# Peng'im

Peng'im (simplified Chinese: 潮州话拼音方案; traditional Chinese: 潮州話拼音方案: Diê⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Teochew) Dio⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Swatow), Pe̍h-ūe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ, Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ) is a Teochew dialect romanization system as a part of Guangdong Romanization published by Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960. The tone of this system is based on the Swatow dialect. The system uses the Latin alphabet to transcript pronunciation and numbers to note tones.
Before that, another system called Pe̍h-ūe-jī, which was introduced by the missionaries in 1875, had been widely used. Since Teochew has high phonetic similarity with Hokkien, another Southern Min variety, Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Tai-lo can also be used to transcribe Teochew. The name Peng'im is a transcription of "拼音" using this system.

## Contents
### Alphabet

This system uses the Latin alphabet, but does not include f, j, q, v, w, x, or y. ê is the letter e with circumflex.

### Initials

There are 18 initials. Syllables not starting with consonants are called zero initials.
Initials :
| | | Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal |
| Voiced (no frictions) | nasal | m [m] 毛 | n [n] 年 | ng [ŋ] 雅 | |
| Voiced (no frictions) | plosive or lateral | bh [b] 米 | l [l] 來/內 | gh [g] 鵝/牙 | |
| Voiceless stops | aspirated | p [pʰ] 皮 | t [tʰ] 臺 | k [kʰ] 可 | |
| Voiceless stops | plain | b [p] 比 | d [t] 都 | g [k] 歌 | [ʔ] |
| Voiceless affricates | aspirated | | c [tsʰ] 菜 | | |
| Voiceless affricates | plain | | z [ts] 書 | | |
| Fricatives | Fricatives | | s [s] 士/速 | | h [h] 海/系 |
| Fricatives | Fricatives | | r [(d)z] 爾 | | h [h] 海/系 |
b and g can also be used as ending consonants.

### Finals

There are 59 finals :
Finals of Teochew dialect :
| Classes | Open vowel | Mid vowel | Close vowel |
| Open Syllable | | i [i] 衣 | u [u] 汙 |
| Open Syllable | a [a] 亞 | ia [ia] 呀 | ua [ua] 娃 |
| Open Syllable | o [o] 窩 | io [io] 腰 | |
| Open Syllable | ê [e] 啞 | | uê [ue] 鍋 |
| Open Syllable | e [ɯ] 余 | | |
| Open Syllable | ai [ai] 哀 | | uai [uai] 歪 |
| Open Syllable | oi [oi] 鞋 | | ui [ui] 威 |
| Open Syllable | ao [au] 歐 | | |
| Open Syllable | ou [ou] 烏 | iou [iou] 夭 | |
| Open Syllable | | iu [iu] 憂 | |
| Nasal vowel | | in [ĩ] 丸 | |
| Nasal vowel | an [ã] 噯 | ian [ĩã] 營 | uan [ũã] 鞍 |
| Nasal vowel | | ion [ĩõ] 羊 | |
| Nasal vowel | ên [ẽ] 楹 | | |
| Nasal vowel | en [ɯ̃] 秧 | | |
| Nasal vowel | ain [ãĩ] 愛 | | |
| Nasal vowel | oin [õĩ] 閑 | | |
| Nasal Coda | | im [im] 音 | |
| Nasal Coda | am [am][庵] | iam [iam] 淹 | uam [uam] 凡 |
| Nasal Coda | | ing [iŋ] 因 | ung [uŋ] 溫 |
| Nasal Coda | ang [aŋ] 按 | iang [iaŋ] 央 | uang [uaŋ] 汪 |
| Nasal Coda | ong [oŋ] 翁 | iong [ioŋ] 雍 | |
| Nasal Coda | êng [eŋ] 英 | | |
| Checked tone | | ih [iʔ] 裂 | |
| Checked tone | ah [aʔ] 鴨 | iah [iaʔ] 益 | uah [uaʔ] 活 |
| Checked tone | oh [oʔ] 學 | ioh [ioʔ] 約 | |
| Checked tone | êh [eʔ] 厄 | | |
| Checked tone | oih [oiʔ] 狹 | | |
| Checked tone | | ib [ip̚] 邑 | |
| Checked tone | ab [ap̚] 盒 | iab [iap̚] 壓 | uab [uap̚] 法 |
| Checked tone | | ig [ik̚] 乙 | ug [uk̚] 熨 |
| Checked tone | ag [ak̚] [惡] | iag [iak̚] 躍 | uag [uak̚] 蕕[獲] |
| Checked tone | og [ok̚] 屋 | iog [iok̚] 育 | |
| Checked tone | êg [ek̚] 液 | | |

### Tones

8 tones of Teochew dialect :
| Tones | 陰平(dark flat) | 陰上(dark rising) | 陰去(dark departing) | 陰入(dark entering) | 陽平(light flat) | 陽上(light rising) | 陽去(light departing) | 陽入(light entering) |
| Tone value | 33 | 52 | 213 | 2 | 55 | 35 | 11 | 4 |
| Examples | 詩、分 | 死、粉 | 世、訓 | 薛、忽 | 時、雲 | 是、混 | 示、份 | 蝕、佛 |
| Symbols | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Notations | a | á | à | ah | â | ă | ā | áh |
Symbols of tones are notated at the top right of consonants or vowels which have top loudness. For example:
* 詩 - si$^1$
* 死 - si$^2$
* 世 - si$^3$
* 薛 - sih$^4$

## Differences in rime

This is a list of differences in rime in Teochew dialect by regions. Tone in Raoping is almost same as in Swatow. Only general differences are listed, some certain distinctions of certain words are not listed.
| Swatow | Raoping | Chaozhou | Chenghai | Puning | Jieyang | Chaoyang | Haifeng | Examples |
| e | | | | e | | u | i | 餘，許，豬，祠 |
| oi | | | | ôi | | | ei | 鞋 |
| uin | | | | ui | ui | uain | | 跪，櫃 |
| oin | oin/êng | | | ain | ain | ain | ain | 閒，殿 |
| oih | | | | | | | eih | 狹 |
| iao/iou | iao | iou | iou | io/iao | | | | 搖，要 |
| io | | ie | ie | io | | | | 腰 |
| ion | | ien | ien | ion | | | | 羊 |
| ioh | | ieh | ieh | ioh | | | | 借，惜，藥，石 |
| am[am] | | | ang[aŋ] | am[am] | | | | 庵 |
| ab[ap] | | | ag[ak] | ap | | | | 盒 |
| iam[iam] | | iem[iem] | iang[iaŋ] | iam[iam] | | | | 嚴 |
| iab[iap] | | ieb[iep] | iag [iak] | iap | | | | 壓 |
| im[im] | | | ing [iŋ] | im | | | | 音 |
| ib[ip] | | | ig [ik] | ip | | | | 溼 |
| ang[aŋ] | | | | ang | | | | 安 |
| ag [ak] | | | | âk | | | | 達 |
| iang[iaŋ] | | iêng[ieŋ] | | iang | | | | 仙 |
| iag [iak] | | iêg[iek] | | iâk | | | | 傑，設 |
| uang[uaŋ] | | uêng[ueŋ] | | uâng | | | | 全，完，緣，彎 |
| uag [uak] | | uêg [uek] | | uâk | | | | 粵 |
| eng [ɯŋ] | eng/ing | | | êng/ung | êng[eŋ] | ing[iŋ] | ng/eng | 斤 |
| eg [ɯk] | | | | êg [ek] | êg [ek] | ig[ik] | | 乞 |
| ing[iŋ] | | | | ing | êng[eŋ] | | in[in] | 因 |
| ung[uŋ] | | | | ung | | | un[un] | 溫 |