OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Copper Panic of 1789

The Copper Panic of 1789 was a monetary crisis of the early United States that was caused by debasement and loss of confidence in copper coins that occurred under the presidency of George Washington.
After the American Revolution, many states began minting their own coins largely in copper. At first the coins were widely accepted and their usage was rarely impeded, whereas several attempts by the British Empire to introduce new coins to the Americas were met with resistance. For several years there were high levels of confidence in these coins and knowledge that they were a high quality copper.
As more counterfeiters began production and caused minters to have to debase their coins to remain in business, the value of copper began to fall. Several laws were passed during this time period, including the prohibiting of debased coins from being considered legal tender. The State of New York prohibited the circulation of copper coins entirely. The State of New Jersey in 1787 declared it would no longer accept any legal tender of other states for any debts. This furthered the decline in copper prices, forcing many minters to shut down, leaving only counterfeiters who produced extremely low quality coins.
By 1789 the market was completely flooded with debased coppers that were officially illegal and thus caused the citizens to lose all confidence in them. The Federal government attempted to value them at 48 coppers to the shilling, but merchants refused to cooperate and the coins became almost entirely worthless. At the height of the debasement, there was a 430% inflation rate for copper and commerce ceased, forcing several businesses and manufacturers to close down.
The situation was alleviated when the Bank of Philadelphia ― Second Bank of the United States ― began issuing paper bank notes to replace the copper coins. State governments sought to cooperate with the plan and thus established the small fiat currency as an active medium of trade. With stability returning to the economy the value of copper also rose again, until it was almost back to normal values in most areas. Commerce began to flourish again as the monetary system had confidence restored. This event was largely a factor for the federal government establishing a stronger federal currency standard and initiating more federal taxes to empower a central authority.
# Collectionwise normal space

In mathematics, a topological space $X$ is called collectionwise normal if for every discrete family F$_i$ (i ∈ I) of closed subsets of $X$ there exists a pairwise disjoint family of open sets U$_i$ (i ∈ I), such that F$_i$ ⊆ U$_i$. Here a family ${\mathcal {F}}$ of subsets of $X$ is called discrete when every point of $X$ has a neighbourhood that intersects at most one of the sets from ${\mathcal {F}}$. An equivalent definition of collectionwise normal demands that the above U$_i$ (i ∈ I) themselves form a discrete family, which is a priori stronger than pairwise disjoint.
Some authors assume that $X$ is also a T$_1$ space as part of the definition, but no such assumption is made here.
The property is intermediate in strength between paracompactness and normality, and occurs in metrization theorems.

## Properties

* A collectionwise normal space is collectionwise Hausdorff.
* A collectionwise normal space is normal.
* A Hausdorff paracompact space is collectionwise normal. In particular, every metrizable space is collectionwise normal. Note: The Hausdorff condition is necessary here, since for example an infinite set with the cofinite topology is compact, hence paracompact, and T$_1$, but is not even normal.
* Every normal countably compact space (hence every normal compact space) is collectionwise normal. Proof: Use the fact that in a countably compact space any discrete family of nonempty subsets is finite.
* An F$_σ$-set in a collectionwise normal space is also collectionwise normal in the subspace topology. In particular, this holds for closed subsets.
* The Moore metrization theorem states that a collectionwise normal Moore space is metrizable.

## Hereditarily collectionwise normal space

A topological space X is called hereditarily collectionwise normal if every subspace of X with the subspace topology is collectionwise normal.
In the same way that hereditarily normal spaces can be characterized in terms of separated sets, there is an equivalent characterization for hereditarily collectionwise normal spaces. A family $F_{i}(i\in I)$ of subsets of X is called a separated family if for every i, we have F$_i$∩cl⁡(⋃$_{j≠i}$F$_j$)=∅{\textstyle F_{i}\cap \operatorname {cl} (\bigcup _{j\neq i}F_{j})=\emptyset }, with cl denoting the closure operator in X, in other words if the family of $F_{i}$ is discrete in its union. The following conditions are equivalent:
* X is hereditarily collectionwise normal.
* Every open subspace of X is collectionwise normal.
* For every separated family $F_{i}$ of subsets of X, there exists a pairwise disjoint family of open sets $U_{i}(i\in I)$, such that $F_{i}\subseteq U_{i}$.

### Examples of hereditarily collectionwise normal spaces

* Every linearly ordered topological space (LOTS)
* Every generalized ordered space (GO-space)
* Every metrizable space. This follows from the fact that metrizable spaces are collectionwise normal and being metrizable is a hereditary property.
* Every monotonically normal space
# Miss Liechtenstein

Miss Liechtenstein is a title awarded by beauty pageants for unmarried women in Liechtenstein. The first pageant was held in 1988. The second was held in 1994. Events in 2007 and 2008 were organized by a local organizing committee, Verein Miss Liechtenstein. In 2007, nine finalists were selected from among applications to compete in the pageant. The following year, eight finalists were selected.
In October 2009, the then-reigning Miss Liechtenstein, Stefanie Kaiser, gave birth to a baby girl.

## Titleholders

| Year | Name |
| 1988 | Verena Berthold |
| 1989–1993 | not held |
| 1994 | Carmen Foser-Königsdorfer |
| 1995–2006 | not held |
| 2007 | Fabienne Walser |
| 2008 | Stefanie Kaiser |
The magazine Miss Europe Continental has articles introducing person with the title 'Miss Liechtenstein': Jasmin Falk. It is unclear whether these individual is official winner of the relevant contest.

## Liechtenstein at International pageants
### Miss Intercontinental Liechtenstein

* : Declared as Winner
* : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification
* : Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists
* : Ended as special awards winner
| Year | Miss Liechtenstein | Placement at Miss Intercontinental | Special Awards | Notes |
| Did not compete since 2005—present |||||
| 2004 | Sybille Grossenbacher | Unplaced | | |
# Benjamin Apthorp Gould Fuller

Benjamin Apthorp Gould Fuller (March 9, 1879 – March 15, 1956) was a philosopher, author of A History of Philosophy, and president of the American Philosophical Association. He is also known and published as B.A.G. Fuller.
He was the son of Horace Williams Fuller and Emily Gorham Carter. He studied at Roxbury Latin School in Roxbury, Massachusetts, and received his A.B., A.M., and Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1900, 1902, and 1906, respectively. In 1902 he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, and received his B.Sc. in 1905. His Ph.D. thesis on "The Problem of Evil in Plotinus" was published in 1912. He was described as "a representative of Epicureanism at its best."
Fuller taught philosophy at Harvard from 1906 to 1910. In 1910 he traveled around the world, visiting Kashmir, northern and central India, Assam, Burma, Java, and Japan, developing "the habit of never taking a ticket further than the next stop, and came to the realization that life is much too short to hurry."
He was commissioned as an infantry captain in the United States Army during World War I and served from 1917 to 1919. During this time, he was assigned to the staff of General Tasker H. Bliss in the American Section of the Supreme War Council at Versailles from January 1918 to June 1919. He was awarded the Ordine della Corona d'Italia.
In 1923 Henry Holt & Co. published his History of Greek Philosophy, Thales to Democritus.
He was a professor and fellow at the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati, where he began teaching in 1924. He was subsequently a professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California from 1933 to 1941.
Fuller maintained a home in the Hollywood Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles from 1932 until his death. The house is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument. He is buried in Taxco, Mexico, where he had a winter home.
# Fair Hill, Maryland

Fair Hill is an unincorporated community in Cecil County, Maryland, United States. Fair Hill is located at the intersection of Maryland routes 213 and 273, north of Elkton. It is home to the Fair Hill Natural Resources Management Area, a 5,613 acre protected area formerly part of the land holdings of William duPont, Jr.
The community is also supported by a horse-racing track. Venue renovations began in 2018, which were assisted by the Maryland Stadium Authority and have since been completed. Fair Hill is also home to the Cecil County Fair.
# Alan Wilkie (judge)

Sir Alan Fraser Wilkie (born 26 December 1947), styled The Honourable Mr Justice Wilkie, is a former British judge and barrister. He retired on 31 January 2017.

## Early life

Wilkie was born on 26 December 1947. He was educated at Hutchesons' Grammar School, a private school in Glasgow, Scotland, and Manchester Grammar School, an all-boys independent school in Manchester, England. He studied law at Balliol College, Oxford.

## Legal career

Wilkie was called to the bar at Inner Temple in 1974. He was made a Queen's Counsel (QC) on 28 April 1992. On 27 January 1995, he was appointed to the South Eastern Circuit as a Recorder, a part-time judge.
Wilkie became a full-time judge in 1997. On 9 April, he was appointed a circuit judge. He was a judge of the High Court of Justice (Queen's Bench Division) from 1 October 2004 until 2017. He was a Presiding Judge of the North Eastern Circuit from 2007 to 2010. On 1 April 2012, he was appointed to the Judicial Appointments Commission for a five-year period.
Notable cases that Wilkie presided over include the trial of Lord Ahmed for causing death by dangerous driving, the Milly Dowler murder trial, the trial of Bishop Peter Ball for sexual abuse, and the trial of Thomas Mair for the murder of Batley and Spen MP Jo Cox. Wilkie sentenced John Darwin and his wife, Anne, in 2008 for faking his own death in a canoe accident.
He concluded that the London Bridge Terrorist Usman Kahn was so dangerous "that the public could only be protected by the imposition of an indeterminate sentence". This conclusion was overturned by the Court of Appeal under Lord Leveson with the result that Kahn was let out on licence and stabbed two people to death in November 2019.

## Personal life

Wilkie married Susan in 1972.

## Honours

Wilkie was made a Knight Bachelor upon becoming a High Court Judge in 2004. He is an Honorary Member of The Society of Legal Scholars.
# Isaiah Stevens

Isaiah Stevens (born November 1, 2000) is an American professional basketball player for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA), on a two-way contract with the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Colorado State Rams.

## High school career

Stevens attended Allen High School in Allen, Texas. As a junior, he led his team to the Class 6A state title. In his senior season, Stevens averaged 21 points and was named District 9-6A co-MVP. He competed for Team Faith on the Amateur Athletic Union circuit alongside five-star recruit Greg Brown. Stevens committed to playing college basketball for Colorado State over offers from SMU and Mississippi State, among others.

## College career

On December 22, 2019, Stevens recorded a freshman season-high 26 points, 12 assists and five steals in a 111–104 win over Tulsa in triple overtime. On January 29, 2020, he made a game-winning buzzer beater as part of a 12-point effort in a 92–91 victory over Nevada. As a freshman, Stevens averaged 13.3 points, 4.5 assists and 3.1 rebounds per game, setting the program freshman record for assists. He earned Mountain West Freshman of the Year honors and was selected to the Third Team All-Mountain West by the league's coaches. As a sophomore, Stevens averaged 15.3 points, 5.4 assists and 4.3 assists per game. He was named to the First Team All-Mountain West. Stevens was named to the Second Team All-Mountain West as a junior.
In 2022, Stevens helped lead the Rams to the NCAA tournament for the first time since 2013.
On January 2, 2024, Stevens surpassed the 2,000-point mark for his career.

## Professional career
### Miami Heat / Sioux Falls Skyforce (2024–present)

After going undrafted in the 2024 NBA draft, Stevens signed the Miami Heat to an Exhibit 10 contract on July 6, 2024, but was waived on October 19. On October 28, he joined the Sioux Falls Skyforce and on December 26, he signed a two-way contract with the Heat.

## Career statistics
### College

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| 2019–20 | Colorado State | 32 | 32 | 32.6 | .467 | .380 | .816 | 3.1 | 4.5 | .8 | .1 | 13.3 |
| 2020–21 | Colorado State | 28 | 28 | 35.2 | .465 | .427 | .865 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 1.1 | .1 | 15.3 |
| 2021–22 | Colorado State | 31 | 31 | 34.7 | .461 | .377 | .902 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 1.2 | .1 | 14.7 |
| 2022–23 | Colorado State | 26 | 26 | 36.8 | .465 | .378 | .862 | 3.4 | 6.7 | .8 | .3 | 17.9 |
| 2023–24 | Colorado State | 36 | 36 | 34.8 | .474 | .440 | .836 | 3.2 | 6.8 | 1.2 | .2 | 16.0 |
| Career | Career | 153 | 153 | 34.7 | .467 | .402 | .854 | 3.4 | 5.6 | 1.0 | .1 | 15.4 |

## Personal life

Stevens' older brother, Barrington, played college basketball for South Alabama before embarking on a professional career.
# Mayflower School District

Mayflower School District (MSD) is a public school district based in Mayflower, Faulkner County, Arkansas, United States. MSD supports more than 1,100 students in prekindergarten through grade 12 by employing more than 150 faculty and staff on a full time equivalent basis for its three schools.
The school district encompasses 76.73 square miles (198.7 km$^2$) of land in Faulkner County and serves all of Mayflower and portions of Sherwood, Jacksonville, Conway, and Vilonia.

## Schools

* Mayflower High School, serving grades 9 through 12.
* Mayflower Middle School, serving grades 5 through 8.
* Mayflower Ełementary School, serving prekindergarten through grade 4.
# Susan Brantley

Susan L. Brantley (born 1958) is an American geologist and geochemist who is the Dr. Hubert Barnes and Dr. Mary Barnes Professor at Pennsylvania State University. Her research dominantly studies interactions between fluids and minerals at low temperatures, biological reactions in water-rich fluids within soils, and the geochemical processes that convert rock into soil. However, among many other topics, she has also published work on carbon dioxide emissions from volcanoes, and the environmental impact of shale gas extraction and nuclear waste disposal. During her career, Brantley has published over 200 research papers and book chapters, has been awarded academic prizes and fellowships by many of the world's leading geoscience societies, and has been described as "one of the leading aqueous geochemists of her generation."

## Awards and recognition
### Fellowships and memberships

* Fellow of the American Geophysical Union
* Fellow of the Geological Society of America
* Fellow of the Geochemical Society
* Fellow of the European Association of Geochemistry
* Fellow of the International Association of GeoChemistry
* Member of the National Academy of Sciences
* Member of the National Academy of Engineering

### Professional awards

* Robert Garrels Award, The Geobiology Society (2019)
* Urey Medal of the European Association of Geochemistry (2018)
* Geochemistry Division Medal of the American Chemical Society (2017)
* Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London (2016)
* Honorary doctorate, University of Lausanne, Switzerland (2013)
* Presidential Award of the Soil Science Society of America (2012)
* Honorary doctorate, University of Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier University, France (2011)
* Arthur L. Day Medal of the Geological Society of America (2011)
# Valvoline

Valvoline Inc. (/ˈvælvəliːn/ VAL-və-leen) is an American retail automotive services company. It licenses the name for a number of Valvoline-labeled automotive oil, additives, and lubricants. It also owns the Valvoline Instant Oil Change, Great Canadian Oil Change and Valvoline Express Care car repair chains. As of 2023, it is the second largest oil change service provider in the United States with 10% market share and over 1,650 locations.

## History

Dr. John Ellis, the inventor of a petroleum lubricant for steam engines, founded Valvoline in 1866, in Binghamton, New York, as the "Continuous Oil Refining Company". In 1868, Ellis renamed his Binghamton Cylinder Oil to the more memorable Valvoline. The next year, he moved the Continuous Oil Refining Company to Brooklyn. With his son and son-in-law, Ellis renamed the company to "Ellis & Leonard" and relocated to Shadyside, New Jersey. Valvoline received commendations by Charles F. Chandler and others at the Paris Exhibition of 1878. By the 1890s, Valvoline oil was associated with winning race cars. During the early 20th century, Valvoline was the recommended motor oil for the Ford Model T.
In 1949, Ashland Inc. purchased the Freedom-Valvoline Company.
By 2016, Ashland's Valvoline subsidiary accounted for about 37% of the parent company's annual revenue. Valvoline completed an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange on September 22, 2016, ahead of Ashland spinning off Valvoline as an independent company on May 5, 2017.
On August 1, 2022, Saudi Aramco announced the acquisition of Valvoline's lubricant unit for US$2.65 billion.

## Automobile and motorcycle partnerships

Valvoline is an official recommended fuel and motor oil for all General Motors marquees including Chevrolet, Buick and Cadillac and also all-Honda Motor Company group brands including Honda and Acura for automobiles only as well as Honda for motorcycles only.

## Sponsorships

Valvoline sponsored a number of auto races to market its motor oil, including the SCCA National Championship Runoffs and Bommarito Automotive Group 500. Valvoline also sponsored the first woman to compete in both the Daytona 500 and Indianapolis 500, Janet Guthrie, NASCAR Cup Series driver Mark Martin (1992-2000), CART driver Al Unser Jr. (1988-1993), and NASCAR teams RahMoc Enterprises, and Ginn Racing and Hendrick Motorsports (since 2014).
In Australia, Valvoline owns naming rights to the Sydney Speedway and sponsors the Australian Sprintcar Grand Prix. It also sponsored the 1994 Australian Manufacturers' Championship.
Since June 2020, Valvoline sponsors La Liga association club Sevilla FC as a global partner, with their logo appearing on the sleeves of match kits.
Since July 2023 Valvoline is currently sponsoring the Aston Martin Formula One team as an extension of the team's existing partnership with Aramco, and the partnership will be upgraded to lubricant supply role from 2026 season onwards due to Honda engine direct partnership. From 2025 season onwards Valvoline will also supplying lubricants to Renault-backed BWT Alpine F1 Team.
# Merag

Merag is a village in Croatia, located on the east coast of Cres. It is connected by ferry to Valbiska on Krk and is accessed via the D101 road which is connected to the D100 road, the main road on the island of Cres. The village has a population of 10.

## Gallery

* Meraška jama collapse doline
* Doline forest
* Cliffs
* Scree
* Boulder (breccia)
* Boulder (mossy)
* Merag village
* Sv. Bartolomeja church ruins
# Nolte

Nolte is a surname that may refer to:
* Bill Nolte (born 1953), U.S. singer and stage actor
* Carl Nolte (born c. 1933), U.S. journalist
* Charles Nolte (1923–2010), U.S. actor and educator
* Claudia Nolte (born 1966), German politician
* Dorothy Nolte (1924–2005), U.S. writer and family counselor
* Edwin Nolte, (1885–1940), U.S. politician and Missouri senator
* Eric Nolte (born 1964), U.S. baseball pitcher
* Ernst Ferdinand Nolte (1791–1875), German botanist
* Ernst Nolte (1923–2016), German historian and philosopher
* Georg Nolte (born 1959), German jurist
* Harry Nolte (born 1961), German Olympic sprint canoer
* Jan Nolte (born 1988), German politician
* Jerry Nolte (born 1955), U.S. politician, educator, and commercial artist
* Jürgen Nolte (born 1959), German Olympic fencer
* Kay Nolte Smith (1932–1993), U.S. writer
* Mark Nolte, American politician
* Nick Nolte (born 1941), U.S. actor
* Pierre Nolte (born 1965), South African singer and songwriter known by the artistic name Valiant Swart
* Richard Nolte (1920–2007), U.S. diplomat and analyst
* Roeland J. M. Nolte (born 1944), Dutch chemist
* Vincent Otto Nolte, author of Fifty Years in Both Hemispheres, or Reminiscences of the Life of a Former Merchant (1854, translated from the German)
* Zelda Nolte (1929–2003), South African-British sculptor
# Willowbank F.C.

Willowbank Football Club, referred to simply as Willowbank, is an intermediate football club playing in the Northern Amateur Football League. Willowbank were established 1969. They are based on the Falls Road, in West Belfast, Northern Ireland, and play their home games at The Cliff. They play in the Irish Cup.

## History

Willowbank were first formed in 1969, but had become inactive in the 1990s.
During the 2000s, Willowbank came back into existence, playing five-a-side football. They then submitted some teams in the Down & Connor Youth Leagues. Willowbank then entered the Belfast & District Football League.
In the 2016/17 season, Willowbank when undefeated across the season in the Belfast and District Football League. They made it a double, going on to win the B&D Nelson Cup.
In the 2017/18 season, Willowbank joined the Northern Amateur Football League and won the 2C Division in their first season in. In the 19/19 season, they won 2B, making it back-to-back promotions.
In 2020, Willowbank supported their community during Lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic. They supplied over 100 footballs and cones in an effort to support people's mental and physical health.
Willowbank won the 2023/23 Division 1C.
In the 2023/24 season, Willowbank won a double, the Border Cup and league winners of Division 1B. This made it another back-to-back promotion as champions.
In 2024, they reached the Steel & Sons Cup final, losing 1 - 0 to Derriaghy Cricket Club.

## Club honours

Northern Amateur Football League
* Division 1B
** 2023/24
* Division 1C
** 2022/23
* Division 2B
** 2018/19
* Division 2C
** 2017/18
* NAFL Border Cup
** 2023/24
County Antrim Football Association
* CAFA Junior Shield
** 2018/19
* CAFA Junior Shield
** 2021/22
Irish Football Association
* IFA Junior Cup
** 2019/20
Belfast and District League
* Premier Division
** 2016/17
* Nelson Cup
** 2016/17
# McCall-Donnelly School District

McCall-Donnelly Joint School District is a school district headquartered in McCall, Idaho. As of 2020 its enrollment count is about 1,300. Its territory includes sections of Valley and Adams counties, with 98% of its territory in the former and the remainder in the latter.

## History

It was established in 1950.
Glen Szymoniak served as superintendent until his December 19, 2014 resignation. Jim Foudy, previously principal of Barbara R. Morgan Elementary School, became interim superintendent immediately and was formally named superintendent in April 2015.

## Schools
### Secondary

* McCall-Donnelly High School (McCall) - grades 9-12
* Payette Lakes Middle School (McCall) - grades 6-8

### Elementary (Preschool-Grade 50

* Barbara R. Morgan Elementary School (McCall)
* Donnelly Elementary School (Donnelly)

### Alternative

* Heartland High School (for secondary grades)