# Arawan languages

Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil (Amazonas, Acre) and Peru (Ucayali).

## Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Yanomami, Arawak, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, and Tupi language families due to contact.

## Family division

Arauan consists of half a dozen languages:
* Arawá †
* Kulina
* Deni
* Jamamadi
* Paumari
* Suruwahá

### Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):
(† = extinct)
* Arawa
** Suruwaha
** Madi-Deni-Paumari
*** Paumari
*** Deni, Kulina
*** Madi-Arawa
**** Arawa †
**** Madi
***** Banawa
***** Jamamadi
***** Jarawara

### Dienst (2010)

Internal classification by Dienst (2010):
* Arawan
** Arawa †
** Paumari
** Suruwahá
** Madi-Madihá
*** Madi
**** Eastern Jamamadi
**** Banawá
**** Jarawara
*** Madihá
**** Kulina
**** Western Jamamadi
**** Deni

### Mason (1950)

Arauá internal classification by Mason (1950):
* Arauá
** Arauá
** Culino
*** Culina
*** Curia
*** Curiana
*** Culiña
** Pama
*** Pama
*** Pamana
** Yamamadí
*** Yamamadí: Capaná, Capinamari, Colo
*** Purupurú: Paumarí (Pammarí)
*** Yuberi
** Madihá
** Sewacu
** Sipó

### Other varieties

* Himarimã - presumed language spoken by the Himarimã people along the Piranha River between the Juruá River and Purus River. Per Suruwahá and Banawá testimonies, it is believed to be Arawan.
Unattested varieties listed by Loukotka (1968):
* Purupurú - extinct language spoken in the same region on the lower course of the Purus River. (Unattested)
* Uainamari / Wainamarí - extinct language spoken on the Inauini River, a tributary of the upper Purus River. (Unattested)
* Uatanari / Watanarí - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Sepatini River in the same region; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested)
* Sewacu - once spoken on the Pauini River, now on the left bank of the Purus River on the opposite side of the mouth of the Sepatini River. (Unattested)
* Pamana - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Mucuim River near Lake Agaam, the same region; now probably extinct. (Unattested)
* Amamati - extinct language once spoken on the Mucuim River north of the Pamana tribe. (Unattested)
* Yuberí / Xubiri - once spoken on the middle course of the Purus River on the opposite side of the mouth of the Mamoriá River and around Lake Abunini, now on the lower course of the Tapauá River, the same region. (Unattested)
* Sipó / Cipo - extinct language once spoken north of the Yuberi tribe on the Tapaua River. (Unattested)
* Curina / Kurina / Kólö - language spoken in two regions; first, on the right bank of the Juruá River, along the Marari River and on the upper course of the Tapauá River; second, on the Eiru River and Gregório River and on the left bank of the Muru River, territory of Acre, Brazil.
* Madiha - spoken on the Eiru River near Bom Jardim, Amazonas.
* Catiana - extinct language once spoken on the Iaco River, Acre. (Unattested)

## Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.
    glossArauáYamamadiPaumariCurinaMadiha one warihíitarinihuaraniahãahã two fanihimushamufauminipamawi three arisafahauhariniharabakudzekinawi head ä-tatidadiítazi-amai-tati eye ä-narobõmurubuieribuwaribu hand u-safáä-dzäfädzẽiiyepezepe water pahápãhãpãhápatsupatsu fire sihúyefusidzyúdipuzipu sun mahímahikasirimaximaxi maize kemiyoruátapátapa tapir awíauidamaauhiawi house zamíhudagurãuzauáza

## Proto-language

Below are selected Proto-Arawá (Proto-Arawan) reconstructions of flora and fauna names by Dixon (2004):

### Flora

    Proto-ArawáEnglish glossPortuguese gloss *bihayam sp.carai *bobapalm sp.paxiúba *bodifruit sp.bacuri *'bokotree sp.imbaúba *donitonka beancumaru *hawapatauá palmpatauá *imiingá (tree and edible fruit)ingá *janipalm sp.paxiubinha *jawanapalm sp.murumuru *jawidapeach palm *kahamipalm sp.urucuri *majotree sp.pajurá *nabohipalm sp.paxiúba-barriguda *oragenipapjenipapo *para'iassai palm *sanaropassion fruitmaracujá *tamajaramatamatá tree, envira treematamatá, envira *taminojackfruit tree *waishowaseveral trees of genus Lucumaabiurana *wasina, *wasinikapok ceibe treesamaúma, Ceiba pentandra *wekhe'irubber treeHevea brasiliensis *xidepetree sp.; red paint made from fruiturucu, Bixa orellana

### Fauna
#### Mammals

    Proto-ArawáEnglish glossPortuguese gloss *gaphawoolly monkey *hijamawhite-lipped peccary *hojawagiant anteater *ja'osloth sp. *jajikohowler monkey *jotomicoatiquati *jowi(hi)capuchin monkey *kawinahowler monkey *kiriwethree-toed sloth *kishi-armadillotatu *kisocapuchin monkey *kosikosikinkajou, night monkeyjupará *masebat *modoanteatertamanduá *mowinight monkey *pishisquirrel monkey; marmoset (small monkey)macaco-de-cheiro, Saimiri sciureus *shawa(ri)weasel sp.irara *shinamaagouticutia *tamakorimonkey sp.macaco parauaçu, Pithecia monachus

#### Birds

    Proto-ArawáEnglish glossPortuguese gloss *ama'ahawasocó heronsocó *amasawarisocozinho heronsocozinho *dapoguan (bird sp.) *DiroDirokingfisher *hiritimotmot bird *jakhitoucan (Ramphastos) *kamowadove sp.juriti, rolinha *kawashirooriole *komitrogon (bird sp.) *kherekingfisherariramba *okokopigeon, dove sp.juriti *shabiriaeagle-hawkHarpia harpyja *tanopied-crested oropendola (type of oriole)japu *tawikhoro(ro)black-fronted nunbirdbico-de-brasa *tobejaro, *tobejero)nighthawkbacurau *wara-chachalaca (bird)aracuã

#### Fish

    Proto-ArawáEnglish glossPortuguese gloss *aba majaroarowana (fish sp.)aruanã *'awidapiau sp. (fish)piau *bahamasurubim (large fish)surubim *basanipacu (fish sp.)pacu *bidamacatfish sp.mandi *dawibig leaf calathea (fish sp.) *kosop(h)atucunaré (fish sp.)tucunaré *khorobofish sp.jeju? *morofish sp. (cangati sp.; large catfish)cangati; jai preto, Paulicea luetkeni *otawicará (fish sp.)cará *sirabafish sp.cangati, cará, acará *shakolungfishtraíra

#### Other animals

    Proto-ArawáEnglish glossPortuguese gloss *kowasatortoise *shireturtletartaruga *bithalarge mosquitocarapanã *'Diriricicada *jimo, *jomoant sp.tocandira *karajatibiting flymutuca *waharolarge mosquitocarapanã