# Kawaguchi, Saitama

Kawaguchi (川口市, Kawaguchi-shi) is a city located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 January 2021, the city had an estimated population of 607,373 in 293,582 households and a population density of 9800 persons per km². The total area of the city is 61.95 square kilometres (23.92 sq mi). It is the Greater Tokyo Area's 8th most populated city (after passing Hachioji), and second largest in Saitama Prefecture, after eponymous Saitama.

## Geography

Kawaguchi is located near the center of the Kantō Plain in southern Saitama Prefecture, and is bordered by the Tokyo wards of Kita-ku and Adachi-ku to the south. The city area is mostly flat and mainly residential except for the Omiya tableland, which occupies part of the north and east area. The Arakawa River runs across the border with Kita-ku to the south.

### Surrounding municipalities

Saitama Prefecture
* Koshigaya
* Saitama
* Sōka
* Toda
* Warabi
Tokyo Metropolis
* Adachi
* Kita

### Climate

Kawaguchi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kawaguchi is 14.8 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1482 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.2 °C.

## Demographics

As of 1 May 2010, registered population was 516,409, including 20,808 alien residents, continuing a trend of population growth in the city since 1933 when the city was founded. There has been a gradual increase in the number of non-Japanese residents living in the city because of the convenient location to Tokyo and relatively low rent. Now, the number of people from China is the largest, followed by Korea and Philippines.
Kawaguchi is a typical suburb city in the Tokyo metropolitan area, where the population greatly changes between daytime and nighttime due to commute to big cities, especially Tokyo. Its population growth rate declined in the mid-1990s, but recent apartment construction boom in the city has helped to increase the population growth rate again. The number of children continues to decrease in accordance with the declining number of births; in 2009, 4,735 live births were recorded in the city, a marked decrease from the 1971 peak of 7,932 births. By contrast, the rate of people aged 65 or over is increasing, and stood at approximately 18.5% as of 1 January 2010, although this is still below the national average.
In June 2023, 41,471 people in Kawaguchi were not Japanese citizens; 23,637 people of them held Chinese citizenship.

## History

After the last ice age, during early and middle Jōmon period, most of the area which is now Kawaguchi was under sea level except for the area which is now Omiya Tableland. Ancient peoples living in this area left several shell middens, in which shells, Jōmon pottery, and pit houses have been discovered by archaeologists. Many Kofun period barrows were also found in Kawaguchi, however many have also been destroyed by urban development. From the Heian period onwards, Kawaguchi was part of Musashi Province. The name "Kawaguchi" appears in the Kamakura period chronicle Gikeiki, but it is not proven that this name designated current area of Kawaguchi.
During the Edo period, Kawaguchi-juku developed as a post station on the Nikkō Onari Kaidō, a highway used by the Tokugawa shōgun and daimyō to visit Nikkō Tōshō-gū. Towards the Bakumatsu period and into the Meiji period, the demand for metal products increased. Because of proximity to Tokyo and convenient water transportation using Arakawa River, Kawaguchi became the center of metal casting industry, for which it has remained famous until modern times.
The town of Kawaguchi was established within Kitaadachi District, Saitama on 1 April 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. Kawaguchi was elevated to city status on April 1, 1933 by the merger of Kawaguchi with the neighboring villages of Aoki, Minami-Hirayanagi and Yokozone. The city expanded by annexing the town of Hatogaya and villages of Shiba, Kamine and Shingō in 1940. However, Hatogaya separated from Kawaguchi in 1948 in accordance with the results of a referendum.
Kawaguchi has experienced many disasters, including flood, earthquake, and war. The Arakawa River has inundated Kawaguchi countless times and ruined agriculture, which resulted in famines. Also, the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake damaged buildings in Kawaguchi, killing 99 people.
Currently, the population of Kawaguchi continues to increase, and many tall apartment buildings are being built around train stations. This is because many casting foundries moved to suburban industrial parks and the former sites were turned into residential areas.
On 1 April 2001, Kawaguchi was designated a special city, with increased local autonomy.
On 11 October 2011, Kawaguchi re-absorbed the city of Hatogaya.
On 16 August 2018, the city of Kawaguchi and the City of Findlay, Ohio signed a "Friendship City Agreement". The city of Findlay houses seven Japanese businesses such as Bridgestone, Hitachi Astemo, Nissin Brake, and more.

## Government

Kawaguchi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 42 members. Kawaguchi contributes seven members to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is divided between Saitama 2nd district and Saitama 15th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Education
### Universities and colleges

* Saitama Gakuen University
* Kawaguchi Junior College
* Kawaguchi Art School of Waseda University

### High schools

Saitama Prefectural Board of Education [ja] operates:
* Saitama Prefectural Kawaguchi High School [ja]
* Saitama Prefectural Kawaguchi Kita High School [ja]
* Saitama Prefectural Kawaguchi Technical High School [ja]
* Saitama Prefectural Kawaguchi Seiryo High School [ja]
* Saitama Prefectural Kawaguchi Higashi High School [ja]
* Saitama Prefectural Hatogaya High School [ja]
The Kawaguchi Municipal Board of Education operates:
* Kawaguchi Municipal High School [ja]

### Junior high schools

(all managed by the city)
* Angyo Junior High School
* Angyo-higashi Junior High School
* Aoki Junior High School
* Haimatsu Junior High School
* Higashi Junior High School
* Kamiaoki Junior High School
* Kamine Junior High School
* Kishikawa Junior High School
* Kita Junior High School
* Koyaba Junior High School
* Minami Junior High School
* Motogo Junior High School
* Nakacho Junior High School
* Nishi Junior High School
* Ryoke Junior High School
* Sachinami Junior High School
* Shiba Junior High School
* Shiba-higashi Junior High School
* Shiba-nishi Junior High School
* Shibazono Junior High School
* Shiwasuda Junior High School
* Tozuka Junior High School
* Tozuka-nishi Junior High School
* Zaike Junior High School
* Hatogaya Junior High School
* Sato Junior High School
* Hachimangi Junior High School

### Elementary schools

(all managed by the city)
* Angyo Elementary School
* Angyo-higashi Elementary School
* Aoki-kita Elementary School
* Aoki-chuo Elementary School
* Asahi-higashi Elementary School
* Asahi-nishi Elementary School
* Funato Elementary School
* Haramachi Elementary School
* Higashihongo Elementary School
* Higashiryoke Elementary School
* Honcho Elementary School
* Iinaka Elementary School
* Iizuka Elementary School
* Jirin Elementary School
* Kamiaoki Elementary School
* Kamiaoki-minami Elementary School
* Kamine Elementary School
* Kamine-higashi Elementary School
* Kizoro Elementary School
* Nakacho Elementary School
* Namiki Elementary School
* Negishi Elementary School
* Hatogaya Elementary School
* Sato Elementary School
* Sakuramachi Elementary School
* Tuji Elementary School
* Nakai Elementary School
* Minamihatogaya Elementary School
* Ryoke Elementary School
* Saiwaicho Elementary School
* Sashima Elementary School
* Shiba Elementary School
* Shiba-chuo Elementary School
* Shiba-fuji Elementary School
* Shiba-higashi Elementary School
* Shiba-hinotume Elementary School
* Shiba-minami Elementary School
* Shiba-nishi Elementary School
* Shingo Elementary School
* Shingo-higashi Elementary School
* Shingo-minami Elementary School
* Shiwasuda Elementary School
* Tozuka Elementary School
* Tozuka-ayase Elementary School
* Tozuka-higashi Elementary School
* Tozuka-kita Elementary School
* Tozuka-minami Elementary School
* Yanagisaki Elementary School
* Zaike Elementary School

### Special schools

* Saitama Prefectural Kawaguchi Special Needs School
* Saitama Korean Kindergarten (埼玉朝鮮幼稚園) - North Korean school -- (Abolished on March 31, 2014 )

## Transportation
### Railway

JR East – Keihin-Tohoku line
* Kawaguchi - Nishi-Kawaguchi
JR East – Musashino line
* Higashi-Kawaguchi
Saitama Rapid Railway Line
* Kawaguchi-motogō - Minami-hatogaya - Hatogaya - Araijuku - Tozuka-angyō - Higashi-Kawaguchi

### Buses

Kawaguchi has a highly developed bus network, mainly operated by Kokusai Kogyo Bus. The east region of the city is relatively far from train stations, many people use buses to the nearest train stations. Some bus routes have over 20 bus services an hour in the morning.

#### Bus operators

* Kokusai Kogyo Bus
* Tobu Bus Central

### Highway

* Tōhoku Expressway – Kawaguchi Junction
* Tokyo Gaikan Expressway – Kawaguchi-Nishi Interchange, Kawaguchi-Chūō Interchange, Kawaguchi Junction, Kawaguchi-Higashi Interchange
* Kawaguchi Route – Kawaguchi Junction, Araijuku, Angyō, Shingo, Higashi Ryoke
* National Route 122
* National Route 298

## Local attractions

* Kawaguchi Green Center
* Kawaguchi Shrine
* Former Tanaka Family Residence

## Notable people from Kawaguchi

* Hiroyuki Endo, retired badminton player
* Nekojiru, Manga artist
* Yukio Ninagawa, stage director
* Kumiko Ohba, actress
* Yoshitaka Shindō, politician
* Nanae Takahashi, Professional wrestler
* Yukio Tomioka, politician