OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sindhology

Sindhology (Sindhi: سنڌيات‎) is a field of South Asian studies and academic research that covers the history, society, culture, literature and people of Sindh, Pakistan. The subject was first brought into the academic circles with the establishment of the Institute of Sindhology at Sindh University in 1964. Since then, it has developed into a discipline that covers the aspects of history and archaeology from the Indus Valley civilization to the modern Sindhi society. The subject has also received wider attention at international levels. An academic or expert who specialises in Sindhology is called a Sindhologist.

## History

The term Sindhology to denote a subject of knowledge about Sindh was first coined in 1964 with the establishment of the Institute of Sindhology. The objective at the time was to promote the study and broader research on Sindh, and develop a repository of archives, books, manuscripts, and research papers. Another wider objective was to promote the knowledge about Sindh in various other national and regional languages of Pakistan, as well as international languages such as Arabic, English, Persian and Urdu.
The subject was actually developed on the patterns of Egyptology and Indology. The study area encompassed the multidisciplinary research about the land that has been shaped by the 5000 years old Indus Valley civilization as well as the Indus River (locally known as Sindhu Darya). This enables the scope of the study to cover the antiquities, relics, culture, traditions, and literature with unique forms of music, art, and poetry that has prevailed in both the ancient and modern Sindh.

## Organisations

* Institute of Sindhology, Pakistan
* Indian Institute of Sindhology
* American Institute of Sindhology

## Prominent Sindhologists

The first major attempt to bring together the leading Sindhologists was an international seminar 'Sindh Through the Centuries' held in Karachi in the spring of 1975 under the auspices of the Government of Sindh. Some of the prominent names in Sindhology include:
* Ali S. Asani
* Dr. Nabi Bux Khan Baloch
* Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi
* Ahmad Hasan Dani
* Annemarie Schimmel
* Allama I. I. Kazi
* Asko Parpola
* Jean-François Jarrige
* N. G. Majumdar
* K. R. Malkani
* Muhammad Usman Diplai
* Ghulam Rabbani Agro
* Sarah Ansari
# 1710 in science

The year 1710 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Events

* The Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala is founded in Uppsala, Sweden, as the Collegium curiosorum ("College of the Curious").

## Astronomy

* Edmond Halley, comparing his observations with Ptolemy's catalog, discovers the proper motion of some "fixed" stars.

## Physiology and medicine

* Alexis Littré, in his treatise Diverses observations anatomiques, is the first physician to suggest the possibility of performing a lumbar colostomy for an obstruction of the colon.
* Stephen Hales makes the first experimental measurement of the capacity of a mammalian heart.

## Technology

* Jakob Christof Le Blon invents a three-color printing process with red, blue, and yellow ink. Years later he adds black introducing the earliest four-color printing process.

## Zoology

* René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur produces a paper on the use of spiders to produce silk.

## Publications

* John Arbuthnot publishes "An argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the births of both sexes" in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.

## Births

* April 15 – William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (died 1790)
* April 25 – James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (died 1776)
* May 18 – Johann II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (died 1790)
* June 10 – James Short, Scottish mathematician and optician (died 1768)
* July 21 – Paul Möhring, German physician and zoologist (died 1792)
* August 13 – William Heberden, English physician who gives the first description of angina pectoris (died 1801)
* August 20 – Thomas Simpson, English mathematician (died 1761)
* September 3 – Abraham Trembley, Genevan naturalist (died 1784)

## Deaths

* February 25 – Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, French explorer (born c. 1639)
* July 25 – Gottfried Kirch, German astronomer (born 1639)
* September 23 – Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (born 1644)
* Jean de Fontaney, French Jesuit mathematician and astronomer (born 1643)
# Chun In-bum

Chun In-bum (born September 6, 1958) is a retired South Korean Army Lieutenant general and authority on Korean politics and military relations.

## Biography
### Early life

Chun was born September 6, 1958, in the South Korean capital city of Seoul. He moved to the United States of America at the age of seven with his mother, who was serving as a South Korean diplomat, and spent four and a half years in New York City before returning to Korea in 1969 to finish high school. He was accepted to the Korea Military Academy (KMA) in 1977. There, he studied military history and was commissioned as an infantry officer in 1981 upon completion of his degree.

### Later life and military service

Shortly after graduation, then-Lieutenant Chun was selected as an aide to Lieutenant General Lee Ki-baek, making him the youngest officer in the history of the army to be appointed aide to a three-star general. In October 1983, General Lee was nearly killed in a terrorist bombing in Rangoon and then-Lieutenant Chun was credited with saving Lee’s life in the aftermath of the attack. He was awarded the National Security Medal (Kwang-Bok) for his actions.
Chun continued his career by serving in the ROK/US Combined Forces Command (CFC) in 1988, the Korean Special Warfare Command (SWC) in 1990, and in the ROK Army Chief of Staff Office. From 1995 to 1997, he commanded a battalion in the 22nd ROK Infantry Division. After promotion to brigadier general he served in positions commanding 29th Infantry Regiment of the 9th Infantry Division of the Republic of Korea Army and helped direct elections in Iraq in 2005. For his service in Iraq he received the Hwa-Rang Combat medal and became the first Korean officer since the Vietnam War to be awarded the U.S. Bronze Star. Later in 2005, he served as the Director of U.S. Affairs at the Korean Ministry of National Defense.
In 2007, then Brigadier General Chun was deployed to Afghanistan in response to 2007 South Korean hostage crisis in Afghanistan. He was promoted to major general in 2009, and to lieutenant general in November 2013. He was assigned to head the ROK Special Warfare Command, for which he received U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) medal in 2016, becoming the first Korean to receive the honor.
In 2015, Chun was promoted to deputy commander for the First ROK Army (FROKA) and became a Distinguished Fellow of New Westminster College.

### Retirement and Current Activities

Chun retired from active duty in July 2016. After his retirement he briefly worked for Moon Jae-in’s presidential campaign before stepping down to conduct fellowships with Brookings Institution’s Center for East Asia Policy Studies (CEAP) and the US-Korea Institute of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University in Washington, D.C.
Chun has been a board member of the Korean Animal Welfare Association since 2018.

### Personal life

Chun is married to Shim Hwa-jin, former president of Sung-Shin Women’s University. The couple have two sons.
# Amalia García

Amalia Dolores García Medina (born October 6, 1951) is a Mexican politician and a former governor of Zacatecas.

## Early life

García was born into a political family. When she was five, her father Francisco Garcia Estrada was elected governor of their home state of Zacatecas, representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He held office from 1956 to 1962. Rather than following in his footsteps, García instead enrolled in the outlawed Mexican Communist Party (PCM) after witnessing the student revolts of 1968 and the Tlatelolco massacre.

## Political career

García's political stance became more moderate over time, and she played a key role in turning the PCM into a "neo-Communist" party. She followed the PCM into the Unified Socialist Party of Mexico (PSUM) in 1981. After briefly being a member of the Mexican Socialist Party, she became a founding member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) when it was created in 1989.
From 1999 to 2002, she served as president of the PRD. In 1996, she ran (unsuccessfully) for party president; she ran again, and won, in 2000.
On June 24, 2018, she renounced to PRD, after 29 years of advocacy, arguing "the great debate of ideas that constituted one of its strengths, has been totally replaced by agreements for the distribution of quotas".

## Governor of Zacatecas

In 2003, Garcia was selected as the PRD's candidate in the 2004 Zacatecas gubernatorial election. On July 4, 2004, she won a convincing victory and was sworn in as the first female governor of Zacatecas on September 12, 2004. She had been endorsed by a former Governor of Zacatecas, José Guadalupe Cervantes Corona, who renounced his membership in PRI to support Garcia.
She was the fifth woman to serve as governor of a Mexican state. Earlier women governors were Griselda Álvarez (Colima, 1979–1985), Beatriz Paredes (Tlaxcala, 1987–1992), Dulce María Sauri (Yucatán, 1991–1994), Rosario Robles Berlanga (Distrito Federal, 1999–2000).
# William Cove

William George Cove (21 May 1888 – 15 March 1963) was a British politician. He served as a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) from 1923 to 1959.

## Early Life

Cove was born in Halifax Terrace, Middle Rhondda, to Edwin and Elizabeth Cove. His father, a miner, was born in Berkeley in Gloucestershire and was among the thousands from the west of England who migrated to the Rhondda Valleys at the end of the nineteenth century to seek work in the rapidly expanding coal industry. His mother was a native of Aberdare.

## Early career

Cove trained as a teacher and in 1911 was employed as a teacher by Rhondda Urban Council. He participated in the foundation of the Teachers Labour League.

## Political career

Cove was first elected to Parliament in the 1923 general election for the Northamptonshire constituency of Wellingborough, where he succeeded the National Liberal MP Geoffrey Shakespeare. In the 1929 general election, Cove left Wellingborough to become MP for the Welsh constituency of Aberavon, where the Labour Leader Ramsay MacDonald had stood down to stand for the County Durham seat of Seaham. Cove remained MP for Aberavon until he retired at the 1959 general election after 36 years in the Commons, he was succeeded at Aberavon by John Morris. He died in 1963 aged 74 in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire.
Cove has been neglected by historians and he does not feature in the Dictionary of Welsh Biography.
# Railway trade unions in Australia

Railway Unions in Australia organised labour of railway employees in Australia operated under federal and State awards - this is a partial list of known unions. Many of the unions amalgamated over time, creating a complex trail of ancestry for some of the later unions.

## Federal Award unions

The following unions were based on federal - Australian wide awards
* Association of Railway Professional Officers of Australia (1921 - )
* Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen
* Australian Rail Tram & Bus Industry Union, RTBU (1993 - )
* Australian Railways Union, ARU (1921 - 1993)
* Australian Tramway and Motor Omnibus Employees' Association
* Australian Transport Officers' Federation
* Commonwealth Engine Drivers & Firemens Association of Australia (1918 - 1925)
* Commonwealth Railway Officers Association (1917 - 1950)
* Federated Tramways Officers Association (1920 - 1949)
* National Union of Rail Workers of Australia (1982 - 1993)

## New South Wales

* Australian Railways Union - N.S.W. Branch

## South Australia

* Australian Railways Union - South Australian Branch
* Australasian Society of Engineers - South Australia

## Tasmania

* Australian Railways Union - Tasmanian Branch

## Victoria

* Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen (Victorian Division)
* Australian Railways Union - Victoria
* Victorian Railways Transportation Employees Association (1906 - 1950)
* Train & Locomotive Drivers Association of Victoria (2017 - )

## Western Australia

Some of the following unions were the railway related unions in Western Australia.
* Association of Draughting, Supervisory and Technical Employees
* Amalgamated Society of Railway Employees (see below, Western Australian...)
* Australian Railways Union (Western Australian Branch)
* Railway Industry Council
* Rail Tram and Bus Industry Union
* Western Australian Amalgamated Society of Railway Employees' Union of Workers
* Western Australian Association of State Railway Employees
* Locomotive Engine Drivers’ Firemen's and Cleaners’ Union of Western Australia
** (earlier known as West Australian Locomotive Engine Drivers' Firemen's and Cleaners' Union of Workers)
* West Australian Railway Officers’ Union
* Western Australian Railway Unions Joint Executive
* West Australian Vehicle Builders’ Industrial Union of Workers

## Records and archives

The Noel Butlin Archives Centre at Australian National University is one of the more significant repositories of railway union records in Australia
# Chun Chik-yu

Chun Chik-yu (Chinese: 陳席儒; Jyutping: can4 zik6 jyu4); June 12, 1859 – October 18, 1936) was a Chinese-Hawaiian businessman who served briefly as Governor of Guangdong Province from 1922 to 1923. He was born Toney Afong, full name Antone Abram Kekapala Keawemauhili Afong.

## Early life

He was born on June 12, 1859, the eldest son and second child of Chun Afong and Julia Fayerweather Afong. Considered the first Chinese millionaire in Hawaii, his father was a wealthy Honolulu merchant originally from Zhuhai, Guangdong. His mother was a British-Hawaiian woman of aliʻi (noble) descent. He had fifteen siblings and at least three half-siblings from his father's first wife Lee Hong in China.
Afong took Toney to China in June 1862. He left his Hawaiian son to live with his Chinese wife and family in Meixi and took his eldest Chinese son Alung back to Hawaii to raise in each other's respective culture for the next seven years. Toney returned with Afong and his half-brother in 1869. Back in Honolulu, Alung was enrolled at Punahou School (called Oahu College) and Toney at ʻIolani School (called St. Alban's College). Both brothers were prepared for college at Hartford Public High School in Connecticut. Alung later enrolled in Yale University under the tutelage of Yung Wing. Toney was also said to have enrolled in either Trinity College, Yale or Harvard University, although there are no known records of his attendance in either of these institutions.

## Career

Unlike his Hawaiian siblings, Toney later left Hawaii and settled in China with his father. He became a successful businessman in Hong Kong and Macau with another half-brother Chun Kang-yu. They invested heavily in real estate, shipping, railroads, merchandising, and agriculture. He was influential in the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong and instrumental in the founding of the University of Hong Kong.
The brothers were early supporters of Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China who had also been a student at Punahou School in Honolulu. They later allied themselves with Guangdong warlord Chen Jiongming who advocated for a federalist model of government based on the United States against Sun's centralized approach based on Russia. With the backing of Chen, Toney was elected as governor of Guangdong from 1922 to 1923 before being ousted by supporters of Sun. His son Chun Wing-Sen, who became a general under Chen, was shot and killed in the streets of Hong Kong in 1924, possibly a political assassination. Toney retired to Macau and spent the rest of his life collecting Chinese antiques.

## Personal life

He married Julien Chang and had three children: Chun Wing-Sen (陳永善), Irene Chun Wing-Luen, Chun Wing-Keu. He also had six concubines but did not have children with them. Irene married T. Y. Lau, the son of Lew Yuk Lin, the last Qing Dynasty ambassador to the Court of St James's. His son Chun Wing-Sen (1827–1924) was a member of the Yale College class of 1912 and became a general under Chen Jiongming before his death.
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Covington, Virginia

This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Covington, Virginia.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in the independent city of Covington, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.
There are 5 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the city.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 7, 2025.
Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)

## Current listings

| | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location |
| 1 | Covington High School | Covington High School | May 15, 2008 (#08000417) | 530 S. Lexington Ave. 37°47′03″N 79°59′31″W﻿ / ﻿37.784167°N 79.991944°W﻿ / 37.784167; -79.991944﻿ (Covington High School) |
| 2 | Covington Historic District | Covington Historic District More images | February 21, 1991 (#91000099) | Roughly bounded by the Jackson River, Monroe Ave., CSX railroad tracks, and Maple Ave. 37°47′32″N 79°59′45″W﻿ / ﻿37.792222°N 79.995833°W﻿ / 37.792222; -79.995833﻿ (Covington Historic District) |
| 3 | First Baptist Church of Covington, Virginia | First Baptist Church of Covington, Virginia | January 24, 2002 (#01001518) | 337 S. Lexington Ave. 37°47′11″N 79°59′35″W﻿ / ﻿37.786250°N 79.993056°W﻿ / 37.786250; -79.993056﻿ (First Baptist Church of Covington, Virginia) |
| 4 | Fudge House | Fudge House | April 29, 1993 (#93000348) | 620 Parklin Dr. 37°46′42″N 79°59′33″W﻿ / ﻿37.778472°N 79.992500°W﻿ / 37.778472; -79.992500﻿ (Fudge House) |
| 5 | Rivermont School | Upload image | May 26, 2022 (#100007754) | 1011 North Rockbridge Ave. 37°48′16″N 79°59′19″W﻿ / ﻿37.8044°N 79.9886°W﻿ / 37.8044; -79.9886﻿ (Rivermont School) |
# List of lighthouses in Pennsylvania

There are several lighthouses in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.
"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Pennsylvania". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017.
| Name | Location | Coordinates | Year first lit | Automated | Year deactivated | Current Lens | Focal Height |
| Erie Harbor North Pier Light | Presque Isle | 42°09′24.12″N 80°04′14.16″W﻿ / ﻿42.1567000°N 80.0706000°W﻿ / 42.1567000; -80.0706000 | 1857 | Unknown | Active | Unknown | 042 42 ft (13 m) |
| Erie Land Light | Erie | 42°8′38.1″N 80°3′44.1″W﻿ / ﻿42.143917°N 80.062250°W﻿ / 42.143917; -80.062250 | 1818 (Former) 1867 (Current) | Never | 1899 (Inactive: 1880–1885) | Decorative ("Relit" in 1990) | 128 128 ft (39 m) |
| Presque Isle Light | Presque Isle | 42°9′56.8″N 80°6′55.5″W﻿ / ﻿42.165778°N 80.115417°W﻿ / 42.165778; -80.115417 | 1873 | 1962 | Active | VRB-25 | 073 73 ft (22 m) |
| Snug Harbor Light | Conneaut Lake | N/A | 1924 | Unknown | Active | Unknown | 033 33 ft (10 m) |
| Turtle Rock Light | Philadelphia | 39°58′12″N 75°11′23″W﻿ / ﻿39.97000°N 75.18972°W﻿ / 39.97000; -75.18972 | 1887 | Unknown | Active | Unknown | Unknown |
# Vésuviennes

The Vésuviennes were a radical feminist group that existed in France in the middle of the 19th century. They chose their name (derived from Mount Vesuvius) because, in their words, "Like lava, so long held back, that must at last pour out around us, [our idea of feminist equality] is in no way incendiary but in all ways regenerating."
With the overthrow of King Louis-Philippe of France in 1848, the newly formed Republic lifted all restrictions on the press and assembly. This encouraged a proliferation of new feminist publications, organizations, and groups. The Vésuviennes were among the latter. Considered to be the most radical of all of the feminist factions of the time, the Vésuviennes promoted female military service, the right of women to dress the same as men, and legal and domestic equality between husband and wife, even as that extended to the distribution of household chores. Most Vésuviennes were between the ages of 15 and 30, unmarried, poorly paid workers. Even some other feminists disapproved of their tactics, which included wearing culottes (not unlike the bloomers worn by radical American feminists at the time) and staging frequent street demonstrations.
The image of a young woman in culottes came to represent all feminists to some, as can be seen in the caricatures of Charles-Édouard de Beaumont [fr], one of several artists who satirized the efforts of feminists of the period in popular political papers such as Le Charivari.
Until recently the existence of this feminist organization was regarded as genuine, if poorly documented. Some historians have recently argued that the organisation was itself "a burlesque creation of the French police who drew up a constitution for it and provided it with prostitutes as members".
# Cristiano Lupatelli

Cristiano Lupatelli (born 21 June 1978) is an Italian professional football coach and former player who is the goalkeeping coach of club Juventus U23. As a player, he was a goalkeeper; he is known for his trademark goatee and sideburns with his bald head.

## Club career

Lupatelli was born in Perugia. He won a scudetto while playing for AS Roma in season 2000–01. A Roma youth product, Lupatelli was farmed to Chievo for the 2001–02 and 2002–03 seasons, after he played just 12 Serie A games for the capital club, wearing the number 10 jersey, despite being a goalkeeper, because of a bet he made with friends. He was sold to Chievo for 3 billion Italian lire in a co-ownership deal in 2002. In the 2003–04 season, he returned to Roma for €900,000, as the backup of Ivan Pelizzoli.
In summer 2004, he joined Fiorentina on a free transfer.
Lupatelli featured regularly for the Fiorentina first team in the 2004–05 season, but after the arrival of Sébastien Frey in 2005, Bogdan Lobonț in the 2006–07 season, and Vlada Avramov in 2007, he became the club's third choice keeper, and was loaned out to Parma during 2005–06 season for part of Frey's deal.
Whilst on loan at Parma FC, he was exchanged with Matteo Guardalben mid-season.
In September 2008, he joined Cagliari on a free transfer, acting as a deputy to Federico Marchetti.
He was set to become a free agent on 1 July 2010, and was not called up to the club's 2010–11 pre-season training camp. During the 2010–11 summer transfer window, he joined Bologna on a free transfer, as Emiliano Viviano's backup.
On 8 July 2011, he joined Genoa on a free transfer, after being released from Bologna. He served as the backup to Frey once again.
On 15 July 2012, he joined Fiorentina once again, on a free transfer.
He retired from football after his contract with Fiorentina expired on 1 July 2015.

## Managerial career

On 15 August 2018, Lupatelli was appointed goalkeeping coach of newly-formed Serie C club Juventus U23, the reserve team of Juventus.
# Central Ojibwa language

Central Ojibwa (also known as Central Ojibwe, Ojibway, Ojibwe) is an Algonquian language spoken in Ontario, Canada from Lake Nipigon in the west to Lake Nipissing in the east.

## Phonology
### Vowels

| Vowels | Nasal Vowels |
| ʌ | |
| aː | ãː |
| eː | ẽː |
| I | |
| iː | ĩː |
| ʊ ~ o | |
| oː ~ uː | õː |

#### Diphthongs

* Diphthongs
* aw
* aj
* ew
* ej
* iw
* ij
* ow

### Consonants

* Consonants
* b ~ p
* tʃː
* d ~ t
* g ~ k
* h
* dʒ ~ tʃ
* k^h ~ kː^h
* m
* n
* p^h ~ pː^h
* sː
* ʃː
* t^h ~ tː^h
* w
* j
* z ~ s
* ʒ ~ ʃ
* ʔ