# Pointe-Noire

Pointe-Noire (French pronunciation:; Kongo: Njinji, French: Ndjindji with the letter d following French spelling standards) is the second largest city in the Republic of the Congo, following the capital of Brazzaville, and an autonomous department and a commune since the 2002 Constitution. Before this date it was the capital of the Kouilou region (now a separate department). It is situated on a headland between Pointe-Noire Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Pointe-Noire is the main commercial centre of the country and had a population of 1,420,612 inhabitants in 2023.

## The coat of arms

The coat of arms of the city of Pointe-Noire is:
"Gold at the point of sand accompanied by two silver oars, the handle gules, laid in chevron poured, the tip and oars moving from a sea of azure wavy three streams of silver"

## Administration

Pointe-Noire is a commune divided into six urban boroughs (arrondissements):
* Lumumba, the oldest area. It is the administrative and commercial centre.
* Mvoumvou
* Tié-Tié
* Loandjili
* Mongo-Mpoukou
* Ngoyo
Pointe-Noire is also a department which include the area of the commune and, since 2011, the district of Tchiamba-Nzassi, formerly part of the Kouilou department.

## History

The name Pointe-Noire ("Black Point") originated with Portuguese navigators who saw a block of black rocks on the headland in 1484. From then on, Pointe-Noire, called in Portuguese Ponta Negra, became a maritime point of reference, and then a small fishing village starting in 1883, after the French signed a treaty with local people, the Loangos.
In 1910, French Equatorial Africa (Afrique équatoriale française, AEF) was created, and French companies were allowed to exploit the Middle Congo (modern-day Congo Brazzaville). It soon became necessary to build a railroad that would connect Brazzaville, the terminus of the river navigation on the Congo River and the Ubangui River, with the Atlantic coast. As rapids make it impossible to navigate on the Congo River past Brazzaville, and the coastal railroad terminus site had to allow for the construction of a deep-sea port, authorities chose the site of Ponta Negra instead of Libreville as originally envisaged. In 1923, it was chosen to be the terminus of the Congo-Ocean Railway (CFCO).
In 1927, drinking water became available in the city, which had about 3,000 inhabitants. The airport was built in 1932. In 1934, Governor Raphael Antonetti inaugurated the Congo-Ocean Railway. The first hospital was built in 1936. That same year, Paris-based Banque de l'Afrique Occidentale opened its first branch in the city. In 1942, the Pointe-Noire Harbour welcomed its first ship, and made the city the AEF's seaport.
In 1950, Pointe-Noire had 20,000 inhabitants, and became the capital of the Middle Congo, while Brazzaville was the capital city of the AEF. In 1957, the Middle-Congo became the Republic of Congo, although it was still not independent. Incidents which occurred during 1958 legislative elections led the leaders of the Democratic Union for the Defence of African Interests (Union démocratique pour la défense des interets africains, UDDIA) to transfer the capital to Brazzaville, since Pointe-Noire was under the influence of the political opposition.
Pointe-Noire continued growing, and was the most modern city in 1960, when Congo gained independence. Then, the oil discovery around 1980 re-attracted people and Elf-Aquitaine facilities. The population doubled by 1982, and reached 360,000 in 1994.
Civil wars in 1997 and 1999 caused an influx of refugees from the surrounding provinces (Lékoumou, Niari, Bouenza, Pool) towards Pointe-Noire, causing the population to climb to over 1 million inhabitants.
Recently the Government has proposed the development of a new bulk resource port to be constructed at Point Indienne, 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the north of the Port of Pointe-Noire. A meeting was held on 18 December 2012 with a collective of 10 Congo government ministries and invited mining companies to discuss future development opportunities.

## Economy

Pointe-Noire is the essential centre of the oil industry of the Republic of Congo, one of the main oil producers in Central Africa. Congolese oil has been largely exploited by the French company Elf Aquitaine since its discovery around 1980.
Pointe-Noire is also known for its fishing industry, which is often at odds with the oil development. Local waters are reportedly getting overfished.
Formerly, Pointe-Noire was home to a potash exploitation which led to the construction of a wharf, currently closed to the public.

## Education

Lycée Français Charlemagne, a French international school for primary and secondary school children, is in Pointe-Noire. It also hosts a British international school for children aged 0 to 18 years, called Connie's Academy.
The city is home to the École Supérieure de Technologie du Littoral (technology) the École supérieure de commerce et de gestion (Business), Institut UCAC-ICAM (Engineering) and the Centre d’éducation, de formation et d’apprentissage en mécanique auto (Automotive Engineering). The Higher Institute of Technology of Central Africa has a campus in the city. There are also several other institutions of higher education in the city.

## University establishments

As a result of the decentralisation policy put in place by the Congolese government, Pointe-Noire has seen the emergence of some young universities. The city has several private institutes and universities:
* The University of Loango, which offers programmes in law, management and commerce
* The Ecole Africaine de Développement in Pointe-Noire offers programmes in science and technology
* Ecole Superieure of Commerce and Industry of Congo of Congo offers Bachelor's degree courses in partnership with Ecole SupdeV Paris

## Transport

Pointe-Noire is home to Agostinho-Neto International Airport which as of August 2023 had direct flights to Abidjan, Addis Ababa, Brazzaville, Cotonou, Douala, Istanbul, Libreville, Luanda and Paris and was the second busiest airport in the country.
Pointe-Noire is also the terminus of the Congo-Ocean Railway, the railway station being a notable building. As of 2014 the railway was operating the La Gazelle train service every other day to Brazzaville and intermediate destinations.
Thanks to its rapid growth, the city now includes Tié-Tié Railway Station and Ngondji Railway Station, the next railway stations after the Pointe Noire terminus.
On 22 June 2010 a train departing from Pointe-Noire derailed resulting in the deaths of many passengers. The railway was built by the French between 1921 and 1934 during the French colonial rule in Congo.
Pointe-Noire has a taxi-bus network that runs throughout the entire city.

## Places of worship

Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Diocese of Pointe-Noire (Catholic Church), Evangelical Church of Congo (World Communion of Reformed Churches) and Assemblies of God.

## Climate

Pointe-Noire has a tropical savanna climate under the Köppen climate classification. The city has a wet season that spans from October through April, while the remaining 5 months form the dry season. Pointe-Noire receives roughly 1,000 millimetres (39 in) of precipitation annually. Temperatures are somewhat cooler during the dry season with average temperatures roughly at 24 degrees Celsius. During the wet season, average temperatures hover around 28 degrees Celsius.
Climate data for Pointe-Noire (1991-2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.3 (86.5) | 31.0 (87.8) | 31.4 (88.5) | 31.1 (88.0) | 29.7 (85.5) | 27.4 (81.3) | 26.0 (78.8) | 26.1 (79.0) | 27.1 (80.8) | 28.7 (83.7) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.7 (85.5) | 29.0 (84.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.6 (81.7) | 27.3 (81.1) | 26.4 (79.5) | 24.1 (75.4) | 22.5 (72.5) | 22.7 (72.9) | 24.1 (75.4) | 25.8 (78.4) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.5 (79.7) | 25.6 (78.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 24.0 (75.2) | 24.1 (75.4) | 24.3 (75.7) | 24.2 (75.6) | 23.7 (74.7) | 21.0 (69.8) | 20.1 (68.2) | 20.4 (68.7) | 22.1 (71.8) | — | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.4 (74.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 180.3 (7.10) | 225.4 (8.87) | 193.4 (7.61) | 134.1 (5.28) | 55.5 (2.19) | 2.2 (0.09) | 1.0 (0.04) | 4.2 (0.17) | 16.7 (0.66) | 104.5 (4.11) | 201.6 (7.94) | 185.5 (7.30) | 1,304.4 (51.36) |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||

## Sport

Football teams include Association Sportive des Cheminots and Jeunesse Sportive les Bougainvillées.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Pointe-Noire is twinned with:
* Dalian, China
* New Orleans, United States
* Suzhou, China

## Notable people

* Delvin N'Dinga, footballer
* Junior Etou (born 1994), Congolese basketball player for Hapoel Be'er Sheva of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
* Alain Mabanckou (born 1966), writer
* Sardoine Mia (born 1998), artist
* Ghislaine Sathoud, feminist writer