OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# War studies

War studies, sometimes called polemology, is the multi-disciplinary study of war. It pertains to the military, diplomatic, philosophical, social, political, psychological or economic dimensions of human conflict. The word polemology derives from Ancient Greek: πόλεμος, romanized: pólemos, lit. 'war, battle' + -logy.

## History

In 1943, King's College London reestablished its military science department as the Department of War Studies. The department was discontinued in 1948, and the field of war studies was taught in the Department of Medieval and Modern History until the Department of War Studies was reinstated in 1962.

## Disciplines

* Laws of war – International regulations of warfarePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Philosophy of war – Theory of causes and ethics of armed conflict
** Ethics of war – Doctrine about when a war is ethically justPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
*** Just war theory – Doctrine about when a war is ethically just
** Deterrence theory – Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
* Psychology of war – Specialized field in psychological sciencePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
** Post traumatic stress disorder – Mental disorder associated with traumaPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
** Psychological operations – Information operations to assist military objectivesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Military history
* Military science – Theory, method, and practice of producing military capability
* Motivations, conduct and effect of war
* Economics of war – Actions taken by a state to mobilize its economy for war productionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Sociology of war
* Sociology of the military – Subfield within sociology which studies the military as a social groupPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* International relations – Study of relationships between two or more states
** International relations theory – Study of international relations from a theoretical perspective
* Political science – Scientific study of politics
* Anthropology – Scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies
# List of hotels in Los Angeles

This is a list of hotels in Los Angeles (including the Greater Los Angeles Area).

## Hotels in Los Angeles

* Alan Hotel
* Ambassador Hotel
* Andaz West Hollywood
* The Beverly Hills Hotel
* The Beverly Hilton
* Beverly Wilshire Hotel
* Boyle Hotel – Cummings Block
* Cecil Hotel
* Century Plaza Hotel
* Chateau Marmont
* Crowne Plaza: Los Angeles-Commerce Casino
* Culver Hotel
* Delphi Hotel, The (formerly the Downtown Standard Hotel (2002-2023))
* DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Los Angeles Downtown
* Dunbar Hotel
* Fremont Hotel, Los Angeles
* Glen-Holly Hotel
* Hollywood Hotel
* Hollywood Melrose Hotel
* Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel
* Hotel Alexandria
* Hotel Bel-Air
* Hotel Chancellor
* Hotel Indigo Los Angeles Downtown
* InterContinental: Los Angeles Downtown
* Los Angeles Marriott
* Knickerbocker Hotel
* L'Ermitage Beverly Hills
* Millennium Biltmore Hotel
* Mondrian Los Angeles
* Monte Vista Hotel
* Park Plaza Hotel
* The Peninsula Beverly Hills
* Pico House
* Regency Plaza Suites
* Sheraton Town House/Sheraton West
* Sportsmen's Lodge
* Sunset Marquis Hotel
* Sunset Tower
* Superior Oil Company Building
* Westin Bonaventure Hotel
* Wilshire Grand Center
# Nemaha Valley Schools (Nebraska)

Nemaha Valley Schools (ID#49-0501-000) was a school district in Nebraska.
The district's service area included Cook, Burr, Lorton, and Talmage.

## History

Charles Finley served as superintendent until June 30, 1972.
In 1992 the Burr Public School District dissolved, with Nemaha Valley taking some of the territory.
In 1993 the Spring Creek Public School District dissolved, with Nemaha Valley taking some of the territory.
Gary Anderson served as principal until his 2001 resignation.
The voters allowed for increased taxes with a levy override voted in November 2005. However, state aid declined to its smallest number in 2007.
In the 2006-2007 school year, the enrollment count was 192, and there were to be about 30 fewer students for a 2007-2008 school year. In 2007 the district agreed to merge with Tecumseh Public Schools.
Effective May 31, 2007, Nemaha Valley merged into Johnson County Central Public Schools.

## Student programs

Nemaha Valley, by 2007, had a Future Farmers of America program.
# Scarlet Adams

Scarlet Adams is the stage name of Anthony Price, an Australian drag performer who competed on the first season of RuPaul's Drag Race Down Under. She has been described as a burlesque performer, costume designer, and pole dancer. She was named Queen of the Court, Entertainer of the Year 2016 at the annual PROUD Awards, as well as Miss Burlesque Western Australia 2018. She is based in Perth, as of 2021. During her time on Drag Race, she was criticized for past use of blackface, for which she issued an apology.
# Central-Northern Latian dialect

The Central-Northern Latian dialect (Laziale centro-settentrionale) is an Italian dialect belonging to the Central Italian dialects, of which it represents the southern offshoot.

## Territory

It is spoken in the Lazio (Latium) region, and in particular in the northern areas of the Province of Frosinone (whose variants are often improperly defined as the Ciociaro dialect or more anciently Campanino), in the central-northern areas of the Province of Latina and in most of the Metropolitan city of Rome with the exception, however, of the city of Rome, where the Romanesco dialect is widespread and which differs widely from the rest of the Latian dialects.

## Features
### Phonetics

The central-northern Lazio is characterized, like the other Central Italian dialects and the Tuscan dialect (but unlike the neighboring Southern Latian dialect and most of the other Italian dialects), by the presence of seven vowels, also typical of standard Italian.

## The Judeo-Roman dialect

The Judaic-Roman dialect can be inserted within the Central-Northern Latian dialect, having diverged considerably from the Romanesco dialect after the establishment of the ghetto in 1555 and therefore not undergoing the influence of the Tuscan as strongly as the dialect of the capital. The dialect is now used for literary and theatrical works.
# Oakhurst Productions

Oakhurst Productions was a production company formed by actor Stanley Baker in the late 1960s which produced a number of films, notably The Italian Job (1969). Their first film, Robbery (1967), was made in association with Embassy Pictures but the next five were made with Paramount Pictures. Oakhurst owned a building along the Thames River which was later sold as part of Baker and Deeley's take over of British Lion.
Among their unmade projects were:
* an adaptation of the novel Flashman by George MacDonald Fraser to be directed by Richard Lester;
* Summer Fires directed by Peter Hall.
* Everyman's Brother from a novel by Norman Lewis

## Credits

* Robbery (1967)
* Sleep Is Lovely (1969)
* Where's Jack? (1969)
* The Italian Job (1969)
* Colosseum and Juicy Lucy (1970)
* Perfect Friday (1970)
# 1897 Red River flood

The 1897 Red River flood took place in April 1897, along the Red River resulting in significant damage to the city of Fargo, North Dakota. The conditions which led to the flood of 1897 were similar to the conditions behind the 2009 flood, however the 1897 flood was different in terms of the human response to it. Although the river gauge was not installed on the Red River until 1901, other sources indicate that the crest of the 1897 flood at a site 1.5 miles (2.4 km) downstream from the present Fargo gauge would have been 40.10 ft (with a discharge rate of 25,000 ft$^3$/s) according to the present datum.
Until the 2009 flood, the 1897 flood was the highest water recorded in the Fargo-Moorhead area and has since served as the benchmark for which many other floods of the Red River were measured against.

## Causes

In the spring of 1897 R.M. Probesfield took a measurement of 5 feet (1.5 m) of snow on the ground in an area which was free from drifting; a value 2 feet (0.61 m) higher than one taken prior to the 1861 flood. Due to the level of measured snowfall a flood in the spring was expected.

## River crests

| City | Crest | Date |
| Wahpeton, North Dakota | 2' 8" above the 1893 high | 1897-03-31 |
| Fargo, North Dakota | 40.10 ft (present datum) 34.2 ft (1952 datum) | 1897-04-07 - Early Morning |
| Grand Forks, North Dakota | Line along 3rd Street Covering Demers Ave in East Grand Forks | 1897-04-10 - Noon |
# Nettleton School District (Arkansas)

Nettleton School District (or Nettleton Public Schools) is a public school district based in Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States. The school district provides early childhood, elementary and secondary education for more than 3,200 kindergarten through grade 12 students at its seven facilities at Jonesboro in Craighead County.
Nettleton School District is accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE) and has been accredited by AdvancED since 2007.

## Schools
### Secondary schools

* Nettleton High School—serving more than 850 students in grades 9 through 12.
* Nettleton Junior High School—serving more than 450 students in grades 7 through 8.

### Elementary schools

* Fox Meadow Elementary School—serving approximately 400 students in kindergarten through grade 2.
* Fox Meadow Intermediate Center—serving approximately 350 students in grades 3 through 5.
* University Heights Intermediate Center—serving approximately 400 students in grades 3 through 5.
* Nettleton STEAM —serving approximately 500 students in grade 3-6.
* University Heights Elementary School—serving approximately 350 students in kindergarten through grade 2.
# Ponka-We Victors

Ponka-We Victors (born July 7, 1981, in Ponca and Tohono Oʼodham) is a community support worker from Wichita, Kansas, who was a Democratic member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing District 103 from 2011 to 2023.

## Background

Victors is an enrolled member of both the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma and the Tohono Oʼodham Nation, and a lifelong resident of Wichita. She earned a bachelor's degree in biology from Newman University in 2005, and a Master of Public Administration from Wichita State University in 2008.

## Elected office

Victors, who had worked as a Congressional intern, had been a long-time backer of Delia Garcia, the incumbent Representative from Kansas's 103rd congressional district. In 2010, Garcia supported Victors in filing as the only candidate for the 2010 Democratic primary election hours before the filing deadline. Victors became the presumptive winner of the seat. No Republican candidate has run for the seat since 1998, when incumbent Democrat Thomas Klein polled 57% of the vote in a three-way race. Victors ran unopposed in the November general election.
In 2012, she beat challenger Angela Martinez in the Democratic primary and was again unopposed in the November general election.

### "Illegal immigrants" speech

In 2013, Victors drew national attention when, during a hearing on a bill to deny in-state tuition to Kansas high school graduates who were undocumented immigrants, she addressed Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach and other advocates of the bill, saying, "I think it's funny, Mr. Kobach, because when you mention illegal immigrant, I think of all of you."

## Career

Victors is a social worker at Behavioral Link.
# Gypsophila paniculata

Gypsophila paniculata, the baby's breath, common gypsophila or panicled baby's-breath, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, native to central and eastern Europe. It is an herbaceous perennial growing to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall and wide, with mounds of branching stems covered in clouds of tiny white flowers in summer (hence the common name "baby's breath"). Another possible source of this name is its scent, which has been described as sour milk, like a baby's "spit-up". Its natural habitat is on the Steppes in dry, sandy and stony places, often on calcareous soils (gypsophila = "chalk-loving"). Specimens of this plant were first sent to Linnaeus from St. Petersburg by the Swiss-Russian botanist Johann Amman.

## Cultivation

It is a popular ornamental garden subject, and thrives in well-drained alkaline to neutral soils in full sun. Numerous cultivars have been selected, of which 'Rosenschleier' (with pale pink double flowers) has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

## Floristry

Gypsophila paniculata is much used in the floristry trade (where it is often simply called "gyp") providing an effective backdrop for larger or more structured blooms. It is commercially cultivated in Peru, forming a major portion of that country's flower exports. It is commonly grown and sold for corsages in the United States.

## Invasive

Gypsophila paniculata is now widely distributed in North America. It is classed as an invasive species in places around the Great Lakes, such as the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and the Chicago region, in the Pacific Northwest, and California where it is a declared noxious weed.

## Pests and diseases

Root development is completely inhibited by Pantoea agglomerans pv. glysophilae. Both Pag and Pantoea agglomerans pv. betae cause gall formation. Pag is a problem for the floral industry, for example in the Israeli industry.

## Gallery

* Close-up view of two flowers
* Use in flower arrangement (white)
* Illustration by Otto Wilhelm Thomé
# John Hampden Chamberlayne

John Hampden Chamberlayne (June 2, 1838 – February 18, 1882) was an American politician and newspaper publisher from Virginia. He served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1879 to 1880.

## Early life

John Hampden Chamberlayne was born on June 2, 1838, in Richmond, Virginia, to Martha Burwell (née Dabney) and Lewis W. Chamberlayne. He was descended from William Byrd II. He studied at home and at Hanover Academy under Lewis Minor Coleman. He graduated from the University of Virginia with a Master of Arts in 1858. He was admitted to the bar in Richmond in 1859.

## Career

On April 17, 1861, Chamberlayne volunteered for the Confederate Army as a private in Company F of the 21st Virginia Infantry Regiment. He later joined the Purcell Artillery and became sergeant and later adjutant of the battalion. He was promoted to lieutenant on Reuben Lindsay Walker's staff. He attained the rank of captain, commanding a light field battery. He was wounded during the war. He was taken prisoner in May 1864. He was promoted following his taking of command of a battery during the Battle of the Crater at the Siege of Petersburg. The battery afterward was named in his honor. Following the surrender of Lee, he left for Mississippi on horseback. Following the war, he moved to Green Springs, Louisa County, Virginia. For eighteen months, he lived in poverty and attempted farming, but was unsuccessful. This led to a physical and nervous breakdown in the spring of 1867 that left him incapacitated for a year. In May 1868, he worked a clerical position with the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad in Central Depot (now Radford).
In December 1868 or early 1869, he moved to Petersburg and became editor of the Petersburg Index, succeeding William E. Cameron. He was editor there until 1873. In 1873, he became editor of the Norfolk Virginian and remained with that paper until 1876. After moving to Norfolk, he assisted John Goode in two of his political campaigns. In March 1876, he founded Richmond State, a paper published in the South. He was associated with the Funder Party. He served one term in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1879 to 1880, representing Richmond. He did not seek re-election. He was a member of the original managing committee of the Petersburg Club.

## Personal life

Chamberlayne married Mary Gibson, daughter of Dr. Churchill J. Gibson, of Petersburg. They had six children. His sister Mary Parke married writer George William Bagby. He had the nickname "Ham".
Chamberlayne died of pneumonia on February 18, 1882, at his home on Grace Street in Richmond.

## Legacy

His son Churchill published Chamberlayne's Civil War letters in a book titled "Ham Chamberlayne-Virginian" in 1932.
# Abuy Nfubea

Sergio Larrie Abuy Nfubea is an Equatorial Guinean journalist, political analyst, writer, editor, lecturer and Pan-Africanist activist. He is president of the Pan-African Federation of Black Communities of Spain and co-founder of organizations such as the Spanish section of the New Black Panther Party, FOJA and the IV Garveyist Cimarron International. In 2008 he was awarded an Honoris Causa Doctorate by the Tawantinsuyu Indigenous University in La Paz, Bolivia, for his great fight against racism.
He is a regular contributor to radio and television media, in addition to writing articles. Is the director of Uhuru Africa TV and has been editor-in-chief and director of multiple media outlets since 1989 when he created Afrotown magazine, the first media aimed at young black people in Spain.

## Activism

Abuy began his political activism while still a student in the late 1980s in Spain, influenced by the teachings and political activism of prominent black figures such as Dr. Alfonso Arcelín, Malcolm X, Dr. Akinyele Umoja, Mumia Abu Jamal, Winnie Mandela and the Hip-Hop movement.
He was co-founder of FOJA Black Panther Movement Spain in 1990 and in 1994, as a student leader. In 1995 he led the Spanish delegation at the 'A Million Men March' in Washington convened by the honorable Luis Farrakhan. That same year he was a member of the organizing committee of the 2nd Congress of the Black Panther Party of the Spanish State, 'La llamada final' in Alcalá de Henares.
He is a historical defender of African reparations. He was the promoter of the "monument for Dr. Alfonso Arcelin" campaign and 'PNL2010', a non-law proposal approved on February 17, 2010, which urges the Spanish State to carry out affirmative action policies with blacks for centuries of slavery, colonialism, apartheid and immigration February 17, 2010. A year later, said date was registered in the Ministry of Culture as the national day of the Afro-Spanish people or black community.

## Journalism

Abuy Nfubea has been editor-in-chief and director of multiple media outlets including: Afrotown (1989), African Cultures (2004–2008), Africa News (2007–2010), Omowale (2000), African Business Guide (2003). He is editor of Wanafrica, the only African newspaper in Spain. Since 2003 he has been a correspondent for the Pan-African Press Agency and a member of the International Press Club.
He is a regular contributor to radio and television media, in addition to writing articles in media such as Tele K, Radio Nacional de Venezuela, Tele Sur, Interviu, Onda Madrid, Cadena Ser Hora 25, RNE, RTVE, Jean Afrique, Africa Lusofona, BBC, Radio Voice of Africa, Black News, Afrique Novell, Soweto among others.
# Zanele

Zanele (Banele male) is a feminine given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi (1962–2021), South African politician
* Zanele Dlamini Mbeki (born 1938), South African social worker and former first lady
* Zanele Muholi (born 1972), South African artist
* Zanele Nhlapho (born 1991), South African soccer player
* Zanele Nkomo, South African politician
* Zanele Sifuba, South African educator
* Zanele Situ (1971–2023), South African Paralympian
* Zanele Tshoko (born 1993), South African cyclist
* Zanele Vimbela (born 1989), South African netball player
# Hugo Gambor

Hugo Gambor (born 30 December 2002) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Belgian Pro League club Gent. Born in France, he plays for the Central African Republic national team.

## Career

Gambor is a youth product of his local club Blois Football 41 for 12 seasons. He began his senior career with the reserves of Orléans in 2019. On 15 June 2020, he signed his first professional contract with Paris FC, where he again joined the reserves. He transferred to Dunkerque in the summer of 2022 until 2025, and in his debut season helped the club earn promotion to the Ligue 2.
On 31 January 2024, Gambor signed for Belgian Pro League club Gent on a three-and-a-half-year contract.

## International career

Born in France, Gambor is of Central African descent and holds dual nationality. He was called up for a training camp for the France U18s in January 2020. In August 2023, he opted to represent the Central African Republic national team. He debuted on 5 September 2024 an Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Lesotho.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played 16 February 2025
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Orléans II | 2019–20 | Championnat National 3 | 6 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6 | 0 |
| Paris II | 2020–21 | Championnat National 3 | 5 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | 0 |
| Paris II | 2021–22 | Championnat National 3 | 16 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 | 0 |
| Paris II | Total | Total | 27 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 27 | 0 |
| Dunkerque | 2022–23 | Championnat National | 27 | 1 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 29 | 1 |
| Dunkerque | 2023–24 | Ligue 2 | 19 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 21 | 0 |
| Dunkerque | Total | Total | 46 | 1 | 4 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 50 | 1 |
| Gent | 2023–24 | Belgian Pro League | 2 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | 2 | 0 |
| Gent | 2024–25 | Belgian Pro League | 17 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 0 | — | — | 27 | 1 |
| Gent | Total | Total | 19 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 0 | — | — | 29 | 1 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 92 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 106 | 2 |
* ↑ Appearances in UEFA Conference League

### International

    As of match played 10 September 2024
Appearances and goals by national team and year :
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| Central African Republic | 2024 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 2 | 0 |
# New Market Community School District

New Market Community School District was a school district headquartered in New Market, Iowa, United States.

## History

In 1882 the school opened in the M.E. Church, and that year it moved to a school building with four rooms. A five-room school house was built after a 1900 fire destroyed the initial location. The 10th grade was established in 1912. Lohn Liggett gave support to a brick schoolhouse built in the 1921–1922 school year. New Market schools consolidated with several rural schools on November 12, 1958. An elementary school and gymnasium building were constructed in 1961.
The high school division closed in 1989. From that point forward students could choose to attend high school in the Bedford Community School District, the Clarinda Community School District, or the Villisca Community School District.
In October 2006 the school board of the district held a community forum on what future the residents desired for the district. After receiving input the district formed the New Market Community School District Dissolution Commission as it determined most residents wanted the existing district dissolved. An election to determine whether the dissolution would happen was to be held in September 2007.
The district held its final classes on May 23, 2008. On July 1, 2008, the district was dissolved; portions went to the Bedford, Clarinda, Corning, and Villisca school districts.