# Demographics of Indonesia

The population of Indonesia was 270.20 million according to the 2020 national census, an increase from 237.64 million in 2010. The official estimate as at end 2023 was 280 million increasing at a rate of 1.17% per year. Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. Approximately 55% of Indonesia's population resides on Java, which is the most populous island in the world.
Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1967, Indonesia's average population growth per year was over 1.1% for the decade ending in 2020, nearly having 13% population growth for that decade. At this rate, Indonesia's population is projected to surpass the population of the United States if the recent population growth continues.
Indonesia has a relatively young population compared to Western nations, though it is aging as the country's birth rate has slowed and its life expectancy has increased. The median age was 30.2 years in 2017. Indonesia encompasses thousands of different ethnic groups, cultures, and hundreds of languages, some of which are related to each other. Since independence, Indonesian is the language of most written communication, education, government, and business. Many local ethnic languages are the first language of most Indonesians and are still important. Examples of local languages are Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1 | 2,000,000 | — |
| 1000 | 3,500,000 | +0.06% |
| 1500 | 7,750,000 | +0.16% |
| 1700 | 9,500,000 | +0.10% |
| 1930 | 60,727,233 | +0.81% |
| 1955 | 77,473,268 | +0.98% |
| 1961 | 97,085,348 | +3.83% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1971 | 119,208,229 | +2.07% |
| 1976 | 141,862,419 | +3.54% |
| 1980 | 147,490,298 | +0.98% |
| 1990 | 179,378,946 | +1.98% |
| 2000 | 206,264,595 | +1.41% |
| 2010 | 237,641,326 | +1.43% |
| 2020 | 270,203,917 | +1.29% |
Source: Our World in Data, Statistics Indonesia, Wertheim (1959), Geografi dan Kependudukan (1976), Widjojo Nitisastro (2006) :

### Population by province

| Province | Population (2010 census) | Urban % in 2010 | Total Fertility Rate (2010 census) | Population (2020 census) | Urban % in 2022 | Total Fertility rate (2020 census) |
| Aceh | 4,494,410 | 23.6% | 2.79 | 5,274,900 | 33.9% | |
| North Sumatra | 12,982,204 | 42.4% | 3.01 | 14,799,400 | 55.5% | 2.48 |
| West Sumatra | 4,846,909 | 29.0% | 2.91 | 5,534,500 | 48.5% | 2.46 |
| Riau | 5,538,367 | 43.7% | 2.82 | 6,394,100 | 40.0% | 2.28 |
| Jambi | 3,092,265 | 28.3% | 2.51 | 3,548,200 | 33.8% | 2.28 |
| South Sumatra | 7,450,394 | 34.4% | 2.56 | 8,467,400 | 37.7% | 2.23 |
| Bengkulu | 1,715,518 | 29.4% | 2.51 | 2,010,700 | 33.3% | 2.30 |
| Lampung | 7,608,405 | 21.0% | 2.45 | 9,007,800 | 32.9% | 2.28 |
| Bangka Belitung Islands | 1,223,296 | 43.0% | 2.54 | 1,455,700 | 57.6% | 2.24 |
| Riau Islands | 1,679,163 | 67.4% | 2.38 | 2,064,600 | 87.1% | 2.21 |
| Banten | 10,632,166 | 52.2% | 2.35 | 11,904,600 | 72.4% | 2.01 |
| Jakarta | 9,607,787 | 100.0% | 1.82 | 10,562,100 | 100.0% | 1.75 |
| West Java | 43,053,732 | 50.3% | 2.43 | 48,274,200 | 77.5% | 2.11 |
| Central Java | 32,382,657 | 40.4% | 2.20 | 36,516,000 | 51.7% | 2.09 |
| Yogyakarta | 3,457,491 | 57.7% | 1.94 | 3,668,700 | 73.1% | 1.89 |
| East Java | 37,476,757 | 40.9% | 2.00 | 40,665,700 | 54.9% | 1.98 |
| Bali | 3,890,757 | 49.8% | 2.13 | 4,317,400 | 66.9% | 2.04 |
| West Nusa Tenggara | 4,500,212 | 34.8% | 2.59 | 5,320,100 | 49.6% | |
| East Nusa Tenggara | 4,683,827 | 15.9% | 3.82 | 5,325,600 | 25.9% | 2.79 |
| West Kalimantan | 4,395,983 | 25.1% | 2.64 | 5,414,400 | 36.4% | 2.33 |
| Central Kalimantan | 2,212,089 | 27.5% | 2.56 | 2,670,000 | 42.2% | 2.31 |
| South Kalimantan | 3,626,616 | 36.3% | 2.35 | 4,073,600 | 48.5% | 2.31 |
| East Kalimantan | 3,028,487 | 57.6% | 2.61 | 3,766,000 | 68.6% | 2.18 |
| North Kalimantan | 524,656 | | | 701,800 | 63.4% | |
| North Sulawesi | 2,270,596 | 37.0% | 2.43 | 2,621,900 | 53.7% | 2.10 |
| Gorontalo | 1,040,164 | 25.5% | 2.76 | 1,171,700 | 43.5% | 2.30 |
| Central Sulawesi | 2,635,009 | 19.7% | 2.94 | 2,985,700 | 31.5% | 2.32 |
| South Sulawesi | 8,034,776 | 29.4% | 2.55 | 9,073,500 | 44.6% | 2.22 |
| Southeast Sulawesi | 2,232,586 | 20.8% | 3.20 | 2,624,900 | 37.6% | 2.57 |
| West Sulawesi | 1,158,651 | -- | 3.33 | 1,419,200 | 21.4% | 2.58 |
| Maluku | 1,533,506 | 25.9% | 3.56 | 1,848,900 | 37.0% | 2.52 |
| North Maluku | 1,038,087 | 29.5% | 3.35 | 1,282,900 | 27.3% | 2.47 |
| Papua | 2,833,381 | 22.2% | 2.87 | 4,303,700 | 30.2% | 2.76 |
| West Papua | 760,422 | -- | 3.18 | 1,134,100 | 42.8% | 2.66 |
| Indonesia | 237,641,326 | | 2.41 | 270,203,900 | 56.4% | 2.18 |
Source: Population Census 2010, except for final column, taken from Population Census 2020.
Note: $^{(a)}$ North Kalimantan province was created in 2012 (by separation from East Kalimantan province); the 2010 total figures given are those for the provinces as they were following that splitting (Urban % and Total Fertility Rate columns unadjusted).

### Age structure

    0-14 years: 23.33%
    15-64 years: 70.72%
    65 years and over: 5.95% (2020 census)
Age structure in Indonesia (2020)
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data are based on the publication: "Indonesia Population Projection 2015-2045"):
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 135 337 011 | 134 266 419 | 269 603 430 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 11 101 528 | 10 850 465 | 21 951 993 | 8.14 |
| 5–9 | 11 205 657 | 10 739 503 | 21 945 160 | 8.14 |
| 10–14 | 11 284 333 | 10 884 509 | 22 168 842 | 8.22 |
| 15–19 | 11 189 861 | 10 949 531 | 22 139 392 | 8.21 |
| 20–24 | 11 070 774 | 10 887 555 | 21 958 329 | 8.14 |
| 25–29 | 10 963 605 | 10 736 361 | 21 699 966 | 8.05 |
| 30–34 | 10 777 337 | 10 524 673 | 21 302 010 | 7.90 |
| 35–39 | 10 477 475 | 10 305 704 | 20 783 179 | 7.71 |
| 40–44 | 9 830 929 | 9 693 109 | 19 524 038 | 7.24 |
| 45–49 | 9 140 315 | 9 023 924 | 18 164 239 | 6.74 |
| 50–54 | 7 975 551 | 7 947 477 | 15 923 028 | 5.91 |
| 55–59 | 6 632 329 | 6 691 467 | 13 323 796 | 4.94 |
| 60–64 | 5 234 762 | 5 287 052 | 10 521 814 | 3.90 |
| 65-69 | 3 758 966 | 3 921 263 | 7 680 229 | 2.85 |
| 70-74 | 2 485 308 | 2 757 062 | 5 242 370 | 1.94 |
| 75+ | 2 208 281 | 3 066 764 | 5 275 045 | 1.96 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 33 591 518 | 32 474 477 | 66 065 995 | 24.50 |
| 15–64 | 93 292 938 | 92 046 853 | 185 339 791 | 68.75 |
| 65+ | 8 452 555 | 9 745 089 | 18 197 644 | 6.75 |

## Vital statistics
### United Nations estimates

| Period | Population (thousands) | Live births (thousands) | Deaths (thousands) | Natural change (thousands) | CBR | CDR | NC | TFR | IMR | Life expectancy (years) |
| 1950 | 69 568 | 2 826 | 1 505 | 1 321 | 40.6 | 21.6 | 19.0 | 5.19 | 189.1 | 39.40 |
| 1951 | 71 019 | 2 926 | 1 522 | 1 404 | 41.2 | 21.4 | 19.8 | 5.23 | 186.8 | 39.79 |
| 1952 | 72 571 | 3 035 | 1 517 | 1 518 | 41.8 | 20.9 | 20.9 | 5.27 | 182.0 | 40.69 |
| 1953 | 74 208 | 3 146 | 1 526 | 1 620 | 42.4 | 20.6 | 21.8 | 5.31 | 177.4 | 41.42 |
| 1954 | 75 925 | 3 257 | 1 533 | 1 723 | 42.9 | 20.2 | 22.7 | 5.35 | 172.9 | 42.19 |
| 1955 | 77 742 | 3 359 | 1 542 | 1 817 | 43.2 | 19.8 | 23.4 | 5.37 | 168.4 | 42.92 |
| 1956 | 79 662 | 3 475 | 1 544 | 1 931 | 43.6 | 19.4 | 24.2 | 5.41 | 164.0 | 43.80 |
| 1957 | 81 691 | 3 589 | 1 556 | 2 033 | 43.9 | 19.0 | 24.9 | 5.45 | 159.8 | 44.50 |
| 1958 | 83 819 | 3 701 | 1 575 | 2 126 | 44.2 | 18.8 | 25.4 | 5.48 | 155.8 | 45.05 |
| 1959 | 86 048 | 3 811 | 1 578 | 2 233 | 44.3 | 18.3 | 26.0 | 5.51 | 151.9 | 45.86 |
| 1960 | 88 383 | 3 929 | 1 593 | 2 337 | 44.5 | 18.0 | 26.4 | 5.55 | 148.3 | 46.45 |
| 1961 | 90 817 | 4 031 | 1 602 | 2 429 | 44.4 | 17.6 | 26.7 | 5.57 | 144.8 | 47.12 |
| 1962 | 93 345 | 4 127 | 1 603 | 2 523 | 44.2 | 17.2 | 27.0 | 5.59 | 141.4 | 47.87 |
| 1963 | 95 963 | 4 217 | 1 614 | 2 603 | 43.9 | 16.8 | 27.1 | 5.60 | 138.1 | 48.43 |
| 1964 | 98 675 | 4 304 | 1 609 | 2 695 | 43.6 | 16.3 | 27.3 | 5.61 | 134.8 | 49.23 |
| 1965 | 101 158 | 4 380 | 2 121 | 2 259 | 43.3 | 21.0 | 22.3 | 5.62 | 142.7 | 42.60 |
| 1966 | 103 561 | 4 426 | 1 740 | 2 686 | 42.7 | 16.8 | 25.9 | 5.60 | 129.5 | 48.20 |
| 1967 | 106 261 | 4 468 | 1 596 | 2 871 | 42.0 | 15.0 | 27.0 | 5.58 | 124.8 | 51.07 |
| 1968 | 109 139 | 4 503 | 1 594 | 2 909 | 41.3 | 14.6 | 26.7 | 5.54 | 121.4 | 51.63 |
| 1969 | 112 149 | 4 555 | 1 582 | 2 973 | 40.6 | 14.1 | 26.5 | 5.51 | 118.0 | 52.35 |
| 1970 | 115 228 | 4 596 | 1 576 | 3 021 | 39.9 | 13.7 | 26.2 | 5.45 | 114.6 | 52.99 |
| 1971 | 118 347 | 4 627 | 1 570 | 3 056 | 39.1 | 13.3 | 25.8 | 5.36 | 111.5 | 53.58 |
| 1972 | 121 504 | 4 667 | 1 560 | 3 107 | 38.4 | 12.8 | 25.6 | 5.29 | 108.4 | 54.24 |
| 1973 | 124 709 | 4 720 | 1 554 | 3 166 | 37.9 | 12.5 | 25.4 | 5.22 | 105.3 | 54.85 |
| 1974 | 127 945 | 4 727 | 1 547 | 3 180 | 37.0 | 12.1 | 24.9 | 5.09 | 102.3 | 55.43 |
| 1975 | 131 213 | 4 783 | 1 544 | 3 239 | 36.5 | 11.8 | 24.7 | 5.04 | 99.4 | 55.97 |
| 1976 | 134 521 | 4 813 | 1 540 | 3 273 | 35.8 | 11.5 | 24.3 | 4.92 | 96.8 | 56.51 |
| 1977 | 137 862 | 4 849 | 1 534 | 3 315 | 35.2 | 11.1 | 24.0 | 4.81 | 94.1 | 57.08 |
| 1978 | 141 251 | 4 908 | 1 535 | 3 373 | 34.7 | 10.9 | 23.9 | 4.72 | 91.6 | 57.57 |
| 1979 | 144 693 | 4 952 | 1 530 | 3 422 | 34.2 | 10.6 | 23.7 | 4.61 | 89.3 | 58.15 |
| 1980 | 148 177 | 4 981 | 1 521 | 3 460 | 33.6 | 10.3 | 23.4 | 4.49 | 86.9 | 58.75 |
| 1981 | 151 686 | 4 997 | 1 526 | 3 472 | 33.0 | 10.1 | 22.9 | 4.36 | 84.6 | 59.14 |
| 1982 | 155 229 | 5 036 | 1 514 | 3 522 | 32.4 | 9.8 | 22.7 | 4.25 | 82.3 | 59.76 |
| 1983 | 158 791 | 5 016 | 1 507 | 3 508 | 31.6 | 9.5 | 22.1 | 4.10 | 79.9 | 60.27 |
| 1984 | 162 332 | 4 986 | 1 502 | 3 484 | 30.7 | 9.3 | 21.5 | 3.94 | 77.6 | 60.73 |
| 1985 | 165 792 | 4 836 | 1 481 | 3 355 | 29.2 | 8.9 | 20.2 | 3.71 | 75.2 | 61.31 |
| 1986 | 169 135 | 4 736 | 1 472 | 3 264 | 28.0 | 8.7 | 19.3 | 3.53 | 72.8 | 61.72 |
| 1987 | 172 421 | 4 732 | 1 481 | 3 251 | 27.4 | 8.6 | 18.9 | 3.42 | 70.4 | 61.97 |
| 1988 | 175 695 | 4 738 | 1 495 | 3 244 | 27.0 | 8.5 | 18.5 | 3.33 | 68.0 | 62.21 |
| 1989 | 178 949 | 4 707 | 1 487 | 3 220 | 26.3 | 8.3 | 18.0 | 3.22 | 65.6 | 62.70 |
| 1990 | 182 160 | 4 647 | 1 477 | 3 170 | 25.5 | 8.1 | 17.4 | 3.10 | 63.1 | 63.18 |
| 1991 | 185 361 | 4 702 | 1 484 | 3 218 | 25.4 | 8.0 | 17.4 | 3.06 | 60.6 | 63.54 |
| 1992 | 188 558 | 4 644 | 1 468 | 3 176 | 24.6 | 7.8 | 16.8 | 2.94 | 58.1 | 64.13 |
| 1993 | 191 737 | 4 652 | 1 464 | 3 188 | 24.3 | 7.6 | 16.6 | 2.88 | 55.7 | 64.60 |
| 1994 | 194 929 | 4 681 | 1 481 | 3 201 | 24.0 | 7.6 | 16.4 | 2.84 | 53.3 | 64.86 |
| 1995 | 198 140 | 4 714 | 1 487 | 3 227 | 23.8 | 7.5 | 16.3 | 2.80 | 51.0 | 65.24 |
| 1996 | 201 374 | 4 762 | 1 519 | 3 244 | 23.6 | 7.5 | 16.1 | 2.77 | 48.9 | 65.36 |
| 1997 | 204 628 | 4 797 | 1 526 | 3 271 | 23.4 | 7.5 | 16.0 | 2.74 | 46.8 | 65.73 |
| 1998 | 207 855 | 4 744 | 1 544 | 3 200 | 22.8 | 7.4 | 15.4 | 2.66 | 44.8 | 65.96 |
| 1999 | 210 997 | 4 683 | 1 559 | 3 123 | 22.2 | 7.4 | 14.8 | 2.58 | 42.9 | 66.22 |
| 2000 | 214 072 | 4 680 | 1 581 | 3 099 | 21.9 | 7.4 | 14.5 | 2.54 | 41.1 | 66.43 |
| 2001 | 217 112 | 4 679 | 1 591 | 3 088 | 21.5 | 7.3 | 14.2 | 2.50 | 39.5 | 66.76 |
| 2002 | 220 115 | 4 662 | 1 596 | 3 066 | 21.2 | 7.2 | 13.9 | 2.46 | 37.8 | 67.13 |
| 2003 | 223 080 | 4 658 | 1 612 | 3 046 | 20.9 | 7.2 | 13.7 | 2.43 | 36.3 | 67.41 |
| 2004 | 225 939 | 4 678 | 1 807 | 2 871 | 20.7 | 8.0 | 12.7 | 2.42 | 36.9 | 65.75 |
| 2005 | 228 805 | 4 746 | 1 679 | 3 067 | 20.7 | 7.3 | 13.4 | 2.43 | 33.5 | 67.65 |
| 2006 | 231 797 | 4 819 | 1 698 | 3 121 | 20.8 | 7.3 | 13.5 | 2.45 | 32.2 | 67.91 |
| 2007 | 234 858 | 4 923 | 1 719 | 3 205 | 21.0 | 7.3 | 13.6 | 2.49 | 31.0 | 68.19 |
| 2008 | 237 937 | 4 927 | 1 763 | 3 164 | 20.7 | 7.4 | 13.3 | 2.48 | 29.8 | 68.23 |
| 2009 | 240 981 | 4 913 | 1 780 | 3 133 | 20.4 | 7.4 | 13.0 | 2.46 | 28.7 | 68.49 |
| 2010 | 244 016 | 4 920 | 1 807 | 3 112 | 20.2 | 7.4 | 12.8 | 2.45 | 27.6 | 68.68 |
| 2011 | 247 100 | 5 029 | 1 843 | 3 186 | 20.3 | 7.5 | 12.9 | 2.50 | 26.5 | 68.82 |
| 2012 | 250 223 | 5 028 | 1 875 | 3 153 | 20.1 | 7.5 | 12.6 | 2.49 | 25.6 | 68.97 |
| 2013 | 253 276 | 4 917 | 1 889 | 3 029 | 19.4 | 7.5 | 12.0 | 2.43 | 24.6 | 69.26 |
| 2014 | 256 230 | 4 857 | 1 904 | 2 953 | 19.0 | 7.4 | 11.5 | 2.39 | 23.7 | 69.53 |
| 2015 | 259 092 | 4 780 | 1 933 | 2 847 | 18.4 | 7.5 | 11.0 | 2.35 | 22.8 | 69.70 |
| 2016 | 261 850 | 4 718 | 1 972 | 2 746 | 18.0 | 7.5 | 10.5 | 2.31 | 22.0 | 69.80 |
| 2017 | 264 499 | 4 634 | 2 004 | 2 629 | 17.5 | 7.6 | 9.9 | 2.26 | 21.2 | 69.94 |
| 2018 | 267 067 | 4 588 | 2 002 | 2 586 | 17.2 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 2.23 | 20.5 | 70.34 |
| 2019 | 269 583 | 4 559 | 2 032 | 2 526 | 16.9 | 7.5 | 9.4 | 2.22 | 19.8 | 70.52 |
| 2020 | 271 858 | 4 526 | 2 437 | 2 089 | 16.6 | 9.0 | 7.7 | 2.19 | 19.2 | 68.81 |
| 2021 | 273 753 | 4 496 | 2 755 | 1 741 | 16.4 | 10.1 | 6.4 | 2.18 | 18.6 | 67.57 |
| 1 2 3 4 5 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births |||||||||||
Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022

### Demographic and Health Surveys

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):
| Year | Total | Total | Urban | Urban | Rural | Rural |
| Year | CBR | TFR | CBR | TFR | CBR | TFR |
| 1981-1983 | | 4.3 | | | | |
| 1987 | | 3.4 (3.1) | | 2.9 (2.6) | | 3.7 (3.4) |
| 1991 | 25.1 | 3.02 (2.50) | 24.0 | 2.60 (2.03) | 25.6 | 3.24 (2.73) |
| 1994 | | 2.9 (2.4) | | 2.3 (1.8) | | 3.2 (2.7) |
| 1997 | | 2.8 (2.4) | | 2.4 (2.0) | | 3.0 (2.6) |
| 2002-2003 | 21.9 | 2.6 (2.2) | 22.1 | 2.4 (2.1) | 21.7 | 2.7 (2.3) |
| 2007 | 20.9 | 2.6 (2.2) | 20.2 | 2.3 (2.0) | 21.5 | 2.8 (2.4) |
| 2012 | 20.4 | 2.6 (2.0) | 20.1 | 2.4 (1.9) | 20.7 | 2.8 (2.2) |
| 2017 | 18.1 | 2.4 (2.1) | 17.7 | 2.3 (1.9) | 18.5 | 2.6 (2.2) |

### Fertility rate and aging population (by province)

Total fertility rate (TFR) and population over age 60 by region as of 2010:
| Province | Total fertility rate | Total fertility rate | Population over age 60 (2010) |
| Province | 2010 | 2020 | Population over age 60 (2010) |
| North Sumatera | 3.01 | 2.48 | 5.9 |
| West Sumatera | 2.91 | 2.46 | 8.1 |
| Riau | 2.82 | 2.28 | 4.0 |
| Jambi | 2.51 | 2.28 | 5.5 |
| South Sumatera | 2.56 | 2.23 | 6.2 |
| Bengkulu | 2.51 | 2.30 | 5.8 |
| Lampung | 2.45 | 2.28 | 7.2 |
| Bangka Belitung | 2.54 | 2.24 | 5.8 |
| Kepulauan Riau | 2.38 | 2.21 | 3.4 |
| Jakarta | 1.82 | 1.75 | 5.1 |
| West Java | 2.43 | 2.11 | 7.0 |
| Central Java | 2.20 | 2.09 | 10.3 |
| Yogyakarta | 1.94 | 1.89 | 12.9 |
| East Java | 2.00 | 1.98 | 10.4 |
| Banten | 2.35 | 2.01 | 4.6 |
| Bali | 2.13 | 2.04 | 9.7 |
| East Nusa Tenggara | 3.82 | 2.79 | 7.4 |
| West Kalimantan | 2.64 | 2.33 | 5.8 |
| Central Kalimantan | 2.56 | 2.31 | 4.6 |
| South Kalimantan | 2.35 | 2.31 | 5.8 |
| East Kalimantan | 2.61 | 2.18 | 4.0 |
| North Sulawesi | 2.43 | 2.10 | 8.4 |
| Central Sulawesi | 2.94 | 2.32 | 6.6 |
| South Sulawesi | 2.55 | 2.22 | 8.2 |
| Southeast Sulawesi | 3.20 | 2.57 | 5.8 |
| Gorontalo | 2.76 | 2.30 | 5.9 |
| West Sulawesi | 3.33 | 2.58 | 6.2 |
| Maluku | 3.56 | 2.52 | 6.2 |
| North Maluku | 3.35 | 2.47 | 4.8 |
| West Papua | 3.18 | 2.66 | 3.2 |
| Papua | 2.87 | 2.76 | 2.4 |

## Ethnic groups

| Ethnic groups | Ethnic groups | Percentage | Percentage |
| Javanese | Javanese | 40.06% | 40.06% |
| Sundanese | Sundanese | 15.51% | 15.51% |
| Malay | Malay | 3.70% | 3.70% |
| Batak | Batak | 3.58% | 3.58% |
| Madurese | Madurese | 3.03% | 3.03% |
| Betawi | Betawi | 2.88% | 2.88% |
| Minangkabau | Minangkabau | 2.73% | 2.73% |
| Bugis | Bugis | 2.71% | 2.71% |
| Bantenese | Bantenese | 1.96% | 1.96% |
| Banjarese | Banjarese | 1.74% | 1.74% |
| Balinese | Balinese | 1.66% | 1.66% |
| Acehnese | Acehnese | 1.44% | 1.44% |
| Dayak | Dayak | 1.36% | 1.36% |
| Sasak | Sasak | 1.34% | 1.34% |
Indonesia is a country of great ethnic diversity, with approximately 600 distinct indigenous ethnic groups living side by side across more than 17,000 islands. The majority of Indonesia's population is descended from Austronesian peoples who are concentrated in western and central Indonesia, which is part of the Asian continent. Another large group is the Melanesian peoples, who inhabit the eastern part of Indonesia (the Maluku Islands, Western New Guinea, and the East Nusa Tenggara) in Oceania.
The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, accounting for 40.2% of the population and are culturally, economically, and politically dominant. The Javanese are concentrated in Java, the most populous island, especially in the central and eastern parts, and also in significant numbers in most provinces due to extensive migration throughout the archipelago. The Sundanese are the next largest group (15.4%), followed by the Malays, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, Minangkabau, and Bugis. A sense of Indonesian nationalism is present along with strong ethnic and regional identities.

## Languages

Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia, widely spoken by over 97% of the population. However, Indonesia is a highly multilingual country. According to Ethnologue, there are currently 737 regional languages spoken across the Indonesian archipelago. This extensive linguistic diversity accounts for about 10% of the world’s total languages, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country in the world. The majority of these languages belong to the Austronesian language family, which is prevalent in the western and central regions of Indonesia, including languages such as Acehnese, Batak, Sundanese, Balinese, Banjarese and Buginese. In contrast, the eastern regions, particularly Papua and the Maluku Islands, are home to over 270 Papuan languages, which are distinct from the Austronesian language family and represent a unique linguistic heritage. The most widely spoken language as a mother tongue is Javanese, spoken by over 80 million speakers, mainly in central and east Java, but also on many other islands due to migration.

## Religion

Religion in Indonesia (2023)
Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation; based on civil registration data in 2023 from Ministry of Home Affairs, 87.06% of Indonesians are Muslims, 10.47% Christians (7.41% Protestants, 3.06% Roman Catholic), 1.68% Hindu, 0.71% Buddhists, 0.03% Confucians and 0.05% other faiths. Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are Chinese.