OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1904 Oslo earthquake

The 1904 Oslo earthquake occurred on 23 October at 11:27 CET, in Oslo, Norway. The earthquake was the second strongest earthquake in Norway until the 2008 Svalbard earthquake.

## Impact

The earthquake was felt in the southern part of the Oslofjord, in the area between Moss, Halden, and Tønsberg, but was also very noticeable in Oslo, where it caused damage to Johannes Church, among other places.
The earthquake possibly had its epicenter in the Skagerrak, about one and a half miles from both Færder Lighthouse in Vestfold, Akerøya in Østfold, and Nordkoster in Strömstad. It could be felt as far away as Namsos, Pomerania (in present-day Poland), the Baltics, and Helsinki. The earthquake occurred during a church service, causing panic in many churches around the Oslofjord, in Sweden, and in Aalborg, Denmark, but no one died.
Johannes Church in Oslo, which stood on a weak foundation and already had cracks before the earthquake occurred, was so heavily damaged by the tremor that it was closed and later demolished. Idd Church near Halden was also severely damaged, but it could be repaired. In Oslo, Olaf Norli's bookstore on Universitetsgata was damaged.
The earthquake is the strongest to have struck Sweden in modern times. The seismograph in Uppsala, installed earlier that year as the first in Scandinavia, was shaken so violently that the pendulum jumped out of its socket, rendering the seismograph unable to measure the quake. However, it was recorded by seismographs in Dorpat (Tartu), Leipzig, Göttingen, Hamburg, and Edinburgh, among others. Many chimneys collapsed, minor landslides were triggered, and tsunamis occurred both on the Swedish west coast and in Lake Vänern and other lakes. In two locations, unsecured railway wagons were set in motion, though they did not cause any accidents.
# Type 77 heavy machine gun

The Type 77 heavy machine gun or Type 85 is a Chinese 12.7×108mm heavy machine gun.

## History

During the mid-1970s, China decided to develop a lighter 12.7 mm machine gun to replace the Type 54 (indigenous DShK) that was more suited for mobile anti-aircraft applications. The weapon was adopted in 1977 and mass production commenced in 1980. To save weight the Type 77 used a hybrid short-recoil and direct gas impingement operated action, somewhat unusual for a machine gun, resulting in few moving parts and a long and slim, tubular receiver. Overall weight of the gun and tripod comes to about 56 kg (120 lb), less than half that of a mounted Type 54/DShK, though it retains the same locking system and belt feed.
The barrel is also thinner as light weight was favored over volume of fire, which causes it to overheat faster, with a prominent "pepperpot" muzzle brake. It has iron sights and a mount for a low-magnification optical sight suitable for engaging ground and air targets. The gun also has a large charging handle below the receiver, shoulder stock, and fires from an open bolt.

## Variants
### Type 85 heavy machine gun

Military designation QJG-85. Five years after the Type 77 entered service, it was replaced in production by the updated Type 85 heavy machine gun. An evolution on the Type 77, it used a more conventional muzzle brake and replaced the spade grips and separate cocking handle with horizontal grips and a sliding trigger unit, the entirety of which is moved forward and back to cock the gun. The gun and tripod were also lighter, weighing 24 kg (53 lb) and 17.5 kg (39 lb) respectively. Both weapons can be mounted on vehicles.

## Users

* Afghanistan
* Cambodia
* People's Republic of China
* Djibouti
* Iraqi security forces: Used by Unmanned ground vehicle "Alrobot". Also used by the Popular Mobilization Forces.
* Rwanda
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Yemen

### Non-State Actors

* Free Syrian Army and Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army
* Islamic State
* People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
* Tigray Defense Forces
# Terrien

Terrien is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Albert Terrien de Lacouperie (1844–1894), French orientalist
* David Terrien (born 1976), French racing driver
* Jean-Baptiste Terrien (born 1832), French Jesuit dogmatic theologian
* Samuel Lucien Terrien (1911–2002), French-American Protestant theologian
# Secretary General of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation

The secretary general of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation is chief executive of the Secretariat of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation. The post shall be appointed by the organization's Summit at the recommendation of the Council of Ministers for a non-renewable term of 4 years from among the qualified candidates nominated by Member Countries.

## Secretaries General

| Country | Person | Took office | Left office |
| Turkey | Ayhan Kamel | 1997 | 2006 |
| Indonesia | Dipo Alam | 2006 | 2010 |
| Indonesia | Widi Agoes Pratikto | 2010 | 2012 |
| Iran | Seyed Ali Mohammad Mousavi | 2013 | 2017 |
| Malaysia | Ku Jaafar Ku Shaari | 2018 | 2021 |
| Nigeria | Isiaka Abdulqadir Imam | 2022 | Present |
# GMG Community School District

42°06′23″N 92°49′27″W﻿ / ﻿42.106303°N 92.824221°W﻿ / 42.106303; -92.824221
GMG Community School District is a rural public school district headquartered in Green Mountain, Iowa.
The district is in Tama and Marshall counties, and it also serves Garwin and the surrounding rural areas.

## History

The district was established in 1987, by the merger of the Garwin and Green Mountain school districts.

## Schools

The district operates two schools:
* GMG Elementary School, Green Mountain
* GMG Secondary School, Garwin

## Operations

The district entered into an agreement with multiple school districts to share employees; districts may share employees as a way of saving money. For example the GMG and BCLUW school districts share a superintendent, with the occupant working for BCLUW 60% of the time and GMG 40% of the time. Ben Petty, previously the principal of BCLUW High School, became the shared superintendent of GMG and BCLUW in 2011. By 2014, the GMG, BCLUW, and Hubbard–Radcliffe districts shared a single elementary guidance counselor, the GMG, BCLUW, North Tama, and Gladbrook–Reinbeck districts shared a single director of curriculum and innovation, and GMG and BCLUW had a single transportation director.
The district was previously headquartered in Garwin.

## GMG Secondary School
### Athletics

The Wolverines compete in the Iowa Star Conference, including the following sports:
* Cross country
* Volleyball
* Football
** 1987 Class A state champions
* Basketball
* Wrestling
* Track and field
* Golf
* Soccer
* Baseball
* Softball
# 50th Legislature of the Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay

The Fifty Legislature of the Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay is the current meeting of the lower house of the Uruguayan General Assembly. It convened in Montevideo on February 15, 2025, during the last weeks of Luis Lacalle Pou's presidency and will remain in session throughout the five-year term of Yamandú Orsi's presidency.
Deputies were elected in the 2024 general election by department, for a five-year term by proportional representation with at least two members per department. The opposition Republican Coalition will have a simple majority of 49 seats, compared to 48 for the ruling Broad Front and 2 for Sovereign Identity, which is not part of either of the two blocs.

## Party summary

| Party | Party | Senate | Senate | Senate | Senate |
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| | Broad Front | 1,071,826 | 43.86 | 16 | +3 |
| | National Party | 655,426 | 26.82 | 9 | –1 |
| | Colorado Party | 392,592 | 16.07 | 5 | +1 |
| | Sovereign Identity | 65,796 | 2.69 | 0 | New |
| | Open Cabildo | 60,549 | 2.48 | 0 | –3 |
| | Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente | 33,461 | 1.43 | 0 | 0 |
| | Constitutional Environmentalist Party | 11 865 | 0.49 | 0 | New |
| | Independent Party | 41,618 | 1.70 | 0 | 0 |
| | Popular Unity-Workers' Party | 10 102 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 |
| | For Necessary Changes Party | 3,183 | 0.14 | 0 | New |
| | Republican Advance Party | 1,909 | 0.08 | 0 | New |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 85,106 | – | – | – |
| Total | Total | 2,443,901 | 100.00 | 30 | 0 |
| Source: Corte Electoral ||||||

## Composition

Source:
# Xrobb l-Għaġin

35°50′29″N 14°34′11″E﻿ / ﻿35.84139°N 14.56972°E﻿ / 35.84139; 14.56972
Xrobb L-Għagin is an area in southeastern Malta. It is mostly known due to the nature park located inside its boundaries which goes by the same name. It is also home to Xrobb l-Għaġin Tower, which is a ruined De Redin watchtower. The peninsula was also home to a Deutsche Welle relay station which later became the nature park main building.

## Xrobb l-Għaġin Temple

The temple of Xrobb l-Għaġin is also located in Xrobb l-Għaġin, it being the ruins of a Megalithic temple with its earliest remains dating to 4000BC. As these remains are located on the rapidly deteriorating cliff-side, efforts are currently being made to restore and protect them from future erosion. Solutions including the removal of certain structures to make them accessible somewhere else have been explored. The temple complex was first identified in 1913 by Temi Zammit and Thomas Ashby, then being excavated between 1914 and 1915. Investigations which occurred exactly one hundred years later, in 2015 have shown that there are still significant remains of the temple. The structure followed the typical plan of other Maltese Temples containing a paved court with an inner passage leading to four apices. The temple is oriented towards the southeast.

## Xrobb L-Għaġin as a nature park

On a protruding peninsula, the Xrobb l-Gain Nature Park and Sustainable Development Centre spans over 155,000 square metres (38 acres). The project's goal is to increase the use of renewable energy, manage wastewater, and protect biodiversity via teaching, demonstration, and research in sustainable environment solutions. A wildlife rehabilitation center was planned to be set up in the park. The park's main building complex also houses a hostel with around 30 beds. As part of its environmental protection policies, Xrobb l-Għaġin was home to an oil spill response training organized by Birdlife Malta.
# Ithaya Geetham

Ithaya Geetham is a 1950 Indian Tamil-language historical romance film written, directed and produced by Joseph Thaliath Jr. The film stars T.R. Mahalingam and T. R. Rajakumari. It was released on 29 July 1950.

## Plot

A king, on his deathbed, requests his friend to take care of the queen (Rajalakshmi) and their daughter (Rajakumari). The friend has two sons. While the elder son (Veerappa) goes to fight a battle, the younger son (Mahalingam) and the princess fall in love. The elder son returns victoriously and claims the hand of the princess. The princess vacillates. The younger brother goes to another battle but gets injured. The princess realises her folly and helps in the treatment of the younger brother. The two brothers decide to settle on a duel. The younger brother wins and marries the princess.

## Cast

Credits adapted from The Hindu review article and from the song book.

## Production

Filming took place mostly at Citadel Studios in Kilpauk. The film was later dubbed into Hindi under the title Jeevan Tara.

## Soundtrack

Music was composed by S. V. Venkatraman. Two songs "Vaanulaavum Tharai Nee en Ithaya Geethame" and "Odi Vaa Venmugil Poley", both sung by T. R. Mahalingam and T. R. Rajakumarai, became popular.
| Song | Singer/s | Lyricist | Duration(m:ss) |
| "Vaanulaavum Tharai Nee En Ithaya Geethame" | T. R. Mahalingam & T. R. Rajakumari | Kambadasan | 03:03 |
| "Assai Kiliye Azhaitthu Vaaraai" | T. R. Mahalingam | | 03:24 |
| "Juma Juma Jum Jum" | P. A. Periyanayaki & P. Leela | | 07:27 |
| "Odi Vaa Venmugil Poley" | T. R. Mahalingam & T. R. Rajakumari | K. P. Kamatchisundaram | 02:48 |
| "Oho Nee Summaa Summaa" | K. Sarangapani & T. S. Jaya | | 03:20 |
| "Janani Sri Goweri Dhesam" | P. A. Periyanayaki | | 04:08 |
| "Jeyame Ini Mele Bayamillai Ini" | T. R. Mahalingam & K. Sarangapani | | 03:21 |

## Reception

Historian Randor Guy opines that the film "did not prove to be a box office success as expected", although he praised the "impressive production values, tuneful music and the stunning Rajakumari."
# Shaun Pickering

Shaun Pickering (14 November 1961 – 11 May 2023) was a British shot putter who represented Great Britain in the Olympic Games and Wales in the Commonwealth Games. Pickering won a bronze medal at the 1998 Commonwealth Games representing the team from Wales in Kuala Lumpur and finished 27th at the 1996 Olympics.
Competing for the Stanford Cardinal track and field team, Pickering finished 6th in the weight throw for distance at the 1984 NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championships and 1985 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships.
Pickering was a member of the Welsh Athletics hall of fame for a career that included winning five Welsh shot put titles, five Welsh discus throw titles, and nine Welsh hammer throw titles. Pickering was the son of Olympian Jean Pickering and Ron Pickering and in 2010 became the heavy throws coach for UK Athletics.
Pickering died on 11 May 2023, at the age of 61.
# Mohammad Abdul Jalil

Mohammad Abdul Jalil (Bengali: মোহম্মদ আব্দুল জলীল; 9 February 1942 – 19 November 1989) was a freedom fighter and Mukti Bahini Sector Commander of Sector 9 during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. He was one of the founding members of the political party Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal.

## Early years

Mohammad Abdul Jalil was born on 9 February 1942 at his maternal home in Wazirpur, Backergunge District. He was a son of Janab Ali Choudhury. He passed the matriculation examination from Wazirpur WB Union Institution in 1959, Intermediate of Arts examination from Murry Young Cadet Institution, and joined the Pakistan army in 1963 as cadet of PMA. He obtained his graduation and Master of Arts in History during his service in the army. Abdul Jalil was commissioned in September 1965. and was elevated to the position of Major in 1970. In February 1971, Major Jalil came to Barisal on leave from his place of posting in Multan, and joined the war of liberation in March.

## Bangladesh Liberation War

Mohammad Abdul Jalil had pioneering role in floating the new political party Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal (JSD) in October 1972. At the inception of the party he was the joint convener, and was elected chairman of the party in the council session held on 26 December 1972.
The JSD under his leadership endeavored to establish '"scientific socialism" in the country and was altogether active in anti-government politics. Mohammad Abdul Jalil contested from seven constituencies in the Jatiya Sangsad elections in 1973 with no return. Major Jalil was arrested while launching a program of the party activists to besiege the official residence of the then Home Minister on 17 March 1974. He was released on 8 November 1975. Major Jalil was again arrested on 25 November by the martial law government for his alleged conspiracy for the overthrow of the government and attempts at usurping the state power. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in a trial by the special military tribunal. He was, however, released on 24 March 1980.
Major Jalil contested in the presidential election in 1981 as a nominee of the three-party alliance of JSD, Workers Party and Krishak-Sramik Samajbadi Dal. He was left chairmanship of the JSD in 1984. 16 days later, on 20 October 1984, he started a party called Jatiya Mukti Andolon. At this time he was active in creating Shommilito Shongram Parishad, under the leadership of Hafezzi Huzur. He was under house-arrest in January 1985 for one month. He was put in Dhaka Central jail from 30 December 1987 to March 1988, for joining the protest against autocrat Ershad.

## Notable works

* Seemahin Samay (1976)
* Dristibhangi O Jiban Darshan
* Surjodoy (1982)
* Arakshita Swadhinatayi Paradhinata (1989)
* Bangladesh Nationalist Movement for Unity: A Historical Necessity

## Death and legacy

He died in Islamabad, Pakistan on 19 November 1989. His body was brought to Dhaka on 22 November 1989, and buried at the Mirpur Graveyard for Intellectuals with full honor. A bridge in Barisal is named after him.
# Crawford County Community Schools

Crawford County Community School Corporation is a school district headquartered in Marengo, Indiana.

## Schools

* Crawford County High School
* Crawford County Middle School
* East Crawford Elementary School
* South Crawford Elementary School
* West Crawford Elementary School
# Elgaria

Elgaria is a genus of New World lizards in the family Anguidae. Their common name is western alligator lizards. There are seven species in the genus.

## Geographic range

Species in the genus Elgaria are distributed in western North America, from Mexico to Canada.

## Species

There are seven species:
| Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
| Elgaria cedrosensis (Fitch, 1934) | Cedros Island alligator lizard | Mexico (Cedros Island, and coastal S Baja California Norte) |
| Elgaria coerulea (Wiegmann, 1828) | Northern alligator lizard | Pacific Coast and in the Rocky Mountains from southern British Columbia through Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana south through Oregon to the coastal range and the Sierra Nevada in central California |
| Elgaria kingii Gray, 1838 | Madrean alligator lizard | Southwestern United States and adjacent northwestern Mexico |
| Elgaria multicarinata (Blainville, 1835) | Southern alligator lizard | Baja California to the state of Washington |
| Elgaria panamintina (Stebbins, 1958) | Panamint alligator lizard | California |
| Elgaria paucicarinata (Fitch, 1934) | San Lucan alligator lizard | Mexico |
| Elgaria velazquezi Grismer & Hollingsworth, 2001 | Central Peninsular alligator lizard | Mexico |
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Elgaria.
# Packie Russell

Patrick "Pakie" or "Packie" Russell (1920 in Doonagore, Doolin – 4 September 1977) was a stonecutter and a well known Irish traditional concertina player and storyteller out of Doolin, County Clare, Ireland. He was one of the three Russell brothers to earn fame as musician, together with his brothers Micho and Gussie.
Packie learned to play music on a very young age, learning most of his skills from his mother and from his neighbour Patrick Flanagan, both gifted concertina players.
Packie and his brothers first got attention outside Doolin due to the work of the Irish Folklore Commission. In the late 1930s Seamus O' Duillearga was active in County Clare and recorded stories and music, including music of the Russell brothers. Later recordings by others also brought them a wider public.

## Personal

He was born as one of five children of Austin Russell and Annie Moloney. He had two brothers and two sisters.
Packie Russells main occupation was as stone cutter in the quarry at Doonagore. Besides being a gifted musician, he was also a gifted storyteller.
While his brother Micho toured around the world, Packie (and Gussie) stayed at home in Doolin, playing most of his time in Gus O'Connor's Pub in Doolin. Still his death in 1977 made national headlines and national TV.
   ‘I am only an ignorant countryman living on the edge of the Cliffs of Moher, in the county of Clare, on the western coast of Ireland.’

## Recordings

* The Russell Family of Doolin, Co. Clare; Micho, Packie and Gussie Russell. Recorded by John Tams and Neil Wayne in O'Connor's Bar, Doolin January 1974. Published in 1975 by Topic Records.
* Keepers of Tradition Concertina players of County Clare
# Copper in Africa

Copper is one of the world's most important industrial minerals, and Africa is an important world producer. While output is traditionally dominated by Zambia, South Africa and Katanga Province in the south of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, many African nations contribute to copper production, and many African nations have undeveloped ore resources.
Cobalt, another important industrial metal, is often mined in conjunction with copper.

## Botswana

* Dukwi, African Copper's Mowana [fr] mine
* Ghanzi, Hana Mining; also silver.

## Democratic Republic of the Congo

* Katanga Province

## Namibia

* Weatherly (formerly Ongopolo Mining and Processing) – Matchless Mine Western Extension and Otjihase Mine near Windhoek

## South Africa

* Palabora Mining Company
* Rio Tinto

## Uganda

* Kasese - Kilembe Mines
* Jinja – Kilembe smelting operations currently reopening under A-Tec Mining after 1975 nationalization

## Zambia

* The Copperbelt
* Copperbelt Province
* Lumwana – Equinox Minerals
* Nchanga Mines
* Luanshya Copper Mine Company – Baluba – Mulyashi copper project
* Mkushi – African Eagle Resources
* Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines
* Zambia Copper Investments Limited – Konkola Deep Mining Project – symbol ZCI on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange

## Tanzania

Kinusi copper mine, Tanzania
Marula Mining Plc has 75% commercial interest in 10 primary mining licences through a binding head of agreement with Takela Mining Limited. The Licences are valid for a period of 7 years and are located in Kinusi in Mpwapwa District in the Dodoma Region of central Tanzania.
* Key milestone achieved at the Kinusi mine
* First Copper Sales Agreement Signed for Kinusi Copper Mine
"We are excited about the potential for further expansion and remain committed to developing Kinusi into a key contributor to our growing portfolio of battery and strategic metals projects." - CEO Marula Mining.
# Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)

Jeffrey Kaplan (born 1954) is an American academic who has written and edited a number of books on racism, religious violence, terrorism and the far-right. He is an associate professor of religion at the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh and a member of the board of academic advisors of the university's Institute for the Study of Religion, Violence and Memory.
Kaplan sits on the editorial boards of the journals Terrorism and Political Violence, Nova Religio and The Pomegranate.

## Education

Kaplan earned an M.A. in Linguistics from Colorado State University in 1981, a M.A. in international relations from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1989, and earned a Ph.D. in the history of culture from the University of Chicago in 1993. His thesis was titled "Revolutionary Millenarianism in the Modern World: From Christian Identity to Gush Emunim".

## Career

Kaplan was an associate professor of history at Iḷisaġvik College in Utqiagvik, Alaska.
Kaplan was awarded a Guggenheim Foundation Research Grant for a project on "The Emergence of a Violent Euro-American Radical Right" with Leonard Weinberg. Kaplan occupied the Bicentennial Fulbright Chair in American Studies at the University of Helsinki in Finland from 1998 to 1999.

## Publications

* ——; Weinberg, Leonard (1998). The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2563-2.
* ——; Bjørgo, Tore, eds. (1998). Nation and Race: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 1-55553-332-9.
* ——, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7425-0340-2.
* —— (2000). Beyond the Mainstream: The Emergence of Religious Pluralism in Finland, Estonia, and Russia. Helsinki: SKS. ISBN 95-1746-180-1.
* —— (2001). Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements From the Far Right to the Children of Noah. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2687-8.
* ——; Lööw, Heléne, eds. (2002). The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7591-0203-1.
* ——, ed. (2002). Millennial Violence: Past, Present and Future. London; Portland: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-5294-6.
* Taylor, Bron; ——, eds. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. London; New York: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 1-84371-138-9.
* —— (2010). Terrorist Groups and the New Tribalism: Terrorism's Fifth Wave. Abingdon; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-45338-7.
* —— (2015). Radical Religion and Violence: Theory and Case Studies. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-81414-0.