# 1973 Flores cyclone

The 1973 Flores cyclone was the deadliest known tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere, having killed 1,653 people in Indonesia in April 1973. The cyclone formed in the Banda Sea on 26 April as a tropical low. It intensified as it moved in a west-southwest direction, before shifting to the south. On 29 April, the cyclone struck the north coast of the island of Flores, dissipating the next day. The cyclone killed 1,500 people on Palu'e island. The cyclone dropped heavy rainfall across Flores, causing deadly flash flooding that damaged buildings and roads, destroying or damaging thousands of houses.

## Meteorological history

On 26 April, a tropical low formed in the Banda Sea in the waters of eastern Indonesia. According to Australia's Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), the low moved to the west-southwest and intensified, although this was based on a later analysis. As the storm was outside of the agency's jurisdiction, the BoM did not issue warnings on the system at the time. The low attained gale-force winds late on 27 April as it moved into the Flores Sea. Late the next day, the storm turned southwestward.
The BoM estimated that the storm reached peak intensity early on 29 April, assessing it as a Category 3 on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, with maximum sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph). While near peak intensity, the small tropical cyclone had eye embedded within a central dense overcast, 295 km (185 mi) in diameter. The cyclone made landfall on the northern coast of the Indonesian island of Flores at 09:00 WITA with maximum sustained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) and a pressure of 975 millibars (28.79 inHg). After crossing the island, the cyclone dissipated on 30 April near Flores' southern coast.

## Impact

In the Flores Sea, the cyclone capsized a 500-ton freighter O Arbiru, based out of Portuguese Timor, which was delivering a rice shipment from Bangkok. Of the crew of 24 people, only one person, a crew member, survived. They were found safe on Flores. On Palu'e island alone, the cyclone killed 1,500 people.
News of the disaster in Flores took a month to reach authorities in the capital, Jakarta, due to lack of communications and the remoteness of the island. Across the region, the cyclone killed 1,653 people, making it the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded in the Southern Hemisphere. The storm lashed the coast with a storm surge that broke tens of meters inland, which newspapers described as a "tidal wave". In Ngada Regency, 24 people drowned after being swept away by high waves. Another 10 people were killed in Manggarai Regency, and another 10 in Maumere. Reports described Ngada to be the worst hit area. For three days, the storm dropped heavy rainfall across Flores, which produced deadly landslides and flash flooding that washed away rice fields, livestock, and entire homes. The cyclone wrecked schools, homes, dams, and bridges. The storm also wrecked government buildings, with heavy damage reported in the regional capital of Ende. Around 1,800 houses were leveled with others being badly damaged. Boats that were in the path of the cyclone were destroyed. In Paluʼe, around 80% of houses were destroyed. The storm was described as apocalyptic and was nicknamed the "Flores Death Cyclone". Losses were estimated to be at around $5 million (1973 USD).
After the floods, the Indonesian government constructed the Sutami Weir, which was finished in 1975. The weir controlled the water flow on the island and helped irrigate 6,500 ha (16,000 acres) of rice paddy fields.