OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hugh MacRae

Hugh MacRae (30 March 1865 – 1951) was an American businessman who served as a co-conspirator in the Wilmington insurrection of 1898.

## Early life

MacRae was born in 1865 to a Scottish and English family in Carbonton, North Carolina; his grandfather was General Alexander MacRae, his father Donald MacRae, and his mother Julia Norton MacRae. His grandfather and father were businessmen: Alexander had established a railroad and held offices at the city and county levels, while Donald served as a consular official for the British government in Wilmington and invested in various companies. MacRae graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1885, thereafter moving to western North Carolina to be a mining engineer.

## Business

In 1890, MacRae established the Linville Improvement Company, a tourist enterprise for Linville. Following the death of his father in 1892, he took control of a Wilmington cotton business, investing considerably in the city's infrastructure.
Between 1905 and 1912, after reading a book on the topic of small-scale farming, MacRae established six farm colonies in the southeast portion of the state through one of his companies. The methods for these farms were intensive and small in scale; intended to be frugal, MacRae purposely settled them with European migrants (themselves recruited by MacRae's employees in Europe), thinking they were more capable than both the resident white and black farmers. MacRae was very pleased with the results of his experiment. He said that for the farmers, "superabundance of food was their main trouble", and suggested to occupy and put to "proper use" the remaining fertile, unused land in the United States. He believed that his advocacy for white immigration would solve "the race problem of the South".

## Wilmington insurrection

MacRae was a member of the Secret Nine, an influential group of White, Democratic residents in Wilmington, who worked closely with the state's white supremacy movement. MacRae was instrumental in creating the White Man' Declaration of Independence, even rumored to have been the one to present the document to Alfred Moore Waddell. Like the rest of the white supremacy movement in Wilmington and North Carolina, Macrae worried that the white power in the state was waning and more economic and political power was being held by the black population of Wilmington. During the insurrection at least a dozen people were killed, with some claiming even higher totals, and Democrats were placed in office—MacRae became a city alderman.

## Death and legacy

He died in 1951. His hope that small-scale farming would transform the agricultural South never took hold, though newspapers at the time of his death said he had a considerable impact on farming practices.
He donated land to the county of New Hanover for the development of a park in his name, to be used by its white residents. In 2020 the park's name was changed to Long Leaf Park.
# Bulbophyllum micholitzianum

Bulbophyllum micholitzianum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum from Sumatera.
They are small sized, carrying a single apical leaf and blooms in the spring on a basal. This specie is a single flowered inflorescence that requires light shade, ample water, and good air circulation. It has a flower size of 4 inches.
# Synod of Thurles

The Synod of Thurles was a synod of clergy the Catholic Church in Ireland held in 1850 in St. Patrick's College, Thurles in County Tipperary. It was the first formal Irish Catholic synod since that of 1642 during the Confederation of Kilkenny. Thurles was the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly, with the original in Cashel and in Emly being owned by the Church of Ireland. The Synod was called by Paul Cullen as apostolic delegate to Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh. Proceedings commenced on Thursday, 22 August 1850.
The synod marked the beginning of a movement led by Cullen to standardise the administration, religious practices, teaching and discipline of the Catholic church in Ireland. Practices in the Church in Ireland had evolved differently from practices in continental Europe due to state suppression of the Church in Ireland from the c. 1640 until Catholic emancipation in 1829. In advance of the synod, Cullen had been in Rome where he was appointed an Apostolic Delegate which in effect give him direct papal authority over the Catholic church in Ireland. Cullen was an 'ultramontanist' in philosophy and was committed to bringing the church in Ireland into line with the church in Rome. In particular, Cullen was opposed to local or popular religious expression and interpretation; he was determined to end such practices in Ireland. The synod also occurred at a sensitive time following the devastation of the Great Irish famine. Counteracting proselytising efforts by the protestant churches were also discussed.
Along with the twenty seven bishops in attendance, the abbot of Mount Melleray Abbey, Dom Bruno Fitzpatrick was entitled to vote at the synod.
One of the main commitments from the Synod was to establish a Catholic University in Ireland in response to the establishment of the Queen's Colleges and the Queen's University of Ireland by the Queen's Colleges (Ireland) (No. 2) Act 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. 66) by the British Government. The bishops adopted the papal condemnation of the 'godless colleges' (i.e. the Queen's colleges) but were divided over priests accepting college positions and lay involvement. The consequence was the Catholic University of Ireland established in 1851 and the invitation from the bishops to Cardinal John Henry Newman to become its chancellor and its foundation in 1854.
Decrees of the Plenary Synod of the Bishops of Ireland (Decreta Synodi Plenariae Episcoporum Hiberniae) was published in 1851 following the synod.
# Dongnaeeupseong

Dongnaeeupseong (Korean: 동래읍성) is a Goryeo-era Korean fortress in Dongnae District, Busan, South Korea. it is located on the mountain Maansan.
The fortress was lived in and used for many centuries, with the exception of around the 17th to mid-18th centuries. It stopped being used in the mid-20th century. Now, it is a popular tourist attraction.

## History

There was a fortress in the area at latest during the Goryeo period. Construction work took place in 1387 on the fortress, and continued for over a month. In 1446, during the Joseon period, a stone wall was constructed in the site.
The fortress was the site of a battle during the 1592–1598 Japanese invasions of Korea. After which, the fortress was destroyed and left neglected for centuries. In 1731, the fortress was rebuilt and a town was put inside. 52,003 people were mobilized for the construction work. Beginning in 1870, work was done to rebuild the main wall and a number of turrets, in anticipation of a potential Japanese invasion.
The fortress was partially demolished during the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period. The walls between the west to south gate were torn down.

### Restoration

Busan Metropolitan Government began restoration work on the fortress in 1979. From then until 2022, more than 20 archaeological investigations were conducted at the fortress. These investigations resulted in confirmations on what facilities existed in the fortress, as well as their natures. Relics and even human remains from the Japanese invasions have been discovered. Some of these discoveries are reportedly displayed at Suan station in Busan.
In recent years, a Dongnaeeupseong History Festival has been held at the fortress, where history-related programs and traditional games and performances are held.

## Description

The fortress is roughly shaped like an oval and has six gates. The north and east are surrounded by mountains, and the south and west are in more open areas. The south gate is considered the fortress's main gate. Each gate has a gate tower, with several of them having been restored in recent years. The fortress has inner and outer walls. The fortress has 2.7 km (1.7 mi) of walls; of this, 1.3 km (0.81 mi) were destroyed due to urbanization. The walls are around 1.5 to 3.0 m (4.9 to 9.8 ft) in height and 2.4 m (7.9 ft) thick at the top. The base of the walls have small stones and sandy clay.
Much of the fortress's walls were lost. The foundations remained, however, which allowed the fortress's shape to be reconstructed.
The fortress now lies close to a residential area, and is now an attraction for both locals and tourists. At night, lights are lit for people to walk around the trail.
# Mark Clark Bridge

The Mark Clark Bridge is a girder bridge that carried a State Route 532 across the Stillaguamish River between Stanwood, Washington, and Camano Island. It is the only form of road access to Camano Island from 1950 until 2010, when it is demolished. The bridge is named for Mark W. Clark, a decorated Army officer who spent time on Camano Island. The water surrounding Camano Island is too shallow for ferry service, which made this bridge a critical link for island residents and visitors.
The bridge replaced an earlier swing bridge that opened in 1909 and is part of the first highway between Stanwood and Camano Island. Shortly after the highway is incorporated into the state highway system in 1945, a $615,000 replacement is planned by the state government at the request of Stanwood, Camano Island, and the former town of East Stanwood. It is dedicated on July 23, 1950, and is connected to a new highway bypassing Stanwood and East Stanwood.

## Replacement

The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) began construction of a new Stillaguamish River bridge in the summer of 2009. The Mark Clark Bridge is found to be too narrow and vulnerable in the event of a major earthquake.
The new bridge is designed with a width of 56 feet (17 m) to accommodate a four-lane highway, while initially configured for two-lane traffic, and include a wide shoulder for bicyclists and pedestrians.
On August 17, 2010, the new Camano Gateway Bridge opened to traffic. As a result, the Mark Clark bridge is closed to traffic and later demolished.
# Emmotland

Emmotland is a small hamlet in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It forms part of the civil parish of North Frodingham.
The hamlet consists of two farms at the end of a small access road. West Beck joins the Driffield Navigation at Emmotland.

## History

When the Driffield Navigation was built, a towpath bridge was placed over the West Beck near the junction. This bridge disappeared before 1980.
One of the last acts of the Humberside County Council was to build a new footpath bridge over the West Beck. The bridge is a fixed structure, but has a high headroom. A mistake in the location of the bridge means that it lands on private property, and is dangerously close to the river. Since no further money is available the bridge has remained closed since its construction.
In 1823 Emmotland was in the parish of Frodingham and the Wapentake and Liberty of Holderness. Occupations at the time included two farmers.

## Location

Emmotland is situated approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Hempholme, and 1.4 miles (2.3 km) south-west of North Frodingham, and is on the North Frodingham Carrs and the Holderness plain.

### Position of Emmotland on the Driffield Navigation

* Next place upstream = Fisholme
* Next place downstream = Bethells Bridge
* Next place upstream on West Beck = Corpslanding
# Killarney shad

The Killarney shad (Alosa killarnensis), also called the goureen, is a freshwater fish in the family Alosidae, endemic to a single lake in Ireland, Lough Leane in County Kerry. Research has shown that it is a landlocked subspecies of the anadromous, twait shad (Alosa fallax), arriving in the lake after the Last Glacial Maximum about 10,000 years ago. This fish is at risk from eutrophication and the introduction of alien species of fish to the lake and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it as "critically endangered".

## Distribution and status

Lough Leane in the Killarney National Park, southwestern Ireland, is only the place where this fish lives. It has been listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. Eutrophication and introduction of alien fish species such as common roach Rutilus rutilus and common bream Abramis brama are the most probable threats. The shad is also very sensitive to pollution.
The adopted method for conservation involves the identification of spawning sites and protecting them from declining water quality.

## Biology

The Killarney shad feeds in the pelagic zone of the lake and spawns in shallow bays. It has a life span of about five years. Males are smaller than the females. They generally feed on zooplankton, and spawn in June - July on gravel bars and gravelled shallows and around the islands of the lake.

## Systematics and population history

Most often the Killarney shad has been considered a landlocked subspecies of the anadromous, widespread twaite shad (Alosa fallax), with the name Alosa fallax killarnensis. DNA-studies confirm that the population is derived from the twaite shad and suggest it arrived in the lake after the Last Glacial Maximum when the ice sheet retreated from Ireland. Moreover, there would have been another invasion wave of twaite shad to the lake, also > 10 000 yr ago, which mixed with the first one. The landlocked population has evolved many morphological and ecological peculiarities in the short post-glacial time, and therefore it has been suggested to represent an independent young species. The Killarney shad is smaller than the twaite shad (only 20 cm), and has a low gill raker number.
While the Killarney shad is the only landlocked derivative of the twaite shad in NW Europe, several landlocked populations occur in Southern Europe, but they are not always taxonomically separated from Alosa fallax.
# 1995 Dhaka Premier Division League

The 1995 Dhaka Premier Division League, also known as the Lifebuoy Premier League for sponsorship reasons, was the 44th season of the top-tier football league in Bangladesh and the 3rd season of the Premier Division, following its succession from the First Division as the top-tier. A total of ten teams participated in the league which ran from 30 June to 17 December 1996.

## Venue

The Dhaka Stadium in Dhaka was the sole venue for the league.
| Dhaka | Dhaka |
| Dhaka Stadium | Dhaka |
| Capacity: 36,000 | Dhaka |

## Teams

The following ten clubs participated in Dhaka Premier Division League during 1995 season.
| Club | Last season | Head coach | Captain |
| Arambagh | 6th | Wazed Gazi | Mahabub Hossain Roksy |
| Agrani Bank | 7th | Abdul Hamid | Mohammed Shoriful |
| Brothers Union | 4th | Shahiduddin Ahmed Selim | Pijush Nandi |
| Dhaka Abahani | 1st | Valery Bogdanov | Monem Munna |
| Fakirerpool | 8th | Kazi Alfatul Haque | Monwar Hossain Montu |
| Farashganj | Promoted | Nurul Haque | Ratan Kumar |
| Mohammedan | 3rd | Kadiri Ikhana | Nurul Haque Manik |
| Muktijoddha Sangsad | 2nd | Shafiqul Islam Manik | Saiful Bari Titu |
| Rahmatganj | Promoted | Mohammed Mala | Mohammed Nazim |
| Wari Club | 5th | A.M. Abdullah Saik | Abdur Razzak |

### Coaching changes

| Team | Outgoing head coach | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Position in the table | Incoming head coach | Date of appointment |
| Mohammedan | Kadiri Ikhana | Sacked | Unknown | Unknown | Abu Yusuf | Unknown |

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Dhaka Abahani (C) | 18 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 29 | 8 | +21 | 43 | |
| 2 | Mohammedan | 18 | 13 | 3 | 2 | 35 | 13 | +22 | 42 | Qualification for the 1996–97 Asian Cup Winners' Cup |
| 3 | Muktijoddha Sangsad | 18 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 31 | 16 | +15 | 33 | |
| 4 | Fakirerpool | 18 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 24 | 19 | +5 | 27 | |
| 5 | Arambagh | 18 | 3 | 11 | 4 | 17 | 18 | −1 | 20 | |
| 6 | Agrani Bank | 18 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 18 | 24 | −6 | 20 | |
| 7 | Farashganj | 18 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 19 | −8 | 17 | |
| 8 | Brothers Union | 18 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 17 | 23 | −6 | 16 | |
| 9 | Rahmatganj (R) | 18 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 13 | 31 | −18 | 11 | Relegation to the 1996 First Division League |
| 10 | Wari Club (R) | 18 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 35 | −24 | 11 | Relegation to the 1996 First Division League |
* ↑ Qualified as champions of the 1995 Bangladesh Federation Cup

## Top scorers

| Rank | Scorer | Club | Goals |
| 1 | Imtiaz Ahmed Nakib | Muktijoddha Sangsad | 12 |
| 2 | Sheikh Mohammad Aslam | Dhaka Abahani | 9 |
| 2 | Andrey Kazakov | Mohammedan | 9 |
| 2 | Mizanur Rahman Mizan | Brothers Union | 9 |
| 2 | Mosharaf Hossain Tutul | Agrani Bank | 9 |
| 6 | Shahidul Ahmed Ranjan | Mohammedan | 8 |
# Nepenthes boschiana

Nepenthes boschiana (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌbɒʃiˈɑːnə/; after Johannes van den Bosch), or Bosch's pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Meratus Mountains in South Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. It is most closely allied to N. faizaliana. Nepenthes borneensis is considered a synonym of this species. Nepenthes boschiana has no known natural hybrids. No valid forms or varieties have been described. Nepenthes boschiana belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. platychila, N. stenophylla, and N. vogelii.
The species was formally described by Pieter Willem Korthals in his 1839 monograph, "Over het geslacht Nepenthes". B. H. Danser, in his 1928 monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", wrote the following:
   Korthals states the natives who accompanied him on Mt. Sakoembang gathered the not yet opened pitchers, as the water which they contained was a medicament against inflammation of the eyes, whereas others cut the opened pitchers as playthings for their children. He describes the habitat as sterile, open and stony. The vernacular name 'daoen sompitan' is translated by him as blow-pipe-leaf; according to dictionaries this is right.
* Original illustration of N. boschiana from 1839 by Pieter Willem Korthals
* Specimen in the Bogor Botanical Gardens

## Infraspecific taxa

* Nepenthes boschiana var. lowii Hook.f. (1873) [=N. stenophylla]
* Nepenthes boschiana var. sumatrana Miq. (1858) [=N. sumatrana]
# Trader's Hill, Georgia

Trader's Hill was a trading post and small settlement on the St. Marys River in Charlton County, Georgia.

## History

In 1793, Trader's Hill was the site of several murders by Creek Indians.
Fort Alert was constructed at Trader's Hill in 1812. After the War of 1812 ended, the fort was unmanned, but became active again from 1817 to 1819 during a time of heightened alarm mostly due to Creeks, but also due to the takeover of Fernandina by various rebel factions.
In 1854, Charlton County was created out of Camden County. Trader's Hill was selected as the first county seat. During the Civil War, Trader's Hill became a refugee site for local people, including residents of St. Marys, seeking to get away from the coast.
After the construction of the Savannah, Florida & Western Railway, the center of commerce in the area shifted from the river to the railway. In 1901, the county seat was moved to Folkston. Today, a group of Georgia Historical Markers two miles away from the site of old Trader's hill commemorates the commercial center. Trader's Hill itself is the site of a recreational vehicle campground and boat launching area.
# Bright Matonga

Bright Matonga is a Zimbabwean politician. He was the Deputy Information Minister in the cabinet of president Robert Mugabe. In the 2008 parliamentary election, as a member of the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front, he was elected from the Mhondoro-Ngezi constituency.
He was placed on the United States sanctions list in 2005.
# The Copycat Effect

The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Headlines is a 2004 book by suicide researcher Loren Coleman. It was published by Paraview Pocket Books, and focuses on the eponymous copycat effect (both copycat crime and copycat suicide). Coleman criticizes mass media's coverage and representation of tragedies and violence, arguing it leads to more imitation cases. He focuses on specific cases in the book. The response to the book was mixed, with commentators praising its delivery and evidence, though others criticized its tone and title as misleading.

## Background and publication

Coleman has a master's degree in psychiatric social work and was a consultant for the Maine Youth Suicide Program for nearly a decade. He has lectured often on the impact of the media on suicide and murder. He has specialized in the Werther, or copycat effect, a phenomenon resulting in many copycat suicides following the publication of a 1774 novel, The Sorrows of Young Werther. He had published a previous book on the topic, Suicide Clusters, in 1987.

## Contents

Several chapters are reprinted from Suicide Clusters. The Copycat Effect is arranged thematically, covering specific incidents. In the book, he criticizes the media for their coverage of these events, focusing on several high profile incidents of suicide and murder leading to copycat incidents. He argues that the media's sensationalization of local violence, such as school shootings, can lead to copycat attempts. Topics include cult leaders, celebrity suicides, sniper killings and suicide clusters. He concludes with several recommendations as to how these kinds of events should be handled, suggesting that the media cover them more responsibly.

## Reception

Publishers Weekly said the book presented Coleman's advice "with enough punch to intrigue the public and possibly exert a minor influence on the press", though noted "readers may feel there's little they can do to muzzle media destructiveness". Kirkus Reviews criticized what they perceived as its "scolding tone", saying it diminished the book's persuasiveness; however said Coleman offered "persuasive and often chilling evidence" of his thesis. Library Journal recommended the book, calling it "really the only survey available on this topic", however criticized the inclusion of the section on baseball suicides, calling it out of place, and said the book left the reader wondering whether Coleman wished to "warn the public or to sanitize art".
Ashley Sayeau of The Boston Globe criticized its title, saying that it was misleading for the reader. She said that it seemed that Coleman was merely enduring the discussion of media, when instead he wanted to focus more on suicide itself. Thomas Joiner criticized Coleman's argument that the coverage of Kurt Cobain's suicide had led to an increase in copycat suicides, saying that the fact that many suicide victims happened to be Nirvana fans was only evidence of their popularity.