# List of neuroscientists

Many famous neuroscientists are from the 20th and 21st century, as neuroscience is a fairly new science. However many anatomists, physiologists, biologists, neurologists, psychiatrists and other physicians and psychologists are considered to be neuroscientists as well. This list compiles the names of all neuroscientists with a corresponding Wikipedia biographical article, and is not necessarily a reflection of their relative importance in the field.
| Name | Lifetime | Nationality | Awards or eponymous |
| Larry Abbott | 1950– | United States | Mathematical Neuroscience Prize - 2013. |
| Susan Ackerman | | United States | |
| Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz | 1850–1921 | Poland | Artery of Adamkiewicz |
| Edgar Douglas Adrian | 1889–1977 | United Kingdom | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1932. |
| Patrick Aebischer | 1954– | Switzerland | |
| George Aghajanian | 1932–2023 | Lebanon | |
| Huda Akil | 1945– | Syria | |
| Alcmaeon of Croton | c.510 BCE | Italy | |
| Giovanni Aldini | 1762–1834 | Italy | |
| Richard W. Aldrich | | United States | |
| John Allman | | United States | |
| Alois Alzheimer | 1864–1915 | Germany | Alzheimer's disease |
| David Amaral | 1950– | United States | |
| Katrin Amunts | 1962– | Germany | |
| Per Andersen | 1930–2020 | Norway | |
| Richard A. Andersen | 1950– | United States | |
| David J. Anderson | 1956– | United States | |
| Dora E. Angelaki | | Crete | |
| Pyotr Anokhin | 1898–1974 | Russia | |
| Julius Caesar Aranzi | 1529/1530–1589 | Italy | |
| Silvia Arber | 1968– | Switzerland | W. Alden Spencer Award-2018 |
| Clay Armstrong | 1934– | United States | |
| Friedrich Arnold | 1803–1890 | Germany | Arnold's nerve |
| Harden Askenasy | 1908–1975 | Israel | |
| Leopold Auerbach | 1828–1897 | Germany | Auerbach's plexus |
| Richard Axel | 1946– | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2004. |
| Julius Axelrod | 1912–2004 | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1970. |
| Paul Bach-y-Rita | 1934–2006 | United States | |
| Herman S. Bachelard | 1929–2006 | United Kingdom | |
| Jules Baillarger | 1809–1890 | France | Bands of Baillarger |
| Róbert Bárány | 1876–1936 | Austria-Hungary | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1914. |
| Cornelia Bargmann | 1961– | United States | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2012., Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences - 2013. |
| Ben Barres | 1954–2017 | United States | Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience-2016 |
| Jessica Barson | fl.2000-2020 | United States | |
| Danielle Bassett | 1981– | United States | |
| Adolf Beck | 1863–1942 | Poland | |
| Georg von Békésy | 1899–1972 | Hungary | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1961. |
| Vladimir Bekhterev | 1857–1927 | Russia | Bekhterev's nucleus, Bekhterev–Mendel reflex |
| Sir Charles Bell | 1774–1842 | United Kingdom | Bell's palsy, Bell's phenomenon, Bell–Magendie law |
| Alim Louis Benabid | 1942– | France | Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences - 2015. |
| April A. Benasich | | | |
| C. Frank Bennett | | United States | Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences - 2019 |
| Seymour Benzer | 1921–2007 | United States | |
| Heather A. Berlin | | United States | |
| Julius Bernstein | 1839–1917 | Germany | Bernstein Network |
| Vladimir Betz | 1834–1894 | Ukrainian | Betz cell |
| Albert von Bezold | 1836–1868 | Germany | Bezold–Jarisch reflex |
| Mayim Bialik | 1975– | United States | |
| Elisabeth Binder | | Austria | |
| Emilio Bizzi | 1933– | Italy | |
| Timothy Bliss | 1940– | United Kingdom | The Brain Prize - 2016. |
| Ned Block | 1942– | United States | |
| Hal Blumenfeld | 1962– | United States | |
| Herman Boerhaave | 1668–1738 | Netherlands | |
| Nancy Bonini | 1959– | United States | |
| Azad Bonni | 1963– | Canada - United States | |
| Daniel Bovet | 1907–1992 | Switzerland | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1957. |
| Edward Boyden | 1979– | United States | Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences - 2016., The Brain Prize - 2013. |
| Heiko Braak | 1937– | Germany | Braak staging |
| Joseph V. Brady | 1922–2011 | United States | |
| Josef Breuer | 1842–1925 | Austria | Hering–Breuer reflex |
| Paul Broca | 1824–1880 | France | Broca's area, Broca's aphasia |
| Alf Brodal | 1910–1988 | Norway | |
| Korbinian Brodmann | 1868–1918 | Germany | Brodmann area |
| Michaela Brohm-Badry | 1962– | Germany | |
| Thomas Graham Brown | 1882–1965 | United Kingdom | |
| Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard | 1817–1894 | Mauritian | Brown-Séquard syndrome |
| Nathaniel A. Buchwald | 1924–2006 | United States | |
| Linda B. Buck | 1947– | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2004. |
| Paul Bucy | 1904–1992 | United States | Klüver–Bucy syndrome |
| Ludwig Julius Budge | 1811–1888 | Germany | Budge's center |
| György Buzsáki | 1949– | Hungary | The Brain Prize - 2011. Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience-2020 |
| John T. Cacioppo | 1951–2018 | United States | |
| Leopoldo Caldani | 1725–1813 | Italy | |
| Donald Calne | 1936– | Canada | |
| Matteo Carandini | 1967– | Italy - United States | |
| Arvid Carlsson | 1923–2018 | Sweden | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2000. |
| Gail Carpenter | 1948- | United States | First woman to receive the IEEE Neural Networks Pioneer Award for the development of adaptive resonance theory (ART) family of neural networks. |
| Ben Carson | 1951– | United States | |
| C. Sue Carter | | United States | |
| Richard Caton | 1842–1926 | United Kingdom | |
| Ugo Cerletti | 1877–1963 | Italy | |
| Carlos Chagas Filho | 1910–2000 | Brazil | |
| Jean-Pierre Changeux | 1936– | France | |
| Jean-Martin Charcot | 1825–1893 | France | Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, Charcot–Wilbrand syndrome, Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms, Charcot's triad |
| Cécile Charrier | 1983– | France | Irène Joliot-Curie “Young Female Scientist of the Year” award |
| Alon Chen | 1970– | Israel | 11th President of the Weizmann Institute of Science |
| Daniel Choquet | 1962– | France | |
| Jacob Augustus Lockhart Clarke | 1817–1880 | United Kingdom | nucleus dorsalis of Clarke |
| Don W. Cleveland | 1950– | United States | Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences - 2018. |
| Stanley Cohen | 1922–2020 | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1986. |
| Graham Collingridge | 1955– | United Kingdom | The Brain Prize - 2016. |
| Ed Connor | 1955– | United States | |
| Alexander Cools | 1941–2013 | Netherlands | |
| Jules Cotard | 1840–1889 | France | Cotard delusion |
| Rodney Cotterill | 1933–2007 | United Kingdom | |
| S. Allen Counter | 1944–2017 | United States | |
| Miguel Rolando Covian | 1913–1992 | Argentina - Brazil | |
| Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt | 1885–1964 | Germany | Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease |
| Francis Crick | 1916–2004 | United Kingdom | |
| Wim Crusio | 1954– | Netherlands | |
| Harvey Cushing | 1869–1939 | United States | Cushing reflex, Cushing's disease |
| Johann Nepomuk Czermak | 1828–1873 | Austria - Germany | Czermak–Hering test |
| Annica Dahlström | 1941– | Sweden | |
| Henry Hallett Dale | 1875–1968 | United Kingdom | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1936., Dale's principle |
| John Call Dalton | 1825–1889 | United States | |
| Antonio Damasio | 1944– | Portugal - United States | Golden Brain Award - 1995. |
| Liverij Osipovich Darkshevich | 1858–1925 | Russia | Nucleus of Darkshevich |
| Richard Davidson | 1951– | United States | |
| Peter Dayan | 1965– | United Kingdom | The Brain Prize - 2017. |
| Duchenne de Boulogne | 1806–1875 | France | Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne-Aran spinal muscular atrophy, Duchenne-Erb paralysis |
| Yves De Koninck | 1964– | United States | |
| Bart De Strooper | | Belgium | The Brain Prize - 2018. |
| Jean Decety | 1960– | France - United States | |
| Kay de Villiers | 1928–2018 | South Africa | Honorary President of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. |
| Stanislas Dehaene | 1965– | France | The Brain Prize - 2014. |
| Karl Deisseroth | 1971– | United States | Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences - 2016., The Brain Prize - 2013., Golden Brain Award - 2009. |
| Otto Deiters | 1834–1863 | Germany | |
| Augusta Déjerine-Klumpke | 1859–1927 | United States - France | Klumpke paralysis |
| Mahlon DeLong | 1938– | United States | Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences - 2014. |
| Winfried Denk | 1957– | United States | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2012., The Brain Prize - 2015. |
| Christine Ann Denny | | United States | |
| René Descartes | 1596–1650 | France | |
| Robert Desimone | | | Golden Brain Award - 1994. Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience-2021 |
| Richard Deth | 1945– | | |
| Adele Diamond | | United States | |
| Marian Diamond | 1926–2017 | United States | |
| Elva Díaz | 1970– | United States | Helen Hay Whitney Fellowship - 1999; Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship - 2004; National Institutes of Health Director's New Innovator Award - 2009; ADVANCE Scholar Award - 2023 |
| Alexandre Dogiel | 1852–1922 | Lithuania | Dogiel cells |
| Merlin Donald | 1939– | Canada | |
| Gerry Downes | | United States | |
| Emil du Bois-Reymond | 1818–1896 | Germany | |
| Yadin Dudai | 1944– | Israel | |
| Catherine Dulac | 1963– | France | Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience-2019 |
| Lillian Dyck | 1945– | Canada | |
| David Eagleman | 1971– | United States | |
| John Carew Eccles | 1903–1997 | Australia | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1963. |
| Constantin von Economo | 1876–1931 | Austria | von Economo neurons |
| Gerald Edelman | 1929–2014 | United States | |
| Ludwig Edinger | 1855–1918 | Germany | Edinger–Westphal nucleus |
| Howard Eichenbaum | 1947–2017 | United States | |
| George Bard Ermentrout | 1954– | United States | Mathematical Neuroscience Prize - 2015. |
| Andreas K. Engel | 1961– | Germany | |
| Roger M. Enoka | 1949– | New Zealand | |
| Erasistratus | c.304–c.250 BCE | Greece | |
| Joseph Erlanger | 1874–1965 | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1944. |
| Ulf von Euler | 1905–1983 | Sweden | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1970. |
| Bartolomeo Eustachi | 1500/1514–1574 | Italy | Eustachian tube |
| Edward Evarts | 1926–1985 | United States | |
| Bengt Falck | 1927–2023 | Sweden | Falck-Hillarp method of fluorescence |
| James Fallon | 1947– | United States | |
| Gabriele Falloppio | 1523–1562 | Italy | Aquæductus Fallopii |
| Paul Fatt | 1924–2014 | United Kingdom | |
| Richard Faull | 1945– | New Zealand | |
| Gustav Fechner | 1801–1887 | Germany | Weber–Fechner law |
| Michale Fee | 1964– | United States | |
| Eva Feldman | | United States | |
| Guoping Feng | | China | |
| Jean Fernel | 1497–1558 | France | |
| David Ferrier | 1843–1928 | United Kingdom | |
| Robert Fettiplace | 1946– | United Kingdom | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2018. |
| Edward Flatau | 1868–1932 | Poland | |
| Paul Flechsig | 1847–1929 | Germany | Flechig-Meyer's loop, Flechsig's fasciculus |
| Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow | 1846–1891 | Austria | |
| Jean Pierre Flourens | 1794–1867 | France | |
| Otfrid Foerster | 1873–1941 | Germany | |
| Auguste-Henri Forel | 1848–1931 | Switzerland | Fields of Forel |
| Walter Jackson Freeman III | 1927–2016 | United States | |
| Allan H. Frey | 1935– | | |
| Karl J. Friston | 1959– | United Kingdom | Golden Brain Award - 2003. |
| Chris Frith | 1942– | United Kingdom | |
| Gennosuke Fuse | 1880–1946 | Japan | Kölliker-Fuse nucleus |
| Fred "Rusty" Gage | 1950– | | |
| Joyonna Gamble-George | | United States | |
| Robert Galambos | 1914–2010 | United States | |
| Galen | 129–c. 200/c. 216 | Greek | Vein of Galen |
| Franz Joseph Gall | 1758–1828 | Germany | |
| Michela Gallagher | | United States | Leads the Neurogenetics and Behavior Center at Johns Hopkins University. |
| Luigi Galvani | 1737–1798 | Italy | Galvanism, Galvanic skin response, Galvanic vestibular stimulation |
| William Francis Ganong, Jr. | 1924–2007 | United States | |
| Herbert Spencer Gasser | 1888–1963 | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1944. Gasser's ganglion |
| Henri Gastaut | 1915–1995 | France | Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, Idiopathic childhood occipital epilepsy of Gastaut |
| Michael Gazzaniga | 1939– | United States | |
| Francesco Gennari | 1750–1797 | Italy | Line of Gennari |
| Ralph W. Gerard | 1900–1974 | United States | |
| Robert Gerlai | 1960– | Hungary | |
| Anirvan Ghosh | 1964– | United States | |
| Alfred G. Gilman | 1941–2015 | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1994. |
| Donald A. Glaser | 1926–2013 | United States | |
| Francis Glisson | 1599–1677 | United Kingdom | |
| Michel Goedert | | Luxembourg - United Kingdom | The Brain Prize - 2018. |
| David E. Goldman | 1910–1998 | United States | Goldman equation, GHK flux equation |
| Camillo Golgi | 1843–1926 | Italy | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1906. Golgi tendon organ, Golgi's method, Golgi cell, Golgi I, Golgi II |
| Justo Gonzalo | 1910–1986 | Spain |
| Elizabeth Gould | 1962– | United States | |
| Ragnar Granit | 1900–1991 | Finland | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1967. |
| Ann Graybiel | 1942– | United States | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2012. |
| Maria Grazia Spillantini | 1957– | Italy | |
| Michael E. Greenberg | 1954– | United States | Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience -2019 |
| Susan Greenfield | 1950– | United Kingdom | |
| Paul Greengard | 1925–2019 | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2000. |
| Kalanit Grill-Spector | | United States | |
| Sten Grillner | 1941– | Sweden | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2008. |
| Bernhard von Gudden | 1824–1886 | Germany | commissure of Gudden, Mammillo-tegmental bundle of Gudden |
| Roger Guillemin | 1924–2024 | France | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1977. |
| Christian Haass | 1960– | Germany | The Brain Prize - 2018. |
| Vladimir Hachinski | 1941– | Ukrainian | |
| Marshall Hall | 1790–1857 | United Kingdom | |
| Albrecht von Haller | 1708–1777 | Switzerland | Hallerian physiology |
| Sam Harris | 1967– | United States | |
| Haldan Keffer Hartline | 1903–1983 | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1967. |
| Jeffrey C. Hall | 1945– | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2017. |
| John Hardy | 1954– | | Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences - 2016. The Brain Prize - 2018. |
| Demis Hassabis | 1976– | United Kingdom | |
| Michael Hasselmo | 1962- | United States | |
| Rolf Hassler | 1914–1984 | Germany | |
| Donald Olding Hebb | 1904–1985 | Canada | Hebbian theory |
| Peter Hegemann | 1954– | Germany | The Brain Prize - 2013. |
| Lennart Heimer | 1930–2007 | Switzerland | |
| Martin Heisenberg | 1940– | Germany | |
| Hermann von Helmholtz | 1821–1894 | Germany | Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect |
| Suzana Herculano-Houzel | 1972– | Brazil | |
| Ewald Hering | 1834–1918 | Germany | Hering–Hillebrand deviation, Hering's law of visual direction, Hering's law of equal innervation, Hering–Breuer reflex |
| Herophilos | c.335–c.280 BCE | Greece | |
| Percy Herring | 1872–1967 | United Kingdom | Herring bodies |
| Richard L. Heschl | 1824–1881 | Austria | Heschl's gyrus |
| Walter Rudolf Hess | 1881–1973 | Switzerland | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1949. |
| Corneille Heymans | 1892–1968 | Belgium | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1938. |
| Okihide Hikosaka | 1948– | Japan | Golden Brain Award - 2015 |
| Nils-Åke Hillarp | 1916–1965 | Sweden | Falck-Hillarp method of fluorescence |
| Alan Lloyd Hodgkin | 1914–1998 | United Kingdom | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1963. Hodgkin–Huxley model, GHK flux equation, Hodgkin cycle |
| Oleh Hornykiewicz | 1926–2020 | Austria | |
| Victor Horsley | 1857–1916 | United Kingdom | |
| David H. Hubel | 1926–2013 | Canada | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1981. |
| A. James Hudspeth | 1945– | United States | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2018. |
| John Hughes | 1942– | United Kingdom | |
| Andrew Huxley | 1917–2012 | United Kingdom | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1963. Hodgkin–Huxley model |
| Laurent Itti | 1970– | France | |
| Ivan Izquierdo | 1937–2021 | Argentina - Brazil | |
| Louis Jacobsohn-Lask | 1863–1941 | Germany | Bekhterev–Jacobsohn reflex |
| John Hughlings Jackson | 1835–1911 | United Kingdom | Jacksonian seizure |
| Herbert Jasper | 1906–1999 | Canada | |
| Marc Jeannerod | 1935–2011 | France | |
| Thomas Jessell | 1951–2019 | United Kingdom | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2008. Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience-2016 |
| Amishi Jha | | | |
| Ted Jones | 1939–2011 | New Zealand | |
| Michel Jouvet | 1925–2017 | France | |
| Béla Julesz | 1928–2003 | Hungary | |
| David Julius | 1955– | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2021. Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences - 2019. |
| Marcel Just | | | |
| Jon Kaas | | | Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience-2021 |
| Eric R. Kandel | 1929– | Austria - United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2000. |
| Nancy Kanwisher | 1958– | United States | Golden Brain Award - 2007. |
| George Karpati | 1934–2009 | Canada | |
| Bernard Katz | 1911–2003 | Germany | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1970., GHK flux equation |
| Lawrence C. Katz | 1956–2005 | United States | |
| JacSue Kehoe | 1935–2019 | United States | |
| J. A. Scott Kelso | 1947– | Ireland | |
| James S. Ketchum | 1931–2020 | United States | |
| Seymour S. Kety | 1915–2000 | United States | |
| Heinrich Klüver | 1897–1979 | United States | Klüver–Bucy syndrome |
| Christof Koch | 1956– | Germany - United States | |
| Albert von Kölliker | 1817–1905 | Switzerland | Kölliker-Fuse nucleus |
| Masakazu Konishi | 1933–2020 | Japan | |
| Jerzy Konorski | 1903–1973 | Poland | |
| George Koob | 1947– | | |
| Nancy Kopell | 1942– | United States | Mathematical Neuroscience Prize - 2015. |
| Georg N. Koskinas | 1885–1975 | Greece | |
| Emil Kraepelin | 1856–1926 | Germany | Kraepelinian dichotomy |
| Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein | 1723–1795 | Germany | |
| Stephen Kuffler | 1913–1980 | Hungary | |
| Story Landis | | United States | Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience-2015 |
| John Newport Langley | 1852–1925 | United Kingdom | |
| Louis Lapicque | 1866–1952 | France | |
| Marcelle Lapicque | 1873–1962 | France | |
| Steven Laureys | 1968– | Belgium | |
| Denis Le Bihan | 1957– | France | |
| Aristides Leão | 1914–1993 | Brazil | Leão's spreading depression |
| Joseph LeDoux | 1949– | United States | |
| César Julien Jean Legallois | 1770–1814 | France | |
| Lars Leksell | 1907–1986 | Sweden | |
| Jerome Lettvin | 1920–2011 | United States | |
| Simon LeVay | 1943– | United Kingdom - United States | |
| Rita Levi-Montalcini | 1909–2012 | Italy | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1986. |
| Daniel Levitin | 1957– | United States - Canada | |
| Marc Lewis | 1951– | Canada | |
| John C. Lilly | 1915–2001 | United States | |
| Charles Limb | | United States | |
| Christiane Linster | 1962– | Luxembourg | |
| Heinrich Lissauer | 1861–1891 | Poland | Lissauer's tract |
| Rodolfo Llinás | 1934– | Colombia - United States | Llinás' law, Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience-2018 |
| Otto Loewi | 1873–1961 | Germany | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1936. |
| Nikos Logothetis | 1950– | Greece | Golden Brain Award - 1999. |
| Terje Lømo | 1935– | Norway | |
| Rafael Lorente de Nó | 1902–1990 | Spain | |
| Paul Loye | 1861–1890 | France | |
| Liliana Lubinska | 1904–1990 | Poland | |
| Keith Lucas | 1879–1916 | United Kingdom | |
| Liqun Luo | 1966– | China | |
| Jules Bernard Luys | 1828–1897 | France | Luys' body |
| William Macewen | 1848–1924 | United Kingdom | |
| Roderick MacKinnon | 1956– | United States | Nobel Prize in Chemistry - 2003. |
| François Magendie | 1783–1855 | France | Foramen of Magendie |
| Horace Winchell Magoun | 1907–1991 | | |
| Eleanor Maguire | 1970– | Ireland | |
| Misha Mahowald | 1963–1996 | United States | |
| Paolo Mantegazza | 1831–1910 | Italy | |
| Eve Marder | 1948– | United States | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2016. |
| Henry Markram | 1962- | South Africa | |
| Bianca Jones Marlin | living in 2020 | United States | 2017 Stat Wunderkinds Award |
| David Marr | 1945–1980 | United Kingdom | |
| C. David Marsden | 1938–1998 | United Kingdom | |
| Eliezer Masliah | 1959- | | |
| Niccolò Massa | 1485–1569 | Italy | |
| Carlo Matteucci | 1811–1868 | Italy | |
| Humberto Maturana | 1928–2021 | Chile | |
| Herbert Mayo | 1796–1852 | United Kingdom | |
| Mervyn Maze | | South Africa | |
| James McClelland | 1948– | United States | |
| James V. McConnell | 1925–1990 | United States | |
| Warren McCulloch | 1898–1969 | United States | McCulloch–Pitts neuron |
| Bruce McEwen | 1938–2020 | United States | |
| James McGaugh | 1931– | United States | |
| Ladislas J. Meduna | 1896–1964 | Hungary | |
| H. Houston Merritt | 1902–1979 | United States | |
| Michael Merzenich | 1942– | United States | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2016. |
| Franz Mesmer | 1734–1815 | Germany | Mesmerism |
| Adolf Meyer | 1866–1950 | Switzerland | Meyer's loop |
| Theodor Meynert | 1833–1892 | Germany | Nucleus basalis of Meynert, substantia innominata of Meynert |
| Gero Miesenböck | 1965– | Austria | The Brain Prize - 2013. |
| Earl K. Miller | 1962– | United States | Goldman-Rakic Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Cognitive Neuroscience - 2016 George A. Miller Prize in Cognitive Neuroscience - 2019 |
| Brenda Milner | 1918– | United Kingdom - Canada | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2014. |
| Peter Milner | 1919–2018 | United Kingdom - Canada | |
| Mondino de Luzzi | 1270–1326 | Italy | |
| Egas Moniz | 1874–1955 | Portugal | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1949., Moniz sign |
| Alexander Monro | 1733–1817 | United Kingdom | Foramina of Monro |
| Read Montague | 1960– | United States | |
| Richard G. Morris | 1948– | United Kingdom | The Brain Prize - 2016. |
| Giuseppe Moruzzi | 1910–1986 | Italy | |
| Edvard Moser | 1962– | Norway | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2014. |
| May-Britt Moser | 1963– | Norway | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2014. |
| Vernon Mountcastle | 1918–2015 | United States | |
| Anthony Movshon | 1950– | United States | Golden Brain Award - 2013. |
| Heinrich Müller | 1820–1864 | Germany | Muller glia |
| Johannes Peter Müller | 1801–1858 | Germany | |
| Ken Nakayama | | United States | Golden Brain Award - 2017. |
| Jeremy Nathans | 1958– | United States | Golden Brain Award - 1989. |
| Walle Nauta | 1916–1994 | Dutch East Indies | |
| Erwin Neher | 1944– | Germany | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1991. |
| Charles A. Nelson III | | United States | |
| Helen Neville | 1946-2018 | Canada | |
| William Newsome | 1952– | United States | Golden Brain Award - 1992. |
| John Graham Nicholls | 1929–2023 | United Kingdom - Switzerland | |
| Miguel Nicolelis | 1961– | Brazil | |
| Rudolf Nieuwenhuys | 1927–2024 | Netherlands | |
| Franz Nissl | 1860–1919 | Germany | Nissl body, Nissl granules, Nissl method |
| Akinori Noma | | Japan | |
| Fernando Nottebohm | 1940– | Argentina | |
| John O'Keefe | 1939– | United States - United Kingdom | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2014., Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2014. |
| Heinrich Obersteiner | 1847–1922 | Austria | Redlich–Obersteiner's zone |
| Seiji Ogawa | 1934– | Japan | |
| Melly Oitzl | 1955– | Austria | |
| Bronislaw Onuf-Onufrowicz | 1863–1928 | Russia | Onuf's nucleus |
| Jaak Panksepp | 1943–2017 | Estonia - United States | |
| James Papez | 1883–1958 | United States | Papez circuit |
| Alvaro Pascual-Leone | 1961– | Spain | |
| Ardem Patapoutian | 1967– | Lebanon | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2021. |
| Paul Patterson | 1943–2014 | United States | |
| Steven M. Paul | | United States | |
| Ivan Pavlov | 1849–1936 | Russia | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1904. Pavlovian conditioning |
| George Paxinos | 1944– | Greece | |
| Wilder Penfield | 1891–1976 | United States - Canada | Penfield's maps |
| Edward Perl | 1926–2014 | United States | |
| David Perrett | 1954– | | Golden Brain Award - 2001. |
| Candace Pert | 1946–2013 | United States | |
| Christine Petit | 1948– | France | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2018. The Brain Prize - 2012. |
| Eduard Pflüger | 1829–1910 | Germany | |
| Archangelo Piccolomini | 1525-1586 | Italy | |
| Walter Pitts | 1923–1969 | United States | McCulloch–Pitts neuron |
| Tomaso Poggio | 1947– | Italy | |
| Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky | 1879–1952 | Russia | |
| Karl Pribram | 1919–2015 | Austria | |
| Stanley B. Prusiner | 1942– | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1997. |
| Jan Evangelista Purkyně | 1787–1869 | Czech Republic | Purkinje effect, Purkinje cell, Purkinje fibre, Purkinje images |
| Dale Purves | 1938– | United States | |
| Marcus Raichle | 1937– | United States | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2014. |
| Pasko Rakic | 1933– | Kingdom of Yugoslavia - United States | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2008. |
| Patricia Goldman Rakic | 1937–2003 | United States | |
| Wilfrid Rall | 1922–2018 | United States | |
| Vilayanur S. Ramachandran | 1951– | India - United States | |
| Santiago Ramón y Cajal | 1852–1934 | Spain | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1906. Cajal–Retzius cell, Cajal body, Interstitial cell of Cajal |
| Louis-Antoine Ranvier | 1835–1922 | France | Node of Ranvier |
| Geraint Rees | 1967– | United Kingdom | |
| Johann Christian Reil | 1759–1813 | Germany | Islands of Reil |
| Ernst Reissner | 1824–1878 | Germany | Reissner's membrane |
| Thomas Reh | | United States | |
| Robert Remak | 1815–1865 | Poland - Germany | |
| Gustaf Retzius | 1842–1919 | Sweden | Cajal–Retzius cell |
| Bror Rexed | 1914–2002 | Sweden | Rexed laminae |
| David Rioch | 1900–1985 | India - United States | |
| Giacomo Rizzolatti | 1937– | Italy | The Brain Prize - 2014. |
| Trevor Robbins | 1949– | United Kingdom | The Brain Prize - 2014. |
| Nayef Al-Rodhan | 1959– | Saudi Arabia | |
| Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora | 1886–1971 | Spain | Lafora disease and Lafora bodies |
| Luigi Rolando | 1773–1831 | Italy | Rolandic area, substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, Fissure of Rolando, Rolandic epilepsy |
| Edmund Rolls | | | |
| Michael Rosbash | 1944– | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2017. |
| Steven Rose | 1938– | United Kingdom | |
| James Rothman | 1950– | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2013., Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2010. |
| Bernardo Sabatini | 1969- | United States | |
| Jane Rylett | 1952– | Canada | |
| Renato M. E. Sabbatini | 1947– | Brazil | |
| Oliver Sacks | 1933–2015 | United Kingdom | |
| Manfred Sakel | 1900–1957 | Austria | |
| Bert Sakmann | 1942– | Germany | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1991. |
| Anders Sandberg | 1972– | Sweden | |
| Robert Sapolsky | 1957– | United States | |
| Antonio Scarpa | 1752–1832 | Italy | Scarpa's fluid, Foramina of Scarpa, Scarpa's ganglion |
| Károly Schaffer | 1864–1939 | Hungary | Schaffer collateral |
| Andrew Schally | 1926–2024 | France | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1977. |
| Richard Scheller | 1953– | United States | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2010. |
| Daniela Schiller | 1972– | Israel | |
| Francis O. Schmitt | 1903–1995 | United States | |
| Erich Schröger | 1958– | Germany | |
| Theodor Schwann | 1810–1882 | Germany | Schwann cell |
| Eric L. Schwartz | 1947–2018 | | |
| Terrence J. Sejnowski | 1947– | United States | |
| Sebastian Seung | 1966– | Korea - United States | |
| Michael Shadlen | 1959– | United States | Golden Brain Award - 2012. |
| Maryam M. Shanechi | 1981– | Iran | one of the Science News 10 scientists to watch in 2019. |
| Tali Sharot | | Israel | |
| Carla J. Shatz | 1947– | United States | Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2016. Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience-2011 |
| Gordon Shepherd | 1933–2022 | | |
| Charles Scott Sherrington | 1857–1952 | United Kingdom | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1932. Sherrington's First Law, Sherrington's law of reciprocal innervation, Liddell-Sherrington reflex, Sherrington's First Law, Vulpian-Heidenhain-Sherrington phenomenon |
| Aafia Siddiqui | 1972– | Pakistan | |
| James A. Simmons | | | |
| Eero Simoncelli | | United States | Golden Brain Award - 2016. |
| Wolf Singer | 1943– | Germany | |
| Ruxandra Sireteanu | 1945–2008 | Romania | Bielschowsky Society Award for Research in Strabismus - 1994. |
| Phil Skolnick | 1947– | United States | |
| Jens Christian Skou | 1918–2018 | Denmark | Nobel Prize in Chemistry - 1997. |
| P. J. Snow | 1948– | Australia | |
| Solomon H. Snyder | 1938– | United States | |
| Louis Sokoloff | 1921–2015 | United States | |
| Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring | 1755–1830 | Germany | |
| Peter Somogyi | 1950– | Hungary | The Brain Prize - 2011. |
| Haim Sompolinsky | 1949– | Denmark | Mathematical Neuroscience Prize - 2013. |
| Yvonne Sorrel-Dejerine | 1891–1986 | French | |
| Roger Wolcott Sperry | 1913–1994 | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1981. |
| Larry Squire | 1941– | | |
| Karen Steel | | United Kingdom | The Brain Prize - 2012. |
| Nicolas Steno | 1638–1686 | Denmark | |
| Mircea Steriade | 1924–2006 | Romania | |
| Lina Stern | 1878–1968 | Russia | |
| Charles F. Stevens | 1934–2022 | United States | W. Alden Spencer Award-1979 |
| Thomas C. Südhof | 1955– | Germany - United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2013., Kavli prize in Neuroscience - 2010. |
| Nobuo Suga | 1933– | Japan | |
| Karel Svoboda | 1965– | Czech Republic | The Brain Prize - 2015. |
| Jan Swammerdam | 1637–1680 | Netherlands | |
| Franciscus Sylvius | 1614–1672 | Netherlands | Sylvian fissure, Sylvian aqueduct |
| János Szentágothai | 1912–1994 | Hungary | |
| Joseph Takahashi | 1951– | Japan - United States | |
| David W. Tank | | United States | The Brain Prize - 2015. |
| Ichiji Tasaki | 1910–2009 | Japan - United States | |
| Jill Bolte Taylor | 1959– | United States | |
| Sally Temple | | | |
| Johannes Thome | 1967– | | |
| Naftali Tishby | 1952–2021 | Israel | Mathematical Neuroscience Prize - 2019. |
| Susumu Tonegawa | 1939– | Japan | |
| Giulio Tononi | 1960– | Italy | |
| Anne Treisman | 1935–2018 | United Kingdom | Golden Brain Award - 1996. |
| Doris Tsao | 1975– | United States | Golden Brain Award - 2014. |
| Richard W. Tsien | 1945– | China - United States | Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience-2014 |
| Misha Tsodyks | | Russia | Mathematical Neuroscience Prize - 2017. |
| Endel Tulving | 1927–2023 | | |
| Fred W. Turek | 1947– | United States | |
| Robert Turner | 1946– | United Kingdom | |
| Lucina Uddin | | Bangladesh | |
| Leslie Ungerleider | 1946–2020 | | Golden Brain Award - 2011. |
| Elliott Valenstein | 1923–2023 | United States | |
| Antonio Maria Valsalva | 1666–1723 | Italy | Valsalva maneuver |
| Francisco Varela | 1946–2001 | Chile | |
| Costanzo Varolio | 1543–1575 | Italy | Pons Varolii |
| Andreas Vesalius | 1514–1564 | Habsburg Netherlands | |
| Jerzy Vetulani | 1936-2017 | Poland | Anna-Monika Prize - 1983. |
| Félix Vicq-d'Azyr | 1748–1794 | France | Bundle of Vicq d’Azyr |
| Arno Villringer | 1958– | Germany | |
| Marthe Vogt | 1903–2003 | Germany | |
| Joshua T. Vogelstein | 1981– | United States | |
| Oskar Vogt | 1870–1959 | Germany | |
| Julius Wagner-Jauregg | 1857–1940 | Austria | |
| George Wald | 1906–1997 | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1967. |
| Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz | 1836–1921 | Germany | |
| Augustus Volney Waller | 1816–1870 | United Kingdom | Wallerian degeneration |
| William Grey Walter | 1910–1977 | United States - United Kingdom | |
| Shih-Chun Wang | 1910–1993 | United States | |
| Kevin Warwick | 1954– | United Kingdom | |
| Ernst Heinrich Weber | 1795–1878 | Germany | Weber–Fechner law |
| Karl Wernicke | 1848–1905 | Germany | Wernicke's area, Wernicke's aphasia |
| Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal | 1833–1890 | Germany | Westphal's sign, Edinger–Westphal nucleus |
| Victor P. Whittaker | 1919–2016 | United Kingdom | |
| Robert Whytt | 1714–1766 | United Kingdom | |
| Torsten Wiesel | 1924– | Sweden | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 1981. |
| Samuel Williamson | 1939–2005 | United States | |
| Thomas Willis | 1621–1675 | United Kingdom | Circle of Willis |
| Moshe Wolman | 1914–2009 | Israel | |
| Valerie Wojna | – | United States | Fellow, American Academy of Neurology - 2001. |
| Daniel Wolpert | 1963– | United Kingdom | Golden Brain Award - 2010. |
| Daniel Wolpert | 1963– | United Kingdom | Golden Brain Award - 2010. |
| Robert Wurtz | 1936– | United States | Golden Brain Award - 1991. |
| Michael W. Young | 1949– | United States | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2017. |
| E. Paul Zehr | 1968– | Canada | |
| Semir Zeki | 1940– | United Kingdom | Golden Brain Award - 1985. |
| Huda Zoghbi | 1955– | Lebanon | Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences - 2017. |
| Yngve Zotterman | 1898–1982 | Sweden | |
| Charles Zuker | 1957– | Chile | |
| George Zweig | 1937– | Russia - United States | |