OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constant conjunction

In philosophy, constant conjunction is a relationship between two events, where one event is invariably followed by the other: if the occurrence of A is always followed by B, A and B are said to be constantly conjoined. A critical philosophical question concerns the relationship between constant conjunction and causation, which has implications in the philosophy of science.

## Overview

The philosopher David Hume used the phrase frequently in his discussion of the limits of empiricism to explain our ideas of causation and inference. In An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding and A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume proposed that the origin of our knowledge of necessary connections arises out of observation of the constant conjunction of certain impressions across many instances, so that causation is merely constant conjunction—after observing the constant conjunction between two events A and B for a duration of time, we become convinced that A causes B. However, this position raises problems, as it seems that certain kinds of constant conjunction are merely accidental and cannot be equated with causation. For example, we might observe sunrise following the crowing of rooster for a long period of time, but it would still be irrational to then believe the crowing causes the sunrise. Along these lines, a more modern conception would argue that scientific law is distinguishable from a principle that arises merely accidentally because of the constant conjunction of one thing and another, but there is considerable controversy over what this distinguishing feature might be.
British empiricism and associationist philosophers elaborated on Hume's fundamental idea in many diverse ways, and metaphysicians like Immanuel Kant tried to dissipate the position. Kant was motivated to develop his philosophy by Hume's argument, which he considered to be an attack on science.
The force of Hume's arguments has remained remarkably robust, and they have found unexpected support in three scientific discoveries of the 20th century: Ivan Pavlov's laws of conditioning; Hebbian neural networks; and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP).
In Pavlov's framework, an unconditioned stimulus can follow in constant conjunction a conditioning/conditioned stimulus within a timeframe of milliseconds to several seconds, and result in the conditioned stimulus having many of the properties of the unconditioned stimulus. Donald Hebb explained this as an intrinsic property of cell assemblies within the nervous system to form connections within large cliques of cells whenever those cells fire together within a reasonably short period of time. (A modern shorthand for his ideas states: "Cells that fire together, wire together".) Modern neuroscience has confirmed this insight as a product of the activity of synapses and STDP, so structured to strengthen connections between cells that fire within very short periods (tens of milliseconds) of each other. The longer time periods of classical conditioning are presumably a large-number effect of cliques of these synapses and cells.
# Tebenna carduiella

Tebenna carduiella is a moth of the family Choreutidae. It is found in the United States from New Jersey to Florida and west to Texas.
The wingspan is about 13 mm.
The larvae feed on Cirsium species. They bore the stems of their host plant.
# Yemhi Memorial College

Yemhi Memorial College, is a general degree college in Dimapur, Nagaland. It offers undergraduate courses in arts. This college is affiliated to Nagaland University. This college was established in 2013.

## Departments
### Arts

* English
* History
* Political Science
* Sociology
* Education

## Accreditation

The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).
# Samuel Davies

Samuel Davies may refer to:
* Samuel W. Davies (died 1843), mayor of Cincinnati
* Samuel Davies (clergyman) (1723–1761), president of Princeton University
* Samuel Richard Davies (1867–1907), English football player
* Samuel Davies (priest) (1879–1963), Welsh Anglican priest
# Tommy Adderley

Thomas Arthur Adderley (7 April 1940 – 5 February 1993) was a New Zealand singer.
Adderley was born in Birmingham, England in 1940. He later managed Auckland's Top 20s club, and in the 1970s was best known as leader of Tommy Adderley's Head Band. He died in Takapuna in 1993 at age 52.

## Discography
### Studio albums

List of studio albums :
| Title | Details |
| Tommy' | Released: 1965 Label: RCA Victor (RPL 3399) Format: LP |

### Live albums

List of live albums :
| Title | Details |
| Live On The Dinah Lee Show (with Dinah Lee, Lonnie Lee and The Chicks) | Released: 1965 Label: Viking (VP175) Format: LP |

## Awards and nominations
### Aotearoa Music Awards

The Aotearoa Music Awards (previously known as New Zealand Music Awards (NZMA)) are an annual awards night celebrating excellence in New Zealand music and have been presented annually since 1965.
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| 1965 | "Like Dreamers Do" | Single of the Year | Nominated | |
# Edward Brook

Edward Brook (31 May 1895 – 5 November 1954) was a New Zealand cricket umpire. He stood in one Test match, New Zealand vs. England, in 1954.
# Ernest Ferdinand Ritz

Ernest Ferdinand Ritz (5 March 1848 – 4 June 1890) was a Swedish-American photographer in Boston, Massachusetts during the 19th century.
Ritz was born in Stockholm. He came to the United States in November 1859, settling with his parents, Johanna and Oscar, in Boston. He became a citizen in 1876.
He learned photography working for Abraham Bogardus in New York City. From 1865 lasted until 1884, he worked in partnership with George F. Hastings (1852-1931) at the Ritz & Hastings photography studio, located on Temple Place in Boston. The studio devoted itself exclusively to portrait work. In 1881 Ritz & Hastings showed work at the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association exhibit and in 1883 at the Professional Photographers of America conference in Milwaukee.
He died in Boston, aged 42.

## Image gallery

* Portrait of Kyrle Bellew by Ritz (New York Public Library)
* Portrait of unidentified woman by Ritz
* Portrait of unidentified woman by Ritz
* Portrait of William Douglas O'Connor by Ritz & Hastings (Library of Congress)
* Portrait of unidentified man by Ritz & Hastings
# Helianthus longifolius

Helianthus longifolius is a North American species of sunflower known by the common name longleaf sunflower. It is native to the southeastern United States (mostly Georgia and Alabama with one isolated population (probably introduced) in western North Carolina).
Helianthus longifolius is a perennial herb up to 30 cm (1 foot) tall. Most of the leaves are crowded around the base, each leaf up to 30 cm (1 foot) long. Leaves and stems generally have no hairs. One plant usually produces 3-12 flower heads. Each head has 8-13 yellow ray florets surrounding 35 or more yellow disc florets. The plant grows soils derived from sandstone and granite.
# Bosler

Bosler may refer to:
* Bosler (surname)
* Bosler, Wyoming
# Åkra (disambiguation)

Åkra may refer to:

## Places

* Åkra, a former municipality in Rogaland county, Norway
* Åkra, or Åkrahamn, a town in Karmøy municipality, Rogaland county, Norway
* Åkra, Vestland, a village in Kvinnherad municipality, Vestland county, Norway

### Churches

* Åkra Church (Rogaland), a church in Karmøy municipality, Rogaland county, Norway
* Åkra Church (Vestland), a church in Kvinnherad municipality, Vestland county, Norway
* Old Åkra Church, a church in Karmøy municipality, Rogaland county, Norway
# Tebenna chodzhajevi

Tebenna chodzhajevi is a moth in the family Choreutidae. It was described by Aleksey Maksimovich Gerasimov in 1930. It is found in the Uzbek region Bukhara (Samarkand, Kitab, Takhta Karacha Pass).
The larvae feed on Codonocephalum grande.
# Haute-Sanaga

Haute-Sanaga is a department of Central Region in Cameroon. The department covers an area of 11,854 km$^2$ and as of 2001 had a total population of 115,305. The capital of the department lies at Nanga-Eboko.

## Subdivisions

The department is divided administratively into seven communes and in turn into villages.

### Communes

* Bibey
* Lembe-Yezoum
* Mbandjock
* Minta
* Nanga-Eboko
* Nkoteng
* Nsem
# Samuel Davies (priest)

Samuel Morris Davies (1879–1963) was a Welsh Anglican priest, most notably Archdeacon of Monmouth from 1940 until 1954.
Davies was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge and Wells Theological College. He was ordained deacon in 1902; and priest in 1903. He was Curate of Corsham from 1903 to 1910; and Chaplain to Lord Islington from 1910 to 1912. On his return from New Zealand he held incumbencies at Machen, Rogiet, Rumney and Penhow.
He is buried at Tal-y-bont Public Cemetery.
# Cornish & Devon Post

The Cornish & Devon Post is a weekly newspaper, published in Launceston, Cornwall, England, which was launched in 1856. It was one of the last newspapers in the UK to carry advertisements, rather than news on the front page. It is owned by the Tindle Newspaper Group since 1986.
It covers the main towns of Launceston, Bude, Holsworthy and Camelford and the area of northwest Devon and northeast Cornwall.
In April 2020, after 164 years, the paper made the switch from broadsheet to tabloid, with news appearing on the front page for the first time.
# Edward Charles Williams

Edward Charles Williams (10 July 1807 – 25 July 1881) was an English landscape painter during the Victorian Era, and a member of the Williams family of painters.

## Early life, family and education

Edward Charles Williams was born in London, the eldest son of the a well-known painter of landscapes Edward Williams (1781–1855) and Ann Hildebrandt (c.1780–1851). He was part of the Williams family of painters, who were related to such famous artists as James Ward RA and George Morland. His father taught him how to paint; otherwise he received no formal artistic instruction. This family of artists is sometimes referred to as the Barnes School. The father and five surviving sons (Henry John Boddington, George Augustus Williams, Arthur Gilbert, Sidney Richard Percy, Alfred Walter Williams) were all noted landscape painters. Three of the sons of Edward Williams changed their last names to protect the identity of their art.

## Career

He adopted much of his father's style and technique, and like the other painters of his family, he devoted himself to landscapes, producing rich and tranquil views of Barnes, Cumberland, Kent, Surrey and the Thames. His paintings are now highly sought after.
He largely stopped painting after the 1859 death of his second wife, adding value to the small number of paintings that he did produce from 1859 on − Springer in the Bracken, The Lap Dog, The Ploughman's walk home, The Ducks at Tilbury and Primrose at St Mary's (Primrose was the Verger's Cat). Some suggest that he suffered a breakdown after his wife's death, given his choice of subjects in these later years. The location of three of these post-1859 works are unknown, and they are assumed lost during two world wars.
He signed some of his work as E Williams, which leads to confusion with his father, who painted in a similar style, and at times he signed as C Williams to purposely avoid such confusion. Because many of the paintings of both father and son are unsigned, it can be difficult to correctly attribute their work. Edward Charles also collaborated on several paintings with William Shayer, where Williams would paint the landscape, and Shayer would add in figures and animals; his Near Wantage, Berkshire is a good example.

## Personal life

Williams married his first wife Mary Ann Challenger on 11 December 1839 in Westminster. Mary Ann died in 1857 in London, and his only child Alice Williams was born shortly afterwards to Sarah Susannah Horley, who had been Mary Ann's nurse – Edward and Sarah did not marry for another 10 years until 3 October 3, 1868, when they wed at the St. Pancras Old Church in Camden, London.
He died 25 July 1881 at Shepherd's Bush in London and is buried with Sarah Horley and their daughter Alice in Hammersmith Old Cemetery, close to other family graves.
# Turner's Arena

Turner's Arena was the name given to a 1,800 seat arena, located at 1341 W Street, near the northeast corner of 14th and W Streets, NW in Washington, DC, and originally owned by local wrestling promoter Joe Turner. One of the popular events were bouts featuring local wrestler Swift Eagle and Chief Thunderbird as detailed in the House History Man blog. A photograph and advertisement for the arena appears on page 69 of the book Greater U Street by Paul K. Williams. This venue was an early home to the Capitol Wrestling Corporation, a precursor to WWE, which was started by Vincent J. McMahon in January 1953. McMahon took over the territory from Gabe Menendez, who had succeeded Turner after his death in 1947. In addition, the arena hosted top professional boxing matches promoted by Goldie Ahearn featuring fighters such as Lou Gevinson, Lew Hanbury, and Jimmy Cooper. It was also the birthplace of the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association annual basketball tournament, as well as the host to top country music acts and Jazz performances. It was renamed Capitol Arena in 1956 once Capitol Wrestling Corporation began broadcasting a syndicated weekly wrestling show from the arena every Thursday night. The arena was closed and demolished in 1965.
# You Make Me Want to Make You Mine

"You Make Me Want to Make You Mine" is a song written by Dave Loggins, and recorded by American country music artist Juice Newton. It was released in June 1985 as the first single from the album Old Flame. The song was Newton's second number 1 hit on the U.S. Country chart as a solo artist. The single stayed at number 1 for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart. In 1986, the song garnered Newton her fifth "Best Female Vocal Performance" Grammy nomination.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1985) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 1 |
| Canadian RPM Country Tracks | 1 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1985) | Position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 40 |
# RAFO Masirah

RAFO Masirah (IATA: MSH, ICAO: OOMA) is a military airport located on the island of Masirah in Oman.

## Facilities

The airport resides at an elevation of 64 feet (20 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 07/25 measuring 2,574 by 45 metres (8,445 ft × 148 ft) and 17/35 measuring 3,050 by 45 metres (10,007 ft × 148 ft).
In the 1950s, it also included a 2 ft 0in Gauge railway.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| SalamAir | Duqm, Muscat |
# Rachmat Kartolo

Rachmat Kartolo (13 March 1938 – 18 September 2001) was an Indonesian actor and singer.

## Early life

Rachmat Kartolo born on 13 March 1938 in Batavia, Dutch East Indies. He was one of five children born to Kartolo (died 1949) and Roekiah (1917–1945), two film actors active with Tan's Film, on 13 March 1938. After Roekiah's death, Kartolo brought the children to his hometown at Yogyakarta. In the city, the Indonesian capital during the later days of the Indonesian National Revolution, Rachmat lost one of his siblings and, in 1949, his father. After the Dutch recognised Indonesia's independence, Rachmat and his surviving siblings – Jusuf, Imam, and Sri Wahjuni – were brought to Jakarta and raised by their father's friend, Adikarso. There Rachmat completed his education, graduating from senior high school before entering the National Theatre Academy of Indonesia.

## Career

Adikarso introduced Rachmat to music and the recording industry; Rachmat and his brothers performed at Wisma Nusantara in Harmoni, Jakarta, under their guardian's supervision. In 1958 Rachmat and his brothers established a band. Though Jusuf and Imam later left, Rachmat went on to solo success. At the time the government under president Sukarno forbade the use of English-language music, and thus, the Encyclopedia of Jakarta writes, Indonesian popular music was in search of its identity. Rachmat used sounds inspired from country music, and his songs were mostly about romance. His first hit, in 1963, was "Patah Hati" ("Heartbroken"), written by his brother Imam. The song had another burst of popularity in 1984, allowing him to buy a new car.
Though he initially showed no interest in film, in 1964 Rachmat appeared in his first production, Kunanti Djawabanmu (I Await your Reply). By 1977 he had completed more than 20 films. In 1975 he established his own production house, Mafin Film, and in 1978 he made his directorial debut with Tengkorak Hitam (Black Skull). Even after entering film he continued to record albums, first on gramophone records then on cassettes.
From his debut until his final role in Titisan Dewi (1990), Rachmat appeared in more than 40 films, including action flicks such as Matjan Kemajoran (1965), comedies such as Benyamin Jatuh Cinta (1976), and dramas such as Bernafas dalam Lumpur (1970). He directed a total of four films: Tengkorak Hitam, Masih Adakah Cinta (1980), Jangan Sakiti Hatinya (1980) and Mat Pelor (1990).

## Death

Rachmat died at Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital in Senen, Central Jakarta, on 18 September 2001, after suffering from lymphoma for two years. He was buried at Kober Cemetery in Jatinegara, East Jakarta, on 19 September 2001. In June of that year he had made a stage performance in Blitar, portraying former president Sukarno in a memorial performance.

## Personal life

Rachmat was married and has had a son, Dedi Kartolo.
# Toby Hembry

Tobias Digby Charles Hembry (born 16 November 1983) is an English former first-class cricketer.
Hembry made three appearances in first-class cricket for Cambridge UCCE, playing twice in 2004 against Essex and Warwickshire, and once in 2005 against Warwickshire. He scored 128 runs in these matches, at an average of 25.60 and a high score of 72, made against Warwickshire in 2005. In addition to playing first-class cricket, Hembry also played minor counties cricket for Suffolk from 2004–07, making eight appearances in the Minor Counties Championship and nine appearances in the MCCA Knockout Trophy.
# Buddy Cole

Buddy Cole may refer to:
* Buddy Cole (musician) (1916–1964), American jazz pianist and orchestra leader
* Buddy Cole (character), a character played by Scott Thompson on the sketch comedy TV series The Kids in the Hall
# Samudravijaya

Samudravijaya was the father of Neminatha (twenty-second Tirthankara) and brother of Vasudeva (father of Krishna). He was born to King Andhakavṛṣṭī of Harivamsa dynasty in Śaurīpura where he later ruled as a king. He married princess Shivadevi.

## Literature

The Harivamsa Purana of Acharya Jinasena throws some light on the life of Samudravijaya.
# Żarczyce Małe

Żarczyce Małe is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małogoszcz, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Małogoszcz, 19 km (12 mi) north of Jędrzejów, and 32 km (20 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce.
# Edmund Sylvers

Edmund Theodore Sylvers (January 25, 1957 – March 11, 2004) was an American singer–songwriter, actor and musician. Sylvers was best known as the lead singer of the American family disco/soul music vocal group The Sylvers, which had popular success with songs such as "Boogie Fever" during the mid- to late-1970s.

## Biography

Born in Memphis, Tennessee, and raised in Los Angeles, California, Sylvers was the fifth child born to Shirley Mae (née Wyble) (1932 – 2014) and Leon Frank Sylvers Jr. (1932 – 2005). At the age of 14, he began his entertainment career as a voice actor playing the role of Marlon Jackson on the ABC–TV cartoon series The Jackson 5ive. After the series ended when he was 15, Sylvers joined his family-based group as the lead singer, and he was 18 in 1975 when he sang lead on the group's biggest hit, "Boogie Fever". After the group's success passed, Sylvers embarked on a solo career, releasing his debut Have You Heard in 1980.

### Personal life

Sylvers dated singer Freda Payne (who was 15 years his senior) from 1979 until January 1983. Sylvers had 11 children, one of whom is actor Jeremy Sylvers, who is most known for his role in the 1991 horror film Child's Play 3. After a ten-month battle with lung cancer, Edmund Sylvers died at a Virginia hospital on March 11, 2004, at age 47.
# Turner's Hall Wood

Turner's Hall Wood is a national forest and nature reserve in the parish of Saint Andrew in Barbados.
# Heinrich-Droste-Literaturpreis

Heinrich-Droste-Literaturpreis was a literary prize of Germany in 1956.
* This article about a German literary award is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Zürcher Murren

Zürcher Murren, also called pain bernois, Bernerweggen, Spitzweggen, geschnittene Weggli or Zackenweggen are a type of bread roll traditionally made in the German-speaking part of Switzerland and, more rarely, in the Romandy.

## History and name

The first recorded mention of the Murren is found in a document in the Zürich State Archives from 1508. Detailed descriptions of the pastry are found in late 19th-century sources and match the contemporary appearance of the Murren closely. Research by Swiss food historians indicates that the Murren were a specialty of Zürich's bakers up until the 20th century, at which time they became popular in other parts of Switzerland, with the exception of Ticino where they are almost unknown. Up until late into the 20th century, Murren were a treat for feasts, as white flour was too expensive for everyday consumption by most people.
While the breadroll is known as Zürcher Murren (or Zürimurre in the local dialect) in the canton of Zürich, it is referred to as Berner Weggli or Weggen ("Bernese breadrolls") in the canton of Bern and in the Romandie, and under generic terms such as Spitzweggen ("pointy breadrolls") elsewhere in Switzerland. The etymology of the word Murren is unclear. It may be derived from Middle High German murr ("blunt"), from Spanish or Portuguese morro ("round") or from Dutch murw ("brittle").

## Production

Like the Weggli, another traditional Swiss breadroll, Murren are made of white flour, milk, butter, yeast, a pinch of salt and sugar, malt and a leavening agent. These ingredients yield a stringy, elastic dough that is allowed to rise for 30 minutes, before it is mechanically divided into small pieces.
The pieces are again allowed to rise for half an hour in a heated closet, and are then superficially sliced with a special tool to produce five cuts that result in the Murrens characteristic points after baking. The Murren are coated with eggyolk and baked at 210 °C (410 °F) for 20 minutes, until they are a golden brown colour.

## Consumption and significance

Murren are best when freshly baked, as the dough is quick to dry out. They are traditionally eaten at breakfast with jam, honey or butter; or as a snack with a chocolate branche. The five spikes are the Murren's hardest part and may hurt the palate of incautious eaters.
Commercially, Murren are less significant than the similar and more popular Weggli, although they are generally available in bakeries and supermarkets across northern and central Switzerland.
# Portrait of a Young Man with a Book

Portrait of a Young Man with a Book may refer to these paintings:
* Portrait of a Young Man with a Book (Lotto), by Lorenzo Lotto, c. 1526
* Portrait of a Young Man with a Book (Bronzino), by Bronzino, c. 1530–1540
# Samuel Dopping

Samuel Dopping (1671 – 17 September 1720) was an Anglo-Irish politician.
Dopping was the Member of Parliament for Armagh Borough in the Irish House of Commons between 1695 and 1715. In 1711 he was made a member of the Privy Council of Ireland. He then represented Dublin University from 1715 until his death. In parliament, Dopping was initially aligned to the Whig faction, but exercised increasing independence, particularly in defence of the established Church of Ireland and opposition to the amendment of Irish bills by the British Privy Council.