OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Simkins v. City of Greensboro

Simkins v. City of Greensboro, 246 F.2d 425 (4th Cir. 1957), was a 1957 case which required the City of Greensboro, North Carolina to stop discriminating on the basis of race at its Gillespie Park Golf Club, even though it was leasing the club to a private organization. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the decision.

## Background

In December 1955, six African-American men (Leon Wolfe, George Simkins, Jr., Philip Cook, Sam Murray, Elijah Herring, and Joseph Sturdivant) went to the Gillespie Golf Course in Greensboro, North Carolina, which had been built with public funds. The six paid greens fees and began to play despite being told they would not be allowed to. That night, the six were charged with trespassing, and convicted on that charge in February 1956, a conviction which was set aside by the North Carolina Supreme Court in June of the following year.
While that case, Wolfe v. North Carolina, was on-going, Simkins, who had been one of the six, filed the present case in Federal District Court and obtained an injunction in March 1957 against the golf course preventing them from operating the course on a discriminatory basis. That ruling was appealed to the Fourth Circuit.

## Decision of the 4th Circuit

In a per curiam ruling, the Court found that the injunction had been granted properly, and that, while, the city could sell the property in a bona fide sale, it could not simply avoid the prohibition on discrimination through leasing the property. saying, "the right of citizens to use public property without discrimination on the ground of race may not be abridged by the mere leasing of the property." Some commentators consider this the case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, as Brown's decision was limited to public schools.

## Subsequent developments

Rather than desegregating its golf courses, the city sold them.
The trespassing charges that had begun this story were later retried, and all six men were found guilty, as records of this trial and injunction were withheld in that case. The sentences of the six men were later commuted.
# Simko Ahmed

Simko Ahmed (in Japanese: 澄湖　アフマド (born 1972) is a Kurdish artist.
He moved to Japan in 1996, where he became the first Kurd to become a Japanese citizen. His work as a representation of his life experiences, ranging from contemporary surrealism to abstract forms. Furthermore, Ahmad stressed his dedication to using his work to advocate for human rights, freedom, and equality, reflecting people's struggles across the globe.

## Early life and education

Simko Ahmed was born in Sulaymaniyah in 1972. After graduating from high school in Erbil, he planned to study at the college of fine arts, but his teachers advised him to study engineering since it has better outcome and more stable economy. He enrolled in Salahaddin University and graduated from the college of civil engineering in 1990. He later travelled to Japan to attend the college of fine arts at the University of Tokyo.
# Old Korogwe

Old Korogwe is an administrative ward in Korogwe Urban District of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 26.7 km$^2$ (10.3 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 314 m (1,030 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 6,394.
# Nyoma kyamburensis

Nyoma kyamburensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Adlbauer in 1998. It is known from Uganda.
# Nymphargus balionotus

Nymphargus balionotus is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found in the Andes of Colombia (Cordillera Occidental: Cauca and Valle del Cauca Departments) and Ecuador (Carchi and Pichincha Provinces). Common names Mindo Cochran frog and mottled glassfrog has been coined for it.

## Description

Adult males measure 20–23 mm (0.8–0.9 in) in snout–vent length. The head is much wider than the body and the snout is truncate. The fingers have later fringes and some webbing between the outer fingers whereas the toes are about three-fourths webbed. The fingers have discs that are slightly larger than toe discs. The dorsum is pale green and has reddish brown stripes and flecks and elevated yellow spots.

## Habitat and conservation

Nymphargus balionotus lives on vegetation along streams in humid lowland tropical forests and cloud forests at elevations of 400–1,540 m (1,310–5,050 ft) above sea level. It is an arboreal species. The eggs are laid on leaves overhanging streams.
This species is reasonably common in Colombia. No recent records exist from Ecuador, although it was abundant there at the type locality in 1975. It is threatened by habitat loss (deforestation) caused by agriculture, logging, and human settlements.
# Nymphargus cristinae

Nymphargus cristinae is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae, formerly placed in Cochranella. It is endemic to Colombia where it is only known near its type locality on the western slope of the Cordillera Occidental in Urrao, Antioquia. Its natural habitat is sub-Andean primary forest. It occurs on vegetation next to streams with canopy cover over the stream. Its conservation status is unclear but habitat degradation and loss caused by cattle raising, timber extraction, and cultivation of illegal crops are major threats.
Male Nymphargus cristinae grow to a snout–vent length of 26–31 mm (1.0–1.2 in). The dorsum is smooth to finally shagreen.
# Old Meadowbank

Old Meadowbank was a multi-purpose sports facility located in the Meadowbank area of Edinburgh, Scotland. It was mainly used as a football stadium by Leith Athletic between the 1930s and 1950s and as a motorcycle speedway track. The stadium was demolished in the late 1960s and provided part of the site for Meadowbank Sports Centre, which was used for the Commonwealth Games in 1970 and 1986.

## Uses
### Football

Leith Athletic played at Old Meadowbank from the 1930s until their demise in 1955. In the early 1950s it was the location of a football match played under temporary floodlights against an invitation XI including the Edinburgh born Jimmy Logie, then playing for Arsenal. This was prior to the two senior clubs in Edinburgh, Hearts and Hibernian, themselves installing permanent floodlights.

### Speedway

Old Meadowbank was a motorcycle speedway track that ran from 1948 to 1954 and 1960 to 1967. The stadium was located between what is the new Meadowbank Stadium and the Meadowbank Velodrome, roughly perpendicular to where the 5-aside football pitch at Meadowbank sits today. Old Meadowbank was home to speedway team the Edinburgh Monarchs. The sport stopped in 1954, when the post-war entertainment tax started to make the sport unprofitable. Whilst the Monarchs of this era achieved little as a team, they did introduce Aussie Jack Young to UK speedway. Young won the World Championship in 1951 as a Monarchs rider.
Meadowbank was also the track where the 1955 and 1962 World Champion Peter Craven of England lost his life in a freak accident on 20 September 1963. While taking evasive action to avoid hitting fallen race leader George Hunter who had suffered engine failure, Craven hit the fence. Craven suffered serious head injuries in the crash and was rushed to hospital where his family remained at his bedside, he died four days later.
The entertainment tax was later scrapped, and the sport was reintroduced to Edinburgh in 1960. The track was used for training purposes for a spell in the late 1950s and 1959 an Edinburgh Students Charites meeting was staged at the track. The Monarchs of the 1960s were founder members of the Provincial League (1960–1964) and founder members of the British league in 1965. The Monarchs were forced to leave Old Meadowbank in 1967 to allow the stadium to be re-developed for the 1970 Commonwealth Games. Speedway was not incorporated in the new stadium as the Government of the day would not fund stadiums which would be used by professional sports.
The displaced Monarchs raced at Cliftonhill in Coatbridge for two seasons before they closed down when the promotion sold the licence to a consortium who re-opened Wembley Stadium for speedway. Speedway was revived in Edinburgh at Powderhall Stadium which operated 1977 to 1995. The Monarchs are now based at the Armadale Stadium, on the eastern outskirts of Armadale in West Lothian.
# Traveller Alien Module 8: Darrians

Traveller Alien Module 8: Darrians is a Science-fiction tabletop roleplaying game supplement, written by Marc Miller, Robert Parker, Nancy Parker and Matt Renner, and a cover by David Dietrick. Published by Game Designers' Workshop (GDW) in 1987 as a 40-page bookfor the science fiction role-playing game Traveller. It was the eighth supplement dealing with various alien races found in the Traveller universe, and part of the classic Traveller Alien Modules series. A revised edition Alien Module 3: Darrians, by Pete Nash (game designer) was published in 2010 by Mongoose Publishing.

## Contents

Alien Module 8: Darrians deals with the Darrian Confederation, a minor human/Solomani race of the Spinward Marches who once had a technology greater than that of the Imperium. But they now live in much reduced circumstances except for an old and mighty piece of technology called the Star Trigger.
The book details the Darrians in terms of history, politics, lost technology, culture, and physiology. It also presents the adventure scenario, "The Secret of the Star Trigger."

## Reviews

In the August 1988 edition of Dragon (Issue 136), Ken Rolston gave the book high praise, saying, "This is highly recommended for Traveller game fans everywhere."
# Traveller Book 6: Scouts

Traveller Book 6: Scouts is a tabletop role-playing game supplement, written by Marc Miller for Traveller, and published by Game Designers' Workshop in 1983.

## Contents

Scouts is a supplement which presents additional systems for character generation related to the Scout Service, and also includes an expanded system for world generation. The Scout Service is a fictional intersteller exploration organization.

## Publication history

An updated edition titled Book 3 Scout, written by Lawrence Whitaker, was published by Mongoose Publishing in 2009.

## Reception

Tony Watson reviewed Scouts in Ares Magazine #17 and commented that "Scouts adds much to Scout characters and especially to the generation of star systems and worlds. These latter rules and great detail to star systems, and a correspondingly greater cost in time and effort to create subsectors. Its value then, depends on how anxious the referee is to include the new information in his campaign."
Andy Slack reviewed Scouts for White Dwarf #53, giving the supplement 7/10 overall and stated that it was "Not as clear as earlier Traveller materials. If you want to generate or GM detailed Traveller star-systems, and have a lot of time to spare, this is the item for you. If you simply want expanded scout characters, then egotism aside Star Patrol is similar and cheaper."
Stephen Nutt reviewed Scouts, Book 6 for Imagine magazine, and stated that "It is hard to say that GDW have done more than half succeed with this one."
# Helen Thompson (political economist)

Helen Thompson is an English academic who teaches politics at Cambridge University, where she is a professor of political economy and a fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, where she is also Director of Studies.
She has been working in Cambridge since 1994 and is currently a member of the Department of Politics and International Studies. One of her recent research interests is the aftermath of the 2008 Financial crisis.
She often co-hosted the Talking Politics podcast with David Runciman. She now co-hosts UnHerd's podcast These Times.
In 2024, the New Statesman named Thompson 48th in The Left Power List 2024, the magazine's "guide to the 50 most influential people in progressive politics".

## Selected works

* — (Spring 1999). "The Modern State, Political Choice and An Open International Economy". Government and Opposition. 32 (2). Cambridge University Press: 203–225. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1999.tb00478.x. eISSN 1477-7053. ISSN 0017-257X. JSTOR 44482823. LCCN 65009983. OCLC 904489489. S2CID 143614074.
* — (18 May 2017). Oil and the Western Economic Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52509-9. ISBN 978-3-319-52509-9. LCCN 2019744263. OCLC 987826447. OL 28330723M.
* — (8 June 2017). "Inevitability and contingency: The political economy of Brexit". The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 19 (3): 434–449. doi:10.1177/1369148117710431. eISSN 1467-856X. ISSN 1369-1481. LCCN sn99033216. OCLC 49056411. S2CID 157939675.
* — (24 March 2022). Disorder: Hard Times in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198864981. LCCN 2021951494. OCLC 1260819550. OL 33958421M.
# American Society of Criminology

The American Society of Criminology (ASC) is an international organization based on the campus of Ohio State University whose members focus on the study of crime and delinquency. It aims to grow and disseminate scholarly research, with members working in many disciplines and on different levels in the fields of criminal justice and criminology. The Society and its members also seek to strengthen the role of research in the formulation of public policy. To further these goals, the Society holds an annual meeting that attracts some 4,000+ attendees from roughly 40 countries.

## History

The society traces its history back to a meeting of seven men at the home of retired Berkeley Police Department chief and criminology professor August Vollmer on December 30, 1941. The meeting was said to be "for the purpose of furthering college police training and standardizing police training curricula". Establishing itself as the National Association of College Police Training Officials (NACPTO), the group elected Vollmer, who was due to be deployed into the military following the attack on Pearl Harbor, as President-Emeritus and Orlando W. Wilson as president.
After the end of World War II, the NACPTO underwent a reorganization in 1946 and became known as the Society for the Advancement of Criminology (SAC). In June 1950, the society became affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in December of that year, was accepted into the International Society of Criminology. The SAC officially changed its name to the American Society of Criminology in November 1957.

## Divisions

The Society has a number of divisions. They have been established at different times over its history, from the Division of International Criminology established in 1981 to the Division of Public Opinion and Policy established in 2021.

## Publications

The Society publishes a newsletter, The Criminologist, and two journals. The journal Criminology has been published since 1963. It is generally regarded as the leading journal in the field, and is distributed worldwide. The journal Criminology & Public Policy has been published since 2001.
Many of the Society divisions also publish journals and newsletters.
# American Society of Echocardiography

The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) is a professional organization of physicians, cardiac sonographers, nurses and scientists involved in echocardiography, the use of ultrasound to image the heart and vascular system. The organization was founded in 1975 and has more than 17,000 members nationally and internationally. The American Society of Echocardiography promotes cardiovascular ultrasound and its application to patient care through education, advocacy, research, innovation and service. The society also provides research grants and scholarships to support advances in cardiovascular care.
ASE's membership consists of physicians, cardiac sonographers, nurses, physical scientists, lab managers, and students.
ASE has created numerous guidelines regarding the use of echocardiography including monitoring heart dysfunction after chemotherapy. A mobile app developed by ASE called iASE has been rated as one of the top echocardiography apps
ASE joined Choosing Wisely in 2013 to reduce unnecessary medical testing with echocardiography.
# Treaty of Durham (1139)

The second treaty of Durham was a peace treaty concluded between kings Stephen of England and David I of Scotland, on 9 April 1139.

## Background

On 22 August 1138, the Scottish army under the command of David I had been defeated at the Battle of the Standard. Though the Scottish rout was total, the mediation of the newly arrived papal legate, Alberic of Ostia, and the influence of Stephen's queen, Matilda of Boulogne who was David's niece, solidified the truce that had been established at Carlisle. Additional, Stephen was to face another problem when Empress Matilda decided to retake the crown of England usurped by Stephen after the death of Henry I of England and a landing seemed imminent. This would mark the beginning of the English civil war known as The Anarchy. Stephen, not wishing to face several forces at once had to make concessions with the Scottish king.

## Content

David's son Henry was given the earldom of Northumberland which included Carlisle, Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire to the north of Ribble, except the castles of Bamburgh and Newcastle. Moreover, Stephen recognised the independence of Scotland. David I, via his son Henry, now controlled an English territory which stretched to the Tees.
# Treaty of Dresden (1709)

The Treaty of Dresden was concluded on 28 June 1709, during the Great Northern War. It re-established the alliance between Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway and Augustus the Strong against the Swedish Empire.

## Sources

* Czech, Vinzenz (2008). Das Potsdamer Dreikönigstreffen 1709 (in German). Cuvillier. ISBN 978-3-86727-638-2.
# O'Beirne

O'Beirne may refer to:
* Frank O'Beirne (1898–1978), farmer, businessman, Irish Republican activist and Fianna Fáil politician in County Sligo
* Joseph O'Beirne (1900–1980), Irish professional footballer who played as an inside forward
* Kate O'Beirne (1949–2017), Washington editor of National Review
* Paul O'Beirne (also known by the pseudonym Apollo 9), American saxophonist notable as a member of Rocket from the Crypt
* Thomas O'Beirne (1749–1823), Anglican bishop, Bishop of Ossory from 1795 to 1798 when he was translated to Meath
# Amt Oderberg

Amt Oderberg was an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg, Germany. Its seat was in the town Oderberg. It was merged with the Amt Britz-Chorin to form the Amt Britz-Chorin-Oderberg in January 2009.
The Amt Oderberg consisted of the following municipalities:
* Hohensaaten
* Liepe
* Lunow-Stolzenhagen
* Oderberg
* Parsteinsee
52°54′00″N 14°04′59″E﻿ / ﻿52.900°N 14.083°E﻿ / 52.900; 14.083
* This Brandenburg location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Helicopter AirStair

The Helicopter AirStair, designed in house at Hydro One Inc, Ontario, Canada, can be attached to a Eurocopter AS 350 B2 helicopter.
It enables safe access to the top of high voltage transmission towers for power line technicians. These towers range in height from 50 feet to over 350 feet high.

## Overview

The helicopter hovers in very close proximity to the top of the structure. The power line technician transfers from the hovering helicopter to the structure. Various safety procedures are employed during the transfer.
The AirStair is a framework that attaches to the undercarriage of the helicopter. It comprises a middle step and a lower step, with two hand rails on each side. Both doors on the pilot's side of the helicopter are removed, as well as the co-pilot seat being removed and replaced with a storage/utility box.
The use of an AirStair-equipped helicopter removes the need to access a tower from the ground. This has many advantages, as ground access often requires off-road travel across difficult terrain (mountains, rivers, farm crops, etc.). Furthermore, aerial access limits the amount of climbing required, with its inherent potential for fatigue and injury. With no land vehicles required, significant financial gains can be realized, as well as further safety increases due to the hazards of traveling by off-road vehicles being eliminated.
# Obadiah (album)

Obadiah is the 2010 debut album by Canadian musician Frazey Ford, who is also a member of the Be Good Tanyas.

## Background

Obadiah is recorded in the style of soul music, a departure from the folk sound of the Be Good Tanyas. The album takes its title from Ford's middle name, "Obadiah". When she was born, her parents asked her brothers to choose her middle name; they decided to name her after their pet cat Obadiah that had recently run away.

## Recording

Ford recorded the album with guitarist Trish Klein, also of the Be Good Tanyas. Klein's partner, John Raham, played drums and produced the record. Ford's mother, neighbour, and landlord also appear on the album.

## Themes

Ford has said that the album relates to an emotional time she had with her family. The record, according to Ford, also allowed her to bring together "a soul rhythm section...[and]....folk style writing", two of her great loves in music that had previously been "divided in [her] musicality".

## Reception

Ben Ratliff of the New York Times gave the album a favourable review and commended Ford's blending of soul and country influences. He compared her singing to a diverse group of artists, including Dolly Parton, Ann Peebles, and Feist.
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The New York Times | Favorable |
| Pitchfork Media | 7.1 |

## Track listing

| Track number | Song | Writer(s) | Length |
| 1 | "Firecracker" | Ford | 3:45 |
| 2 | "Lay Down with You" | Ford | 4:32 |
| 3 | "Bird of Paradise" | Ford | 5:17 |
| 4 | "If You Gonna Go" | Ford | 3:56 |
| 5 | "Blue Streak Mama" | Ford | 3:46 |
| 6 | "Lost Together" | Ford | 4:31 |
| 7 | "I Like You Better" | Ford | 4:36 |
| 8 | "Hey Little Mama" | Ford | 4:24 |
| 9 | "The Gospel Song" | Ford | 5:42 |
| 10 | "Going Over" | Ford | 3:13 |
| 11 | "Half In" | Ford | 5:05 |
| 12 | "One More Cup of Coffee" | Bob Dylan | 4:19 |
| 13 | "Mimi Song" | Ford | 5:27 |
| 14 | "Lovers in a Dangerous Time" † | Bruce Cockburn | 4:37 |
† Bonus track on some editions of the album.