Air Force Hospital at Wroughton, Wiltshire.
He was there for over six months, until 7 April 1964. Then, he was an out-patient for two months. Eventually, on 5 June 1964, owing to his injuries, he was discharged from the Royal Air Force. He was wholly and permanently deaf in one ear and his sense of balance was substantially impaired. The right side of his face is partially paralysed, and he suffers much from headaches. Nevertheless, he was able to do good work. Soon after his discharge, he found employment as an electronics engineer at a good wage, and it was unlikely that he will suffer any loss of earnings in the future on account of this accident.
The driver of the car, Richard Chaplin, wa also back in England and was stationed in Culdrose, Cornwall. In August 1965, David Boys was given legal aid to sue Richard Chaplin and issued a writ claiming damages.

## Judgment

The Court modified the test in Phillips v Eyre on whether a court can assume jurisdiction over a tort that occurred in another country by requiring "double actionability". Originally, the subject matter had to be actionable in both the foreign and the local jurisdiction. However, Boys v Chaplin stated that it had to be "civilly actionable" only under the law of the forum, where the lex fori had a much closer connection with the dispute, the lex loci delicti limb of the "double actionability" rule could be disapplied.
Dicey & Morris, in relation to the flexible exception, states: "a particular issue between the parties... may be governed by the law of the country which, in respect to that issue, has the most significant relationship with the occurrence and the parties"
This exception was furthered in Red Sea Insurance v Bouygues SA [1995] 1 AC 190 which provided that exception can displace either the law of the forum or the law of the tort such that a tort may be actionable even though it is not actionable under the lex fori or lex loci delicti.