# Hauts-de-Seine

Hauts-de-Seine (French pronunciation: ; lit. 'Seine Heights') is a department in the Île-de-France region of France. It covers Paris's western inner suburbs. It is bordered by Paris, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne to the east, Val-d'Oise to the north, Yvelines to the west and Essonne to the south. With a population of 1,624,357 (as of 2019) and a total area of 176 square kilometres (68 square miles), it has the second highest population density among all departments of France, after Paris. It is the fifth most populous department in France. Its prefecture is Nanterre, but Boulogne-Billancourt, one of its two subprefectures, alongside Antony, has a larger population.
Hauts-de-Seine is best known for containing the modern office, cinema and shopping complex La Défense, one of Grand Paris's main economic centres and one of Europe's major business districts. Hauts-de-Seine is one of the wealthiest departments in France; it had the highest GDP per capita in France at €107,800 in 2020. Its inhabitants are called Altoséquanais (masculine) and Altoséquanaises (feminine) in French.

## History

From 1790 to 1968, Hauts-de-Seine was part of the former department of Seine.
The Hauts-de-Seine department was created in 1968, from parts of the former departments of Seine and Seine-et-Oise. Its creation reflected the implementation of a law passed in 1964; Nanterre had already been selected as the prefecture for the new department early in 1965.
In 2016, the Departmental Council of Hauts-de-Seine voted in favour of a fusion of Hauts-de-Seine and Yvelines, its western neighbour. Following a similar vote in Yvelines, an établissement public interdépartemental was established. The fusion project was abandoned in 2021, but the cooperation between the two departments continues.

## Demographics
### Population development since 1881

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1881 | 254,928 | — |
| 1891 | 332,076 | +2.68% |
| 1901 | 467,391 | +3.48% |
| 1911 | 614,862 | +2.78% |
| 1921 | 724,261 | +1.65% |
| 1931 | 949,231 | +2.74% |
| 1936 | 1,019,627 | +1.44% |
| 1946 | 992,859 | −0.27% |
| 1954 | 1,118,020 | +1.50% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1962 | 1,381,805 | +2.68% |
| 1968 | 1,461,619 | +0.94% |
| 1975 | 1,438,930 | −0.22% |
| 1982 | 1,387,039 | −0.52% |
| 1990 | 1,391,658 | +0.04% |
| 1999 | 1,428,881 | +0.29% |
| 2006 | 1,536,100 | +1.04% |
| 2011 | 1,581,268 | +0.58% |
| 2016 | 1,603,268 | +0.28% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. :
Sources: :

### Place of birth of residents

Place of birth of residents of Hauts-de-Seine in 1999 :
| Born in metropolitan France | Born outside metropolitan France | Born outside metropolitan France | Born outside metropolitan France | Born outside metropolitan France |
| 80.6% | 19.4% | 19.4% | 19.4% | 19.4% |
| 80.6% | Born in overseas France | Born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth$^1$ | EU-15 immigrants$^2$ | Non-EU-15 immigrants |
| 80.6% | 1.5% | 3.5% | 3.8% | 10.6% |
| $^1$ This group is made up largely of former French settlers, such as pieds-noirs in Northwest Africa, followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth (such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies), as well as to a lesser extent foreign-born children of French expatriates. A foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999, so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria, when Algeria was an integral part of France, is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics. $^2$ An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. |||||

## Geography
### Location

Hauts-de-Seine and two other small departments (Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne) form an inner ring around Paris, known as the Petite Couronne (literal translation: "Little Crown"). Together with the City of Paris, they are included in Greater Paris since 1 January 2016. It is the smallest department in France, followed by Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne. It is slightly smaller than Maldives.

### Administration

Hauts-de-Seine comprises three departmental arrondissements and 36 communes:
| Map number | Name | Area (km$^2$) | Population (2019) | Arrondissement |
| 1 | Antony | 9.56 | 62,760 | Antony |
| 2 | Châtenay-Malabry | 6.38 | 34,021 | Antony |
| 3 | Sceaux | 3.6 | 20,004 | Antony |
| 4 | Bourg-la-Reine | 1.86 | 21,050 | Antony |
| 5 | Bagneux | 4.19 | 40,936 | Antony |
| 6 | Fontenay-aux-Roses | 2.51 | 25,531 | Antony |
| 7 | Le Plessis-Robinson | 3.43 | 30,061 | Antony |
| 8 | Clamart | 8.77 | 52,925 | Antony |
| 9 | Châtillon | 2.92 | 36,639 | Antony |
| 10 | Montrouge | 2.07 | 48,352 | Antony |
| 11 | Malakoff | 2.07 | 30,950 | Antony |
| 12 | Vanves | 1.56 | 27,846 | Boulogne-Billancourt |
| 13 | Issy-les-Moulineaux | 4.25 | 67,981 | Boulogne-Billancourt |
| 14 | Boulogne-Billancourt | 6.17 | 121,583 | Boulogne-Billancourt |
| 15 | Meudon | 9.9 | 45,818 | Boulogne-Billancourt |
| 16 | Sèvres | 3.91 | 23,463 | Boulogne-Billancourt |
| 17 | Chaville | 3.55 | 20,771 | Boulogne-Billancourt |
| 18 | Ville-d'Avray | 3.67 | 11,225 | Boulogne-Billancourt |
| 20 | Marnes-la-Coquette | 3.48 | 1,774 | Boulogne-Billancourt |
| 19 | Saint-Cloud | 7.56 | 30,012 | Nanterre |
| 21 | Vaucresson | 3.08 | 8,683 | Nanterre |
| 22 | Garches | 2.69 | 17,795 | Nanterre |
| 23 | Rueil-Malmaison | 14.7 | 78,317 | Nanterre |
| 24 | Suresnes | 3.79 | 49,311 | Nanterre |
| 25 | Puteaux | 3.19 | 45,157 | Nanterre |
| 26 | Nanterre | 12.19 | 96,277 | Nanterre |
| 27 | Colombes | 7.81 | 86,534 | Nanterre |
| 28 | La Garenne-Colombes | 1.78 | 29,642 | Nanterre |
| 29 | Bois-Colombes | 1.92 | 28,841 | Nanterre |
| 30 | Courbevoie | 4.17 | 81,558 | Nanterre |
| 31 | Neuilly-sur-Seine | 3.73 | 59,599 | Nanterre |
| 32 | Levallois-Perret | 2.41 | 66,082 | Nanterre |
| 33 | Clichy | 3.08 | 63,089 | Nanterre |
| 34 | Asnières-sur-Seine | 4.82 | 87,143 | Nanterre |
| 35 | Gennevilliers | 11.64 | 48,530 | Nanterre |
| 36 | Villeneuve-la-Garenne | 3.2 | 24,097 | Nanterre |
Hauts-de-Seine currently has the fewest number of any communes in Metropolitan France. With only 36 communes, not including Paris which has only one commune, this makes the French department in Metropolitan France with the fewest number of communes.

## Economy

Hauts-de-Seine is one of France's wealthiest departments and one of Europe's richest areas. Its GDP per capita was €106,800 in 2020, according to Eurostat official figures.

## Politics

In both local and national elections, the department predominantly supports centre-right political candidates, though the 1st and 11th constituencies favor the left.
Hauts-de-Seine was the political base of Nicolas Sarkozy, President of the French Republic from 2007 to 2012. He was the mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1983–2002) and president of the Departmental Council of Hauts-de-Seine (2004–2007) before he assumed the office. Sarkozy had succeeded Charles Pasqua as president of the Departmental Council.
In the 1990s and early 2000s, Hauts-de-Seine received national media attention as the result of a corruption scandal concerning the misuse of public funds provided for the department's housing projects. Implicated were Charles Pasqua, as well as other personalities of the Rally for the Republic (RPR) party.

### Departmental Council of Hauts-de-Seine

Hauts-de-Seine is governed by a departmental council. Its 46 members are called departmental councillors. The electorate of Hauts-de-Seine usually votes for right-wing parties; there has never been a left-wing majority since the department's inception in 1968.
The departmental council is the deliberative organ of the department. The executive is led by the council president, assisted by vice presidents, in charge of various portfolios. Departmental councillors are elected (two per canton) by the department's inhabitants for six-year terms (no term limits). The president of the Departmental Council is Georges Siffredi, elected in 2020.

### Presidential elections 2nd round

| Election | Winning Candidate | Party | % | 2nd Place Candidate | Party | % |
| 2022 | Emmanuel Macron | LREM | 80.39 | Marine Le Pen | FN | 19.61 |
| 2017 | Emmanuel Macron | LREM | 85.65 | Marine Le Pen | FN | 14.35 |
| 2012 | Nicolas Sarkozy | UMP | 50.52 | François Hollande | PS | 49.48 |
| 2007 | Nicolas Sarkozy | UMP | 55.65 | Ségolène Royal | PS | 44.35 |
| 2002 | Jacques Chirac | RPR | 87.99 | Jean-Marie Le Pen | FN | 12.01 |
| 1995 | Jacques Chirac | RPR | 57.25 | Lionel Jospin | PS | 42.75 |

### National representation

Hauts-de-Seine elected the following members of the National Assembly in the 2024 legislative election:
| Constituency | Member | Party |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 1st constituency | Elsa Faucillon | New Popular Front |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 2nd constituency | Thomas Lam | The Republicans |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 3rd constituency | Philippe Juvin | The Republicans |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 4th constituency | Sabrina Sebaihi | New Popular Front |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 5th constituency | Céline Calvez | Ensemble! |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 6th constituency | Constance Le Grip | Ensemble! |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 7th constituency | Pierre Cazeneuve | Ensemble! |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 8th constituency | Prisca Thevenot | Ensemble! |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 9th constituency | Stéphane Séjourné | Ensemble! |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 10th constituency | Gabriel Attal | Ensemble! |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 11th constituency | Aurélien Saintoul | New Popular Front |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 12th constituency | Jean-Didier Berger | The Republicans |
| Hauts-de-Seine's 13th constituency | Maud Bregeon | Ensemble! |
In the Senate, Hauts-de-Seine is represented by:
* André Gattolin (LREM), since 2011
* Xavier Iacovelli (LREM), since 2017
* Roger Karoutchi (LR), since 2009
* Christine Lavarde (LR), since 2017
* Hervé Marseille (UDI), since 2011
* Pierre Ouzoulias (PCF), since 2017
* Philippe Pemezec (LR), since 2017

## Tourism

* Tourist attractions
* Empress Joséphine's bedroom at the Château de Malmaison
* Grande Fontaine of the Parc de Saint-Cloud
* Cité de la céramique in Sèvres
* Japanese garden at the Musée Albert-Kahn in Boulogne-Billancourt
* Decauville 0-4-0 wt steam locomotive, Hauts-de-Seine, France