# Swazi language

Swazi or siSwati is a Bantu language of the Nguni group spoken in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) and South Africa by the Swati people. The number of speakers is estimated to be in the region of 4.7 million including first and second language speakers. The language is taught in Eswatini and some South African schools in Mpumalanga, particularly former KaNgwane areas. Siswati is an official language of Eswatini (along with English), and is also one of the twelve official languages of South Africa.
The official term is "siSwati" among native speakers; in English, Zulu, Ndebele or Xhosa it may be referred to as Swazi. siSwati is most closely related to the other Tekela languages, like Phuthi and Northern Transvaal (Sumayela) Ndebele, but is also very close to the Zunda languages: Zulu, Southern Ndebele, Northern Ndebele, and Xhosa.

## Dialects

Siswati spoken in Eswatini can be divided into four dialects corresponding to the four administrative regions of the country: Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, and Shiselweni.
Siswati has at least two varieties: the standard, prestige variety spoken mainly in the north, centre and southwest of the country, and a less prestigious variety spoken elsewhere.
In the far south, especially in towns such as Nhlangano and Hlatikhulu, the variety of the language spoken is significantly influenced by isiZulu. Many Swazis (plural emaSwati, singular liSwati), including those in the south who speak this variety, do not regard it as 'proper' Swazi. This is what may be referred to as the second dialect in the country. The sizeable number of Swazi speakers in South Africa (mainly in the Mpumalanga province, and in Soweto) are considered by Eswatini Swazi speakers to speak a non-standard form of the language.
Unlike the variant in the south of Eswatini, the Mpumalanga variety appears to be less influenced by Zulu, and is thus considered closer to standard Swazi. However, this Mpumalanga variety is distinguishable by distinct intonation, and perhaps distinct tone patterns. Intonation patterns (and informal perceptions of 'stress') in Mpumalanga Swazi are often considered discordant to the Swazi ear. This South African variety of Swazi is considered to exhibit influence from other South African languages spoken close to Swazi.
A feature of the standard prestige variety of Swazi (spoken in the north and centre of Eswatini) is the royal style of slow, heavily stressed enunciation, which is anecdotally claimed to have a 'mellifluous' feel to its hearers.

## Phonology
### Vowels

Swazi vowels :
| | Front | Back |
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | ɛ~e | ɔ~o |
| Open | a | a |

### Consonants

Swazi does not distinguish between places of articulation in its clicks. They are dental (as [ǀ]) or might also be alveolar (as [ǃ]). It does, however, distinguish five or six manners of articulation and phonation, including tenuis, aspirated, voiced, breathy voiced, nasal, and breathy-voiced nasal.
Swazi consonants :
| | | Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Dental/ Alveolar | Lateral | Post- alveolar | Velar | Glottal | Glottal |
| | | Labial | plain | nasal | Lateral | Post- alveolar | Velar | plain | nasal |
| Click | plain | | ᵏǀ | ᵑǀ | | | | | |
| Click | aspirated | | ᵏǀʰ | ᵑǀʰ | | | | | |
| Click | breathy | | ᶢǀʱ | ᵑǀʱ | | | | | |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | n | | ɲ | ŋ~ŋɡ | | |
| Plosive | ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tʼ | | | kʼ~k̬ | | |
| Plosive | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tʰ | | | kʰ | | |
| Plosive | breathy | bʱ | dʱ | dʱ | | | ɡʱ | | |
| Plosive | implosive | ɓ | | | | | | | |
| Affricate | voiceless | tf | tsʼ~tsʰ | tsʼ~tsʰ | | tʃʼ | kxʼ | | |
| Affricate | voiced | dv | dzʱ | dzʱ | | dʒʱ | | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | s | ɬ | ʃ | | h | h̃ |
| Fricative | voiced | v | z | z | ɮ | ʒ | | ɦ | ɦ̃ |
| Approximant | Approximant | w | | | l | j | | | |
The consonants /tsʼ kʼ ŋ/ each have two sounds. /tsʼ/ and /kʼ/ can both occur as ejective sounds, [tsʼ] and [kʼ], and their other common allophones are [tsʰ] and [k̬]. The sound /ŋ/ differs when at the beginning of stems as [ŋ], and commonly as [ŋɡ] within words.

### Tone

Swazi exhibits three surface tones: high, mid and low. Tone is unwritten in the standard orthography. Traditionally, only the high and mid tones are taken to exist phonemically, with the low tone conditioned by a preceding depressor consonant. Bradshaw (2003) however argues that all three tones exist underlyingly.
Phonological processes acting on tone include:
* When a stem with non-high tone receives a prefix with underlying high tone, this high tone moves to the antepenult (or to the penult, when the onset of the antepenult is a depressor).
* High spread: all syllables between two high tones become high, as long as no depressor intervenes. This happens not only word-internally, but also across a word boundary between a verb and its object.
The depressor consonants are all voiced obstruents other than /ɓ/. The allophone [ŋ] of /ŋɡ/ appears to behave as a depressor for some rules but not others.

## Orthography
### Vowels

* a - [a]
* e - [ɛ~e]
* i - [i]
* o - [ɔ~o]
* u - [u]

### Consonants

* b - [ɓ]
* bh - [bʱ]
* c - [ᵏǀ]
* ch - [ᵏǀʰ]
* d - [dʱ]
* dl - [ɮ]
* dv - [dv]
* dz - [dz]
* f - [f]
* g - [gʱ]
* gc - [ᶢǀʱ]
* h - [h]
* hh - [ɦ]
* hl - [ɬ]
* j - [dʒʱ]
* k - [kʼ, k̬]
* kh - [kʰ]
* kl - [kɬ]
* l - [l]
* m - [m]
* mb - [mb]
* n - [n]
* nc - [ᵑǀ]
* nch - [ᵑǀʰ]
* ndl - [ⁿɮ]
* ng - [ŋ, ŋɡ]
* ngc - [ᵑǀʱ]
* nhl - [ⁿɫ]
* p - [pʼ]
* ph - [pʰ]
* q - [kʼ, k̬]
* s - [s]
* sh - [ʃ]
* t - [tʼ]
* tf - [tf]
* th - [tʰ]
* tj - [tʃʼ]
* ts - [tsʼ, tsʰ]
* v - [v]
* w - [w]
* y - [j]
* z - [z]
* zh - [ʒ]

### Labialised consonants

* dvw - [dvʷ]
* khw - [kʰʷ]
* lw - [lʷ]
* nkhw - [ᵑkʰʷ]
* ngw - [ᵑ(g)ʷ]
* sw - [sʷ]
* vw - [vʷ]

## Grammar
### Nouns

The Swazi noun (libito) consists of two essential parts, the prefix (sicalo) and the stem (umsuka). Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, which are numbered consecutively, to ease comparison with other Bantu languages.
The following table gives an overview of Swazi noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs.
| Class | Singular | Plural |
| 1/2 | um(u)- | ba-, be- |
| 1a/2a | Ø- | bo- |
| 3/4 | um(u)- | imi- |
| 5/6 | li- | ema- |
| 7/8 | s(i)- | t(i)- |
| 9/10 | iN- | tiN- |
| 11/10 | lu-, lw- | tiN- |
| 14 | bu-, b-, tj- | |
| 15 | ku- | |
| 17 | ku- | |
* 1 2 umu- replaces um- before monosyllabic stems, e.g. umuntfu (person).
* 1 2 s- and t- replace si- and ti- respectively before stems beginning with a vowel, e.g. sandla/tandla (hand/hands).
* 1 2 3 The placeholder N in the prefixes iN- and tiN- stands for m, n or no letter at all.

### Verbs

Verbs use the following affixes for the subject and the object:
| Person/ Class | Prefix | Infix |
| 1st sing. | ngi- | -ngi- |
| 2nd sing. | u- | -wu- |
| 1st plur. | si- | -si- |
| 2nd plur. | ni- | -ni- |
| 1 | u- | -m(u)- |
| 2 | ba- | -ba- |
| 3 | u- | -m(u)- |
| 4 | i- | -yi- |
| 5 | li- | -li- |
| 6 | a- | -wa- |
| 7 | si- | -si- |
| 8 | ti- | -ti- |
| 9 | i- | -yi- |
| 10 | ti- | -ti- |
| 11 | lu- | -lu- |
| 14 | bu- | -bu- |
| 15 | ku- | -ku- |
| 17 | ku- | -ku- |
| reflexive | | -ti- |

## Months

Swazi month names :
| English | Swazi/Swati |
| January | nguBhimbidvwane |
| February | yiNdlovana |
| March | yiNdlovulenkhulu |
| April | nguMabasa |
| May | yiNkhwekhweti |
| June | yiNhlaba |
| July | nguKholwane |
| August | iNgci |
| September | iNyoni |
| October | iMphala |
| November | Lweti |
| December | yiNgongoni |

## Sample text

The following example of text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Bonkhe bantfu batalwa bakhululekile balingana ngalokufananako ngesitfunti nangemalungelo. Baphiwe ingcondvo nekucondza kanye nanembeza ngakoke bafanele batiphatse futsi baphatse nalabanye ngemoya webuzalwane.
The Declaration reads in English:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."