# Stadler GTW

The Stadler GTW is an articulated railcar for local transport made by Stadler Rail of Switzerland. GTW stands for Gelenktriebwagen (articulated railcar).

## History

The Biel–Täuffelen–Ins-Bahn near Bern, Switzerland was looking for a lighter train model to replace its aging fleet, so that a low-floor system does not require heavy installations on the roof. Based on that requirement Stadler came up with a concept of placing most of the equipment in a central unit between the seating cars. While the BTI-Bahn tracks are meter gauge, Stadler presented the first prototype in 1995 set on standard-gauge track, and the Mittelthurgau-Bahn tested three prototypes on its standard-gauge network during 1996. The rolling stock for Mittelthurgau was later expanded to ten GTW 2/6 units (built 1998–1999) that are now part of the THURBO fleet (the three prototypes were sold to Italy). The next lots were produced in meter gauge and were delivered to the BTI-Bahn and the CEV-Bahn (Chemins de fer électriques Veveysans) in 1997 – although the BTI-Bahn was first to order any GTWs with its seven trains, the CEV-Bahn ordered the biggest lot of the first generation with twenty trains.
In 1998 the Linzer Lokalbahn (Austria) placed an order which needed to be modified to conform to the DIN 5510 class 2 safety standard, as well as different electrification. These eight trains were delivered in 2000 from the Swiss facilities and an option of six more trains was fulfilled in 2005. Another modification was done for the River Line (New Jersey) with an order of twenty DMUs delivered in 2002 and 2003 from the Swiss facilities.
During that time the Hessische Landesbahn (HLB) in Germany was also looking at the new system but actual procurement was delayed until the second generation. In the beginning, Stadler was cooperating with ADtranz/DWA in Germany with the initial batch produced in 1999 at DWA Bautzen (Saxony). Its headshape design follows the style of the Deutsche Bahn trains as they were already on production at DWA, and eventually the DB Regio services also ordered a batch of 30 trains similar to the 30 trains ordered by the HLB, differing only in the height of the low-floor section. The full series were then manufactured at the new Stadler Pankow (Berlin) facilities being built in 2000 by a joint venture with ADtranz. Stadler acquired their shares in 2001 and the final vehicles were delivered from that plant in 2001 by Stadler alone.
The second generation can be easily distinguished by its round headshape made from FRP (glass-fiber–reinforced plastic). These follow the DB design being produced since 2000 for other customers as well, for example a batch of 12 trains went to Athens (Greece) in meter gauge (ordered in 1999, delivered since 2003). With the second generation the available options for GTW trains expanded – meter-gauge vehicles can be ordered in a 2.2 or 2.7 m (7 ft 2+5⁄8 in or 8 ft 10+1⁄4 in) width and the standard-gauge vehicles in a 3.0 or 3.1 m (9 ft 10+1⁄8 in or 10 ft 2 in) width. Also the GTW 2/6 may be expanded with an additional bogie car making it a GTW 2/8.
The third generation has minor modifications to the head shape but the more important changes were made to the power module – the electric variant now has 700 to 800 kW (940 to 1,070 hp) instead of up to 520 kW (700 hp), and the diesel–electric variant is available as a DMU-2 with two generators instead of one. This allowed for increasing the maximum speed, which was a requirement of Italian customers; in Italy, this type is known as ATR 100. The Vinschgerbahn (Bolzano) was the first to order twelve DMU-2 sets in 2004, extended by eight vehicles of the same type for the Udine–Cividale line (Padova), also in 2004. The DMU-2 concept impressed the Arriva operator in the Netherlands which ordered 43 trains in 2005 asking for some further developments – the modified type sold well to other operators in the Netherlands and abroad, as both DMU and EMU variants.
The fourth generation came along with new regulations in the EU that increased the crashworthiness requirements (see EN 15227). Trains had to comply with these requirements by 2008 (see 2008/57/EC). This is the same year that much of the production was moved to the branch factory in Siedlce, Poland.
551 units have been sold until 2011 and are in use in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Switzerland and the United States.
Because of the crashworthiness requirements, the GTW gained weight over time. In the concept of 1998 it had 483 kg (1,065 lb) per seat while in 2010 the base model 2/6 had increased to 660 kg (1,460 lb) per seat. This was higher than a FLIRT ET 22 in 2007, at 639 kg (1,409 lb) per seat. As a consequence, the manufacturer saw its biggest customers, Arriva and Connexxion, switch over to the FLIRT models for the following deliveries in 2012. Only some replacements for diesel–electric and cog-wheel trains followed after that point in time. For those application areas Stadler introduced the WINK concept (or Flirtino) in 2018. FLIRT and WINK are the next-generation models that can support updated crash worthiness requirements. Like Stadler's GTW family of multiple units, WINK has a central power module containing the energy generation, traction and auxiliary systems, while the frame and other parts are derived from the FLIRT models.

## Description

Stadler GTW is family of vehicles which differ externally, in the various designs of the head of the vehicle (from angular to streamlined), and also in the different designs and power units that drive them. They also come in different gauges and as rack railway vehicles. The basic version is the GTW 2/6, a railcar which conforms to UIC standards. "2/6" means "two of six axles are powered". The GTW 2/6 is used for example by Deutsche Bahn as Baureihe 646 (Series 646) and by Swiss railways as RABe 526.
The basic concept is rather unconventional: the car is driven by a central "power module", also known as a "powerpack" or a "drive container", powered on both axles. Two light end modules, each with a bogie, rest on the power module, which produces useful traction weight on the driving axles. The end modules also use the space very effectively, although the railcar is divided into two halves by the power module. Most units have a path through the drive container for passenger access. The end modules can be delivered with standard pulling devices or buffer gears, or with central buffer couplings. They are built with a low-floor design except above the bogies and at the supported ends (more than 65% of the railcar is low-floor). All of the usual comforts to be expected in a modern local network railcar are provided, such as air conditioning, a multi-purpose room, vacuum toilets (in a washroom suitable for the disabled) and a passenger information system. The GTWs can be diesel–electric or electric-powered (via overhead wires or third rail).
Although the traction is good for the powered bogies the concept has the same problem as other light railcars with the brakes on the non-powered axles having lower grip than traditional railcars. This has led to actual restrictions when leaves are on the rails as the wheel slide protection can not fully compensate the effect. The central power module has limits with heat dissipation as well which can lead into situations where the power output needs to be limited which is automatically done in this construction concept.

## Propulsion

There are diesel propulsion modules with 550 kW (740 hp) (since 2003) with 2 x 375 kW (503 hp) = 750 kW (1,006 hp) power available, and electric propulsion modules with 600 to 1,100 kW (800 to 1,480 hp). IGBT based traction converters together with asynchronous motors are used as drive units. The traction converters are manufactured by ABB at their site in Turgi, Switzerland and the motors by TSA Austria.
By inserting a middle car (also with only one bogie) on one side of the propulsion module, the GTW 2/6 is expanded to GTW 2/8. Instead of the middle car, another drive module can also be inserted. Between the two modules are then either a trailer passenger car (GTW 4/8) or two medium cars and partitions (GTW 4/12). For operational flexibility up to four GTWs of the same pattern can be operated as a multiple unit.

## Applications
### France

The Panoramique des Dômes in France uses 4 GTW 2/6 since opening in 2012.

### Greece

In Greece, Hellenic Train operates two variants of the Stadler GTW 2/6 (known also incorrectly as railbus), owned by OSE. It is the main suburban DMU and there are two variants i.e. the metric and the standard gauge. The metric gauge variant (OSE class 4501) operates in the Suburban of Patras (Proastiakos) and the tourist line of Katakolo – Pyrgos – Ancient Olympia. The standard gauge variant (OSE class 560) operates on the regional service Athens–Lianokladi and the local Lianokladi–Lamia–Stylida line (which is referred to as Proastiakos Lamias). In the near future, it is expected they will operate on different lines due to the electrification of the main network.

### Italy

In Italy GTW are used by some regional railways, and called ATR:
* ATR 100: Societá Automobilistica Dolomiti (SAD) Trentino Alto Adige
* ATR 110: Ferrovie Udine Cividale (FUC) Friuli
* ATR 110, ATR 120: Sistemi Territoriali (ST) Veneto
* ATR 115, ATR 125: Ferrovie Nord Milano Group Lombardia
* ATR 200: Ferrovie del Sud Est (FSE) Puglia

### Netherlands

The multinational transport company Arriva uses the diesels on the lines: Leer (Germany) – Groningen, Delfzijl–Groningen, Leeuwarden–Groningen, Roodeschool/Eemshaven–Sauwerd, Veendam–Zuidbroek, Leeuwarden–Stavoren, Leeuwarden – Harlingen Haven. From December 2012, Arriva is also using diesel GTW's on Arnhem–Winterswijk, Winterswijk–Zutphen and Zutphen–Apeldoorn.
The electrified GTW are used on the lines Dordrecht – Gorinchem – Geldermalsen (since 2018 by transport company Qbuzz) and since December 2012 also on Zwolle – Emmen. Since December 2022 electrified GTW's are also used on the weekly Arriva night train service between Groningen and Schiphol Airport.
Arriva Limburg uses electric GTW on the lines Kerkrade Centrum – Heerlen – Maastricht Randwyck, Heerlen–Maastricht, and the diesels are used on the lines: Roermond – Venlo – Nijmegen.
Connexxion was using one electric GTW for the line: Barneveld Centrum – Amersfoort, This GTW is transferred to the Vechtdallijnen from Arriva, Connexxion is also using 9 diesel GTW's for the Breng concession starting December 2012.

### Slovakia

The Železničná spoločnosť Slovensko (ZSSK) Class 425.95 is used on the Tatra Electric Railway. The design of these trains was derived from the GTW 2/6.
The ZSSK Class 495.95 trains are used on both the Tatra Electric Railway and the Štrbské Pleso–Štrba rack railway.
The ZSSK Class 840 trains also derived from the GTW 2/6 are in use on the normal-gauge railways in the Poprad region. Class 840 trains are also used on the Bratislava—Komárno line from December 2020

### Spain

The Catalan government-owned Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC) purchased two diesel-powered, Iberian gauge trains for use on the Lleida–La Pobla Line. This allowed the service frequency to be increased from 4 to 10 trains per day between Lleida and Balaguer, and 1 to 4 per day between Lleida and La Pobla de Segur. A third new set is scheduled to enter service by August 2021. The company also owns 7 narrow gauge trains for their rack railway lines, the first 5 trains were purchased in 2000 for the Montserrat rack railway and the remaining two were ordered in 2001 for the Vall de Núria rack raikway. These units are electric-powered using a pantograph installed on the central carriage. Additionally, the Nuria trains have a second pantograph in the front car to remove ice and snow from the overhead wires on colder seasons. Between 2020 and 2022, the two trains from the Núria line have been transferred to the Montserrat line.

### Switzerland

The Swiss Federal Railways use a narrow version of the GTW 2/6 (RABe 520) on the Seetal railway line and between Lenzburg and Zofingen.
THURBO uses a large fleet of RABe 526 (GTW 2/6 and 2/8) on various lines in eastern Switzerland. Regionalverkehr Mittelland bought several GTW 2/6, which were later extended to GTW 2/8 and finally sold to the Swiss Federal Railways in 2013.
Various narrow gauge railways use GTWs: Chemins de fer du Jura, Biel–Täuffelen–Ins-Bahn, and the Transports Montreux–Vevey–Riviera.

### United States
#### New Jersey

* River Line
    New Jersey Transit uses 20 GTW diesel light rail vehicles on the 34-mile (55 km) River Line service between Trenton and Camden. The diesel LRV offers a tighter turning radius than typical main line light rail vehicles (i.e. Siemens Desiro, Bombardier Talent, etc.) and thus is capable of street running, a capability used in the River Line between Walter Rand Transportation Center and Entertainment Center stations in Camden.
* GTW trains are also planned to operate on SNJLR's Glassboro–Camden Line, currently in development.

#### Austin, Texas

The Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority (CapMetro) in Austin, Texas, uses ten Diesel rail vehicles of the type GTW 2/6 on its 32-mile (51.5 km) red line from Leander to Downtown Austin. CapMetro originally purchased 6 GTW DMUs from Stadler in 2005, but expanded their fleet to 10 units in 2017. The 4 newer units feature LED destination signs instead of flip-dot signs, a slightly tweaked paint scheme (to better match the MetroBus paint scheme), and an updated engine car design that features a rounded top rather than an angular top as found on the older DMUs.

#### Denton County, Texas

The Denton County Transportation Authority (DCTA), announced on May 20, 2009, that it would purchase 11 GTW 2/6 articulated diesel multiple units (DMUs) for DCTA's 21-mile (34 km) corridor from Denton to Carrollton. This line connects with the Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) Green Line which extends from the Pleasant Grove neighborhood in southeast Dallas to northern Carrollton. The contract includes an option for up to 25 additional GTWs.

#### East Bay, California

In 2014, the Bay Area Rapid Transit District Authority ordered eight GTW 2/6 DMUs for the eBART standard gauge tracks (the rapid transit system uses a wide gauge) to Antioch, California with two options to procure six more. The first trains were delivered by June 2017, with revenue service starting in May 2018.