OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Comm100

Comm100 (Comm100 Network Corporation) is a provider of customer service and communication products. All its products are available as a SaaS (Software as a Service). The company serves over 200,000 businesses.

## History

The company was founded on 3 July 2009, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The first product (Comm100 Live Chat) was introduced on 5 August 2009.The company reached the 100,000 registered business users milestone in April 2011. The company's products and services were offered for free until the Christmas of 2011. In May 2013, the company joined M3AAWG as a supporter. In 2013, Comm100 was a silver winner of Best in Biz Awards International that year.

## Products and services

The company provides a suite of business communication tools, from customer service to marketing. The two most popular products are:
Comm100 Live Chat: live support software that allows users to track and chat with their website visitors in real time.
Comm100 Email Marketing: bulk email software that helps users send opt-in email newsletters to subscribers.
# 2025 Delhi Open – Doubles

Piotr Matuszewski and Matthew Romios were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.
Masamichi Imamura and Rio Noguchi won the title after defeating Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha and Courtney John Lock 6–4, 6–3 in the final.

## Seeds

* Blake Ellis / Tristan Schoolkate (withdrew)
* Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha / Courtney John Lock (final)
* Jay Clarke / Johannes Ingildsen (semifinals)
* Corentin Denolly / Sascha Gueymard Wayenburg (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| Alt | Parth Aggarwal Sidharth Rawat | 1 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | E Couacaud K Stevenson | 6 | 6 | | | E Couacaud K Stevenson | 1 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | E Dalla Valle O Ovcharenko | 6$^5$ | 2 | | | M Imamura R Noguchi | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Imamura R Noguchi | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | | M Imamura R Noguchi | 1 | 6 | [12] | | | | |
| 4 | C Denolly S Gueymard Wayenburg | 5 | 5 | | | | | | | | H Bartoň V Kopřiva | 6 | 4 | [10] | | | | |
| | Hynek Bartoň V Kopřiva | 7 | 7 | | | H Bartoň V Kopřiva | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | Kris van Wyk Eric Vanshelboim | 6 | 6 | | Alt | K van Wyk E Vanshelboim | 4 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | SDP Dev Sai Karteek Reddy Ganta | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | M Imamura R Noguchi | 6 | 6 |
| | A Holmgren E Møller | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | N Kaliyanda Poonacha CJ Lock | 4 | 3 |
| PR | K Coppejans M Geerts | 6 | 6 | | PR | K Coppejans M Geerts | 6 | 2 | [5] | | | | | | | | | |
| PR | S Banthia Parikshit Somani | 3 | 2 | | 3 | J Clarke J Ingildsen | 4 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | J Clarke J Ingildsen | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | J Clarke J Ingildsen | 2 | 6$^1$ | | | | | |
| WC | R Ramanathan K Singh | 6 | 1 | [7] | | | | | | 2 | N Kaliyanda Poonacha CJ Lock | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | |
| | S Mochizuki K Uesugi | 3 | 6 | [10] | | S Mochizuki K Uesugi | 3 | 6 | [5] | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Gengel D Svrčina | 6 | 6$^5$ | [6] | 2 | N Kaliyanda Poonacha CJ Lock | 6 | 2 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | N Kaliyanda Poonacha CJ Lock | 2 | 7$^7$ | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Abdullah Zeydan

Abdullah Zeydan (born 13 March 1972 in Yüksekova) is a Kurdish politician from Turkey and a member of the Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party (DEM Party).

## Education

He attended primary school and high school in Yüksekova in the Hakkari Province.

## Political career

Abdullah Zeydan was elected as a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in the general elections of June 2015 representing Hakkari and re-elected on the snap elections in November of the same year. Zeydan, running on a pro-Kurdish DEM party ticket, came first in the Van local election held on 31 March 2024, but the Diyarbakır 5th High Criminal Court annulled his election as mayor of the city with a decision taken on 4 April 2024. Zeydan appealed to the Supreme Election Board and was instated as mayor.

## Judicial prosecution

In 2015, he was criticized for saying "(If PKK wanted,) PKK would drown you in spit" then he was imprisoned on 4 November 2016 together with fellow HDP deputies and charged for having attended funerals of members of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) but also the Peoples Protections Forces (YPG) who fought against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Zeydan was imprisoned in the F-type prison in Edirne together with Selahattin Demirtaş, with whom he joined a hunger strike in protest of the detention conditions in March 2017. He also joined a hunger strike in protest of the detention conditions of Abdullah Öcalan, which was initiated by Leyla Güven. He was to take part in it for 10 days. He was punished for this the same month by the prison authorities, but Abdullah Öcalan was permitted a visit of his brother days after Zeydan joined the hunger strike. In January 2018, Zeydan was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment for allegedly supporting a "terrorist" organization and making "terrorist" propaganda. In November 2019, a court ruled he be released. But this decision was opposed by the prosecutor of Diyarbakır on the same day, after which the court reconsidered and decided to keep him imprisoned. The State Prosecutor to the Court of Cassation in Turkey Bekir Şahin filed a lawsuit before the Constitutional Court on 17 March 2021, demanding a five-year ban from participating in politics for Zeydan and 686 other HDP politicians. The lawsuit was filed together with the request for a closure of the HDP due to the party's alleged organizational links with the PKK.
On 6 January 2022, after having attended a hearing in Elâzığ, Zeydan was released from prison.

## Personal life

He is married to Dilsah Zeydan and the couple has three daughters. He is the son of Mustafa Zeydan, a former deputy of the Justice and Development Party (AKP).
# Walter of Henley

Walter of Henley (Walter de Henley) was an English agricultural writer of the thirteenth century, writing in French. His known work is called Le Dite de Hosebondrie (or Husbandry), written about 1280, and deals with the agricultural management of a manor.
Little of Walter of Henley is known except that he once served in the office of bailiff. A manuscript of Husbandry housed at the University of Cambridge states that Walter was first a knight and then a friar-preacher, specifically a Dominican.
Walter's Husbandry was one of four agrarian treatises that appeared in the thirteenth century, treatises said by medieval historian Eileen Power to be "undoubtedly the most original contribution of the Middle Ages to scientific agriculture. Their value lies," she noted, "in their strictly empirical character, for they appear to spring straight from the soil, owing nothing to their great classical forerunners." Power attributes the appearance of these treatises in the thirteenth century to the fact that an intellectual revival was fostered by the friars of the time, notably the Franciscans, while, at the same time, the studies of the English schoolmen were beginning to lean toward what we might call "physical and biological inquiry." Desmene (or manorial) farming was at its height, creating a market for agrarian treatises among the great landowners, and indeed it is known that copies of the manuscripts were owned by religious houses which owned extensive lands.
Walter of Henley employed a "rustic" style of writing, making use of proverbs in French and English to make his points memorable. His work makes for pleasurable reading, so much so that Professor Bertha Haven Putnam noted, as a teacher, that "American undergraduate students read no mediæval work with greater pleasure than Walter of Henley's treatise."
A manuscript of Walter of Henley's work dating from the fifteenth century stated that it was translated into English by Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln. This attribution has often been considered a mistake, probably arising from the fact that Robert wrote his own agrarian treatise called Rules, but Power argues that it is not far-fetched to associate Walter of Henley's treatise with the bishop of Lincoln since the latter was obviously interested in the subject.
Dr. William Cunningham has listed twenty surviving manuscripts of Walter of Henley's Husbandry, which was widely used until the sixteenth century when Sir Anthony Fitzherbert published The Boke of Husbandry, which, notably, contained several unattributed segments of Walter's work.
# List of post-nominal letters (Penang)

This is a list of post-nominal letters used in Penang. The order in which they follow an individual's name is the same as the order of precedence for the wearing of order insignias, decorations, and medals. When applicable, non-hereditary titles are indicated.
| Grades | Grades | Post-nominal | Title | Wife's Title |
| Order of the Defender of State - Darjah Pangkuan Negeri ||||||
| Knight Grand Commander | Darjah Utama Pangkuan Negeri | D.U.P.N. | Dato' Seri Utama | Datin Seri Utama |
| Knight Commander | Darjah Panglima Pangkuan Negeri | D.P.P.N. | Dato' Seri | Datin Seri |
| Commander | Darjah Gemilang Pangkuan Negeri | D.G.P.N. | Dato' Seri | Datin Seri |
| Companion | Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negeri | D.M.P.N. | Dato' | Datin |
| Officer | Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri | D.S.P.N. | Dato' | Datin |
| Member | Darjah Johan Negeri | D.J.N. | -- | -- |
| Distinguished Service Star - Bintang Cemerlang Negeri ||||||
| | Bintang Cemerlang Negeri | B.C.N. | -- | -- |
| Conspicuous Gallantry Medal - Pingat Gagah Perwira ||||||
| | Pingat Gagah Perwira | P.G.P. | -- | -- |
| Distinguished Conduct Medal - Pingat Kelakuan Terpuji ||||||
| | Pingat Kelakuan Terpuji | P.K.T. | -- | -- |
| Meritorious Service Medal - Pingat Jasa Kebaktian ||||||
| | Pingat Jasa Kebaktian | P.J.K. | -- | -- |
| Community Service Medal - Pingat Jasa Masyarakat ||||||
| | Pingat Jasa Masyarakat | P.J.M. | -- | -- |
| Loyal Service Medal - Pingat Bakti Setia ||||||
| | Pingat Bakti Setia | P.B.S. | -- | -- |
Precedence:
| 1. | Darjah Utama Pangkuan Negeri | D.U.P.N. | Dato' Seri Utama |
| 2. | Darjah Panglima Pangkuan Negeri | D.P.P.N. | Dato' Seri |
| 3. | Darjah Gemilang Pangkuan Negeri | D.G.P.N. | Dato' Seri |
| 4. | Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negeri | D.M.P.N. | Dato' |
| 5. | Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri | D.S.P.N. | Dato' |
| 6. | Darjah Johan Negeri | D.J.N. | -- |
| 7. | Bintang Cemerlang Negeri | B.C.N. | -- |
| 8. | Pingat Gagah Pewira | P.G.P. | -- |
| 9. | Pingat Kelakuan Terpuji | P.K.T. | -- |
| 10. | Pingat Jasa Kebaktian | P.J.K. | -- |
| 11. | Pingat Jasa Masyarakat | P.J.M. | -- |
| 12. | Pingat Bakti Setia | P.B.S. | -- |
| 13. | Justice of the Peace | J.P. | -- |
# Paniki (cutting instrument)

Paniki or Panikhi (Odia- ପନିକି) is a tool with a cutting edge and a wooden footrest, used for chopping vegetables, fish and meat. Panikis are mostly used in Odisha, India. A variation of the tool, known as Boti (Bengali- বটি), is found in the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura, as well as in Bangladesh. Various tribes of Odisha used for different purposes. The tribe members of the Mutkia Kondha worship paniki as deity and do not keep their feet with their feet. They rather use a special type of paniki with a wooden stand. Panikis of ancient times show engraving of cultural and religious elements. Traditionally in rural Odisha, panikis are made from wrought iron or recycled steel by the blacksmith.

## In popular culture

In murals of the Ushakothi cave painting at Ulapgarh depict the use of paniki being used by a woman.
# Church of Michael the Archangel (Kamenolomni)

The Church of Michael the Archangel (Russian: Церковь Михаила Архангела) is a Russian Orthodox church in the urban-type settlement of Kamenolomni, Oktyabrsky District, Rostov Oblast, Russia. It belongs to the Nizhnedonsky Deanery of Shakhty and Millerovo Diocese of Moscow Patriarchate.

## History

Near Maksimovsky khutor (the old name of Kamenolomni settlement) at the end of the 19th century Novogrushevsky farm was established, which was populated by young Cossack families from the village of Krivyanskaya. Two farms were separated from each other by a small stream. In Novogrushevskaya, after a while, a church and a parish school were built. During the Second World War, this church was destroyed, so the religious services had been carried out at a dwelling house.
Since 1948, members of the local Orthodox community had been collecting funds to purchase plots of land and households. Over the years, they were transformed into a church that is still functioning up to this day. Farm buildings and a bell tower with gold domes were erected, and a new Sunday school was also established. In the 1980s, the church was reconstructed and its walls were laid of red brick. In 1992 the church building was officially recognized as an object of cultural heritage of local importance.
# Best Reason to Buy the Sun

Best Reason to Buy the Sun is a 2005 (see 2005 in music) album from the Benevento-Russo Duo. Made up of only Joe Russo and Marco Benevento, playing only Keyboards and Drums, the Duo's debut studio recording is reminiscent of Medeski, Martin & Wood or late Phish, to such a degree that Mike Gordon, of Phish, toured with the Duo following the release of the album. This album builds on the live work that the Duo has been doing since the release in 2003 of Darts, a live album from the Knitting Factory. The album was rereleased in 2020 as a 2-LP set with Play Pause Stop on 180-gram vinyl with new liner notes and previously unpublished photos.

## Track listing

* "Becky" - 4:35
* "Welcome Red" - 5:20
* "Sunny's Song" - 4:18
* "Vortex" - 5:01
* "9X9" - 6:05
* "Scratchitti" (featuring- Skerikon tenor saxophone & Mike Dillon on vibraphone and timbales - 5:34
* "Three Question Marks" - 7:28
* "Bronko's Blues" - 6:20
* "My Pet Goat" - 15:09
# List of Telugu films of 1971

This is a list of films produced by the Tollywood (Telugu language film industry) based in Hyderabad in the year 1971.
| Title | Director | Cast |
| Adrusta Jathakudu | K. Hemambaradhara Rao | N. T. Rama Rao, Vanisri |
| Amaayakuraalu | V. Madhusudhana Rao | ANR, Kanchana |
| Anuradha | | Krishna |
| Bangaru Kutumbam | | Krishna |
| Bangaru Talli | | Tapi Chamukya, Jamuna |
| Bhagyavantudu | | |
| Bhale Papa | K. S. Prakasa Rao | |
| Bomma Borusa | K. Balachander | Chalam, S. Varalaxmi |
| Chelleli Kapuram | K. Vishwanath | Shobhan, Vanisri |
| Chinnanati Snehitulu | K. Vishwanath | NTR, Sobhan Babu, Vanisri |
| Dasara Bullodu | | ANR |
| Iddaru Ammayilu | S. R. Puttanna Kanagal | ANR, Vanisree, Shobhan Babu |
| Jeevitha Chakram | C. S. Rao | NTR, Vanisri |
| Kalyana Mandapam | V. Madhusudan Rao | Shobhan Babu, Kanchana |
| Manasu Mangalyam | K. Pratyagatma | ANR, Jamuna |
| Mattilo Manikyam | | Chalam Jamuna Bhanumathi |
| Mosagallaku Mosagadu | K. S. R. Das | Krishna, Vijayanirmala Nagabhushanam |
| Naa Thammudu | | Shobhan Basu , Chandrakala |
| Nenu Manishine | | |
| Nindu Dampathulu | K. Viswanath | NTR, Savitri, Vijaya Nirmala |
| Pagabattina Paduchu | | Sharada |
| Pavitra Bandham | V. Madhusudhana Rao | ANR, Kanchana, Vanisri, Krishnam Raju |
| Pavitra Hrudayalu | A. C. Tirulokchandar | NTR, Jamuna, Chandrakala |
| Pethamdaarlu | | NTR |
| Prema Nagar | K. S. Prakasa Rao | ANR, Vanisri |
| Raitu Bidda | B. A. Subba Rao | NTR, Vanisri |
| Raitu Kutumbam | | ANR |
| Rajakota Rahasyam | B. Vittalacharya | NTR, Devika |
| Ramalayam | K. Babu Rao | Jaggayya, Shobhan Babu |
| Rangeli Raja | | ANR, Kanchana |
| Sampoorna Ramayanam | | Bapu, Shobhan Babu, Chandrakala |
| Sati Ansuya | | Jamuna |
| Sri Krishna Satya | | NTR Jamuna |
| Sri Krishna Vijayamu | | NTR, Jayalalithaa |
| Srimanthudu | | ANR, Jamuna |
| Sisindri Chittibabu | | |
| Suputhrudu | T. Rama Rao | ANR, Lakshmi |
| Tahsildar Gari Ammayi | | Shobhan Jamuna |
| Varalakshmi Vratam | B. Vittalacharya | Kanta Rao, Krishnakumari |
| Vichithra Kutumbam | | NTR Savitri Shobhan Krishna |
| Vikramarka Vijayam | | |
# Mikaela Howell

Mikaela Howell (born 12 July 1988) is an English professional footballer who last played as a midfielder for Sky Blue FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL).

## Club career
### Sky Blue FC

Howell signed a short-term contract with Sky Blue FC on 2 October 2020. She made her NWSL debut on 10 October 2020.
# House at 105 President's Lane

The House at 105 President's Lane in Quincy, Massachusetts, is the best-preserved and least-altered house of its style in the city. It is a two-story hip-roofed Colonial Revival house, with a balustrade on the roof, pedimented gable dormers, and an elliptical fanlight in the central bay window on the second floor. It was built about 1915 by Morton Swallow, about whom nothing is known. The President's Hill area originally belonged to the Adams political family.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
# Szentlőrinci AC

1908 Szentlőrinci AC KSE is a Hungarian football club from the town of Pestszentlőrinc, Budapest.

## History

Szentlőrinci Atlétikai Club debuted in the 1945–46 season of the Hungarian League and finished eighth.
On 14 September 2024, they were eliminated by Erzsébeti Spartacus MTK LE from the 2024–25 Magyar Kupa season. The match ended with a 2-1 defeat.

## Name Changes

* 1908–1919: Pestszentlőrinci Athletikai Club
* 1919–1945: Szentlőrinci Atlétikai Club
* 1945–1947: Szentlőrinci AC Barátság
* 1947: merger with Kőbányai Barátság
* 1947–1949: Szentlőrinci Atlétikai Club
* 1949: merger with Budapesti Postás SE
* 1956: reestablished
* 1957–1959: Petőfi Szentlőrinci Atlétikai Club

## Famous footballers

* Ferenc Deák: the fourth top goalscorer of all time in football history.

## Managers

* László Fenyvesi (1945–46)
* Vilmos Kohut (1948)
# Kuti (Sokolac)

Kuti (Serbian: Кути) is a village in the municipality of Sokolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 2013 census, Kuti has a population of 50.

## Population

The nationalities of the population in the town of Kuti are shown in the table.
| Nationality | 1961 | 1971 | 1981. | 1991. | 2013. |
| Muslims*/Bosniaks | 72 | 312 | 266 | 248 | 49 |
| Serbs | 67 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 0 |
| Croats | 7 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Yugoslavs | 229 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Others and unknown | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total: | 375 | 324 | 274 | 253 | 50 |
*The term Muslims was used in population censuses until 1991, after which it was replaced by the term Bosniaks.
# Park Square Bridge

Park Square Bridge, also known as the Supertram Bridge, is a prominent bridge in the city of Sheffield, England. It was constructed in 1993 using a bowstring, or tied arch design. The bridge carries the Sheffield Supertram system from Commercial Street onto the Park Square roundabout.
# Diagnosis for Death

Diagnosis for Death is the debut album by American horror punk band Dr. Chud's X-Ward, released in 2004 on Dr. Chud's Bloodwork Records label.
The first 1,000 copies of the album were limited edition and were signed, numbered and came with a free vinyl sticker. In 2005, it was released on purple vinyl; only 1,250 copies were released.
The video for the song "Powerless" was filmed in Zounds Rehearsal Studios in Saddebrook, New Jersey.

## Track listing

* Powerless (also a video which was included on the release)
* Mommy Made Luv 2 an Alien (also a video which was included on the release)
* Heavy Metal
* Spiderbaby
* Blue Skin
* Goodbye
* Rabid
* Bury You Alive
# Relli (caste)

Relli (also Reli, Relly, or Raily) is a social group of South Indians who reside in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh. They are classified as a Scheduled Caste.

## Demographics

The Relli people are mainly distributed in coastal districts, such as Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam, Nellore, and Chittoor of Andhra Pradesh, Jagdalpur of Chhattisgarh and the Koraput, Nabarangpur, Rayagada, Kolkata (Mominpur), Titagarh, Khardaha, and Bandel.
According to the 2001 Census, Relli and Mehtar's population is 206,053 in Andhra Pradesh, 37 in Chhattisgarh, and 8,357 in Odisha respectively. Rellis constitutes 1.67% of the total Scheduled Caste population of United Andhra Pradesh in 2001.

## Occupation

The primary occupation of the Relli people in Andhra Pradesh is the collection and sale of fruits, seeds, and grass. Some are labourers and manual scavengers. A few are in government service while the Relli of Odisha and Chhattisgarh trade in salt, rice, vegetables, goats, and hens on a small scale. Agriculture is also pursued. They are listed as Scheduled Castes.

## Language

Reli people speak the Reli language as their mother tongue and is close to Odia. The Relli people speak the Telugu language in Andhra Pradesh when conversing with outsiders. The Relli people speak the Hindi language in Chhattisgarh.
The 2001 Census stated that there were 21,238 speakers of the Reli language in Andhra Pradesh, 37 in Chhattisgarh, and 4014 in Odisha. Further breakdown to the district level is as follows (2001 Census): Vizianagaram (AP) 7,893; Visakhapatnam (AP) 4,301; East Godavari (AP) 3,079; Krishna (AP) 3,085; Srikakulam (AP) 1,796; Guntur (AP) 597, Koraput (OD) 1607; Rayagada (OD) 907 and Nabarangpur (OD) 1500, in Odisha, Jagdalpur (CG) 37, in Chhattisgarh.
# Christian Obiozor

Chinonso Christian Obiozor (born 31 October 1994) is a Nigerian footballer who plays as a forward.

## International career

In January 2014, coach Stephen Keshi, invited him to be a part of the Nigeria 23-man team for the 2014 African Nations Championship. He helped the team defeat Zimbabwe to a third-place finish by a goal to nil.
# Manganese diselenide

Manganese diselenide is the inorganic compound with the formula MnSe$_2$. This rarely encountered solid is structurally similar to that of iron pyrite (FeS$_2$). Analogous to the description of iron pyrite, manganese diselenide is sometimes viewed as being composed of Mn$^{2+}$ and Se$_2$$^{2−}$ ions, although being a semiconductor, MnSe$_2$ is not appropriately described in formal oxidation states.

## Spectroscopy

The high‐resolution Mn 2p spectra of the MnSe$_2$ has two distinct peaks at 642.2 and 653.9 electronvolts correspond to the Mn 2p3/2 and Mn 2p1/2 spin–orbit components, respectively. The energy difference (Δ 2p) of 11.7 eV confirms the presence of Mn$^{4+}$ ions in the sample. A good correlation was observed with the literature value for the Mn$^{4+}$ state. No peaks for Mn$^{2+}$ ions were observed at 640–641 eV, which confirmed the formation of only the Mn$^{4+}$ oxidation state with a d$^3$ electronic configuration. The Se 3d spectra were deconvoluted into two well‐defined peaks (3d5/2 and 3d3/2) at a binding energy of 54.46 and 55.31 eV, respectively. These two peaks confirmed the presence of Se$^{2−}$ ions in MnSe$_2$.