# Pompeo Batoni

Pompeo Girolamo Batoni (25 January 1708 – 4 February 1787) was an Italian painter who displayed a solid technical knowledge in his portrait work and in his numerous allegorical and mythological pictures. The high number of foreign visitors travelling throughout Italy and reaching Rome during their "Grand Tour" led the artist to specialize in portraits.
Batoni won international fame largely thanks to his customers, mostly British of noble origin, whom he portrayed, often with famous Italian landscapes in the background. Such Grand Tour portraits by Batoni were in British private collections, thus ensuring the genre's popularity in Great Britain. One generation later, Sir Joshua Reynolds would take up this tradition and become the leading English portrait painter. Although Batoni was considered the best Italian painter of his time, contemporary chronicles mention his rivalry with Anton Raphael Mengs.
In addition to art-loving nobility, Batoni's subjects included the kings and queens of Poland, Portugal, and Prussia; the Holy Roman Emperors Joseph II and Leopold II (a fact which earned him noble dignity); the popes Benedict XIV, Clement XIII, and Pius VI, Elector Karl Theodor of Bavaria; and many more. He also received numerous commissions for altarpieces for churches (in Rome, Brescia, Lucca and Parma, for example) as well as for mythological and allegorical subjects.
Batoni's style took inspiration and incorporated elements of classical antiquity, French Rococo, Bolognese classicism, and the work of artists such as Nicolas Poussin, Claude Lorrain, and especially Raphael. As such, Pompeo Batoni is considered a precursor of Neoclassicism.

## Biography
### Early life

Pompeo Batoni was born in Lucca, the son of a goldsmith, Paolino Batoni, and his wife, Chiara Sesti. On 5 February 1708, he was baptized in the Basilica of San Frediano. He moved to Rome in 1727, and apprenticed with Agostino Masucci, Sebastiano Conca and/or Francesco Imperiali (1679–1740).

### Career

Batoni owed his first independent commission to the rains that struck Rome in April 1732. Seeking shelter from a sudden storm, Forte Gabrielli di Gubbio, count of Baccaresca, took cover under the portico of the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Capitoline Hill. Here, the nobleman met the young artist who was drawing the ancient bas-reliefs and the paintings of the staircase of the palace.
Impressed by his skill and the purity of the design, Gabrielli asked Batoni to see some of his works, and when conducted to the painter's studio he was so awed by his talent that he offered him to paint a new altarpiece for the chapel of his family in San Gregorio Magno al Celio, the Madonna on a Throne with Child and four Saints and Blesseds of the Gabrielli family (1732–33), a second version of which (1736) is now at the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. The Gabrielli Madonna obtained general admiration and by the early 1740s Batoni started to receive other independent commissions. His celebrated painting, The Ecstasy of Saint Catherine of Siena (1743) illustrates his academic refinement of the late-Baroque style. Another masterpiece, his Fall of Simon Magus was painted initially for the St Peter's Basilica.
Batoni became a highly-fashionable painter in Rome, particularly after his rival, the proto-neoclassicist Anton Raphael Mengs, departed for Spain in 1761. Batoni befriended Winckelmann and, like him, aimed in his painting to the restrained classicism of painters from earlier centuries, such as Raphael and Poussin, rather than to the work of the Venetian artists then in vogue. Commenting on Batoni, the art historians Boni and de Rossi said of Batoni and Mengs the other prominent painter in Rome during the second half of the 18th century, that Mengs was made painter by philosophy: Batoni by nature...(Batoni) was more painter than philosopher, (Mengs) more philosopher than painter. In 1741, he was inducted into the Accademia di San Luca.
He was greatly in demand for portraits, particularly by the British travelling through Rome, who took pleasure in commissioning standing portraits set in the milieu of antiquities, ruins, and works of art. There are records of over 200 portraits by Batoni of visiting British patrons alone.
Such "Grand Tour" portraits by Batoni came to proliferate in the British private collections, thus ensuring the genre's popularity in the United Kingdom, where Reynolds would become its leading practitioner. In 1760, the painter Benjamin West, while visiting Rome would complain that Italian artists "talked of nothing, looked at nothing but the works of Pompeo Batoni".
In 1769, the double portrait of the emperor Joseph II and his brother Pietro Leopoldo I (then Grand Duke of Tuscany, later emperor Leopold II), won an Austrian nobility for Batoni. He also portrayed Pope Clement XIII and Pope Pius VI.
It is believed he painted the staffage (background figures) for some of the landscape paintings of Hendrik Frans van Lint.
According to a rumour, before dying in Rome in 1787, he bequeathed his palette and brushes to Jacques-Louis David, to whom, full of admiration for his Oath of the Horatii, Batoni would have confessed: "Only the two of us can call themselves painters".

### Death

His late years were affected by declining health; he died in Rome in 1787, at the age of 79, and was buried at his parish church of San Lorenzo in Lucina. Batoni's last will executors were cardinal Filippo Carandini and James Byres, the Scottish antiquary, but the estate was insolvent, and his widow was forced by the events to petition the Grand Duke of Tuscany, whom Batoni had painted in 1769, for financial assistance, offering in exchange her husband's unfinished self-portrait, today at the Uffizi in Florence.

### Personal life

From 1759, Batoni lived in a large house at 25 Via Bocca di Leone in Rome, which included a studio as well as exhibition rooms and a drawing academy. He was married twice, in 1729 to Caterina Setti (died 1742), and then in 1747 to Lucia Fattori, and he had twelve children; three of his sons assisted in his studio. His daughters Rufina, who died on 27 April 1784 at age 27, and Maria Benedetta were accomplished singers.

## Influence

Vincenzo Camuccini is said to have frequented his studio. The Italian Angelo Banchero of Sestri Ponente, Benigno Bossi of Arcisate, Paolo Girolamo Brusco of Genoa, Antonio Cavallucci of Sermoneta, Marco Cavicchia of Arpino, Adamo Chiusole, Antonio Concioli of Pergola, Domenico Conti Bazzani of Mantua, Domenico Corvi of Viterbo, Felice Giani of San Sebastiano Curone, Gregorio Giusti of Pistoia, Gaspare Landi of Piacenza, Nicola Antonio Monti of Ascoli Piceno, Giuseppe Pirovani of Pavia, Pasquale Ciaramponi of Treia, and Carlo Giuseppe Ratti of Savona, were among his students or were influenced by his work. Among the foreigners, Henry Benbridge of Philadelphia, Maria Cosway of Florence, Ivan Martos of Poltava, Johann Gottlieb Puhlmann of Zieko, and Johannes Wiedewelt of Copenhagen were among Batoni's most notable followers.

## Criticism and exhibitions

Batoni was among the most celebrated Italian painters in his day, and his patrons and collectors included royals and aristocrats from all over Europe. His fame and reputation decreased over the 19th century until 20th-century scholars dedicated their critical attention to him and again revived his fame among the general public. Among them the following can be noted: the German Ernst Emmerling, the Englishmen John Steegman and Benedict Nicolson, the Italian Isa Belli Barsali, and the Americans Anthony M. Clark and Edgar Peters Bowron.
The first exhibition devoted to Pompeo Batoni was held in his hometown of Lucca in 1967, after which two other were organized in London and New York in 1982. He was again the subject of a major exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston, the National Gallery in London, and the Ducal Palace in Lucca in 2007–08.
A portrait of George Oakley Aldrich, a fellow of Merton College, Oxford, from the 1750s, identified in the Bodleian Library in Oxford by art historian Bendor Grosvenor and visual sociology researcher Emma Dabiri, is the subject of an episode of BBC Four's Britain's Lost Masterpieces first broadcast on 30 October 2019. After a full restoration by Simon Gillespie, the programme concludes with a positive attribution to Batoni made by expert in British 18th-century portraiture Prof. Robin Simon.

## List of works
### Allegory and History

(In chronological order)
* The Virgin Mary enthroned with saints of the Gabrielli di Gubbio family — (1732–33), San Gregorio al Celio, Rome; and (1736), Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice
* The five allegories of the Arts — (1740) Stadelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main
* Apollo and Two Muses - (1741) Museum of King John III's Palace at Wilanów, Warsaw
* Catherine of Siena in Ecstasy — (1743) Museo di villa Guinigi, Lucca
* Achilles and Lycomedes — (1745) Uffizi, Florence
* Time orders Old Age to destroy Beauty — (1746) National Gallery, London
* Fall of Simon Magus — (1746–1755) St Peter's Basilica, Rome
* Aeneas escaping from Troy — (1750) Sabauda Gallery, Turin
* Vulcan - (1750) National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa
* Cleopatra shows Octavian the bust of Caesar - (1755) Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon
* Martyrdom of Saint Lucia — (1759) Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid
* The Holy Family — (1760) Capitoline Museum, Rome
* Diana and Cupid — (1761) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
* Madonna — Church of Santa Maria in Monterone, Rome

### Portraits

* Portrait of Giacinta Orsini — (1758)
* Portrait of a Man in a Blue Suit — (1760s) Dallas Museum of Art
* Portrait of Richard Milles — (1760–1770) National Gallery, London
* Portrait of Humphry Morice — (1761) National Gallery, London
* Portrait of Charles Crowle — (1761–1762) Louvre, Paris
* Portrait of the Duke of York — (1764) Royal Collection
* Portrait of Lord Dundas — (1764) Aske Hall, Yorkshire, England
* Portrait of Manuel de Rodas — (1765) Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid
* Portrait of Abbondio Rezzonico — (1766) Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome
* Portrait of Sir Gregory Page Turner — (1768) Private Collection
* Portrait of Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany — (1768) Private Collection
* Portrait of Thomas Estcourt, Esquire — (1772) John Hay Library, Brown University
* Selfportrait — (1773–1774) Uffizi, Florence
* Portrait of Thomas William Coke — (1774) Holkham Hall, Norfolk, England
* Portrait of a Man (John Scott?) — (1770) National Gallery, London
* Portrait of Pius VI — (1775–1776) Sabauda Gallery, Turin
* Portrait of Douglas, 8th Duke of Hamilton — (1775–1776) Inveraray Castle
* Portrait of Francis Basset — (1778) Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid
* Portrait of Francis Basset 1st Baron of Dunstanville — (1778) Prado Museum, Madrid
* Portrait of George Legge Viscount Lewisham — (1778) Prado Museum, Madrid
* Portrait of Pope Pius VI — (ca.1780) Royal Castle, Warsaw
* Portrait of Pierre André de Suffren — (c.1785)
* Portrait of the Countess Maria Benedetta di San Martino — (1785) Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid

## Gallery
### Portraits

* Cardinal Prospero Colonna di Sciarra, c. 1750, Walters Art Museum, Mount Vernon, Baltimore
* William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, c. 1752, Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College
* Portrait of Lord North, 1753, National Portrait Gallery, London
* John Rolle Walter, c. 1753, Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter
* Clement XIII, c. 1758, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Kassel
* Portrait of Richard Milles, 1758, National Gallery, London
* John Armytage, 2nd Baronet, 1758, private collection
* Sir Wyndham Knatchbull-Wyndham, 6th Bt, c. 1758, Los Angeles County Museum of Art
* Portrait of a man in a blue suit, c. 1760, Dallas Museum of Art
* Charles Crowle, 1762, Louvre, Paris
* Portrait of Humphry Morice, c. 1762, National Portrait Gallery, London
* Cardinal Jean-François-Joseph de Rochechouart, 1762, Saint Louis Art Museum, Saint Louis,
* John Montagu, Marquess of Monthermer, 1764, Boughton House, Northamptonshire
* Portrait of the Duke of York, 1764
* Alexander, 4th Duke of Gordon, 1764, Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh
* Luigi Boccherini, c. 1764–67, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne
* Manuel de Roda, c. 1765, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid
* General William Gordon, 1765–66, Fyvie Castle, Fyvie
* Philip Metcalfe, 1766–67, National Portrait Gallery, London
* Lady Mary Fox, later Baroness Holland, 1767
* William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, 1768, Chatsworth House, Derbyshire
* Sir Gregory Page-Turner, 3rd Baronet, c. 1768, private collection
* Sir William FitzHerbert, 1st Baronet, c. 1768, Tissington Hall, Derbyshire
* Emperor Joseph II and Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo of Tuscany, 1769, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
* George, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley, 1772, Houghton Hall, Norfolk
* Thomas Estcourt, Esquire, 1772, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
* Portrait of a Man, 1774, National Portrait Gallery, London
* Reverend Thomas Kerrich, c. 1774
* Pope Pius VI, 1775, National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin
* José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca, 1776, Art Institute of Chicago
* Portrait of Francis Basset on the Grand Tour in Rome, 1778, Prado Museum
* Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 5th Earl of Shaftesbury, 1782, St Giles House, Wimborne St Giles, Dorset
* Countess Maria Benedetta di San Martino, 1785, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum
* Leonardo Leo, 18th century, Naples Conservatory of Music
* Portrait of Stephen Beckingham, 1752

### Other subjects

* Madonna enthroned with Child and Saints of the Gabrielli di Gubbio family, 1732, San Gregorio Magno al Celio, Rome
* Madonna enthroned with Child and Saints of the Gabrielli di Gubbio family, 1736, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice
* Christ with Saints Julian and Basilissa, Celsus and Marcionilla, 1736–8, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
* Allegory of the Arts, 1740, Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt
* Sacred Heart of Jesus, 1767, Church of the Gesù, Rome
* Samson and Delilah, 1766, Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit
* The Holy Family with St Elizabeth and the Infant St John the Baptist, 1777, Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg
* The Sacred Family, ca. 1763, Capitoline Museums, Rome
* Apollo and two Muses, 1741, King John III Palace Museum, Wilanów, Warsaw
* The infant Hercules strangling serpents in his cradle, 1743, Palazzo Pitti, Florence
* Marriage of Cupid and Psyche, 1756, Berlin State Museums
* Martyrdom of Saint Lucía, 1759, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid
* Diana and Cupid, 1761, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
* The Continence of Scipio, 1771, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
* The Return of the Prodigal Son, 1773, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice. Sala XVIII". Retrieved 28 June 2018.
* ↑ "Ecstasy of Saint Catherine of Siena - at Museo di Villa Guinigi in Lucca". Wga.hu. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
* ↑ "Fall of Simon Magus (1750) at Cleveland Museum of Art". Archived from the original on 12 May 2007.
* ↑ Memorie per servire alla storia della romana Accademia di San Luca by Melchiorre Missirini, p. 221.
* ↑ "Portrait of John Talbot". Getty.edu. 7 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
* ↑ "Portrait of John Wodehouse". Oberlin.edu. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
* ↑ Christiansen 1982, pp. 39–41.
* ↑ Christiansen 1982, p. 40.
* ↑ "Portrait of Emperor Joseph and his brother, Grand Duke Leopold, in Rome". Archived from the original on 22 October 2006.
* ↑ "Portrait of Pius VI". Mv.vatican.va. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
* ↑ Hendrik Frans van Lint, called le Studio (Antwerp 1684 - Rome 1763), Landscape with a Watermill and Dancing Figures (The Wedding of Isaac and Rebecca) Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine at Gallerie Canesso
* ↑ Guida di Pistoia per gli amanti delle belle arti con notizie By Francesco Tolomei, p. 178.
* ↑ Le belle arti, Volumes 1-2, by Giovanni Battista Gennaro Grossi, p. 196.
* ↑ "BBC Four - Britain's Lost Masterpieces, Series 4, Oxford". BBC.
* ↑ "Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo - Martirio de Santa Lucía". Academia Colecciones (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 January 2021.
* ↑ John A. Rice, "Music in Arcadia: Batoni's Portrait of Giacinta Orsini and Aurisicchio's Cantata on the Departure of Her Father," Early Music 46 (2018), 615–30
* ↑ "Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo - Manuel de Roda". Academia Colecciones (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 January 2021.
* ↑ Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Real Academia de BBAA de San Fernando. "Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo - Manuel de Roda". Academia Colecciones (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 January 2021.
* ↑ "Francis Basset, 1st Baron of Dunstanville - The Collection - Museo Nacional del Prado". museodelprado.es. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
* ↑ "George Legge, Viscount Lewisham - The Collection - Museo Nacional del Prado". www.museodelprado.es. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
* ↑ "Portrait of the Countess Maria Benedetta di San Martino". Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza. Retrieved 4 January 2021.

## References and further reading

* E. Peters Bowron and P. Kerber, Pompeo Batoni, Prince of Painters in Eighteenth-Century Rome (2008)
* Christiansen, Keith (1982). European Paintings; Notable Acquisitions. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
* Clark, Antony M. (1985). Pompeo Batoni. Oxford: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-2341-4.