# 1983 Portuguese legislative election

The 1983 Portuguese legislative election took place on 25 April. The election renewed all 250 members of the Assembly of the Republic.
The last election, in October 1980 had been won by a right-wing coalition, the Democratic Alliance (AD) and Francisco Sá Carneiro had retained office as Prime Minister with an increased majority.
However, Sá Carneiro, along with other important members of the coalition, died in an aircrash only two months after the election, on 4 December 1980. Such happenings caused a massive political instability and Francisco Pinto Balsemão, a senior official of the Social Democratic Party, the largest party in the Alliance, became Prime Minister. However, Balsemão's governments were very unstable and after the 1982 local elections results, he resigned as Prime Minister. The Social Democratic Party proposed possible names for Prime Minister to President of Portugal António Ramalho Eanes, but the President refused them and decided to call a snap election for April 1983.
The election was won by the Socialist Party with 36 percent, and Mário Soares was nominated Prime Minister. However, the Socialists lacked a majority in the Assembly of the Republic and were forced to form a coalition with the Social Democrats, which achieved 27 percent, in what was called the "Central Bloc". Although this coalition allowed Soares to govern, several members of both parties were against it, and internal attacks led to the collapse of the coalition after less than two years. In the election that followed, the Communist-dominated United People Alliance lost 3 MPs and the Democratic and Social Center, after the dissolution of the Democratic Alliance, was now alone in the Parliament with 30 MPs, a loss of 16. The election marked the beginning of a process of bi-polarization of Portuguese politics.
This was the last legislative election to be won by the Socialist Party until 1995.

## Background

In October 1980, the Democratic Alliance (AD), led by Francisco Sá Carneiro, was reelected with reinforced majority but it was cut short with the death of Sá Carneiro, his partner Snu Abecassis, his Defense minister Adelino Amaro da Costa and his wife, plus other crew members, in a tragic plane crash in Camarate, Loures, shortly after taking off from the main runway of Lisbon Airport. This tragic air crash sparked a series of conspirancy theories, mainly because of Portugal's involvement in the Iran–Iraq War and the supply of weapons to both Iraq and Iran.
Following the death of Sá Carneiro, Diogo Freitas do Amaral, CDS leader, became interim Prime Minister until the election of a new PSD leader. In January 1981, the PSD elected Francisco Pinto Balsemão as leader and he became Prime Minister.

### Government fall

Pinto Balsemão had a lot of problems in leading the government, as he lacked support from many senior members of his party, like Aníbal Cavaco Silva, former Finance minister under Sá Carneiro, and several ministers also resigned. Moreover, the right-wing policy was criticized by the left-wing and by the trade unions, and in February 1982, the General Confederation of the Portuguese Workers, with the support of the Communists, called for a general strike that shook the government. The wave of resignations among Balsemão's ministers continued and by the end of 1982, and also influenced by the AD's bad results in the 1982 local elections, Balsemão himself also resigned.
The Social Democratic Party proposed, to President Ramalho Eanes, a government led by Vítor Crespo, but President Eanes rejects the proposal citing that the political conditions were just too deteriorated, thus he decided to dissolve the Parliament and call an election for April. Shortly after, the AD was dissolved as PSD, CDS and PPM decided to contest by their own the April snap election.

### Leadership changes and challenges
#### CDS 1983 leadership election

After the dissolution of the Democratic Alliance (AD), Diogo Freitas do Amaral resigned from the party's leadership, and a new congress to elect a new leader was called. Two candidates were on the ballot, Francisco Lucas Pires and Luís Barbosa, with Lucas Pires being elected as new party leader.
Ballot: 20 February 1983 :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes |
| | Francisco Lucas Pires | WIN |
| | Luís Barbosa | |
| Turnout | Turnout | |
| Source: ||||

#### PSD 1983 nomination selection

Just like CDS, after the collapse of the AD coalition, the then PSD leader Francisco Pinto Balsemão announces he would not run for the leadership of the party. Shortly after, Carlos Mota Pinto is selected by the PSD as the party's candidate for Prime Minister.
Ballot: 27 February 1983 :
| Candidate | Candidate | % |
| | Carlos Mota Pinto | 100.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | |
| Source: ||||

## Electoral system

The Assembly of the Republic has 250 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 126 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.
The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude. The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.
For these elections, and compared with the 1980 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:
| District | Number of MPs | Map |
| Lisbon | 56 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Porto | 38 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Setúbal | 17 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Braga$^{(+1)}$ | 16 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Aveiro | 15 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Santarém | 12 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Leiria and Coimbra$^{(–1)}$ | 11 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Viseu | 10 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Faro | 9 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Castelo Branco, Viana do Castelo and Vila Real | 6 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Azores, Beja, Évora, Guarda and Madeira | 5 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Bragança and Portalegre | 4 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Europe and Outside Europe | 2 | 16 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |

## Parties

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 2nd legislature (1980–1983) and that also contested the elections:
| Name | Name | Name | Ideology | Political position | Leader | 1980 result | 1980 result |
| Name | Name | Name | Ideology | Political position | Leader | % | Seats |
| | PPD/PSD | Social Democratic Party Partido Social Democrata | Liberal conservatism | Centre-right | Carlos Mota Pinto | 47.6% | 82 / 250 |
| | CDS | Democratic and Social Center Centro Democrático e Social | Christian democracy | Centre-right to right-wing | Francisco Lucas Pires | 47.6% | 46 / 250 |
| | PPM | People's Monarchist Party Partido Popular Monárquico | Monarchism Green conservatism | Right-wing | Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles | 47.6% | 6 / 250 |
| | PS | Socialist Party Partido Socialista | Social democracy | Centre-left | Mário Soares | 27.8% | 66 / 250 |
| | UEDS | Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy União da Esquerda para a Democracia Socialista | Democratic Socialism Workers' self-management | Left-wing | António Lopes Cardoso | 27.8% | 4 / 250 |
| | ASDI | Independent Social-Democratic Action Acção Social Democrata Independente | Democratic Socialism Social democracy | Centre-left | António de Sousa Franco | 27.8% | 4 / 250 |
| | PCP | Portuguese Communist Party Partido Comunista Português | Communism Marxism–Leninism | Far-left | Álvaro Cunhal | 16.8% | 39 / 250 |
| | MDP/CDE | Portuguese Democratic Movement Movimento Democrático Português | Left-wing nationalism Democratic socialism | Left-wing | José Manuel Tengarrinha | 16.8% | 2 / 250 |
| | UDP | Popular Democratic Union União Democrática Popular | Marxism Socialism | Left-wing | Mário Tomé | 1.4% | 1 / 250 |

## Campaign period
### Party slogans

| Party or alliance | Original slogan | English translation |
| PSD | « Firmeza na decisão. Competência na acção. » | "Firmness in the decision. Competence in action." |
| PS | « Juntos vamos conseguir » | "Together we will do it" |
| CDS | « O nosso caminho é Portugal » | "Our path is Portugal" |
| APU | « Vota APU, A solução! » | "Vote APU, The Solution!" |

### Candidates' debates

1983 Portuguese legislative election debates :
| Date | Organisers | Moderator(s) | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee |
| Date | Organisers | Moderator(s) | PSD Pinto | PS Soares | CDS Pires | APU Cunhal | Refs |
| 23 Mar | Antena 1 | | P | P | P | P | |
| 31 Mar | RTP1 | | P | P | P | P | |

## Opinion polling

Exit poll/Forecast
| Date Released | Polling Firm | | | PS | | Others | Lead |
| 25 Apr 1983 | Election results | 27.2 75 | 12.6 30 | 36.1 101 | 18.1 44 | 6.0 0 | 8.9 |
| 25 Apr 1983 | RTP (23:15) | 25.4–27.7 69/72 | 11.5–12.0 27/30 | 36.0–39.1 98/104 | 17.2–18.5 42/46 | – | 10.6 11.4 |
| 25 Apr 1983 | RTP (20:30) | 22.0–25.5 65/72 | 12.0–14.5 35/40 | 36.0–38.5 94/102 | 16.5–19.0 42/46 | – | 13.0 14.0 |
| Apr 1983 | Tempo | 24.0 | 12.5 | 38.0 | 17.0 | 8.5 | 14.0 |
| 29 Jan 1983 | Expresso/Euroexpansão | 24 | 12 | 33 | 19 | 12 | 9 |
| Sep 1982 | Expresso/Euroexpansão | 22 | 19 | 28 | 18 | 13 | 6 |
| 27 Jul 1981 | Antropos | 42.0 | 42.0 | 36.1 | 13.9 | 8.0 | 5.9 |
| 27 Jul 1981 | Antropos | 25.1 | 9.9 | 42.4 | 14.0 | 8.6 | 17.3 |
| 5 Oct 1980 | Election results | 47.6 134 | 47.6 134 | 27.8 74 | 16.8 41 | 7.8 1 | 19.8 |

## National summary of votes and seats

Summary of the 25 April 1983 Assembly of the Republic elections results :
| Parties | Parties | Votes | % | ± | Seats | Seats | Seats | Seats | Seats | MPs %/ votes % |
| Parties | Parties | Votes | % | ± | 1980 | 1983 | ± | % | ± | MPs %/ votes % |
| | Socialist | 2,061,309 | 36.11 | 8.4 | 66 | 101 | 35 | 40.40 | 10.8 | 1.12 |
| | Social Democratic | 1,554,804 | 27.24 | — | 82 | 75 | 7 | 30.00 | 2.8 | 1.10 |
| | United People Alliance | 1,031,609 | 18.07 | 1.3 | 41 | 44 | 3 | 17.60 | 1.2 | 0.97 |
| | Democratic and Social Centre | 716,705 | 12.56 | — | 46 | 30 | 16 | 12.00 | 6.4 | 0.96 |
| | Christian Democratic | 39,180 | 0.69 | — | — | 0 | — | 0.00 | — | 0.0 |
| | People's Monarchist | 27,635 | 0.48 | — | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0.00 | 2.4 | 0.0 |
| | People's Democratic Union | 27,260 | 0.48 | 0.9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
| | People's Democratic Union / PSR | 25,222 | 0.44 | — | — | 0 | — | 0.00 | — | 0.0 |
| | Portuguese Workers' Communist | 20,995 | 0.37 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Workers Party of Socialist Unity | 19,657 | 0.34 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Revolutionary Socialist | 13,327 | 0.23 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Socialist Workers League | 11,500 | 0.20 | — | — | 0 | — | 0.00 | — | 0.0 |
| | OCMLP | 6,113 | 0.11 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Democratic Party of the Atlantic | 5,523 | 0.10 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Communist Party (Reconstructed) | 86 | 0.00 | — | — | 0 | — | 0.00 | — | 0.0 |
| Total valid | Total valid | 5,560,925 | 97.43 | 0.3 | 250 | 250 | 0 | 100.00 | 0.0 | — |
| Blank ballots | Blank ballots | 42,494 | 0.74 | 0.1 | | | | | | |
| Invalid ballots | Invalid ballots | 104,276 | 1.83 | 0.1 | | | | | | |
| Total | Total | 5,707,695 | 100.00 | | | | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 7,337,064 | 77.79 | 6.1 | | | | | | |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições, Mapa oficial. D.R. n.º 121, Suplemento, Série I de 1983-05-26 |||||||||||
Vote share
PS
36.11%
PSD
27.24%
APU
18.07%
CDS
12.56%
PDC
0.69%
Others
2.75%
Blank/Invalid
2.57% :
Parliamentary seats
PS
40.40%
PSD
30.00%
APU
17.60%
CDS
12.00% :

### Distribution by constituency

Results of the 1983 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic by constituency :
| Constituency | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | Total S |
| Constituency | PS | PS | PSD | PSD | APU | APU | CDS | CDS | | Total S |
| Azores | 31.1 | 2 | 54.4 | 3 | 3.1 | - | 4.7 | - | 5 |
| Aveiro | 36.6 | 6 | 34.8 | 6 | 7.0 | 1 | 16.4 | 2 | 15 |
| Beja | 28.0 | 2 | 11.8 | - | 49.4 | 3 | 4.1 | - | 5 |
| Braga | 39.7 | 7 | 27.0 | 5 | 8.8 | 1 | 18.3 | 3 | 16 |
| Bragança | 30.4 | 1 | 35.8 | 2 | 4.8 | - | 20.9 | 1 | 4 |
| Castelo Branco | 37.1 | 3 | 30.6 | 2 | 11.3 | - | 13.2 | 1 | 6 |
| Coimbra | 45.3 | 6 | 27.8 | 3 | 10.7 | 1 | 10.2 | 1 | 11 |
| Évora | 23.9 | 1 | 18.6 | 1 | 47.6 | 3 | 4.5 | - | 5 |
| Faro | 43.2 | 5 | 23.1 | 2 | 18.6 | 2 | 7.4 | - | 9 |
| Guarda | 33.5 | 2 | 31.5 | 2 | 4.9 | - | 23.8 | 1 | 5 |
| Leiria | 32.7 | 4 | 35.6 | 4 | 9.5 | 1 | 16.2 | 2 | 11 |
| Lisbon | 35.8 | 21 | 21.8 | 13 | 25.3 | 15 | 11.7 | 7 | 56 |
| Madeira | 24.4 | 1 | 56.2 | 4 | 2.8 | - | 8.2 | - | 5 |
| Portalegre | 38.5 | 2 | 19.1 | 1 | 28.7 | 1 | 7.5 | - | 4 |
| Porto | 43.0 | 18 | 26.2 | 10 | 13.6 | 5 | 12.5 | 5 | 38 |
| Santarém | 38.4 | 5 | 24.7 | 3 | 20.0 | 3 | 10.0 | 1 | 12 |
| Setúbal | 30.6 | 6 | 12.7 | 2 | 45.8 | 8 | 5.1 | 1 | 17 |
| Viana do Castelo | 32.5 | 2 | 32.6 | 3 | 9.9 | - | 18.4 | 1 | 6 |
| Vila Real | 32.3 | 2 | 42.0 | 3 | 5.4 | - | 12.7 | 1 | 6 |
| Viseu | 30.9 | 4 | 36.6 | 4 | 4.6 | - | 20.7 | 2 | 10 |
| Europe | 33.6 | 1 | 31.2 | 1 | 17.1 | - | 11.1 | - | 2 |
| Outside Europe | 7.0 | - | 48.2 | 1 | 2.8 | - | 34.1 | 1 | 2 |
| Total | 36.1 | 101 | 27.2 | 75 | 18.1 | 44 | 12.6 | 30 | 250 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições ||||||||||

### Maps

* Winner and seats by constituency.
* Most voted political force by municipality.

## Aftermath
### Fall of the government

The Central Bloc government had become deeply unpopular by 1984, with the consequences of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) bailout to save public finances and the economy hitting hard on the population. The budget cuts and increasing poverty were creating deep disagreements between PS and PSD, but also within both parties rifts were being formed. In the Social Democrats, these rifts came to a breaking point in February 1985 with party leader Carlos Mota Pinto resigning and announcing he would contest the next leadership ballot. But, Mota Pinto died unexpectedly just days prior to the 1985 PSD congress and Aníbal Cavaco Silva, which was against the Central Bloc, was elected as leader. Shortly after his election as party leader, Cavaco Silva withdraws the PSD support to the Central Bloc, and the government falls. President Ramalho Eanes decides to dissolve Parliament and call a snap election for 6 October 1985.