OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Roskill Commission

The Roskill Commission (formally the Commission on the Third London Airport) was a UK Government Commission charged with looking into finding a site for a new airport for London. Chaired by High Court judge Sir Eustace Roskill, it sat from 1968 to 1970 and published its report in January 1971.
Since the 1950s, London's primary passenger airport had been at Heathrow, with a second one at Gatwick. The Commission's aim was "to enquire into the timing of the need for a four-runway airport to cater for the growth of traffic at existing airports serving the London area, to consider the various alternative sites, and to recommend which site should be selected."
Roskill's initial list of 78 sites was reduced to an intermediate list of 29, before detailed consideration of four short-listed locations:
* Cublington
* Foulness
* Nuthampstead
* Thurleigh.
The Commission recommended that a site at Cublington near Wing in Buckinghamshire (to the north-west of London) should be developed as London's third airport.
The UK government rejected the Commission's proposal for Cublington, but accepted a dissenting report by a member of the Commission, Colin Buchanan, which recommended that a new airport should be developed at Foulness (later known as Maplin Sands) in Essex.
An Act of Parliament was passed – the Maplin Development Act 1973 – that paved the way for a Thames Estuary Airport at Maplin Sands. However, the airport proposal was shelved after the 1973 oil crisis, and plans for a new third airport were replaced by smaller-scale redevelopment of Stansted, a site not short-listed by the Roskill Commission.
In 2012 the UK government established the independent Airports Commission to look again at the future of London's airports.

## Panel

The members of the seven-man Commission were:
* Hon. Mr. Justice Roskill
* Colin Buchanan, Professor of Transport, Imperial College of Science and Technology
* Alfred Goldstein, Partner in R. Travers Morgan & Partners, Consulting Engineers
* Arthur J. Hunt, Principal Planning Inspector, Ministry of Housing and Local Government
* David Keith-Lucas, Professor of Aircraft Design, the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield; and President of the Royal Aeronautical Society
* Arthur William Knight, Finance Director, Courtaulds Limited
* Alan Walters, Professor of Econometrics and Social Statistics, University of Birmingham (later Cassel Professor of Economics in the University of London).
# Newcastle Blitz

The Newcastle Blitz refers to the strategic bombing of Newcastle upon Tyne, England by the Nazi German Luftwaffe during the second world war. Close to 400 people were killed between July 1940 and December 1941 during bombing raids on the city.

## Strategic target

As part of the Führer's War Directive No. 9, Newcastle, north Tyneside, Wearside and Teesside in north-east England were deemed important targets. The areas had important heavy industry including shipbuilding and busy docks sending coal to London and the south and there were also major railway connections to Scotland. Targets included the Tyne river bridges, the docks, Elswick steelworks, Swan Hunter's shipyard, Vickers Armstrong "Naval Yard" and Wallsend slipway.
Following the declaration of war against Germany in September 1939, over 30,000 people, mainly children, were evacuated from the city to areas including the Lake District and rural Northumberland.

## Bombing raids
### 1940

The first major raid on Newcastle and neighbouring Gateshead came on 2 July 1940. The target was the High Level Bridge and 13 people were killed with a further 123 injured.
Another raid on Newcastle came on 15 August 1940, when German bombers flew from bases in Norway and Denmark (heading for airfields). Though much of the attacking force was intercepted by British fighters a number of bombers dropped bombs on Newcastle and Sunderland.

### 1941

On 25 April 1941, a force of German bombers attacked Newcastle and dropped high explosive bombs, incendiaries and a parachute mine. 47 were killed and dozens of homes were left uninhabitable.
A raid on 1 September 1941 caused a major fire New Bridge Street Goods Station which burned for a week. The raid left 50 dead, 71 seriously injured, 140 slightly injured and over a thousand people homeless.
The last substantial raid on Newcastle came on 29 December 1941 with nine people killed in the Byker area. Smaller scale 'tip and run' raids by small groups or single bombers continued for the next two years.
Another air raid came for North Shields as W.A. Wilkinsons (used as an air raid shelter) was hit.
Newcastle, like other English cities and large towns at the time, had been expanding rapidly throughout the 1920s and 1930s with new housing being built in the private sector, as well as new council housing to replace inner city slums. The damage to its housing stock caused in the Newcastle Blitz led to an acceleration in housebuilding across Tyneside after the war was over.
# Brooklandville, Maryland

Brooklandville is an unincorporated community in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States near the intersection of Jones Falls Expressway and the Baltimore Beltway. The general area is a part of Lutherville, and some addresses in the area are considered to be in Lutherville, though Brooklandville has a postal zone and post office of its own (zip code 21022). Some notable landmarks in the area, including the St. Paul's Schools are technically within Brooklandville, as noted by their mailing addresses. However, addresses within the main office complex in the area, Green Spring Station, are considered to be within Lutherville.

## Green Spring Station

The Green Spring Station complex is located at the intersection of Falls and Joppa Roads, near the interchange of I-695 and the Jones Falls Expressway, and is also bordered by Greenspring Valley Road, though the segment of this road that runs through the complex is identified as Station Drive. Seminary Avenue also begins very close to the location.
The complex has offices for several large companies, as well as some upscale shops, restaurants, banks, and medical offices. The most notable company with facilities at Green Spring Station is Johns Hopkins Hospital, which has a satellite branch that takes up a large portion of the grounds, and has been operating at this location since 1994.

## Maryvale Preparatory School

Maryvale Preparatory is an independent Catholic girls' school. It was used as a filming location for the 1997 Clint Eastwood movie Absolute Power, as the Washington, D.C. mansion of Walter Sullivan.

## Transportation
### Roads

The main roads in the Brooklandville area are Falls Road, Greenspring Valley Road, Joppa Road, and Old Court Road.

### Public transportation

The Green Spring Station complex on weekdays is served by the Maryland Transit Administration's Bus Route 60 every 40–60 minutes. This bus links to the Mt. Washington Light Rail Stop and the Reisterstown Plaza Metro Subway Station.
Free service to Green Spring Station from the Johns Hopkins Medical Campus is available on the hospital's Green Spring Shuttle hourly on weekdays.
From 1830 until 1955, Brooklandville was served by the Green Spring Valley Branch of the old Northern Central Railway (later part of the Pennsylvania Railroad). The former station still stands, now a private residence.

## Notable residents

* Steve Krulevitz (born 1951) - American-Israeli tennis player
# Thesis statement

A thesis statement is a statement of one's core argument, the main idea(s), and/or a concise summary of an essay, research paper, etc. It is usually expressed in one or two sentences near the beginning of a paper, and may be reiterated elsewhere, such as in the conclusion. In some contexts, such as in the British educational system, a thesis statement is generally considered synonymous with one's argument.$^{:4}$

## History

The "thesis statement" comes from the concept of a thesis (θέσῐς, thésis) as it was articulated by Aristotle in Topica. Aristotle's definition of a thesis is "a conception which is contrary to accepted opinion." He also notes that this contrary view must come from an informed position; not every contrary view is a thesis.

## Variations

There are many different ways of writing a thesis statement depending on the context of one's writing. For example, American and British education systems frame the thesis statement differently. American schools generally encourage students to write their thesis statement so that the writer's ultimate conclusion(s) on the topic described in their paper is made clear; this opinion is then typically reiterated in the conclusion. In British schooling, the initial thesis statement describes the intended scope of the paper and the conclusion's restatement of the thesis provides the writer's point of view.$^{:3,5–7}$
The genre one is writing in will also shape the way one crafts a thesis as different genres come with different expectations for a thesis. Regardless of the potential for variation, oftentimes a thesis is considered "good" or "strong" when it is both specific (or "narrow") and sufficiently supported by the evidence/material in the rest of the writer's piece.

## Criticisms

Some commentators have argued that excessive emphasis on the importance of thesis statements in the early stages of university education, particularly in American composition and rhetoric courses, encourages inappropriately assertive writing, that overlooks the complexity and nuance expected in professional academic writing.
# List of Mexican films of 2001

This is a list of Mexican films released in 2001.

## 2001

| Title | Director | Cast | Genre | Notes |
| Atlético San Pancho | Gustavo Loza | Héctor Suárez, Lumi Cavazos | | |
| Las caras de la luna | Guita Schyfter | Carmen Montejo, Geraldine Chaplin, Ana Torrent, Diana Bracho | | |
| Corazones rotos | Rafael Montero | | | |
| Cuento de hadas para dormir cocodrilos | Ignacio Ortiz | | | |
| De la calle | Gerardo Tort | Maya Zapata, Luis Felipe Tovar | | |
| Demasiado amor | Ernesto Rimoch | | | |
| El espinazo del diablo | Guillermo del Toro | Eduardo Noriega, Marisa Pàredes | | |
| Inspiración | Ángel Mario Huerta | Bárbara Mori, Arath de la Torre | | |
| La mexicana | Gore Verbinski | Brad Pitt, Julia Roberts, James Gandolfini | Dark comedy adventure crime | American-Mexican Co-production |
| Otilia Rauda | Dana Rotberg | | | |
| Pachito Rex, me voy pero no del todo | Fabián Hofman | | | |
| El segundo aire | Fernando Sariñana | Jesus Ochoa, Jorge Poza | | |
| Un mundo raro | Armando Casas | | | |
| Vivir mata | Nicolás Echevarría | | | |
| Y tu mamá también | Alfonso Cuarón | Gael García Bernal, Diego Luna, Maribel Verdú | | Academy Award Nominee |
# Wexford–Missaukee Intermediate School District

The Wexford–Missaukee Intermediate School District is an intermediate school district in Michigan, headquartered in Cadillac.
Most of Missaukee and Wexford Counties are served by the Wexford–Missaukee Intermediate School District, which coordinates the efforts of local boards of education, but has no operating authority over schools. Local school boards in Michigan retain great autonomy over day-to-day operations.

## Composition

The Wexford–Missaukee Intermediate School District includes many public school districts and private schools.

## Governance

The Wexford–Missaukee Intermediate School District is governed by a publicly elected board of education, who is responsible for hiring a superintendent to serve as the chief administrative officer of the agency.

### Primary school districts

As of the 2015–2016 school year, the following communities are served by the following members of the Wexford–Missaukee Intermediate School District:
* Cadillac Area Public Schools
* Lake City Area Schools
* Manton Consolidated Schools
* Marion Public Schools
* McBain Rural Agricultural School
* Mesick Consolidated Schools
* Pine River Area Schools

### Additional school districts

The Wexford–Missaukee Intermediate School District also provides services to additional schools and districts, including:
* Bear Lake School District
* Cadillac Heritage Christian School
* Crawford AuSable School District
* Kaleva Norman Dickson School District
* Northern Michigan Christian School
* Roscommon Area Public Schools
# Bicyclus dekeyseri

Bicyclus dekeyseri, the western scalloped bush brown, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana. The habitat consists of deep forests.
# Infinality bundle

Infinality bundle is a font and libraries bundle aimed at optimized text rendering under Linux. It comprises patched versions of FreeType (with optimized settings), fontconfig and cairo.
Infinality bundle replaces non-free fonts by free alternatives.
# Nate Hobgood-Chittick

Nate Broe Hobgood-Chittick (November 30, 1974 – November 11, 2017) was an American football defensive tackle who played four seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the New York Giants, and spent time with the Indianapolis Colts, St. Louis Rams, San Francisco 49ers, and Kansas City Chiefs.

## Early life and education

Hobgood-Chittick was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on November 30, 1974. He attended William Allen High School in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and played college football at the University of North Carolina, where he received a full collegiate football scholarship.
At North Carolina, Hobgood-Chittick was roommates with teammate Jeff Saturday, and later recalled that "Jeff kicked our asses all over the practice field. I could count on one hand the number of times I beat him in a one-on-one drill, and if it happened, I celebrated."

## Career
### National Football League

Hobgood-Chittick later brought Saturday to the attention of the Indianapolis Colts during the 1998 season, saying:
   I had no footing at all with that franchise, so I stood outside Bill Polian's door in my dirty sweats, saying a prayer. I walked in and said, "There's a guy selling electrical supplies in Raleigh right now who whipped all those first-round draft choices at North Carolina every day." Polian looked at me and said, "I love it. Let's get him in here for a workout."
Saturday went on to be selected to six Pro Bowls over his NFL career, and win Super Bowl XLI. Hobgood-Chittick also was a member of the St. Louis Rams team that won Super Bowl XXXIV over the Tennessee Titans.

### Post-NFL career

Upon retiring, Hobgood-Chittick earned his master's degree in social work from California State University, Long Beach, and became a financial advisor.

## Death

On November 11, 2017, at age 42, Hobgood-Chittick died of a heart attack in Sherman Oaks, California.
# Silas Simmons

Silas Joseph Simmons (October 14, 1895 – October 29, 2006) was an American professional baseball player for African-American teams in the pre-Negro leagues era. He became the longest-lived major league player in history, surpassing Red Hoff, who died at age 107 in 1998.

## Career

Simmons was a five-foot-ten, left-handed pitcher/outfielder, and began playing for the Germantown Blue Ribbons, a semi-pro team, in 1911. In 1913, the Blue Ribbons became a professional team and were renamed the Homestead Grays, a team that quickly became a Negro leagues powerhouse.
In 1926, Simmons pitched for the New York Lincoln Giants of the Eastern Colored League and appeared in at least one game in 1929 for the New York-based Cuban Stars (East) of the Negro National League. During his career, Simmons played on the same team as Hall of Famer John Henry Lloyd and against Hall of Famers Judy Johnson and Biz Mackey. Simmons ended his baseball career soon after 1929.

## Personal life

Simmons was married in Philadelphia by Rev. John L. Lee on September 15, 1915, to Mary L. "Mamie" Smith (July 19, 1896 – ca. 1944). He and his wife Mary had five children and settled into life as a porter. He later became an assistant manager at Rosenbaum's Department Store in Plainfield, New Jersey. After 29 years of marriage, Mamie died in approximately 1944.
In 1957, Simmons married his second wife, Rebecca Jones (1901 – August 20, 1997).
Simmons worked for R. J. Goerke Co. during the early 1960s, and was among the employees to receive an award for safety.
In 1971, he retired to St. Petersburg, Florida. After 40 years of marriage, Rebecca died at the age of 96 in 1997.

## Rediscovery and death

In the fall of 2005, David Allen Lambert, a genealogist at the New England Historic Genealogical Society, alerted fellow baseball historians associated with the Negro leagues, who proceeded to interview Simmons, a link to early baseball. In May 2006, Dr. Layton Revel, founder of Texas-based Center for Negro League Baseball Research, met and interviewed Simmons.
Revel organized a 111th birthday celebration for Simmons in 2006, which included approximately 30 former Negro leagues players from around Florida. A plaque was presented to Simmons on his birthday on behalf of the Society for American Baseball Research. The Tampa Bay Devil Rays also gave Simmons a team jersey with number "111."
Simmons died 15 days later at the Westminster Suncoast Nursing Home in St. Petersburg, having outlived all five of his children. At the time of his death, Simmons had nine grandchildren, several great-grandchildren, and many great-great-grandchildren.
Simmons is also one of the two known professional athletes to have been born in the 19th century and died in the 21st century, the other being Karl Swanson (1900–2002).
# Guadalaviar

Guadalaviar is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 293 inhabitants.
# Rich Reice

Rich Reice is a retired American professional soccer forward who played in the North American Soccer League, Major Indoor Soccer League, American Soccer League and United Soccer League.
Reice attended Penn State University where he was a 1977 First Team All American soccer player. In 1978, the Philadelphia Fury selected Reice in the first round of the North American Soccer League draft. In 1980, he played for the Pennsylvania Stoners of the American Soccer League. The Stoners went to the ASL championship where they defeated the Sacramento Spirits 2–1 on goals by Reice and George Gorleku. In 1983, he joined the Wichita Wings of Major Indoor Soccer League. He also played for the Charlotte Gold. In 1984, he played for the of the United Soccer League.
Reice then coached the Neshaminy High School boys' team, winning the 1995 Trenton, New Jersey high school coach of the year honors.
# White Pine County School District

The White Pine County School District is the public school district of White Pine County, Nevada.
The superintendent in 2018 is Adam Young.
It includes:
* White Pine High School, in Ely, Nevada
* Steptoe Valley High School, Ely
* White Pine Middle School, Ely
* David E. Norman Elementary School, Ely
* McGill Elementary School, in McGill
* Baker Grade School, in Baker
* Lund K-12 School, in North Lund
It operated the Lund Grade School until 2005. Its building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.
The high schools in Lund and Ely take students from the Duckwater area. As of 1986 students going to Ely often stay with area families who provide boarding.
# Out for Delivery

Out for Delivery is a 2025 American short comedy-drama film written and directed by Chelsea Christer.
The film premiered in the U.S. Fiction Short Films category at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2025.

## Synopsis

The film follows a woman who, following the worsening of her cancer diagnosis, chooses a dignified death option and arranges for her body to be picked up; however, a delay in the package containing her suicide pill causes logistical problems.

## Cast

* Deanna Rooney as Joanna
* Martin Starr as Mark
* DeMorge Brown as Joseph
* John Ross Bowie as Doctor
* Brian David Gilbert as Pharmacy Recording
* Cory Shanbom as ShipEx Delivery Driver
* Dana Swanson as Nurse
* Ele Woods as ShipEx Customer Service #2

## Background

Christer and her team planned and arranged the production in the span of nine days.

## Critical reception

Film Threat gave the short a 9 out of 10, writing that it "works thanks to a tight control of its tone and perfect casting. Its short runtime ensures the story does not overstay its welcome, and it ends in the only way it truly can."
Horror Buzz gave the short a 7 out of 10, stating that it "has a heck of a cast and creative concept. While the short film contains plenty of jokes and entertains, it’s not without its contemplative, dramatic moments. Though the ending feels definitive, I wouldn’t mind watching a feature-length film."

## Accolades

| Year | Award | Film Festival | Recipient | Result |
| 2025 | Short Film Grand Jury Prize | Sundance Film Festival | Out for Delivery | Nominated |
| 2025 | Grand Jury Award - Narrative Short | SXSW Film Festival | Out for Delivery | Pending |
# Sawing-off of Manhattan Island

The sawing-off of Manhattan Island is an urban legend about New York City that is largely unverified. It describes a practical joke allegedly perpetrated in 1824, by a retired ship carpenter named Lozier. According to the story, in the 1820s a rumor began circulating among city merchants that the weight of the urban district was causing the southern section of Manhattan Island to sink, near the Battery. It was believed that by cutting the island, towing it out, rotating it 180 degrees, and putting it back in place that Manhattan would be stabilized, and that the thin part of the island could be condemned. The main concern was not the futility of the idea but of Long Island's being in the way. Lozier finally assembled a large workforce and logistical support. At a massive groundbreaking ceremony, Lozier did not show up, but hid in Brooklyn and did not return for months.
The story did not appear in any known newspapers (although the press supposedly did not report on such pranks in that era) and no records have been found to confirm the existence of the individuals involved. This has led to speculation that the incident never occurred and the original report of the hoax was itself a hoax, which is the conclusion Joel Rose suggests in his book, New York Sawed in Half: An Urban Historical (2001). The hoax was first documented in Thomas F. De Voe's (1811–1892) volume The Market Book (1862), as conveyed by his uncle who was Lozier's supposed associate, and was told again in Herbert Asbury's work All Around The Town: Murder, Scandal, Riot and Mayhem in Old New York (1934, reissued as a Sequel to Gangs of New York). Another condensed retelling occurs in the 1960s Reader's Digest book, Scoundrels and Scallywags: 51 Stories of the Most Fascinating Characters of Hoax and Fraud (1968).
# Now That's What I Call Running

Now That's What I Call Running or Now Running is a triple-disc compilation album which was released in the United Kingdom on 5 March 2012.

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak Position |
| UK Compilations Chart | 1 |
| UK Download Albums Chart | 2 |

## Certifications

Sales certifications for Now That's What I Call Running :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 300,000$^*$ |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

| Country | Release date |
| Ireland | 2 March 2012 |
| United Kingdom | 5 March 2012 |