OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Andrew Lossky

Andrew Lossky (born Andrey Nikolayevich Lossky, Russian: Андрей Николаевич Лосский; 1917 – 1998) was a Russian-born American historian.
He was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia. His father was a professor of philosophy at Saint Petersburg State University. In 1922 he and his family sought refuge in Czechoslovakia after being expelled by the Bolsheviks. He was educated in Prague and was taught English and French at home. From 1935 until 1938 he lived in London for his university education. With the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in 1938, his parents decided to send Andrew abroad. He passed the doctoral exams for Yale University in 1941 and joined the United States Army, where he served as an intelligence specialist in North Africa and Italy. He gained United States' citizenship in 1944.
He returned to Yale in 1946 and completed his doctoral dissertation (‘The Baltic Question, 1679–1689’). He joined UCLA's history department in 1950, where he lectured on early modern European history. He focused on the régime of Louis XIV of France and argued that the absolute monarchies of the ancien régime were different from the totalitarianism of the 20th century. Lossky stressed the cosmopolitanism of early modern European culture. He was also a founding member of the Western Society for French History. He retired in 1986.
In 1990 a festschrift dedicated to Lossky was published, titled The Reign of Louis XIV. William Beik said "[t]his is no ordinary festschrift. Its well-coordinated, thematic essays constitute the first new synthesis on Louis XIV to appear for some time in English". Beik also said that the "genial figure of Andrew Lossky, radiating charm and perhaps a trace of mystery, has been a familiar sight for anyone who frequents French history conferences. His soft-spoken comments, delivered with a touch of central European elegance, have enriched many a session. His writings on the age of Louis XIV have made an important contribution, but his influence as mentor and teacher has extended farther, reaching for some the point of legend".
In 2000, Geoffrey Symcox, one of Lossky's doctoral students, said Lossky "was a true cosmopolitan, a reincarnated citizen of the Republic of Letters, in the Europe of the Old Regime that he studied and loved. ... He was a profound scholar, an inspiring teacher, and a humane, wise friend".

## Works

* Louis XIV, William III, and the Baltic Crisis of 1683 (University of California Press, 1954).
* ‘Introduction’, in Lynn White Jr. (ed.), The Transformation of the Roman World: Gibbon's Problem after Two Centuries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966, 1973), pp. 1–29.
* ‘The Absolutism of Louis XIV: Reality or Myth?’, Canadian Journal of History, Volume 19 Issue 1 (Spring 1984), pp. 1–16.
* Louis XIV and the French Monarchy (Rutgers University Press, 1994). ISBN 0813526876
# Leonhard Schmitz

Leonhard Schmitz FRSE (1807 – May 1890) was a Prussian-born classical scholar and educational author, mainly active in the United Kingdom. He is sometimes referred to in the Anglicised version of his name Leonard Schmitz.

## Biography

Schmitz was born in Eupen in what was then the Kingdom of Prussia (now in Belgium).
He attended gymnasium in Aix-la-Chappelle to the east (now called Aachen and within modern day Germany). He lost his right arm in an accident at the age of 10, but nonetheless excelled academically. He studied at the University of Bonn, where he earned a PhD, and was in particular influenced by Barthold Georg Niebuhr; Schmitz later published in England a collection of notes taken from Niebuhr's lectures as Lectures on Roman History (1844).
He became associated with a number of scholars there, writing many of the mythological entries for classicist William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, and serving as "a key figure in the transmission of German classical scholarship to Victorian Britain".
Schmitz moved to Scotland in 1846 to serve as rector of the Royal High School in Edinburgh from that year until 1866. He lived at 11 Carlton Terrace on Calton Hill very close to the school.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1846 his proposer being James Pillans.
In his induction speech he expressed the hope that his appointment would be "the means of strengthening and increasing the intellectual sympathy which has so long existed between this country and Germany". In that office in 1859 he also tutored The Prince of Wales in Roman history.
Schmitz moved back to England in 1866, serving as Principal of London International College from 1866 to 1874, and Classical Examiner at the University of London from 1874 to 1884. He was granted a civil list pension of £50 in 1881, doubled in 1886.

## Family

He married an English woman, Eliza Mary Machell, and moved to England in 1837; around 1840 they had a daughter, Leonora Schmitz, who would become a noted music critic.

## Works

* A Grammar of the Latin Language (1845) with Karl Gottlob Zumpt.
* Grammar of the Latin language (1849)
* The History of Rome (1851) co-author
* Lectures on Ancient History (1852)
* Lectures on the History of Rome (1852)
* Elementary Latin Grammar and Exercise (1852)
* Lectures on Ancient Ethnography and Geography (1854)
* A Manual of Ancient Geography (1857)
* The Ancient History of Herodotus (1859)
* Biographies of Eminent Soldiers of the Last Four Centuries (1865)
* A grammar of the Latin language for middle and higher Class Schools (1876)
* A History of England for Junior Classes (1877)
* A History of Latin Literature (1877)
* A Practical Grammar of the German Language (1876)
* Putnam's Short School Histories (1876): England + Germany + Greece + Rome
* Introductory grammar of the Latin language (1880)
# Anolis leucodera

Anolis leucodera, the Bombardopolis green anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Haiti.
# Falkland Islands Association

The Falkland Islands Association (FIA) is a United Kingdom-based organisation, established 1968, that campaigns internationally for the self-determination of the people of the Falkland Islands.
Activities of the association include the monitoring of political activity and press comment relating to the Falklands and the lobbying of politicians and officials on matters relating to the islands. The association liaises with the Falkland Islands Government and their representative in London attends Executive Committee meetings of the association. The association maintains a representative presence in the Falkland Islands.
The FIA was instrumental in the establishment of the South Georgia Association.

## People

The chairman of the association since December 2018 has been John Duncan, a retired diplomat who had served as UK's ambassador for Arms Control and Disarmament at the United Nations from 2006 to 2011, acting governor of the Falkland Islands in 2014, and governor of the Virgin Islands from 2014 to 2017. A former chairman was Sir Rex Hunt, governor of the islands at the time of the 1982 invasion by Argentina.
The first patron of the association, until her death in 2013, was Margaret Thatcher. The current president is Lord Hurd of Westwell (Douglas Hurd).
# Cleopatra: A Life

Cleopatra: A Life is a book written by biographer Stacy Schiff, first published by Little Brown in 2010.

## Overview

Cleopatra: A Life is a biography of Cleopatra, the last queen of Egypt, who ruled from 51 to 30 BC. The book aims to separate fact from fiction and shed light on the woman behind the myths and legends that have surrounded her for centuries.
Schiff draws on historical sources and archaeological evidence to paint a detailed and vivid picture of Cleopatra's life and times. She explores Cleopatra's relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, as well as her dealings with the Roman Empire and other powerful figures of the era. The book also delves into Cleopatra's education, her role as a mother, and her cultural and religious beliefs.
Throughout the book, Schiff challenges the common misconceptions about Cleopatra as a seductress and manipulator, instead portraying her as a politically astute leader who was deeply invested in the welfare of her people. By the end of the book, readers gain a deeper understanding of Cleopatra's life and legacy, as well as the cultural and political context in which she lived.

## Reception

The book was generally well received by critics upon its publication in 2010. It received positive reviews from a number of notable publications, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Boston Globe. Many critics praised Schiff's meticulous research and vivid portrayal of Cleopatra's life and times. The BookScore assessed critical response as an aggregated score of 8.8 out of 10. In the January/February 2011 issue of Bookmarks, the book was scored four out of five. The magazine's critical summary reads: "Critics acknowledge the difficulty of writing a biography of a ruler about whom few solid details are known, but Schiff rises to the challenge and succeeds".
Michael Korda, writing for the Daily Beast, called Cleopatra "a masterpiece." The book also won several awards, including the PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld Award for Biography in 2011.
In terms of commercial success, "Cleopatra: A Life" was also a bestseller, spending several months on the New York Times Best Seller list. Overall, the book was both critically acclaimed and commercially successful.

## Planned feature film

The book was optioned as a film by Sony Pictures with producers Amy Pascal and Scott Rudin attached as producers and at various stages of development was reported to have cast Angelina Jolie and Gal Gadot in the lead role as Cleopatra. As of February 2024, the film is currently being developed by director Denis Villeneuve and written by screenwriter Krysty Wilson-Cairns.
# Varazdat Lalayan

Varazdat Lalayan (born 1 May 1999, Gyumri, Armenia) is an Armenian weightlifter. He is a three-time medalist at the World Weightlifting Championships and a four-time medalist, including gold, at the European Weightlifting Championships.

## Career

In 2018, Lalayan won the silver medal in both the men's +105 kg event at the Junior World Weightlifting Championships held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan and the junior men's +105 kg event at the European Junior & U23 Weightlifting Championships held in Zamość, Poland.
A year later, Lalayan won the gold medal in the men's +109 kg event at both the 2019 Junior World Weightlifting Championships held in Suva, Fiji and the 2019 European Junior & U23 Weightlifting Championships held in Bucharest, Romania.
Lalayan won the bronze medal in the men's +109 kg event at the 2021 European Weightlifting Championships held in Moscow, Russia. At the 2021 European Junior & U23 Weightlifting Championships in Rovaniemi, Finland, he won the gold medal in his event.
He won the silver medal in the men's +109 kg event at the 2021 World Weightlifting Championships held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. the 2023 Asian Weightlifting Championships held in Jinju, South Korea, matching his PR total of 464 kg.
In August 2024, he finished in second place and won a silver medal in the men's +102 kg event at the 2024 Summer Olympics held in Paris, France.

## Achievements

| Year | Venue | Weight | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Total | Rank |
| Year | Venue | Weight | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | Total | Rank |
| Olympic Games |||||||||||||
| 2024 | Paris, France | +102 kg | 210 | 215 | 218 | — | 247 | 252 | 256 | — | 467 | |
| World Championships |||||||||||||
| 2021 | Tashkent, Uzbekistan | +109 kg | 202 | 207 | 211 | | 240 | 242 | 246 | | 457 | |
| 2022 | Bogota, Colombia | +109 kg | 202 | 210 | 215 | | 245 | 245 | 246 | 5 | 461 | |
| 2023 | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | +109 kg | 205 | 212 | 217 | | 242 | 248 | 255 | 4 | 460 | |
| IWF World Cup |||||||||||||
| 2024 | Phuket, Thailand | +109 kg | 205 | 210 | 215 | | 243 | 253 | — | | 463 | |
| European Championships |||||||||||||
| 2021 | Moscow, Russia | +109 kg | 200 | 205 | 209 | | 240 | 250 | 250 | | 445 | |
| 2022 | Tirana, Albania | +109 kg | 203 | 211 | 211 | | 240 | 252 | 252 | | 451 | |
| 2023 | Yerevan, Armenia | +109 kg | 205 | 212 | 218 | | 240 | 250 | 250 | | 462 | |
| 2024 | Sofia, Bulgaria | +109 kg | 200 | 205 | 210 | | 240 | 250 | — | | 455 | |
# Paterno Ancestral House

The Paterno Ancestral House is a historic house located in Quiapo, Manila, Philippines. The house dates back to the 1870s based on its materials and architectural style. It used to be the next-door neighbor of the Enriquez House which was then located on Hidalgo corner Cancer Streets.

## Architecture

This heritage house used volcanic tuff for the construction of its ground floor walls which was then banned due to the destruction it brought during the 1880 Luzon earthquake. It was assumed to be a little older than some of the ancestral houses along Hidalgo Street because of the use of adobe material. Most wood-and-stone style houses in Quiapo used brick instead which could be dated as post-1880. In addition, it avoided the post-1890 floral designs for a more subtle contrast of shapes and textures. The facade's fenestration is composed of simple capiz window panels in checkerboard pattern. Above this row of windows, on the transom, are non-operable capiz shells framed in wood mesh. This combination of wood and capiz contrasts the simple Tuscan stone columns that form a colonnade on the sidewalk along the street.
The 1,000-square-meter (11,000 sq ft) house has two courtyards, one is an enclosed courtyard located at the center while the other courtyard is in U-shape configuration located at the rear side of the structure.

## Existing Condition

The worsening condition of the house is now home to informal settlers. The granite paving of the ground floor has been ripped up.
# Eric Scott Jr.

Eric Scott Jr. (born August 7, 1998) is an American professional football cornerback for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Southern Miss.

## Early life and college

Scott attended Basehor-Linwood High School. In his high school career, he appeared in 33 games, while tallying 126 tackles (5 for loss), 9 interceptions and 13 passes defensed.
He accepted a football scholarship from Illinois State University. As a redshirt freshman, he played in 4 games as a backup.
Scott transferred to Butler Community College in 2019. As a sophomore, he appeared in 11 games, making 11 tackles and 2 interceptions.
He transferred to the University of Southern Mississippi in 2020. As a junior, he appeared in 9 games (5 starts), collecting 31 tackles, one interception and five passes defensed. He had 8 tackles against Louisiana Tech University. He made 7 tackles against Tulane University.
As a senior in 2021, he appeared in all 12 games (11 starts) posting 20 tackles, 2 interceptions and 2 fumble recoveries. He had 3 tackles against Troy University and the University of Texas at El Paso.
As a super senior in 2022, he appeared in 12 games, compiling 27 tackles (2 for loss) and 7 passes defended. He also had 2 interceptions, both returned for touchdowns.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| 6 ft 0+3⁄4 in (1.85 m) | 197 lb (89 kg) | 32+1⁄4 in (0.82 m) | 9+1⁄2 in (0.24 m) | 4.71 s | 39.5 in (1.00 m) | 11 ft 1 in (3.38 m) | 16 reps |
| Sources: ||||||||

### Dallas Cowboys

Scott was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (178th overall) of the 2023 NFL draft. The Cowboys traded a fifth-round selection in the 2024 NFL draft (#159-Hunter Nourzad) to the Kansas City Chiefs, in exchange for the selection which they used to draft Scott. As a rookie, he was declared inactive in every game of the season and never saw the field.
In 2024, he was passed on the depth chart by rookie Caelen Carson and third-year player Andrew Booth Jr. during training camp. He was waived by the Cowboys on August 26, 2024.

### Kansas City Chiefs

Scott was claimed off waivers by the Kansas City Chiefs on August 28, 2024. He was waived two days later and re-signed to their practice squad on September 3. He signed a reserve/future contract on February 11, 2025.
# Monmouth Hawks football

The Monmouth Hawks football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Monmouth University located in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the upcoming 2025 season, the Hawks compete in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) as a member of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA). The school's first football team was fielded in 1993. The team plays its home games at the 4,200 seat Kessler Field. They are coached by Kevin Callahan.

## Championships
### Conference

| Season | Coach | Conference | Overall record | Conference record |
| 1996† | Kevin Callahan | Northeast Conference | 7–3 | 3–1 |
| 1998† | Kevin Callahan | Northeast Conference | 5–5 | 4–1 |
| 2003† | Kevin Callahan | Northeast Conference | 10–2 | 6–1 |
| 2004† | Kevin Callahan | Northeast Conference | 10–1 | 6–1 |
| 2006 | Kevin Callahan | Northeast Conference | 10–2 | 6–1 |
| 2019 | Kevin Callahan | Big South Conference | 9–2 | 5–0 |
| 2020 | Kevin Callahan | Big South Conference | 3–1 | 3–0 |
† Co-champions

## Division I-AA/FCS playoffs

The Hawks have made three appearances in the FCS playoffs. Their record is 1–3.
| Year | Round | Opponent | Result |
| 2017 | First Round | Northern Iowa | L 7–46 |
| 2019 | First Round Second Round | Holy Cross James Madison | W 44–27 L 21–66 |
| 2020 | First Round | Sam Houston State | L 15–21 |

## Notable former players

To date, six Monmouth Hawks alumni have played in the National Football League (NFL). In addition to the NFL, Monmouth alumni have played professionally for the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the Arena Football League (AFL).
Former wide receiver Miles Austin was the first player from Monmouth to appear in the NFL and played in the league for 10 seasons, primarily with the Dallas Cowboys.

### NFL players

* Miles Austin
* Jose Gumbs
* Chris Hogan
* John Nalbone
* Neal Sterling
* Hakeem Valles
* Owen Wright

### CFL players

* Tevrin Brandon
* Reggie White Jr.

### AFL players

* Brian Brikowski
* Will Holder

## Future non-conference opponents

Announced schedules as of February 18, 2025.
| 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 |
| at Colgate | at Western Michigan | at Central Michigan | at Montana | Princeton |
| at Fordham | | | at Princeton | |
| at Charlotte | | | | |
| Delaware State | | | | |
# American Capitalism

American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power is a book by John Kenneth Galbraith, written in 1952. It contains a critique of the view that markets, left to their own devices, will provide socially optimal solutions. Galbraith agrees with F. A. Hayek as far as the assertion goes that "the price system will fulfil [its] function only if competition prevails, that is, if the individual producer has to adapt to price changes and cannot control them." The book presents Galbraith's account of the inter-relationship between politics and economics which for Galbraith is based on a theory of competition guiding a capitalistic democratic society.

## Synopsis and summary

Galbraith builds on work by Prof. E. H. Chamberlin of Harvard and Joan Robinson at Cambridge, as well as the work done by Joe S. Bain of the University of California at Berkeley, arguing that the America of the early 1950s no longer complied to a textbook definition of Perfect competition. On page 66 he sets out the conclusions which result from the abandonment of competitive behaviour in favour of oligopoly or crypto-monopoly:
   "The producer now has measurable control over his prices. Hence, prices are no longer an impersonal force selecting the efficient man, forcing him to adapt the most efficient mode and scale of operations and driving out the inefficient and incompetent. One can as well suppose that prices will be an umbrella which efficient and incompetent producers will tacitly agree to hold at a safe level over their heads and under which all will live comfortably, profitably and inefficiently."
Just as the market at the micro-level may not always work to society's advantage, Galbraith concludes that Keynes was correct in his explanation of the deficiencies of the macro-model where an equilibrium was possible below the full employment level of output and that without outside intervention, this equilibrium might persist.
Galbraith highlights the role of "Countervailing Power" in dealing with market failure & outlines its operation at the micro, and at the macro levels. At the micro level, firms might merge or band together to influence the price. Individual wage earners might also combine in unions to influence wage rates. Finally, government might intervene in the market place where required to provide regulation where countervailing power failed to develop but was nevertheless required. He concluded that Countervailing power was legitimate and welcome as the alternative of state control would be much less palatable to the business community. Without countervailing power, Galbraith concluded (p181):
   "private decisions could and presumably would lead to the unhampered exploitation of the public, or of workers, farmers and others who are intrinsically weak as individuals. Such decisions would be a proper object of state interference or would soon so become."
# Michael Chapin

Michael Chapin (born July 25, 1936) is an American former child actor in film and television.
Born in Los Angeles, California, he began his screen career in 1944 when he appeared in The Fighting Sullivans. He continued with films such as It's a Wonderful Life and Under California Stars. Acting mostly in western pictures, he retired from show business in 1959.
Chapin is the older brother of Billy Chapin and Lauren Chapin.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1944 | The Fighting Sullivans | Rival boy | Uncredited |
| 1946 | Song of Arizona | Cyclops | |
| 1946 | Night Editor | Doc Cochrane, as a boy | Uncredited |
| 1946 | It's a Wonderful Life | Young George's friend | Uncredited |
| 1947 | Backlash | Mike | Uncredited |
| 1947 | The Farmer's Daughter | Boy | Uncredited |
| 1947 | Heaven Only Knows | Little boy | Uncredited |
| 1948 | Call Northside 777 | Frank Wiecek, Jr. | Uncredited |
| 1948 | Under California Stars | Ted Carver | |
| 1948 | Night Wind | Vinnie Jardine | Uncredited |
| 1949 | Strange Bargain | Roddy Wilson | |
| 1950 | The Reformer and the Redhead | Orphan | Uncredited |
| 1950 | Summer Stock | Boy | Uncredited |
| 1951 | Buckaroo Sheriff of Texas | Red White | |
| 1951 | Wells Fargo Gunmaster | Tommy Hines | |
| 1951 | The Dakota Kid | Red White | |
| 1951 | Arizona Manhunt | Red White | |
| 1952 | Wild Horse Ambush | Red White | |
| 1952 | Wagons West | Ben Wilkins | |
| 1952 | Springfield Rifle | Jamie Kearney | Uncredited |
| 1954 | Pride of the Blue Grass | Danny | |
| 1955 | The Night of the Hunter | Ruby's boyfriend | Uncredited |