OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Action theory (philosophy)

Action theory or theory of action is an area in philosophy concerned with theories about the processes causing willful human bodily movements of a more or less complex kind. This area of thought involves epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, jurisprudence, and philosophy of mind, and has attracted the strong interest of philosophers ever since Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (Third Book). With the advent of psychology and later neuroscience, many theories of action are now subject to empirical testing.
Philosophical action theory, or the philosophy of action, should not be confused with sociological theories of social action, such as the action theory established by Talcott Parsons. Nor should it be confused with activity theory.

## Overview

Basic action theory typically describes action as intentional behavior caused by an agent in a particular situation. The agent's desires and beliefs (e.g. a person wanting a glass of water and believing that the clear liquid in the cup in front of them is water) lead to bodily behavior (e.g. reaching across for the glass). In the simple theory (see Donald Davidson), the desire and belief jointly cause the action. Michael Bratman has raised problems for such a view and argued that we should take the concept of intention as basic and not analyzable into beliefs and desires.
Aristotle held that a thorough explanation must give an account of both the efficient cause, the agent, and the final cause, the intention.
In some theories a desire plus a belief about the means of satisfying that desire are always what is behind an action. Agents aim, in acting, to maximize the satisfaction of their desires. Such a theory of prospective rationality underlies much of economics and other social sciences within the more sophisticated framework of rational choice. However, many theories of action argue that rationality extends far beyond calculating the best means to achieve one's ends. For instance, a belief that I ought to do X, in some theories, can directly cause me to do X without my having to want to do X (i.e. have a desire to do X). Rationality, in such theories, also involves responding correctly to the reasons an agent perceives, not just acting on wants.
While action theorists generally employ the language of causality in their theories of what the nature of action is, the issue of what causal determination comes to has been central to controversies about the nature of free will.
Conceptual discussions also revolve around a precise definition of action in philosophy. Scholars may disagree on which bodily movements fall under this category, e.g. whether thinking should be analysed as action, and how complex actions involving several steps to be taken and diverse intended consequences are to be summarised or decomposed.
# C13H16N2

The molecular formula C$_{13}$H$_{16}$N$_2$ (molar mass : 200.279 g/mol) may refer to:
* Dexmedetomidine
* DM-506
* Medetomidine
* Pethidine intermediate A
* PNU-22394
* RU-28306
* Tetrahydrozoline
# Down Ass Bitch

"Down Ass Bitch" (edited as "Down Ass Chick" or "Down A** Chick") is the third and final single by American rapper Ja Rule, from his third studio album Pain Is Love (2001). It features then-labelmate Charli Baltimore and was released through Def Jam Recordings and Irv Gotti's Murder Inc. Records.

## Music video

The music video opens with two FBI detectives (played by Eric Roberts and Clarence Williams III) on the hunt for two diamond thieves (Ja Rule and Charli). It then cuts to Ja Rule and Charli ready to steal a diamond in a mansion at night (with Ja Rule rapping outside a car in-between scenes). They successfully found the diamonds hidden in the portrait. The owners, an actual married couple, were awakened by the alarm knowing that the hidden diamonds were stolen. The husband then pressed the alert button, calling the police. Ja Rule was able to escape, while his partner, Charli was arrested by the police. The scene then cuts to Charli's interrogation where the elder detective furiously asks the whereabouts of Ja Rule while another detective reveals the crime scene as well as Charli being the one who pulled the crime with Ja assisting her. He then asks where Ja is, along with the elder detective asking in a more furious manner. Charli replies that she doesn't know what they're talking about. In the next verse, Charli, still in the interrogation room raps in front of the two detectives which then shifts to her in prison. Charli, then makes a phone call to Ja Rule, who is at his own home and replies to her by rapping and singing the next verse. Charli is then released from prison and rides a limo to the airport where she meets Ja Rule in an airplane. It then shifts to the two celebrating Charli's release from prison in a beach. The two were then spotted by the detectives (via binoculars) in the same beach, who were also in vacation. The music video ends with the detectives laughing, complimenting and telling each other that "you are the man" with the white detective saying "I love my job" just as they are about to approach Ja and Charli as the music video for Down 4 U starts. the video premiered on BET's Access Granted on April 13, 2002.

## Remix: "Down 4 U"

"Down 4 U" is the official remix of "Down Ass Bitch". It features The Inc. Records labelmates Charli Baltimore, Ashanti, & Vita. It was released as a single for Irv Gotti Presents: The Inc.. Its music video is revealed to be the sequel of "Down Ass Bitch"
# Shahid A.H.M. Kamaruzzaman Govt. Degree College

Shahid AHM Kamaruzzaman Government Degree College (Bengali: শহীদ এ.এইচ.এম. কামারুজ্জামান সরকারি ডিগ্রি কলেজ) is a pass-level degree college in Boalia Thana, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. It was established in 1994 as Housing Estate College, and renamed after Shahid AHM Kamaruzzaman in 1997. It is affiliated with National University. This college has been declared a government college by the ministry of education in 2016. It is situated in Uposhor New Market, Boalia, Rajshahi.$^{[5]}$
# Pelinor (mencey)

Pelinor was a Guanche mencey king of Menceyato de Adeje at the time of the conquest of Tenerife in the 15th century.

## Life

Alongside the menceyes of Abona and Güímar, Pelinor negotiated peace around 1490 with Pedro de Vera, Governor of Gran Canaria, ratifying a treaty with Alonso Fernández de Lugo at the beginning of the conquest in 1494. Once the war ended, Pelinor was the only mencey not brought to the Peninsula to be presented to the Catholic Monarchs.
As a mencey who actively supported the conquerors in the peace negotiations, he was amply rewarded by the new authorities. He received the entire Valle de Masca (Masca Valley), 30 acres of land with water on the "Río de Chasna" (Valle de San Lorenzo) and another 100 acres in the Valle de Santiago - both pieces of land in the former domains of Adeje. Also, his family was granted a coat of arms.

## Death

Pelinor died around 1505.
Among Pelinor's notable descendants is the American actor and singer Anthony Ramos.
# Teary Eyed

"Teary Eyed" a song by American recording artist Missy Elliott. It was written by Warryn Campbell and Elliott for her sixth studio album, The Cookbook (2005), while production was handled by the former. Released as the album's second single on September 12, 2005, following "Lose Control" (2005), the song reached the top 50 in Australia, Ireland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom

## Chart performance

In the United States, "Teary Eyed" did not appear on the Billboard Hot 100. In the United Kingdom, the song was released on September 26, 2005, but it was also unsuccessful there, peaking at number 47. On the issue date of February 11, 2006, the song debuted at number 45 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart, and the following month, it peaked within the top five of the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart. In Australia, "Teary Eyed" reached the top 40 of the ARIA Singles Chart, peaking at number 36.

## Music video

The music video for "Teary Eyed" was directed by Antti Jokinen and Elliott. It takes place mainly in an insane asylum with Elliott in a straight jacket. In between cuts she is looking at an injured man on a hospital bed (the man she is singing about). As usual Elliot uses her sample technique to promote the song "Meltdown" by performing in the middle of the video. There are various shots of a car flipping and bursting into flames due to Elliott stabbing a hole in the front left tire out of her anger.

## Charts

Weekly chart performance for "Teary Eyed" :
| Chart (2005) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 38 |
| Australian Urban (ARIA) | 14 |
| Germany (GfK) | 64 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 44 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 56 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 38 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 47 |
| UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) | 8 |
| US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) | 30 |
| US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard) | 5 |

## Release history

Release history for "Teary Eyed" :
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) |
| United States | September 12, 2005 | Rhythmic contemporaryurban radio | GoldmindAtlantic |
| United Kingdom | September 26, 2005 | CD | GoldmindAtlantic |
| Australia | October 24, 2005 | CD | GoldmindAtlantic |
# Treasure Hunt (1994 film)

Treasure Hunt is a 1994 Hong Kong action comedy and romantic fantasy film written and directed by Jeffrey Lau and starring Chow Yun-fat and Jacklyn Wu.

## Plot

Chinese American CIA operative Jeffrey Cheung Ching (Chow Yun-fat) was ordered to escort a Chinese national treasure to the United States. Cheung goes from America to Beijing where he stays at the Shaolin temple. There, he encounters conflicts due to culture barriers and different life habits. However, he became friends with Abbot Hung Chi (Gordon Liu) and a seven-year-old monk Grasshopper (Choi Yue). Cheung is later surprised to find out that the so-called national treasure is a para psychological girl named Siu-ching (Jacklyn Wu). During the process of exposing the evil sinister, Cheung and Ching develop a romance.

## Cast

* Chow Yun-fat as Jeffrey Cheung Ching
* Jacklyn Wu as Mui Siu-ching
* Chin Han as Tong Ling / Captain Chiu
* Gordon Liu as Abbot Hung Chi
* Michael Wong as Michael
* Philip Kwok as Kung Ching
* Roy Chiao as Uncle Bill
* Choi Yue as Priestling Grasshopper
* Giorgio Pasotti as Ng Yan
* Wong Kwan-hong as Wai-tak
* Jun Kunimura as Yamamoto
* George Saunders as Joe
* Alex Sheafe as Mr. Ford
* Jeffrey Lau as Nakajima
* Anita Wong as Bill's wife
* Gary Young Lim aka Gary Lam Jan Hong as Jeffrey's cousin
* Sylvia Chen as Jeffrey's cousin
* Elizabeth Lai as Chinese teacher
* Cherl Maxfield as American friend
* Tamara Session as American friend
* Rose Tenison as American friend
* Fu Xin-min
* Wang Shao-qi
* Wang Qi-qhang
* Ju Xin-hua as Spy #A
* Yu Yan-kai as Spy #B
* Zhu Yu-kui as Spy #C

## Box office

The film grossed HK$37,033,685 at the Hong Kong box office during its theatrical run from 29 January to 16 March 1994 in Hong Kong.

## Award nominations

* 14th Hong Kong Film Awards
** Nominated: Best Actor (Chow Yun-fat)
** Nominated: Best Cinematography (Peter Pau)
# Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials

The Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials took place in Amersfoort in The Netherlands in 1591–1595, with appeals and sentences in Utrecht. The witch trials resulted in the prosecution of seventeen people and the execution of at least six people by strangulation and burning.
# Jude Attipetty

Jude Attipetty is an Indian director of Malayalam cinema and television. He is the head of programs at Mazhavil Manorama and is the director of award-winning tele-series such as Sararanthal and Mikhayelinte Santhathikal. He has also received the Kerala State Television Award for direction for his series, Avasthantharangal.

## Biography

Born in Kochi, the business capital of the south Indian state of Kerala, Jude Attipetty started his career by making a documentary, Keep the City Clean for the Corporation of Kochi in 1981. Ten years later, he directed his first Malayalam tele-series, Sararanthal, which was aired on Doordarshan, which also brought him his first state award for direction. It was followed by Mikhayelinte Santhathikal in 1993, the debut series of Biju Menon, which again won the state award for best direction. The next series was Dr. Harischandra in 1994, and he made his film debut the same year with Puthran; the film was also the debut film of Biju Menon. His next film was Mercara, made in 1999, before which he also made a TV series, Roses in December in 1995. In 2001, he made another tele-series, Avasthantharangal, based on his earlier series, Mikhayelinte Santhathikal.
Attipetty made his first videofilm in 2002, Parayan Baki Vachathu, which was an official entry at the Second International Video Festival (IV Fest) held in 25 March 2003 at Thiruvananthapuram. The latest of his tele-series was Edayanum Mankidavum, telecast in 2003. He resides in Kochi and is associated with Mazhavil Manorama, heading its content development section as the chief of programs.

## Awards

| Year | Award | Category | Film |
| 1991 | Kerala State Television Award | Best series | Sararanthal |
| 1993 | Kerala State Television Award | Best series | Mikhayelinte Santhathikal |
| 2001 | Kerala State Television Award | Best director | Avasthantharangal |

## Oeuvre

| Work | Genre | Year |
| Keep the City Clean | Documentary | 1981 |
| Sararaanthal | Tele-series | 1991 |
| Mikhayelinte Santhathikal | Tele-series | 1993 |
| Dr. Harischandra | Tele-series | 1994 |
| Puthran | Film | 1994 |
| Roses in December | Tele-series | 1995 |
| Mercara | Film | 1999 |
| Avasthantharangal | Tele-series | 2001 |
| Parayan Baki Vachathu | Video film | 2002 |
| Edayanum Mankidavum | Tele-series | 2003 |
# Theodor Croneiss

Oberleutnant Theodor Croneiss (18 December 1894 – 7 November 1942) was a World War I fighter pilot credited with five aerial victories.

## World War I service

Croneiss was one of the German pilots assigned to duty with Germany's allies, the Ottoman Empire. As such, he was assigned to Feldflieger Abteilung 6, which was also known as the Jasta Chanak Kale—Turkei as early as late 1915 or early 1916. His first aerial victory came on 7 January 1916, when he downed a Farman bomber over El Sedd-ul-Bahr. The next day, he downed a Royal Naval Air Service Voisin III LAS in the vicinity of Cape Helles. On 4 February 1916, his victory was over a reconnaissance two-seater at Baba-Tepe, off Imbros.
On 24 January 1918, Croneiss shot down a Sopwith over the Gulf of Saros. His fifth victory came on 23 May 1918, when he destroyed a Sopwith fighter. He was subsequently decorated with the Iron Cross First Class and the Knight's Cross of the House Order of Hohenzollern in August 1918.

## Post World War I

Having survived the war as an Oberleutnant, Croneiss became a sporting aviator. He became director of a flying club that sponsored Willy Messerschmitt. Croneiss piloted one of Messerschmitt's early designs, the M-21, to win the designer a 60,000 Reichsmark prize. In 1928–1929, Croneiss won the East Prussia Flying Trophy with the M-23 model. He later evolved into a test pilot for the Messerschmitt Company.
Theodor Jacob Croneiss died on 7 November 1942.

## Awards and decorations

* Iron Cross of 1914, 2nd class (2 January 1915) and 1st class (26 September 1916)
* Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords (6 August 1918)
* War Merit Cross, 2nd class (1942)
* Liyakat Medal
* Imtiyaz Medal
* Order of the Medjidieh
* Ottoman War Medal (Turkish: Harp Madalyası), "Gallipoli Star" or "Iron Crescent"

## Sources of information

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Franks et al 1993, pp. 94-95.
* ↑ Note: The second class Iron Cross was awarded before the first class.
# Lambula laniafera

Lambula laniafera is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in Papua, Indonesia.
# Thallophyte

Thallophytes (Thallophyta or Thallobionta) are a polyphyletic group of non-motile organisms traditionally described as "thalloid plants", "relatively simple plants" or "lower plants". They form a division of kingdom Plantae that include lichens and algae and occasionally bryophytes, bacteria and slime moulds. Thallophytes have a hidden reproductive system and hence they are also incorporated into the similar Cryptogamae category (together with ferns), as opposed to Phanerogamae. Thallophytes are defined by having undifferentiated bodies (thalloid, pseudotissue), as opposed to cormophytes (Cormophyta) with roots and stems. Various groups of thallophytes are major contributors to marine ecosystems.

## Definitions

Several different definitions of the group have been used.
Thallophytes (Thallophyta or Thallobionta) are a polyphyletic group of non-mobile organisms traditionally described as "thalloid plants", "relatively simple plants" or "lower plants". Stephan Endlicher, a 19th-century Austrian botanist, separated the vegetable kingdom into the thallophytes (algae, lichens, fungi) and the cormophytes (including bryophytes and thus being equivalent to Embryophyta in this case) in 1836. This definition of Thallophyta is approximately equivalent to Protophyta, which has always been a loosely defined group.
In the Lindley system (1830–1839), Endlicher's cormophytes were divided into the thallogens (including the bryophytes), and cormogens ("non-flowering" plants with roots), as well as the six other classes. Cormogens were a much smaller group than Endlicher's cormophytes, including just the ferns (and Equisetopsida) and the plants now known as lycopodiophytes.
Thallophyta is a division of the plant kingdom including primitive forms of plant life showing a simple plant body. Including unicellular to large algae, fungi, lichens.
The first ten phyla are referred to as thallophytes. They are simple plants without roots stems or leaves.
They are non-embryophyta. These plants grow mainly in water.

## Subdivisions

The Thallophyta have been divided into two subdivisions:
* Myxothallophyta (myxomycetes)
* Euthallophyta (bacteria, fungi, lichens, algae)
The term Euthallophyta was originally used by Adolf Engler.
# Chris Lubanski

Christopher Sebastian Lubanski (born March 24, 1985) is an American former professional baseball player who played from 2003 to 2011. He was selected by the Kansas City Royals as the 5th overall in the 2003 MLB Draft. In 2003, he was selected as the Gatorade High School Baseball National Player of the Year. He is a 2003 graduate of Kennedy-Kenrick Catholic High School in Norristown, Pennsylvania.
# Koikuchi shirt

Koikuchi shirt (鯉口シャツ) is a type of Japanese silk shirt. The term koi-kuchi, carp mouth, refers to the shape of neck.
The koi-kuchi (carp's mouth) shape is also found on other designs in Japan, notably the carp's mouth fitting on a Katana or samurai sword, and the rounded, open lips of carp's mouth Kitoku masks in dance.
# Aleksandr Chernyshyov

Aleksandr Alekseyevich Chernyshyov (Russian: Александр Андреевич Чернышёв; 21 August 1882 – 28 April 1940), anglicised Alexander Chernyshov, was an electrical engineer. He graduated from Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute in 1907, and worked there until the end of his life. His research consisted of radio engineering and high-voltage techniques. He won the Lenin Prize in 1930.
# Kofi Okyere-Agyekum

Kofi Okyere-Agyekum (born 8 March 1958) is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Fanteakwa South Constituency in the Eastern Region on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party.

## Early life and education

Okyere-Agyekum was born on 8 March 1958. He hails from Osino, a town in the Eastern Region of Ghana. He entered the University of Ghana and obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in agricultural economics in 1981. He also attended Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration and obtained a Master's of Business Administration degree in finance in 2007.

## Politics

Okyere-Agyekum is a member of the New Patriotic Party (NPP). In 2012, he contested for the Fanteakwa South seat on the ticket of the NPP sixth parliament of the fourth republic and won. He again represent the constituency in the Seventh and Eighth Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana.

### 2016 election

Agyekum contested the Fanteakwa South constituency parliamentary seat on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party during the 2016 Ghanaian general election and won with 11,274 votes representing 60.79% of the total votes. He was elected over Abigail Elorm Akwambea Mensah of the National Democratic Congress, Godfried Mark Dankwah Nyarko of the PPP, Danso Okra Daniel (IND) and Kwablah Isaac Tetteh of the Convention People's Party. They obtained 5,726 votes, 1,256 votes, 223 votes and 66 votes respectively, equivalent to 30.88%, 6.77%, 1.20% and 0.36% of the total votes respectively.

#### 2020 election

Agyekum was again elected as a member of parliament for Fanteakwa South (Ghana parliament constituency) on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party during the 2020 Ghanaian general election. He won the election with 10,565 votes representing 49.09% over Gyan Stephen Ayisi (IND) who polled 5,775 votes which is equivalent to 26.83% and parliamentary candidate for the National Democratic Congress Richard Fred Kwashie Junior had 5,181 votes representing 24.07% of the total votes.

## Employment

* Corporate manager, Uniliver, 1984–2000
* Supply chain manager, Cleansing Solution Limited, Tema
* Member of Parliament (January 7, 2013–present; 2nd term)

## Personal life

Okyere-Agyekum is a Christian (Presbyterian). He is married (with three children).
# Héðinn Steingrímsson

Héðinn Steingrímsson (born 11 January 1975) is an Icelandic chess grandmaster. He is a three-time Icelandic Chess Champion and was World U12 Chess Champion in 1987. He is the No. 5 ranked Icelandic player as of September 2020.

## Chess career

Born in 1975, Héðinn won the World U12 Chess Championship in 1987. The next year, he competed at the World U14 Championship, held in Romania. Ceaușescu was the still in power at the time and there was not enough food for the competitors; Héðinn suffered from malnutrition during the event and fell ill. In 1990, he won the Icelandic Chess Championship, aged 15. The same year, he competed at the 29th Chess Olympiad, scoring 1½/3 as Iceland finished eighth out of 108 teams. At this time, his Elo rating was over 2500. He earned his international master title in 1994 and his grandmaster title in 2007.
Héðinn competed in the Icelandic Championship in 1991, but did not play in another until 2006, where he finished second. He also did not play in Chess Olympiads during this period, returning in 2008 to score 4/7. In 2009, he won the Reykjavik Open on tie-break over Yuriy Kryvoruchko and Hannes Stefánsson. He played again for Iceland at the 39th Chess Olympiad, scoring 6/10. He has since won the Icelandic Championship twice more: in 2011 and 2015.
In December 2019, Steingrimsson tied for second place with IM (now GM) Brandon Jacobson in the Charlotte Chess Center's Holiday GM Norm Invitational held in Charlotte, North Carolina with an undefeated score of 5.5/9.