OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dimethyl disulfide

Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula CH$_3$SSCH$_3$. It is a flammable liquid with an unpleasant, garlic-like odor resembling that of "leaking gas". The compound is colorless although impure samples often appear yellowish.

## Occurrence and synthesis

Dimethyl disulfide is widespread in nature. It is emitted by bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Along with dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl trisulfide it has been confirmed as volatile compounds given off by the fly-attracting plant known as dead-horse arum (Helicodiceros muscivorus). These flies are attracted to the odor resembling that of fetid meat, and thus help pollinate this plant.
DMDS can be produced by the oxidation of methanethiol, e.g. with iodine:
    2 CH$_3$SH + I$_2$ → CH$_3$SSCH$_3$ + 2 HI

## Chemical reactions

Important reactions include chlorination giving methanesulfenyl chloride (CH$_3$SCl), methanesulfinyl chloride (CH$_3$S(O)Cl), and methanesulfonyl chloride (CH$_3$SO$_2$Cl) as well as oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid giving the thiosulfinate compound, methyl methanethiosulfinate (CH$_3$S(O)SCH$_3$).

## Uses

DMDS is used as a food additive in onion, garlic, cheese, meats, soups, savory flavors, and fruit flavors. Industrially, DMDS is used in oil refineries as a sulfiding agent. It is also an effective soil fumigant in agriculture, registered in many states in the U.S. as well as globally. In this capacity, It is an important alternative in replacing methyl bromide, which is being phased out. However, it is less effective than the former. This pesticide is marketed as "Paladin" by Arkema.

### Industrial use

DMDS is used to prepare catalysts for hydrodesulfurization, because of its high sulfur content and low decomposition temperature. Refineries utilize it instead of other sulfur spiking agents for catalyst sulfiding because it has more sulfur per pound than dimethyl sulfide (DMS) or di-tertiary-butyl polysulfide (TBPS). Once injected to a hydrotreater or hydrocracker, It decomposes to form H$_2$S. The H$_2$S reacts with the metal oxides on the catalyst, converting them to the active metal sulfide form.
DMDS also works as an effective product for operators in the petrochemicals industry who must protect their steam-cracking coils against the formation of coke and carbon monoxide.
DMDS is utilized in the preparation of 4-(methylthio)phenol which is used in the production of various pesticides. DMDS and chlorine are reacted with borontrifluoride phenoxide to produce 4-(methylthio)phenol. Thiophene and DMDS are blended with combustible hydrocarbon fuel gas to impart a gassy odor to the fuel gas.
# Malice in Wonderland (2009 film)

Malice in Wonderland is a 2009 British fantasy adventure film directed by Simon Fellows and written by Jayson Rothwell. It is roughly based on Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
The film was released on DVD in the UK on 8 February 2010.

## Plot

A modern take on the famous story by Lewis Carroll, it is about a university student (Maggie Grace) who is knocked over by a black cab in Central London. When she wakes up, she has amnesia, lost in a world that is a long way from home—Wonderland. She is dragged through a surreal, frightening underworld filled with bizarre individuals and low-lifes, by the cab driver, Whitey (Danny Dyer). Confused, she tries to find out who she is, where she is from, and use what wits she has left to get back home.

## Cast and characters

* Maggie Grace as Alice
* Danny Dyer as Whitey
* Nathaniel Parker as Harry Hunt
* Matt King as Gonzo
* Pam Ferris as The Duchess
* Bronagh Gallagher as Hattie
* Anthony Higgins as Rex
* Paul Kaye as Caterpillar
* Gary Beadle as Felix Chester
* Lin Blakley as Mrs. Jones

## Critical reception

Malice in Wonderland received negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 10%, based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 4/10.
# Vadzim

Vadzim is a Belarusian masculine given name, a pronunciation variant of Russian Vadim. Ukrainian: Vadym.
It may refer to:
* Vadzim Bojka (born 1978), Belarusian footballer
* Vadzim Dziemidovič (born 1985), Belarusian footballer
* Vadzim Lasoŭski (born 1975), Belarusian retired footballer
* Vadzim Machnieŭ (born 1979), Belarusian canoer
* Vadzim Mazanik, Belarusian welterweight champion in men's Thai-Boxing at the W.A.K.O. European Championships 2004 (Budva)
* Vadzim Mytnik (born 1988), Belarusian footballer
* Vadzim Jerčyk (born 1991), Belarusian footballer
# 2027 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification (OFC)

The Oceanian section of the 2027 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification process is expected to begin in November 2025 with no end date yet announced.

## Format

The winner of the tournament will qualify for the 2027 World Cup with the runner-up advancing to the inter-confederation play-offs. The tournament format has not yet been announced as of February 2025.
# IFC

IFC may refer to:

## Buildings

* International financial centre, home to a cluster of significant financial services providers
* International Finance Centre (Hong Kong) (IFC), an integrated commercial building complex in Hong Kong
* Shanghai IFC, a building complex in Shanghai
* Guangzhou International Finance Center, a building in Tianhe District, Guangzhou
* IFC One Saigon, an under construction building complex in Ho Chi Minh City

## Computers and electronics

* Industry Foundation Classes, an object-based file format (IFC), intended to describe architectural, building and construction industry data, frequently used in building information modeling (BIM) based projects
* Initial Filter Criteria, similar to triggers in mobile networks
* Integer factorization, cryptography
* Integrated fluidic circuit, a type of integrated circuit (IC) using fluids
* Intel Fortran Compiler, a group of Fortran compilers from Intel for Windows, Linux, and OS X
* Intelligent flight control system (IFC or IFCS)
* Internet Foundation Classes, a now defunct graphics library for Java
* Intelligent Frame Creation, a motion interpolation feature of Panasonic televisions

## Entertainment

* IFC (Canadian TV channel), a defunct Canadian cable TV channel
* IFC (American TV channel), an American cable TV channel formerly known as the Independent Film Channel
* IFC Films, an American film distributor
* Irish Film Centre, former name of the Irish Film Institute

## Organizations

* InterFaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington, an interfaith non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C.
* International Federation of Cheerleading, formed in 1998 and is a non-profit federation based in Tokyo, Japan
* International Filing Company, a manufacturer of filing supplies for the printing industry and several other businesses
* International Finance Corporation, a member of the World Bank Group
* International Financial Commission, created to supervise Greece's public finances in the late 19th/early 20th century
* Iraq Freedom Congress, an Iraqi organization
* North American Interfraternity Conference (IFC or NIC), an association of collegiate men's fraternities
* Irrawaddy Flotilla Company, was a passenger and cargo ferry company

## Sports

* Ido's Football Club, a soccer club from Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Netherlands
* Ilioupoli F.C., a sports club in Greece
* Ilkeston F.C., an English football club based at the New Manor Ground in Ilkeston, Derbyshire
* Immaculata F.C., Northern Irish football club
* Institute F.C., Northern Ireland football club
* International Football Cup, the original name for the UEFA Intertoto Cup
* Islandmagee F.C., Northern Irish football club

## Other uses

* International Fixed Calendar, a calendar proposal
* International Freedom Center, a proposed museum for the World Trade Center site in New York City
# Mahendra Reddy

Dr. Mahendra Reddy is a Fijian politician and former Member of the Parliament of Fiji. He served as the Minister for Agriculture, Waterways and Environment from 2017 to 2022.
Reddy was an award-winning scholarship student at the University of the South Pacific and the University of Hawaii. He did his Master of Science Degree and PhD in Agriculture and Resource Economics on a Fulbright Scholarship on an East-West Centre Fellowship at the University of Hawaii. He taught Economics at the University of the South Pacific, becoming a Lecturer in Development Studies in 1998 and getting promoted to Senior lecturer in 2005. In 2007, he became the Associate Dean of the Faculty of Business and Economics and Associate Professor of Economics. In 2008, he became the Head of the USP School of Economics before being transferred to the Fiji Institute of Technology in October as the Dean of the Faculty of Commerce, Hospitality and Tourism Studies.
In March 2009, he was appointed as the Chair of the Commerce Commission. In July 2014, he resigned as Commerce Commission director and from the Reserve Bank of Fiji board chairman to join the FijiFirst party to contest in the elections.
Reddy was elected to Parliament in the 2014 election, in which he won 5,398 votes. He was appointed to Cabinet as Minister for Education, National Heritage, Culture and Arts in September 2014.
On 4 July 2017 Reddy appeared in court on charges of bribery and using undue influence over allegations he offered a water supply to a school in exchange for the school manager's vote. Due to this, he resigned from his post. However, in December 2017, due to no conclusive evidence, those charges were dropped, and Reddy was appointed as the new minister for Ministry of Waterways.
He was re-elected in the 2022 election with 2654 votes. On 26 January 2023 Reddy resigned from Parliament. He was replaced as an MP by Penioni Ravunawa.
# Manhae Prize

The Manhae Prize is a series of awards in the following categories: Peace, Social Service, Academic Excellence, Art, Literature, and Buddhist Missionary Work awarded by The Society for the Promotion and Practice of Manhae's Thoughts in memory of Buddhist reformer and anti-Japanese independence activist Han Yong-un (1879–1944).

## Awardees
### Peace Prize winners

| Year | Name | Country | Role/Reason |
| 2008 | Lokamitra (Jeremy Goody) | | Member of the Triratna Buddhist Community |
| 2009 | Shirin Ebadi | Iran | Iranian human rights advocate, winner of Nobel Prize for Peace |
| 2013 | World Fellowship of Buddhists | | |
| 2014 | Mohsen Makhmalbaf | Iran | Iranian film director |
| 2015 | Alexis Dudden | U.S.A | Professor of History at University of Connecticut |
| 2019 | Haruki Wada | Japan | professor at the University of Tokyo |
| 2020 | Phra Bodhirak | Thailand | monk and founder of Santi Asoke |

### Practice Prize winners

| Year | Name | Country | Role/Reason |
| 2012 | Kurt Gribl | DE | Mayor of the Friedensstadt Augsburg |
| 2013 | Dagon Taryar | MM | Writer and democracy advocate |
| 2014 | Se-Chung Lee | KO | Lawyer |
| 2015 | Cheoung-Jeoun | KO | Buddhist monk |
| 2015 | Rainbow Community - Noel-El Cheoun | IE | Priest |
| 2019 | National Emergency Medical Center | | |
| 2020 | Um Hong-gil | KO | Mountaineer and philanthropist |
| 2020 | Sun Young-sung | KO | Director of the Keimyung University Deagu Dongsan Hospital |

### Literature Prize winners

* 1990: Hyun Ki-young (novelist)
* 1998: Ko Un (poet)
* 1999: Chung Wan-young
* 2000: Oh Sae-young
* 2001: Lee Hung-ki
* 2002: Shin Kyung-rim
* 2003: Jo Jung-rae
* 2004: Hong Seok-jung, first DPRK author
* 2005: Wole Soyinka
* 2006 Joint einners: Robert Pinsky, Hwang Dong-gyu
* 2007: Kim Nam-jo
* 2008: Lee Eo-ryeong
* 2009 Joint winners: Robert Hass, Kim Jong-gil
* 2010 Joint winners: John Ralston Saul President of International PEN, Jeong Jin-gyu editor of Modern Poetry, Seoul.
* 2011: Mo Yan
* 2012: Kim Jay Hong
* 2013: Konstantin Kedrov (poet), Ingo Schulze
* 2014 Joint winners: Ashraf Dali, Egyptian poet and writer Yoon Yang-hee, calligrapher, Korea
* 2015 Joint winners: Young-Bok shin professor, SoungKongHoe University, Korea, Hyon-Jong Jeong, Poet, Korea, Byong-Kee Hwang, Master of Korean classical music, Korea
* 2016: Lee In-hwi, labor literature author
* 2019 Joint winners: Im Young-woong (theatre director) and Kim Uchang (Professor Emeritus of Korea University)
* 2020 Joint winners: Kim Joo-young (writer) and Shin Dal-ja (poet)
# 1973 Queen's Club Championships

The 1973 Queen's Club Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Queen's Club in London in the United Kingdom. The men's tournament was part of the 1973 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix circuit while the women's event was part of the 1973 Women's Grand Prix tour. It was the 74th edition of the tournament and was held from 17 June until 23 June 1973. Ilie Năstase and Olga Morozova won the singles titles.

## Finals
### Men's singles

Ilie Năstase defeated Roger Taylor 9–8, 6–3
* It was Năstase's 10th singles title of the year and the 34th of his career.

### Women's singles

Olga Morozova defeated Evonne Goolagong 6–2, 6–3
* It was Morozova's 2nd title of the year and the 7th of her career.

### Men's doubles

Tom Okker / Marty Riessen defeated Ray Keldie / Raymond Moore 6–4, 7–5
* It was Okker's 10th title of the year and the 43rd of his career. It was Riessen's 5th title of the year and the 35th of his career.

### Women's doubles

Rosie Casals / Billie Jean King defeated Françoise Dürr / Betty Stöve 4–6, 6–3, 7–5
* It was Casals' 2nd title of the year and the 20th of her career. It was King's 1st title of the year and the 47th of her career.
# Villa Amalia (Athens)

Villa Amalia is the name of the building that hosted the former Second High School of Athens in Greece. It is located on the corner of Acharnon and Heiden streets, near Victoria metro station. It was an anarchist squat before its eviction in 2012. It reopened as a school in 2016.

## Social center

Villa Amalia was occupied since 1990, making it one of the oldest Greek squats.
In its lifetime as a squat, the center organized cultural events such as political debates, film screenings and concerts. The authorities claimed that violent protesters were protected within the villa after anti-austerity demonstrations.
Villa Amalia was evicted in December 2012. The police claimed to have found materials to make 1500 molotov cocktails. The center was one target in a police campaign to evict up to 40 known squats throughout Greece. SYRIZA was critical of the eviction, blaming the government for using it as a distraction from bigger scandals.
150 anarchists attempted to reoccupy the building on January 9, 2013. They temporarily regained possession but were then evicted by the police, with 92 arrests. Protesters gathered with banners pledging solidarity and occupied the offices of Greek social-democratic party DIMAR. The police then raided a nearby squat and in response people blockaded the entrance of a building where Prime Minister Antonis Samaras was supposed to give a talk.
Thousands of people soon took to the streets in support of the arrestees. The crowd, estimated at 8,000 people by the organizers and at 3,000 by the police, marched through central Athens to the law courts. All 92 arrestees were charged with trespassing on public property and then released.

## School

The Mayor of the City of Athens Giorgos Kaminis announced in February 2013 that the building would be transformed back into a school or cultural center. It had been sealed off to prevent reoccupation by anarchists.
It reopened as a high school in September 2016.
# Battle of Happo

The Battle of Happo was a naval engagement on May 7, 1592, one of the three Joseon naval campaigns of 1592 conducted by Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin during Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) against the Japanese forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. These campaigns made Yi a legendary figure in Korean history. The campaigns of Yi were vital in halting the Japanese invasion.
While intending to spend the night in the open sea following the initial Battle of Okpo, Admiral Yi Sun-sin was forced to change his plans due to a report of five large Japanese ships having been sighted heading in the direction of Happo around 5 p.m. He ordered his forces to pursue the Japanese ships, which they caught and destroyed in a small skirmish near Happo. Admiral Yi’s forces now had two victories under their belt.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 Hawley 2014, p. 186.
# 1917 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships

The 1917 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships were organized by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) and served as the national championships in outdoor track and field for the United States.
The men's edition was held at Francis Field in St Louis, Missouri, and it took place 31-September August. The first women's championships were not held until 1923.
It was the first time the championships were held in St. Louis since the 1904 Summer Olympics at the same venue. The meet was described as underwhelming, with only two meeting records set in the mile and 440 yards hurdles.

## Results

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| 100 yards | Andrew Ward | 10.2 | Irving Mahl | | William Hayes | |
| 220 yards straight | Andrew Ward | 22.2 | Peter White | inches behind | G. W. Dernell | less than 1 yard behind 1st |
| 440 yards | Frank Shea | 49.6 | G. W. Dernell | | Earl Eby | |
| 880 yards | Michael Devaney | 1:57.0 | John Overton | 5 feet behind | Joseph Ray | |
| 1 mile | Joseph Ray | 4:18.4 | Edward Fall | | Clyde Stout | |
| 5 miles | Charles Pores | 26:26.4 | Ville Kyrönen (FIN) | | James Henigan | |
| 120 yards hurdles | Harold Barron | 15.0 | Waldo Ames | | Willard Savage | |
| 440 yards hurdles | Floyd Smart | 54.8 | William Meanix | | Walter Hummel | |
| High jump | Clinton Larsen | 1.89 m | Charles Seibert | | Walter Whalen | |
| Pole vault | Edward Knourek | 3.88 m | Marc Wright | 3.81 m | Carl Buck | 3.66 m |
| Long jump | Joseph Irish | 6.82 m | E. F. Jones | | Sherman Landers | |
| Triple jump | Daniel Ahearn | 14.53 m | Sherman Landers | | Clarence Jaquith | |
| Shot put | Arlie Mucks | 13.99 m | Lee Talbott | 13.37 m | Gus Loud | 13.10 m |
| Discus throw | Arlie Mucks | 42.71 m | Avery Brundage | | Lee Talbott | |
| Hammer throw | Patrick James Ryan | 51.40 m | Lee Talbott | 45.82 m | Benjamin Sherman | 41.35 m |
| Javelin throw | George Bronder | 56.12 m | James Lincoln | | Milton Angier | |
| 220 yards hurdles | Frank Loomis | 24.8 | | | | |
| Weight throw for distance | Patrick Ryan | 10.13 m | | | | |
| All-around decathlon | Harry Goelitz | 5702.166 pts | | | | |
# Sheridan Lake (South Dakota)

Sheridan Lake, a reservoir, is located on Spring Creek in Pennington County, South Dakota. Built over the site of Sheridan, the first county seat, it is owned and operated by the United States Forest Service and is one of the recreational areas of the Black Hills National Forest.

## Overview

Sheridan Dam was built in 1939 as an earthen structure, 134 feet (41 m) tall with a length of 850 feet (260 m) at its crest. The maximum capacity of the reservoir is 22,043 acre-feet (27,190,000 m$^3$), and the normal storage is 13,395 acre-feet (16,522,000 m$^3$).
Facilities include a marina, improved swimming beach, campground and group campground on the North Shore; campgrounds and swimming beach on the South Shore; and various picnic and overlook areas. The dam across Spring Creek is very small and accessible only on foot. Lake water levels remain constant since the lake is not used for flood control or irrigation.
Sheridan Lake is accessible via U.S. Route 385 north from Hill City, South Dakota and Three Forks or south from Lead and Deadwood, or through a scenic route via Sheridan Lake Drive, a paved county highway, from Rapid City.
# Maipú, Chile

Maipú is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region, integrated into the Greater Santiago conurbation. It was founded on 16 February 1821 and it is the place of the Battle of Maipú (5 April 1818), where Chile's independence was consolidated. Inhabitants are mostly part of a middle class.
According to the 2017 census, Maipú was the second largest commune in Chile, behind Puente Alto.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Maipú spans an area of 133 km$^2$ (51 sq mi) and has 479,911 inhabitants (233,000 men and 247,000 women). Of these, 476,552 (99.3%) lived in urban areas and 3,359 (0.7%) in rural areas. The population grew by 82.6% (211,840 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 census.

### Stats

* Average annual household income: US$45,664 (PPP, 2006)
* Population below poverty line: 9.1% (2006)
* Regional quality of life index: 76.67, mid-high, 21 out of 52 (2005)
* Human Development Index: 0.782, 20 out of 341 (2003)

## Administration

As a commune, Maipú is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2016-2020 alcalde was Cathy Barriga Guerra (UDI). The communal council had the following members:
* Herman Silva Sanhueza (PDC)
* Alejandro Almendares Müller (IND)
* Marcelo Torres Ferrari (RN)
* Carol Bortnick De Mayo (PPD)
* Antonio Neme Fajuri (UDI)
* Carlos Jara Garrido (PPD)
* Marcela Silva Nieto (PS)
* Ariel Ramos Stocker (PC)
* Abraham Donoso Morales (PDC)
* Mauricio Ovalle Urrea (PDC)
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Maipú is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Pepe Auth (PPD) and Mónica Zalaquett (UDI) as part of the 20th electoral district, which consists entirely of the Santiago commune. The commune is represented in the Senate by Guido Girardi Lavín (PPD) and Jovino Novoa Vásquez (UDI) as part of the 7th senatorial constituency (Santiago-West).
The alcalde for the 2021-2025 period is Tomás Vodanovic (RD)

## Gallery

* Votive Temple of Maipú
* Town hall
* Monument to Maipú Embrace
* The cross of Primo de Rivera's Hill
* Monument to the Conquerors of the winners of Bailen
* A neighbourhood in Maipu
# Sher Singh Kadyan

Sher Singh Kadyan (11 August 1917 – 5 September 2009) was an Indian politician and freedom fighter from Jhajjar, Haryana. He served as Deputy Chief Minister of Punjab during the 1950s when Pratap Singh Kairon was the Chief Minister. He also served as Minister of State for Communication, Defence and Education. He was elected to the 1st and 2nd Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Jhajjar constituency, serving from 1952 to 1972. In 1977, he was elected to the Lok Sabha from Rohtak.

## Political career

Kadyan was elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly in 1952 and 1957 from the Jhajjar constituency as a member of the Indian National Congress. He also served as Minister of State for Communications, Defence, and the Education Department in the Government of India. He served as Deputy Prime Minister of Punjab during the 1950s. He was also Vice Chairman of the All India Prohibition Committee.