OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Raw intelligence

Raw intelligence is raw data gathered by an intelligence operation, such as espionage or signal interception. Such data commonly requires processing and analysis to make it useful and reliable. To turn the raw intelligence into a finished form, the steps required may include decryption, translation, collation, evaluation and confirmation.
In the period after the First World War, British practise was to circulate raw intelligence with little analysis or context. Such direct intelligence was a strong influence on policy-makers. Churchill was especially keen to see raw intelligence and was supplied this by Desmond Morton during his period outside the government. When Churchill became Prime Minister in 1940, he still insisted on receiving raw intelligence and wanted it all until it was explained that the volume was now too great. A selection of daily intercepts was provided to him each day by Bletchley Park and he called these his "golden eggs".
US intelligence has a different tradition from the British. The key event for the US was the failure to prevent the attack on Pearl Harbor and the inquiries which followed concluded that this was not due to the lack of raw intelligence so much as the failure to make effective use of it. The Central Intelligence Agency was created to collate, analyse and summarise the raw intelligence collected by the other departments. US agencies which focus on the collection of raw intelligence include the National Reconnaissance Office and the National Security Agency.
# Ptilotus semilanatus

Ptilotus semilanatus is a grass-like plant in the Amaranthaceae family.

## Distribution

Ptilotus semilanatus is endemic to Australia where it is found in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia.

## Taxonomy

It was first described in 1848 by John Lindley as Trichinium semilanatum. In 1948 John McConnell Black published Ferdinand von Mueller's description where he had reassigned the species to the genus Ptilotus.
# Reijo Haaparanta

Reijo Haaparanta (born 25 August 1958) is a Finnish wrestler. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman 48 kg at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Jiulong River

The Jiulong River, formerly known as the Longjiang or Zhangjiang, is the largest river in southern Fujian and the second largest in the province. It has a length of 258 kilometers (160 mi) and a basin of 14,700 square kilometers (5,700 sq mi). Like all Fujianese rivers but one, it flows into the Taiwan Strait.

## Course

The Beixi rises in the prefecture of Longyan; it flows east into the prefecture of Zhangzhou, where it merges with the Xixi to form the Jiulong. The Xixi, almost as long, begins in Zhangzhou's rural Pinghe County. The combined stream flows past the urban districts of Zhangzhou and Xiamen. Finally, it empties into Xiamen Bay on the Taiwan Strait.
* Jiulong River near Yingtan-Xiamen Railway line in Hua'an
* North branch of the river
* Island in the river's estuary
* Mouth of the River
# Tornado outbreak of August 28, 1884

On August 28, 1884, a tornado outbreak, including a family of least five strong tornadoes, affected portions of the Dakota Territory within present-day South Dakota. Among them was one of the first known tornadoes to have been photographed, an estimated F4 on the Fujita scale, that occurred near Howard and exhibited multiple vortices. Another violent tornado also occurred near Alexandria, and three other tornadoes were also reported. A sixth tornado also occurred in present-day Davison County. In all, the tornadoes killed at least seven people and injured at least two others. Contemporary records and survivors' recollections indicate that the storms were F3 or F4 intensity on the Fujita scale, but cannot currently be officially verified, as official records begin in 1950.

## Confirmed tornadoes

Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating :
| FU | F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total |
| ≥ 1 | ? | ? | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | ≥ 6 |

### August 28 event

Confirmed tornadoes – August 28, 1884 :
| F# | Location | County / Parish | State | Time (UTC) | Path length | Max. width | Summary |
| F2 | Carthage to W of Howard | Miner | SD | 20:00–? | 20 miles (32 km) | Un­known | This was the first of five tornadoes to form from a supercell that tracked across portions of five counties in present-day South Dakota. Tornado destroyed a farmhouse and a barn, killing up to 30 cattle nearby. One person may have died. |
| F3 | E of Huron | Beadle, Sanborn | SD | 21:15–? | 20 miles (32 km) | 100 yards (91 m) | 1 death – Tornado destroyed six or more barns and farmhouses. One person was injured. |
| F4 | NNW of Forestburg to W of Howard to Long Lake | Sanborn, Miner, Hanson | SD | 22:00–? | 30 miles (48 km) | 400 yards (370 m) | 1 death – This was one of the first tornadoes of which there is a photograph. The photographer was F. N. Robinson, who observed the tornado from a street in the town of Howard, about 3 km (1.9 mi) east of the storm track. There was also another photographer from Huron who took multiple photographs of the same tornado an hour earlier. However, they were lost or destroyed during the engraving process. Tornado obliterated a home near Forestburg and killed at least 30 cattle. One person was injured. Two or more tornadoes may have been involved. |
| F4 | Alexandria to S of Bridgewater | Hanson, Hutchinson | SD | 22:30–? | 25 miles (40 km) | 600 yards (550 m) | 4 deaths – Tornado demolished one farm, located south of Bridgewater. All fatalities occurred there. One person was found 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km) away. |
| F2 | W of Sioux Falls | Minnehaha | SD | 23:30–? | 5 miles (8.0 km) | 80 yards (73 m) | 1 death – Tornado affected three farmsteads, one of which it destroyed, along with barns on the other farmsteads. |
| FU | Mitchell | Davison | SD | Un­known | Un­known | Un­known | Tornado reported. |
# Satish Nambiar

Lieutenant General Chenicheri Satish Nambiar VrC is a retired Indian general. He was the first Force Commander and Head of Mission of UNPROFOR, the United Nations Protection Force in the former Yugoslavia during 1992–1993. He is the elder brother of former UN Under-Secretary-General Vijay Nambiar.

## Early life

Lt Gen Nambiar was born in Bombay (now Mumbai) on 30 August 1936, to Kunhananthan Nambiar and Chenicheri Devikutty. He was educated mostly in Poona (present-day Pune) and Bombay, and is an alumnus of St. Xavier's College, Bombay. He was an Under Officer with the National Cadet Corps, and joined the 20th regular course of the Indian Military Academy.

## Military career

During 1977-1979, Nambiar was a part of the Indian Army Training team in Iraq. During 1983-1987, he worked as a Military Adviser at the High Commission of India, London.
He also worked as the Director General of Military Operations in India. He was the first Force Commander and Head of Mission of the United Nations forces in Yugoslavia. He retired as the Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India) in 1994.

## After retirement

After his retirement, Nambiar worked as a researcher and author on topics related to war, defence strategy and international relations. He served on the United Nations High Level Panel on "Threats, Challenges and Change", which provided basis for the UN Secretary General's report to the 2005 World Summit. Since 2011, he is a distinguished fellow of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi.

## Awards

* Vir Chakra, for Operation Cactus-Lilly (1971)
* Padma Bhushan, 2009

### Military Decorations

| Param Vishisht Seva Medal | Ati Vishisht Seva Medal | Ati Vishisht Seva Medal | Vir Chakra |
| Samar Seva Medal | Poorvi Star | Paschimi Star | Raksha Medal |
| Sangram Medal | Sainya Seva Medal | High Altitude Service Medal | Videsh Seva Medal |
| 25th Anniversary of Independence Medal | 30 Years Long Service Medal | 20 Years Long Service Medal | 9 Years Long Service Medal |
# Reign Edwards

Reign Edwards (born December 1, 1996) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Rachel Reid in The Wilds and as Nicole Avant on the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful, for which she was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

## Biography

Born December 1, 1996, in Harford County, Maryland, Edwards made her acting debut in the 2008 romantic drama Explicit Ills, written and directed by Mark Weber. In 2011, Edwards playing the younger version of the protagonist portrayed by Nicole Ari Parker, in the romantic comedy film 35 and Ticking written and directed by Russ Parr.
In 2015, she was cast in the CBS drama series The Bold and the Beautiful in the role of Nicole Avant. In 2017, she took the recurring role of a secret agent in the series MacGyver. On the same year, Edwards is currently playing the role of Melody Wright, in the FX crime drama series Snowfall. In 2018, she appeared in the horror film Hell Fest.
Edwards was cast in the drama streaming series The Wilds as Rachel Reid, created by Sarah Streicher for Amazon Prime Video.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2008 | Explicit Ills | Rally Participant | Uncredited |
| 2010 | Thicker Than Water | Leah | Short film |
| 2011 | 35 and Ticking | Young Zenobia | |
| 2018 | Hell Fest | Brooke |
| 2019 | "Pilgrim" | Cody | Main Role |
| 2021 | Love You Anyway | Mackenzie | Main role |
| 2023 | Old Dads | Britney | |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2015 | The Thundermans | Winnie Lee | Recurring role; 3 episodes |
| 2015 | K.C. Undercover | Kitten | Episode: "Debutante Baller" |
| 2015–2018 | The Bold and the Beautiful | Nicole Avant | Regular role |
| 2017–2021 | Snowfall | Melody | Main role; 20 episodes |
| 2016–2020 | MacGyver | Leanna Martin | Recurring role; 13 episodes |
| 2019 | Into the Dark | Cody | Episode: "Pilgrim" |
| 2020–2022 | The Wilds | Rachel Reid | Main role |

## Awards

List of acting awards :
| Year | Award | Category | Title | Result |
| 2016 | Daytime Emmy Award | Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series | The Bold and the Beautiful | Nominated |
| 2017 | Daytime Emmy Award | Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series | The Bold and the Beautiful | Nominated |
| 2017 | Soap Awards France | Best New Character | The Bold and the Beautiful | Nominated |
| 2018 | Daytime Emmy Award | Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series | The Bold and the Beautiful | Nominated |
# Jouko Salomäki

Jouko Johannes Salomäki (born 26 August 1962 in Kauhajoki) is a Finnish wrestler and Olympic champion in Greco-Roman wrestling. He was nicknamed "Jokke" during his career.
Salomäki competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles where he received the gold medal in Greco-Roman wrestling, in the welterweight class. Salomäki won the World Championship in the same weight class in 1987.
# Ross Park Zoo

The Ross Park Zoo is a zoo located in Binghamton, New York, United States. The zoo was opened in 1875, making it the 5th oldest zoo in the nation. The zoo (known as the Binghamton Zoo at Ross Park from 2005 to 2020) is open year round.

## History

The 90 acres (36 ha) of land was donated by Erastus Ross, a wealthy businessman whose only instructions were to build a park that all the community could enjoy. The electric trolleys in the area allowed easy access to the park. Other features of the park included roller coasters, swings, a miniature train, and a carousel. Band concerts were a frequent summer event.
Increased use of automobiles let people easily travel outside the city for recreation, this plus the two World Wars and the Great Depression led to the decline of the park. Eventually the USDA was threatening to close the park because of sub-standard exhibits. In 1966, concerned citizens formed the Southern Tier Zoological Society in an attempt to upgrade the facilities.
Mr. Ross donated the zoo enough money to run it for many years. He intended it to be free for all guests as well as the carousel that is on the outskirts of the entrance to the zoo. However, the zoo now has a nominal entrance fee. The carousel still remains free of charge to ride.
In December 2005, the zoo lost its accreditation with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, "due to turmoil in its previous leadership and finances." Accreditation was successfully regained in 2009, but lost again in 2014.

## Animals and facilities

The zoo currently contains a growing number of animal exhibits, including red pandas, red wolves, a snow leopard, lemurs, an aviary, penguins, Pallas’s cats, howler monkeys, binturongs (also known as bearcats, the mascot of the nearby Binghamton University), and many other animals. It is set in a lushly wooded environment.
The zoo also contains, outside the entrance of the zoo, a pavilion with areas for barbecuing, a small park, and rest rooms. The old lions den has been freshly renovated and is being used for educational programs with seating "behind bars". The zoo is also a neighbor to the Discovery Center, which is a hands-on children's museum.

## Events

The zoo also holds many annual events and activities. These events include:
Courtship Tails, Eggstravaganza, Zoo Brew & Wine Too!, Ice Cream Safari, Feast with the Beasts, Howloween at the Zoo, and Boo at the Zoo.
# Opsigamiou Graphe, Kakogamiou Graphe and Agamiou Graphe

The Opsigamiou Graphe (Ancient Greek: ὀψιγαμίου γραφή), Kakogamiou Graphe (Ancient Greek: κακογαμίου γραφή) and Agamiou Graphe (Ancient Greek: ἀγαμίου γραφή), were legal procedures in ancient Sparta aimed at regulating marriage. It was used to bring proceedings against individuals who married too late (opsigamiou), married unsuitably (kakogamiou), or did not marry at all (agamiou). Those found guilty of these offenses were penalized with atimia (ἀτιμία).

## Legal Proceedings and Categories of Offenses

* Opsigamiou/Late Marriage (γραφὴ ὀψιγαμίου): Those who married later than the acceptable age faced legal action.
* Kakogamiou/Unsuitable Marriage (γραφὴ κακογαμίου): Individuals who entered into marriages deemed inappropriate by Spartan standards could be subject to prosecution.
* Agamiou/Celibacy (γραφὴ ἀγαμίου): Individuals who did not marry at all.
The penalty for being found guilty of any of these offenses was atimia, which stripped individuals of their civic rights and social standing.
Plutarch further details additional penalties for unmarried individuals, including exclusion from certain public activities, mockery in public rituals, and even physical punishment during certain festivals.

## In democratic Athens

The existence of a similar legal procedures in Athens during the democratic period is doubtful. Modern scholars have rejected the evidence presented in passages by ancient authors. Moreover, no mention of agamiou graphe appears in the works of Athenian orators, even in cases where proving someone's unmarried status.
Athenian society valued individual liberty highly, and this is likely why no such law was enacted in Athens. Despite the lack of a similar law, Athens did impose certain societal expectations regarding marriage, especially for those involved in public life. Individuals who aspired to positions such as orators or generals were required to have children, according to the laws.

## Plato

Plato, in his work Laws, also addressed the issue of marriage and celibacy. He proposed that all citizens should be compelled to marry before the age of 35. This would be enforced through fines and atimia, reflecting the importance he placed on marriage for the benefit of the state. Additionally, Plato argued that citizens should select spouses not based on personal pleasure but with the state's interests in mind, further emphasizing the communal nature of marriage in his ideal society.
# The Tiger of Eschnapur

The Tiger of Eschnapur may refer to:
* The Tiger of Eschnapur (1938 film)
* The Tiger of Eschnapur (1959 film)
* The second part of the 1921 German silent film The Indian Tomb
# Finley Thorndike

Finley Thorndike (born 5 March 2002) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Glentoran.

## Career

Thorndike spent his early career playing for Birmingham City, West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa. Whilst at West Broml he spent time on loan at Alvechurch in the 2019–20 season, making five appearances in all competitions.
Thorndike returnied to boyhood club Birmingham City on 1 July 2022, signing a two-year contract. He then suffered an injury, returning to play, after three months out, in January 2023.
He moved on loan to Boston United in March 2023, and returned on loan for the 2023–24 season. He was recalled by Birmingham in January 2024, and moved on loan to Alvechurch in March 2024, scoring once in six appearances in all competitions.
He was released by Birmingham at the end of the 2023–24 season.
He signed for Glentoran in August 2024, although he missed pre-season. In October 2024 he was praised by Glentoran manager Declan Devine for his performance in the County Antrim Shield quarter-final, and Thorndike then started three league matches in a row. He scored his first goal for the club on 9 November 2024.
# Pawtucketville

Pawtucketville is a neighborhood and village within the city of Lowell, Massachusetts.
The area was settled in the 1668 as Drawcott and was previously inhabited by the Pennacook tribe, and eventually "[t]he settlement that developed on the north side of the river was first called Pawtucket Village. The name Pawtucketville can be traced to the construction of the Merrimack-Middlesex Bridge at Pawtucket Falls in 1792, the first bridge that spanned the Merrimack River. On the north side of the bridge, a small village began to develop. This community was originally known as the Village at Pawtucket Falls or Pawtucket Village, and by the time of annexation in 1874, as Pawtucketville." Many notables institutions are located in the village, including Sampas Pavilion, Lowell General Hospital, Pawtucket Congregational Church (Lowell, Massachusetts), and Pawtucketville Memorial Elementary School.

## Notable residents

* John Fawcett (entrepreneur)
* Daniel Gage, the "Ice King"
* Jack Kerouac, American novelist and poet; founding member of the "Beat Generation"
* Jonathan Lemire, MSNBC
* Barzillai Lew, African American Revolutionary War veteran
* Harry Lew, early African American basketball player
* Armand Mercier, politician
# Generation Orbit Launch Services

Generation Orbit Launch Services (GO) is an American aerospace company based in Atlanta, Georgia that is developing the technology for launch services for small payloads. The air-launch approach developed by GO and its partners offers flexible launch capabilities, poised to reduce fixed infrastructure needs, launch costs, and the time from contract signature to launch for government and industry customers alike.

## History

GO was founded on April 25, 2011 as a subsidiary company of SpaceWorks Enterprises, Inc. In 2013, GO competed in the NewSpace Business Plan Competition (BPC), winning first place and the $100,000 prize. The BPC was administered by the Space Frontier Foundation and held at Stanford University. Following the Business Plan Competition, GO was selected in September 2013 for NASA's Enabling eXploration and Technology (NEXT) contract, with an award of $2.1 million.

## GOLauncher family

Generation Orbit is developing the GOLauncher family, a series of high-speed flight and space launch systems designed to lower costs, improve responsiveness, and increase overall mission flexibility.
GO-FET is a captive carry test platform for avionics, spacecraft hardware, fluids experiments, CubeSats, nanosats, and pre-release flight maneuver testing. The GO-FET configuration uses a Learjet 35 aircraft platform that was first flown on July 30, 2014.
The X-60A GOLauncher 1 (GO1) is an air-launched single stage suborbital rocket vehicle.
# Kasif, Israel

Kasif (Hebrew: כסיף, lit. 'Silver') is a future planned Haredi city in the Negev desert in southern Israel. The city will be located at the Tel Arad junction, near Highways 80 and 31. The city is being constructed as a solution to the housing shortage faced by Israel's rapidly growing Ultra-Orthodox population.

## Development plans

In the first stage of the construction phase, 10,000 housing units will be built for a population of 50,000 people on 4,759 dunams (1,188 acres) of land, though additional expansion will be carried out later, as the Israeli Interior Ministry expects the city's population to double. The city's total size is expected to cover about 6,400 dunams (1,600 acres). The land zoning and internal land use will be based on the Haredi lifestyle. There will be high-density construction of 4–5 story buildings and 15–20% private housing units. The population will reside mainly in apartment buildings with no elevators and fairly large apartments, and extensive land has been zoned for schools and religious cultural centers, and for commercial and business space that will provide suitable employment for the city's population.
In November 2013 the construction plans for Kasif were authorized by the Israeli government, together with another planned city, Hiran. The report said that the city of Kasif is expected to include about 12,000 housing units. Further authorization was received in 2015. Detailed planning is expected to be completed in 2016, and the marketing of lots is expected to begin in 2017.
# Vesa Hietalahti

Vesa Tapio Hietalahti (born 27 September 1969) is a Finnish former biathlete

## Biathlon results

All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

### Olympic Games

| Event | Individual | Sprint | Pursuit | Relay |
| 1992 Albertville | 6th | 17th | — | 8th |
| 1994 Lillehammer | 68th | 52nd | — | 5th |
| 1998 Nagano | DNF | — | — | — |
| 2002 Salt Lake City | 19th | 25th | 22nd | 12th |
    *Pursuit was added as an event in 2002.

### World Championships

1 medal (1 silver)
| Event | Individual | Sprint | Pursuit | Mass start | Team | Relay | Mixed relay |
| 1990 Minsk | 30th | — | — | — | 12th | 6th | — |
| 1991 Lahti | 49th | 43rd | — | — | — | 7th | — |
| 1993 Borovets | — | 44th | — | — | — | 15th | — |
| 1995 Antholz-Anterselva | 27th | 31st | — | — | — | 10th | — |
| 1996 Ruhpolding | 39th | 18th | — | — | 8th | 6th | — |
| 1997 Brezno-Osrblie | 48th | 49th | — | — | 6th | 7th | — |
| 1999 Kontiolahti | 20th | 56th | 42nd | — | — | 6th | — |
| 2000 Oslo Holmenkollen | 13th | 22nd | 19th | 22nd | — | 15th | — |
| 2001 Pokljuka | 27th | 59th | 44th | — | — | 5th | — |
| 2002 Oslo Holmenkollen | — | — | — | 15th | — | — | — |
| 2003 Khanty-Mansiysk | Silver | 28th | 25th | 15th | — | 11th | — |
| 2004 Oberhof | 45th | 23rd | 29th | — | — | 16th | — |
| 2005 Hochfilzen | 7th | 27th | 29th | 24th | — | 12th | — |
    *During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
    **Team was removed as an event in 1998, and pursuit was added in 1997 with mass start being added in 1999 and the mixed relay in 2005.

### Individual victories

3 victories (2 In, 1 MS)
| Season | Date | Location | Discipline | Level |
| 1994–95 1 victory (1 In) | 16 March 1995 | Lillehammer | 20 km individual | Biathlon World Cup |
| 1995–96 1 victory (1 In) | 7 December 1995 | Östersund | 20 km individual | Biathlon World Cup |
| 2001–02 1 victory (1 MS) | 22 December 2001 | Brezno-Osrblie | 15 km mass start | Biathlon World Cup |
    *Results are from UIPMB and IBU races which include the Biathlon World Cup, Biathlon World Championships and the Winter Olympic Games.
# Donald MacDonald (Saskatchewan politician, born 1886)

Donald MacDonald (1886 – 7 December 1970) was a Canadian Liberal politician from the province of Saskatchewan. He represented Meadow Lake on the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1934 to 1944.

## Early life

MacDonald was born in Listowel, Ontario. In 1916 he enlisted in the Lord Strathcona's Horse.