# Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) is a multilateral treaty that regulates the international trade in conventional weapons.
It entered into force on 24 December 2014. 116 states have ratified the treaty, and a further 26 states have signed but not ratified it.
The ATT is an attempt to regulate the international trade of conventional weapons for the purpose of contributing to international and regional peace; reducing human suffering; and promoting co-operation, transparency, and responsible action by and among states.
The treaty was negotiated in New York City at a global conference under the auspices of the United Nations (UN) from 2–27 July 2012. As it was not possible to reach an agreement on a final text at that time, a new meeting for the conference was scheduled for 18–28 March 2013. On 2 April 2013, the UN General Assembly adopted the ATT.
International weapons commerce has been estimated to reach US$70 billion a year.

## Origins

The roots of what is known today as the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) can be traced back to the late 1980s, when civil society actors and Nobel Peace Prize Laureates voiced their concerns about the unregulated nature of the global arms trade and its impact on human security.
The ATT is part of a larger global effort begun in 1997 by Costa Rican President and 1987 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Óscar Arias. In that year, Arias led a group of Nobel Peace Prize laureates in a meeting in New York to offer the world a code of conduct for the trade in arms. This group included Elie Wiesel, Betty Williams, the Dalai Lama, José Ramos-Horta, representatives of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Amnesty International, and the American Friends Service Committee. The original idea was to establish ethical standards for the arms trade that would eventually be adopted by the international community. Over the following 16 years, the Arias Foundation for Peace & Human Progress has played an instrumental role in achieving approval of the treaty.
In 2001, the process continued with the adoption of a non-legally binding program of action at the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms. This program was formally called the "Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects" (PoA).
Later put forward in 2003 by a group of Nobel Peace Laureates, the ATT was first addressed in the UN in December 2006 when the General Assembly adopted resolution 61/89 "Towards an Arms Trade Treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms".
The ATT, like the PoA, is predicated upon a hypothesis that the illicit trade in small arms is a large and serious problem requiring global action through the UN. According to a well regarded 2012 Routledge Studies in Peace and Conflict Resolution publication, "the relative importance of diversion or misuse of officially authorised transfers, compared to international entirely illegal black market trafficking has been thoroughly confirmed."$^{:90}$ The authors go on to elaborate that, "For most developing or fragile states, a combination of weak domestic regulation of authorised firearms possession with theft, loss or corrupt sale from official holdings tends to be a bigger source of weapons concern than illicit trafficking across borders."$^{:90}$

## Development
### UN resolution 61/89

On 18 December 2006, UK Ambassador for Multilateral Arms Control and Disarmament John Duncan formally introduced resolution 61/89, which requested that the UN Secretary-General seek the views of UN member states on the feasibility, scope, and draft parameters for a "comprehensive, legally binding instrument establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms", and submit a report on the subject to the General Assembly. 94 states submitted their views, which are contained in the 2007 report A/62/278. Duncan was speaking on behalf of the co-authors (Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Finland, France, Japan, and Kenya). On behalf of the European Union, Finland highlighted the support for the effort, saying: "everyday, everywhere, people are affected by the side effects of irresponsible arms transfers ... As there is currently no comprehensive internationally binding instrument available to provide an agreed regulatory framework for this activity, the EU welcomes the growing support, in all parts of the world, for an ATT." 94 States submitted their views, which are contained in the 2007 report A/62/278.
In December 2006, 153 member states voted in favor of the resolution. Twenty-four countries abstained: Bahrain, Belarus, China, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Laos, Libya, Marshall Islands, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Venezuela, Yemen, and Zimbabwe.
Responding to procedural concerns that were not resolved before the final draft of the resolution, the UK said the aim of the initiative was to start a discussion on the feasibility and draft parameters of an Arms Trade Treaty, and that "agnostic" states would have a clear opportunity to engage in the process. After the vote, Algeria indicated that the effort must receive broad-based support from states and be based on the principles of the UN Charter.

#### Group of Governmental Experts

Resolution 61/89 also requested the Secretary-General to establish a group of governmental experts, on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, to examine the feasibility, scope, and draft parameters for such a legal instrument, and to transmit the report of the group of experts to the General Assembly for consideration at its sixty-third session. On 28 September 2007, the Secretary-General appointed a Group of Governmental Experts from the following 28 countries: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and United States. The group met three times in 2008, and published a final report on the issue.

### Preparatory Committee and Conference

In 2009, Óscar Arias, then in his second term as President of Costa Rica, introduced the Treaty at the United Nations, saying:
   I return today, as a Rip Van Winkle of the modern era, to see that everything has changed except this. Peace continues to be a step further away. Nuclear and conventional weapons still exist despite the promises. It is up to us to ensure that in twenty years we do not awaken to the same terrors we suffer today. I am not ignorant of the fact that the biggest arms dealers in the world are represented here. But today I do not speak to the arms manufacturers, but rather to the leaders of humanity, who have the responsibility to put principles before profits, and enable the promise of a future in which, finally, we can sleep peacefully.
In that same year, an Open-ended Working Group—open to all States—held two meetings on an arms trade treaty. A total of six sessions of this Group were planned. However, at the end of 2009, the General Assembly of the United Nations decided by resolution A/RES/64/48 to convene a Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty in 2012 "to elaborate a legally binding instrument on the highest possible common international standards for the transfer of conventional arms". The decision was influenced by the change in position of the United States (the largest arms producer and only country voting against resolution 61/89), which took place upon a change in leadership from George W. Bush to Barack Obama, on the condition they were "under the rule of consensus decision-making needed to ensure that all countries can be held to standards that will actually improve the global situation."

### Adoption of the Treaty

The UN General Assembly of 2 April 2013 (71st Plenary Meeting) adopted the ATT as a resolution by a 154-to-3 vote with 23 abstentions. North Korea, Iran, and Syria voted in opposition. China and Russia, among the world's leaders in weapon exports, were among the 23 nations that abstained. Cuba, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan also abstained. Armenia, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and Vietnam did not vote.
The treaty was opened for formal signature by all states in New York on 3 June 2013. It entered into force on 24 December 2014, 90 days after the date of the 50th ratification.

## Content

The UN Office for Disarmament Affairs claimed the treaty would not interfere with domestic arms commerce or the right to bear arms in its member states; ban the export of any type of weapon; harm the legitimate right to self-defence; or undermine national arms regulation standards already in place.
   The Arms Trade Treaty obligates member states to monitor arms exports and ensure that weapons don't cross existing arms embargoes or end up being used for human-rights abuses, including terrorism. Member states, with the assistance of the U.N., will put into place enforceable, standardized arms import and export regulations (much like those that already exist in the U.S.) and be expected to track the destination of exports to ensure they do not end up in the wrong hands. Ideally, that means limiting the inflow of deadly weapons into places like Syria.
Advocates of the treaty say that it only pertains to international arms trade, and would have no effect on current domestic laws. These advocates point to the UN General Assembly resolution starting the process on the ATT. The resolution explicitly states that it is "the exclusive right of States to regulate internal transfers of arms and national ownership, including through constitutional protections on private ownership."

### Advocated contents

International non-government and human rights organizations including Amnesty International, Oxfam, the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress, Saferworld, and the International Action Network on Small Arms (who lead the Control Arms Campaign) have developed analysis on what an effective ATT would look like.
It would ensure that no transfer is permitted if there is substantial risk that it is likely to:
* be used in serious violations of international human rights or humanitarian law, or acts of genocide or crimes against humanity;
* facilitate terrorist attacks, a pattern of gender-based violence, violent crime, or organized crime;
* violate UN Charter obligations, including UN arms embargoes;
* be diverted from its stated recipient;
* adversely affect regional security; or
* seriously impair poverty reduction or socioeconomic development.
Loopholes would be minimized. It would include:
* all weapons—including all military, security, and police arms, related equipment and ammunition, components, expertise, and production equipment;
* all types of transfer—including import, export, re-export, temporary transfer, and transshipment, in the state sanctioned and commercial trade, plus transfers of technology, loans, gifts, and aid; and
* all transactions—including those by dealers and brokers, and those providing technical assistance, training, transport, storage, finance, and security.
The Amnesty International website "loopholes" include shotguns marketed for deer hunting that are virtually the same as military/police shotguns and rifles marketed for long range target shooting that are virtually the same as military/police sniper rifles. Amnesty International advocates that the civilian guns must be included in any workable arms trade controls; otherwise, governments could authorize export/import of sporting guns virtually the same as military/police weapons in function.
It must be workable and enforceable. It must:
* provide guidelines for the treaty's full, clear implementation;
* ensure transparency—including full annual reports of national arms transfers;
* have an effective mechanism to monitor compliance;
* ensure accountability—with provisions for adjudication, dispute settlement, and sanctions;
* include a comprehensive framework for international cooperation and assistance.
NGOs are also advocating that the ATT must reinforce existing responsibilities to assist survivors of armed violence, as well as identify new avenues to address suffering and trauma.

## Criticism

Opposition to the ATT can be broken down into state opposition and civil society opposition. Over thirty states have objected to various parts of the ATT during negotiations, the majority of which held strong concerns about the implications for national sovereignty. From a civil society point of view, groups concerned about national sovereignty or individual rights to armed defense have been negative of the ATT. While not fundamentally opposed to an ATT, these groups are keenly sensitive to ensuring an ATT does not undermine national constitutional protections and individual rights. The most vocal and organized civil society groups opposing aspects of the ATT originated from the United States. These groups include the National Rifle Association of America (NRA), the National Shooting Sports Foundation, the Second Amendment Foundation, and The Heritage Foundation. The NRA and the Gun Owners of America say that the treaty is an attempt to circumvent the Second Amendment and similar guarantees in state constitutions in order to impose domestic gun regulations.
One of the largest sources of civil opposition to the ATT has come from the Institute for Legislative Action (ILA), which is the lobbying arm of the NRA. In July 2012, ILA stated that:
   Anti-gun treaty proponents continue to mislead the public, claiming the treaty would have no impact on American gun owners. This is a bald-faced lie. For example, the most recent draft treaty includes export/import controls that would require officials in an importing country to collect information on the "end user" of a firearm, keep the information for 20 years, and provide the information to the country from which the gun was exported. In other words, if you bought a Beretta Shotgun, you would be an "end user" and the U.S. government would have to keep a record of you and notify the Italian government about your purchase. That is gun registration. If the U.S. refuses to implement this data collection on law-abiding American gun owners, other nations might be required to ban the export of firearms to the U.S.
On 12 July 2012, the United States issued a statement condemning the selection of Iran to serve as vice president of the conference. The statement called the move "outrageous" and noted that Iran is under UN Security Council sanctions for weapons proliferation.
Canada was accused by Project Ploughshares, a Canadian human rights group, of violating the treaty, as well as its own laws, by selling "Group 2" types of high-tech imaging and targeting systems to Turkey to conduct its air campaigns in the Syrian civil war.

## Signatories and parties

As of November 2024, 116 states have ratified or acceded to the ATT, including six of the world's top 10 arms producers (France, Germany, Spain, China, the United Kingdom and Italy). Twenty-one ratifying states provisionally applied articles 6 and 7 of the treaty, pending its entry into force. The strong support of the European Union for this treaty is seen in its ATT Outreach Project (ATT-OP) established by EU Council Decision 2013/768/CFSP.
States that have joined the Arms Trade Treaty :
| State | Signed | Ratified or acceded | Entry into force |
| Afghanistan | | 29 July 2020 | 29 July 2020 |
| Albania | 3 June 2013 | 19 March 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Andorra | 18 December 2014 | 2 December 2022 | 2 March 2023 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 3 June 2013 | 12 August 2013 | 12 August 2013 |
| Argentina | 3 June 2013 | 25 September 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Australia | 3 June 2013 | 3 June 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Austria | 3 June 2013 | 3 June 2014 | 3 June 2014 |
| Bahamas | 3 June 2013 | 25 September 2014 | 25 September 2014 |
| Barbados | 25 September 2013 | 20 May 2015 | 18 August 2015 |
| Belgium | 3 June 2013 | 3 June 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Belize | 3 June 2013 | 19 March 2015 | 17 June 2015 |
| Benin | 3 June 2013 | 7 November 2016 | 5 February 2017 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 25 September 2013 | 25 September 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Botswana | | 7 June 2019 | 7 June 2019 |
| Brazil | 3 June 2013 | 14 August 2018 | 12 November 2018 |
| Bulgaria | 2 July 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Burkina Faso | 3 June 2013 | 3 June 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Cabo Verde | 25 September 2013 | 23 September 2016 | 22 December 2016 |
| Cameroon | 3 December 2014 | 18 June 2018 | 16 September 2018 |
| Canada | | 19 June 2019 | 19 June 2019 |
| Central African Republic | | 7 October 2015 | 5 January 2016 |
| Chad | 25 September 2013 | 25 March 2015 | 23 June 2015 |
| Chile | 3 June 2013 | 18 May 2018 | 16 August 2018 |
| China | 20 June 2020 | 20 June 2020 | 6 July 2020 |
| Colombia | 24 September 2013 | 15 October 2024 | 13 January 2025 |
| Costa Rica | 3 June 2013 | 25 September 2013 | 25 September 2013 |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 3 June 2013 | 26 February 2015 | 27 May 2015 |
| Croatia | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Cyprus | 3 June 2013 | 10 May 2016 | 8 August 2016 |
| Czech Republic | 3 June 2013 | 25 September 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Denmark | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 2 April 2014 |
| Dominica | 1 October 2013 | 21 May 2015 | 19 August 2015 |
| Dominican Republic | 3 June 2013 | 11 August 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| El Salvador | 5 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Estonia | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 2 April 2014 |
| Finland | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 2 April 2014 |
| France | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Gabon | 25 September 2013 | 21 September 2022 | 21 September 2022 |
| Gambia | | 13 June 2024 | 11 September 2024 |
| Georgia | 25 September 2014 | 23 May 2016 | 21 August 2016 |
| Germany | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 2 April 2014 |
| Ghana | 24 September 2013 | 22 December 2015 | 21 March 2016 |
| Greece | 3 June 2013 | 1 March 2016 | 30 May 2016 |
| Grenada | 3 June 2013 | 21 October 2013 | 24 December 2014 |
| Guatemala | 24 June 2013 | 12 July 2016 | 10 October 2016 |
| Guinea | 29 July 2013 | 21 October 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 26 September 2013 | 22 October 2018 | 20 January 2019 |
| Guyana | 3 June 2013 | 4 July 2013 | 24 December 2014 |
| Honduras | 25 September 2013 | 22 March 2017 | 20 June 2017 |
| Hungary | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 2 April 2014 |
| Iceland | 3 June 2013 | 2 July 2013 | 2 July 2013 |
| Ireland | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Italy | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Jamaica | 3 June 2013 | 3 June 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Japan | 3 June 2013 | 9 May 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Kazakhstan | | 8 December 2017 | 8 March 2018 |
| Latvia | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 2 April 2014 |
| Lebanon | 27 October 2014 | 9 May 2019 | 9 May 2019 |
| Lesotho | 25 September 2013 | 25 January 2016 | 24 April 2016 |
| Liberia | 4 June 2013 | 21 April 2015 | 20 July 2015 |
| Liechtenstein | 3 June 2013 | 16 December 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Lithuania | 3 June 2013 | 18 December 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Luxembourg | 3 June 2013 | 3 June 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Madagascar | 25 September 2013 | 22 September 2016 | 21 December 2016 |
| Malawi | 9 January 2014 | 11 July 2024 | 9 October 2024 |
| Maldives | | 27 September 2019 | 27 September 2019 |
| Mali | 3 June 2013 | 3 December 2013 | 3 December 2013 |
| Malta | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Mauritania | 3 June 2013 | 28 September 2015 | 27 December 2015 |
| Mauritius | | 23 July 2015 | 21 October 2015 |
| Moldova | 10 September 2013 | 28 September 2015 | 27 December 2015 |
| Mexico | 3 June 2013 | 25 September 2013 | 25 September 2013 |
| Monaco | | 30 June 2016 | 28 September 2016 |
| Montenegro | 3 June 2013 | 18 August 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Mozambique | 3 June 2013 | 14 December 2018 | 14 December 2018 |
| Namibia | 25 September 2014 | 28 April 2020 | 28 April 2020 |
| Netherlands | 3 June 2013 | 18 December 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| New Zealand | 3 June 2013 | 3 September 2014 | 3 September 2014 |
| Niger | 24 March 2014 | 27 July 2015 | 25 October 2015 |
| Nigeria | 12 August 2013 | 12 August 2013 | 24 December 2014 |
| Niue | | 6 August 2020 | 6 August 2020 |
| North Macedonia | 25 September 2013 | 7 March 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Norway | 3 June 2013 | 12 February 2014 | 12 February 2014 |
| Palau | 3 June 2013 | 8 April 2019 | 8 April 2019 |
| Panama | 3 June 2013 | 11 February 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Paraguay | 19 June 2013 | 9 April 2015 | 8 July 2015 |
| Peru | 25 September 2013 | 16 February 2016 | 16 May 2016 |
| Philippines | 25 September 2012 | 24 March 2022 | 24 March 2022 |
| Poland | 1 July 2013 | 17 December 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Portugal | 3 June 2013 | 25 September 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Romania | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Samoa | 25 September 2013 | 3 June 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| San Marino | 19 December 2014 | 29 July 2015 | 27 October 2015 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 5 June 2013 | 15 December 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Saint Lucia | 3 June 2013 | 25 September 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 3 June 2013 | 3 June 2014 | 3 June 2014 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 19 December 2014 | 28 July 2020 | 28 July 2020 |
| Senegal | 3 June 2013 | 25 September 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Serbia | 12 August 2013 | 5 December 2014 | 12 August 2013 |
| Seychelles | 3 June 2013 | 2 November 2015 | 31 January 2016 |
| Sierra Leone | 25 September 2013 | 12 August 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Slovakia | 10 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 2 April 2014 |
| Slovenia | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| South Africa | 25 September 2013 | 22 December 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| South Korea | 3 June 2013 | 28 November 2016 | 26 February 2017 |
| Spain | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 2 April 2014 |
| State of Palestine | | 27 December 2017 | 27 March 2018 |
| Suriname | 3 June 2013 | 19 October 2018 | 17 January 2019 |
| Sweden | 3 June 2013 | 16 June 2014 | 16 June 2014 |
| Switzerland | 3 June 2013 | 30 January 2015 | 30 April 2015 |
| Togo | 3 June 2013 | 8 October 2015 | 6 January 2016 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 3 June 2013 | 25 September 2013 | 25 September 2013 |
| Tuvalu | 3 June 2013 | 4 September 2015 | 3 December 2015 |
| United Kingdom | 3 June 2013 | 2 April 2014 | 2 April 2014 |
| Uruguay | 3 June 2013 | 25 September 2014 | 24 December 2014 |
| Zambia | 25 September 2013 | 20 May 2016 | 18 August 2016 |