OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Philip of Spanheim

Philip of Spanheim (also: Philip of Sponheim; died 22 July 1279) was a 13th century bishop who was elected Archbishop of Salzburg (1247–1257) and Patriarch of Aquileia (1269–1271). He held the title of a Count of Lebenau (1254–1279) and was nominal Duke of Carinthia. With his death the senior line of the House of Sponheim came to an end.

## Life

Philipp was the younger son of Duke Bernhard of Carinthia (died 1256) and his wife Judith, daughter of the Přemyslid king Ottokar I of Bohemia. Raised at the court of his maternal uncle King Wenceslaus I, he prepared for an ecclesiastical career as provost of the Vyšehrad collegiate church and Bohemian chancellor. However, when in 1247 the Salzburg chapter elected him archbishop, he renounced his consecration in order to reserve the succession of his elder brother Ulrich III for himself. Instead he joined his father on military campaigns to Styria and into the Lungau region; in 1252 they defeated the united troops of Count Meinhard III of Gorizia and his father-in-law Count Albert IV of Tyrol near Greifenburg and conquered large estates in Upper Carinthia.
In 1254 Philip tried to regain former Spanheim comital rights around Lebenau Castle (near Laufen), which had been purchased by the Salzburg archbishops. In turn, he was finally overthrown and banned by the Salzburg chapter in 1257, he could however prevail against his successor Ulrich of Seckau with the military support by his brother Ulrich III. Philip continued his belligerence and in 1260 fought with his Přemyslid cousin King Ottokar II of Bohemia in the Battle of Kressenbrunn against the forces of King Béla IV of Hungary. After in 1265 his maternal cousin Ladislaus of Silesia was elected Salzburg archbishop with papal consent, Philip finally was forced to resign.
On 23 September 1269, he was elected Archbishop of Aquileia, though his election was never acknowledged by the Pope and in 1273 Pope Gregory X appointed Raimondo della Torre instead. Moreover, in October 1269 his brother Duke Ulrich III died, and he secretly bequested the Carinthian duchy to King Ottokar II, who immediately expelled Philip from his acquisitions. He again attempted to install himself as a Count of Lebenau and even reached the enfeoffment with Carinthia by the new King Rudolf I of Germany, though to no avail. Ottokar had no intentions to relinquish his claims until he was finally defeated by King Rudolf in 1278 in the Battle on the Marchfeld.
Philip however had to stay in Rudolf's Duchy of Austria without ever returning to Carinthia. One year later he died in Krems an der Donau, where his epitaph is preserved in the Dominican Church.
# San Marzano sul Sarno

San Marzano sul Sarno is a town and comune in the province of Salerno in the Campania region of southern Italy, situated about halfway between Autostrade A3 and A30.

## History

The territory of the Sarno valley presents the first traces of human presence between the 9th and 6th centuries BC, a period to which numerous necropolises date back with around 1,400 pit tombs, attributed to the Sarrastri population. Subsequently, the population declined in favor of the new centers of Nuceria Alfaterna, Pompeii and Stabia.
The first mention of San Marzano dates back to a letter from Pope Gregory I in 601, addressed to the abbot of the monastery of San Giorgio in Orvieto, which mentions a Benedictine monastery located in Fundo Marciano, destroyed by the Lombards. With the name of San Marzano the locality is mentioned in a deed of sale from 963 preserved in the Abbey of the Santissima Trinità in Cava de' Tirreni.
In 1220 San Marzano was granted by Federico II to the abbey of Montevergine, and shortly before 1234, it passed to Guidone II Filangieri and remained in the family until it was confiscated in 1269 from Riccardo II Filangieri, who had sided with Conradin of Swabia against Charles I of Anjou. Under Angevin rule the fiefdom was in the possession of several families.
It was an autonomous university with the name of "Terra di San Marzano", as cited in a deed of 1521.
In the 16th century the fiefdom was erected into a barony, in the possession of the Del Tufo family. At the beginning of the seventeenth century it was a marquisate in the possession of the Mastrilli family and, together with the other communities of the valley, it was in dispute with Alfonso Piccolomini, count of Celano and feudal lord of Scafati, due to a dam on the Sarno river that he had built and which involved damage to local populations.
The title of marquis of San Marzano and the possession of the fiefdom were inherited from the Mastrilli to Gentile III Albertini around 1678, remaining in the possession of the family until the abolition of feudal rights in 1806. In 1808 San Marzano became a municipality of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Starting from 1820, the construction of the new road connecting Sarno and the Naples-Salerno consular road (in the Quarto district, in the territory of Sant'Egidio del Monte Albino), which crossed the territory of San Marzano, favored the development of the locality.
With the transition to the Kingdom of Italy the municipality took its current name in 1862. In 1871 the construction of the new municipal building was started by the mayor Vincenzo Pisani, inaugurated in 1877.
In 1903 the archaeologist Ettore Pais conducted an excavation campaign in the San Marzano area, which brought to light materials from the 9th-8th century BC. In 1910 the mayor Paolo Samengo brought gas lighting to the town and in the following years electric light, the telephone and the first pipe for drinking water.
The town was damaged by bombings during the Second World War and in particular the bridge over the Sarno river.
# Freddy Ibrahim

Freddy Fadi Ibrahim (born October 14, 1996) is a Jordanian-Canadian basketball player for Amman United of the Jordanian Premier Basketball League and the Jordanian national team. He is considered one of the best point guards of the league.

## College career

Ibrahim played college basketball for the Tampa Spartans of the University of Tampa, In his first year he averaged 2.0 points, 1.4 rebounds and 1.1 assists per game. In his sophomore year, he averaged 5 points, 3.1 rebounds and 3.7 assists per game. In his junior year, he averaged 4.2 points, 2.6 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game. He averaged 10.2 points, 4.5 rebounds and 3.1 assists per game in his senior year.

## Professional career

Ibrahim joined the Jordanian side Orthodox in the 2019-20 season.
On August 12, 2024, Ibrahim signed with Amman United of the Jordanian Premier Basketball League.

## National team career

Ibrahim played for the Jordanian national team at William Jones Cup in Taiwan and the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup in China, where he averaged 7.2 points, 2.4 rebounds and 3.4 assists per game.
# Skelghyll Beck

Skelghyll Beck is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) within Lake District National Park in Cumbria, England. It is located 2 km southeast of the town of Ambleside. The protected area is located 1 km east of Lake Windermere. Skelghyll Beck flows into Lake Windermere. This site is protected because of its exceptional geological exposures from the Silurian period.

## Geology

Skelghyll Beck has rocks from the Llandovery Epoch (Lower Silurian). It is the type locality for the Skelgill Beds. These rocks are the lowest Silurian strata in the Lake District.
The Skelghyll section is the type locality for several fossils including trilobite species Acernaspis glabra, Youngia moroides, Scotoharpes judex, Raphiophorus aloniensis and the brachipod Plectatrypa flexuosa and the graptolites Glyptograptus sinuatus, Diplograptus diminutus and Monograptus argenteus. Fossils of Dimorphograptus confertus, Monograptus triangulatus Stimulograptus segwickii and Lagarograptus tenuis have been recorded here.

## Land ownership

All land in Skelghyll Beck SSSI is owned by the National Trust.
Skelghyll Beck has been fenced off and trees planted as a means of controlling erosion presumably caused by over-grazing and human visitors.
# Trifolium squarrosum

Trifolium squarrosum is a species of annual herb in the family Fabaceae. They have a self-supporting growth form and compound, broad leaves.
The plant is allelopathic, producing chemicals which suppress the growth of other plants nearby. This may make it useful as a companion plant, reducing the need for artificial weedkillers.

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Trifolium squarrosum​. Encyclopedia of Life.
# Victor Noble Rainbird

Victor Noble Rainbird (12 December 1887 – 8 March 1936) was a painter, stained glass artist and illustrator.

## Early life and education

Rainbird was born on 12 December 1887 in North Shields, United Kingdom, son of James William Rainbird (b. Ireland 1856, m. 1884) and Rosabella Foubister (b. 1859). Victor had an elder brother William Stewart Rainbird, born in early 1886 in North Shields.
Rainbird attended King's College (now Newcastle University), Newcastle upon Tyne, where he distinguished himself and won several prizes. His pictures were included in a government exhibition which toured Australia, New Zealand and Canada. He later attended the Royal Academy Schools where he twice won Silver Medals as well as the Landseer Scholarship.

## Career

On 15 July 1916, Rainbird married Elizabeth Kirkley at York Registry Office, whilst he was a Lance Corporal (38539) in the 6th Northumberland Fusiliers. After the war he left as Corporal in the Durham Light Infantry (46585) and practised as a professional artist in North Shields and exhibited works at the Artists of the Northern Counties exhibitions at the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne, at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool and also at the Royal Academy.
Rainbird's work often depicts sights of North Shields (captioned 'In Old Shields' or 'Old Ropery Stairs') and the seafront and sea around North Shields and other Tyne harbours. He made several trips to France, Belgium and the Netherlands, and a large proportion of his work is of continental subjects, impressions of Rouen, Amiens, Dieppe or Dutch fisherfolk. Rarer subjects include stained glass window images, portraits and still life (flowers).
It appears that Rainbird used his paintings to pay his way through life and often seemed to have done paintings to 'pay for his supper'. His work often appears at auctions worldwide, but most commonly at the Newcastle upon Tyne auction house Anderson and Garland, where an average watercolour work of 10 x 14 inches would make around GBP 85.00 (2015) in their quarterly auctions of Fine Art.
It was thought that the only surviving example of stained glass work by the artist can be found in Papa Stour Kirk, on the island of Papa Stour in Shetland. It was commissioned to commemorate six Papa men who were lost in World War I and was fitted in 1921. The window depicts Jesus calming a storm. However, in 2014 a fan of Rainbird found two of his missing stained glass windows in Trinity Methodist Church in Allendale, Northumberland. They depicts an image of Jesus and a soldier. After being lost for over 94 years, Rainbird's stained glass windows had been found again.
Between 1917 and 1933, Rainbird lived at 71 West Percy Street, North Shields. The house has a commemorative blue plaque marking his residence.
Rainbird died on 8 March 1936 in Sunderland.
# Novospaske, Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast

Novospaske (Ukrainian: Новоспаське), formerly known as Petrivka, is an rural settlement in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast, eastern Ukraine. Population: 1,009 (2022 estimate).
On 19 September 2024, the Verkhovna Rada voted to rename the village to Novospaske.

## Demographics

Native language as of the Ukrainian Census of 2001:
* Ukrainian 95.15%
* Russian 4.61%
* Belarusian and Moldovan (Romanian) 0.08%
# Dixon Unified School District

Dixon Unified School District is a public school district based in Solano County, California, United States. It includes Dixon High School.

## List of Schools

High schools
* Dixon High School
* Maine Prairie High School (continuation school)
Middle schools
* John Knight Middle School
Elementary schools
* Silveyville (closed as of 2008)
* Anderson
* Gretchen Higgins
* Tremont
# Pauperism

Pauperism (from Latin pauper 'poor'; Welsh: tlotyn) is the condition of being a "pauper", i.e. receiving relief administered under the Irish and English Poor Laws. From this, pauperism can also be more generally the state of being supported at public expense, within or outside of almshouses, and still more generally, of dependence for any considerable period on charitable assistance, public or private. In this sense, pauperism is to be distinguished from general poverty or the state of being a poor, although the two concepts overlap.

## History

Under the English Poor Laws, a person to be relieved must be a destitute person, and the moment he had been relieved he became a pauper, and as such incurred certain civil disabilities. Statistics dealing with the state of pauperism in this sense convey not the amount of destitution actually prevalent, but the particulars of people in receipt of poor law relief.
The 1830s brought to Europe great economic hardships. The early 19th century saw a tremendous rise in the populations of all the European countries. There was a scarcity of jobs and fewer employment opportunities. This resulted in more job seekers than employment. Populations from rural areas migrated to bigger towns to live in increasingly crowded slums. Small producers in town faced tough competition from cheap imported goods in England, where industrialization was comparatively superior. In those regions of Europe where aristocracy was strong and enjoyed privileges, peasants groaned under the burden of hardships. An year of bad harvest added to the miseries of the common man. The rise of food prices led to widespread pauperism.
Poverty in the interwar years (1918–1939) was responsible for several measures which largely killed off the Poor Law system. The Local Government Act 1929 officially abolished workhouses, and between 1929 and 1930 the Poor Law Guardians, the "workhouse test," and the term "pauper" disappeared.

## Pauper apprentices

Pauper apprentices in England and Wales were the children of paupers who were bound out by the local parish overseers and churchwardens. Some had to travel long distances to serve in the factories of the Industrial Revolution, but the majority served their terms within a few miles of their homes.
# Warren Spragg

Warren Spragg (born 1 November 1982 in Manchester) is an English-born Italian rugby union international. He is a versatile back and goalkicker.

## Education

Warren Spragg was educated at Audenshaw School, he then went on to Kirkham Grammar School. He played for the school rugby union first XV in 1999/00 and 2000/01 when the school side went unbeaten.

## Clubs

He started his career at Aldwinians RUFC before moving to Sale Sharks where he made his Guinness Premiership debut. He also helped Sale Sharks win the Melrose Sevens and Caldy 7s tournaments in 2003.
He then moved to Wakefield RFC where he won the 2003/04 Eva Orbell Trophy for best newcomer. On Wakefield's demise he moved to Orrell R.U.F.C.
He then played for Petrarca Padova Rugby in the Top12.
After moving to Fylde RFC to play he is now the head coach of the team playing in RFU National 2 North

## Representative honours

While at Kirkham Grammar School, Warren was a member of the England Schools 18 group team that toured Australia and New Zealand in 2001. He scored a try in the England victory over the Australia Schoolboys.
He then represented the England under 21s in the 2002-03 U21 Six Nations Championship.
In the summer of 2004, he was a member of the England Counties XV squad that toured Canada.
In November 2006, he made his debut for Italy for whom he qualifies through an Italian grandmother. He has also represented Italy in the IRB Sevens World Series in 2007.
He also played for Lancashire Senior Team when they won the BIll Beaumont County Championship.
# Old Street drill hall, Ashton-under-Lyne

The Old Street drill hall is a former military installation in Ashton-under-Lyne, Greater Manchester, England, known locally as "The Armoury".

## History

The building was designed as the headquarters of the 7th Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps and completed in 1887. This unit evolved to become the 3rd Volunteer Battalion, The Manchester Regiment in 1888 and the 9th Battalion, The Manchester Regiment in 1908. The battalion was mobilised at the drill hall in August 1914 before being deployed to Gallipoli and, ultimately, to the Western Front. Follow the cut-backs in 1967, the presence at the drill hall was reduced to a single company, C (Manchester) Company, 2nd Battalion, Lancastrian Volunteers in 1971; this unit evolved to become C Company, 4th (Volunteer) Battalion, The Queen's Lancashire Regiment in 1975 and C Company, 5th Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers in 1986. The Ministry of Defence made the decision to dispose of the building in 2013; this decision was later reversed, and the building continues to be used by the cadet forces.
# 1972 Rothmans International Tennis Tournament

The 1972 Rothmans International Tennis Tournament was a men's professional tennis tournament held on indoor carpet courts in the Royal Albert Hall in London, England. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 18 to 22 January 1972. It was part of the 1972 USLTA Indoor Circuit. Cliff Richey won the singles title and $6,960 in prize money after defeating Clark Graebner in a three-hour-and-six-minute final.

## Finals
### Singles

Cliff Richey defeated Clark Graebner 7–5, 6–7, 7–5, 6–0

### Doubles

Clark Graebner / Tom Gorman defeated Bob Hewitt / Frew McMillan 6–7, 7–5, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4
# Dos Palos-Oro Loma Joint Unified School District

Dos Palos Oro-Loma Joint Unified is a public school district based in Merced County, California, United States.

## Notable alumni

* Dave Henderson, baseball player
* Cody Martin, baseball player
# Dulce Independent Schools

Dulce Independent Schools (School District 21) is a school district headquartered in Dulce, New Mexico.
It is on the property of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation. The district serves Dulce and Lumberton.

## History

In the halfway point 2019-2020 school year the district issued a report. Kyle Land of the Rio Grande Sun stated that the report included information about "High rates of absences, rock-bottom performance scores and a large number of students attending school elsewhere".
Jim Hattabaugh of Fayetteville, Arkansas became the superintendent in 2020.

## Student body

One factor that affects studying times is students accompanying parents on shopping trips, as retail outlets are long distances from the reservation.
In 2018 some families dissatisfied with the schools enrolled their children in Archuleta School District schools in Pagosa Springs, Colorado. That year, there were about 100 such students.

## Operations

In 2018 Amanda Martinez of the Rio Grande Sun stated that each day incidents of bullying are reported.
The tribe does not allow non-members to own property in the tribal areas. This factor, along with distances from other settlements and cultural differences, hamper the district's efforts in keeping teachers employed there, according to reports made circa 2018.

## Schools and facilities

* Dulce High School
* Dulce Middle School
* Dulce Elementary School
** In January 2018 the last six rankings from New Mexico educational authorities were "F". The state planned to take direct operation of the school. In response the state and the district devised a "Most Rigorous Intervention", with the state asking the school district to rework earlier revisions. After it was finalized, the district was not allowed to change it. In August 2018 the New Mexico Public Education Department sent a notification that the school district was not abiding by the plan. The state had proposed the "$100,000 Teacher" program, spending money for teacher retention, and wanted Dulce Elementary to be a part of the program. The district opposed this. The New Mexico Legislature Legislative Education Study Committee stated that it was questioning whether the education department had the right to subject the school district to the conditions.
The district also maintains residences for its employees.
# Taraf (disambiguation)

Taraf may refer to:
* Taraf, a Turkish newspaper
* Taraf (musical band), a type of folk music band in Romania and Moldova
* Taraf, Iran, a village in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran
* Taraf, Kerman, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
* Taraf (subdivision), a lesser administrative subdivision used in the Indian subcontinent
* Taraf Kingdom, medieval kingdom in northeastern Bangladesh
* Taraf TV, a Romanian TV channel
* Taraf string, a sympathetic string in some musical instruments
* Lagonda Taraf, a British car
# Lavandula stoechas

Lavandula stoechas, the Spanish lavender or topped lavender (U.S.) or French lavender (U.K.), is a species of lavender native to the Mediterranean Basin.

## Taxonomy

The flower was first recorded by Greek botanist Pedanius Dioscorides as the name στοιχάς stoikhas coming from the Stoechades Islands, the Greek name became its specific epithet.

### Subspecies

The recognised subspecies are:
* L. stoechas ssp. luisieri, native to the southwest quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula (southern Portugal and southwest Spain). It has lanceolate axilary leaves that are much larger than those of the nominal subspecies, along with a greyish indumentum (opposing the whitish indumentum of the nominal subspecies).

## Description

It is an evergreen shrub that usually grows to between 30–100 centimetres (12–39 in) tall, but occasionally up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall in the subspecies L. stoechas subsp. luisieri. Its leaves are 1–4 cm long, greyish and tomentose. The inflorescence is crowned by a mass of purple elongated ovoid bracts about 5 cm long. Lower flowers form a tight rectangle in cross-section. The upper of the five teeth has a wrong-heart-shaped appendage. The crown is blackish-violet, up to 8 mm long and indistinct two-lipped.
The flowers, which appear in late spring and early summer, are pink to purple, produced on spikes 2 cm long at the top of slender, leafless stems 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long; each flower is subtended by a bract 4–8 mm long. At the top of the spike are a number of much larger, sterile bracts (no flowers between them), 10–50 mm long and bright lavender purple (rarely white). It blooms in spring and early summer, from the month of March in its native habitat, depending on the climate in which it grows.

## Cultivation

This species is more tender than common lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), being less frost-resistant, but harsher and more resinous in its oils. Like other lavenders, it is associated with hot, dry, sunny conditions in alkaline soils. However, it tolerates a range of situations, though it may be short-lived. Hardy down to −10 °C (14 °F) (USDA zones 8–10).
The following cultivars have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
* 'Ballerina'
* 'Pretty Polly'
* 'Willow Vale'

## Other uses

The flowers are used in aromatherapy to prepare infusions and essential oils that contain ketones (d-camphor and d-fenchone) and alcohols (borneol and terpineol).

## Invasive species

Since its introduction into Australia, it has become an invasive species, widely distributed within the continent. It has been declared a noxious weed in Victoria since 1920. It also is regarded as a weed in parts of Spain.

## Gallery

* Wild L. stoechas
* Wild in Ceuta, Spain
* Subspecies luisieri
* Italy
* with Spanish festoon (Zerynthia rumina)