OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thowadra Monastery

Thowadra Monastery is a cliffside Buddhist monastery in the Tang Valley of Bumthang District, Bhutan. Thowadra means "high rock", given its location and altitude of 3,400 metres (11,200 ft).
Thowadrak is 47 kilometers from Chamkhar Town and it is a 3-hour hike from the nearest farm road point. It is one of the four sacred cliffs of Guru Rinpoche in Bumthang. The other three are Choedrak, Kunzangdrak and Shukdrak.

## History

The site was blessed by Padmasambhava, who came here to meditate during the 8th century. He is said to have left behind a wooden bird which he used to expel an evil king from the beyul "hidden land" of Khenpajong. The monastery itself was founded in 1238 by Lorepa (1187-1250), the lama of the Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school who established Choedrak Monastery.
The site was originally a hermitage, once sanctified by the presence of both Longchenpa and Dorje Lingpa. A Nyingma community was established later in the 18th century by Changchub Gyeltsen (Jigme Kundrel), a disciple of Dzogchen master Jigme Lingpa (1730-1798). A noted nun plagued with leprosy, Gelongma Pelmo, also meditated here.
Since the 18th century it has been occupied by followers of Jigme Lingpa, who was one of the most important tertöns of Tibet, and Jigme Kundrol of the Longchen Nyingthig tradition. Thowadra marks the entrance to Khenpajong east of Lhedam in north Bumthang and Lhuntse Districts.
# Tara McGrath

Tara K. McGrath is an American lawyer who served as the United States attorney for the Southern District of California from October 2023 to February 2025.

## Education

McGrath received a Bachelor of Arts from Boston College, cum laude, in 1995 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 2001. She was admitted to the State Bar of California in 2007.

## Career

McGrath served as a judge advocate while on active duty in the United States Marine Corps from 2001 to 2005 and worked for the Coastal Conservation League from 2005 to 2007. From 2008 to 2019, she served as an assistant United States attorney in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of California where she was principal deputy chief of the General Crimes Section in 2015 and a deputy chief in the General Crimes Section from 2012 to 2014. From 2015 to 2018, she served as a trial attorney in the Office of Enforcement Operations of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice.

### U.S. attorney for the Southern District of California

On March 20, 2023, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate McGrath to be the United States attorney for the Southern District of California. On March 21, 2023, her nomination was sent to the United States Senate. On July 13, 2023, her nomination was reported out of the committee by voice vote, with Senators Ted Cruz, Josh Hawley, John Kennedy, Mike Lee, and Marsha Blackburn voting no on record. On September 29, 2023, the United States Senate confirmed her by a 52–37 vote. She was sworn into office on October 5, 2023. She was dismissed from her position on February 12, 2025.
# Muhammed Alauddin Khan

Muhammed Alauddin Khan is an Indian politician from the state of Manipur. He is the Manipur state government minister for Minorities & Other Backward Classes, Rural Development & Panchayati Raj and Science & Technology. In 2007 he was elected to the Manipur Legislative Assembly, as the Indian National Congress candidate in the Keirao constituency.
# Sir Tristram Beresford, 1st Baronet

Sir Tristram Beresford, 1st Baronet (died 15 January 1673) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and politician. He was the ancestor of the Marquesses of Waterford, the Barons Decies and the Beresford baronets, of William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford and Charles Beresford, 1st Baron Beresford.

## Early life

He was the eldest son of Tristram Beresford, who had originated from Kent and settled in Ireland, and his wife Susannah Brooke.

## Career

Beresford became manager of the Corporation of London's Londonderry Plantation and entered the Irish House of Commons in 1634 as the member for County Londonderry. He then represented the counties of Londonderry, Donegal and Tyrone from 1656 until 1658 in the Second Protectorate Parliament at Westminster. After the Restoration of 1660 he finally stood successfully for Londonderry in the Irish Parliament of 1661, holding the seat for the next five years. He was knighted in 1664 and was created a Baronet, of Coleraine in the County of Londonderry, on 5 May of the following year.

## Personal life

He married firstly Anne Rowley, oldest daughter of John Rowley of Castleroe, County Londonderry, the first Mayor of Derry, and Mary Gage, and had by her a son and two daughters. After her death Beresford married Sarah Sackville, whose parents names are uncertain. By his second wife he had another three sons and three daughters.
Beresford died on 18 January 1673 and was buried in Coleraine five days later. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his oldest son Randal.
# 1996 RFL Division Two

The 1996 Division Two Championship season was the third tier of British rugby league during the 1996 season, and was also the first season of rugby league to be played in the summer. The competition featured all eleven teams from the 1995–96 Rugby Football League season and an additional newly formed club, South Wales.

## Championship

The league was won by Hull Kingston Rovers for a second successive season, winning promotion to Division One along with runners-up Swinton Lions.

### League table

| | Team | Pld | W | D | L | PF | PA | Pts |
| 1 | Hull Kingston Rovers | 22 | 21 | 0 | 1 | 1009 | 294 | 42 |
| 2 | Swinton Lions | 22 | 18 | 0 | 4 | 785 | 295 | 36 |
| 3 | Hunslet Hawks | 22 | 18 | 0 | 4 | 730 | 326 | 36 |
| 4 | Carlisle | 22 | 13 | 0 | 9 | 654 | 486 | 26 |
| 5 | Doncaster | 22 | 13 | 0 | 9 | 500 | 540 | 26 |
| 6 | South Wales | 22 | 12 | 0 | 10 | 528 | 548 | 24 |
| 7 | Leigh Centurions | 22 | 10 | 0 | 12 | 594 | 510 | 20 |
| 8 | York Wasps | 22 | 9 | 0 | 13 | 449 | 603 | 18 |
| 9 | Chorley Chieftains | 22 | 6 | 0 | 16 | 354 | 723 | 12 |
| 10 | Barrow Braves | 22 | 5 | 0 | 17 | 354 | 651 | 10 |
| 11 | Bramley | 22 | 5 | 0 | 17 | 360 | 759 | 10 |
| 12 | Prescot Panthers | 22 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 301 | 883 | 4 |
| Champions | Promoted |

## Statistics

The following are the top points scorers in Division Two during the 1996 season. Statistics are for league matches only.
| Player | Team | Tries |
| Gary Atkins | Hull Kingston Rovers | 26 |
| Stanley Gene | Hull Kingston Rovers | 26 |
| David Plange | Hunslet Hawks | 25 |
| Jason Roach | Swinton Lions | 24 |
| Mark Riley | Swinton Lions | 23 |
| David Ingram | Leigh Centurions | 21 |
| Rob D'Arcy | Hull Kingston Rovers | 19 |
| Mick Coult | Doncaster Dragons | 17 |
| Danny Russell | Carlisle | 17 |
| Simon Ashcroft | Swinton Lions | 14 |
| Andy Currier | South Wales | 14 |
| Tane Manihera | Carlisle | 14 |
| Shaun Marshall | South Wales | 14 |
| Player | Team | Goals |
| Mike Fletcher | Hull Kingston Rovers | 143 |
| Greg Pearce | Swinton Lions | 107 |
| Willie Richardson | Carlisle | 100 |
| Simon Wilson | Hunslet Hawks | 93 |
| Dean Purtill | Leigh Centurions | 90 |
| Phil Atkinson | Barrow Braves | 57 |
| Tony Chappell | Doncaster Dragons | 52 |
| Dean Creasser | Bramley | 51 |
| Terry Smirk | York Wasps | 50 |
| Ioan Bebb | South Wales | 45 |
Most points
| Player | Team | Tries | Goals | DGs | Points |
| Mike Fletcher | Hull Kingston Rovers | 4 | 143 | 0 | 302 |
| Willie Richardson | Carlisle | 9 | 100 | 0 | 236 |
| Greg Pearce | Swinton Lions | 4 | 107 | 0 | 230 |
| Dean Purtill | Leigh Centurions | 11 | 90 | 0 | 224 |
| Simon Wilson | Hunslet Hawks | 7 | 93 | 1 | 215 |
| Phil Atkinson | Barrow Braves | 11 | 57 | 1 | 159 |
| Tony Chappell | Doncaster Dragons | 7 | 52 | 3 | 135 |
| Terry Smirk | York Wasps | 6 | 50 | 2 | 126 |
| Ioan Bebb | South Wales | 7 | 45 | 0 | 118 |
| Dean Creasser | Bramley | 3 | 51 | 0 | 114 |
# Henry B. Friedman Tobacco Warehouse

The Henry B. Friedman Tobacco Warehouse is an historic, American tobacco warehouse that is located in Lancaster, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## History and architectural features

This historic structure was built circa 1880, and is a 2+1⁄2-story, rectangular, brick building with a raised basement and stucco-covered stone foundation. It has a moderately-pitched gable roof. It is three bays wide and six bays deep.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
# WHIV-LP

WHIV-LP is a community radio station on 102.3 FM in New Orleans, Louisiana, covering the Mid-City area. It is owned by the New Orleans Society for Infectious Disease Awareness (NOSIDA) and broadcasts from studios on Orleans Avenue and a transmitter atop the Tulane Tower office complex.

## History

   I am an HIV physician and face HIV stigma daily. So, the best way to deal with stigma that surrounds HIV is to repeat the word 'HIV' over and over and over again on [a] daily basis, weekly basis, monthly basis and yearly basis.
In March 2014, the New Orleans Society for Infectious Disease Awareness, formed five years prior to raise HIV/AIDS awareness in the New Orleans area, received a construction permit for a new low-power (LP) FM radio station, which it announced would feature a community format with "programming dedicated to human rights and social justice". The selection of the call letters was intended by its founders to help reduce the stigma surrounding HIV; in 2016, New Orleans had the third-highest HIV infection rate in the United States, attributed to cultural stigmas in the Black community, local laws and high poverty rates.
WHIV-LP began broadcasting on December 1, 2014—World AIDS Day. Originally with a talk-heavy lineup that drew heavily from the Pacifica Radio Network, the station expanded its music programming in 2016 and had 70 different hosts and DJs by 2017.
Originally housed at the Odyssey House drug treatment center, WHIV-LP moved to its own quarters on Orleans Avenue in 2015. Less than a year later, the station suffered major damage in the 2016 Louisiana floods, with several pieces of equipment and furnishings being ruined.

## Other uses of the call letters

A fictional radio station named WHIV is mentioned in New Orleans writer Poppy Z. Brite's 1996 novel Exquisite Corpse, though there is no relation to the present station. In that book, WHIV is a pirate radio station on a boat from which an HIV-positive character, Lucas Ransom, broadcasts.
# Stars in Their Eyes European Championships 2002

The Stars in Their Eyes European Championships 2002 was the second and last special European Soundmix Show.
Like the show from 2001, this one was held in Manchester. The competition was divided on two shows. It was produced by Granada Television and ITV. The show was mainly made for the British audience, and was not aired on television in all the competing countries. The debutant Ireland won the competition with Rebecca O'Connor imitating Tina Turner.
| Pos | Country | Performer | Imitated artist | Points |
| 1 | Ireland | Rebecca O'Connor | Tina Turner | 89 |
| 2 | Italy | Walter, Davide and Pasquale Egiziano | Bee Gees | 81 |
| 3 | Spain | Connie Lynch | Bonnie Tyler | 80 |
| 3 | Belgium | Fernando Espeso Calvo | Julio Iglesias | 80 |
| 5 | Netherlands | Shanella James | Mary J. Blige | 78 |
| 6 | United Kingdom | Stewart Duff | Elvis Presley | 73 |
| 7 | Sweden | Mirna Tutnjevic | Britney Spears | 63 |
| 8 | Norway | Ronny Inderberg | Garth Brooks | 61 |
| 9 | Germany | Guido Westermann | Bon Jovi | 58 |
| 10 | Portugal | Yolanda | Shania Twain | 51 |
# Calesia rufipalpis

Calesia rufipalpis is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in Sri Lanka.
# Perfect Square

Perfect Square is a 2004 concert film of the alternative rock band R.E.M., filmed on July 19, 2003, at the Bowling Green in Wiesbaden, Germany. It was released by Warner Reprise Video on March 9, 2004.
The concert features a performance of the song "Country Feedback", which Michael Stipe opens by declaring it his "favorite song". The rendition features appended lyrics from another song, Reveal's "Chorus and the Ring", and a guitar solo by Peter Buck, neither of which are in the original. The performance (in audio form) also found its way onto the limited edition issue of the In Time compilation, which was released a few months after the Wiesbaden concert.
Other concert highlights include the appearance of two then-new songs, "Bad Day" (Also originally known as PSA when first written in the early 1980s) and "Animal", and the re-emergence of the long-lost song "Permanent Vacation". "Permanent Vacation" dates back to 1980, years before their first album, while "Bad Day" dates back to 1985.
Included on the DVD release is a bonus documentary, A Stirling Performance, chronicling the band's three-night stand at Stirling Castle in Scotland in July 1999. The documentary demonstrates the effect the concerts had on Stirling and its residents. It was released in 2000.

## Audio

* Dolby Digital Stereo
* Dolby Digital 5.1

## Track listing

All songs written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Michael Stipe except as indicated.
* "Begin the Begin" – 4:04
* "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" – 4:12
* "Maps and Legends" – 3:28
* "Drive" – 4:44
* "Animal" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 4:22
* "Daysleeper" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 3:46
* "The Great Beyond" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 4:17
* "Bad Day" – 4:24
* "The One I Love" – 3:22
* "All the Way to Reno (You're Gonna Be a Star)" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 5:00
* "Orange Crush" – 3:59
* "Losing My Religion" – 4:45
* "At My Most Beautiful" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 3:37
* "Electrolite" – 4:28
* "She Just Wants to Be" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 5:58
* "Walk Unafraid" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 5:16
* "Man on the Moon" – 5:57
* "Everybody Hurts" – 6:26
* "So Fast, So Numb" – 4:24
* "Country Feedback" – 6:11
* "Permanent Vacation" – 2:52
* "Imitation of Life" (Buck, Mills, Stipe) – 3:55
* "It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)" – 5:55

## Personnel
### R.E.M.

* Peter Buck – guitar, bass guitar, banjo, mandolin
* Mike Mills – bass guitar, backing vocals, piano
* Michael Stipe – lead vocals

### Auxiliary musicians

* Scott McCaughey – guitar, keyboard, vocals
* Bill Rieflin – drums, percussion
* Ken Stringfellow – keyboard, banjo, bass guitar, vocals

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 7,500$^^$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 25,000$^*$ |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Ottoway

Ottoway may refer to:
* Ottoway, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide
* Ottoway, Virginia, United States
Ottoway, an illustrated book by the artist, illustrator, animator, and writer Viktoria Bentham (Vikki Bentham)
# Carlton Mitchell

Carlton Lorange Mitchell (born April 6, 1988) is an American former professional football wide receiver. He was selected by the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL draft. He played college football at South Florida.

## College career

Mitchell played college football at South Florida, where he was the school's career leader in receiving yards until his record was broken by Andre Davis in 2014. He announced on January 9, 2010 that he would forgo his senior season and enter the 2010 NFL draft. Mitchell is also a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.

## Professional career
### Cleveland Browns

Mitchell was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL draft.
In the 2010 NFL Season he played in five games as a rookie. In 2011, he played in eleven games catching three passes.
On August 26, 2012, Mitchell was released by the Browns after being hampered by a leg injury in training camp.

### Jacksonville Jaguars

Mitchell was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on November 21, 2012.
He was released on November 24, 2012.

### Dallas Cowboys

Mitchell signed with the Dallas Cowboys on January 7, 2013. He was released on May 29, 2013.

### Tampa Bay Buccaneers

On June 4, 2013, Mitchell signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On August 26, 2013, he was waived by the Buccaneers.

### Edmonton Eskimos

On October 14, 2013, Mitchell signed with the Edmonton Eskimos.

### Ottawa Redblacks

In the 2013 CFL Expansion Draft, Mitchell was selected with the 6th pick in the first round.

### Atlanta Falcons

Mitchell was a member of the Atlanta Falcons in the 2015 pre-season, but did not survive the finals cuts as he was released on September 5, 2015.
# Preissmann's theorem

In Riemannian geometry, a field of mathematics, Preissmann's theorem is a statement that restricts the possible topology of a negatively curved compact Riemannian manifold. It is named for Alexandre Preissmann, who published a proof in 1943.

## Preissmann's theorem

Consider a closed manifold with a Riemannian metric of negative sectional curvature. Preissmann's theorem states that every non-trivial abelian subgroup of the fundamental group must be isomorphic to the additive group of integers, ℤ. This can loosely be interpreted as saying that the fundamental group of such a manifold must be highly nonabelian. Moreover, the fundamental group itself cannot be abelian.
As an example, Preissmann's theorem implies that the n-dimensional torus admits no Riemannian metric of strictly negative sectional curvature. More generally, the product of two closed manifolds of positive dimensions does not admit a Riemannian metric of strictly negative sectional curvature.
The standard proof of Preissmann's theorem deals with the constraints that negative curvature makes on the lengths and angles of geodesics. However, it may also be proved by techniques of partial differential equations, as a direct corollary of James Eells and Joseph Sampson's foundational theorem on harmonic maps.
Preissmann's theorem is a special case of Gromov's classification of subgroups in hyperbolic groups. Indeed, the fundamental group of a compact manifold of negative sectional curvature is torsion-free, and its action on the universal cover of the manifold implies that it is a Gromov-hyperbolic group (the universal cover itself is CAT(-ε) for some ε > 0, hence a Gromov-hyperbolic space). Hence its infinite abelian subgroups are virtually isomorphic to ℤ, and since they are torsion-free they are isomorphic to ℤ.

## Flat torus theorem

Preissmann's theorem may be viewed as a special case of the more powerful flat torus theorem obtained by Detlef Gromoll and Joseph A. Wolf, and independently by Blaine Lawson and Shing-Tung Yau. This establishes that, under nonpositivity of the sectional curvature, abelian subgroups of the fundamental group are represented by geometrically special submanifolds: totally geodesic isometric immersions of a flat torus.
There is a well-developed theory of Alexandrov spaces which extends the theory of upper bounds on sectional curvature to the context of metric spaces. The flat torus theorem, along with the special case of Preissmann's theorem, can be put into this broader context.
# Saydel Community School District

The Saydel Community School District is a rural public school district with its headquarters in unincorporated Polk County, Iowa.
The district, entirely in Polk County, serves portions of Des Moines and Ankeny. It also serves a portion of the Saylorville census-designated place.
Within the district are three schools: one elementary school, a middle school, and one high school. District offices are located next to Woodside Middle School.
The district was organized in 1952, under the procedure provided by Chapter 276, Code of Iowa 1950, I.C.A. It was a consolidation of all the five school districts in Saylor Civil Township, and also of Berwick Independent District and Delaware Township sub-district No. 3, both of which were in Delaware Civil Township, collectively resulting in the name “Saydel.”

## Schools

* Cornell Elementary
* Woodside Middle School
* Saydel High School
It previously operated Norwoodville Elementary School.

### Saydel High School
#### Athletics

The Eagles compete in the Heart of Iowa Conference in the following sports:
* Cross Country
** Boys' 1957 Class B State Champions
* Volleyball
* Football
* Basketball
* Wrestling
* Track and Field
* Soccer
* Golf
* Tennis
* Baseball
* Softball
# Tupiniquim

Tupiniquim (also Tupinã-ki, Topinaquis, Tupinaquis, Tupinanquins; plural: Tupiniquins) are an indigenous people of Brazil of the Tupi family, who now live in three indigenous territories (Terras Indígenas in Portuguese). The indigenous territories (Caieiras Velhas, Pau-Brasil and Comboios) are located near the cities of Santa Cruz and Vila do Riacho in the municipality of Aracruz in northern Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil. Caieiras Velhas Indigenous Territory is located along the banks of the Piraquê-Açu River. The Pau-Brasil Indigenous Territory is near Sahy Creek. The Comboios Indigenous Territory is located on the banks of the Comboios River. A 2010 census determined the population of Tupiniquim in all three indigenous territories as 2,630.

## Territory

Historically, the Tupiniquim inhabited a large tract of land along Brazil's coastline from approximately 200 km south of Salvador down to the São Mateus River. This area is north of the present-day Indigenous Territories and extended for about 600 km. The Tupiniquim have inhabited these Indigenous Territories since the founding of Santa Cruz and Nova Almeida (then Reis Magos). During the first two centuries after the arrival of Europeans, indigenous populations were the predominant majority in both Santa Cruz and Nova Almeida. Their tribe was one of the first to meet the Portuguese in April 1500 at Porto Seguro.

## Etymology and usage of the word

The expression Tupin-i-ki means the Tupi next door, side neighbor. Tupinã-ki means a parallel situated tribe or branch of the Tupi.
In Brazil, the term "Tupiniquim" has come to colloquially mean "Brazilian" or "national". The term is used as both a noun and an adjective: cinema tupiniquim (Brazilian cinema), cantor tupiniquim (Brazilian singer), and filosofia tupiniquim (Brazilian philosophy).