OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stalagmometric method

The stalagmometric method (Ancient Greek: στάλαγμα, romanized: stálagma, lit. 'drop') is one of the most common methods for measuring surface tension. The principle is to measure the weight of drops of a fluid of interest falling from a capillary glass tube, and thereby calculate the surface tension of the fluid. We can determine the weight of the falling drops by counting them. From it we can determine the surface tension.

## Stalagmometer

A stalagmometer is a device for investigating surface tension using the stalagmometric method. It is also called a stactometer or stalogometer. The device is a capillary glass tube whose middle section is widened. The volume of a drop can be predetermined by the design of the stalagmometer. The lower end of the tube is narrowed to force the fluid to fall out of the tube as a drop. In an experiment, the drops of fluid flow slowly from the tube in a vertical direction. The drops hanging on the bottom of the tube start to fall when the volume of the drop reaches a maximum value that is dependent on the characteristics of the solution. At this moment, the weight of the drops is in equilibrium state with the surface tension. Based on Tate’s law:
$\ mg=2\pi r\sigma$
The drop falls when the weight (mg) is equal to the circumference (2πr) multiplied by the surface tension (σ). The surface tension can be calculated provided the radius of the tube (r) and mass of the fluid droplet (m) are known. Alternatively, since the surface tension is proportional to the weight of the drop, the fluid of interest may be compared to a reference fluid of known surface tension (typically water):
${\frac {m_{1}}{\sigma _{1}}}={\frac {m_{2}}{\sigma _{2}}}$
In the equation, m$_1$ and σ$_1$ represent the mass and surface tension of the reference fluid and m$_2$ and σ$_2$ the mass and surface tension of the fluid of interest. If we take water as a reference fluid,
$\sigma =\sigma _{H_{2}O}\times {\frac {m}{m_{H_{2}O}}}$
If the surface tension of water is known which is 72 dyne/cm, we can calculate the surface tension of the specific fluid from the equation. The more drops we weigh, the more precisely we can calculate the surface tension from the equation. The stalagmometer must be kept clean for meaningful readings. There are commercial tubes for stalagmometric method in three sizes: 2.5, 3.5, and 5.0 (mL). The 2.5-mL size is suitable for small volumes and low viscosity, that of 3.5 (mL) for relatively viscous fluids, and that of 5.0 (mL) for large volumes and high viscosity. The 2.5-mL size is suitable for most fluids.

## Modified method

The stalagmometric method was improved by S. V. Chichkanov and colleagues, who measured the weight of a fixed number of drops rather than counting the drops. This method for determining the surface tension may be more precise than the original method, especially for fluids whose surface is highly active.
# Amorbia humerosana

Amorbia humerosana, the white-lined leafroller, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from the Gulf states to the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.
The length of the forewings is 11–13 mm for males and 12–13.5 mm for females. Adults are on wing from March to September.
The larvae feed on Picea glauca, Picea rubens, Pinus species (including Pinus banksiana), Abies balsamea, Larix laricina, Viburnum species, Rhus radicans, Rhus aromatica, Aralia species, Solidago species, Alnus species, Betula species, Castanea dentata, Lindera species, Asparagus officinalis, Gaylussacia species, Malus domestica and Salix species. They roll the leaves of their host plants. Full-grown larvae reach a length of about 25 mm.
# Donovan Gans

Donovan Gans (born July 7, 1971) is a former American football defensive linemen who played one season with the Birmingham Barracudas of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He first enrolled at Colorado State University before transferring to Texas A&M University–Kingsville. He was also a member of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

## College career

Gans first played college football for the Colorado State Rams. He lettered for the Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas from 1993 to 1994.

## Professional career

Gans played in 18 games for the Birmingham Barracudas in 1995. He was a member of the CFL's Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 1996.
# Greg Hill (cornerback)

Gregory Michael Hill (born February 12, 1961) is a former professional American football cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played six seasons for the Houston Oilers, the Kansas City Chiefs, and the Los Angeles Raiders.
* This biographical article relating to an American football defensive back born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# I'm Mad

I'm Mad may refer to:
* "I'm Mad" (song), a song written by Willie Mabon
* "I'm Mad", a song by Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings from the album Struttin' Our Stuff
* "I'm Mad", a song by EPMD from the album Business as Usual
* "I'm Mad", a song by the Presidents of the United States of America from the album Freaked Out and Small
* "I'm Mad", a song by Slaughter and the Dogs from the album Do It Dog Style
* "I'm Mad", a song by Slade from the album Return to Base
* I'm Mad, a 1994 Animaniacs short film
# Ray Benge

Raymond Adelphia Benge (April 22, 1902 – June 27, 1997) was an American pitcher for the Cleveland Indians (1925–26), Philadelphia Phillies (1928–32 and 1936), Brooklyn Dodgers (1933–35), Boston Bees (1936) and Cincinnati Reds (1938). He led the National League in home runs allowed (24) and earned runs allowed (139) in 1929.
In 12 seasons Benge had a 101–130 win–loss record, 346 games (249 started), 102 complete games, 12 shutouts, 65 games finished, 19 saves, 1,8751⁄3 innings pitched, 2,177 hits allowed, 1,108 runs allowed, 941 earned runs allowed, 132 home runs allowed, 598 walks, 655 strikeouts, 30 hit batsmen, 14 wild pitches, 8,278 batters faced and a 4.52 ERA.
Benge served in the US Navy during World War II. He died in Centerville, Texas, at the age of 95.
# Kevin Dilworth

Kevin Dilworth (born 14 February 1974 in Jacksonville, Texas) is an American retired track and field athlete who specialized in the long jump. He represented his country at the 1997 and 1999 World Championships.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing the United States ||||||
| 1997 | World Championships | Athens, Greece | 8th | Long jump | 7.88 m |
| 1997 | Universiade | Catania, Italy | 5th | Long jump | 7.92 m |
| 1998 | Goodwill Games | Uniondale, United States | 5th | Long jump | 8.13 m |
| 1999 | World Championships | Seville, Spain | 7th | Long jump | 8.00 m |
| 2001 | World Indoor Championships | Lisbon, Portugal | 6th | Long jump | 7.97 m |
| 2001 | Goodwill Games | Brisbane, Australia | 4th | Long jump | 7.97 m |
| 2003 | Pan American Games | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | 6th | Long jump | 7.86 m |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 200 metres – 20.98 (1996)
* Long jump – 8.47 (+1.9 m/s) (Abilene 1996)
Indoor
* 55 metres – 6.35 (Lubbock 2001)
* Long jump – 8.20 (Joplin 2002)
# MBMB Warriors F.C.

MBMB Warriors Football Club, simply known as the MBMB Warriors, is a Malaysian football club based in Malacca City, Malacca. It plays in the fourth tier of the Malaysian football league system, the Malaysia A3 Community League Liga Melaka.

## History

MBMB Warriors joined several competitions organised by the Melaka Football Association and won the Melaka FA Cup in 2017. In the league competition club won the first title in the 2019 Liga Melaka. In 2023 it is the inaugural champion of the Melaka Governor's Cup.

## Technical staff

* Team manager:
* Technical director:
* Assistant team manager:
* Head coach: Amri Abdullah
* Assistant coaches:
* Goalkeeping coach:
* Fitness coach:
* Physio:
* Team coordinator:
* Media officer:
* Kitman:

## Season by season record

| Season | Division | Position | Malaysia Cup | Malaysian FA Cup | Malaysian Charity Shield | Regional |
| 2017 | Division 3 | Champions | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ |
| 2018 | Division 2 | Champions | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ |
| 2019 | Liga M5 | Champions | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ |
| 2022 | Liga M5 | Runner-up | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ |
| 2024 | Liga A3 | Champions | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ |

## Honours
### League

* Melaka League Division 1
    Winners (2): 2019, 2024
* Melaka League Division 2
    Winners (1): 2018
* Melaka League Division 3
    Winners (1): 2017

### Cups

* Melaka Governor Cup
    Winners (2): 2022, 2024
* Melaka Charity Cup
    Winners (1): 2024
* Melaka FA Cup
    Winners (1): 2017
# Anolis ginaelisae

Anolis ginaelisae is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Panama.
# Vox

Vox may refer to:

## Arts, entertainment and media
### Fictional characters

* Vox (DC Comics) (Mal Duncan), a DC Comics superhero
* Vox, a character in the adult animated series Hazbin Hotel
* Vox, several characters in the anime series Lagrange: The Flower of Rin-ne
* Gleeman Vox, from the Ratchet & Clank video game series

### Literature

* Vox (Nicholson Baker novel), 1992
* Vox (Stewart and Riddell novel), 2003

### Music

* "Vox" (song), by Sarah McLachlan, 1988
* Vox Records (Germany), a German record label
* Vox Records, an American record label

### Television and radio

* VOX (Norwegian TV channel)
* VOX (German TV channel)
* MAtv, formerly Vox, a Canadian TV channel
* Vox (XM), a former XM satellite radio channel
* Radio Vox T, a Romanian radio station
* WVOX, a radio station licensed to New Rochelle, New York, U.S.
* "Võx", an episode of the third season of Star Trek: Picard

### Media

* Vox Media, an American digital media company
** Vox (website), an American news and opinion website
* Vox (magazine), a defunct British music tabloid
* Vox Magazine, produced by the Columbia Missourian

### Other uses in arts, entertainment and media

* Vox (video game), 2012
* Electro-Vox Recording Studios, or Vox, a recording studio in Hollywood, California

## Businesses and organisations

* Vox (company), a British musical equipment manufacturer
* Vox (political party), in Spain
* Vox Telecom, South African ISP

## People

* Victoria Vox (Victoria Davitt, born 1978), American singer and ukulele player
* Vox Day (Theodore Robert Beale, born 1968), American activist

## Science and technology

* Vox (blogging platform)
* VOX (file format), or Dialogic ADPCM, an audio file format
* HTC Vox, or HTC S710, a mobile phone
* Voice-operated switch

## Other uses

* Vox (vodka), a Dutch vodka
* Vox-ATypI classification, in typography
* HMS Vox, two submarines of the Royal Navy
* Dudek Vox, a Polish paraglider
* Vox, the Latin word for 'voice'
# Anolis granuliceps

Anolis granuliceps, the granular anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Ecuador and Colombia.
# Long Binh Depot

Long Binh Depot (Vietnamese: Depot Long Bình) is a train depot located in Thủ Đức, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The 20 ha (49 acres) depot serves as the control center and maintenance yard for Line 1 of the Ho Chi Minh City Metro.
# Signing bonus

A signing bonus or sign-on bonus is a sum of money paid to a new employee (including a professional sports person) by a company as an incentive to join that company. They are often given as a way of making a compensation package more attractive to the employee (e.g., if the annual salary is lower than they desire). It can also lower risk to the employer compared with a higher salary; for example, if the employee does not meet expectations. Signing bonuses are often used in professional sports, and to recruit graduates into their first jobs.
To encourage employees to stay at the organization, there are often clauses in the contract whereby if the employee quits before a specified period, they must return the signing bonus. In sports contracts, the full amount of signing bonuses is not always paid immediately, but spread out over time. In such cases, the main difference between a signing bonus and base salary is that the former is "guaranteed" money meaning the team is required to pay the bonus when due even if it cuts the player, unless the player retires or the contract is otherwise terminated due to a significant breach on the part of the player.
As of March 2019, Aaron Rodgers had received the highest signing bonus in National Football League history, at $57.5 million. As of July 2023, Paul Skenes had received the largest signing bonus in Major League Baseball draft history, at $9.2 million.
# Franklin High School (Stockton, California)

Franklin High School is a public high school located in Garden Acres, California, United States. The school's colors are green and gold. Their school mascot is the yellow jacket. They are one of the many schools that have the I.B. program through the International Baccalaureate Academy. The school also has the federal program Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC). The principal is Anna Lotti

## Notable alumni

* Chris Cash, former NFL player
* Al Gross, former NFL player
* Eddie Guardado, former professional baseball player (Minnesota Twins, Seattle Mariners, Cincinnati Reds, Texas Rangers)
* Windrell Hayes, former NFL player
* José M. Hernández, astronaut
* George Knapp, journalist
* Dave Oliver, former professional baseball player (Cleveland Indians)
* Hallway Productionz, three-time grammy nominated music producers.
* Lefty Phillips, Second manager of MLB California Angels. (Now known as the LA Angels of Anaheim)
* Webster Slaughter, former NFL All-Pro
* Michael Tubbs, elected in 2016 as the youngest mayor in Stockton's history, and its first African-American mayor.
* Chevelle Wheeler, a student in 1985, was a victim of the Speed Freak Killers.
* Jim White, the most successful high school cross country coach. Portrayed by Kevin Costner in the 2015 movie McFarland USA
37°58′06″N 121°14′15″W﻿ / ﻿37.96833°N 121.23750°W﻿ / 37.96833; -121.23750
# Erigeron rybius

Erigeron rybius is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names Sacramento Mountain fleabane and royal fleabane. It is native to the western Texas and south-central New Mexico in the southwestern United States. The common name alludes to the Sacramento Mountains just east of Alamogordo in New Mexico.
Erigeron rybius grows in grassy meadows and disturbed sites in coniferous forests. It is a perennial herb up to 35 centimeters (14 inches) tall, spreading by means of underground rhizomes and by leafy stolons that run along the surface of the ground. The inflorescence contains 1-6 flower heads per stem. Each head contains 47–99 white ray florets surrounding many yellow disc florets.
# Aloysius Cortie

Aloysius Laurence Cortie FRAS FRMetS (1859 – 1925) was an English Jesuit astronomer. He served as director of the Stonyhurst College Observatory and contributed to the study of the Sun, including through observing solar eclipses.

## Life

Aloysius Cortie was born in London into a Catholic family. He was sent to study at the Catholic Stonyhurst College in Lancashire. He later taught mathematics and science at Stonyhurst, before training for the priesthood at St. Beuno's College in North Wales, leading to his ordination in 1892.
Cortie returned to Stonyhurst to teach, and spent the rest of his life serving the college. He had an interest in music and served as the college's director of music.
Cortie developed influenza in 1925, and his health deteriorated leading to his death some weeks later.

## Scientific work

Aloysius Cortie specialised in observing the Sun. He studied sunspots, making daily observations over many years from Stonyhurst whenever weather permitted. He studied the correlation between magnetic storms on the Earth and sunspots, eventually arguing that effects produced by the Sun, and associated with sunspots, extended outwards from the Sun in various directions and sometimes caused terrestrial magnetic storms.
Cortie also specialised in observing solar eclipses and took part in a number of eclipse expeditions. He travelled to Spain in 1905, to Tonga in 1911, and to Sweden in 1914. His main objective was to photograph the spectrum of the outer part of the Sun's atmosphere.
Cortie observed novae from the Stonyhurst College Observatory. He examined their spectra and measured the spectral lines that were visible.
Aloysius Cortie became a prominent member of the British astronomical community. He often gave popular lectures about science.
Cortie acted as director of the Stonyhurst College Observatory from the death of Walter Sidgreaves in 1919 until his own death in 1925.
He became director of the Solar Section of the British Astronomical Association following the death of Elizabeth Brown in 1899, and served until 1910. He was president of the Manchester Astronomical Society from 1911 to 1925. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1891, and a fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society in 1924. He was appointed an associate of the Astronomical Society of Wales, a form of honorary membership.
# Antipope Heraclius

Heraclius was a Roman who, in 310, opposed the election of Pope Eusebius, earning him the title of antipope. All that is known of Heraclius appears in an epitaph written by Pope Damasus I for Eusebius. Heraclius and Eusebius disagreed over the policy which should be taken towards the lapsi (those Christians who had lapsed in their faith during persecution). Damasus' epitaph is ambiguous as to whether Heraclius' position was that the lapsi should be readmitted to the church without compelling them to do penance, or that they should not be readmitted at all, but Luxembourgish ecclesiastical historian Johann Peter Kirsch strongly assumes the former.
Heraclius was elected pope by his faction in opposition to Eusebius in 310. Public disturbances caused by partisans of the two rivals reached such a state (characterized by Damasus I as sedition, discord, and even warfare) that Emperor Maxentius exiled both parties to Sicily where Eusebius died, and where nothing more was heard of Heraclius.
# Marta Salogni

Marta Salogni is an Italian record producer, mixer and recording engineer.

## Background

Salogni's musical background was cultivated in her native Italy between the small town of Capriolo and Brescia, where she spent her formative years, collaborating with musical acts of all styles.
She started working as a live sound engineer for the local social centre Magazzino 47 and independent radio station Radio Onda D'Urto, non-profit left-wing venues and counterculture organizations for a variety of gigs, festivals, and theatre productions. After moving to London in 2010 she took a 9 months course at Alchemea College of Audio Engineering to learn Pro Tools, and shortly after began her career working as a recording engineer across major recording studios both nationally and internationally.

## Production career

As a producer and mixer, Marta Salogni has worked with Björk, Depeche Mode, Romy, M.I.A., Groove Armada, Animal Collective, Black Midi, Squid, HAAi, Lucrecia Dalt, English Teacher, Bar Italia, Westerman, Philip Selway, Jayda G, Circuit Des Yeux, Dream Wife, Holly Herndon, Porridge Radio, Anna Meredith, Ela Minus, Kim Deal, Subsonica, Methyl Ethyl, Lafawndah, Puma Blue, KÁRYYN, Planningtorock, Daniel Avery, Duval Timothy, Emel Mathlouthi, Factory Floor, Kelela, Liars, Alex Cameron, Daniel Blumberg, Little Boots, Temples, Insecure Men, The Orielles, HMLTD, and Django Django.
As an engineer, Salogni worked with producers such as Danton Supple, James Ford and David Wrench. Alongside Wrench, she has worked on projects with Frank Ocean, The xx, Goldfrapp, FKA Twigs, Blossoms, Glass Animals, Shura, Bloc Party, and LA Priest. She has also worked on Tracey Thorn's 2018 Record alongside producer Ewan Pearson.
Salogni has worked with the record labels XL Recordings, Young, Mute, DFA Records, Virgin EMI Records, 4AD, Polydor Records, Domino Recording Company, Heavenly Recordings, Sony Music, Universal Music and One Little Independent Records.
She is involved in the London music scene, playing both composed and improvised live sets using tape machines, loops, and feedbacks.
She recorded and mixed the 2023 Depeche Mode album Memento Mori with James Ford, who had produced the band's previous album Spirit.
Marta was awarded the MPG (Music Producer’s Guild) Breakthrough Engineer of the Year 2018, Breakthrough Producer of the Year 2020 and UK Music Producer of the Year 2022.
In September 2024, English Teacher’s album This Could Be Texas won the Mercury Prize which was produced and mixed by Salogni and she was honoured with the Producer of the Year at the Billboard Italia Women in Music.
# Altin Aliu

Altin Aliu (born 11 November 1999) is a Kosovar professional footballer who plays as a Left Winger for Malisheva .

## Club career
### FC Malisheva

Altin Aliu Born in Gjilan, in modern-day Kosovo, Aliu played with Gjilani in the Football Superleague of Kosovo before moving to KF Vllaznia Pozheran end contrat 1 years.
Aliu transfer to KF Malisheva club and debut first game superliga Kosovo with Drita and defeat 1-0
# Sharon Shalom

Sharon (Zewde) Shalom (born 1973) is an Israeli rabbi, lecturer and Jewish author. He is a rav of one of the Tzohar "open communities" in Kiryat Gat. He was born Zaude Tesfay in a Jewish community in the North of Ethiopia. He works as a rabbi in the Merkaz Shapira Or Meofir special program for Ethiopian emigrants. He lectures in Jewish ritual and tradition at Ono Academic College in Israel, and wrote From Sinai to Ethiopia: the Halachic World and Ethiopian Jewish Thought.

## Early life

Sharon Shalom was born in 1973 in Ethiopia and grew up in a small Jewish village located in the North of Ethiopia. Twenty Jewish families lived together separately from the Christian population surrounding them.
He listened to his grandfather that God would one day rejoin Jews around the world. This biblical promise led him and a friend to leave the village to move to Jerusalem at age seven. They got lost and returned home.

### Jerusalem

When the Ethiopian Civil War erupted he found another opportunity to move to Jerusalem. Israel's parliament passed a law committing Israel to give receive Jews of Ethiopia.
When he was eight his mother sent him to join a group of Jewish refugees leaving for Israel.
One year after arriving in Israel Shalom was misinformed that his family had died in Ethiopia. However two years later they arrived in Israel.

## Career

Shalom served as an officer in the Israel Defense Forces. After that he enrolled at Yeshivat Har Etzion where he was a student of the roshei yeshiva, rabbis Aharon Lichtenstein and Yehuda Amital and the rosh kollel Shlomo Levy. He was ordained as a rabbi in 2001. At Bar-Ilan University he completed a doctorate in Jewish philosophy.
In 2012, he published From Sinai to Ethiopia: The Halachic World and Ethiopian Jewish Thought. He has called to stop racism against Ethiopian Jews in Israel.
He is also the author of Dialogues of Love and Fear, published in 2021.

## Personal life

Shalom is married to Avital, a Swiss-born social worker and art therapist. They live in the southern Israeli city of Kiryat Gat with their five children, Roi, Nadav, Ziv, Gil, and Tohar.
# Ferula assa-foetida

Ferula assa-foetida is a species of Ferula endemic to Southern Iran. It is a source of asafoetida, but not the main source, although many sources claim so. The production of asafoetida from this species is confined to Southern Iran, especially the area near Lar.
Outside its native range, other asafoetida-producing species are often misidentified as F. assa-foetida. For example, F. foetida is mistaken for F. assa-foetida in Flora of the U.S.S.R. and Flora of Pakistan. In a molecular phylogenetic study, all the plant samples of F. assa-foetida collected in Central Iran were not the true species, but F. alliacea and F. gabrielii or their close relatives instead. Chemical analyses of asafoetida samples obtained from local markets in Eastern Iran also showed that asafoetida-producing species there were F. lutensis, F. foetida, F. alliacea, etc., instead of F. assa-foetida.
F. pseudalliacea and F. rubricaulis are endemic to western and southwestern Iran and are sometimes considered conspecific with F. assa-foetida.