OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Big-eared horseshoe bat

The big-eared horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus macrotis) is a bat species within the Rhinolophidae native to Asia.

## Taxonomy

The big-eared horseshoe bat was described as a new species in 1844 by English zoologist Edward Blyth. The holotype had been collected by Brian Houghton Hodgson in Nepal. The species name "macrotis" is from Ancient Greek makrós meaning "long" and oûs meaning "ear". It contains many subspecies; a 2008 paper listed seven such subspecies:
* R. m. macrotis Blyth, 1844
* R. m. episcopus Allen, 1923
* R. m. caldwelli Allen, 1923
* R. m. siamensis Gyldenstolpe, 1917
* R. m. dohrni Andersen, 1907
* R. m. hirsutus Andersen, 1905
* R. m. topali Csorba & Bates, 1995
R. m. hirsutus, R. m. episcopus were originally described as full species, but George Henry Hamilton Tate included them as subspecies of R. macrotis in a 1943 publication. In the same publication, Tate included R. m. caldwelli as a subspecies; previously, it was considered a subspecies of R. episcopus. Most recently, R. m. siamensis has been considered a full species rather than a subspecies, known as the Thai horseshoe bat.

## Description

The big-eared horseshoe bat can be differentiated from other horseshoe bats by its very long ears and a tongue-shaped sella that is long and broad.

## Range and habitat

The big-eared horseshoe bat is found in several countries in South and Southeast Asia including Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. As of 2008, its presence was possible but not confirmed in Bhutan. It has been documented at a range of elevations from 200–1,692 m (656–5,551 ft) above sea level.
# Taekwondo at the 2002 Asian Games – Women's 59 kg

The women's featherweight (−59 kilograms) event at the 2002 Asian Games took place on Sunday 13 October 2002 at Gudeok Gymnasium, Busan, South Korea.
A total of ten competitors from ten different countries (NOCs) competed in this event, limited to fighters whose body weight was less than 59 kilograms.
Yun Sung-hee of South Korea won the gold medal after beating Tseng Pei-hua of Chinese Taipei in gold medal match 4–1, The bronze medal was shared by Chinese Wang Shuo and Vietnamese Lê Thị Nhung. Athletes from Iran, Bhutan, India and Kazakhstan lost in quarterfinal and they all finished fifth.
The silver medalist Tseng Pei-hua later changed her name to Tseng Li-cheng.

## Schedule

All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Sunday, 13 October 2002 | 14:00 | Round 1 |
| Sunday, 13 October 2002 | 14:00 | Round 2 |
| Sunday, 13 October 2002 | 14:00 | Semifinals |
| Sunday, 13 October 2002 | 19:00 | Final |

## Results

| Round 1 | Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 2 | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| | | Marzieh Asadi (IRI) | 2 | | | | |
| Kalindi Tamayo (PHI) | 2 | Lê Thị Nhung (VIE) | 4 | | | | |
| Lê Thị Nhung (VIE) | 2 | | | Lê Thị Nhung (VIE) | 1 | | |
| | | | | Tseng Pei-hua (TPE) | 7 | | |
| | | Tshering Chhoden (BHU) | 0 | | | | |
| | | Tseng Pei-hua (TPE) | 10 | | | | |
| | | | | | | Tseng Pei-hua (TPE) | 1 |
| | | | | | | Yun Sung-hee (KOR) | 4 |
| | | Xeniya Stamova (KAZ) | 0 | | | | |
| | | Yun Sung-hee (KOR) | 4 | | | | |
| | | | | Yun Sung-hee (KOR) | 7 | | |
| Bandana Shrestha (NEP) | 3 | | | Wang Shuo (CHN) | 2 | | |
| P. Ranibara Devi (IND) | 3 | P. Ranibara Devi (IND) | 1 | | | | |
| | | Wang Shuo (CHN) | 4 | | | | |
# Donald C. Peters

Donald C. Peters is the current president of the Dominica State College and has been incumbent since 2010.
# Public Relations (book)

Public Relations is a sociology book written by American pioneer in the field of public relations and propaganda, Edward Bernays, and first published in 1945.
# Hawaii Route 30

Hawaii Route 30, also known as the Honoapiʻilani Highway, is a 35-mile-long (56 km) road on West Maui, Hawaii. It begins in downtown Wailuku, extending south through Waikapu and Maalaea. The Olowalu Tunnel, located at mile 10.4, is 318 feet (97 m) long.
Following terrain of the island, the highway circumvents the West Maui Forest Reserve connecting Olowalu, Launiupoko, Lahaina, Kahana, through the regions of Kapalua and Honolua, and ending in Honokohau Bay. At this point the road continues as the Kahekili Highway, a "notoriously narrow and twisty" county-maintained road covering the northern coastline of West Maui and eventually terminating back in Wailuku. The eastern part of Kahekili Highway is signed as Hawaii Route 340. The two highways together, plus a short stretch of Hawaii Route 32, complete the circular journey around West Maui.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Maui County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Wailuku | 0.00 | 0.00 | Route 32 east (Main Street) – Wailuku, Iao Valley | Northern terminus; western terminus of Route 32 |
| Maalaea | 4.90 | 7.89 | Route 380 north (Kuihelani Highway) – Kahului, Puunene | Southern terminus of Route 380 |
| Maalaea | 5.30 | 8.53 | Route 310 east (North Kihei Road) – Kihei, Wailea, Makena | Western terminus of Route 310 |
| Maalaea | 7.40 | 11.91 | Direction change between north–south and east–west | Direction change between north–south and east–west |
| Makahuna Gulch | 10.40 | 16.74 | Olowalu Tunnel | Olowalu Tunnel |
| Lahaina | 16.70 | 26.88 | Route 3000 north (Lahaina Bypass) | Southern terminus of Route 3000. Westbound must continue onto Route 3000. No eastbound exit. |
| Lahaina | 21.60 | 34.76 | Route 3000 south (Lahaina Bypass) | Northern terminus of Route 3000, access via Keawe Street |
| Kapalua | 35.70 | 57.45 | Route 340 south (Kahekili Highway) | Western terminus; northern terminus of Route 340 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||

## Related route

Hawaii Route 3000, also known as the Lahaina Bypass, is a highway that bypasses the town of Lahaina. The Section 2 of the highway opened on December 17, 2013. Hawaii DOT plans call for a much longer bypass to be constructed in the near future, with the possibility of moving the Route 30 designation to the bypass highway.
Phase 1B-2 of Lahaina Bypass, which starts at the southeastern termini of the previous bypass phase (Lahaina Bypass 1B-1) at Hokiokio Road and continues approximately 2.7 miles to the southeast to the proposed southern terminus at the Honoapiilani Highway (State Route 30), opened to the public on April 23, 2018.

## Gallery

* Hawaii Route 30 closely follows the Maui coast north of Lahaina.
* A tunnel of Monkeypod Trees on Hawaii Route 30, Maui.
* The Olowalu Tunnel on Maui is located at mile 10.4 on Hawaii Route 30 is 318 feet (97 m) long
* Hawaii Route 30 winds its way along the Maui Coast.
# Sarjanpur

Sarjanpur (Sarjanpur) is a village in Sultanganj block of Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 830, in 144 households.

## Demographics

As of 2011, Sarjanpur had a population of 830, in 144 households.$^{:174}$ This population was 56.1% male (466) and 43.9% female (364). The 0-6 age group numbered 149 (86 male and 63 female), or 18.0% of the total population. 574 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 69.2% of the total.$^{:130–1}$
The 1981 census recorded Sarjanpur as having a population of 403 people, in 77 households.$^{:172–3}$
The 1961 census recorded Sarjanpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 288 people (163 male and 125 female), in 66 households and 46 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 445 acres.$^{:xcvi}$

## Infrastructure

As of 2011, Sarjanpur had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both kachcha and pakka materials.$^{:174–9}$
# Combat Service Identification Badge

The Combat Service Identification Badge (CSIB) is a metallic heraldic device worn on the right side of the United States Army's Army Service Uniform that uniquely identifies a soldier's combat service with major U.S. Army formations.

## Description

The Shoulder Sleeve Insignia-Former Wartime Service was also worn on the Army Green "Class A" Uniform, until that uniform was discontinued in 2015.
CSIB are silver or gold-colored metal and enamel devices that are 2 inches (5.08 cm) in height consisting of a design similar to the unit Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (SSI).

## Wear

The Combat Service Identification Badge is worn on the lower right pocket for male soldiers and on the right side parallel to the waistline for female soldiers. Soldiers can wear the CSIB on the new blue Army Service Uniform, Class A and Class B. The CSIB cannot be worn on the Army Combat Uniform (ACU) or the discontinued Army Green Uniform. U.S. soldiers will continue to wear the subdued Shoulder Sleeve Insignia-Former Wartime Service on their right sleeve of the ACU blouse to denote combat service. The CSIB is ranked fifth in the order of precedence for identification badges.
# Tree Line USA

Tree Line USA is a program sponsored by the Arbor Day Foundation in cooperation with the National Association of State Foresters which recognizes public and private utilities across the United States that demonstrate best practices that protect and enhance America's urban forests.

## Goal

The goal is to promote the dual goals of dependable utility service and abundant, healthy trees in America's communities. Certain criteria have been developed for the public and utility workers that highlight key practices that need to be followed. Utilities that meet the requirements of this program are publicly recognized for their contribution to better community forests. This recognition serves not only as an award to the employees, but also makes a statement about cooperation, goodwill and the need for continuous tree care.

## Requirements
### Quality tree care

A utility must have practices in place for tree pruning similar to methods prescribed by Dr. Alex L. Shigo and keeping in compliance with ANSI A300 that include avoiding tree topping, tree tipping, removing branch collars and leaving long stubs. Workers who perform line clearance, including contractor workers, must read and understand Dr. Shigo's field guide (or an equivalent one approved by the State Forester and the Foundation), follows its recommendations, and has a copy at every work site for quick reference.
For trenching and tunneling near trees, it is recommended workers follow methods in Dr. James R. Fazio's field guide to reduce the destruction of roots and injury to trees. The utility must provide educational information to its underground workers on proper trenching and tunneling.

### Annual worker training

Annual documented training on following the work practices is carried out for all employees, contractor workers and supervisors who do pruning work for the utility. An arborist, forester or other trained utility employee is designated by the utility to ensure that the training takes place and that the work practices are followed.

### Tree planting and care

The city must have an ongoing community tree-planting program which is sponsored by the utility. Utility employees may plant the trees, or the utility may fund tree planting by municipalities, volunteer groups or homeowners. It is suggested the utility work toward an annual expenditure of at least 10 cents per customer.

### Energy conservation program

Also, educational information about trees (one or more mailings) are made annually to all homeowner customers and include appropriate tree species for planting near utility lines. How to create energy-efficient landscapes to reduce cooling and heating loads and tips on how to prune trees safely.

### Arbor Day celebration

The municipality must have annual Arbor Day events which are sponsored by, or participated in, by the utility.

## Award

Utilities which apply and are certified as a Tree Line USA will receive a plaque, a Tree Line USA flag and, the distinctive Tree Line USA prism for display.
# Tianhui 1B

Tian Hui-1 (also known as Mapping Satellite I) is a Chinese Earth observation satellite built by Dong Feng Hong, a China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC). Tian Hui-1 was launched on 6 May 2012 at 9:10 UTC on a Long March 2D rocket into a Sun-synchronous, polar orbit with an perigee of 490 km (300 mi) and apogee of 505 km (314 mi).
According to the Chinese Ministry of Defense the new satellite carries scientific experiments and is to be used for the evaluation of ground resources and mapping.
Tian Hui 1 is equipped with two different camera systems in the visible and infrared range. The visible light camera is able to produce three-dimensional pictures in the spectral region between 510 and 690 nanometers with a dissolution of approximately 5 meters and a field of view of approximately 25 degrees. The infrared camera reaches a dissolution of approximately 10 meters and covers four wavelengths (430 - 520 Nm, 520 - 610 Nm, 610 - 690 Nm and 760 - 900 Nm).
# Yashiga, Qinghai

Yashiga (Chinese: 牙什尕镇) is a town in Hualong Hui Autonomous County, Haidong, Qinghai, China. In 2010, Yashiga had a total population of 13,580 people: 6,576 males and 7,004 females: 3,967 under 14 years old, 8,765 aged between 15 and 64 and 848 over 65 years old.
# Pleocarphus

Pleocarphus is a genus of South American flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

## Species

There is only one known species, Pleocarphus revolutus, found only in Chile.
# Donald W. Steinmetz

Donald Walter Steinmetz (September 19, 1924 – August 31, 2013) was an American lawyer and judge. He served as a justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court for 19 years, and before that was a trial judge in Milwaukee County for 14 years.

## Background

Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Steinmetz served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Steinmetz then graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and received his law degree from the University of Wisconsin Law School. Steinmetz was a claims attorney before his service in government. Between 1958 and 1966, he worked as an assistant Milwaukee city attorney, an assistant district attorney in Milwaukee County, and an assistant Wisconsin Attorney General. In 1964, he was the preferred candidate of Democratic leaders, including Governor John W. Reynolds, Jr., to replace deceased Milwaukee County District Attorney William McCauley, but the post went to Hugh O'Connell. He was a Wisconsin county judge and later a Wisconsin Circuit Court judge for Milwaukee County after the county courts were combined into the circuit courts. He was also a teacher at the Wisconsin Judicial College. He was elected to the Wisconsin Supreme Court in 1980 and re-elected in 1990.
He died on August 31, 2013, in Milwaukee.
# Ptinus rufipes

Ptinus rufipes is a species of beetle in the family Ptinidae (spider beetles). P. rufipes is one of at least eleven species of ptinid in the subgenus Bruchoptinus. The subgenus was first described by Edmund Reitter in 1884.

## Gallery

* Female, side
* Female, underneath
* Male, side
* Male, underneath
# Judicial review in Scotland

Judicial review in Scotland is a part of United Kingdom constitutional law that functions within the framework of Scots administrative law.
The power of judicial review of all actions of governmental and private bodies in Scotland is held by the Court of Session. The procedure is governed by Chapter 58 of the Rules of Court.
Approximately 600 judicial review cases are raised every year, but most are settled by agreement with only a small minority having to be decided by the court.

## Procedure

There is a 3-month time limit on seeking judicial review (see Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014), although if proper administration is prejudiced by delay on the part of the pursuer, the court may exercise its discretion and refuse to grant a review.
Despite the procedural differences, the substantive laws regarding the grounds of judicial review in Scotland are similar to those in other western legal systems, with decisions in one jurisdiction regarded as highly persuasive in the others. There is, however, one substantial difference in Scotland since there is no distinction between review of a public body and a private body, which is different from, for example, judicial review in England and Wales, where review is only possible in the case of a public body or a quasi-public body (West v. Secretary of State for Scotland).
Generally, review is confined to purely procedural grounds (the official action was illegal or improper), although the court will also sanction decisions which are, in substance, so unreasonable that no reasonable decision-maker could have reached it (so-called Wednesbury unreasonableness). A more rigorous standard of substantive review is applied where the matter complained of touches upon the pursuer's rights in terms of the Human Rights Act 1998.
# Sasu (disambiguation)

Sasu may refer to the following places:
* Sasu, a tributary of the Botiza in Romania
* Sasu (Strei), a tributary of the Strei in Romania
* Sasu, a tributary of the Izvor in Romania
* Sasul, a tributary of the Lotrioara in Sibiu County, Romania
* Sasu Station, a railway station in North Korea
* Sasu River (Korea) - river in Korea
* Société par actions simplifiée
* Marius Sasu
* Mircea Sasu
* Niculina Sasu
* Sanctioned Suicide, internet forum
# Zaw Win Thet

Zaw Win Thet (born 1 March 1991 in Kyonpyaw, Pathein District, Ayeyarwady Division, Myanmar) is a Burmese runner who competed in the 400 m event at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He was the flag bearer of Myanmar sports team at the opening ceremony.
# Trigeminal lemniscus

The trigeminal lemniscus or the trigeminothalamic tracts is a somatosensory tract containing second-order neuron fibers of the trigeminal system. It consists of the ventral and dorsal trigeminal tracts. Its second-order sensory axons convey tactile, pain, and temperature impulses from the skin of the face, the mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities, and the eye, as well as proprioceptive information from the facial and masticatory muscles.
It terminates by synapsing with third-order neurons in the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus.
This tract was historically considered a cephalic division of the medial lemniscus due to the close proximity of the two ascending tracts. Like the medial lemniscus in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway (DCML), that carries mechanosensory information from part of the head and the rest of the body, the trigeminal lemniscus carries mechanosensory information from the face. However, the trigeminal lemniscus also carries pain and temperature sensations from the contralateral orofacial region, just as the spinothalamic tract carries these sensations from the contralateral body. Thus, the trigeminal lemniscus of the head is functionally analogous to both the DCML tracts and the spinothalamic tract of the body.

## Divisions

The trigeminal lemniscus contains two main divisions:
* The ventral trigeminal tract - consists of second-order axons from the spinal trigeminal nucleus. These fibers cross the midline and ascend to the contralateral thalamus.
* The dorsal trigeminal tract - consists of second-order axons from the principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve. These fibers do not cross the midline, and ascend to the ipsilateral thalamus.
# Combe v Combe

Combe v Combe [1951] 2 KB 215 is a famous English contract law case on promissory estoppel. An ex-wife tried to take advantage of the principle that had been reintroduced in the High Trees case to enforce her husband's promise to give her maintenance. The Court held that promissory estoppel could not be applied. It was available only as a defence and not as a cause of action.

## Facts

Mr and Mrs Combe were a married couple. Mr Yasser M Combe promised Mrs Radhika M Combe that he would pay her an annual maintenance. Their marriage eventually fell apart and they were divorced. Mr Combe refused to pay any of the maintenance he had promised. Seven years later Ms Combe brought an action against Mr Combe to have the promise enforced. There was no consideration in exchange for the promise and so no contract was formed. Instead, she argued promissory estoppel as she had acted on the promise to her own detriment.
At first instance the Court agreed with Mrs Combe and enforced the promise under promissory estoppel. However this decision was then appealed.

## Judgment

Denning LJ reversed the lower court decision and ruled in favour of Mr Combe. He elaborated on the "Rule in High Trees House", Stating the legal principle, Denning wrote,
   where one party has, by his words or conduct, made to the other a promise or assurance which was intended to affect the legal relations between them and to be acted on accordingly, then, once the other party has taken him at his word and acted on it, the one who gave the promise or assurance cannot afterwards be allowed to revert to the previous legal relations as if no such promise or assurance had been made by him. He must accept their legal relations subject to the qualification which he himself has so introduced, even though it is not supported in point of law by any consideration but only by his word.
He stated the estoppel could only be used as a "shield" and not a "sword". In the High Trees case, there was an underlying cause of action outside the promise. Here, promissory estoppel created the cause of action where there was none. In this case, the court could not find any consideration for the promise to pay maintenance. He further stated that the High Trees principle should not be stretched so far as to abolish the doctrine of consideration,
   "[t]he doctrine of consideration is too firmly fixed to be overthrown by a side-wind....it still remains a cardinal necessity of the formation of a contract".
While it may be true that the wife did forbear from suing the husband on the arrears for seven years, this forbearance was not at the request of the husband. He held that in the absence of proof of any request, express or implied, by the husband that the wife should forbear from applying to the court for maintenance, there was no consideration for the husband's promise. Moreover, even if the wife had promised to not apply to court for maintenance, there would have been no consideration, because one cannot waive the statutory right to apply for maintenance.
# Podocopa

The Podocopa are a subclass of ostracods. Members of the subclass Podocopa can be differentiated from the other subclass of ostracods (Myodocopa) by the morphology of the second antenna: the Podocopa have a relatively long endopod, whereas the Myodocopa have a relatively long exopod. The seventh limb of the Podocopa has a variety of forms or is absent, but is never an annulated worm-like limb (as seen in some Myodocopa).

## Taxonomy

The following orders and unplaced families are recognised in the subclass Podocopa:
* Order Palaeocopida
* Order Platycopida
*** Family †Cavellinidae Egorov, 1950
*** Family †Gotlandellidae Sarv, 1978
*** Family †Indivisiidae Egorov, 1954
*** Family †Kloedcytherellidae Kozur, 1985
*** Family †Kloedenellidae Ulrich & Bassler, 1908
*** Family †Kloedenellitinidae Abushik, 1990
*** Family †Knoxitidae Egorov, 1950
*** Family †Miltonellidae Sohn, 1950
*** Family †Monotiopleuridae Guber & Jaanusson, 1964
*** Family †Serenididae Rozhdesvenskaya, 1972
** Suborder †Metacopina
*** Family †Bufinidae Sohn & Stover, 1961
*** Family †Healdiidae Harlton, 1933
*** Family †Krausellidae Berdan in Benson et al., 1961
*** Family †Quasillitidae Coryell & Malkin, 1936
*** Family †Ropolonellidae Coryell & Malkin, 1936
*** Family †Thlipsuridae Ulrich, 1894
** Suborder Platycopina
*** Superfamily Cytherelloidea Sars, 1866
**** Family Cytherellidae Sars, 1866
*** Superfamily †Leperditelloidea Ulrich & Bassler, 1906
**** Family †Leperditellidae Ulrich & Bassler, 1906
**** Family †Leperditiidae Jones, 1856
**** Family †Primitiidae Ulrich & Bassler, 1923
* Order Podocopida
* Unplaced families
** Family †Pachydomellidae Berdan & Sohn, 1961
** Family †Rectellidae Neckaya, 1966
** Family †Rectonariidae Gruendel, 1962
# Tonpin, Banmauk

Tonpin is a village in Banmauk Township, Katha District, in the Sagaing Region of northern-central Burma.