OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Government-organized non-governmental organization

A government-organized non-governmental organization (GONGO) is a non-governmental organization that was set up or sponsored by a government in order to further its political interests and mimic the civic groups and civil society at home, or promote its international or geopolitical interests abroad.

## History

The term GONGO had become established by the late 1980s, and it was suggested that it was first introduced by a group of Indonesian non-governmental organizations.
However, the concept of a GONGO is much older than the term. For example, the post-WWII West German Minister of Intra-German Relations funded a large number of organisations in the 1950s, including "Eastern Bureaux" (Ostbüros) of political parties, churches and trade unions as well as students' and lawyers' association, setting up what observers called a "shadow administration" to pursue its geopolitical aims during the Cold War.
Most contemporary attempts to understand GONGOs have come from studies of authoritarian contexts, where these organizations have proliferated as a deliberative strategy by the state to have a (corporatist) mechanism that feeds directly into a grassroots civic space. It is thus unsurprising that the current theorizing on the nature of GONGOs primarily highlights their role in undermining liberal democratic values. The Chinese Communist Party's United Front system is an example of such use of GONGOs.

## Goals

A GONGO can be created for any sound political or social purpose, however, in reality, it would be functioning as a mechanism of the government to further its domestic political interests and realize its economic and foreign policy objectives. Sometimes, GONGOs are created to solicit international aid, or mitigate specific humanitarian issues. Though not necessarily confined to developing countries, most often, GONGOs are set up by undemocratic governments to maintain some level of control of a GONGO's personnel, purpose, operation or activities. This control is often not seen in a positive light, as it compromises the spirit of an NGO by introducing hidden actors and withholding the government's intentions from the public.

## Examples

Examples of non-governmental organizations said to be government-organized:
* Chinese Students and Scholars Association—by the Chinese government.
* Confucius Institute—by the Chinese government.
* IHH (Humanitarian Relief Foundation) - by the Turkish government (specifically under Erdogan).
* National Endowment for Democracy (NED)—by the United States government.
* Polish National Foundation [pl] (PFN) - by the government of Poland through the state-owned companies.
# Haider Ali Kohari

Maulana Haider Ali Kohari (born 17th century) was a military general and secretary of the Maratha King Shivaji. He was one of the most trusted lieutenants of Shivaji and was involved in almost all of his early campaigns. Haider Ali Kohari was probably the highest Muslim general in the Maratha army. Born in a Marathi - speaking Muslim family in the Deccan, he quickly took to arms and weaponry. Although he was a warrior, he was also a learned Islamic scholar. Information about his later years is obscure.
His family stays in Badlapur.
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# Liolaemus janequeoae

Liolaemus janequeoae, Janequeo's lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Iguanidae. It is found in Chile.
# Longmead Stadium

The Longmead Stadium is an association football stadium in Tonbridge, Kent, England. It is home to Tonbridge Angels, who currently compete in the National League South.

## History

The Longmead Stadium was built in 1980 by Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council after they had decided to redevelop Tonbridge Angels' Angel Ground in 1977 into a shopping centre. Tonbridge Angels were against the plans to evict them and demolish the Angel Ground and so took out a legal challenge against the plans. Three years later, the High Court ruled in favour of the Council but after negotiations, the Council offered the club the Longmead Stadium as compensation. One of the stands at the Longmead Stadium was named "The Jack Maddams Stand" after a former Tonbridge Angels striker who had died. In 2008, the Longmead Stadium hosted a charity match between an Alan Rodgers select XI and an All stars team that was captained by former Tottenham Hotspur player, Gary Stevens as well as Andy Townsend and Jason Cundy.

## Outside football

The Longmead Stadium was also used as the location of a temporary office for the Tunbridge Wells branch of the charity, Headway UK after they were obliged to move from their old location at Pembury Hospital due to redevelopment of the hospital. In April 2012, the Longmead Stadium hosted a beer festival intending to show a number of real ales from areas around clubs in the Conference South. It also hosts the West Kent Garden and Leisure show. The Longmead Stadium also hosts the annual Tonbridge fireworks displays to commemorate Guy Fawkes Night.
# C. Motamma

C. Motamma (born 20 March 1951) is an Indian politician from the state of Karnataka. She served as Leader of the Opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Council between 2010 and 2012. She is the first woman to hold that position. She also served as Minister for Women & Child Welfare in the government of Karnataka as part of the Krishna ministry.

## Early life and education

Motamma was born as fourth child and third daughter, She has one elder brother and two elder sisters, She wasn't named her name until she joined Primary School near Maggalamakki, Mudigere, which was started newly, her nickname Motu became her name as Motamma. She did her high school in Chikmagalur. PUC, B.A. in Maharani College Bangalore, and M.A. in the Bangalore University and it was first Co-Ed College.

## Political career

Motamma represented Mudigere in 1978, 1989 and 1999. She was Member of Legislative Council from 2006 to 2012. She again got elected to Member of Legislative Council on 18 June 2012.

## Personal life

Motamma is married to Venkataraman. They have a daughter and two sons. Her daughter Nayana, who is a legislator from Mudigere.
# Kerman Unified School District

Kerman Unified School District is a public school district based in Fresno County, California, United States.

## Schools

* Kerman High School
* Kerman Middle School
* Enterprise High School (formerly Nova High School)
* Sun Empire Elementary School
* Kerman-Floyd Elementary School
* Goldenrod Elementary School
* Liberty Elementary School
# Gemascolex

Gemascolex is a genus of annelid worms in the family Megascolecidae.

## Taxonomy and history

The genus Gemascolex and its type species Gemascolex newmani were described by Stanley Joe Edmonds and Barrie G. M. Jamieson in 1973. The genus appears to be closely related to Anisochaeta and Spenceriella.$^{:107,157}$

## Distribution and habitat

Gemascolex species are distributed primarily in South Australia, but some are also known from New South Wales and Victoria.$^{:107}$

## Species

Gemascolex contains the following species:
* Gemascolex bursatus Jamieson, 1974
* Gemascolex crateroides (Boardman, 1943)
* Gemascolex disparatus Dyne, 2000
* Gemascolex dorsalis (Fletcher, 1887)
* Gemascolex flindersi Dyne, 2000
* Gemascolex gelasinus Dyne, 2000
* Gemascolex gracilis (Fletcher, 1886)
* Gemascolex lateralis (Spencer, 1892)
* Gemascolex mirabilis Jamieson, 1974
* Gemascolex newmani Edmonds & Jamieson, 1973
* Gemascolex octothecatus Jamieson, 1974
* Gemascolex similis Jamieson, 1974
* Gemascolex stirlingi (Fletcher, 1887)
* Gemascolex terangiensis (Spencer, 1900)
* Gemascolex walkeri Jamieson, 1974
# Idavada, Idaho

Idavada, a portmanteau of Idaho & Nevada, is an historical locale in Twin Falls County, Idaho. It is Idaho's southernmost named area. It is home to the Idavada Volcanics formation of silicic rocks. The nearest major highway is U.S. Route 93, and the nearest established settlement is Jackpot, Nevada.
# The Lick

"The Lick" is a lick (a stock musical phrase) that has been used in numerous jazz and pop songs and part of several classical compositions to the point that it has been described as "the most famous jazz cliché ever". In recent years, it has become an internet meme and is often used for comedic effect.

## Musical structure

"The Lick" consists of seven notes, using five steps on a diatonic scale. The interval pattern is 1 (unison) – 2 (major second) – ♭3 (minor third) – 4 (perfect fourth) – 2 (major second) – ♭7 (lower seventh) – 1 (unison). In jazz, it is played swung, sometimes including a glissando or grace note before the fifth note.

## History

The term "The Lick" was coined by an eponymous Facebook group in the 2010s and popularized by a YouTube video assembled from clips from the group by professor Alex Heitlinger in 2011. "The Lick" was not first seen in jazz, as examples of classical music, such as The Firebird by Igor Stravinsky, include tonal sequences similar to "The Lick". However, it is primarily known as a jazz lick for the attention it has received from being commonly used in jazz improvisation.
In 2019, composer David Bruce used "The Lick" as a basis for a string quartet titled The Lick Quartet.
# Rustle noise

Rustle noise is noise consisting of aperiodic pulses in a Poisson distribution, characterized by the average time between those pulses, known as rustle time (such as the mean time interval between clicks of a Geiger counter). Rustle time is determined by the fineness of sand, seeds, or shot in rattles, contributes heavily to the sound of sizzle cymbals, drum snares, drum rolls, and string drums, and makes subtle differences in string instrument sounds. Rustle time in strings is affected by different weights and widths of bows and by types of hair and rosin in strings. The concept is also applicable to flutter-tonguing, brass and woodwind growls, resonated vocal fry in woodwinds, and eructation sounds in some woodwinds. Robert Erickson suggests the exploration of accelerando-ritardando scales producible on some acoustic instruments and further variations in rustle noise "because this apparently minor aspect of musical sounds has a disproportionately large importance for higher levels--textures, ensemble timbres, [and] contrasts between music events." (Erickson 1975, p. 71-72)

## Sources

* Erickson, Robert (1975). Sound Structure in Music. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02376-5.
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# Henry Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu

Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu JP, DL (5 November 1832 – 4 November 1905), styled Lord Henry Scott until 1885, was a British Conservative Party politician and aristocrat.

## Background and education

Montagu was born at Dalkeith Palace in Midlothian, the second son of Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch and Lady Charlotte Anne Thynne, daughter of Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath.
He suffered from severe asthma. He was educated at Eton but was forced to leave after a few years, as it was recommended by physicians he spend the cold British winters in a warmer climate. Accordingly, at 15, he and his tutor, the Rev Henry Stobart, travelled overseas each winter. These trips became longer and took them further afield. Madeira, Egypt, the West Indies, Turkey, Greece, South Africa, and the Pacific Islands were visited over the next 14 years.
In March 1853, he and his friend,Lord Schomberg Kerr and their tutor arrived at Sydney. Young British aristocrats were rare visitors to New South Wales, and Sydney matrons with unmarried daughters ensured they did not lack invitations to dinners, balls and other social events. Lord Henry made many sketches and paintings in the colony, some of which are now held by the Mitchell Library and John Oxley Library in Australia.
He was especially interested in Egypt and before he was 40 had been up and down the Nile seven times. When he got married in 1865, his father gifted him Beaulieu Palace House.

## Political career

Montagu sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Selkirkshire from 1861 to 1868 and for South Hampshire from 1868 to 1884. He was a strong advocate of commoners' rights and helped pass the New Forest Act, 1877 on behalf of the New Forest commoners. He was official Verderer of the New Forest from 1890 to 1892, and Honorary Colonel of the 4th Hampshire Rifle Volunteers from 1885. In 1885, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, in the County of Southampton.

## Personal life

Lord Montagu of Beaulieu married Hon. Cecily Susan Stuart-Wortley, daughter of John Stuart-Wortley, 2nd Baron Wharncliffe, in 1865. In 1899, Lady Montagu gave £1 to the Women's Suffrage Auxiliary Fund of the Englishwoman's Review. They had two sons and one daughter, the Honourable Rachel Cecily Montagu-Scott, wife of Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster.
He died in 1905 at Beaulieu Palace House in Beaulieu, Hampshire, one day prior to his 73rd birthday. The cause of death was heart failure blamed on his lifelong poor health.
# Ronan Dwane

Ronan Dwane (born 1973) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a centre-forward for the Cork senior team.
Born in Aghada, County Cork, Dwane first played competitive hurling during his schooling at Midleton CBS Secondary School. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of sixteen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team before later joining the under-21 and intermediate sides. He joined the senior panel during the 1997 championship.
At club level Dwane was a two-time championship medallist with Imokilly He also played with Aghada.
In retirement from playing Dwane has become involved in team management and coaching. As well as coaching Midleton CBS at various levels he has coached the Carrigtwohill senior team. At inter-county level he has served as coach with various Cork teams in all grades. He is the current manager of the Cork intermediate team.

## Honours
### Player
#### Midleton CBS

* Dean Ryan Cup (1): 1989

#### Aghada

* Cork Minor B Hurling Championship (1): 1989

#### Imokilly

* Cork Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1997, 1998

#### Cork

* All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 1997
* Munster Intermediate Hurling Championship (2): 1997, 2001
# Lewisia pygmaea

Lewisia pygmaea is a species of flowering plant in the family Montiaceae known by the common name alpine lewisia and pygmy bitterroot. It is native to western North America from Alaska and Alberta to California and New Mexico, where it grows in many types of moist, rocky mountain habitat, such as gravel beds and sandy meadows.

## Description

Lewisia pygmaea is a highly variable species with a wide distribution, and it often hybridizes with other Lewisia species, making identification difficult. In general, this is a petite perennial herb growing from a taproot and caudex unit, and producing a basal rosette of several leaves 2 to 8 centimeters long. The leaves are narrow but thick and fleshy, blunt-tipped, and linear to lance-shaped. The inflorescence is usually made up of a few very short stems each bearing one or more flowers which appear to be sitting on or within the basal leaf rosette. Each flower has 5 to 9 white, pink or red petals which may or may not have dark veining or striping. The petals are 4 millimeters to 1 centimeter long.

## Habitat and Range

Lewisia pygmaea grows in open areas with short turf and in gravelly or rocky soils. It can be found naturally growing in Alta., B.C., Yukon; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.
# Felix Unger

Felix Unger (born 2 March 1946 in Klagenfurt, Austria) is a heart specialist who served as the president of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts for three decades. He is the president of Alma Mater Europaea. In 1986, he performed Europe's first staged artificial heart transplantation - a temporary solution used until a natural donor heart becomes available. Europe's first total artificial heart transplant was led by Bjarne Semb in 1985.

## Life

Unger studied medicine at University of Vienna, graduating in 1971. After graduation, he practiced at University Clinic for Cardiology in Vienna (1971, 1972) and at the local University Surgical Clinic (1972–1977) and in 1975 as a researcher in the field of Cardiovascular medicine in Houston, Cleveland and Salt Lake City in USA. In the year of 1978, he received his Ph.D, became Associate Professor (and later Full Surgical Professor). In Salt Lake City, he invented Ellipsoidheart, later used by Unger for his 1986 artificial heart transplant procedure. In 1990 he founded the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, together with Kardinal König and Professor Lobkowicz. From 1985 to 2011 he was the leader of the University Clinic for cardiac surgery in Salzburg. From 2001, he has been the president of the European Institute of Health. Prof. Unger is a member of a number of academies of science: a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia, Latvia, Slovenia and Serbia; a regular member of the German Leopoldina, Slovakia and the New York Academy of Sciences; and the world and the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts.

## Awards

* 1975 Dr. Preis Karl Renner,
* 1980 Sandoz Preis,
* 1980 German Society of Surgery,
* 1982 and 1989, Planseepreis für Wissenschaft,
* 1991 Purkyne Medaille (Brno),
* 1992 Billroth Preis der Österr. Ges. F. Chirurgie,
* 1992 Humes Professorship,
* 1992 Karylins Medaille,
* 1992 Bundesverdienstkreuz first class
* 2005 Verdienstkreuz des Landes Salzburg,
* 2006 Austrian Decoration for Science and Art first class
* 2009 Paul Stradins Preis, Riga
* 2011 Medal of the President of the Slovak Republic
* 2012 Großes Silbernes Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich
Honorary professor:
* 2002 in Marburg
* 2012 in St. Petersburg
Honorary doctorates:
* 1994 in Budapest, Timișoara and Tokyo,
* 2003 in Riga
* 2007 in Belgrade
* 2009 in Athens
* 2010 in Tbilisi.
* 2012 in St. Petersburg
* 2013 in Arad and Cluj-Napoca
* 2014 in Tirana
* 2016 in Samara
# Karuna (1994 film)

Karuna is a 1994 Maldivian film written and directed by Ibrahim Rasheed. Produced by Hussain Rasheed under Farivaa Films, the film stars Hassan Afeef, Lillian Saeed and Ali Firaq in pivotal roles. The film follows two friends and business partners who fall in love with the same girl and their battle to pursue her love.

## Premise

Nadheem, a timid and reticent young man, performs at a party which catches the attention of Shaanee. Both Nadheem and his friend and business partner, Siraj fall in love with Shaanee and decide to propose her separately and accept the fate Shaanee decides. As both put forth their proposals, Shaanee favored Nadheem, hurting Siraj's sentiments. Meanwhile, Nadheem and Shaanee concurrently sees a dream where an unknown person murders Nadheem as they were spending time together. As she shares the dream with her father, he narrates a similar incident happened to her parents where they saw a dream of Shaanee's mother being murdered and the incidents happening in real life a month later.
Realizing Shaanee's affection towards Nadheem, her father meets him in person and conveys approval for their marriage. As Nadheem plans his wedding with Shaanee, Siraj attempts to mislead Nadheem saying Adam Manik is greedy of their business and wealth. Despite Siraj's efforts to sabotage the marriage, Nadheem takes Shaanee and gives a tour of his home. Siraj takes the opportunity to distract Nadheem and conspires against him with the help of their servant, Reki Futhu. Believing the rumor, Shaanee breaks off their wedding but Nadheem vows to wait for her return. Siraj, goes to Shaanee's house promising Nadheem to make amendments in their relationship but makes it worse and tarnishes his reputation, ultimately bringing Shaanee into his life.

## Cast

* Hassan Afeef as Nadheem
* Lillian Saeed as Shaanee
* Ali Firaq as Siraj
* Chilhiya Moosa Manik as Adam Manik
* Ahmed Saleem
* Jamaal
* Michael Francis
* Ibrahim Yauqoob
* Abdul Ghafoor
* Ahandhey as shopkeeper

## Response

The film was released in 1994. Upon release, the film received critical success where the story and performances of the lead actors, particularly that of Hassan Afeef's was praised by the critics, applauding the range of emotions and skills portrayed in the film.

## Accolades

| Award | Category | Recipients | Result | Ref(s) |
| 1st Gaumee Film Awards | Best Melody | Umar Zahir | Won | |
| 1st Gaumee Film Awards | Best Special Effects | Hussain Rasheed | Won | |
# Liolaemus kingii

Liolaemus kingii, also known commonly as King's tree iguana, is a species of lizard in the family Liolaemidae. The species is native to Argentina and Chile.

## Etymology

The specific name, kingii, is in honor of Australian marine surveyor Philip Parker King.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitats of L. kingii are shrubland, sandbanks, and coastal hills, at altitudes from sea level to 1,340 m (4,400 ft).

## Diet

L. kingii has a mostly insectivorous diet, but also eats plant material.

## Reproduction

The mode of reproduction of L. kingii has been described as viviparous and as ovoviviparous, both terms meaning that it gives birth to live young.

## Taxonomy

L. kingii is one of 13 species in the L. kingii species group.