OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Biennial plant

A biennial plant is a flowering plant that, generally in a temperate climate, takes two years to complete its biological life cycle.

## Background

In its first year, the biennial plant undergoes primary growth, during which its vegetative structures (leaves, stems, and roots) develop. Usually, the stem of the plant remains short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming a rosette. After one year's growing season, the plant enters a period of dormancy for the colder months. Many biennials require a cold treatment, or vernalization before they will flower. During the next spring or summer, the stem of the biennial plant elongates greatly, or "bolts". The plant then flowers, producing fruits and seeds before it finally dies. There are far fewer biennials than either perennial plants or annual plants.
Biennials do not always follow a strict two-year life cycle and the majority of plants in the wild can take 3 or more years to fully mature. Rosette leaf size has been found to predict when a plant may enter its second stage of flowering and seed production. Alternatively, under extreme climatic conditions, a biennial plant may complete its life cycle rapidly (e.g., in three months instead of two years). This is quite common in vegetable or flower seedlings that were vernalized before they were planted in the ground. This behavior leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas. Conversely, an annual grown under extremely favorable conditions may have highly successful seed propagation, giving it the appearance of being biennial or perennial. Some short-lived perennials may appear to be biennial rather than perennial. True biennials flower only once, while many perennials will flower every year once mature.
Biennials grown for flowers, fruits, or seeds are grown for two years, whereas those grown for edible leaves or roots are harvested after one year—and are not kept a second year to run to seed.
Examples of biennial plants are members of the onion family including leek, some members of the cabbage family, common mullein, parsley, fennel, Lunaria, silverbeet, black-eyed Susan, sweet William, colic weed, carrot, and some hollyhocks. Plant breeders have produced annual cultivars of several biennials that will flower the first year from seed, for example, foxglove and stock.
# TIPC

TIPC may refer to:
* Taiwan International Ports Corporation, state-owned shipping company of Taiwan
* Texas Instruments Professional Computer, a computer similar to (but not compatible with) the IBM PC
** Texas Instruments Professional Portable Computer a portable version of the Texas Instruments Professional Computer
* Transparent Inter-process Communication, an inter-process communication service in Linux
# Sikanni Chief Lake

Sikanni Chief Lake is a lake at the headwaters of the Sikanni Chief River in the Northern Rocky Mountains region of British Columbia, Canada.
# Cyclorhagida

Cyclorhagida is a class of kinorhynchs, which are small marine invertebrates.

## Orders and families

* Order Echinorhagata Sørensen et al., 2015
** Echinoderidae Zelinka, 1894
* Order Kentrorhagata Sørensen et al., 2015
** Antygomonidae Adrianov & Malakhov, 1994
** Cateriidae Gerlach, 1956
** Centroderidae Zelinka, 1896
** Semnoderidae Remane, 1929
** Zelinkaderidae Higgins, 1990
* Order Xenosomata Zelinka, 1907
*** Campyloderidae Remane, 1929
* Family incertae sedis
** Tubulideres Sørensen, Heiner, Ziemer & Neuhaus, 2007
** Wollunquaderes Sørensen & Thormar, 2010
# Ergostane

Ergostane is a tetracyclic triterpene, also known as 24S-methylcholestane. The compound itself has no known uses; however various functionalized analogues are produced by plants and animals. The most important of these are the heavily derivatised withanolides. However simpler forms do exist, such as the sterane campestane (24R-methylcholestane). Along with cholestane and stigmastane, this sterane is used as a biomarker for early eukaryotes.
# Passiflora cuspidifolia

Passiflora cuspidifolia is a species of passion fruit.
* This Passifloraceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Bauru-Arealva Airport

Moussa Nakhl Tobias State Airport (IATA: JTC, ICAO: SBAE), commonly known as Bauru–Arealva Airport is the main airport serving Bauru and Arealva, Brazil. It is named after the Lebanese businessman and vice-mayor Moussa Nakhl Tobias (1940-2003), who immigrated to Brazil in 1959 and established himself in Bauru.
It is operated by Rede Voa.

## History

The airport was built as a replacement to the older Comte. João Ribeiro de Barros Airport and opened on 23 October 2006, when all scheduled traffic was transferred to this new facility.
On July 15, 2021 the concession of the airport was auctioned to Rede Voa, under the name Consórcio Voa NW e Voa SE. The airport was previously operated by DAESP.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Azul Brazilian Airlines | Campinas Seasonal: Maceió, Natal, Porto Seguro, Recife |

## Access

The airport is located 18 km (11 mi) from downtown Bauru and 34 km (21 mi) from downtown Arealva, within the limits of the municipality of Arealva.
# Withaferin A

Withaferin A is a steroidal lactone, derived from Acnistus arborescens, Withania somnifera and other members of family Solanaceae. It is the first member of the withanolide class of ergostane type product to be discovered.

## Structure

Withanolides are a group of naturally occurring C28- steroidal lactones. They contain four cycloalkane ring structures, three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring. Withaferin A is highly reactive because of the ketone-containing unsaturated A ring, the epoxide in the B ring, and the unsaturated lactone ring. The double bond in ring A and the epoxide ring are mainly responsible for the cytotoxicity. The 22nd and 26th carbons of the ergostane skeleton in withaferin A and related steroidal compounds are oxidized to form a six-membered delta lactone unit. NMR spectral analysis identifies C3 in the unsaturated A ring as the main nucleophilic target site for ethyl mercaptan, thiophenol and L-cysteine ethyl ester in vitro. A library of 2, 3-dihydro-3β-substituted derivatives are synthesized by regio/stereoselective Michael addition to ring A.

## Regulation
### Transcription factor NF-κB in vitro

NF-κB is a transcription factor that regulates many genes involved in cell survival, growth, immune response and angiogenesis. Withaferin A inhibits NF-κB at a very low concentration by targeting the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway (UPP) in endothelial cells. In vitro experiments demonstrated that withaferin A inhibits other transcription factors including Ap1 and Sp1.

## Biosynthesis

In the Withania somnifera plant, the withaferin A is present in the leaves. Withanolides are terpenoids, which are synthesized in plants using isoprenoids as precursors. Isoprenoids can be synthesized through mevalonate or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathways. Isoprenogenesis significantly governs withanolide synthesis.
Isoprenoids form squalene, which then goes through a variety of intermediate steps to form 24-methylenecholesterol - the sterol precursor of the withanolides.
The biosynthesis of withaferin A uses enzymes such as squalene epoxidase (SQE), cycloartenol synthase (CAS), sterol methyl transferase (SMT), obtusifoliol-14 –demethylase (ODM).
To produce withaferin A from 24-methylene cholesterol, the molecule undergoes several functional changes including formation of a ketone, epoxide, 2 hydroxyl groups, and lactone ring.
# Chesya Burke

Chesya Burke is an American editor, educator and author of comic books and speculative fiction, most notably horror and dark fantasy. She has published over a hundred short stories, essays, and articles in magazines and anthologies such as Clarkesworld, Apex Magazine, Nightmare Magazine, and Stories for Chip: A Tribute to Samuel R. Delany. Her short story collection Let's Play White was published in 2011 while her debut novel, The Strange Crimes of Little Africa, was released in late 2015. Nikki Giovanni has compared Burke's fiction to that of Octavia Butler and Toni Morrison.

## Life

Burke grew up in Hopkinsville, Kentucky. She earned a double major in Africana Studies and English from Agnes Scott College and a Masters in African-American studies from Georgia State University. Her master's thesis was on Storm from The X-Men. Burke earned her Ph.D. in English at the University of Florida. She is active in literary and feminist communities, for example serving as co-chair of the Board of Directors of Charis Circle, the nonprofit programming arm of Charis Books & More, the Atlanta area's independent feminist bookstore.

## Fiction

Burke's first full-length short story collection Let's Play White was published in 2011 by Apex Publications. The collection was favorably reviewed in the Midwest Book Review, Austin Post and Publishers Weekly, which said "If the urban realism doesn't always seem quite realistic, the depth of Burke's characters, the weight of their decisions, and their choices make this the very opposite of escapist fantasy."
Burke's debut novel The Strange Crimes of Little Africa was published in late 2015 by RothCo Press. The novel is a mystery set during the 1920s Harlem Renaissance and features a Black detective who realizes "she may have to sacrifice her cousin's freedom when she discovers evidence that her father, the first black traffic cop on the force, may be guilty of murder." The novel features an appearance by a fictional version of Zora Neale Hurston.

## Critical reception

Burke is known for blending different genres together with her writings. Reviewers have praised Burke's fiction, with the Barnes and Nobles Book Club calling her writing "mesmerizing -- there is an undeniable lyricism there but also a tangible darkness and pain." Samuel R. Delany called her a "formidable new master of the macabre" while poet Nikki Giovanni has compared Burke's writing to that of Octavia Butler and Toni Morrison
A class of undergraduate English students at Michigan State University created a website analyzing the themes of her short story collection through the lens of Black feminism, as embodied in the work of Patricia Hill Collins and Barbara Christian.

## Nonfiction and editing

Burke has written essays and articles for a number of magazines and anthologies, including Clarkesworld, Nightmare Magazine, and the African American National Biography Project.
# Tocmoche District

Tocmoche District is one of nineteen districts of the province Chota in Peru.
# Signe Ramberg

Signe Ramberg (November 4, 1900 – January 15, 1987) was a Norwegian actress.

## Life

Signe Ramberg was born in Eidanger, Norway. She performed as a stage actress at the New Theater from 1929 to 1944, and she also appeared in five film roles between 1930 and 1944. Ramberg died in 1987 and is buried in the Old Eidanger Cemetery in Eidanger.

## Filmography

* 1930: Kristine Valdresdatter as Kari Fjelstugu
* 1931: Den store barnedåpen as Toralfa
* 1937: To levende og en død as a guest at the hostel
* 1938: Ungen as Olina
* 1944: Brudekronen as Tallak's mother
# Cwmffrwd

Cwmffrwd is a village in Carmarthenshire, Wales, located around two miles (3.2 km) south of Carmarthen.
Cwmffrwd is mainly a 20th-century settlement dominating the small river Nant Cwmffrwd, with some 19th-century elements. Its main access road, Heol Nantyglasdwr, connects the village to the A484 and leads directly into the main residential street, Maesglasnant.
The stone bridge over the river Nant Pibwr north of Cwmffrwd, at the old highway leading to Carmarthen, may have been built on remains of Roman foundations.

## Landmarks

St. Anne's is a small church north-east of the village.

## Transport

Buses stop in both directions on the A484.
# Epping, Cape Town

Epping is an industrial area of Cape Town that is situated to the south of Thornton, east of Pinelands and north of Langa.
Epping Industria was first developed in the late 1940s. Industrial development was initially slow and in the early 1950s the circular Gunners Circle was used as a race track for cars. When industrial development picked up in the late 1950s the racing was stopped. The completion of the Athlone Power Station close by assisted in the proliferation of industrial businesses into the area in the mid 1960s.
Epping Industria is the largest and most centrally situated industrial area in greater Cape Town. Its proximity to the major roadways and the availability of most forms of public transport make it an extremely sought after location for business. The area hosts a number of companies involved in the textile, automotive, logistics, construction, recycling and food processing industries. Nampak, Africa's largest packaging company, is one of the largest companies to have operations in Epping. Other large companies in Epping Industria are SA Metal Group, Distell Ltd, AVI Ltd and Afrox.
The Cape Town Market is one of the oldest and largest fresh produce markets in South Africa. It is over 50 years old and services over 5500 producers delivering fresh produce to market agents, who in turn sell the fresh produce to over 8000 registered buyers.
Epping Industria is managed by the Epping Community Improvement District (ECID) whereby all owners contribute to the operating costs of the ECID. The ECID assists the City of Cape Town to look after aspects such as cleaning, security, emergency management and traffic management.
# Passiflora cincinnata

Passiflora cincinnata is a species of Passiflora from Brazil.
# Watch You Drown

Watch You Drown may refer to:
* "Watch You Drown", a song by Raven from their 1994 album Glow (Raven album)
* "Watch You Drown", a song by Blanks 77 from their 1997 album Tanked and Pogoed
# With v O'Flanagan

With v O’Flanagan [1936] Ch 575 is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation. It holds that there is a duty to disclose material changes in circumstances that were represented to be true in negotiations.

## Facts

Dr O’Flanagan said truthfully in January 1934 that his medical practice had takings of £2000 per annum. However, in May, the takings were only £5 a week because O’Flanagan had become ill. The contract was signed with Mr With to buy the medical practice, but Dr O’Flanagan did not disclose the change in circumstances (namely that Dr O’Flanagan was ill and there was a severe drop in the income of the medical practice).
At trial, the judge held that because the contract was not made uberrimae fidei (in ultimate good faith). Where a statement is rendered false by a change in circumstances, there is a duty to disclose the change. A failure to do so will result in an actionable misrepresentation

## Judgment

Lord Wright MR held that Mr With could rescind either because there was a duty to point out the change in circumstance or because the representation continued till the point when the contract was signed. He referred to Fry J in Davies v London Provincial Marine Insurance that there is no duty to disclose, even when someone believes facts to be operating on another’s mind. He noted fiduciary relationships can bring an entire duty of disclosure. Uberrimae fidei contracts, including partnership and marine insurance, do too. But also where in negotiations a statement is false and then the representor discovers it, though if he had said nothing he is entitled to hold his tongue throughout. He noted that a ‘representation made as a matter of inducement to enter a contract is to be treated as a continuing representation.’
Romer LJ stated,
   I agree. The only principle invoked by the appellants in this case is as follows. If A, with a view to inducing B to enter into a contract makes a representation as to a material fact, then if at a later date and before the contract is actually entered into, owing to a change of circumstances, the representation then made would to the knowledge of A be untrue, and B subsequently enters into the contract in ignorance of that change of circumstances and relying upon that representation, A cannot hold B to the bargain. There is ample authority for that statement and, indeed, I doubt myself whether any authority is necessary, it being, it seems to me, so obviously consistent with the plainest principles of equity.
Clauson J concurred.

## Significance

This affirms a general principle that any change to a fundamental reason for contracting (supervening falsification) must be communicated, where it is known to one party. It does not matter what the reason or motive is for not communicating is, it need not be malicious or fraudulent, but merely known to the representor.
# Y Prydydd Bychan

Y Prydydd Bychan (fl. c. 1222–68) was a medieval Welsh language court poet. His personal name is unknown. His father was the poet Phylip Brydydd. Prydydd was a grade of court poet, and bychan here has the meaning "junior" (somebody's son) rather than the more usual "small" or "little", presumably to distinguish him from his father.
His surviving work is a small number of poems addressed to the princes of Deheubarth, in south Wales.
# Dĩ An station

Dĩ An station is a railway station on the North–South railway (Reunification Express) line in Vietnam. It serves the town of Dĩ An in Bình Dương Province.
The Dĩ An railyards were notable as a centre of Union activity in the 1930s, during French Indochina.
# Platycerota

Platycerota is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

## Description

Palpi hairy and not reaching beyond frons. Antennae of male flattened and thickened with appressed serrations. Hind tibia not dilated. Forewings with rounded apex. Vein 3 from before angle of cell and vein 5 from above middle of discocellulars. Veins 7,8,9 stalked from before angle of cell. Veins 10,11 stalked and vein 11 anastomosing with vein 12 and veins 10 with 8 and 9. Hindwings with vein 3 from before angle of cell.
# Graach Gate

The Graach Gate (German: Graacher Tor) is the last remaining town gate of the German town of Bernkastel-Kues. The name Graach refers to the neighbouring village of Graach connected by a narrow road to the gate. Currently the building is used as a museum of local history.

## History of the city gate

The Graach gate was built in 1300 as part of a town wall protecting the town of Bernkastel against foreign aggression. In 1689 it was partly destroyed by French troops under Louis XIV of France.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the gate was reconstructed and from 1714 was used as a prison. Later on it became a hostel for the homeless.
Since 2002 the gate has been a museum of local history.

## Architecture

The gate has an integrated passage built in a Baroque style with a mansard roof created in the 18th century. Before destruction in 1689 the Graach gate, shown in a drawing dated 1590, was equipped with a tower reaching three times the size of the current building.
After reconstruction in the 18th century the gate shows typical elements of a Renaissance-style building.
A figure of the Archangel St. Michael is placed centrally over the passage protecting the inhabitants of Bernkastel from aggression by intruders. The figure is a copy while the original is exhibited in the museum of the Catholic Diocese of Trier.
# Tridactylidea

The infraorder Tridactylidea has a single extant superfamily which includes pygmy mole crickets; they are thought to represent living representatives of the most basal Caelifera: the Orthopteran suborder that includes grasshoppers.

## Superfamilies and families

The infraorder consists of two superfamilies, one living and one extinct; the Orthoptera Species File lists the following:
* †Dzhajloutshelloidea Gorochov, 1994
** †Dzhajloutshellidae Gorochov, 1994
** †Regiatidae Gorochov, 1995
* Tridactyloidea Brullé, 1835
** Cylindrachetidae Giglio-Tos, 1914
** Ripipterygidae Ander, 1939
** Tridactylidae Brullé, 1835
# Passiflora edmundoi

Passiflora edmundoi is a species in the family Passifloraceae. It is native to western to southwestern Brazil. It is similar to Passiflora kermesina. It is named after Edmundo Pereira, who collected the type specimen.
* This Passifloraceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# The Echo (Dublin)

The Echo (previously The Tallaght Echo) is a regional newspaper covering parts of Dublin in Ireland. It was founded by owner David Kennedy in 1980, who launched the newspaper out of the front room of his house, and originally called it The Tallaght Echo. The paper has since grown to cover the adjacent suburbs of Clondalkin, Ballyfermot and Lucan.
The Echo was sold in June 2005 to the Leinster Leader, in a deal reported to be about €5 million. On the same day the Leinster Leader announced that they were buying The Echo, they also announced that they were up for sale. In September 2005, Leinster Leader was sold to Johnston Press, which is owned by a holding company by the name of Tallaght Publishing Ltd.
The paper was reacquired by David Kennedy for an estimated €1 million in 2009 and Johnston Press transferred ownership back on 5 January 2010.
# Bekkouche Lakhdar

Bekkouche Lakhdar is a town and commune in Skikda Province in north-eastern Algeria.
# Conrad Dietrich Magirus

Conrad Dietrich Magirus (26 September 1824, Ulm – 26 June 1895, Ulm) was a German fire brigade pioneer and entrepreneur. He is credited with inventing the mobile fire ladder.

## Life and work

Magirus was the son of a grocer and factory owner and pursued commercial studies in Naples. He later became director of the Ulm Gymnastic Society. In 1846, some of its members became Ulm's first official company of firefighters. In 1850, Magirus took over his father's business and published his history of firefighting techniques, Das Feuerlöschwesen in allen seinen Theilen.
Due to the success of his firefighting and fire safety efforts, he was appointed Commander of the Ulm Fire Brigade in 1853. On July 10 of that same year, he was the principal founder of the Deutscher Feuerwehrverband, an association of professional firefighters, which still exists. He soon put a second fire engine in operation and worked to improve the organization and technology of the fire-fighting process. His experience with the brigade eventually led him to the idea of mobile fire ladders. In 1864, he became a partner in the newly founded Eberhardt Brothers company, a manufacturer of firefighting equipment. In 1866, after a disagreement with the Eberhardts, Magirus founded his own fire equipment company.
In 1887, Magirus passed control of the company to his sons Heinrich, Otto and Hermann. He died in 1895. There are streets named after him in Ulm, Stuttgart and Berlin. In 1911, the company became "C. D. Magirus AG". This company later became "Magirus-Deutz" and, today, is part of Iveco Magirus.
An annual prize, named after Magirus, is awarded to the "Best Fire Brigade Team of the Year" in Germany.

### Company highlights

* 1872: A free-standing, mountable two-wheel ladder was produced.
* 1892: The first turntable ladder, with a height of 25 meters, was placed on the market.
* 1903: The first self-propelled steam fire engine was built.
* 1904: The world's first turntable ladder with a fully automatic drive was introduced.
# Platycerus cribripennis

Platycerus cribripennis is a species of stag beetle, from the Lucinidae family and Lucaninae subfamily. It was discovered by Van Dyke in 1928.

## Geographical distribution

It can be found in North America.
# Graham Robertson

Graham Robertson may refer to:
* Graham Robertson (filmmaker)
* Graham Robertson (bowls)
* W. Graham Robertson, British painter, illustrator and author