OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PTK Forensics

PTK Forensics (PTK) was a non-free, commercial GUI for old versions of the digital forensics tool The Sleuth Kit (TSK). It also includes a number of other software modules for investigating digital media. The software is not developed anymore.
PTK runs as a GUI interface for The Sleuth Kit, acquiring and indexing digital media for investigation. Indexes are stored in an SQL database for searching as part of a digital investigation. PTK calculates a hash signature (using SHA-1 and MD5) for acquired media for verification and consistency purposes.
# PTM

PTM may refer to:
* Parent-teacher meeting, a meeting of parents with teachers to discuss the progress of school students
* President's Tatrakshak Medal, a military decoration of the Indian Coast Guard
* Pashtun Tahafuz Movement, a human rights movement in Pakistan for the Pashtun people
* Polygyny threshold model, a theory explaining polygyny
* Polynomial texture mapping, a digital imaging technique
* Portugal. The Man, an American rock band
* Post-translational modification, covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis by ribosomes
* Post-transition metal, a grouping of chemical elements
* Probabilistic Turing machine
* Pulse-time modulation, an alternative name for Pulse-width modulation
# PTM-1

The PTM-1 (Russian: ПТМ-1), also known as the PTM-1G, PTM-1S, and the PGMDM is a Soviet/Russian plastic-bodied anti-vehicle landmine. It is generally deployed by aircraft via cluster munition dispenser such as the KMGU munitions dispenser, helicopter or rocket artillery via the BM-21 or BM-27 rocket systems.

## Description

The PTM-1 is a blast mine that can be pressure- or self-activated. It is 338 mm long and rectangular in shape. It contains approximately 1.5 kg of liquid explosive. A cylindrical housing at one end of the mine contains the self-destruct timer, settable to 2 hour increments for a maximum of 24 hours. Other sources give a range of 3-40 hours. The mine is activated by a single pressure or accumulation of light pressures anywhere on any part of the mine body. It has a 2.6 second firing delay.

## Operational use

As of 24 February 2023, the PTM-1 has been utilized during the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. It is known to be stockpiled by both Russia and Ukraine. It has also been found in use in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Russia.
# Ozil de Cadartz

Ozil de Cadartz was a French troubadour known for only one surviving canso, "Assatz es dregz, pos jois no.m pot venir". It is an ironic text, perhaps parodying the excessive rules of courtly love.
Saverio Guida has suggested that the troubadour is the same person as a youngest son of the family of Bertran, the lord of Cadars in the Rouergue. This Ozil, or Odil, first appears in a charter of donation dated 1160. His eldest brother, also Bertran, and his father can be traced down to 1180, and his other elder brother, Armancz (Armand), down to 1200. Ozil's dates can only be estimated on this basis.
# Argentine Pila

The Argentine Pila or Perro Pila Argentino is an Argentine breed of hairless dog. It was recognised by the Asociación Canina Argentina in 2007. It forms part of the large group of South American hairless breeds and types, but is distinct from other modern breeds such as the Chinese Crested, the Peruvian Hairless and the Xoloitzcuintle. It is generally dark-skinned, or light-skinned with dark spots.
It is estimated that approximately 1,700 of these dogs are in Argentina, predominantly in the Salta province in the north of the country.
# Horizon (1989 film)

Horizon (Persian: Ofogh) is a 1989 film by the Iranian director Rasool Mollagholipoor. Mollagholipoor also scripted the film. Set during the Iran-Iraq war, Horizon is an example of Sacred Defence cinema. It starred among others Jahanbakhsh Soltani, Ali Sajjadi Hosseini and Mehrzad Nooshiravan.
# PPIE (gene)

Peptidylprolyl isomerase E (cyclophilin E), also known as PPIE, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the PPIE gene on chromosome 1. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds, which allows it to facilitate folding or repair of proteins. In addition, PPIE participates in many biological processes, including mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, and inflammation, as well as related diseases and conditions, such as ischemic reperfusion injury, AIDS, influenza, and cancer.

## Structure

Like other cyclophilins, PPIE forms a β-barrel structure with a hydrophobic core. This β-barrel is composed of eight anti-parallel β-strands and capped by two α-helices at the top and bottom. In addition, the β-turns and loops in the strands contribute to the flexibility of the barrel. In particular, PPIE contains two RNA-binding domains at the N-terminal and a 165-bases long PPIase domain at the C-terminal. The PPIase domain is homologous to PPIA and can be bound and inhibited by CsA.

## Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and accelerate the folding of proteins. Generally, PPIases are found in all eubacteria and eukaryotes, as well as in a few archaebacteria, and thus are highly conserved. The PPIase family is further divided into three structurally distinct subfamilies: cyclophilin (CyP), FK506-binding protein (FKBP), and parvulin (Pvn). As a cyclophilin, PPI binds cyclosporin A (CsA) and can be found within the cell or secreted by the cell. In eukaryotes, cyclophilins localize ubiquitously to many cell and tissue types. In addition to PPIase and protein chaperone activities, cyclophilins function in mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, immunological response, inflammation, and cell growth and proliferation. PPIE in particular also exhibits RNA-binding activity.

## Clinical significance

Due to the close homology in the PPIase domain between PPIE and PPIA, PPIE may also be involved in the replication process of HIV. Moreover, PPIE helps to prevent infections by influenza A virus. As a cyclophilin, PPIE also binds the immunosuppressive drug CsA to form a CsA-cyclophilin complex, which then targets calcineurin to inhibit the signaling pathway for T-cell activation.
In cardiac myogenic cells, cyclophilins have been observed to be activated by heat shock and hypoxia-reoxygenation as well as complex with heat shock proteins. Thus, cyclophilins may function in cardioprotection during ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Currently, cyclophilin expression is highly correlated with cancer pathogenesis, but the specific mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

## Interactions

PPIE (gene) has been shown to interact with CsA and MLL.
# PPIH

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIH gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and accelerate the folding of proteins. This protein is a specific component of the complex that includes pre-mRNA processing factors PRPF3, PRPF4, and PRPF18, as well as U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP. This protein has been shown to possess PPIase activity and may act as a protein chaperone that mediates the interactions between different proteins inside the spliceosome.
# Special conformal transformation

In projective geometry, a special conformal transformation is a linear fractional transformation that is not an affine transformation. Thus the generation of a special conformal transformation involves use of multiplicative inversion, which is the generator of linear fractional transformations that is not affine.
In mathematical physics, certain conformal maps known as spherical wave transformations are special conformal transformations.

## Vector presentation

A special conformal transformation can be written
    $x'^{\mu }={\frac {x^{\mu }-b^{\mu }x^{2}}{1-2b\cdot x+b^{2}x^{2}}}={\frac {x^{2}}{|x-bx^{2}|^{2}}}(x^{\mu }-b^{\mu }x^{2})\,.$
It is a composition of an inversion (x$^μ$ → x$^μ$/x$^2$ = y$^μ$), a translation (y$^μ$ → y$^μ$ − b$^μ$ = z$^μ$), and another inversion (z$^μ$ → z$^μ$/z$^2$ = x′$^μ$)
    ${\frac {x'^{\mu }}{x'^{2}}}={\frac {x^{\mu }}{x^{2}}}-b^{\mu }\,.$
Its infinitesimal generator is
    $K_{\mu }=-i(2x_{\mu }x^{\nu }\partial _{\nu }-x^{2}\partial _{\mu })\,.$
Special conformal transformations have been used to study the force field of an electric charge in hyperbolic motion.

## Projective presentation

The inversion can also be taken to be multiplicative inversion of biquaternions B. The complex algebra B can be extended to P(B) through the projective line over a ring. Homographies on P(B) include translations:
    $U(q:1){\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\t&1\end{pmatrix}}=U(q+t:1).$
The homography group G(B) includes of translations at infinity with respect to the embedding q → U(q:1);
    ${\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\t&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&t\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}.$
The matrix describes the action of a special conformal transformation.

## Group property

The translations form a subgroup of the linear fractional group acting on a projective line. There are two embeddings into the projective line of homogeneous coordinates: z → [z:1] and z → [1:z]. An addition operation corresponds to a translation in the first embedding. The translations to the second embedding are special conformal transformations, forming translations at infinity. Addition by these transformations reciprocates the terms before addition, then returns the result by another reciprocation. This operation is called the parallel operation. In the case of the complex plane the parallel operator forms an addition operation in an alternative field using infinity but excluding zero. The translations at infinity thus form another subgroup of the homography group on the projective line.

## History

The term special conformal transformation ("speziellen konformen Transformationen" in German) was first used in 1962 by Hans Kastrup.
# Hop-clover

Hop-clover is a common name for several different plants and may refer to:
* Trifolium:
** Trifolium aureum
** Trifolium campestre
** Trifolium agrarium
** Trifolium dubium, thought by some to be the original Shamrock
* Medicago
** Medicago lupulina
# University of Massachusetts Lowell Radiation Laboratory

The Radiation Laboratory at the University of Massachusetts Lowell serves the Department of Applied Physics among others. The laboratory contains the University of Massachusetts Lowell Research Reactor (UMLRR), a 1 MW pool-type research reactor that has been operating since 1974, along with a 300 kCi Co-60 gamma ray source and a 5.5 MeV Van de Graaff accelerator.

## Reactor

The first startup was on January 2, 1975. A budget for the reactor is not provided by the university or the state; funding comes from customer irradiations, grants, and the United States Department of Energy.

### Conversion to LEU

The UMass Lowell reactor has been one of the many research reactors to make the conversion from high-enriched uranium (HEU) to low-enriched uranium (LEU) as a part of anti-terrorism security measures. The used HEU fuel was reportedly shipped to the Savannah River Site. The original shipping date was June 2002 but had been postponed many times. As of present-day the shipments have been made and the reactor is in operation with LEU.

### Neutron Irradiation Capabilities

Neutron irradiation facilities at the UMLRR include: 1x 8-inch beam port, 2x 6-inch beam ports, in-core radiation baskets & flux trap, thermal column, and fast neutron irradiator (FNI).
# PGM 500

The PGM 500 and PGM 2000 are guided bombs developed by Alenia Marconi Systems and now marketed by MBDA. The PGM 500 carries a 500 lb (227 kg) warhead, and the PGM 2000 a 2000 lb (909 kg) one. The weapons are available with interchangeable laser, TV, or infra-red seekers.
The PGM 500 is known as the Hakim in United Arab Emirates service.

## Development and design

In 1984, the US company International Signal and Control (ISC) began work on a series of guided bombs and missiles for the United Arab Emirates. ISC was purchased by the British company Ferranti in 1987, with Ferranti in turn becoming part of GEC-Marconi in 1991. Development of the missile programme continued through these changes, with the missiles first displayed in public at the 1994 Farnborough Air Show.
There are two major versions of the missile family, one with a 500 lb (227 kg) warhead, called the PGM-500, and one with a 2,000 lb (910 kg) warhead, called the PGM-2000. Four large wings in a "squashed-X" arrangement are fitted at the rear of the missile, with small horizontal fins just behind the missile's nose. The PGM-2000 has an additional stabilising fin under the missile's nose. Both versions are rocket powered, with the PGM-500 having a single solid-fuel rocket slung under the missile body, while the PGM-2000 has two similar rocket engines. This gives a range of 15 km (9.3 mi) at low-level and 50 km (31 mi) at altitude. Both missiles can be fitted with semi-active laser guidance, TV guidance or imaging infra-red guidance, with a data-link pod required aboard the launch aircraft for the latter two options.
An unpowered version, called Lancelot, was proposed in 1993 to meet a UK requirement for a laser-guided bomb, but this was unsuccessful. A turbojet-powered version called Pegasus was offered for the UK's Conventional Armed Standoff Missile (CASOM) programme, with a range of over 250 kilometres (160 mi) and revised guidance, but this was rejected in favour of the MBDA Storm Shadow missile. A revised version, called Centaur was offered to the UAE, but this too was rejected in favour of a version of Storm Shadow, called Black Shaheen.

## Service

Production of the laser- and TV-guided variants began in 1990, entering service with the United Arab Emirates Air Force in 1992. The IR-guided weapons entered production in 1993 and entered service in 1995.

## Combat use

* Yemen Civil War (2015-)
# Amanita galactica

Amanita galactica is a species of agaric fungus in the family Amanitaceae, first described by Giuliana Furci and Bryn Dentinger in 2020. The species was discovered in the Andes of southern Chile, living at the base of trees such as Nothofagus and Araucaria araucana. The epithet galactica was given by Furci, and was inspired by the bright white spots on the black cap that reminded her of a galaxy dotted with stars.
# William Birchinshaw

William Birchinshaw (fl. 1584–1617) was a Welsh poet believed to be from the Denbighshire area. Morris Kyffin was one of his contemporaries. References are made to him in a letter by William Myddelton, who describes him as a 'wandering minstrel'.
# Pactum Hludowicianum

The (Pactum) Ludovicianum (also spelled Ludowicianum or Hludowicianum) was an agreement reached in 817 between the Emperor Louis the Pious (“Ludovicus Pius”) and Pope Paschal I concerning the government of central Italy and the relation of the Papal States to the Carolingian Empire. The text of the Ludovicianum is preserved mainly in eleventh- and twelfth-century manuscripts of canon law and has been reconstructed by modern editors. Certain sections of the Ludovicianum are thought to be confirmations of agreements made between Louis's father, Charlemagne, and Pope Hadrian I during the former's trips to Rome in 781 and 787.
The negotiations which resulted in the Ludovicianum began during the pontificate of Stephen IV, but the agreement was only concluded shortly after the election of his successor, Paschal I, in January 817. Stephen had anointed and crowned Louis and his wife, Irmingard, at Reims in October 816. In return Louis had granted the Pope everything he had requested, as recorded both in Stephen's biography in the Liber Pontificalis and Louis's biography, the Vita Hludovici imperatoris. Paschal, immediately after his election, sent an embassy to Louis requesting a confirmation of the pactum (agreement) that had been arranged with Stephen.
The earliest text purporting to be a complete version of the Pactum made between emperor and pope in 817 is found in late eleventh-century canon law texts, but based on a collection compiled by Cardinal Deusdedit to serve as a preliminary to his Collectio Canonum, finished in 1087. Both Anselm of Lucca and Bonizo of Sutri copied the Ludovicianum into their collections of canon law. The text of the Ludovicianum closely resembles the later Pactum Ottonianum between Emperor Otto the Great and Pope John XII (962). A manuscript fragment that also closely resembles the Ludovicianum and may in fact be a copy of it survives from the ninth or early tenth century, and was first published by Angelo Mercati in 1926. It was written in Caroline minuscule on papyrus, a writing material only regularly in use in the scriptoria of the Papacy at the time.
# Tepexco

Tepexco is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Puebla in south-eastern Mexico.
Mayor Antolín Vital Martínez was murdered on October 24, 2017.
# Appallagoda Ambalama

The Appallagoda Ambalama is a traditional resting place, or ambalama, in a rural environment in the village of Appallagoda, 6 km (3.7 mi) from the city of Kandy in Sri Lanka. Built in 1922, it is an example of traditional, indigenous architecture and is known as the largest stone ambalama in the Kandy region.

## Architecture

The Appallagoda Ambalama has a floor area of approximately 80 m$^2$ (860 sq ft) and measures 5.6 m (18 ft) from floor to pinnacle. On the inside, around the ambalama, are stone seats. Caste differences dictated the different levels in the seating area.
The roof is supported by two sets of stone columns, twelve externally and four internally. The ambalama has two broken stone columns on the northeastern side. The local villagers claim that the columns were constructed this way deliberately when the ambalama was built to ward off inauspicious omens.
The roof has a brass pinnacle that is indicative of the architectural pattern of that period. A prominent feature at the front of this ambalama is the stone "pinthäliya", a traditional container for drinking water.

## History

There is no written documentation about the Appallagoda Ambalama and its history. One theory to explain this absence is that this building is a recent addition to the list of ambalamas in Sri Lanka.
According to Local villagers, the Appallagoda Ambalama was built in 1922 to house trade parties. It was built under the orders of the local"arachchi" (head of the village) at that time.
A folktale explains the four names engraved in the four internal stone columns in the ambalam. The story says that these four names belonged to some "thugs" from the southern part of Sri Lanka who settled in Kandy. The thugs supposedly used their magical powers to engrave their names on the columns.
# Orapa diamond mine

The Orapa diamond mine is the world's largest diamond mine by area. The mine is located in Orapa, a town in the Central District of Botswana about 240 km (150 mi) west of the city of Francistown. Orapa ("resting place for lions") is owned by Debswana, a partnership between the De Beers company and the government of Botswana. The mine was discovered on 1 March 1967, a year after Botswana's independence, by a team of De Beers geologists, including Manfred Marx, Jim Gibson and led by Dr. Gavin Lamont. It is the oldest of four mines operated by the company, and began operations in July 1971 and its first production was 1,438,168 carats (287,633.6 g). The revenue the mine generated is credited for transforming the Botswana economy, as it allowed the government to invest in critical social services and national infrastructure.
Orapa is an open pit style of mine and is the largest diamond mine in the world by area. The mine is located on two kimberlite pipes that converge near the surface, covering 1.18 km$^2$ (0.46 sq mi). Orapa operates seven days per week, and produces 20 million tonnes (20,000,000 long tons; 22,000,000 short tons) of ore and an additional 40 million tonnes (39,000,000 long tons; 44,000,000 short tons) of waste rock per year. Currently, the Orapa mine annually produces approximately 10.8 million carats (2,160 kg) of diamonds. The recoverable ore grade at the mine is about 0.87 carats (0.174 g) per tonne. The mine was expanded in 1999, doubling its previous capacity. The processing plant at Orapa processes the ore produced at Orapa and Damtshaa diamond mines.
Orapa and its sister mine Letlhakane employ over 3,100. Debswana also maintains a 100-bed hospital, pre-primary and primary schools for employees' children, and the Orapa game park. The mine maintains an ISO 14001 certificate for environmental compliance, and places some importance on water conservation and waste management.
The preserved Cretaceous (Turonian ~94-90 million years old) lake sediments overlying the pipe are an important locality for fossil insects.
# Pectocarya

Pectocarya is a plant genus of about 15 species in the family Boraginaceae. Plants in this genus are known generally as combseeds. They are small annual plants which bear tiny white flowers no more than 3 millimeters in diameter. Their fruits are nutlets which often have small projections that look like the teeth of a comb, hence their common name. The nutlets usually come in clusters of four. These plants are found mainly in western North America.

## Species

13 species are accepted.
* Pectocarya anisocarpa Veno
* Pectocarya anomala I.M.Johnst.
* Pectocarya boliviana (I.M.Johnst.) I.M.Johnst.
* Pectocarya dimorpha (I.M.Johnst.) I.M.Johnst.
* Pectocarya heterocarpa (I.M.Johnst.) I.M.Johnst. – chuckwalla combseed
* Pectocarya lateriflora (Lam.) DC.
* Pectocarya linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. – sagebrush combseed
* Pectocarya penicillata A.DC. – sleeping combseed, winged combseed, shortleaf combseed
* Pectocarya peninsularis I.M.Johnst. – peninsula combseed
* Pectocarya platycarpa (Munz & I.M.Johnst.) Munz & I.M.Johnst. – broadfruit combseed
* Pectocarya pusilla (A.DC.) A.Gray – little combseed, purple prairieclover
* Pectocarya recurvata I.M.Johnst. – curvenut combseed, combbur
* Pectocarya setosa A.Gray – moth combseed
# Viola Concerto (Lieberson)

The Viola Concerto is a composition for solo viola and orchestra by the American composer Peter Lieberson. The music was commissioned by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra and the Symphony Nova Scotia for Steven Dann, the principal violist of the Toronto Symphony. It was completed in 1992, though Lieberson later revised the work in 2003. The work is dedicated to Steven Dann.

## Composition
### Structure

The viola concerto has a duration of roughly 18 minutes and is composed in three movements:
* Rhapsody
* Scherzo
* Adagio; Allegro

### Instrumentation

The work is scored for solo viola and an orchestra consisting of two flutes (doubling piccolo), oboe, cor anglais, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, two trombones, tuba, timpani, and strings.

## Reception

Reviewing a 2014 recording of the work, Andrew Clements of The Guardian described the viola concerto as a "relaxed, almost neoromantic" piece and called it "beautifully crafted and elegantly refined." Musical America also praised the piece, writing, "The Viola Concerto is an excellent example of a composer restricting himself to a particular palette, yet allowing a plethora of permutations from it to emerge." "This is one of my favorite recordings of 2014."

## Recording

A recording of the Viola Concerto, featuring a performance by the violist Roberto Díaz and the Odense Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Scott Yoo, was released on the album "The Music of Peter Lieberson, Vol. 3" through Bridge Records on June 3, 2014. The album also features a recording of Lieberson's Piano Concerto No. 3.