OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Darby Mine No. 1 disaster

The Darby Mine No. 1 disaster in Harlan County, Kentucky, USA, on May 20, 2006, killed five miners and left one survivor.

## Cause of the explosion

As reported in a May 23, 2006 story in The Courier-Journal, "Investigator thinks methane to blame for Darby mine explosion," by Deborah Yetter and Tom Loftus, at a news conference in Holmes Mill, Kentucky on May 22, 2006, Chuck Wolfe, spokesman for Kentucky's Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet announced that investigators entered the mine for the first time since the explosion on May 22. 2006. He said that Tracy Stumbo, chief investigator at the Kentucky Office of Mine Safety and Licensing, was "pretty satisfied it was a methane explosion...Our chief investigator said he had no reason to think coal dust was a factor".
Kentucky Governor Ernie Fletcher told reporters on May 22, as he left the Capitol to attend funeral visitation for the victims, "I think we have a preliminary cause right now, and that's an explosion that occurred from a contained area that apparently was leaking...That's why we went about setting a new protocol to check all of the non-conventional containment procedures. So we're fairly confident that is where the explosion began".
Asked whether the seals would be banned, Fletcher replied, "I would not go that far at this time. But I think it does certainly behoove us to check the integrity of these non-conventional seals and make sure they are, in fact, working as they should....It's a substantial number and it could have a tremendous impact on coal mining if there was a systemic problem that was determined regarding these non-conventional seals".
Official MSHA report on the explosion can be viewed here: http://arlweb.msha.gov/Fatals/2006/Darby/FTL06c2731.pdf

## Background of the operator

John D. North and Ralph Napier owned and controlled the mine when the disaster occurred, and the mine had delinquent fines from the Mine Safety and Health Administration when the disaster occurred. Delinquent fines against Kentucky Darby after the accident stood at $593,107, but the men had eight other companies with $2.3 million in delinquent fines spread over eight other companies that they control together or separately.
As of September 2014, Mine Safety and Health News (www.minesafety.com) and National Public Radio (www.npr.org) reported in a partnership story that MSHA penalties for the 2006 mine disaster remained unpaid, along with fines for violations at the other operations. While the mines are now closed, Kentucky state records show that Ralph Napier, with his son, had registered a new mining company.
Under the 1977 Mine Act, MSHA may not close a mine for penalties unpaid for mining violations. An operator (individual or company) is free to go an open another mine, or keep operating the mine where delinquent penalties prevail.
# Checkers (supermarket chain)

Checkers is a supermarket retailer owned by Shoprite that operates in Southern Africa. By 2024, Checkers had 293 Checkers and 38 Checkers Hyper operating in Botswana, South Africa, and Namibia. The supermarket chain focuses more strongly on fresh produce and offers a wider range of choice food items to a more affluent clientele.

## History

Checkers was founded in 1956 by Norman Herber in Mayfair, Johannesburg. The firm was later expanded and made successful by Raymond Ackerman. Checkers was acquired by Shoprite Group in 1991.

## Store types

By 2024, Checkers had 293 Checkers and 38 Checkers Hyper in 3 countries.
* Checkers: Supermarkets which are being constantly improved and aligned to healthy eating and cleaner living.
* Checkers Hyper: Larger format store with a wider range than the supermarkets. This includes food, household items, clothing, video games, etc.
* Checkers Liquor Shop: Sells Liquor

## Rewards card

In 2016 Checkers tested the Xtra Savings card subsequently shelving it until its launch in late 2019. This programme allows customers to sign-up for a card which they will then need to swipe with each purchase. Unlike other rewards programmes, customers are rewarded with instant savings on purchases instead of points to spend later. Checkers claims that use of the card could result in up to 25% savings and early access to certain sales. There are some public questions about whether the savings are real. This is because discounted prices have been compared with other shop's normal prices. These comparisons seem to indicate that Checkers advertised savings have been exaggerated.
# Plant functional type

Plant functional types (PFTs) refers to a grouping or classification system often used by ecologists and climatologists to classify plant species based on their similar functions and performances in an ecosystem. It is a way to simplify the complexity of plant diversity and behaviour in ecological models by grouping plants into categories that share common functional characteristics. This simplification helps researchers model vegetation dynamics which can be used in land use studies and climate models.
PFTs provide a finer level of modeling than biomes, which represent gross areas such as desert, savannah, deciduous forest. In creating models with PFTs, areas as small as 1 km$^2$ are modeled by defining the predominant plant type for that area, interpreted from satellite data or other means. For each plant functional type, a number of key parameters are defined, such as fecundity, competitiveness, resorption (rate at which plant decays and returns nutrients to the soil after death), etc. The value of each parameter is determined or inferred from observable characteristics such as plant height, leaf area, etc.
PFT models have some limitations and problems. For example, it is difficult for climatologists and ecologists to determine which minimal set of plant characteristics best model the actual responses of the biosphere in response to climate changes. Furthermore, by oversimplifying species to a few key traits, researchers may not capture the full diversity and variability of plant species within a given ecosystem or represent rare or unique species. As such, researchers are developing more sophisticated models, such as trait-based models, to address these problems.
# The Mammoth Cheese (novel)

The Mammoth Cheese is a novel by American author Sheri Holman, published in 2003 by Atlantic Monthly. The narrative follows events in a small Virginia community following the birth of eleven babies to an individual woman. It was shortlisted for the 2005 Women's Prize for Fiction.

## Summary

In the small, fictional community of Three Chimneys, Virginia, a woman prematurely gives birth to 11 babies. Press flock to cover the events, causing a ripple effect, resulting in a recreation of the Cheshire Mammoth Cheese.

## Reception

The Mammoth Cheese was well received by critics. January Magazine described the narrative as "superb storytelling" but criticized the book's title and cover design.
The Guardian favorably reviewed the book, calling Holman "an original of extreme quality."
Kirkus Reviews called the novel "all-around terrific."
Booklist also reviewed the novel.

## Awards

The Mammoth Cheese was shortlisted for the Women's Prize for Fiction in 2005.
# Chuck Hansen

Chuck Hansen (May 13, 1947 – March 26, 2003) was the compiler, over a period of 30 years, of the world's largest private collection of unclassified documents on how America developed atomic and thermonuclear weapons.

## Research

Hansen's documents were obtained through the U.S. Freedom of Information Act and since his death have been housed at the National Security Archive at George Washington University.
In 1988, Hansen wrote the book U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History, which, along with great detail about the process of developing, testing and administering atomic weapons was critical of the U.S. Defense Department, the Atomic Energy Commission, and some other government agencies. In the book Hansen reported that the early years of nuclear testing were less successful than claimed; bombs failed, or yielded smaller or larger explosions than anticipated or announced, and attempts to develop a radioactivity-free bomb were unsuccessful. U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History is currently out of print, but it is available on compact disk through his publisher.
A second compilation of Hansen's material was published on compact disc as Swords of Armageddon in 1995. While Hansen´s U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History was very instructive, Swords of Armageddon contains much more information and details about nuclear weapons developed by United States. It is in its second revision.

## Publications

* — (20 March 1988). U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History (1st ed.). Crown. ISBN 978-0517567401. LCCN 87021995. OCLC 865554459. OL 2392513M. Retrieved 10 November 2021 – via Internet Archive.
* — (2007). The Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development Since 1945 (PDF) (CD-ROM & download available) (2nd ed.). Sunnyvale, California: Chukelea Publications. ISBN 978-0979191503. OCLC 231585284.
# Jack Salveson

John Theodore Salveson (January 5, 1914 – December 28, 1974) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher who played for five seasons. He played for the New York Giants from 1933 to 1934, the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago White Sox in 1935, and the Cleveland Indians in 1943 and 1945.
Salveson had a long and successful minor league career, spanning 22 years. From 1936 to 1942 and 1946 to 1953 he pitched in the Pacific Coast League, where he won 204 games. In 1942, he won 24 games with the Oakland Oaks, enough to earn him a shot at the majors for the first time in eight years.
During his career, Salveson was known for his efficiency, once pitching a full game in just one hour, twenty minutes, and another time completed a game with just 54 pitches. Long-time PCL star Lefty O'Doul dubbed him "the great conservationist".
Salveson was a good hitting pitcher in his brief major league career. He posted a .260 batting average (20-for-77) with 8 runs, 5 doubles, 3 home runs and 10 RBI. He recorded a .976 fielding percentage with only two errors in 83 total chances.
Salveson also appeared in the movie Pride of the Yankees as a pitcher who hit Lou Gehrig (played by Gary Cooper) in the head with a pitch.
# Khil (disambiguation)

Khil or KHIL may refer to
* KHIL, a radio station serving Willcox, Arizona, United States
* Khil Raj Regmi (born 1949), Prime Minister of Nepal
* Eduard Khil (1934–2012), Soviet and Russian baritone singer
* Khil Fiat Kikan, a village in Iran
# Mont Pelvoux

Mont Pelvoux (French:) is a mountain in the Massif des Écrins in the French Alps. It stands 3,946 m (12,946 ft) in elevation.
For many years, Mont Pelvoux was believed to be the tallest mountain in the region, since the taller Barre des Écrins cannot be seen from the Durance valley.
The summit of the mountain is called Pointe Puiseux (French:). There are three subpeaks:
* Pointe Durand (3,932 m (12,900 ft))
* Petit Pelvoux (3,753 m (12,313 ft))
* Trois Dents du Pelvoux (3,682 m (12,080 ft))

## Ascents

The first ascent of Mont Pelvoux was by Captain Durand and the two chamois hunters Alexis Liotard and Jacques-Etienne Matheoud on 30 July 1828. This party returned, with more people, to the summit in 1830. Both times they climbed the "Pointe Durand".
The highest point is named after the astronomer Victor Puiseux, who reached it first with his guide Pierre Antoine Barnéoud on 9 August 1848. Barnéoud had been the third guide in the 1830 re-ascent.
# Dawson murder case

The Dawson family, a family of seven (parents Carnell and Angela, and five children), were all murdered in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S., on October 16, 2002. After Angela had repeatedly alerted police to drug dealing, assault, and other crimes in her East Baltimore neighborhood of Oliver, the entire family was killed when their home was firebombed. A neighbor, Darrell L. Brooks— pleaded guilty to the crimes and was given a life sentence without the possibility of parole. At the time of the attack, Brooks was on probation but had been left unsupervised.
After repeated vandalism of their home, the Dawsons survived a first arson attempt on October 3, 2002, only to succumb to the second. The outcry over the magnitude of the crime was only matched by the frustration expressed by many residents who simply could not believe that city officials, who were aware of the escalating violence, had been unable to protect the family. City officials defended their actions, saying an offer to relocate the family was refused.
The tragedy underscored the failure in attempts to encourage residents of Baltimore to stand up to drug dealing and of the city to provide protection to those who did. In 2005, relatives of the Dawson family filed suit against the city, state and various agencies. They alleged that despite the launch of the "Believe Campaign" in 2002 (which encouraged residents to supply information about drug dealers) there were insufficient resources to protect witnesses who did come forward. The lawsuit was later dismissed, a ruling which was later upheld in an appeal to the Maryland Court of Appeals.
Numerous efforts to reclaim and rebuild Oliver in the name of the Dawson family have been undertaken by politicians, activists and ordinary citizens. Mayor (and later Governor of Maryland) Martin O'Malley, U.S. Rep. Elijah Cummings, State Senator Nathaniel McFadden and the action group known as Baltimoreans United in Leadership Development (BUILD) have worked in individual and collective ways to ensure the Dawson family a lasting public memory. The house where the Dawsons died reopened in April 2007 as the Dawson Safe Haven Community Center.
# Paranan language

Paranan, also called Palanan, is a Philippine language belonging to the Northern Luzon languages. It is spoken in the northeastern coastal areas of Isabela, Philippines.
Lexically but not grammatically, it is extremely close to Pahanan Agta as groups of both languages were together isolated from other communities and remained in constant interaction. The ISO 639-3 code is now prf; it had been agp which included Pahanan Agta.
# E for Ecstasy

E for Ecstasy is a book written by Nicholas Saunders and published in May 1993. The book describes in detail the psychoactive substance MDMA (ecstasy), the people that use it and the law concerning it, all enhanced through the lens of the author's personal experience.
Subsequent revised versions were renamed Ecstasy and the Dance Culture (1995) and Ecstasy Reconsidered (1997). The book is available online for free.
The book was banned in Australia in 1994.
# Fred Hartman (American football)

Frederick Lilburn Hartman (May 21, 1917 – April 30, 1984) was an American football tackle who played for two seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Schreiner College and Rice before being drafted by the Chicago Bears in the eighth round (61st overall) of the 1941 NFL draft. He played for the Bears in 1947 and for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1948, winning an NFL championship with the Eagles in 1948.
# List of casinos in Wyoming

This is a list of casinos in Wyoming.
# The Ladies Get Their Say

The Ladies Get Their Say (Italian: Due partite) is a 2009 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Enzo Monteleone. It is based on the Cristina Comencini's stage play with the same name. It was nominated to four Silver Ribbon Awards (for best producer, best costumes, best set design, and to the whole cast for best supporting actresses) and to two David di Donatello (for best makeup and for best hairstyling).

## Cast

* Paola Cortellesi as Sofia
* Isabella Ferrari as Beatrice
* Marina Massironi as Claudia
* Margherita Buy as Gabriella
* Claudia Pandolfi as Rossana
* Alba Rohrwacher as Giulia
* Valeria Milillo as Cecilia
* Carolina Crescentini as Sara
# Cryptocoleopsis

Cryptocoleopsis is a monotypic genus of liverworts belonging to the family Gymnomitriaceae.
The only species of this genus, Cryptocoleopsis imbricata Amakawa was found in Russian Far East and Japan.
# Nchingidi worm lizard

The Nchingidi worm lizard (Chirindia rondoensis) is a species of amphisbaenian in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is endemic to Tanzania.
# Frank Cordaro

Frank Cordaro (born 1951) is a peace activist and co-founder of the Des Moines, Iowa, Catholic Worker group. He frequently attends protests and gives lectures at school and community events in Nebraska and Iowa. He was a Roman Catholic priest from 1985 until leaving the priesthood in 2003 for personal reasons, including his wish to be released from the vow of celibacy. Max McElwain calls him a Christian anarchist, and Cordaro frequently participates in peace rallies involving civil disobedience. He has been sentenced to at least eight six-month terms in federal jail for trespassing onto military bases and federal buildings during demonstrations, most often at Strategic Air Command at Offutt Air Force Base near Omaha, Nebraska.

## Background

Cordaro grew up in Des Moines, and went to the University of Northern Iowa where he was a wrestler. During his period as a priest and since he has been an outspoken critic of some aspects of the Catholic Church, including advocating the ordination of women into priesthood.

## Awards

He was awarded the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award in November 1990.
# Susan Concannon

Susan Concannon (born July 23, 1958) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives from the 107th district from 2013 to 2025.
In 2024, Concannon notably changed her position on Kansas Senate Bill 233, a bill barring access to gender-affirming care for young transgender people in Kansas. She voted in favor of the bill before it was vetoed by Kansas Governor Laura Kelly, but against overturning Kelly's veto, citing concerns about government overreach and vague language in the bill. Concannon was one of two Republicans in the Kansas House of Representatives who changed their position, the other being Jesse Borjon of Topeka. Had either not done so, the Republican motion to override Gov. Kelly's veto would have succeeded. She did not run for re-election in 2024.
# Darevskia spitzenbergerae

Darevskia spitzenbergerae, the Caucasian rock lizard or Valentin's lizard, is a lizard species in the genus Darevskia. It is endemic to Turkey. It has also been classified as a subspecies of Darevskia valentini.
# Eagle Hills Properties

Eagle Hills is a private real estate investment and development company based in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The company is headed by Mohamed Alabbar, founder and managing director of Emaar Properties, while Emaar Properties PJSC owns a 25% stake in the company since 2023.

## History

Eagle Hills was established in 2014 in United Arab Emirates.
In April 2016, Eagle Hills unveiled The Address Fujairah Resort + Spa. In June 2016, Eagle Hills began construction at Fairmont La Marina in Morocco. and the 200-room hotel, set to open in 2019.
In January 2018, Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, Supreme Council Member and Ruler of Sharjah, unveiled three new projects in Sharjah — Maryam Island, Kalba Waterfront and Palace Al Khan. The projects have a combined value of AED 2.7 billion through a partnership between Eagle Hills and the Sharjah Investment & Development Authority (Shurooq). In November 2018, Eagle Hills launched a residential development (of 4,000 residences in an area of approximately 360,000 sqm) in Addis Ababa, in the setting of La Gare (‘the station’ in French) train station.
In March 2019, Eagle Hills Properties was short-listed to lead the project City within the City in Zagreb, Croatia, and completed the first phase of residential developments within the Maryam Island with the sales launch of the residential units of Indigo Beach Residence.
The company is chaired by Mohamed Alabbar.

## Other projects
### Oman

In May 2018, Eagle Hills announced the launch of Mandarin Oriental, Muscat in Oman. The property was due to be developed by Eagle Hills Muscat, a partnership between Eagle Hills Abu Dhabi and Izz International, and managed by Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group.

### Serbia

In April 2015, Eagle Hills signed a joint venture agreement with representatives from the government of the Republic of Serbia for the Belgrade Waterfront. The project sparked major controversy as the entire project was reputedly planned in secret, with no public participation, which was later followed by protests in the capital city. Construction work began on the first residential building in October 2015.

### Hungary

In January 2025, the Hungarian government signed a contract to sell the area around the abandoned Rákosrendező railway station to Eagle Hills. The contract involved a development worth €12 billion, named Grand Budapest, or colloquially "Mini-Dubai". The development was to include a 500 m tall skyscraper, which is not allowed by the Budapest building code but was granted an exemption in the contract. The contract was condemned by Budapest mayor Gergely Karácsony as well as Dávid Vitézy. The government eventually abandoned the plan as one of the utility companies owned by Budapest had priority purchase rights to the area.
# Mass-flux fraction

The mass-flux fraction (or Hirschfelder-Curtiss variable or Kármán-Penner variable) is the ratio of mass-flux of a particular chemical species to the total mass flux of a gaseous mixture. It includes both the convectional mass flux and the diffusional mass flux. It was introduced by Joseph O. Hirschfelder and Charles F. Curtiss in 1948 and later by Theodore von Kármán and Sol Penner in 1954. The mass-flux fraction of a species i is defined as
    $\epsilon _{i}={\frac {\rho _{i}(v+V_{i})}{\rho v}}=Y_{i}\left(1+{\frac {V_{i}}{v}}\right)$
where
* $Y_{i}=\rho _{i}/\rho$ is the mass fraction
* $v$ is the mass average velocity of the gaseous mixture
* $V_{i}$ is the average velocity with which the species i diffuse relative to $v$
* $\rho _{i}$ is the density of species i
* $\rho$ is the gas density.
It satisfies the identity
    $\sum _{i}\epsilon _{i}=1$,
similar to the mass fraction, but the mass-flux fraction can take both positive and negative values. This variable is used in steady, one-dimensional combustion problems in place of the mass fraction. For one-dimensional ($x$ direction) steady flows, the conservation equation for the mass-flux fraction reduces to
    ${\frac {d\epsilon _{i}}{dx}}={\frac {w_{i}}{\rho v}}$,
where $w_{i}$ is the mass production rate of species i.
# Emanuel Sperner

Emanuel Sperner (9 December 1905 – 31 January 1980) was a German mathematician, best known for two theorems. He was born in Waltdorf (near Neiße, Upper Silesia, now Nysa, Poland), and died in Sulzburg-Laufen, West Germany. He was a student at Carolinum in Nysa and then Hamburg University where his advisor was Wilhelm Blaschke. He was appointed Professor in Königsberg in 1934, and subsequently held posts in a number of universities until 1974.
Sperner's theorem, from 1928, says that the size of an antichain in the power set of an n-set (a Sperner family) is at most the middle binomial coefficient(s). It has several proofs and numerous generalizations, including the Sperner property of a partially ordered set.
Sperner's lemma, from 1928, states that every Sperner coloring of a triangulation of an n-dimensional simplex contains a cell colored with a complete set of colors. It was proven by Sperner to provide an alternate proof of a theorem of Lebesgue characterizing dimensionality of Euclidean spaces. It was later noticed that this lemma provides a direct proof of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem without explicit use of homology.
Sperner's students included Kurt Leichtweiss and Gerhard Ringel.