# Central Bank of Myanmar

The Central Bank of Myanmar (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်ဗဟိုဘဏ်; MLCTS: mranma nuingngamtau bahuibhan; IPA:; abbreviated CBM) is the central bank of Myanmar (formerly Burma).

## Organisation

Its headquarter is located in Nay Pyi Taw, and has branches in Yangon and Mandalay.

## History

The Central Bank of Myanmar was founded as the Union Bank of Burma on 3 April 1948 by the Union Bank of Burma Act, 1947 and took over the functions of the Rangoon branches of the Reserve Bank of India. The Union Bank of Burma was opened at the corner of Merchant Road and Sule Pagoda Road and had the sole right to issue currency for the country.
In 2013, the Central Bank of Myanmar became an autonomous and independent regulatory body by the Central Bank of Myanmar Law, which was enacted by the Myanmar parliament.
During the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, military authorities removed the central bank's civilian-appointed leadership, including governor Kyaw Kyaw Maung, and deputy governor Bo Bo Nge, who was sentenced to 20 years in prison in December 2022 on politically motivated corruption charges.
The State Administration Council appointed Than Nyein in Kyaw Kyaw Maung's place. On 19 August 2022, the SAC appointed Than Than Swe as the governor. She became the first woman to hold the position.

## Role

CBM has liberalised the financial organisations for competition, efficiency and integration into the regional financial system. As of the end of October 2020, there 27 non-banking finance companies that are currently licensed by the Central Bank. According to the changes in the economic requirements of the country, the Central Bank rate has been increased from 10 percent to 12 percent since 1 April 2006.
Agricultural liberalisation speeded up after the elimination of the government procurement system of the main agricultural crops such as rice, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, etc., in 2003–04. The state also reduced the subsidised agricultural inputs, especially fertiliser. With an intention to enhance private participation in trade of agricultural products and inputs, the government is now encouraging export of crops which are in surplus in domestic markets or grown on fallow or waste land, giving opportunities to farmer and private producers.
Upon the guidance of the Ministry of Finance & Revenue, the CBM is responsible for financial stability and supervision of the financial sector in Myanmar. The institutional coverage of the financial supervisory authority includes state-owned banks and private banks in Myanmar. Two main approaches (on-site examination and off-site monitoring) are currently used for supervision, regulation and monitoring of financial stability.
On-site examination involves assessing banks’ financial activities and internal management, to identify areas where corrective action is required and to analyse their banking transactions and financial conditions, ensuring that they are in accordance with existing laws, rules and regulations and the instructions of the CBM by using CAMEL. Off-site monitoring operations are normally based on the weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual reports which are submitted by the banks to the CBM.
The Central Bank has also issued guidelines on the statutory reserve requirement, capital adequacy, liquidity, classification of N.P.L. and provision for bad and doubtful debts, single lending limit, etc. The reserve requirement, liquidity and capital adequacy required to be maintained by financial institutions have been prescribed according to the standards of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). However, the implementation of Basel II will still take a few more years.

## Organization's Structure
### Divisions

* Governor's Office
* Administration and Human Resources Development Department
* Monetary Policy Affairs and Financial Institutions Regulation Department
* Financial Institutions Supervision Department
* Accounts Department
* Foreign Exchange Management Department
* Currency Management Department
Organizational Chart :
| Board of Directors | Governor | → | Director-General of Governor's Office | Deputy Director-General | Governor's Office |
| Board of Directors | Governor | → | Director-General of Governor's Office | Deputy Director-General | Board of Secretary Office |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Monetary Policy Affairs and Financial Institutions Regulation Department | Deputy Director-General | Monetary Policy Research and Statistics Department |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Monetary Policy Affairs and Financial Institutions Regulation Department | Deputy Director-General | International Relations Department |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Monetary Policy Affairs and Financial Institutions Regulation Department | Deputy Director-General | Financial Regulation and Anti-Money Laundering Department |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Foreign Exchange Management Department | Deputy Director-General | Foreign Exchange Management Department |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Financial Institutions Supervision Department | Deputy Director-General | Financial Institutions Supervision Department |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Accounts Department | Deputy Director-General | Accounts Department |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Currency Management Department | Deputy Director-General | Currency Administrative Department (Nay Pyi Taw) |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Currency Management Department | Deputy Director-General | Currency Administrative Department (Yangon) |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Currency Management Department | Deputy Director-General | Currency Administrative Department (Mandalay) |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Administration and Human Resources Development Department | Deputy Director-General | Administration and Human Resources Development Department |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Administration and Human Resources Development Department | Deputy Director-General | Information and Security |
| Board of Directors | Governor | Deputy Governor | Director-General of Administration and Human Resources Development Department | Deputy Director-General | Internal Audit |

## List of governors

| # | Name | Took office | Left office |
| 1 | Kyaw Nyein | 1 July 1954 | 25 March 1968 |
| 2 | Kyaw Nyunt | 18 December 1971 | 31 July 1975 |
| 3 | Aye Hlaing | 8 August 1975 | 12 August 1981 |
| 4 | Aung Sint | 5 September 1981 | 22 March 1985 |
| 5 | Kyaw Myint | 15 July 1985 | 11 April 1986 |
| 6 | Maung Maung Hla | 11 April 1986 | 15 October 1987 |
| 7 | Maung Maung Han | 11 January 1988 | 27 December 1992 |
| 8 | Kyi Aye | 31 December 1992 | 2 November 1997 |
| 9 | Kyaw Kyaw Maung | 20 November 1997 | 11 April 2007 |
| 10 | Than Nyein | 12 April 2007 | 31 July 2013 |
| 11 | Kyaw Kyaw Maung | 1 August 2013 | 2 February 2021 |
| 12 | Than Nyein | 2 February 2021 | 19 August 2022 |
| 13 | Than Than Swe | 19 August 2022 | Present |
Source:

## Board of Directors
### 2022–present

Board of Directors (2022–present) :
| | Name | Position | Appointer |
| 1 | Daw Than Than Swe | Governor | SAC |
| 2 | U Zaw Myint Naing | Deputy Governor | SAC |
| 3 | Dr Lin Aung | Deputy Governor | SAC |
| 4 | Dr Khin Naing Oo | Board Member | SAC |
| 5 | U Aung Kyaw Than | Board Member | SAC |
| 6 | U Ye Myint | Board Member | SAC |