OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Clark Warburton

Clark Warburton (27 January 1896, near Buffalo, New York – 18 September 1979, Fairfax, Virginia) was an American economist. He was described as the "first monetarist of the post-World War II period," the most uncompromising upholder of a strictly monetary theory of business fluctuations, and reviver of classic monetary-disequilibrium theory and the quantity theory of money.

## Life and works

Warburton received bachelor's and master's degrees from Cornell University after military service overseas during World War I. From the 1920s to the early 1930s, he held teaching positions in India and the United States. He received a Ph.D. degree at Columbia University in 1932. There his interest had shifted from history to economics while attending lectures of Wesley C. Mitchell. His dissertation was published as The Economic Results of Prohibition. From 1932 to 1934, he worked at the Brookings Institution. In 1934 he joined the newly formed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. He subsequently became chief economist there, retiring from that position in 1965. He continued to publish research on substantive and historical monetary economics thereafter.
In the period from 1945, Warburton was a critic of Keynesian theory when the latter was "crowding out interest in money." He made his case in a series of papers, most of them empirically oriented. He compiled and constructed quarterly data for the U.S. in the 1918–47 period, which showed that deviations in the money supply and bank reserves from trend preceded in the same direction business-cycle turning points of successively final output sold, output, prices, and the velocity of money. He extended such results to 1965 some 20 years later.
In examining longer periods of time (decades) for 1799–1939 and annual data from 1909 to 1947, he found that velocity adjusted for trend and production capacity was relatively stable in peace time, despite extreme monetary volatility and that changes in the quantity of money were the "overwhelmingly dominant factor" responsible for changes in the price level, consistent with the quantity theory of money.
These findings supported Warburton's contentions that:
* instability of the money supply was a major source of business fluctuations, including the Great Depression, not merely an intensifying factor
* stability of monetary policy was key to macroeconomic stability.
In 1966, a collection of 19 of his papers was published.

### Warburton's Influence on Milton Friedman's Views on Money

In the early 1950s, Warburton exerted an important impact on the development of Milton Friedman’s views on money. At that time Warburton sharply criticized Friedman’s then-existing monetary framework. In this connection, Warburton convinced Friedman that the Federal Reserve had caused the Great Depression and that a money supply growth rate rule would have averted the Depression had the Federal Reserve followed such a rule. During the next decade Friedman became the leading advocate of the view that the Federal Reserve caused the Great Depression and he adopted a money supply growth rate rule as his main monetary policy platform.
# Charles Haliburton

Charles Edward Haliburton (born April 23, 1938) is a jurist and former politician in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

## Education and legal career

Haliburton graduated from Acadia University in 1959 with a Bachelor of Arts and then from Dalhousie University in 1962 with a Bachelor of Laws. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1978. Haliburton served as an Adjudicator for Small Claims Court, as both a provincial and federal Crown Prosecutor, and as Solicitor for the Municipality and the Town of Digby. He also served as Councilor and then as Mayor of the Town of Digby.
Haliburton returned to private practice after politics and was subsequently appointed to the bench in 1993. He retired from the Nova Scotia Supreme Court in 2013.

## Political career

Haliburton was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1972 federal election as the Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for South Western Nova. He lost his seat to Liberal challenger Coline Campbell in the 1974 federal election, but ran again in the renamed riding of South West Nova in the 1979 federal election that brought the Tories to power under Joe Clark after sixteen years of Liberal governance. He sat as a backbench supporter of Clark's minority government for seven months. Following the defeat of the Clark government in the House of Commons, another federal election was called in 1980, and Haliburton lost his seat in a rematch against Campbell.

### Electoral record

vte1972 Canadian federal election: West Nova :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Progressive Conservative | Charles Haliburton | 15,039 | 50.18 | -2.15 |
| | Liberal | Fulton Logan | 12,471 | 41.61 | -2.61 |
| | New Democratic | Lawrence Meuse | 2,104 | 7.02 | +4.66 |
| | Social Credit | Charles Paddock | 359 | 1.20 | |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 29,973 | 100.00 |
vte1974 Canadian federal election: West Nova :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Coline Campbell | 15,066 | 49.10 | 7.49 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Charles Haliburton | 13,841 | 45.11 | -5.07 |
| | New Democratic | Yvonne Coe | 1,610 | 5.25 | -1.77 |
| | Social Credit | Cecilia Zwicker | 164 | 0.53 | -0.67 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 30,681 | 100.00 |
vte1979 Canadian federal election: West Nova :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Progressive Conservative | Charles Haliburton | 16,512 | 44.47 | -0.64 |
| | Liberal | Coline Campbell | 16,398 | 44.17 | -4.93 |
| | New Democratic | Ian MacPherson | 4,217 | 11.36 | +6.11 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 37,127 | 100.00 |
vte1980 Canadian federal election: West Nova :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Coline Campbell | 19,151 | 49.82 | +5.65 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Charles Haliburton | 14,151 | 36.81 | -7.66 |
| | New Democratic | John Lee | 4,922 | 12.80 | +1.44 |
| | Independent | Anne Trudell | 216 | 0.56 | |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 38,440 | 100.00 |
| lop.parl.ca |||||||
# Townie: A Memoir

Townie – A Memoir is a 2011 memoir by American novelist and short story writer Andre Dubus III. It details Dubus' childhood in Haverhill, Massachusetts and his frequently turbulent relationship with his father Andre Dubus II.

## Summary

Dubus writes about growing up in Haverhill, Massachusetts in the 1970s after his parents divorced. Dubus and his three siblings spent much of their time alone while their mother worked to support the family. Dubus describes his years as a boxer, how it saved his life, and led him to writing.

## Characters

The main characters are his family and friends. He grew up with three siblings.

## Reception

On The Omnivore, a British aggregator of press reviews, the book received an "omniscore" of 3 out of 5. The BookScore assessed critical response as an aggregated score of 8.5 out of 10. In the May/June 2011 issue of Bookmarks, the book was scored four out of five. The magazine's critical summary reads: "Critics felt that Dubus mainly lands his punches in this story of finding oneself in art instead of violence".
Writing for The Guardian, William Skidelsky described Townie as "a mesmerising work, one of the best accounts I've encountered of violence and its causes". In its review, the New York Times complemented Dubus for "not leaning on easy redemption" in the story's conclusion and avoiding "the usual signifiers of today’s ’70s Nostalgia Industrial Complex, no peace-sign key chains or smiley-face T-shirts, none of the goofy stoners and ditsy girls in tube tops that American television viewers have become accustomed to".
# SoundOn

SoundOn is a music marketing and distribution platform founded in 2021 by TikTok. It mainly provides song distribution and artist services. The tool lets users upload music directly to TikTok to earn royalties, while allowing them to retain their copyright on the music. The service also distributes artists' music to other platforms. The platform provides support including audience insights and development advice.
Powered by TikTok, SoundOn was designed to serve as a platform for new musicians. On the platform, artists receive all of their royalties in the first year, and 90% after that. As of July 2023, it is available in the US, the UK, Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, and New Zealand, among others.

## History

The platform began beta testing in the fall of 2021. Since its launch in 2022, singers Muni Long, Games We Play, Abby Roberts, and Chloe Adams have published their songs on SoundOn.
In March 2022, the service was officially rolled out. SoundOn was initially introduced in Brazil and Indonesia. In July 2022, it launched a pre-release feature. In December 2022, Dolly Parton formally released her song "Berry Pie" via the platform.
In February 2023, SoundOn became available in Australia. In March, it made an appearance at SXSW in Austin, Texas and organized activities related to interaction with artists.
# Francisco de Cárdenas Espejo

Francisco de Cárdenas Espejo (4 February 1817, Seville - 3 July 1898, Madrid) was a Spanish lawyer, journalist and politician who served as Minister of Justice under King Alfonso XII. Previously he served as 5th Solicitor General of Spain.

## Biography

After studying law in his home town, in 1839 he became Professor of Moral Philosophy, Logic and Grammar at the University of Seville. In 1853, he was elected a Deputy for the Province of Zaragoza and, in 1864, was named a Senator for life.
Following the Revolution of 1868, he retired from politics and did not return to elected office until after the Bourbon Restoration when he was chosen as a Senator for the Province of Córdoba and reaffirmed as a Senator for life in 1877. He served as Minister of Justice from 1874 to 1875 during the government of Antonio Cánovas and abolished numerous laws that had been enacted during the Sexenio Democrático.
He founded several conservative periodicals between 1839 and 1847. He also served as the Spanish Ambassador to France and the Holy See. In addition, he was a member of the Real Academia de la Historia and the Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas; of which he also served as President.

## Selected works

* Ensayo sobre la historia de la propíedad territorial en España, J.Noguera, 1873 Digitalized online @ the HathiTrust
* Estudios jurídicos, P. Nuñez, 1884
* De los vicios y defectos más notables de la legislación civil de España, y de las reformas que para subsanarlas se proponen en el proyecto de código civil, R. Rodríguez de Rivera, 1852
* De la influencia del teatro en las costumbres y la protección que puede dispensarle el Estado: Informe de la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas, E. Martínez, 1880 Digitalized online @ the HathiTrust
# Gerda Steyn

Gerda Steyn (born 3 March 1990) is a South African marathon and ultramarathon athlete. She set the Comrades Marathon down-run record in 2023 with a mark of 5:44:54, becoming the fourth woman under 6 hours for that race.
On 11 April 2021, she became the SA marathon record holder with a time of 2:25:28 at the Xiamen Tuscany Camp Elite Marathon in Siena, Italy. She then broke her own record at the 2023 Valencia marathon, setting a time of 2:24:03.

## Early life

Her parents are Pieter and Trudie Steyn. Gerda grew up on a farm in the Bothaville area and completed her schooling in 2008 at the Bothaville High School. Afterwards, she qualified as a quantity surveyor from the University of the Free State. She has a sister and a brother.

## Career

In 2014 she went to work in Dubai and joined a running club, where she discovered her talent for running. After completing her first Comrades in 2015, she met 1991 winner Nick Bester who became her coach.
Her first major career victory was in the 2018 Two Oceans Marathon, in a time of 3:39:32.
She won the 2019 Comrades Marathon in a record time of 5 hours, 58 minutes, and 53 seconds, becoming the first woman to complete the uprun in under six hours.
She also won the 2019 Two Oceans Marathon in a time of 3:31:28. She won it for the fifth time in a row in 2024 and broke her course record with a time of 3:26:54.
She competed in the women's marathon at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Her best time for a standard marathon is the SA record of 2:25:28, achieved in 2021 at the 2021 IAAF Xiamen Tuscany Camp Elite Marathon in Siena, Italy, breaking the previous 25-year-old SA record by more than a minute.
At the 2023 Valencia Marathon, Steyn finished in 11th running a time of 2:24:03 becoming the South African national record holder for the event.

## Results

| Year | Race | Place | Position | Time |
| 2015 | Comrades | Durban | 56th | 8:19:08 |
| 2016 | Two Oceans | Cape Town | 14th | 4:15:44 |
| 2016 | Comrades | Pietermaritzburg | 14th | 7:08:23 |
| 2017 | Comrades | Durban | 4th | 6:45:45 |
| 2018 | Two Oceans | Cape Town | 1st | 3:39:32 |
| 2018 | Comrades | Pietermaritzburg | 2nd | 6:15:34 |
| 2018 | New York Marathon | New York | 13th | 2:31:04 |
| 2019 | Two Oceans | Cape Town | 1st | 3:31:28 |
| 2019 | Comrades | Durban | 1st | 5:58:53 |
| 2019 | New York Marathon | New York | 11th | 2:27:48 |
| 2020 | London Marathon | London | 7th | 2:26:51 |
| 2021 | Nelson Mandela Bay Half Marathon | Port Elizabeth | 2nd | 1:12:14 |
| 2021 | Giulietta e Romeo Half Marathon | Verona | 4th | 1:13:28 |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | Sapporo | 15th | 2:32:10 |
| 2021 | Cape Town Marathon | Cape Town | 4th | 2:26:25 |
| 2022 | Two Oceans | Cape Town | 1st | 3:29:42 |
| 2022 | New York Marathon | New York | 12th | 2:30:22 |
| 2023 | Two Oceans | Cape Town | 1st | 3:29:06 |
| 2023 | Comrades | Durban | 1st | 5:44:54 |
| 2023 | Valencia Marathon | Valencia | 11th | 2:24:03 |
| 2024 | Two Oceans | Cape Town | 1st | 3:26:54 |
| 2024 | Comrades | Pietermaritzburg | 1st | 5:49:46 |
# America (XM)

America was a Commercial-free Music channel on XM Satellite Radio that specialized in playing Classic country music. It was available on channel 10 on XM and channel 808 on DirecTV. America was scrapped as part of the Sirius/XM merger on November 12, 2008, replaced by Sirius's similar channel that is also devoted to Classic Country music, The Roadhouse.
XM's advertising described the channel this way: "We've dimmed the lights, thrown some sawdust on the floor, and brought the honky tonk back to life. Waylon, Willie, Dolly and the whole gang are on hand. The true sound of Country is alive and well....this is America."
Hosts included Dan Dixon ( From Detroit, MI WNRZ-FM playing rock music & Toledo Ohio WTOD AM 1560 50's-90's Country & K-100 WKKO New Country ), Ray Knight and John Welch.

## Programs

* The Long Haul, visits the history of country music from the 1950s to the 21st Century.
* Bill Anderson Visits with the Legends, Country Hall of Fame member Bill Anderson talks with and looks at the most influential moments and people in the history of country music.
* Chartistry, Reviews the country music charts from the past and the present.
* Ranger Doug's Classic Cowboy Corral, Douglas B. Green of Riders in the Sky hosts an hour of vintage cowboy music and comedy with his sidekick, Sidemeat (fellow Rider "Too Slim" Fred LaBour).
* America presents The Grand Ole Opry, encore presentations of the Grand Ole Opry performances, which aired live on Nashville! XM11.

## All For the Hall

XM Satellite Radio is a partner organization with the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in its "All For the Hall" membership program. "Bringing together artists, musicians, and anyone who loves and appreciates country music, All For the Hall is dedicated to preserving the legacy of the music that inspires us." ~ America XM10
# Artist Underground

Artist Underground (formerly known as American Idol Underground) was founded by Justin Beckett in 2006 and was an online community and internet radio station where unsigned artists were able to get their music heard. Artists submit their music to Idol Underground for a fee and receive feedback from listeners. Artists can create fan clubs and have their music played online through online stations. Listeners can rate the songs as they play and become members and get the chance to judge artists and win prizes. Artists can win prizes as well.
Artists are featured in one of American Idol Underground's genre-specific music areas, which are also places for them to connect with their fans and they get the chance to win cash, equipment and other awards. The website features different music of all ages and genres such as: Rock, Rap, Country, R&B, Electronica, Jazz, Classical, World, Faith-Based and Comedy. The website includes record label executives, recording studios and celebrities such as Verdine White or Kimberly Caldwell who will help artists by giving them critiquing, services and information. Artists get charted, as to see how many spins they are receiving.
The website features frequent contests which divide cash prizes among artists in various genres. The site once reported over 1 million unique visitors each month and featured over 50,000 artists.
# British Cardiovascular Society

The British Cardiovascular Society (BCS) is a United Kingdom-wide health organisation based in London. It aims to represent all healthcare professionals working in the field of cardiology, set standards for prevention, diagnosis, and clinical care, and communicate those standards to the community and the patients through training, education and public outreach.

## History

The first idea for the BCS came in 1910 by the Scottish cardiologist Sir James Mackenzie. At an Association of Physicians meeting in Oxford on 22 April 1922, the Cardiac Club was formed by 5 cardiologists: Carey F. Coombs, T. F. Cotton, John Cowan, A. G. Gibson (as chair), and W. E. Hume. It was founded in 1922 at the Club's first active meeting by 15 founder members — the original five plus ten others, including Thomas J. Horder and Thomas Lewis — and with one honorary member, namely Mackenzie. In April 1937 it became the Cardiac Society of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1946 it became the British Cardiac Society.
It was incorporated (03005604) on 1 January 1995 as the British Cardiac Society. It became the British Cardiovascular Society on 8 May 2006.

## Function

It produces the Heart journal; this was established in 1939 as the British Heart Journal. The Editor is Catherine Otto. Another journal it produces is called Open Heart.

## Structure

It is situated in Fitzrovia in the London Borough of Camden. It became a UK Registered Charity in 2002. Its membership (2,500) included doctors and nurses. It is an affiliate of the European Society of Cardiology. The current President of the Society for the 2018–2021 term is Simon Ray, Honorary Professor of Cardiology of Manchester University.
# Thomas of Chobham

Thomas of Chobham (also called Thomas Chobham or Thomas of Chabham), was an English theologian and subdean of Salisbury, who was born c. 1160, presumably in Chobham, Surrey, and died between 1233 and 1236 in Salisbury, Wiltshire.
Thomas Chobham studied in Paris in the 1180s, likely under Peter the Chanter. He is best known for his influential work on penance which combines Canon law, theology, and practical advice for confessors. It is known by many titles, and there has been much confusion over both author and incipit, which is often related as Cum miseratione domini. More fully and correctly, this should be "Cum miserationes domini sint super omnia". The title is based on Psalm 144:9.
Flacius Illyricus, for example, in his entry on Thomas Aquinas in his Catalogus Testium Veritatis 1556, considers this work to be by Aquinas and gives the incipit: "Commiserationes Domini sunt super omnia".

## Works

* Cum miseratione domini, a Summa de penitentia, published as Thomae de Chobham Summa Confessorum, edited by F. Broomfield, Analecta Mediaevalia Namurcensia 25 (Louvain: Éditions Nauwelaerts, 1968).
* Sermones, published as Thomas de Chobham, Sermones, edited by F. Morenzoni, Corpus Christianorum, continuatio medievalis 82A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1993).
* Summa de arte praedicandi, published as Thomas de Chobham, Summa de arte praedicandi, edited by F. Morenzoni, Corpus Christianorum, continuatio medievalis 82 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1988).
* Summa de commendatione virtutum et extirpatione vitiorum, published as Thomas de Chobham, Summa de commendatione virtutum et extirpatione vitiorum, edited by F. Morenzoni, Corpus Christianorum, continuatio medievalis 82B (Turnhout: Brepols, 1997).
# Sexual Response (film)

Sexual Response is a 1992 American erotic thriller directed by Yaky Yosha and starring Shannon Tweed, Illana Shoshan, Catherine Oxenberg, Emile Levisetti, Vernon Wells, and David Kriegel.

## Plot

Eve Anderson is a beautiful middle-aged woman who works as a host for the radio program Sexual Response. She is married to a wealthy man named Philip. But there is also a problem in her seemingly careless life—Eva is not completely happy in marriage as Philip perceives her only as minor part of his own valuable life. One day Eva meets Edge, a talented sculptor. Gradually, they fall in love and eventually become lovers. But Edge does not like the current situation and offers Eve to get rid of her husband. To do so, Edge even steals Philip's weapon.
Eve is trying to figure out the situation as a lot of things seem strange to her. Together with her friends Peter and Kate, she sneaks into the Edge's apartment. Eve wants to find out who Edge really is and what his past was. As a result, she finds out that her lover Edge and husband Philip are actually related.

## Cast

* Shannon Tweed as Eve Anderson
* Illana Shoshan as station staff
* Catherine Oxenberg as Kate
* Emile Levisetti as Edge
* Vernon Wells as Philip
* David Kriegel as Peter
# Zeke Zawoluk

Robert Michael "Zeke" Zawoluk (October 13, 1930 – January 9, 2007) was an American professional basketball player.
A 6'7" forward/center from Saint Francis Prep and St. John's University, Zawoluk played three seasons (1952–1955) in the NBA as a member of the Indianapolis Olympians and Philadelphia Warriors.
Zawoluk played in the Eastern Professional Basketball League (EPBL) for the Scranton Miners, Trenton Capitols / New York-Harlem Yankees, Wilkes-Barre Barons, Easton Madisons, Williamsport Billies and Hazleton Hawks from 1955 to 1959. He was selected to the All-EPBL Second Team in 1956.

## Career statistics
### NBA

Source

#### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | MPG | FG% | FT% | RPG | APG | PPG |
| 1952–53 | Indianapolis | 41 | 15.2 | .367 | .664 | 3.6 | .8 | 4.6 |
| 1953–54 | Philadelphia | 71 | 25.3 | .376 | .809 | 4.6 | 1.4 | 8.3 |
| 1954–55 | Philadelphia | 67 | 16.7 | .368 | .779 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 6.4 |
| Career | Career | 179 | 19.7 | .372 | .767 | 4.1 | 1.2 | 6.8 |

### Playoffs

| Year | Team | GP | MPG | FG% | FT% | RPG | APG | PPG |
| 1953 | Indianapolis | 2 | 9.0 | .167 | .000 | 1.0 | .0 | 1.0 |
# Angel Acuña Lizaña

Angel Acuña Lizaña (11 February 1919 – 1 August 1997) was a Mexican basketball player. He competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Turki (disambiguation)

Turki may refer to:

## Languages

* Azerbaijani language, known as Türki for its speakers in Iran
* Chagatai language, also known as Turki
* Ili Turki language
* Old Anatolian Turkish, also known as Türki
* Old Tatar, also known as Volga Turki
* Ottoman Turkish, also known as Türkî
* Uyghur language, formerly known as Eastern Turki
* Uzbek language, formerly known as Western Turki
* Qashqai language, known as Turki to its speakers

## Others

* Turki (name), a first or a last name
* Turki (urban-type settlement), a work settlement in Saratov Oblast, Russia