OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Peerage Bill

The Peerage Bill was a 1719 measure proposed by the British Whig government led by James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope, and Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland, which would have largely halted the creation of new peerages, limiting membership of the House of Lords.
It was inspired by a desire to prevent a repeat of the 1711 creation of twelve Tory peers, known widely as "Harley's Dozen", in order to secure the passage of the peace treaty with France through the Whig-dominated Lords. Following the Whig Split of 1717 there was also a wish to stop the Prince of Wales who backed the renegade Whigs, once he became King, from packing the house with his own supporters.
The proposal had an attraction to existing aristocrats both Tory and Whig. However, Robert Walpole rallied opposition to it and successfully appealed to MPs by arguing the bill would deny them and their families the opportunity of ever being allowed to join the aristocracy. He also mocked Stanhope, who had recently been made a Lord, for being "desirous to shut the door after him". Tories also strongly opposed the measure, including Robert Harley who criticised the proposal as potentially undermining Britain's constitution.
The bill led to a public dispute between Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, former friends and collaborators on The Spectator and both Whig members of the Kit-Kat Club. Addison supported the Bill while Steele opposed it.
The proposal was finally defeated in the House of Commons on 8 December 1719. The following year Walpole and his opposition Whig allies rejoined the government, ending the party's split. Membership of the house gradually expanded over the century, and Walpole himself joined the house as Lord Orford in 1742 following his record 21 years as prime minister.
# Volutharpa nipponkaiensis

Volutharpa nipponkaiensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks.

## Subspecies

* Volutharpa nipponkaiensis lymnaeformis Habe & Ki. Ito, 1980
* Volutharpa nipponkaiensis nipponkaiensis Habe & Ki. Ito, 1980

## Description

The length of the shell attains 34 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Japan.
# Percentage depth dose curve

In radiotherapy, a percentage depth dose curve (PDD) (sometimes percent depth dose curve) relates the absorbed dose deposited by a radiation beam into a medium as it varies with depth along the axis of the beam. The dose values are divided by the maximum dose, referred to as d$_{max}$, yielding a plot in terms of percentage of the maximum dose. Dose measurements are generally made in water or "water equivalent" plastic with an ionization chamber, since water is very similar to human tissue with regard to radiation scattering and absorption.
Percent depth dose (PDD), which reflects the overall percentage of dose deposited as compared to the depth of maximum dose, depends on the depth of interest, beam energy, field size, and SSD (source to surface distance) as follows. Of note, PDD generally refers to depths greater than the depth of maximum dose
* PDD decreases with increasing depth due to the inverse square law and due to attenuation of the radiation beam
* PDD increases with increasing radiation field size due to greater primary and scattered photons from the irradiated medium
* PDD increases with increasing SSD because inverse square variations over a fixed distance interval are smaller at large total distance than small total distance
# Vătavu

Vătavu may refer to:
* Marin Vătavu (born 1982), Romanian footballer
* Vătavu River, river in Romania
# Baisha, Huangshi

Baisha (Chinese: 白沙) is a town of Yangxin County, Huangshi, Hubei, China. As of 2018, it has one residential community and 38 villages under its administration.
# Voyria

Voyria, commonly known as ghostplants, is a genus of 20 species of herbaceous perennial plants, belonging to the family Gentianaceae. They are mostly native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Caribbean, Central America and South America, except for V. primuloides, which is found in West and Central Africa. V. parasitica reaches as far north as the Everglades in Florida.
Unlike most plants, they do not contain chlorophyll; they are myco-heterotrophs, getting their food through parasitism upon fungi rather than photosynthesis. Their roots are thick and densely clustered, forming a "birds nest" that house their fungus host. Depending on the species, the flowers can be single or held in corymbs of many individual flowers. The stems are usually pallid, with reduced scale-like foliage. The flowers can vary in colour, with white or yellow predominating, and blue and pink also occurring. Like all myco-heterotrophs, they are capable of living in very dark conditions, such as the floor of deep forests, because they no longer derive energy from sunlight.
Voyria is subdivided into two subgenera, Voyria and Leiphaimos. The latter, which contains a majority of the species, is characterized by highly reduced features, lacking both stomates and a continuous vascular cylinder. The lack of chloroplast genes has caused some difficulty in better understanding its relationships within the family. Seeds are dispersed by wind.

## Species list

* Voyria acuminata Benth. - Venezuela, Brazil
* Voyria alvesiana E.F.Guim., T.S.Mendes & N.G.Silva - Pará
* Voyria aphylla (Jacq.) Pers. - Caribbean, Mexico to Brazil
* Voyria aurantiaca Splitg. - Lesser Antilles, Panama to Brazil
* Voyria caerulea Aubl. - Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil
* Voyria chionea Benth. - Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil
* Voyria clavata Splitg. - Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil
* Voyria corymbosa Splitg. - Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil
* Voyria crucitasensis Y.Guillén & G.Vargas - N Costa Rica
* Voyria flavescens Griseb. - Mexico to Brazil, Trinidad
* Voyria kupperi (Suess.) Ruyters & Maas - Costa Rica, Panama
* Voyria obconica Progel - Atlantic Forest of Brazil
* Voyria parasitica (Schltdl. & Cham.) Ruyters & Maas - Central America, Caribbean, S Florida
* Voyria primuloides Baker - Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo Republic
* Voyria pulcherrima (Standl.) L.O.Williams - Panama
* Voyria rosea Aubl. - Venezuela and the Guianas
* Voyria spruceana Benth. - Costa Rica to Brazil
* Voyria tenella Guilding ex Hook. - Caribbean, Mexico to Brazil
* Voyria tenuiflora Griseb. - Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil
* Voyria truncata (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm. - Chiapas to Colombia
# Badura (surname)

Badura or Baďura (Czech/Slovak feminine: Baďurová, Badurová) is a surname. It may refer to the following notable people:
* Eva Badura-Skoda (1929–2021), Austrian musicologist
* Jan Badura (1907–1975), Polish footballer
* Kateřina Baďurová (born 1982), Czech pole vaulter
* Paul Badura-Skoda (1927–2019), Austrian pianist
* Piotr Badura (born 1995), Polish volleyball player

## People with the first name Badura

* Badura Afganli (1912–2002), Azerbaijani actress
# Baduri

Baduri is a village in Barisal District in the Barisal Division of southern-central Bangladesh.
# Herald of the Morning (clipper)

Herald of the Morning was one of the few clipper ships with a passage to San Francisco in less than 100 days.

## Construction

Herald of the Morning was designed by Samuel Hartt Pook. 'Her lines were sharp, approaching those of an actual clipper, yet she could carry in dead weight close to 1600 tons." The Mauritius Commercial Gazeteer described the bow of Herald of the Morning as "so sharp as to take the form of a razor, the keel forming the edge; there are no rails at the bow, which is quite unencumbered". An 1854 Boston Daily Atlas writer was impressed by the beauty of her accommodations, and described the ship's overall appearance thus: "Her stern is oval in outline, and is finely ornamented with gilded carved work. She is sheathed with yellow metal, and is painted black outside; inside she is white, and the waterways blue, and her rack rail is covered with yellow metal fore and aft."

## Named after ancient goddess

The name Herald of the Morning refers to Eos (Greek) or Aurora (Roman) the Goddess of Dawn. Her figurehead was a "full figure of Aurora ... placed to correspond with the inclination of the cutwater."

## Voyages

Herald of the Morning had a reputation for speed. She made 18 passages around Cape Horn during the 20 years she was under the U.S. flag, and two homeward trips around the Cape of Good Hope.
Boston to San Francisco, Capt. Baker, 106 days, 1854 (Was within 180 mi. of the Golden Gate 100 days out)
New York to San Francisco, Capt. Lathrop, 130 days, 1857
Boston to San Francisco, Capt. Baker, arriving March 18, 1859, 116 days Boston to San Francisco, Capt. Mitchell, arriving May 25, 1860, 108 days

## Record California passage in 1855

Herald of the Morning made the fastest passage of the year from New York City to San Francisco, arriving May 16, 1855 100 days, 6 hours, anchor to anchor 99 days, 12 hours, pilot to pilot
Best day's run, 340 mi.
After this passage, she took a load of guano to Mauritius, arriving Dec. 7 1855, under Captain Otis Baker Jr.

## Locomotive transport

Herald of the Morning left Boston on May 16, 1863, carrying Central Pacific locomotive No. 1 Gov. Stanford, and arrived in San Francisco on September 20, 1863, after a voyage of 117 days.

## Struck by a sperm whale

Herald of the Morning was struck by a very large sperm whale off Cape Horn in 1859. The whale sustained severe injuries. “The ship lost part of her stem, and the pumps had to be kept going until her arrival at destination.”

## Painting of the ship

* Herald of the Morning Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, by Charles Lundgren
# Sablier 4

The Sablier 4 was a tourism aircraft built in France in the mid-1950s.

## Design

The Sablier 4 was a parasol monoplane designed for amateur construction.

## Specifications

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 5.00 m (16 ft 5 in)
* Wingspan: 6.11 m (20 ft 1 in)
* Height: 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
* Wing area: 7.30 m$^2$ (78.6 sq ft)
* Gross weight: 210 kg (463 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Aubier Dunne 2-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine, 13 kW (18 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 130 km/h (81 mph, 70 kn)
# Wa country

Wa country may refer to:
* Wa States, the country of the Wa people
* Wa (Japan), the oldest recorded name of Japan
# I.O.O.F. – Paris Fair Building

The I.O.O.F. – Paris Fair Building in Hood River, Oregon was built in 1906, with Early Commercial architecture. Also known as Idlewild Lodge No. 107, Odd Fellow's Hall, and Paris Fair Department Store, it served historically as a department store and as an International Order of Odd Fellows meeting hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
Its third floor was originally the lodge hall.
# Pat Kinsella

Pat Kinsella (born 8 November 1943) is an English footballer, who played as a midfielder in the Football League for Tranmere Rovers and Stockport County. He also appeared in the EFL Cup for Wrexham.
# Queens Drive Halt

54°19′04″N 4°22′39″W﻿ / ﻿54.3178°N 4.3775°W﻿ / 54.3178; -4.3775
Queens Drive Halt (Manx: Stadd Imman y Ven-Rein) is an intermediate stopping place on the northern section of the Manx Electric Railway on the Isle of Man.

## Location

Due to the nature of the tramway's construction, the cars can stop and drop off almost anywhere and will do so within reason. For this reason a great number of localised stopping places have built up since the line was completed, many at the intersection of road crossings like this one. The crossings/halts usually take the name of the nearest farm, landmark or road as is the case here, but these unofficial halts never appear in timetable materials or have nameboards fitted to show their names.

## Queens Pier

The stop here serves Queens Drive and other parts of Ramsey, and is the closest stop to the famous Queen's Pier, landmark of the town. At this point the line becomes inter-urban, running parallel to the roadway, notably featuring traction poles mounted at the side of the line, rather than between the running lines as is standard elsewhere.

## Route

| Preceding station | Manx Electric Railway | Manx Electric Railway | Manx Electric Railway | Following station |
| Walpole Drivetowards Derby Castle | | Douglas–Ramsey | | Ballastowelltowards Ramsey Station |

## Also

Manx Electric Railway Stations
# Glossodoris gregorius

Glossodoris gregorius is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae.

## Distribution

This species is found only in Tanzania, in the Eastern Indian Ocean.
# William K. MacCurdy

William K. MacCurdy was an American engineer at SRI International that developed the Hydra-Cushion freight car for Southern Pacific in 1954. Cushioned rail cars based on his design are still the standard.

## Career

MacCurdy joined SRI International in 1952 with a background in shipbuilding; he was previously a naval architect. Donald J. Russell connected Southern Pacific with SRI in 1954, and asked them to design a new rail coupling; in particular, Southern Pacific was concerned with the draft gear, the part that connects the couplings to the rolling stock. In MacCurdy's design, the coupler has an extended connection to the center of the railway car, combined with interleaved fingers at each end of the railway car helping to absorb some of the effects of acceleration.
The theory was tested in December 1954 by modifying an existing car with the technology (initially known as the "Hydra-friction") in Sacramento and placing it into relatively difficult service; the car greatly exceeded expectations. The second iteration, bearing the more widely known name of Hydra-Cushion, was introduced in April 1956, and Southern Pacific built and deployed an additional 350 of these cars in summer 1957. The average damage to freight was reduced to 1/25th of previous values.
MacCurdy left SRI to be the chief research engineer in the Transportation Equipment Division of Evans Products Company, which was licensed some of the proprietary information about the Hydra-Cushion from Southern Pacific in 1957.

## Legacy

In 1964, MacCurdy and Southern Pacific's William E. Thomford received the Franklin Institute's 1964 George R. Henderson Medal for achievements "in the field of railway impact control and associated car design, with resulting benefits in reducing lading and rolling stock damage". In 1967, Railway Age noted that "The 10th anniversary of the cushion-underframe... has to be one of the most significant anniversaries in the annals of the industry."
# Waterbodies (band)

Waterbodies were a Garage rock band from St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. They performed around Ontario and released three EPs, an album and one single.

## History

Singer and guitarist Mike McGean and Shane Turner formed as a recording project with bass player Josh Korody in 2008. The band released an EP, Sleep Like Submarines in 2009, which was produced by Korody. Shortly after that Korody left the band; and guitarist Dylan Turner joined. They released another EP, Floresta, which, after some work by another producer, was brought back to Korody for adjustments and mastering. The band had several bass players during the next few years. After one more EP, they released a full album, The Evil We Know.
In 2012 Waterbodies performed in Toronto at the El Mocombo as part of Canada Music Week. In 2013 they released their album The Evil We Know. Soon after, Dylan Turner left the band.
In 2014 Waterbodies played at the Soil Arts Festival.

## Current members

* Mike McGean (Guitar, Vocals)
* Roxy (Bass, Vocals)
* Shane Turner (Drums)

## Past members

* John Neadow (Bass)
* Samy (Bass)
* Justin Jennings (Bass)
* Dylan Turner (Guitar, Keyboard, Vocals)
* Josh Korody (Bass)

## Discography

* Sleep Like Submarines, 2009
* Floresta, 2010
* Black Braille, 2011
* The Evil We Know (12"), 2013
* What the French Call 'Les Incompétents' (Single), 2014
# William Kaula

William Kaula may refer to:
* William Jurian Kaula (1871–1953), American watercolor painter
* William M. Kaula (1926–2000), Australian-born American geophysicist
# Chilcoot

Chilcoot may refer to:
* Chilcoot, California, an unincorporated community
* Chilkoot River, Alaska
* Chilkoot Pass, in Alaska and British Columbia, Canada
* Chilkoot Lake, Alaska
* Chilkoot Inlet, Alaska
# Chihara–Ismail polynomials

In mathematics, the Chihara–Ismail polynomials are a family of orthogonal polynomials introduced by Chihara and Ismail (1982), generalizing the van Doorn polynomials introduced by van Doorn (1981) and the Karlin–McGregor polynomials. They have a rather unusual measure, which is discrete except for a single limit point at 0 with jump 0, and is non-symmetric, but whose support has an infinite number of both positive and negative points.
# The Goat, the Sofa, and Mr. Swami

The Goat, The Sofa And Mr. Swami is a book written by R. Chandrasekar about a Pakistani Prime Minister visiting India for a Test Cricket match and the ensuing diplomatic drama and chaos.

## The plot

The Pakistani Premier's sudden decision to invite himself to a cricket series to be played in India creates uncertainty, panic and bureaucratic gamesmanship in New Delhi. Seemingly above such mundane concerns, India's elderly Prime Minister, devoted to movies, scotch, and late mornings, adds to the confusion with random utterances and occasional temper tantrums. His official factotum, a bureaucrat named Swami, plays the confusion for all it is worth, attempting to advance his career and settle old scores. Old rivalries between the Foreign Service and the domestic bureaucrats flare up as the day of the Pakistani Premier's visit approaches. Matters get stalled as rival departments choose to hide behind arcane laws. Conscious of his place in history and of the damage a botched visit would cause, the Prime Minister stages his own protests. Swami is forced to chart a treacherous course between his political and bureaucratic masters... A parable rooted in the absurdities of modern India, this novel takes a light-hearted dig at the pretensions of people who matter.

## About the author

R. Chandrasekar was born in Madras and studied at Mayo College, Vivekananda College Madras, the Delhi School of Economics and the University of Chicago. He has researched and priced commodities and derivatives, traded bonds, managed portfolios, taught, and run a financial research centre. Chandrasekar lives with his family in the city formerly known as Madras. This is his first novel.

## Other books by R. Chandrasekar

* The School of Core Incompetence (Hachette India, 2012)
# The Enclosure

The Enclosure (1961) is a novel by Susan Hill. Hill wrote the novel when she was 15 years old.
# The Encounter of Man and Nature

The Encounter of Man and Nature: The Spiritual Crisis of Modern Man is a 1968 book by the Iranian philosopher Seyyed Hossein Nasr.
# The Good Girls (group)

The Good Girls are a female R&B trio from Los Angeles, California, that emerged in the late 1980s, originally composed of Shireen Crutchfield, Joyce Tolbert, and DeMonica Santiago.

## Career

The Good Girls were recording artists for Motown Records, and were groomed as a contemporary version of The Supremes with a more urban sound. The group's debut album All for Your Love, influenced heavily by Teddy Riley's new jack swing movement, was released in 1989, producing the hit single "Your Sweetness" which peaked at No. 6 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Other notable singles included their cover version of "Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart," and "I Need Your Love". The girls also appeared on the 1990 debut single by MC Trouble entitled "(I Wanna) Make You Mine". The group's second album Just Call Me was released in 1992 with lukewarm success. Two highlights for the group happened in 1990 when they went on Motown's MotorTown Tour and later that year, they joined New Kids on the Block's No More Games tour.
Group member DeMonica Santiago was married to actor Glenn Plummer, but is now divorced.
In 2018, The Good Girls reunited for a private performance and announced they were returning with new music. In March 2019, it was announced lead singer Shireen Crutchfield had decided to not continue with the reunion in favor of continuing her acting and modeling career and has been replaced by fellow actress-singer and high school friend Fawn Reed.

## Discography
### Albums

* 1989: All for Your Love (Motown) - R&B #32
* 1992: Just Call Me (Motown)

### Singles

* 1989: "Your Sweetness" - R&B #6
* 1989: "Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart" - R&B #10
* 1990: "I Need Your Love" - R&B #20
* 1992: "Just Call Me" - R&B #19, UK #75
* 1993: "It Must Be Love" - R&B #40
# Baynesia

Baynesia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. Its only species is Baynesia lophophora, endemic to Namibia. It was first discovered by Peter Bruyns in 1999, and first described by him in 2000.
# Chikkerur

Chikkerur is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Hirekerur taluk of Haveri district in Karnataka.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Chikkerur had a population of 6820 with 3515 males and 3305 females. Village having many archeological evidences of Sanskrit Pandits and ancient Sanskrit school to train up pupils from Mysuru palace A renowned Veterinary Scientist Dr.Mohankumar Shettar born in this village.
# Waterloo Halt railway station

Waterloo Halt railway station was a small halt which served the community of Rudry in Caerphilly, South Wales between 1908 and 1956.
Like other halts on the line, Waterloo was very basic, consisting of a single ground-level platform made from sleepers, a name-board and one lamp (though the halt did have a second lamp for at least some of its later life). There was no shelter, with passengers being confined to a fenced enclosure, whose gate to the platform would be unlocked by the guard when the train arrived.
Located on the original Brecon & Merthyr Loop Line (as opposed to the second line which was built later by the Pontypridd, Caerphilly and Newport Railway), Waterloo Halt was served by 'down' services only. Fountain Bridge Halt on the opposite side of the river (on the PN&CR line) was served by the 'up' trains.
The halt closed in 1956 when the passenger service was withdrawn. The site is now the garden of a private residence.
# William Cowell

William Cowell may refer to:
* William Cowell Sr. (1682–1736), American silversmith
* Butch Cowell (William Harold Cowell, 1887–1940), American football player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball
* Billy Cowell (1902–?), footballer
# Chinnawat

Chinnawat may refer to:
* Chinnawat Wongchai (born 1996), Thai footballer
* Chinnawat family or Shinawatra family, Thai family
# The Forbidden Valley

The Forbidden Valley is a 1920 American silent drama romance film directed by J. Stuart Blackton and starring May McAvoy, Bruce Gordon and William R. Dunn.

## Cast

* May McAvoy as Morning Glory
* Bruce Gordon as Jack Winslow
* William R. Dunn as Dave
* Charles Kent as Ben Lee
* Warren Chandler as Dominie Jones
* Nellie Anderson as Aunt Endor
* Gene Layman as Sentimental Joe
* Emil Link as Cal Mitchell
* Harry Kiefer as His Son