OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Juncaceae

Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and sedges. They often grow on infertile soils in a wide range of moisture conditions. The best-known and largest genus is Juncus. Most of the Juncus species grow exclusively in wetland habitats. A few rushes, such as Juncus bufonius are annuals, but most are perennials. Despite the apparent similarity, Juncaceae are not counted among the plants with the vernacular name bulrush.

## Description

The leaves are evergreen and well-developed in a basal aggregation on an erect stem. They are alternate and tristichous (i.e., with three rows of leaves up the stem, each row of leaves arising one-third of the way around the stem from the previous leaf). Only in the genus Distichia are the leaves distichous. The rushes of the genus Juncus have flat, hairless leaves or cylindrical leaves. The leaves of the wood-rushes of the genus Luzula are always flat and bear long white hairs.
The plants are bisexual or, rarely, dioecious. The small flowers are arranged in inflorescences of loose cymes, but also in rather dense heads or corymbs at the top of the stem or at its side. This family typically has reduced perianth segments called tepals. These are usually arranged in two whorls, each containing three thin, papery tepals. They are not bright or flashy in appearance, and their color can vary from greenish to whitish, brown, purple, black, or hyaline. The three stigmas are in the center of the flowers. As is characteristic of monocots, all of the flower parts appear in multiples of three.
The fruit is usually a nonfleshy, three-sectioned dehiscent capsule containing many seeds.

## Uses

The dried pith of plants of this family is used to make a lighting implement known as a rushlight.
The common rush (Juncus effusus) is called igusa in Japanese and is used to weave the soft surface cover of tatami mats.
In medieval Europe, loose fresh rushes would be strewn on earthen floors in dwellings for cleanliness and insulation. Particularly favored for such a purpose was Acorus calamus (sweet flag), but despite its alternate vernacular name "sweet rush", it is a plant from a different monocot order, Acorales. Up until the 1960s in Ireland, rushes were spread on the earthen floor of homes during wet weather to help keep the floor dry during periods of snow or rain, or during hot weather to keep rooms cool. Rushes used in Ireland included Juncus effusus, Juncus glaucus, and Juncus conglomeratus.
The stems and leaves of Juncus kraussii were used by Indigenous Australians for fibre, for string, fishing lines, woven rugs and woven baskets. It is commonly used today for stabilisation of the banks of estuaries, around salt marshes and riparian zones next to sites developed for human use. It is also used in biofiltration systems and rain gardens.
# 1517 in France

Events from the year 1517 in France

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Francis I

## Events

* May 10 – The coronation of Queen Consort Claude of France, wife of King Francis I, takes place at the Basilica of St Denis with Cardinal Philippe de Luxembourg performing the ceremony.
* August 26– Treaty of Rouen, treaty between France and Scotland.

### Date unknown

* The Hôtel de Ville, Arras completes construction.
* The city of Le Havre is founded by King Francis I and construction on its port is started.

## Births

* July 10 – Odet de Coligny, French cardinal and Protestant (d. 1571)
* July 25 – Jacques Pelletier du Mans, French mathematician (d. 1582)
* August 20 – Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, statesman, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1586)
* August 23 - Francis I, Duke of Lorraine, French noblemen. (d.1545).

### Date unknown

* Hubert Languet, French diplomat and reformer (d. 1581)
# Intersalt study

The INTERSALT Study was a 1988 international observational study which investigated the link between dietary salt, as measured by urinary excretion, and blood pressure. The study was based on a sample of 10,079 men and women aged 20–59 sampled from 52 populations around the world. The authors of the study provided a widespread international investigation of the correlation between dietary salt intake and blood pressure in a systematic and standardized way with regards for relevant confounding variables, beyond just age and sex.

## Results

The study found a significant direct relationship between dietary salt intake, the urinary sodium:potassium ratio and systolic blood pressure, and between salt intake and the slope of blood pressure with age – both for all 52 populations, and for 48 populations excluding four low-sodium populations (Yanomamo and Xingu Indians of Brazil, Papua New Guinea and rural Kenya).

## Reception

The results were disputed by the Salt Institute (the salt producers' trade organisation, since disbanded), who demanded that the results be handed over for re-analysis. A re-analysis was published in 1996 and the results were the same. The results have since been confirmed by the TOHP I and TOHP II studies,trials of salt reduction and blood pressure in chimpanzees, meta-analyses of the human clinical trial data and the SSaSS trial of salt substitute and cardiovascular disease.
# Hot Dogs (film)

Hot Dogs (French: Les Chiens chauds) is a Canadian crime comedy/sexploitation film, directed by Claude Fournier and released in 1980. The film has been released under a variety of English titles, including Cops and Other Lovers, Under the Cover Cops and The Clean Up Squad, but has become best known as Hot Dogs.
The film stars Harry Reems as "Mr. Clean", the leader of a police vice squad who is determined to rid Montreal of prostitution, and Geoffrey Bowes as Maurice, a vice squad officer whose wife leaves him after discovering that his job involves dressing up as a woman to catch and arrest johns, who then decides to hire top local prostitute Estelle (Nicole Morin) to entrap Mr. Clean in a sex scandal in order to get him fired.
The cast also includes Daniel Pilon, Paul Berval, Greg Swanson, Fiona Reid, Gilles Latulippe, Ghyslain Tremblay, Jean Lapointe, Monique Lepage and Guy L'Écuyer.

## Critical response

Stephen Godfrey of The Globe and Mail panned the film, writing that "there'd be no point in talking about this embarrassment if it didn't bear the names of a number of talented Canadian actors, most notably Fiona Reid and Geoffrey Bowes, whose presence and performances in this film make one believe they need money very badly." He further opined that the dialogue was so bad that somebody ought to sue Fournier on behalf of the English language, but conversely praised Reems for giving a stronger performance than expected, writing that "when [Reems] encounters Miss Morin in the last part of the film and his facade begins to crumble, there are moments when he expresses the required vulnerability with real skill. Surprisingly, one almost begins to care about him. Given the idiocy that surrounds him, that is at least as awe-inspiring as anything else Reems may have shown on film in the past."
For Cinema Canada, Gary Evans wrote that "this nonsense does at least poke fun at the whole vice squad concept and the all-too-frequent entrapment techniques that police use to put pressure on prostitutes. Pity that Fournier and Raymond's screenplay missed the chance to comment on how vice squads seem to habitually rear their heads when city administrations wish to divert attention from municipal corruption."
# Rogadius

Rogadius is a genus of marine, demersal ray-finned fish belonging to the family Platycephalidae. These fishes are native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.

## Taxonomy

Rogadius was first formally proposed as a genus in 1908 by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Robert Earl Richardson with Platycephalus asper, which had been described in 1829 by Georges Cuvier from Nagasaki, designated as its type species. This genus is classified within the family Playtcephalidae, the flatheads which the 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies within the suborder Platycephaloidei in the order Scorpaeniformes.

## Etymology

Rogadius is a latinisation of rogad, an Arabic name for the bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus).

## Species

Rogadius contains seven species:
* Rogadius asper (Cuvier, 1829) (Olive-tailed flathead)
* Rogadius fehlmanni L. W. Knapp, 2012
* Rogadius mcgroutheri Imamura, 2007 (McGrouther's flathead)
* Rogadius patriciae L. W. Knapp, 1987 (Black-banded flathead)
* Rogadius pristiger (Cuvier, 1829) (Thorny flathead)
* Rogadius serratus (Cuvier, 1829) (Serrated flathead)
* Rogadius welanderi (L. P. Schultz, 1966) (Welander's flathead)

## Characteristics

Rogadius flatheads have two or more preopercular spines have at least two spines on the preoperculum, with the upper spine being the longest. There is no elongation of the upper lobe of the caudal fin with no elongated filament extending out from that fin. The first dorsal fin has between eight or nine spines. the second being equal in height to the third, while the second dorsal fin has no more than twelve soft rays. There are two separate patches of vomerine teeth. There are between 48 and 56 pored scales, each with two pores, on the lateral line with spines on the scales in the anterior portion of that line. The diagonal rows of scales run downwards and backwards over lateral line and the number of these rows is roughly about equal to the number of scales in the lateral line, typically with a difference of only one or two scales. The head has bony ridges which have many fine serrations on them and a single bony ridge on the side of the head underneath the eye with the lower margin of the suborbital not being clearly visible due to being turned inward. The lappet on the iris has two lobes. The maximum length attained by these fishes varies from a standard length of 11.2 cm (4.4 in) in R. fehlmanni to a maximum total length of 50 cm (20 in) in R. pristiger.

## Distribution

Rogadius flatheads are found in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans from the Red Sea to Tonga, north to southern Japan and south to Australia.
# Negros Occidental National Science High School

The Negros Occidental National Science High School or NONSHS is a public science high school at Estrella Road, Brgy. XIV, Victorias City, Negros Occidental, Philippines. It is a Department of Education-recognized National Science high school.
Its old name, Negros Occidental Science High School, was changed after fulfilling the qualifications and standards of a national-level secondary school. It was announced in June 2010, official resuming of classes. Major changes were applied to the school.

## History

The Negros Occidental National Science High School (NONSHS), formerly known as Negros Occidental Science High School (NOSHS), started its active curriculum in 1997. Primary school graduates take the entrance exam in order to be admitted to the school's curriculum.
# Yann Emmanuel Affi

Yann Emmanuel Affi (born 11 November 1995) is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Þór Akureyri. Besides his native Ivory Coast, he has played in Belarus and Finland.

## Career statistics

    As of 13 January 2025
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National cup | National cup | League cup | League cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| SC Gagnoa | 2015–16 | Ivorian Ligue 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| SC Gagnoa | 2016–17 | Ivorian Ligue 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 2 | 0 |
| SC Gagnoa | Total | Total | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino | 2017 | Belarusian Premier League | 10 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 11 | 0 |
| Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino | 2018 | Belarusian Premier League | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 10 | 0 |
| Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino | 2019 | Belarusian Premier League | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 23 | 0 |
| Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino | Total | Total | 43 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 0 |
| SC Gagnoa | 2020–21 | Ivorian League 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Dynamo Brest | 2021 | Belarusian Premier League | 20 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 2 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| Gomel | 2022 | Belarusian Premier League | 26 | 1 | 3 | 0 | — | — | 2 | 0 | 31 | 1 |
| AC Oulu | 2023 | Veikkausliiga | 27 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | — | 36 | 1 |
| BATE Borisov | 2024 | Belarusian Premier League | 19 | 1 | 2 | 1 | — | — | — | — | 21 | 2 |
| Þór Akureyri | 2025 | 1. deild karla | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 138 | 3 | 13 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 159 | 4 |
* ↑ Includes Belarusian Cup and Suomen Cup
* 1 2 Includes UEFA Europa Conference League
* ↑ Includes Finnish League Cup

## Honours

Gomel
* Belarusian Cup: 2021/2022
# Antecedent (logic)

An antecedent is the first half of a hypothetical proposition, whenever the if-clause precedes the then-clause. In some contexts the antecedent is called the protasis.
Examples:
This is a nonlogical formulation of a hypothetical proposition. In this case, the antecedent is P, and the consequent is Q. In the implication "$\phi$ implies $\psi$", $\phi$ is called the antecedent and $\psi$ is called the consequent. Antecedent and consequent are connected via logical connective to form a proposition.
"$X$ is a man" is the antecedent for this proposition while "$X$ is mortal" is the consequent of the proposition.
Here, "men have walked on the Moon" is the antecedent and "I am the king of France" is the consequent.
Let $y=x+1$.
"$x=1$" is the antecedent and "$y=2$" is the consequent of this hypothetical proposition.
# Faro Convention

The Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society, better known as the Faro Convention, is a multilateral Council of Europe treaty whereby states agree to protect cultural heritage and the rights of citizens to access and participate in that heritage.

## Content

The Faro Convention establishes rights and responsibilities to and for cultural heritage, explicitly in the context of Article 27 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights which guarantees the right "freely to participate in the cultural life of the community".
Article 1 of the convention states that "rights relating to cultural heritage are inherent in the right to participate in cultural life." Article 4 states that "everyone...has the right to benefit from the cultural heritage and to contribute towards its enrichment."
The convention also focuses on promoting sustainability, access and the use of digital technology in the context of cultural heritage.

## Conclusion and entry into force

The Convention was concluded and signed on 27 October 2005 in Faro, Portugal. The most recent signatory was San Marino in February 2024. It came into force on 1 June 2011 after being ratified by ten states.

## State parties

As of November 2024, the treaty has been ratified by the following 25 states:
* Armenia
* Austria
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Estonia
* Finland
* Georgia
* Hungary
* Italy
* Latvia
* Luxembourg
* Moldova
* North Macedonia
* Montenegro
* Norway
* Portugal
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* Poland
* San Marino
# Laurence Halsted

Laurence Cassøe Halsted (born 22 May 1984) is a British foil fencer, silver medallist in the 2008 European Championships and author of Becoming A True Athlete: A Practical Philosophy For Flourishing Through Sport.

## Career

Halsted is the son of Nick Halsted, who fenced for Great Britain in the 1968 Summer Olympics, and Clare Henley-Halsted, who competed in foil in the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics. He took up fencing himself at the Finchley Foil club and soon showed promise, winning the 2001 Junior European Championships in Keszthely. He helped Great Britain to conquer a bronze medal in the 2002 competition.
After he graduated in social psychology at the University of Sussex, he joined the Lansdowne Club in London. He made his breakthrough at the 2008 European Championships in Kyiv: he saw off 2008 World silver medallist Andrea Baldini in the quarter-finals, then Ukraine's Andriy Pohrebnyak to reach the final. He lost to Italy's Andrea Cassarà and came away with a silver medal. The following year he was stopped in the semifinals by fellow countryman Richard Kruse and took a bronze medal. Also in 2009, he won the foil title at the British Fencing Championships. He finished the 2010–11 season no.16 in world rankings, a career best as of 2015.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics he competed in the team foil event, where Great Britain team beat Egypt in the first round, but lost to Italy in the quarter-final.
After taking a break from competitive fencing for 2 years, Laurence returned to the British team to help them qualify for the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics. He finished 22nd in the individual event, losing to China's Haiwei Chen, and 6th in the team event, losing 45–43 in the quarter-finals to eventual winners, Russia.
Now located in Copenhagen, Denmark, Laurence Cassøe Halsted has since 1 January 2017 been Performance Director for the Danish Fencing Federation. On 26 August 2021, he published his first book called Becoming A True Athlete: A Practical Philosophy For Flourishing Through Sport.
His is known by his teammates as "The Kingslayer" due to his resemblance to HBO actor Nikolaj Coster-Waldau.
# Sing! (competition)

Sing!, often stylized SING!, is an annual student-run musical production put on by some high schools in New York City. It is a theater competition between the various grades, with the setup between grades differing from school to school (such as sophomore-freshman vs. seniors vs. juniors, senior-sophomore vs. junior-freshman or freshman-senior vs. sophomore-junior).
Sing! was conceived by Bella Tillis (1913–2013), a music teacher at Midwood High School in Brooklyn, New York in 1947.
A Library of Congress archive of the papers of entertainer Danny Kaye, who went to high school with Tillis, contains playbills of Sing! performances at Midwood High School from the years 1953–1957.
The 1989 film Sing is based on a fictional Sing! production. According to The New York Times review of the movie, the film's production notes say that Paul Simon, Neil Diamond, Barbra Streisand, Carole King and Neil Sedaka, who attended various Brooklyn and Queens high schools in the mid to late 1950s, took part in Sing! productions. Other Sing! celebrities include Stuyvesant High School's Tim Robbins and Paul Reiser, and James Madison High School's Janis Siegel.

## Inter-Sing

Inter-Sings are Sing competitions held between different high schools. They have been held in Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island and Long Island. Sheepshead Bay High School had a long string of victories in the three-school competition called InterSchool Sing (or Inter-Sing) during the 1970s and 1980s, punctuated by wins by Lincoln High School.
Inter-Sing first started on Staten Island in the late 1970s between Tottenville and Susan Wagner High Schools. More recently, Susan E. Wagner High School won the Staten Island competition in 2007 with their Junior production of "The JSV Circus"; Staten Island Technical High School won in 2008 with their Senior-Sophomore production entitled "Carnicus"; and Tottenville High School, which participated for the first time, won in 2009 with Senior Sing X's production of "Narneville", a twisted fairy tale.
Inter-Sing 2015 in Brooklyn was broadcast on live TV in Brooklyn.
# Melayê Cizîrî

Melayê Cizîrî (born Shaykh Ahmed), penname Nîşanî (Kurdish: مەلای جزیری, romanized: Melayê Cizîrî, born; Cizre, c. 1570 – died c. 1640) was a Kurdish poet who laid the foundations for Kurdish poetry.

## Biography

Born in Cizre of Bohtan around year 1570, Cizîrî was a Sufi who spoke Kurdish, Arabic and Persian. He only expressed himself literarily in Kurdish. He began his studies in his hometown before traveling to Baghdad, Syria, Egypt and Persia to study philosophy, astrology and divination. During this period, he became familiar with Hafez who would become an influence in his poetry. Other influences included Rumi, Saadi Shirazi and Jami.
When he returned to Kurdistan, he established himself in Diyarbakır and began teaching until his death. He was buried in the city near Sur but his burial place has since then been destroyed by the Turkish military. Cizîrî was a friend of Sharafkhan Bidlisi of Principality of Bitlis and celebrated him in two poems.
His love for Kurdistan was also explicitly expressed in his literature.

## Style

The poetry of Cizîrî had a well-established technique based on the forms of Arab-Persian poetry, using the bayt and the meter frequently used by Hafez in his ghazals. Inspired by the dominating Naqshbandi order during the period, Cizîrî wrote about "pure love, the wine of ecstasy, metaphysical rapture, and the joys and sufferings of mystical love." He was the first Kurd to use the qasida genre and the first to write a complete diwan of roughly 120 poems.

## Legacy

During his lifetime, Cizîrî became poetry was popular. Cizîrî would also become the father of a Kurdish literary school and was admired by later poets like Ahmad Khani and Cigerxwîn. As he was one of the earliest users of Kurmanji in literary work, he also served as model for other poets including Ahmad Khani who wrote Mem and Zin in the same dialect. He would also lay the foundations for the Kurdish qasida which emerged in the subsequent centuries.
Among Kurdish nationalists, Cizîrî is a symbol of national pride.
# Hirose Takeo

Hirose Takeo (廣瀨武夫, Hirose Takeo), (May 27, 1868 – March 27, 1904) was a career officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy. He commanded the cargo vessel Fukui Maru during the Battle of Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese War. The ship was hit by coastal artillery, and despite being wounded, he drowned while looking for other survivors of the sinking, going down with his ship. His selfless sacrifice elevated him to the status of a deified national hero.

## Biography

Born in what is now Taketa, Ōita, his father Hirose Shigetake was a judge, while his elder brother Hirose Katsuhiko was a rear admiral. He studied at the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in Etajima, graduating from the 15th class in 1889. He served aboard the ironclad warship Fusō during the First Sino-Japanese War and saw action at the Battle of Yalu River on September 17, 1894. From 1897 to 1899 Hirose was sent to study in Russia and stayed on as the resident military attaché in St. Petersburg until 1902. During his time as attaché he went on a tour of Germany, France and Great Britain. He was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1900.
When Japan went to war against Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, Hirose was assigned to the battleship Asahi as torpedo officer. However, during the Battle of Port Arthur he volunteered to command the Fukui Maru, an old cargo vessel which was used as a blockship during the second unsuccessful attempt to blockade the entrance to Port Arthur on the night of March 26. As the ship was about to reach the channel, it was hit by Russian coastal artillery and exploded. Hirose was fatally wounded while searching for survivors and went down with the ship.
Because of his heroism, he was posthumously promoted to commander, and deified as a "martial spirit" (軍神 gunshin), and a Shinto shrine was built in his honor in Taketa, Oita. A statue of him was also erected outside the Manseibashi Railway Station in Tokyo until 1947.

## Cultural references

Song of Commander Hirose was a Monbusho Shoka, or a song authorized by the Ministry of Education, a predecessor of the current Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
Hirose was the subject of the epic historical novel Saka no Ue no Kumo, by author Ryōtarō Shiba. The novel became the basis for the NHK television drama Saka no Ue no Kumo, in which Hirose portrayed by ex-Olympic swimmer and actor Takahiro Fujimoto.