OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vivification

Vivification is an operation on a description logic knowledge base to improve performance of a semantic reasoner. Vivification replaces a disjunction of concepts $C_{1}\sqcup C_{2}\ldots \sqcup C_{n}$ by the least common subsumer of the concepts $C_{1},C_{2},\ldots C_{n}$.
The goal of this operation is to improve the performance of the reasoner by replacing a complex set of concepts with a single concept which subsumes the original concepts.
For example, consider the example given in (Cohen 92): Suppose we have the concept ${\textrm {PIANIST(Jill)}}\vee {\textrm {ORGANIST(Jill)}}$. This concept can be vivified into a simpler concept ${\textrm {KEYBOARD-PLAYER(Jill)}}$. This summarization leads to an approximation that may not be exactly equivalent to the original.

## An approximation

Knowledge base vivification is not necessarily exact. If the reasoner is operating under the open world assumption we may get surprising results. In the previous example, if we replace the disjunction with the vivified concept, we will arrive at a surprising results.
First, we find that the reasoner will no longer classify Jill as either a pianist or an organist. Even though ${\textrm {ORGANIST}}$ and ${\textrm {PIANIST}}$ are the only two sub-classes, under the OWA we can no longer classify Jill as playing one or the other. The reason is that there may be another keyboard instrument (e.g. a harpsichord) that Jill plays but which does not have a specific subclass.
# Organization for the Liberal Democracy in Venezuela

The Organization for the Liberal Democracy in Venezuela (Organización por la Democracia Liberal en Venezuela, ODLV) is a classical liberal action tank from Caracas, Venezuela, created by a group of libertarian students. They are directive members of the Hispanic American Liberal Conference and as an intellectual group nowadays, they are willing to become a political party in the 2010.
ODLV uses the street alternative propaganda to promote classical liberalism, free-market ideas, individual rights and liberal capitalism. They have even filmed a controversial documentary: The Way Out, Liberal Capitalism (La Salida, el Capitalismo Liberal) with the support of the Movimiento Demócrata Liberal and Rumbo Propio para el Zulia.
# Green Reef

Green Reef (64°44′S 63°17′W﻿ / ﻿64.733°S 63.283°W﻿ / -64.733; -63.283) is a group of low rocks in Neumayer Channel, lying close east of Green Spur, Anvers Island, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It was charted from HMS Snipe in January 1948 and so named because of its proximity to Green Spur.
# Yangliupu

Yangliupu Township (simplified Chinese: 杨柳铺乡; traditional Chinese: 楊柳鋪鄉; pinyin: Yángliǔpū Xiāng) is a rural township in Cili County, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.

## Administrative division

The township is divided into 23 villages and 2 communities, the following areas: Yangliupu Community, Yangxi Community, Chaxi Village, Siqiao Village, Xinpu Village, Fuxing Village, Sanhe Village, Xiaokeng Village, Lashu Village, Changwan Village, Kangzhuang Village, Zhongxi Village, Longyue Village, Yongsheng Village, Heye Village, Baojing Village, Xiangyu Village, Nanshan Village, Heyu Village, Shenping Village, Zhongguang Village, Huayue Village, Pingfeng Village, Yuanyang Village, and Jianzhuang Village (杨柳铺社区、杨溪社区、岔溪村、四桥村、新铺村、复兴村、三合村、小坑村、腊树村、长湾村、康庄村、中溪村、龙跃村、永圣村、荷叶村、宝景村、向峪村、南山村、荷峪村、申坪村、中广村、华岳村、坪峰村、鸳鸯村、俭庄村).
# Colpospira atkinsoni

Colpospira atkinsoni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turritellidae.
# Pingasa abyssiniaria

Pingasa abyssiniaria is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by Achille Guenée in 1858. It is found in Ethiopia and South Africa.

## Subspecies

* Pingasa abyssiniaria abyssiniaria
* Pingasa abyssiniaria rufata D. S. Fletcher, 1956
# Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 197

The 197th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Philadelphia County and includes the following areas:
* Ward 11 [PART, Divisions 01, 02, 03, 07, 08, 11, 13, 19 and 20]
* Ward 16 [PART, Divisions 01, 02, 03, 04 and 05]
* Ward 19
* Ward 37 [PART, Divisions 15, 16, 18, 19 and 20]
* Ward 42 [PART, Divisions 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11 and 22]
* Ward 43
* Ward 49 [PART, Division 01]

## Representatives

| Representative | Party | Years | Note |
| Prior to 1969, seats were apportioned by county. |||||
| Joel J. Johnson | Democrat | 1969 – 1980 | |
| Junius M. Emerson | Democrat | 1981 – 1982 | |
| Andrew J. Carn | Democrat | 1983 – 2000 | |
| Jewell Williams | Democrat | 2001 – 2012 | Resigned to become Sheriff of Philadelphia |
| Gary Williams | Democrat | 2012 – 2013 | |
| Jose Miranda | Democrat | 2013 – 2014 | |
| Leslie Acosta | Democrat | 2015 – January 3, 2017 | Resigned (felony corruption conviction) |
| Emilio Vazquez | Democrat | April 5, 2017 - 2018 | |
| Danilo Burgos | Democrat | 2019–present | |
# Rama Vaidyanathan

Rama Vaidyanathan is an Indian bharatnatyam artist from Delhi.
She is one of the directors of Ganesha Natyalaya, one of the best Bharatanatyam institutes of the country. She has toured the country and the world, performing and showcasing her art.
She is married to C. V. Kamesh, CXO at Hitachi India, and son of Saroja Vaidyanathan.
Rama Vaidyanathan received the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award in 2013, and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 2017.
# Bates Peak

Bates Peak, about 600 metres (2,000 ft) high, is the westernmost peak on Rothschild Island, rising west of Fournier Ridge in the Desko Mountains. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Commander Lawrence O. Bates, U.S. Coast Guard, Executive Officer on USCGC Edisto during U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze, 1969.
# Pedro Luis Ronchino

Pedro Luis Ronchino (18 June 1928 – 1 July 2020) was an Argentine Roman Catholic bishop.
Ronchino was born in Argentina and was ordained to the priesthood in 1954. He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina, from 1993 until 2005.
# Ophonus opacus

Ophonus opacus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Ophonus).
# Greatest Hits (Half Japanese album)

Greatest Hits is the first compilation album released by the punk rock band Half Japanese, in 1995. It includes the line ups from all albums released by the band.

## History

Half Japanese's Greatest Hits, which was the band's first compilation album, was released on March 13, 1995, after more than twenty years of activity as a band. By the time it came out, the band had gained an international fan base and it had already released thirteen studio albums; since the release of the compilation, there have been three more. Half Japanese later released two more compilation albums.

## Music

Greatest Hits is two discs and has at least one song from each album: from 1/2 Gentlemen/Not Beasts, with the band's original set, to Boo! Live in Europe 1992. The album features notable guests such as John Zorn and Eugene Chadbourne.
There are strong differences in the styles as well as the sound fidelity between the songs. It is possible to find noise and electronic tracks, such as the ones from 1/2 Gentlemen/Not Beasts; punk rock songs, like those from Charmed Life; experimental songs, such as those from The Band That Would Be King as well as more straightforward rock from other releases.

### Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| Entertainment Weekly | (Favourable) link |
Ned Raggett from Allmusic gave the album 4.5 stars of 5 calling it the best way to start with Half Japanese given the scattered discography of the band. He praised the songs "King Kong", "Amazing Clock" and "Identical Twins" as well as "How to Play Guitar", which, according to him, makes for a great final touch.
The album was included in Blender's top 100 indie rock albums, where it was called "undeniably difficult and triumphantly messy".

## Track listing

All songs written by Jad Fair unless indicated.

### Disc B
## Personnel

The people involved in the album are from the band's different line ups:
* Terry Adams – piano
* Pippin Barnett – drums
* Hank Beckmeyer – bass guitar, guitar, producer
* George Cartwright – saxophone
* Eugene Chadbourne – guitar, harmonica, vocals on "Blue Yodel No. 1 (T for Texas)"
* Byron Coley – liner notes
* David Doris – saxophone
* John Dreyfuss – saxophone
* Rick Dreyfuss – drums
* David Fair – guitar, percussion, vocals, liner notes
* Jad Fair – guitar, harmonica, vocals, producer
* Danny Finney – saxophone
* Don Fleming – guitar, vocals
* Tim Foljahn – guitar
* Fred Frith – guitar
* Mick Hobbs – guitar
* Scott Jarvis – drums
* Mark Jickling – guitar
* Steve Johnson – guitar
* Rob Kennedy – bass guitar
* Kramer – organ, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, producer
* Eppo Krol – producer
* Richard Labrie – drums
* David Licht – conga
* Joe Martinelli – drums
* Lisa Mednick – keyboards
* Gilles V. Rieder – drums, producer
* Rebby Sharp – guitar
* John Sluggett – guitar
* Jay Spiegel – drums
* Maureen Tucker – drums, producer
* Jason Willett – bass guitar
* Gary Windo – saxophone
* Howard Wuelfing – bass guitar
* Lana Zabko – saxophone
* Don Zientara – producer
* John Zorn – saxophone
# Bartlewo

Bartlewo may refer to the following places:
* Bartlewo, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Bartlewo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
* Bartlewo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
# William de Widworthy

Sir William de Widworthy (fl. 1240–1272) was a knight during the reign of Edward I of England, based in Widworthy in the Colyton Hundred, Devon. He was the earliest lord of the manor recorded by the Devon historian Sir William Pole (died 1635).

## Activity

In 1240, William was one of a dozen knights bound by oath to the Sheriff of Devon who set out to settle a land boundary dispute between Richard of Cornwall and four local knights. The party journeyed from Okehampton Castle across Dartmoor, including Cawsand Beacon, Hound Tor and all the way to Dartmeet.
In 1246, de Widworthy was witness to a deed for a transfer of land relating to Buckfast Abbey.

## Holdings

de Widworthy's holdings included the 1272 acquisition of the village of Lustleigh, which stayed in the de Widworthy family until 1413.
He was also noted as the holder of Culm Davy in the 13th century Book of Fees.

## Issue and descent

William's heir was Hugh de Whitworthy, and his daughter and heir was Alice.
The family married with Sir William Prouz of Gidleigh Castle.
# Colposcelis elegans

Colposcelis elegans is a species of darkling beetles in the subfamily Pimeliinae. It has a palaearctic distribution in Asia.
# Volume-controlled ventilation

Volume-controlled ventilation may refer to:
* Volume controlled continuous mandatory ventilation
* Volume controlled intermittent mandatory ventilation
# Rama Varma Union High School

Rama Varma Union High School is an upper primary with secondary school in Vypeen, Cherai, India. It was founded in 1907 as Union School. It offers education for students from fifth standard to tenth standard.

## Activities

The school offers a nature club.

## Alumni

* Sunil P. Ilayidom, writer and critic in the Malayalam language.
* Mary Verghese (1925–1986), physician
# Sumatralith

A sumatralith is an oval to rectangular shaped stone artefact made by unifacially flaking around the circumference of a cobble. It is often used to infer the Hoabinhian character of a lithic assemblage.
# Stoker (surname)

Stoker is a surname.
Those bearing it include:
* Amanda Stoker (born 1982), Australian politician
* Austin Stoker (1930–2022), Trinidadian-American actor
* Bob Stoker, Northern Ireland politician, Lord Mayor of Belfast (1999–2000)
* Bram Stoker (1847–1912), Irish writer
* Charlotte Stoker (1818-1901), activist and mother of Bram Stoker
* Don Stoker (1922–1985), English football player and manager
* Donald Stoker (historian), American military historian
* Frank Stoker (1867–1939), Irish tennis and rugby union player
* Gareth Stoker (born 1973), English footballer
* Gerry Stoker (born 1955), British political scientist
* Gordon Stoker, pianist and singer with The Jordanaires
* Hendrik G. Stoker (1899–1993), South African Calvinist philosopher
* Henry Hugh Gordon Stoker (1885–1966), Irish Royal Navy officer and actor also known as Dacre Stoker
* James J. Stoker (1905–1992), American mathematician
* Joanne Stoker (born 1983/84), British footwear designer
* Joscelyn Eve Stoker (born 1987, stage name Joss Stone, English singer, songwriter and actress
* Lewis Stoker (1910–1979), English footballer
* Mary Stoker Smith (born 1969), reporter and anchor for KYW-TV in Philadelphia
* Michael Stoker (1918–2013), British physician and researcher
* Richard Stoker (1938–2021), British composer and writer
* Robert Burdon Stoker (1859–1919), British shipping magnate and politician
* Thornley Stoker, 1st Baronet (1845–1912), Irish surgeon, brother of Bram Stoker
* Will Stoker, singer and musician with Will Stoker and the Embers
# Oud-Loosdrecht

Oud-Loosdrecht is a village in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It is a part of the town of Loosdrecht and the municipality of Wijdemeren; it lies about 6 km west of Hilversum.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1384 as "van der Loesdrecht". The current name means "old ferry over the drainage canal". Oud (old) has been added to distinguish from Nieuw-Loosdrecht.
It contains a large amount of Rijksmonumenten.

## Gallery

* Fort Spion
* View on Loosdrechtse Plassen lake along the Veendijk
* Church of Oud-Loosdrecht
* Rijksmonument on the Oud-Loosdrechtsedijk
# Greenspot, California

Greenspot, California may refer to:
* Greenspot, Contra Costa County, California
* Greenspot, San Bernardino County, California
# Sudler

Sudler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Monnette Sudler (1952–2022), American jazz guitarist
* Whitney Sudler-Smith (born 1968), American filmmaker, television director, and guitarist
# Bicyclus elishiae

Bicyclus elishiae is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Gabon, southeastern Cameroon and the southwestern parts of the Republic of Congo.
# Through With You

Through With You is the third studio album by Slave Unit, released on April 8, 2014, by WTII Records.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Shawn Brice, Aki Sasaki and Mike Welch

## Personnel

Adapted from the Through With You liner notes.
Slave Unit
* Shawn Brice – guitar, percussion, cover art, illustrations
* Aki Sasaki – bass guitar, percussion
* Mike Welch – lead vocals, programming, guitar, bass guitar, percussion, production
Production and design
* Jason Bazinet – production
* Chris Demarcus – production, mixing, mastering
* Ann Welch – photography

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United States | 2014 | WTII | CD, DL | 095 |
# Global climate regime

A global climate regime is a global framework that aims at regulating the interaction of human activity with the global climate system, to mitigate global climate change. The framework for such a regime was developed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, or UNFCCC for short.

## History

After the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992, which established the objective of avoiding dangerous human interference with the global climate system, governments' negotiation efforts have focused on operationalizing this goal. The first legally binding result has been the Kyoto Protocol which was agreed upon in 1997 and came into force in 2005, with its First Commitment Period in effect from 2008 to 2012. The 2009 deadline for reaching a post-Kyoto agreement, established at COP13 in Bali in 2007 was missed, and since the end of 2012, the voluntary emissions reductions commitments from the Copenhagen Accord have become the de facto global climate regime.
In 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed, cementing its place as the global climate regime. It requires countries to submit Nationally determined contributions in the form of plans to reduce emissions, and update their plans every five years at a global stocktake. Under the Paris climate regime, all countries have signed on to the goal of net balance between sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of the 21st century. The goal is holding the increase in temperatures to "well below" 2 degrees Celsius, and "pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels."
In 2021, at the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, the Glasgow Climate Pact was signed, under which nations agreed to "phase down" the use of Coal and take other actions to enhance ambition and reduce emissions.

## Issues

Over the last century increasing concentrations of gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have formed a blanket in the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect. The warming has brought about a number of significant issues. The Arctic ice is melting, which is causing an increase in the amount of heat retained at the Earth's poles. Deforestation, whether intentional or by wildfire, is affecting the natural filtration of the air. It is also decreasing the surface albedo of the land, raising global temperatures. Over the last decade many changes in weather patterns have been observed, such as more frequent unusually hot days and nights with less frequent unusually cold days and nights. Droughts have become more common in some areas, and a rainfall level increase in others.

## Proposals

Proposals for a global climate regime include:
* Contraction and Convergence
* Greenhouse Development Rights
* Cap and Share
* Nishimura's proposal of a global upstream carbon market
* WBGU's Budget Approach
* Kyoto2
* Earth Atmospheric Trust
* Global Climate Certificate System
# Volume (film)

Volume is a 2012 short film directed by Mahalia Belo, written by Anna Ingeborg Topsøe, and starring Joe Cole and Anna Brewster. It won the Best British Short film at the 2012 Moët British Independent Film Awards and the Grand Jury Prize for Best Film at San Francisco Shorts 2013. It was also part of the official selection at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival while also appearing at numerous other film festival. Volume was director Mahalia Belo's graduation short at the National Film and Television School (NTFS).

## Cast

* Joe Cole as Sam
* Anna Brewster as Georgina
* Jamie Sives as Nik
* Susan Vidler as Angie
* Hilary Tones as Julie
* David Acton as Richard
* Jake Davies as Johnny
* Melanie Jessop as Claire
# Ramin Takloo-Bighash

Ramin Takloo-Bighash (born 1974) is a mathematician who works in the field of automorphic forms and Diophantine geometry and is a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

## Mathematical career

Takloo-Bighash graduated from the Sharif University of Technology, where he enrolled after winning a Silver medal at the 1992 International Mathematical Olympiad. In 2001, Takloo-Bighash graduated under Joseph Shalika from Johns Hopkins University. He spent 2001-2007 at Princeton University, first as an instructor and then as an assistant professor. He is a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

## Research

Takloo-Bighash computed the local factors of spinor L-function attached to generic automorphic forms on the symplectic group GSp(4). He has joint works with Joseph Shalika and Yuri Tschinkel on the distribution of rational points on certain group compactifications. He is a co-author, with Steven J. Miller, of An Invitation To Modern Number Theory (Princeton University Press, 2006).

## Books

* Takloo-Bighash, Ramin (2018). A Pythagorean Introduction to Number Theory. Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics. Springer Publishing. p. XVIII, 279. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02604-2. ISBN 978-3-030-02603-5.
* Miller, Steven; Takloo-Bighash, Ramin (2006). An Invitation to Modern Number Theory. United States: Princeton University Press. p. 526. ISBN 9780691120607.
# Phan Văn Lân

Phan Văn Lân (潘文璘, 1730–?) was a general of Tây Sơn dynasty.
He joined the Tây Sơn army in early time. In 1787, Vũ Văn Nhậm led an army marched north into Tonkin. Lân and Ngô Văn Sở followed the army to assist him. Nhậm occupied Thăng Long (mordern Hanoi), had Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh executed, installed Lê Duy Cận as a puppet "Prince Regent" (監國 giám quốc). Sở and Lân regarded it as treason, and reported Nhậm's actions to Nguyễn Huệ. Huệ led an army marched north and had Nhậm executed. Huệ retreated from Tonkin, and left Ngô Văn Sở, Phan Văn Lân, Nguyễn Văn Tuyết, Nguyễn Văn Dụng, Trần Thuận Ngôn and Ngô Thì Nhậm in Thăng Long to watch Cận.
Qing China invaded Vietnam to reinstall the deposed emperor Lê Chiêu Thống of Lê dynasty. Ngô Văn Sở decided to retreat, but was opposed by Lân. He then led a troop to attack Chinese army in Nguyệt Đức River (mordern Cầu River), but was utterly beaten and fled back to Thăng Long. Sở concealed the fact and retreated to Tam Điệp, and sent Nguyễn Văn Tuyết to Phú Xuân (mordern Huế) to ask support.
Huệ then led an army march north, and defeated Chinese army in Ngọc Hồi and Đống Đa. Lân also played an important role in this battle.
# Solomon Gursky Was Here

Solomon Gursky Was Here is a novel by Canadian author Mordecai Richler first published by Viking Canada in 1989.

## Summary

The novel tells of several generations of the fictional Gursky family, who are connected to several disparate events in the history of Canada, including the Franklin Expedition and rum-running. Some fans and critics have cited this as Mordecai Richler's best book, and in terms of scope and style it is unmatched by his other works. The parallels between the Gursky family and the Bronfmans are such that the novel "may be seen as a thinly disguised account of the [Bronfman] family". While Richler himself denied any similarities, "one longtime Bronfman associate put it, 'I don't know why Mordecai bothered to change the names.'"

## Synopsis

The tale centres on Moses Berger, an alcoholic failed writer who is obsessed with Solomon Gursky, the brother of Bernard and Morrie and absent from the family empire after a fatal plane crash. It is implied that it is disappointment with his own father, the failed poet L. B. Berger, with whom Moses has a deeply dysfunctional relationship that put him on the trail of Solomon, a character as strong-willed as he was mysterious.
Solomon Gursky is told in a non-linear fashion, jumping around in both Moses' personal timeline as well as through four generations of the legendary Gursky family. Though much of the story is told from Moses' perspective, parts are also told from the perspectives of different members of the family and the people attached to them, creating a much more ambiguous picture of the Gurskys.

## Critical reception

Reviewing the book in The New York Times, Francine Prose noted, "In this, his ninth and most complex novel, Mr. Richler, a Canadian, is after something ambitious and risky, something slightly Dickensian, magical realist", adding that, "Regardless of what its author may actually have experienced, Solomon Gursky Was Here reads as if it were great fun to write. Dense, intricately plotted, it takes exuberant, nose-thumbing joy in traditional storytelling with all its nervy cliffhangers and narrative hooks, its windfall legacies, stolen portraits, murders and revenges, its clues that drop on the story line with a satisfying thud".
However, Prose judged that, "while the novel's plot turns are seldom predictable, its characters often are: the bigot is a repressed religious nut, the millionaire a pompous slob and, most upsettingly, the Eskimos a bunch of whoop-em-up mystic blubber-chewers and wife-swappers. Though being Jewish apparently enables Mr. Richler to feel on safe ground with outrageous Jewish jokes, he is, so to speak, on much thinner ice here".
Nevertheless, Prose found that in "the book's final paragraph, we discover that Solomon Gursky (and Mordecai Richler) have shaped their clever plot in a perfect circle, a narrative design that restores order and brings a welcome reassurance of closure, two things we so rarely expect from life and cherish, all the more, in the novel".