# Thornlie line

The Thornlie line is a temporarily closed suburban railway line and service in Perth, Western Australia, operated by the Public Transport Authority as part of the Transperth system. The Thornlie line is a branch of the Armadale line which opened on 7 August 2005 and runs for 2.9 kilometres (1.8 mi) parallel to the Kwinana freight railway between the Armadale line at Kenwick and Thornlie station. Thornlie line services continued north of Kenwick along the Armadale line to Perth station, stopping at most stations, in contrast to Armadale line services, which skipped most stations along that section. The Thornlie line has been suspended since 20 November 2023 due to construction work; it is planned to reopen in mid-2025.
The Thornlie line originated from initial plans for the Mandurah line, which was to branch off the Armadale line and run along the Kwinana freight railway. The Mandurah line's planned route changed in 2001, but not before tunnels were built for the line to exit the Armadale line at Kenwick and enter the Kwinana Freeway. It was decided to build the Thornlie line instead as a one-station branch of the Armadale line. The main construction contract was awarded to Barclay Mowlem in 2004 and the Thornlie line opened on 7 August 2005.
Since 2017, there have been plans to extend the Thornlie line by 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) to Cockburn Central station on the Mandurah line, known as the Thornlie–Cockburn Link. This project is currently being built as part of Metronet and involves the construction of two new stations. The main construction contract was awarded to a joint venture between CPB Contractors and Downer in December 2019 at a cost of A$716 million. Construction started in 2020 and the extension was expected to be open in 2023. The cost has since increased to $1.352 billion. Since 20 November 2023, the Thornlie line has been temporarily closed to allow for works on the Victoria Park-Canning Level Crossing Removal Project and the Thornlie–Cockburn Link. The line is planned to reopen in mid-2025, upon which the Thornlie–Cockburn Link is expected to open as well.

## History
### Spur to Thornlie

Initial plans for the Mandurah line had the line as a spur off the Armadale line along the Kwinana freight railway in the same manner as the present-day Thornlie line. The South West Metropolitan Railway Master Plan was released in March 1999, detailing the route and stations along the railway. The South West Metropolitan Railway would have diverged from the Armadale line at Kenwick, entering a tunnel to pass under the Perth-bound Armadale line track, Albany Highway, Roe Highway, and the freight railway. It would have then travelled parallel and on the southern side of the freight railway, with stations in Thornlie near Spencer Road, Nicholson Road, and in Canning Vale near Ranford Road, and provisions for a future station at Karel Avenue to serve Jandakot Airport. The railway would have then entered another tunnel at Jandakot, known as the Glen Iris tunnel, to go into the median of the Kwinana Freeway, continuing south from there to Mandurah. Several level crossings on the freight railway were planned to be replaced by road-over-rail bridges, at Albany Highway, Spencer Road, Nicholson Road, and Karel Avenue.
As part of an extension of Roe Highway from Welshpool Road to Kenwick Link and realignment of Albany Highway in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the first stage of the Kenwick tunnel was built and Albany Highway was grade separated from the freight railway. The 200-metre-long (660 ft) Glen Iris tunnel was also constructed as part of an extension of the Kwinana Freeway in 2000.
Following the election of the Labor Party in 2001, the Mandurah line was rerouted to follow a more direct route along the Kwinana Freeway to the Perth central business district. It was decided to build the Thornlie line as a one station branch of the Armadale line to Spencer Road using the Kenwick tunnel. Building Nicholson Road station was also considered. A new master plan was released in 2002. Spencer Road was planned to be grade separated and Thornlie station was planned to have a bus interchange and parking for about 450 cars. Patronage for Thornlie station was projected to be 3,500 boardings per day. Patronage was not forecast to be high enough for Nicholson Road station to be built initially, but it was expected to be built in the future. Train frequencies were planned to be four trains per hour upon opening in December 2004.
New MetroRail was formed in 2003 as a division of the Public Transport Authority to manage extensions to railways in Perth, including the Mandurah line, the Thornlie line, and an extension of the Joondalup line to Clarkson station. The second stage contract for the Kenwick tunnel was awarded to John Holland Group in March 2003 at a cost of A$14.225 million. The second stage consisted of 380 metres (1,250 ft) of tunnel; the realignment of 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) of the Kwinana freight railway, which was leased by Australian Railroad Group at the time; and the construction of noise walls. The total tunnel length after the two stages was 440 metres (1,440 ft). Workers on the John Holland site went on strike in May 2003 to campaign for better pay and conditions. Construction was also disrupted by a solidarity strike in January 2005 in relation to pay conditions for workers on the Mandurah line.
A new traction substation at Beckenham was constructed to power the Thornlie line and provide backup power to the Armadale line, which was mainly powered by a substation at East Perth. The contract for that was awarded to Western Power Corporation in September 2003 at a cost of $3.3 million. Other work involved relocating BP's Kewdale White Oil Line, which is a pipeline that carries jet fuel, diesel and petrol from the Kwinana import terminal to Kewdale via the freight railway.$^{:775}$
An invitation to tender was sent out on 25 June 2003 for the main contract to build the Thornlie line. This involved constructing Thornlie station, 2.9 kilometres (1.8 mi) of single track railway, a rail bridge across the Canning River and a road bridge for Spencer Road across the Thornlie line and freight railway. The tender was planned to close on 28 August 2003, but that was extended to 16 December 2003. Barclay Mowlem was announced as the preferred tenderer in February 2004 and was awarded the contract by April 2004. The estimated value of the contract was $30 million. By then, the planned opening date was February 2005. Construction had begun by July 2004. Construction was disrupted by strikes. The Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union and union officials were initially fined for breaching an enterprise bargaining agreement, but the fines were overturned by the Federal Court in June 2007. Thornlie station and the Thornlie line were officially opened on 7 August 2005 by Premier Geoff Gallop, Minister for Planning and Infrastructure Alannah MacTiernan, and member for Kenwick Sheila McHale. Full service began on 8 August 2005.

### Thornlie–Cockburn Link extension

An extension of the Thornlie line to link up with the Mandurah line had been proposed several times in the 2010s. In December 2012, the Labor Party announced it planned to incorporate the Thornlie line into a loop line to link the proposed Airport line to the Fremantle line via the Armadale and Mandurah lines if it were to win the 2013 state election. This was part of its proposed Metronet plan. There would have been stations at Nicholson Road, Ranford Road and a station called South Lake at the intersection with the Mandurah line. The Liberal Party won the election, so that plan did not go ahead. In 2015, RAC WA called for the Thornlie line to be extended to Cockburn Central station on the Mandurah line. The Liberal government's 2016 Transport @ 3.5 million plan called for the extension to be built by the time that Perth reaches a population of 2.7 million.
Ahead of the 2017 state election, both major parties committed to extending the Thornlie line to Cockburn Central station. The Liberal government said it could be done at a cost of $520 million and be open in late 2023, whereas Labor said it could be constructed for $474 million by 2021 as part of its revised Metronet plans. Labor won the 2017 election and planning for the Thornlie–Cockburn Link began in late March 2017. In May, following negotiations between the federal and state governments, it was announced that federal funding for the cancelled Perth Freight Link would be used on the Thornlie–Cockburn Link, subject to assessment by Infrastructure Australia. The September 2017 state budget gave the Thornlie–Cockburn Link a cost of $535.8 million.
The business case for the Thornlie–Cockburn Link was submitted to Infrastructure Australia in August 2017. In November 2018, Infrastructure Australia released its assessment of the project, adding the project to the Infrastructure Priority List as a "Priority Project" and giving it a projected economic benefit of $969 million and a benefit–cost ratio of 1.2. Other options considered were only extending the Thornlie line to Nicholson Road and having a station there, or only extending the line to Ranford Road and having stations at Ranford Road and Nicholson Road. Extending the line the whole way to Cockburn was found to be the best choice. Infrastructure Australia recommended that the contract for the Thornlie–Cockburn Link be combined with the contract for the Yanchep Rail Extension of the Joondalup line to save costs during procurement, although local contractors expressed concerns that the two projects had different requirements, were in different parts of Perth, and that combining the projects would price out smaller contractors. The Infrastructure Australia assessment allowed $700 million in federal funding to be spent on the Thornlie–Cockburn Link and the Yanchep Rail Extension, of which $350 million was for the Thornlie–Cockburn Link.
Enabling legislation was introduced to the Parliament of Western Australia in May 2018 and passed in November 2018.

#### Scope

The project definition plan, detailing the scope of the project, for the Thornlie–Cockburn Link was approved by state cabinet in July 2018. The project was to involve the construction of two new stations: Nicholson Road and Ranford Road stations, each with two 150-metre (490 ft) long island platforms, full disabled access, a bus interchange for feeder buses and a park and ride. Nicholson Road station was forecast to have 2,350 boardings per day in 2031 and Ranford Road station was forecast to have 1,985 boardings per day in 2031. 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) of new dual-track railway was to be constructed between Thornlie and Cockburn Central, using the pre-existing Glen Iris tunnel to enter the median of the Kwinana Freeway. Most of this track was to be along the southern side of the freight railway, with the final 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) within the median of the Kwinana Freeway between the two Mandurah line tracks. 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) of single track railway between Beckenham junction and Thornlie station was to be duplicated, including constructing a new bridge across the Canning River. The Kenwick tunnel was already designed for a double tracked railway. To make way for the Thornlie line, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) of the freight railway was to be relocated slightly north.$^{:12}$
Thornlie station was to have its platform's length extended to 150 metres (490 ft) and be converted to allow for through trains, including the construction of an overpass. Cockburn Central station was to have a new platform extending north from the existing Mandurah line platforms for Thornlie line trains to terminate. A new footbridge at Elliot Place was to replace the existing pedestrian level crossing there.$^{:12}$ Perth Stadium station was to have its Thornlie-bound platforms extended and additional train stowage capacity at Perth Stadium was planned to be built, allowing for direct special event services to Mandurah via Thornlie.$^{:27}$ At this stage, construction was planned to begin in late 2019 and finish in 2021.$^{:6}$

#### Further planning

A request for proposal was released in September 2018 for the design and construct contract for the Thornlie–Cockburn Link and the Yanchep Rail Extension. Two consortia were shortlisted in April 2019: METROconnex, a joint venture between Coleman Rail, Clough Group, and Georgiou Group; and NEWest Alliance, a joint venture between CPB Contractors and Downer. In November 2019, NEWest Alliance was announced as the preferred proponent to design and build the Thornlie–Cockburn Link and the Yanchep Rail Extension. The following month, the contract was signed. The value of the whole contract was $1.25 billion and the value of the Thornlie–Cockburn Link portion was $716 million, an increase on the $474 million originally promised by Labor. $366 million was to be funded by the state government and $350 million funded by the federal government. The completion date was delayed by two years to 2023. The delay was blamed on negotiations with BP for relocating the Kewdale White Oil Line and with Arc Infrastructure, the new leaseholder of the Kwinana freight railway.
The Thornlie–Cockburn Link received state environmental approval from the Environmental Protection Authority in August 2019 and federal environmental approval from the Department of the Environment and Energy in early 2020. The main environmental concerns were the impact on wetlands, bushland, and black cockatoo habitats, although most of the bushland that was planned to be cleared was degraded.

#### Bridge widening and construction

To make way for the Thornlie–Cockburn Link, the Karel Avenue and Ranford Road bridges were replaced with longer and wider bridges. The Nicholson Road bridge, which was constructed between December 2016 and May 2018 to replace a level crossing, did not have to be rebuilt as it was designed with the Thornlie–Cockburn Link in mind. The Karel Avenue bridge was originally constructed in 2005 and 2006 to replace a level crossing as part of the extension of Roe Highway from South Street to the Kwinana Freeway. The bridge's span was not long enough to fit the Thornlie–Cockburn Link though, so it was replaced with a longer and wider bridge between August 2019 and July 2021.
The original Ranford Road bridge opened in 1985 and the second bridge was built alongside the first between 1997 and 1998, widening Ranford Road to two lanes in each direction. The second bridge was designed with the Mandurah line in mind, but nonetheless, both Ranford Road bridges are being replaced for the Thornlie–Cockburn Link so that Ranford Road can be widened to three lanes in each direction plus bus lanes and a shared path. Construction on the new bridge started in late 2020. The first stage of the new bridge, which consisted of seven beams, opened to traffic in November 2021, after which the two previous bridges were demolished. The remaining three beams of the new bridge were in place by July 2022. The bridge was meant to be completed in 2023, but it eventually opened in May 2024.

#### Construction

Early works for the Thornlie–Cockburn Link within the Kwinana Freeway were undertaken under a pre-existing project to widen the Kwinana Freeway throughout 2019 and 2020. This involved drainage works and the erection of barriers between the freeway and railway. Thornlie–Cockburn Link construction was underway by the middle of 2020.
The September 2021 state budget revealed that the opening of the Thornlie–Cockburn Link would be delayed by a year to late 2024 due to a skills shortage and to ease pressure on Western Australia's construction industry. The May 2022 state budget revealed that the Thornlie–Cockburn Link's cost had increased by $164.1 million, a $243.8 million cost increase was revealed in the May 2023 state budget, and a $228 million cost increase was revealed in the May 2024 state budget, taking the total cost to $1.352 billion.
From 26 December 2021 to 14 January 2022, the Mandurah line was shut down between Elizabeth Quay station and Aubin Grove station to facilitate works on the Thornlie–Cockburn Link. This was the longest planned shutdown of a railway line in Perth's history at the time and was done to relocate the Mandurah line tracks between Cockburn Central station and the Glen Iris tunnel to make way for the Thornlie line tracks. The same section of the Mandurah line was shut down again from 26 December 2022 to 3 January 2023, with the exception of New Year's Eve. Work undertaken during that period included the installation of turnouts linking the Thornlie line with the Mandurah line, communication and signalling equipment, overhead line equipment, and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) of rail.
Relocating the Kewdale White Oil Line involved 11 kilometres (7 mi) of horizontal drilling and about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) of open-trench digging. An open trench pipeline was originally considered during planning, but the desire to limit disruption to the freight railway meant that predominantly horizontal directional drilling was the final option chosen.$^{:776–777}$ Drilling was complete by November 2022, after which a bridge across the Canning River for the pipeline was built. The pipeline was shut down between 23 February and 28 February 2023 for the cutover.$^{:787–788}$
In February 2022, it was announced that the Armadale and Thornlie lines would undergo an eighteen-month shutdown for the Victoria Park-Canning Level Crossing Removal Project along the Armadale line starting in early 2023. Works would be conducted for the Thornlie–Cockburn Link during the shut down as well, such as duplication of the tracks between Beckenham junction and Thornlie station. In August 2022, the 18-month shutdown was delayed until late 2023, thereby delaying the completion of the Thornlie–Cockburn Link to 2025. The shutdown began on 20 November 2023. Since then, various train replacement bus routes have operated.
Track laying for the relocated freight railway began in mid-2023. This was completed by October 2023, with freight trains running along the new alignment at that point, allowing for tracklaying for the Thornlie line to commence. The first train ran on the Thornlie–Cockburn Link on 20 January 2025. The line is expected to reopen in mid-2025.

## Future

According to the Perth and Peel @ 3.5 Million plan, the Thornlie line will eventually form part of a southern loop line around Perth by a link from the Airport line to the Thornlie line and a link from the Thornlie line to the Fremantle line.

## Description

The Thornlie branch uses 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge track and has a maximum speed of 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph). Trains are powered by 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead line equipment which is powered by a substation in Beckenham. The Thornlie line branch is single-tracked except at Thornlie station, which has two tracks. The Thornlie line is the only section of the Transperth network that is single-tracked.
The Thornlie line uses fixed block signalling. As part of Metronet's High Capacity Signalling Project, the Transperth rail network will be upgraded to moving block signalling using communications-based train control (CBTC). As of 2021, the CBTC system is planned to be implemented on the Armadale and Thornlie lines by June 2031.

### Stations

Until the temporary closure, Thornlie line trains stopped at 11 stations in total. Thornlie station currently has a 100-metre (330 ft) long platform, but it will be lengthened as part of the Thornlie–Cockburn Link to 150 metres (490 ft), long enough for six-car trains, the longest trains on the Transperth network. All the new station platforms and the Cockburn Central station platform will be long enough for six-car trains as well. Train lengths will be restricted by 100-metre (330 ft) long platforms on the Armadale line, although these are planned to be lengthened eventually to allow for six car-trains on the Thornlie line.$^{:12,40}$ The first platforms to be extended are planned to be at Claisebrook and Victoria Park. All stations from Perth to Oats Street are within fare zone one, all stations from Queens Park to Ranford Road are within fare zone two, and Cockburn Central station is within fare zone three.
Key :
| Icon | Purpose |
| † | Under construction |
| Station | Distance from Perth | Distance from Perth | Fare zone | Location | Opened | Connections and notes |
| Station | km | mi | Fare zone | Location | Opened | Connections and notes |
| Perth | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1/FTZ | Perth | 1881 | Bus at Perth Busport Australind, Airport, Armadale, Fremantle, Mandurah, Midland and Yanchep lines |
| McIver | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1/FTZ | Perth | 1 September 1989 | Airport, Armadale and Midland lines |
| Claisebrook | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1/FTZ | East Perth, Perth | 1883 | Airport, Armadale and Midland lines |
| Burswood | 4.6 | 2.9 | 1 | Burswood | 1899 | |
| Victoria Park | 6.1 | 3.8 | 1 | Lathlain, Victoria Park | 1898 | |
| Line closed beyond Victoria Park for the Victoria Park-Canning Level Crossing Removal Project |||||||
| Carlisle† | 7.4 | 4.6 | 1 | Carlisle, East Victoria Park | 1893 | |
| Oats Street† | 8.1 | 5.0 | 1 | Carlisle, East Victoria Park | 28 November 1954 | Bus, Armadale line |
| Queens Park† | 11.3 | 7.0 | 2 | Cannington, Queens Park | 1899 | |
| Cannington† | 12.2 | 7.6 | 2 | Cannington, East Cannington | 1893 | Bus, Armadale line |
| Thornlie† | 17.0 | 10.6 | 2 | Thornlie | 7 August 2005 | Bus |
| Nicholson Road† | | | 2 | Canning Vale | Mid-2025 (planned) | Bus |
| Ranford Road† | | | 2 | Canning Vale | Mid-2025 (planned) | Bus |
| Cockburn Central† | | | 3 | Cockburn Central | Mid-2025 (planned) | Bus, Mandurah line |

## Service

Transperth train services are operated by the Public Transport Authority's Transperth Train Operations division. Thornlie line services have been suspended since 20 November 2023; these are planned to recommence in mid-2025. Thornlie line trains ran every 15 minutes during the day on all days except Sunday, when they ran every 30 minutes. This made the Thornlie line Transperth's least frequent line. At night, frequencies reduced to every half an hour, and every hour late at night. Thornlie line peak frequencies are forecast to remain the same until at least 2031, with capacity increases to be provided for by longer trains enabled by platform lengthening.$^{:12}$ Operating hours were from roughly 5:00 am to midnight. Thornlie line trains stopped at every station along the Armadale line between Perth and Cannington stations, except for Perth Stadium station, which was typically only served by Armadale line trains. This contrasts with Armadale line trains, which typically skipped most stations along that section, except McIver, Claisebrook, and Oats Street stations. Between Cannington and the Thornlie branch is Beckenham station, which was skipped by Thornlie line trains.

### Rolling stock

The Thornlie line was served primarily by Transperth A-series trains, with Transperth B-series trains occasionally used as well. By 2031, it is planned that all A-series trains will be retired, leaving the Thornlie line to be served primarily by B-series trains.$^{:24}$ The A-series trains were built between 1991 and 1999 and consist of two cars which are usually joined to form four-car trains. Each car has two doors on each side. The B-series trains were built between 2004 and 2019, consist of three cars each and have two doors on the side of each car. These trains are all primarily stored at Claisebrook depot.

### Patronage

Thornlie station had 578,199 boardings in the 2013–14 financial year. When the Thornlie–Cockburn Link opens, the line is predicted to have 12,225 boardings per day, rising to 17,425 boardings per day in 2031.$^{:12}$