OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Benevolent dictatorship

A benevolent dictatorship is a government in which an authoritarian leader exercises absolute political power over the state but is perceived to do so with regard for the benefit of the population as a whole. It stands in contrast to the decidedly malevolent stereotype of a dictator, who focuses on their supporters and their own self-interests.

## Characteristics

A benevolent dictator may allow for some civil liberties or democratic decision-making to exist, such as through public referendums or elected representatives with limited power and can make preparations for a transition to genuine democracy during or after their term. Mancur Olson characterized such dictators as "not like the wolf that preys on the elk, but more like the rancher who makes sure his cattle are protected and are given water", arguing that they have an incentive to provide public goods at the same time they extract the largest possible surplus for themselves.
Economist William Easterly, using the term "benevolent autocrat", identifies two versions of the concept; one that argues that autocrats in general are simply superior to democratic leaders at producing rapid economic growth, and one that argues that the highest-quality autocrats are better at producing growth than the very best democratic leaders. Easterly says that both versions are unsupported by the available evidence, with leaders generally having no measurable effect on growth, and that the reason they have nonetheless persisted is because of their psychological appeal, which has allowed them to claim credit for natural growth that they had no hand in creating. He reports that this rhetoric, using economic development as a justification, was popular in the early 20th century as a support for colonial rulings. The British colonial official Lord Hailey said in the 1940s: "A new conception of our relationship...may emerge as part of the movement for the betterment of the backward peoples of the world".

## Leaders sometimes referred to as benevolent dictators

* Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey from 1923–1938.
* Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia from 1953–1980.
* Józef Piłsudski, Chief of State of Poland from independence in 1918 to 1922, de facto leader 1917–1923 and again from his coup in 1926 to his death in 1935, Marshal of Poland.
* France-Albert René, President of the Seychelles from 1977–2004.
* Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister of Fiji from 2007–2022.
* Kārlis Ulmanis, Leader of Latvia from 1934–1940
* Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore from 1959–1990.

## In popular culture

In the Spanish language, the pun word dictablanda is sometimes used for a dictatorship conserving some of the liberties and mechanisms of democracy. The pun is that, in Spanish, dictadura is "dictatorship", dura is "hard" and blanda is "soft". Analogously, the same pun is made in Portuguese as ditabranda or ditamole. In February 2009, the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S.Paulo ran an editorial classifying the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985) as a "ditabranda", creating controversy.
# Sultanzade Ali Bey

Sultanzade Ali Bey (Ottoman Turkish: سلطان زادہ علی بے; 29 September 1921 – 2 December 1971) also Ali Akoğlu, was a Turkish military pilot. The son of Naciye Sultan and Enver Pasha.

## Early life

Sultanzade Ali Bey was born on 29 September 1921 in Berlin, Germany. His father was Ismail Enver Pasha, son of Ahmed Bey and Ayşe Dilara Hanım, and his mother was Naciye Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Selim Süleyman and Ayşe Tarzıter Hanım. He has two older sisters, Mahpeyker Hanımsultan and Türkan Hanımsultan. He had a younger maternal half-sister, Rana Hanımsultan, from his mother's second marriage to Mehmed Kamil Bey, younger brother of Ali's father. At time of his birth, his family was residing in Germany. His father left for Russian SSR her family remained there. Ali was born after his father left and never met him, because Enver died in Russia shortly after. After Enver death in 1922, his family returned to Istanbul. At the exile of the imperial family in March 1924, Ali and his family settled in Paris, France, and later in Nice.

## Education and career

During the exile, Ali was educated along with his siblings by his uncle, and stepfather Kamil Pasha. Kamil Pasha used to teach them the old Turkish alphabet along with Neslişah Sultan, Hanzade Sultan and Necla Sultan on every Sunday. In 1939, a special law was passed for Ali and his siblings, which allowed them to return to Turkey. The law was effective on 25 May 1939, after which Ali and his sisters returned to Istanbul. During World War II, his sisters went to Switzerland to their mother, however he chose to remain in Istanbul, to continue his studies.
Ali was enrolled into Galatasaray High School where he studied for a year. Following his education at the college, he joined the military academy in 1939, following the footsteps on his father, and graduated from the academy in the winter of 1941 due to the World War II. Ali also studied at the Turkish Aeronautical Association and practiced parachuting there. In 1942, Ali travelled to England to complete his undergraduate education, and acquired his aviation training there, he returned to Turkey in 1944. Ali also served in the Turkish Air Force until 1956. He was able to speak English, French, German and Italian. He also served as a fire assistant in London, England.

## Personal life and death

Ali married Perizad Abedin, the daughter of Abidin Daver, a prominent journalist and politician in 1948. On 15 September 1955, she gave birth to the couple's only child, a daughter Arzu Enver in Naples, Italy (she married Arslan Sadikoglu and had a son, Burak). In 1964, the couple divorced and then Ali married a foreign woman named May Britt and went to live in Australia.
Ali died on 2 December 1971 at the age of fifty due to a mountain accident in Australia.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Sultanzade Ali Bey :
# Shawn Rojeski

Shawn Rojeski (born January 21, 1972) is an American curler from Chisholm, Minnesota and Olympic medalist. He was born and raised in Biwabik, Minnesota and attended Mesabi East High School. Under skip Pete Fenson, he received a bronze medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, playing as the third. The team was later named the 2006 USOC Team of the Year.
He participated on the American team at the 1998, 2003, 2005, 2006 2010, 2011 and 2014 World Curling Championships.
After participating at the 2010 Worlds and finishing in fourth place, he and the rest of the Fenson rink teamed up with Ryan Brunt and went to the 2011 Continental Cup of Curling, where Team North America defeated Team World. He then went to the 2011 US Nationals, where, after remaining undefeated in the round robin, the Fenson rink won the gold medal at the nationals. They represented the United States at the 2011 Ford World Men's Curling Championship in April at Regina, Saskatchewan, finishing with a 3–8 win–loss record at 10th after a series of close losses.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Events |
| 2002–03 | Pete Fenson | Eric Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | John Shuster | 2003 USMCC, 2003 WMCC |
| 2003–04 | Pete Fenson | Eric Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | John Shuster | 2003 Cont. Cup |
| 2004–05 | Pete Fenson | Eric Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | John Shuster | 2005 USMCC, 2005 WMCC |
| 2005–06 | Pete Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | Joe Polo | Doug Pottinger | 2006 Cont. Cup |
| 2005–06 | Pete Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | Joe Polo | John Shuster | 2006 USMCC, 2006 OG, 2006 WMCC |
| 2006–07 | Pete Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | Joe Polo | John Shuster | |
| 2007–08 | Pete Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | Joe Polo | John Shuster | 2008 USMCC |
| 2009–10 | Pete Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | Joe Polo | Tyler George | 2010 USMCC, 2010 WMCC |
| 2010–11 | Pete Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | Joe Polo | Ryan Brunt | 2011 Cont. Cup, 2011 USMCC, 2011 WMCC |
| 2011–12 | Pete Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | Joe Polo | Ryan Brunt | 2012 Cont. Cup, 2012 USMCC |
| 2012–13 | Pete Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | Joe Polo | Ryan Brunt | 2013 USMCC |
| 2013–14 | Pete Fenson | Shawn Rojeski | Joe Polo | Ryan Brunt | |
# 1956 Wightman Cup

The 1956 Wightman Cup was the 28th edition of the annual women's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain. It was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London in England in the United Kingdom.
| Great Britain 2 | All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, London, England, United Kingdom 1956 Grass | All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, London, England, United Kingdom 1956 Grass | United States 5 |
| 1 2 3 1 Angela Mortimer Louise Brough 6 3 4 6 5 7   2 Angela Buxton Shirley Fry 2 6 8 6 5 7   3 Angela Buxton Louise Brough 6 3 3 6 3 6   4 Angela Mortimer Shirley Fry 6 4 6 3     5 Shirley Bloomer Dorothy Head Knode 6 4 6 4     6 Shirley Bloomer / Patricia Ward Beverly Baker Fleitz / Dorothy Head Knode 1 6 4 6     7 Angela Buxton / Angela Mortimer Louise Brough / Shirley Fry 2 6 2 6 ||||
# Lesmes Monteiro

Lesmes Mutna Freire Monteiro (born 1985) is a Guinea Bissauan jurist and rapper known for his human rights activism.
He was a member of the Vigilant Non-Compliant Citizen's Movement (MCCI).
In April 2017, he was attacked by a group of strangers for the allegedly protests against President José Mário Vaz.
Monteiro has a law degree from the Faculty of Law of Bissau.
# J. Sterling Livingston

J. Sterling Livingston (June 7, 1916 – February 14, 2010) was an American entrepreneur, management consultant, and professor at the Harvard Business School for 25 years.

## Early life and education

J. Sterling Livingston was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, on June 7, 1916, and grew up in and near Chino, Glendale and Pomona, California. He worked as a wiper on board a cargo ship, then attended Glendale Junior College, the University of Southern California and the Harvard Business School, where he received his Master of Business Administration in 1940. During the Second World War he taught the Navy Supply Corps. Following the war, he graduated with a PhD in commercial science from Harvard in 1948.

## Career

Livingston became a professor at Harvard University and taught for 25 years. In 1949, he founded Harbridge House, Inc., a management development and consulting firm. In December 1960, he joined Tyco as a director. In 1967, he founded Sterling Institute, a Washington, D.C.–based management and executive development program. He also founded Management Systems Corporation and Logistics Management Institute. His articles "Myth of the Well-Educated Manager" and "Pygmalion in Management" were published in the Harvard Business Review.

## Death

Livingston married Ruth Elizabeth Flume, daughter of Albert G. Flume, on February 6, 1943. They had two daughters and two sons.
Livingston died on February 14, 2010, and was buried at the Columbia Gardens Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.
# Sidharth Sharma

Sidharth Sharma (23 October 1994 – 12 January 2023) was an Indian cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Himachal Pradesh in the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy on 1 November 2017. He made his List A debut on 21 December 2021, for Himachal Pradesh in the 2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy.
Sharma died after a brief illness in Vadodara, Gujarat on 12 January 2023, at the age of 28.
# Estadio Benito Juárez

Estadio Benito Juárez was a stadium in Oaxaca, Mexico. It held about 10,250 people and was primarily used for soccer. Construction began in 1984, the stadium was opened in 1987, and was closed and demolished in 2015. 17°3′52.99″N 96°42′17.46″W﻿ / ﻿17.0647194°N 96.7048500°W﻿ / 17.0647194; -96.7048500
# Lee Seol (actress, born 1993)

Lee Seol (Korean: 이설; April 13, 1993), born Kang Min-jung (강민정), is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her role in the television series Less Than Evil (2018–2019), which earned her a Baeksang Arts Award nomination.

## Career

Lee Seol made her acting debut in 2018 in the films Herstory, a cameo in I Have a Date with Spring and a short film, A Room of One's Own. She also made several television series appearance, such as After The Rain and MBC's Less Than Evil.
In February 2022 Lee signed exclusive contract with Just Entertainment, after the contract with her former agency expired.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2018 | Herstory | Hye-soo | |
| 2018 | I Have a Date with Spring | Female University Student | |
| 2018 | A Room of One's Own | Ji-young | Short film |
| 2019 | The Divine Fury | Seol | Cameo |
| 2019 | My Punch-Drunk Boxer | Ji-yeon | |
| 2021 | Waiting for Rain | Gong So-yeon | |
| 2021 | The Cursed: Dead Man's Prey | Jessy | |
| 2022 | Thunderbird | Mi-young | |
| TBA | Days of Green | | |
| TBA | People you' can trust | | |

### Television series

| Year | Title | Role |
| 2018 | After the Rain | Yeong-ran |
| 2018 | Less Than Evil | Eun Sun-jae |
| 2019 | When the Devil Calls Your Name | Lee Kyeong |
| 2023 | Between Him and Her | Han Seong-ok |

### Web series

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2020 | Amanza | Min-jung | |
| 2021–2023 | D.P. | Shin Hye-yeon | Minor role in season 1; supporting role in season 2 |
| 2021 | One Ordinary Day | Seo Soo-jin | |

## Theater

| Year | Title | Title | Role | Venue | Date | Ref. |
| Year | English | Korean | Role | Venue | Date | Ref. |
| 2023 | Othello | 오셀로 | Desdemona | CJ Towol Theatre | May 12 to June 4 | |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result |
| 2018 | 37th MBC Drama Awards | Excellence Award, Actress in a Monday-Tuesday Miniseries | Less Than Evil | Nominated |
| 2018 | 37th MBC Drama Awards | Best New Actress | Less Than Evil | Won |
| 2018 | 32nd KBS Drama Awards | Excellence Award, Actress in a One-Act/Special/Short Drama | After the Rain | Won |
| 2019 | 55th Baeksang Arts Awards | Best New Actress | Less Than Evil | Nominated |
# Haarzuilens

Haarzuilens is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of Utrecht, and lies about 12 km west from the city centre of Utrecht. It was a separate municipality until 1954, when it was joined to the municipality of Vleuten.
Website: www.haarzuilens.com
In 2018, the village of Haarzuilens has about 500 inhabitants.
Pronounced “Harzollens” by the local Dutch inhabitants, the village was built around the turn of the 19th century after its predecessor and the local castle De Haar had been destroyed in a devastating fire. The trees surrounding the castle are said to have originated in a forest on the other side of Utrecht. Local lore has it that several houses in Utrecht were demolished in order to move the trees to their new location and to give the castle's landlord his forest without the decades of delay usually required to grow new trees. Nevertheless, the landlord allegedly went on a five-year honeymoon trip before the trees had been replanted.
It is famous for De Haar Castle, which is surrounded by gardens and which is the location of the annual Elf Fantasy Fair. The castle, after 1892 fully refurbished by the Baroness Hélène van Zuylen and owned by baron Thierry van Zuylen [nl] since 2000, attracted 76,500 visitors in 2002.
# Flushing Hospital Medical Center

Flushing Hospital Medical Center (also known as Flushing Hospital) is one of the oldest hospitals in New York City. It survived a 1999 bankruptcy and subsequently affiliated first with the New York Presbyterian Hospital and then with the MediSys Health Network. The hospital is also currently affiliated with the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine to provide clinical rotations for the college's osteopathic medicine students.

## Designations

The hospital is a New York State designated primary stroke center and a Level 3 Perinatal Center.

## History

Established in 1884, in 1951 the hospital celebrated the birth of its 5,000th baby.
By 1993 Flushing Hospital was described as "an unaffiliated community hospital that is struggling financially." On that basis, the hospital affiliated with Preferred Health Network, then-described as "a network of hospitals and health centers based in Brooklyn."
A voluntary hospital, Flushing's nursing staff was particularly affected in early 2012 by financial difficulties, having been listed in 2011 as being among six NYC hospitals "in critical condition" - at the time it was part of the MediSys Health Network.
The hospital's original major building, constructed in 1913, was demolished in 1975.

## Affiliations

MediSys Health Network owns and operates Jamaica Hospital Medical Center and Flushing Hospital Medical Center. Its prior affiliations and management include the New York Presbyterian Healthcare Network.
Parsons Hospital became a division of Flushing. The latter was acquired by New York Hospital in April 1996.
# Plecoptera reflexa

Plecoptera reflexa is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is mainly found in India, but its range extends west as far as the central and northern parts of the coastal plains of Israel.
It is found in tropical and subtropical oases.
Adults are on wing from May to October. There are multiple generations per year.
The larvae feed on Dalbergia sissoo.
# Susan E. Mayer

Susan E. Mayer is a professor and former Dean of the University of Chicago's Harris School of Public Policy. She is a behavioral economist and sociologist who studies poverty and education. Her research examines the role of money in parenting outcomes. She was previously the director of Northwestern/Chicago's Joint Center on Poverty Research, and is currently the co-director of the Behavioral Insights in Parenting Lab with fellow University of Chicago professor Ariel Kalil. She served as the Dean of the Harris School of Public Policy from 2002 to 2009.

## Career

Mayer received a bachelor's degree in Sociology from Indiana University in 1974, and a master's degree in sociology from the same institution in 1981. She received a Ph.D. in sociology from Northwestern University in 1986. She began working at the Harris School of Public Policy as an assistant professor in 1986, and became its to Dean in 2002. Since stepping down from her role as the dean in 2009, she continues to serve as a research professor at the university.
Mayer's research has been cited in the New York Times and the Washington Post. Mayer has an honorary Doctor of Laws degreed conferred by Lake Forest College.

## Writing

In addition to numerous articles and book chapters, Mayer writes for the Behavioral Scientist. Mayer has served as the Associate Editor of the American Journal of Sociology, and has written the following books:
* What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances
* Coeditor of Earning and Learning: How Schools Matter (with P. Peterson)
# Mangateparu

Mangateparu is a settlement nestled at the foot of the Hangawera Hills, north of Morrinsville.

## Etymology

The name comes from the Māori words (manga stream), (te the) and (paru muddy or deep).

## History

In 1876, 2,000 acres (810 ha) of land at Mangateparu was owned by an Alsatian settler. 30 years later, Alexander Bell purchased 5,500 acres (2,200 ha) of land, cleared out the bush and subdivided it into 150 to 200 acres (61 to 81 ha) sections. The Crown later purchased these sections in 1917 and used it to rehabilitate returned soldiers. Mangateparu was one of the largest soldier settlements in New Zealand.$^{:266}$

## Education

In 1909 a school opened on private property in a workman's hut. The school continued until a part time school was opened in 1912. It closed following the opening of a school in Tauhei. In 1922 a new school was opened in 1922 following Tauhei and Mangateparu being split into separate school districts.$^{:300}$
# Afnan Ullah Khan

Afnan Ullah Khan (Urdu: افنان اللہ خان) is a Pakistani politician who is currently serving as a member of the Senate of Pakistan, elected on a general seat from Punjab, since March 2021. He belongs to Pakistan Muslim League (N). He is the son of a former federal minister and senator Mushahid Ullah Khan.

## Political career

He contested the 2018 Pakistani general election as a candidate of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) from NA-247 Karachi South-II, but was unsuccessful. He revived 18,158 votes and lost to Arif Alvi, a candidate of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI).
He was elected to the Senate of Pakistan in the 2021 Pakistani Senate election as a candidate of the PML(N). He was elected unopposed.
In May 2024, he criticized the election of independent candidates to the Senate, including Naqvi, describing it as a continuation of the hybrid system. He stated that although most of the PML-N opposed supporting independent candidates like Naqvi, the decision was made by Nawaz Sharif.

## Books

* Pakistan — The Way Forward, Jumhoori Publications, 2014, 259 p.
# Pleurotomella coelorhaphe

Pleurotomella coelorhaphe is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 7 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off the Azores.
# SM City Tianjin

SM City Tianjin (Chinese: SM天津滨海城市广场; pinyin: SM Tiānjīn Bīnhǎi Chéngshì Guǎngcháng; lit. 'SM Tianjin Binhai City Plaza') is a shopping mall in Tianjin, China under the Philippine mall chain SM Supermalls.

## History

Philippine retail conglomerate SM Group founded by Henry Sy planned to expand its shopping mall business in China. SM's first mall in China, SM City Xiamen opened in Fujian in 2001. Its strategy at that time is to open malls in "second-tier" cities such as Suzhou, Chongqing, Zibo, and Tianjin rather than Beijing and Shanghai where it deems to already have a very competitive shopping mall sector and have high property prices. The groundbreaking ceremony for SM City Tianjin was held on 26 November 2010.
SM City Tianjin opened at the Tianjin Airport Economic Area on 17 December 2016. It is the seventh mall of the Philippine mall chain SM Supermalls in China. The mall complex was designed by architecture firm ARQ. With a gross floor area of 565,000 square meters (6,080,000 sq ft), the mall was the largest SM Supermall at the time of its opening.
# Meissner equation

The Meissner equation is a linear ordinary differential equation that is a special case of Hill's equation with the periodic function given as a square wave. There are many ways to write the Meissner equation. One is as
    ${\frac {d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}}+(\alpha ^{2}+\omega ^{2}\operatorname {sgn} \cos(t))y=0$
or
    ${\frac {d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}}+(1+rf(t;a,b))y=0$
where
    $f(t;a,b)=-1+2H_{a}(t\mod (a+b))$
and $H_{c}(t)$ is the Heaviside function shifted to $c$. Another version is
    ${\frac {d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}}+\left(1+r{\frac {\sin(\omega t)}{|\sin(\omega t)|}}\right)y=0.$
The Meissner equation was first studied as a toy model of oscillations observed in the rod gear of electric trains where the elasticity of the system could not reasonably be treated as a constant . It is also useful for understand resonance problems in the quantum mechanics of semiconductors and evolutionary biology under periodic environment switching.
Because the time-dependence is piecewise linear, many calculations can be performed exactly, unlike for the Mathieu equation. When $a=b=1$, the Floquet exponents are roots of the quadratic equation
    $\lambda ^{2}-2\lambda \cosh({\sqrt {r}})\cos({\sqrt {r}})+1=0.$
The determinant of the Floquet matrix is 1, implying that origin is a center if $|\cosh({\sqrt {r}})\cos({\sqrt {r}})|<1$ and a saddle node otherwise.
# José Andrés Corral Arredondo

José Andrés Corral Arredondo (Spanish pronunciation:) (November 30, 1946 – December 24, 2011) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Parral, Mexico.
Ordained to the priesthood in 1970, he became bishop in 1989. He died of a heart attack on December 24, 2011, at the age of 65.
# Mario Cafiero

Mario Cafiero (died 13 September 2020) was an Argentine politician who served as a Deputy.