OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Signe Arnfred

Signe Arnfred (born 1944) is a Danish sociologist, feminist and writer who in 1971 became closely involved in Danish feminist activities. A leading figure in the Red Stocking Movement, she organized and participated in meetings and seminars which formed the basis of gender studies in Denmark. In the 1980s. together with her husband she spent four years in Mozambique where she was instrumental in developing a new approach to women in politics. In the late 1980s and early 1990s she was also active in Greenland. Arnfred has published books and articles addressing the place of women in society.

## Early life, family and education

Born in Nykøbing Sjælland on 22 January 1944, Signe Arnfred is the daughter of the specialist physician Axel Helweg Arnfred (1915–2004) and his wife Asta Julie née Busck, a social worker. In 1989, she married the architect Jan Birket-Smith (born 1945) with whom she has two children: Anne Julie (1977) and Katrine (1980).
Raised in closely-knit family, Arnfred completed her high school education at Copenhagen's Akademisk Studenterkursus in 1962. She spent the next two years travelling in Scandinavia, teaching in Jutland and working as a maid in Italy. In 1964, she began to study philosophy at Aarhus University but then moved to the University of Copenhagen where she earned a master's in cultural sociology in 1973. She went on to spend a further period of study at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda.

## Career

Back in Denmark, in 1971 she became a member of the feminist organization Kvindebevægelsen and helped to arrange the key weekend gathering in Tåstrup in January 1972 which brought together some 250 women from Copenhagen and the Danish provinces. Her resulting contacts with the Red Stocking Movement led to her adopting a Marxist-feminist approach to sociology. During the 1970s, she was instrumental in organizing a series of meetings and seminars in support of the women's movement and women's studies, paving the way for the development of gender studies as a branch of academic study. In this connection, she wrote several books. Together with Karen Syberg, in 1974 she published Kvindesituation og kvindebevægelse under kapitalismen (Women's Situation and Women's Movement under Capitalism). She was appointed an assistant professor at Roskilde University in 1974, becoming an associate professor in 1977.
In 1980, she moved with her husband and children to Mozambique where she worked with the women's organization until 1984, bringing about a new approach to women in politics. In 1988, they moved to Greenland where she taught sociology at the University of Greenland, subsequently coordinating the publication of Kvinder i Grønland (Women in Greenland, 1991). Arnfeld has maintained a continued interest in Africa, revisiting Mozambique and working as a consultant in Harare, Zimbabwe. In 2011, she published Sexuality and Gender Politics in Mozambique: Rethinking Gender in Africa, receiving positive reviews.
# Amir Qazaghan

Qazaghan (died 1358) was the amir of the Qara'unas (1345 at the latest – 1358) and the effective ruler of the Chagatai ulus (1346–1358).
The following opinions were expressed about the ethnic origin of the Qazaghan: 1) Vasily Bartold wrote that Qazaghan was very likely from the Kauchin tribe; he believed that the Kauchins were a Turkisized Mongol tribe; 2) In his other early work, Bartold called Qazaghan a Turkic emir.
Qazaghan's lineage is mostly unknown; it is possible that he became head of the Qara'unas through appointment instead of inheritance In 1345 he rebelled against his sovereign, the Chagatai Khan Qazan, but was defeated. The following year he tried again and succeeded in killing the khan. Qazan's death signified the end of the effective power of the Chagatai khans within the ulus; subsequent khans were rulers in name only. Qazaghan, in the interest of maintaining an image of legitimacy, contented himself with his title of amir and conferred the title of khan on descendants of Genghis Khan of his own choosing: first Danishmendji (1346–1348) and then Bayan Quli (1348–1358).
During the twelve years that Qazaghan served as the power behind the throne, the khanate devolved into a loose confederation of tribes that respected the overall authority of Qazaghan and his puppet khans, although he primarily commanded the loyalty of the tribes of the southern portion of the ulus. Following the example of the khans before him, Qazaghan raided northern India. He also sent several thousand troops to aid the Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq, against rebels in his country in 1350 or 1351 and also supported his son Firuz Shah Tughlaq to the throne. Following complaints from the Arlat and the Arpardi tribes, who were members of the ulus, of raids by the Kartids under Mu'izzu'd-Din, Qazaghan coordinated a punitive expedition with most of the tribes of the southern part of the ulus. The coalition sacked Herat and gathered a large amount of plunder.
In 1358 Qazaghan was assassinated by the son of Borolday, who had been amir of the Qara'unas before Qazaghan. He had aroused the anger of his murderer by denying him the tumen of Borolday. He was succeeded as leader of the Qara'unas by his son, ‘Abdullah.
# Amerika (nightclub)

Amerika is an Argentine LGBT nightclub, the largest in Buenos Aires. It is located in the Almagro neighborhood and is one of the most popular LGBT discos in Buenos Aires.
Amerika has, on several occasions been closed due to noise complaints from neighborhood residents, however, the owners claim it is discrimination on the part of its neighbors.
The Comunidad Homosexual Argentina, an association that defends LGBT rights, was involved in the reopening of the club in December 2006 after it had been closed for five months.

## Location

Amerika is located on 1040 Gascón Street, in the neighborhood of Almagro, Buenos Aires. It has three dance floors: Continental, Caribbean and Crystal and has capacity for 1866 people. It works only on Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays.
# Hein Vergo

Hein Vergo (until 1934 Theodor (also Teodor or Feodor) Taalmann (also Thaalmann); December 30, 1899 – 1998) was an Estonian teacher and school principal.
Hein Vergo was born in Viljandi County in the Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire. In 1922, Vergo graduated from Tallinn Teacher Training College [et], and he worked in the editorship of the newspaper Meie Hääl in 1922. From 1922 to 1924 he worked as a teacher at Vändra High School, from 1924 to 1932 as a teacher at Haljava School, and from 1932 to 1942 as the principal of Neeme Elementary School in Jõelähtme Parish. From 1940 to 1941, he was the principal of the seven-year school in Haljava. During the Second World War, a disability prevented him from fighting, and he worked on a collective farm in the Tatar Autonomous Republic and then relocated to the Uvelsky District in the Chelyabinsk Oblast, where he taught at a school and headed an orphanage. On December 20, 1944, he returned to Estonia, where he was again the principal of the school in Haljava from 1945 to 1947. From 1949 to 1960 he was the principal of Aruküla Basic School.

## Awards

* 1946: Medal "For Labour Valour"
* 1946: Honored Teacher of the Estonian SSR
# Nuremberg Funnel

Nuremberg Funnel (German: Nürnberger Trichter) is a jocular description of a mechanical way of learning and teaching. On the one hand, it evokes the image of a student learning his lessons with this kind of teaching method almost without effort and on the other hand, a teacher teaching everything to even the "stupidest" pupil. It can also reference forceful teaching of someone's ideas, ideology, etc.

## Etymology

The phrase "Nuremberg Funnel", familiar in German-speaking countries, has its origin in the title of a poetics textbook by the founders of the Pegnesischer Blumenorden and the Nuremberg poet, Georg Philipp Harsdörffer (1607–1658), which appeared in Nuremberg in 1647 under the title of Poetischer Trichter. Die Teutsche Dicht- und Reimkunst, ohne Behuf der lateinischen Sprache, in VI Stunden einzugießen (Poetic funnel. The art of German poetry and rhyme, without using the Latin language, poured in over VI hours). Because of the wide distribution of the work, the expression "Nuremberg funnel" became a common idiomatic expression.
The idiom "to funnel something in" (to drum something in) or "to get something funneled in" (to get something drummed in) is even older than the image of the "Nuremberg Funnel"; it was first recorded in the collection of proverbs by Sebastian Franck in 1541, but without reference to the city of Nuremberg.

## Literature

* Franz Kaiser: Der Nürnberger Trichter. Illustrated by Emeli Werzinger. Nuremberg: Sebaldus-Verlag, 1946, 12 pages, IDN: 354205862.
* Hans Recknagel; Rolf Veit: Wagenseils Nürnberger Trichter. Zur Geschichte einer Redensart. In: Mitteilungen der Altnürnberger Landschaft e.V., Booklet 1, 2001, pp. 571–581.
* Dagmar Hirschfelder: Der "Nürnberger Trichter" – Ein Allheilmittel gegen die Dummheit? In: KulturGUT – Aus der Forschung des Germanischen Nationalmuseums, booklet 8, 2006, pp. 3–5.
# Transvergence (novel)

Transvergence (1999) is a compilation book of science fiction novels by American writer Charles Sheffield. Sometimes listed as a 6th book of the Heritage Universe series of novels, Transvergence is actually a compilation of book 3, Transcendence (published in 1992) and book 4, Convergence (published in 1997). The title, Transvergence is a mashup of those novels' titles.
# AmpliChip CYP450 Test

AmpliChip CYP450 Test is a clinical test from Roche and part of the AmpliChip series. The test aims to find the specific gene types ( genotypes) of the patient that will determine how he or she metabolizes certain medicines, and therefore guides the doctors to prescribe the medicine suited for the best effectiveness and least side effects.
The AmpliChip CYP450 Test uses micro array technology from Affymetrix (GeneChip) to determine the genotype of the patient in terms of two cytochrome P450 enzymes: 2D6 and 2C19.

## 2D6 and 2C19 variability

CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 belong to the Cytochrome P450 oxidase family. CYP2D6 has over 90 variants, 2C19 has mainly three. They are responsible for the majority of the inter-individual variability in the ability to metabolize drugs.
There are four phenotypes of CYP2D6: Poor Metabolizer (PM), Intermediate Metabolizer (IM), Extensive (normal) Metabolizer (EM) and Ultrarapid Metabolizer (UM). For CYP2C19, there are only two phenotypes: PM and EM. If a substrate of the enzyme is given to the patient as a medication, and if the patient has reduced CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 activity, the patient will have elevated drug concentration in their body, and therefore severe side effects may occur. On the other hand, for the UM patient, the drug concentration might be too low to have a therapeutic effect. Thus testing the phenotype of the patient is important to help determine the optimum dosage of the drug.

## How it works

The test analyzes the DNA of a patient to determine the genotype, after which predictions of the phenotype can then be made. The DNA sample comes from blood tests (as Roche suggests) or, alternatively, comes from a mouth brush called a buccal swab. The analysis has five steps after DNA is extracted from patient samples:
* PCR amplification of the gene.
* Fragmentation and labeling of the PCR product
* Hybridization and staining on the AmpliChip DNA microarray.
* Scanning the chip.
* Data analysis.

## FDA approval

The USFDA approved the test on December 24, 2004. The AmpliChip CYP450 test is the first FDA approved pharmacogenetic test.

## Applications

Since a lot of the CYP2D6 substrates are psychiatric drugs (antidepressant and antipsychotics, for example), the AmpliChip CYP450 has been extensively used in psychiatry.

## Criticism

The main criticism of the test is that the test finds out the genotype (the makeup of the gene types) of the patient, which does not necessarily cover all the phenotypes (the actual biological effect). For example, some argue that the so-called ultra-rapid metaboliser, who has extra copies of the 2D6 gene expressed, cannot be reliably tested.
Also, the test does not cover some rarer genotypes, nor genotypes that have not yet been discovered.
Also, insurance companies still do not cover the price of the test, which can cost $600–$1300 to the patient, because the test is "experimental, investigational or unproven".
# Amplepuis–Saint-Vincent-de-Reins railway

The Amplepuis–Saint-Vincent-de-Reins railway was a 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) standard gauge railway in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region of France, which was operated by the Compagnie du chemin de fer d’intérêt local d’Amplepuis à Saint-Vincent-de-Reins (ASV) from 1907 to 1928.

## History

From 1929, the line was operated by the Chemin de fer du Rhône (CFR) until it was closed in 1935. After the closure, the line was dismantled, and the locomotives, wagons and rails were sold to be exported for the construction of the railway network in Ethiopia.
The line was used for the transport of passengers and goods. The freight traffic consisted mainly of wood and coal, which were needed in the weaving mills and spinning mills, among others, which were increasingly powered by steam engines:
* Usines Gouttenoire et Cie (now Deveaux SA), Mechanical Cotton Weaving Mill, in the hamlet of Gouttenoire near Saint-Vincent-de-Reins
* Usine Rollin, mechanical weaving mill, St-Vincent-de-Reins
* Usine Suchel, in the hamlet of La Tuliere
* Usine Deveaux (Filature Hydraulique de P. Lacroix, L. Lacroix & Berger Successeurs), Saint-Vincent-de-Reins
* Usine textile au Lacheron

## Route

The 15 km (9.3 mi) long local railway line with a gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) ran from Amplepuis on PLM's Roanne–Lyon railway via Le Bancillon, Cublize and Meaux/Magny to Saint-Vincent-de-Reins. An extension through a tunnel to Belleroche had already been planned and marked out in 1914. However, World War I prevented the construction work necessary for the line extension.

## Stations and locomotives

| Station | Photo | Remarks |
| Amplepuis | | PLM connections to Lyon and Roanne |
| Le Bancillon | | |
| Cublize | | |
| Meaux/Magny | | |
| Saint-Vincent-de-Reins | | |
| Locomotive | Photo | Remarks |
| L’Esperance | | |
# Nyctimeniini

Nyctimeniini is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Gressitt in 1951. It contains the single genus Nyctimenius.

## Taxonomy

* Nyctimenius chiangi Huang, Liu & Chen, 2014
* Nyctimenius mamutensis (Hayashi, 1975)
* Nyctimenius ochraceovittatus (Aurivillius, 1922)
* Nyctimenius palawanicus (Aurivillius, 1922)
* Nyctimenius sabahensis (Hayashi, 1975)
* Nyctimenius subsericeus (Pascoe, 1866)
* Nyctimenius tristis (Fabricius, 1792)
* Nyctimenius varicornis (Fabricius, 1801)
# Nycteus punctulatus

Nycteus punctulatus is a species of plate-thigh beetle in the family Eucinetidae. It is found in North America.
# Helen Hilderley

Helen Hilderley is a British Paralympic athlete. In 1984, she won one silver medal and three bronze medals in athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics.
She also competed in archery and she won the gold medal in the women's double FITA round division 3 event.
# Heinrich Tessenow Medal

The Heinrich Tessenow Gold Medal (Heinrich-Tessenow-Medaille) is an architecture award established in 1963 by the Alfred Toepfer Stiftung F.V.S. of Hamburg in honour of Heinrich Tessenow. It is awarded by the Heinrich-Tessenow-Gesellschaft e.V. "to honour people who have achieved distinction in craft and industrial form-making and in the teaching of the culture of living and building, and who have through their life's work acted in the spirit of Heinrich Tessenow". Until 2006, the medal was awarded annually.

## Winners

* 1963: Franz Schuster, Vienna
* 1964: Kay Fisker, Copenhagen
* 1965: Otto Dellemann [de], Hanover
* 1966: Heinrich Rettig [de], Dresden
* 1967: Mia Seeger [de], Stuttgart
* 1968: Wilhelm Wagenfeld, Stuttgart
* 1969: Wilhelm Tiedje [de], Stuttgart
* 1970: Wilhelm Hübotter, Hanover
* 1971: Werner Wirsing [de], Munich
* 1972: Hans Döllgast [de], Munich
* 1973: Steen Eiler Rasmussen, Copenhagen
* 1974: Heinrich Bartmann [de], Baden-Baden
* 1975: Otto Kindt [de], Hamburg
* 1976: Arnold Braune, Oldenburg i. Old.
* 1977: Godberg Nissen [de], Hamburg
* 1978: Gerhard Müller-Menckens [de], Bremen
* 1979: Hellmut Weber, Stuttgart
* 1980: Helmut Hentrich, Düsseldorf
* 1981: Povl Abrahamsen [da], Dragør, Denmark
* 1982: Friedrich Seegy [de], Nuremberg
* 1983: Kornel E. Polgar, Waddingsveen, Holland
* 1984: Joachim Schürmann [de], Cologne
* 1985: Theo Steinhauser [de], Munich
* 1986: Viggo Møller-Jensen [da], Copenhagen, Denmark, and Karljosef Schattner [de], Eichstätt
* 1987: Horst von Bassewitz [de], Hamburg
* 1988: Johannes Spalt [de], Vienna
* 1989: Peter Zumthor, Haldenstein
* 1990: Erich Kulka, Bussau im Wendland and Wilhelm Landzettel [de], Gehrden
* 1991: Theodor Hugues, Munich
* 1992: Giorgio Grassi, Milan
* 1993: Massimo Carmassi, Pisa
* 1994: Kurt Ackermann [de], Munich
* 1995: not awarded
* 1996: Peter Kulka, Dresden and Cologne
* 1997: Sverre Fehn, Oslo
* 1998: Juan Navarro Baldeweg, Madrid
* 1999: David Chipperfield, London
* 2000: Heinz Tesar, Vienna
* 2001: Eduardo Souto de Moura, Porto
* 2002: Peter Märkli [de], Zurich
* 2003: Mikko Heikkinen and Markku Komonen, Helsinki
* 2004: Gilles Perraudin, Lyon
* 2005: Miroslav Šik [de], Zurich and Prague
* 2006: Sergison Bates, London
* 2007: not awarded
* 2008: not awarded
* 2009: Richard Sennett, New York City
* 2010: not awarded
* 2011: Roger Diener, Basel
* 2012: not awarded
* 2013: Alberto Campo Baeza, Madrid
* 2014: Winfried Brenne, Berlin
* 2016: Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal, Paris
* 2017: Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani, Zürich
* 2018: Miller & Maranta [de], Basel
* 2019: Patrick Bouchain [fr], Paris
* 2023: 6a architects, London
# ODAM

ODAM or Odam may refer to:
* ODAM (gene)
* Organisation of Development, Action and Maintenance, Indian NGO
* International Strategic Research Organization, Turkish think-tank

## People

* Girolamo Odam (1681–after 1718), Italian painter
* Dorothy Tyler-Odam (1920–2014), British athlete
* John Odam (born 1943), American lawyer and politician
* Norman Carl Odam (born 1947), American performer known as the Legendary Stardust Cowboy
# Nymphargus armatus

Nymphargus armatus is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Colombia and only known from the immediate vicinity of its type locality in El Cairo municipality, Valle del Cauca Department. In much of the literature it is known as Cochranella armata as it was moved to its present genus only in 2007.

## Description

Nymphargus armatus are relatively small frogs; males measure 23–25 mm (0.91–0.98 in) in snout–vent length and females 24–25 mm (0.94–0.98 in). Male Nymphargus armatus have patches of cornified nuptial spines on the thumb — hence the specific name, armatus, which means "armed". Male frogs call from tops of leaves and vegetation with "a soft exhaled whistle". Egg masses are found on the tops of leaves.

## Habitat and conservation

Nymphargus armatus is known from vegetation next to an open stream in primary forest in Cordillera Occidental of Columbia.
While no threats to this species are identified, Nymphargus armatus is classified as "Critically Endangered" because it is known from only a single location.
# Nymphargus cariticommatus

Nymphargus cariticommatus is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to the southern Amazonian slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in Ecuador. Its natural habitats are old-growth cloud forests. It is threatened by habitat loss due to agricultural development and logging.
# O'Bannon

O'Bannon may refer to:

## Ships

* USS O'Bannon (DD-177), U.S. Navy Wickes-class destroyer (1919–1922)
* USS O'Bannon (DD-450), U.S. Navy Fletcher-class destroyer (1942–1970)
* USS O'Bannon (DD-987), U.S. Navy Spruance-class destroyer (1979–2005)

## Others

* O'Bannon (surname), includes a list of people with the name
* O'Bannon, Louisville, neighborhood in Kentucky, U.S.
# Traveller Book 0: An Introduction to Traveller

Traveller Book 0: An Introduction to Traveller is a tabletop role-playing game supplement, written by Loren K. Wiseman for Traveller, and published by Game Designers' Workshop (GDW) in 1981. The 32-page book acts as an introduction to Traveller, and is designed to be read by those who are new to the hobby of role-playing generally, and particularly to Traveller.
An updated edition written by Gareth Hanrahan, was published by Mongoose Publishing in 2008, and released as part of Free RPG Day.

## Contents

It includes basic information on character creation, skills, combat, and equipment. A blank character sheet is also included as a sample.

## Reception

In the October 1981 edition of The Space Gamer Issue No. 44), William A. Barton thought the book was a good idea for new players, saying, "If you're new to Traveller, you'll find this book a useful aid. If not, it probably won't be worth your time and money to buy – unless you're a completist."
# Helen Thompson Gaige

Helen Beulah Thompson Gaige (November 24, 1890 – October 24, 1976) was an American herpetologist, curator of Reptiles and Amphibians for the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan, and a specialist in neotropical frogs.
Gaige was born in Bad Axe, Michigan, and studied at the University of Michigan with Frank Nelson Blanchard, under professor Alexander Grant Ruthven. From 1910 until 1923 she was an assistant curator of reptiles and amphibians for the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan. In 1923 she became curator of amphibians. In 1928, she co-authored The Herpetology of Michigan with Ruthven. In 1937 she became editor in chief of the ichthyological and herpetological periodical Copeia, and wrote extensively on Central American amphibians and reptiles. Her research chiefly concerned the geographical distribution, habitats, and life histories of amphibians. In 1917 she discovered the salamander genus Rhyacotriton, which would later be divided into four distinct species. She also assisted in organizing the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, of which she was named honorary president in 1946. She is further honored by having several species and subspecies of reptiles named after her, including Atractus gaigeae, Dipsas gaigeae, Epicrates cenchria gaigeae, Lepidophyma gaigeae, Plestiodon multivirgatus gaigeae, Podarcis gaigeae, Pristimantis gaigei, Rhadinaea gaigeae, Sceloporus lundelli gaigeae, Sphaerodactylus gaigeae, Sphenomorphus helenae, and Trachemys gaigeae. The latter she collected the first specimen of on a trip to the Big Bend region of Texas in 1928.
She was married to entomologist Frederick McMahon Gaige. In honor of the couple, the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists presents its annual Gaige Fund Award, a monetary grant to help a graduate student in the field of herpetology. She died in Gainesville, Florida.
# Hypochaeris robertia

Hypochaeris robertia is a Mediterranean species of plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae. It grows in the central Mediterranean (Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Italy and North Africa) at elevations of 300–2,700 metres (980–8,860 ft) above sea level. It flowers from spring to autumn. Each flower head is 18–22 millimetres (0.71–0.87 in) in diameter.