OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# H-Eugene

Heo Eugene (Korean: 허유진; born April 6, 1979), better known by his stage name, H-Eugene (H-유진), is a South Korean rapper known for his collaborations with K-pop stars. The musicians he has collaborated with include MC Mong, Teddy Park, Miryo of Brown Eyed Girls, and Yenny of Wonder Girls. In 2010, he formed the duo H2 with singer Han Soo Yeon.

## Discography
### Studio albums

| Title | Album details |
| Only One Way | Released: August 29, 2006 |
| H-Eugene and The Family | Released: February 22, 2008 |

### Extended plays

| Title | Album details |
| Fantastic Duo (환상의 짝꿍) | Released: October 9, 2008 |
| Man On Fire Part 1 | Released: September 13, 2012 |

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
| Title | Year | KOR | Album |
| "Maverick" (독불장군) (feat. Yoo Seung-jun) | 2006 | — | Only One Way |
| "Don't Love Me" (날 사랑하지 마요) (feat. J) | 2007 | — | Only One Way |
| "Kiss Me" (feat. Bae Seul-ki) | 2008 | — | H-Eugene And The Family |
| "We Are Not Together" (남이라고) (feat. Shin Ji) | 2008 | — | H-Eugene And The Family |
| "Fantastic Duo" (환상의 짝꿍) (feat. Yeeun of Wonder Girls) | 2008 | — | Fantastic Duo |
| "You in My Heart" (그댄 내 가슴에) (feat. Danny of 1TYM) | 2008 | — | Fantastic Duo |
| "It Must Be Love" (사랑인가봐) (feat. Lyn) | 2009 | — | Non-album singles |
| "Love Series" (사랑시리즈) (feat. Hyemin of Gavy NJ) | 2009 | — | Non-album singles |
| "Love Alarm" (사랑경보) (feat. Joo Hee of 8Eight) | 2009 | 38 | Non-album singles |
| "Heartattack" (마음의 병) (as H2, with Han Soo Yeon) | 2010 | — | Non-album singles |
| "Love Alarm 2" (사랑경보 II) (feat. Sohyang) | 2010 | 38 | Non-album singles |
| "Jikyeojulkke" (지켜줄께) (with J. Junior, feat. Ahn Young-min) | 2011 | 96 | Non-album singles |
| "Ijeul Ttaedo Doendeutande" (잊을 때도 된듯한데) (with BBahn) | 2011 | — | Non-album singles |
| "Party Animal" (feat. Playing Unni) | 2012 | — | Man On Fire Part 1 |
| "Trash" (쓰레기) (feat. Suki) | 2013 | 56 | Non-album singles |
| "ADIOS" (feat. Rumble Fish) | 2014 | — | Non-album singles |
| "Jinjjamyeongpum (Insaeng-ui Jinli)" (진짜명품 (인생의 진리)) | 2014 | — | Non-album singles |
| "Trash Part 2" (쓰레기 Part 2) (feat. Suki) | 2015 | — | Non-album singles |
| "Nameless" (무명) (feat. A-Flow) | 2021 | — | Non-album singles |
| "Love Alarm 2021" (사랑경보 2021) (with Migyo) | 2021 | — | Non-album singles |
| "Good Life" (feat. Jason Ray) | 2022 | — | Non-album singles |
| "I'm Not There" (나는없어) (feat. Yabbi) | 2022 | — | Non-album singles |
# 1960–61 Ulster Cup

The 1960–61 Ulster Cup was the 13th edition of the Ulster Cup, a cup competition in Northern Irish football.
Ballymena United won the tournament for the 2nd time, defeating Glenavon 3–1 in the final.

## Group standings
### Section A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Result |
| 1 | Glenavon | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 5 | 3.000 | 9 | Advance to final |
| 2 | Linfield | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 9 | 2.111 | 8 | |
| 3 | Ards | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 10 | 1.300 | 7 | |
| 4 | Portadown | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 0.571 | 4 | |
| 5 | Distillery | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 13 | 18 | 0.722 | 2 | |
| 6 | Bangor | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 19 | 0.211 | 0 | |

### Section B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Result |
| 1 | Ballymena United | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 2 | 6.500 | 9 | Advance to final |
| 2 | Derry City | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 1.200 | 7 | |
| 3 | Glentoran | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 9 | 1.333 | 5 | |
| 4 | Coleraine | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 12 | 1.083 | 5 | |
| 5 | Crusaders | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 13 | 0.846 | 4 | |
| 6 | Cliftonville | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 22 | 0.318 | 0 | |
# Viacheslav Shamko

Viacheslav Yevhenovych Shamko (Ukrainian: В'ячеслав Євгенович Шамко) is a Ukrainian military Lieutenant General. Chief of Staff – First Deputy Commander of the Ukrainian Air Force. Participant of the Russian-Ukrainian war, distinguished himself during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Hero of Ukraine (2023).

## Biography

In 1984, Shamko graduated from the Dnipro Higher Anti-Aircraft Missile Command School of Air Defense. He graduated from Kharkiv Military University in 1999 and the National Defense Academy of Ukraine in 2006.
In 1986, Senior Lieutenant Shamko served in the 540th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (4th S-300 Missile Division). From July 1999 to October 2001, Colonel Shamko was already in charge of this regiment.
From October 2001 to 2003, Viacheslav served as the commander of the 96th Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade.
In 2012, Deputy Commander of the "Center" Air Command [uk] for combat training.
From 2012 to 2014, Chief of Staff and First Deputy Commander of the "West" [uk] Military Industrial Complex.
As of 2014, he was the head of the Aviation and Air Defense Center and Deputy Commander of the Aviation and Air Defense Forces of the Operational Command North.
In 2015–2016, Major General Viacheslav Shamko commanded the "West" Air Command [uk].
From July 19, 2016, to summer 2017, Viacheslav Yevhenovych formed the "East" Air Command [uk] and was its first commander.
In 2017, Lieutenant General Shamko was appointed Chief of Staff – First Deputy Commander of the Air Force of Ukraine.
On August 6, 2023, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy presented the "Golden Star" Hero of Ukraine to Viacheslav Shamko.
Chairman of the Coordination Council of the journal "Science and Technology of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine" [uk].

## Ranks

* Senior Lieutenant (1986)
* Colonel (1999)
* Major General (December 5, 2014)
* Lieutenant General (August 23, 2017)

## Awards

* From August 4, 2023 – Hero of Ukraine
* From April 26, 2022 – Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 3rd Class
* From December 5, 2022 – Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 2rd Class
* From October 11, 2018 – Order of Danylo Halytsky
* From December 3, 2008 – Medal For Military Service to Ukraine
# Salvia canariensis

Salvia canariensis, the Canary Island sage, is an erect perennial shrub native to the Canary Islands. It can reach 2.0–2.3 m in height and 1.5 m width in a single season. The hastate leaves are pale green, and the stems and underside of the leaves are covered with long white hairs. The flowers range from pale purple to deep purple magenta.
# Microsorum scolopendria

Microsorum scolopendria, synonym Phymatosorus scolopendria, commonly called monarch fern, musk fern, maile-scented fern, breadfruit fern, or wart fern is a species of fern within the family Polypodiaceae. This fern grows in the wild in the Western Pacific rim from Australia to New Caledonia to Fiji and throughout the South Pacific to French Polynesia.
It was introduced in Hawaii in the late 1910s and has subsequently naturalized rapidly. It is found on all main islands. Its Hawaiian name lauaʻe is thought to have originally referred to the native fern Microsorum spectrum.
The scientific name M. scolopendria has been misapplied to Microsorum grossum (and their synonyms in Phymatosorus).

## Uses

When crushed, the fern issues a scent similar to maile. Sometimes, pieces of the fern are interlaced in leis made of strung-up keys (individual drupes) of the pandanus fruit. It is also one of the plants used for scenting kapa fabric.

## Folklore

Expanses of the fern famously grows in Makana on Kauaʻi, and is commemorated in song.

## Media

* Microsorum scolopendria filmed at night
# Haanii Shivraj

Haanii Shivraj was a Malaysian actress and model. She is known for having acted in the Malaysian Tamil language local movie, Appalam (2011). Besides that, she also acted in the Indian Tamil movie, Biriyani (2013).

## Career and personal life

Shivraj began her career as an actress and a television anchor in 2010. Prior to becoming an actress, she worked as a flight stewardess.
Shivrasj died from cancer on 13 April 2015 at the age of 29.

## Selected filmography

Below are the selected filmography of Haanii Sivaraj :
| Year | Film | Role | Language | Notes |
| 2007 | Yantra | | Tamil | |
| 2011 | Appalam | | Tamil | |
| 2011 | Pak Kaduk | | Malay | |
| 2013 | Biriyani | Shwetha | Tamil | Indian film |
| 2013 | Arrambam | | Tamil | Indian film Cameo appearance |
| 2013 | Anushthaana | | Tamil | |

### Television

* Tamil Pesum Kadhanayagi (Raj TV)
# 2025 Delray Beach Open – Doubles

Miomir Kecmanović and Brandon Nakashima defeated Christian Harrison and Evan King in the final, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$, 1–6, [10–3] to win the doubles tennis title at the 2025 Delray Beach Open. It was the first ATP Tour doubles title for Nakashima and second for Kecmanović. They saved two match points en route, in their quarterfinal match against Rinky Hijikata and Adam Walton.
Julian Cash and Robert Galloway were the reigning champions, but Cash chose not to participate this year. Galloway partnered Ariel Behar, but lost in the quarterfinals to Harrison and King.

## Seeds

* Jackson Withrow / Horacio Zeballos (first round)
* Ariel Behar / Robert Galloway (quarterfinals)
* Santiago González / Lucas Miedler (first round)
* Sriram Balaji / Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | J Withrow H Zeballos | 4 | 7 | [7] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | R Hijikata A Walton | 6 | 5 | [10] | | R Hijikata A Walton | 6 | 6$^9$ | [6] | | | | | | | | |
| WC | T Boyer T Whiting | 1 | 3 | | | M Kecmanović B Nakashima | 4 | 7$^{11}$ | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| | M Kecmanović B Nakashima | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | M Kecmanović B Nakashima | 4 | 6 | [10] | | | | |
| 3 | S González L Miedler | 4 | 6$^4$ | | | | | | | R Cash JJ Tracy | 6 | 3 | [2] | | | | |
| | R Cash JJ Tracy | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | R Cash JJ Tracy | 7$^7$ | 4 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| | F Romboli M Zormann | 6$^4$ | 6$^5$ | | | N Barrientos RC Bollipalli | 6$^4$ | 6 | [2] | | | | | | | | |
| | N Barrientos RC Bollipalli | 7$^7$ | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | M Kecmanović B Nakashima | 7$^7$ | 1 | [10] |
| | R Seggerman J-P Smith | 3 | 6$^4$ | | | | | | | | | | | C Harrison E King | 6$^3$ | 6 | [3] |
| | M McDonald A Michelsen | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | M McDonald A Michelsen | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | E Quinn L Tien | 6 | 2 | [4] | 4 | S Balaji MÁ Reyes-Varela | 6$^5$ | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | S Balaji MÁ Reyes-Varela | 3 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | M McDonald A Michelsen | 6 | 1 | [4] | | | | |
| Alt | H Hach Verdugo J Trotter | 6 | 1 | [4] | | | | | | C Harrison E King | 4 | 6 | [10] | | | | |
| | C Harrison E King | 3 | 6 | [10] | | C Harrison E King | 7 | 6$^7$ | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| | G Goldhoff T Hilderbrand | 2 | 4 | | 2 | A Behar R Galloway | 5 | 7$^9$ | [5] | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | A Behar R Galloway | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# LuNeack House

The LuNeack House is a historic residence in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Built in 1894, it is a frame building with clapboard walls, two-and-a-half stories tall. The overall floor plan of the house is that of a rectangle, with the front and rear being the shorter sides, although the original shape has been modified by the extension of the rear and a hexagonal bay on the western side.
Architecturally, the most distinctive portion of the LuNeack House is the large porch, which is attached to the southward-facing front of the house. Many ornamental elements compose its walls and railings, such as spindles and a balustrade; moreover, the porch-facing windows feature prominent lintels. Additionally, the gables that rise to the roof are the locations of other details, such as imbricated shingles, circular windows, and elaborately carven bargeboards.
Taken together, the various components of the LuNeack House form a well-preserved example of the Victorian style of architecture. Because the house has seen so few modifications since its original construction, it is architecturally distinctive; in 1978, a historic preservation survey of Columbia-Tusculum called it "outstanding" among the area's wooden Victorian residences. One year later, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its historically significant architecture. It was one of seventeen Columbia-Tusculum properties included in a multiple property submission related to the previous year's historic preservation survey; most of the properties were buildings, but the Columbia Baptist and Fulton-Presbyterian Cemeteries were also included.
# List of social democrats

This is a partial list of notable social democrats.

## List

* C. N. Annadurai
* Daniel Andrews
* Jacinda Ardern
* Clement Attlee
* Vincent Auriol
* Obafemi Awolowo
* Oliver Baldwin
* José Batlle y Ordóñez
* Adam Bandt
* Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
* Gustav Bauer
* Otto Bauer(Classical)
* David Ben-Gurion
* Victor L. Berger
* Ingmar Bergman
* Eduard Bernstein(Classical)
* Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
* Robert Blatchford
* Hjalmar Branting
* Ed Broadbent
* Gordon Brown
* Gro Harlem Brundtland
* James Callaghan
* Lázaro Cárdenas
* Francisco de Sá Carneiro
* Hugo Chávez
* Ben Chifley
* Helen Clark
* Job Cohen
* Brendan Corish
* Anthony Crosland
* António Costa
* John Curtin
* Hugh Dalton
* Richard Di Natale
* Tommy Douglas
* Willem Drees
* Alexander Dubček
* Friedrich Ebert
* Bülent Ecevit
* Friedrich Engels(Classical)
* Tage Erlander
* Tim Farron
* Peter Fraser
* Mette Frederiksen
* Hugh Gaitskell
* Indira Gandhi
* Mahatma Gandhi
* Einar Gerhardsen
* Ciro Gomes
* Mikhail Gorbachev
* Tarja Halonen
* Per Albin Hansson
* Keir Hardie
* Michael Harrington
* Bob Hawke
* Rudolf Hilferding
* Morris Hillquit
* Daniel Hoan
* Sidney Hook
* Christopher Hornsrud
* Ekrem İmamoğlu
* Erdal İnönü
* Thorbjørn Jagland
* Roy Jenkins
* Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam
* Anker Jørgensen
* M. Karunanidhi
* Karl Kautsky(Classical)
* Paul Keating
* Charles Kennedy
* Alexander Kerensky
* Anna Kéthly
* Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Norman Kirk
* Joan Kirner
* Bruno Kreisky
* Wim Kok
* Oskar Lafontaine
* Ferdinand Lassalle
* Jack Layton
* Vladimir Lenin(Classical)
* René Lévesque
* David Lewis
* Karl Liebknecht(Classical)
* Theodor Liebknecht(Classical)
* Wilhelm Liebknecht(Classical)
* Paavo Lipponen
* Huey Long
* Low Thia Khiang
* Rosa Luxemburg(Classical)
* Vassos Lyssarides
* Sicco Mansholt
* Julius Martov
* Karl Marx(Classical)
* Malcolm MacDonald
* Ramsay MacDonald
* Dom Mintoff
* Hermann Müller
* Tomiichi Murayama
* Alva Myrdal
* Gunnar Myrdal
* Walter Nash
* Jawaharlal Nehru
* Pietro Nenni
* Johan Nygaardsvold
* Özgür Özel
* Sandro Pertini
* Romano Prodi
* Carlos Alvarado Quesada
* Yitzhak Rabin
* Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
* Walter Reuther
* Maximilien de Robespierre(Radicalism)
* Roh Hoe-chan
* Noe Ramishvili
* Carlo Rosselli
* Bayard Rustin
* Pedro Sanchez
* Giuseppe Saragat
* Michael Joseph Savage
* Philipp Scheidemann
* Willem Schermerhorn
* Helmut Schmidt
* Bill Shorten
* Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir
* Jagmeet Singh
* Pritam Singh
* Mário Soares
* Luis Guillermo Solís
* Kalevi Sorsa
* Paul-Henri Spaak
* Keir Starmer
* Thorvald Stauning
* Jens Stoltenberg
* Frans Timmermans
* Pieter Jelles Troelstra
* Filippo Turati
* Sidney Webb
* Harold Wilson
* Gough Whitlam
* Joop den Uyl
* Shelly Yachimovich
* Frank Zeidler
* Noe Zhordania
* Tom Bloom

## Head of state

* François Hollande
* François Mitterrand
* Dilma Rousseff
* Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

## Head of government

* Léon Blum
* Willy Brandt
* Bülent Ecevit
* Felipe González
* Olof Palme
* Pedro Sánchez
* José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

## Legislature

* Jean Jaurès
* Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
* Bernie Sanders
# House Owner

House Owner is a 2019 Indian Tamil language action drama film written and directed by Lakshmy Ramakrishnan and produced by her husband Ramakrishnan Gopalakrishnan under the banner of Monkey Creative Labs and in association with Seven Wonders Motion Pictures. House Owner is one among 21 Indian films, and one of the only two Tamil films, selected to be showcased in the Indian Panorama, the flagship component of the International Film Festival of India (IFFI), Goa 2019. The film stars Kishore, Sriranjani, Pasanga Kishore and Lovelyn in the lead roles. M. Ghibran composed the background score of the film. Principal photography commenced on 10 July 2018. The film had its theatrical release on 28 June 2019 and received positive reviews from critics.

## Plot

Vasu and Radha, an elderly couple who were madly in love, face problems when Vasu, a former army officer, gets diagnosed with Alzheimer's and Radha must deal with his changing behaviour.

## Cast

* Kishore as Col. P. K. Vasudevan
** Kishore DS as Young Vasu
* Sriranjani as Radha (Voice dubbed by Lakshmy Ramakrishnan)
** Lovelyn Chandrasekhar as Young Radha
* Subbalakshmi as Radha's grandmother
* Kavithalaya Krishnan as Radha's father
* Chetan as Mani
* Murali Mohan as Krishnamani, Vasu's father

## Production

The film announcement was made by Lakshmy Ramakrishnan in 2017 who also revealed that the film is set against the backdrop of 2015 Chennai floods. The director revealed that she started writing the script for the film in 2016. The film is taunted to be about love story despite set on the backdrop against the floods. Newcomer Lovelyn, daughter of Viji Chandrasekhar was hired to play the female lead. Kishore signed the film to act in the male lead role and also it is his second successive film after Kadikara Manithargal based on house related matters.
The film is produced by Lakshmy Ramakrishnan's husband Ramakrishnan Gopalakrishnan under his production banner Monkey Creative Labs.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Ghibran.

## Release

The movie got praise and received recognitions in many national film events. The movie was showcased in Indian Panorama.
A critic from Sify gave the film a rating of four out of five stars and stated that "Overall, if you are a connoisseur of good films, House Owner is certainly the kind of film you would love to watch. It’s a sweet, simple story of life in a city, a bittersweet tale of human frailties, a small film with a very big heart. Go for it!".
Times of India said that "The flow of the sequences here is generic and unpredictable, making it difficult for one to judge the genre of the film".
According to Behindwoods "House Owner is a gripping, well staged portrayal of elderly romance in times of calamity."
# Hamadia

Hamadia (Hebrew: חמדיה) is a kibbutz in the Beit She'an Valley, just north of Beit She'an in northern Israel. It belongs to the Valley of Springs Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 439.

## Name

The kibbutz took its name from al-Hamidiyya, a depopulated Arab village north of the kibbutz named for the sultan of Ottoman Empire, Abdul Hamid II.

## History

The kibbutz was founded in 1939 as part of the Tower and stockade movement. It was re-established in 1942 by the "Hermonim" pioneers, a garin of native-born Israelis who were part of a youth group.

## Archaeology: Hamadiya Neolithic site

The Neolithic site at Kibbutz Hamadiya, known from archaeological literature as Hamadiya, is situated on a terrace of ancient Lake Beisan, 200 metres below sea level, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of the prehistorical site of Munhata. Hamadiya is suggested to date between c. 5800 and 5400 BCE. Detailed reports have yet to be published.
Hamadiya is a single-layer archaeological site of about 100 m$^2$ (0.010 ha), first reported and excavated by Nehemia Zori in 1958, then again by Jacob Kaplan in 1964. Ovens, pits and fireplaces were found with Yarmukian pottery and an assemblage of many axes, picks, scrapers, "saw" elements and sickles. Large saw elements indicate possible earlier Neolithic occupation which was suggested to date at least to the early Chalcolithic (MOM period 7). A flint sickle workshop was located close to the site with over 300 sickle blades found.

## Notable people

* Nadav Argaman, head of Shin Bet
* Gal Nevo, Olympic swimmer
# Jakob Karl Ernst Halm

Jakob Karl Ernst Halm (1866 – 1944) was a pioneer of stellar dynamics and the first person to suggest the existence of a mass–luminosity relation for stars.

## Early life

Halm was born at Bingen am Rhein, Kingdom of Prussia on 30 November 1866.

## Education

Halm went to school in Bingen and studied later at Giessen, Berlin and Kiel. He obtained his PhD at Kiel in 1890 for work on linear differential equations.

## Career

Assistant at the University Observatory, Strasbourg (1889-1895). First Class Assistant at the Royal Observatory Edinburgh (1895-1907). Chief Assistant at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope (1907-1927).

## Scientific contributions

While at Edinburgh Halm used a heliometer to feed a spectrograph in order to study the differential rotation of the Sun at different latitudes, he discovered that absorption lines near the edge of the Solar disc are displaced towards the red, compared with their positions at the centre. This was not due to obvious effects such as rotation. He also gave the first interpretation of what is now called a P Cygni profile while discussing the spectrum of Nova Persei 1901.
While at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, he was involved in follow-up work on the Cape Photographic Durchmusterung (CPD) of David Gill and Jacobus Kapteyn using radial velocities and proper motions. Repeated observations had already led to the discovery of two star streams by Kapteyn and Halm was able to identify a third (Halm 1911) associated with what he called "Orion-type" stars. This paper went on to say that motion of stars appeared to obey a Maxwellian distribution, implying equipartition of energy, i.e., the less massive ones moved more rapidly than the massive ones. His conclusion was based on stellar masses derived from a number of well-studied binaries. Eddington showed, however, that stellar interactions, owing to their rarity, could not produce this result. However, Halm's work was important in stimulating research on the subject.
The paper concluded that there is a relation between spectral type and mass for stars. This was the first announcement of the mass–luminosity relation, later elaborated by many others. His work on determination of magnitudes from photographic plates led him to an improved understanding of reciprocity failure, on which he published a paper, leading to the Kron–Halm catenary equation.
In 1917, Halm was the first person to make an estimate of the total to selective extinction of starlight. He determined that the interstellar extinction in magnitudes is a factor of 1.22 times greater in the blue than in the visible.
Halm believed that many terrestrial features could be explained by an ongoing expansion of the Earth's crust. Though it created considerable interest at the time, since the advent of plate tectonic theory his expansion hypothesis is no longer considered plausible.

## Death

He died 17 July 1944 in South Africa.