# Salo, Finland

Salo (Finnish pronunciation:) is a town in Finland, located in the southwestern interior of the country. The population of Salo is approximately 51,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 59,000. It is the 20th most populous municipality in Finland, and the 24th most populous urban area in the country.
Salo is located in the Southwest Finland. Salo covers an area of 2,168.30 square kilometres (837.19 sq mi) of which 181.78 km$^2$ (70.19 sq mi) is water. The population density is 25.59/km$^2$ (66.3/sq mi). The municipality is unilingually Finnish.
The name Salo means woodland, backwoods, but also a wooded island in Finnish. It is believed that Salo originally referred to an island located south of the current town over a thousand years ago, which is now a hill due to post-glacial rebound, and not even close to the sea today.
Salo is a small city located between the capital Helsinki (114 kilometres (71 mi) away) and the provincial capital Turku (52 kilometres (32 mi) away). The city's proximity to these larger cities has contributed to the growth of Salo's business sector. Additionally, farming plays a significant role in the area. Salo shares borders with Koski Tl, Lohja, Kimitoön, Marttila, Paimio, Raseborg, Sauvo and Somero. Salo is also twinned with Saint Anthony Village in Minnesota.
Salo was previously recognised for its significant consumer electronics and mobile phone industry. Nokia, and briefly Microsoft Mobile, operated a manufacturing plant in the town. However, the plant was closed in 2015, resulting in high unemployment rates.
Salo is the birthplace of the former president of Finland Sauli Niinistö.

## History

Salo has existed as a centre of rural commerce since at least the 16th century, emerging in the location where the Great Coastal Road, the important East-West road, crossed River Salo; the river provided the fairway to the sea. In 1887 Salo officially became a market town and, in the beginning of 1891, an independent Municipality. The area of the municipality was initially very small, only 0.65 km$^2$. In 1932 it grew to 18 km$^2$ when areas from neighbouring Uskela and Halikko were annexed to Salo. Eventually Salo became a town in 1960. The municipality of Uskela was consolidated with Salo 1967. The municipalities of Halikko, Kiikala, Kisko, Kuusjoki, Muurla, Perniö, Pertteli, Suomusjärvi and Särkisalo were consolidated with Salo in the beginning of 2009. Salo is also a popular last name in Finland.

## Climate

Climate data for Salo Kärkkä (elevation 47 m) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959– present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.9 (48.0) | 9.2 (48.6) | 16.4 (61.5) | 23.8 (74.8) | 29.6 (85.3) | 31.9 (89.4) | 33.2 (91.8) | 32.5 (90.5) | 27.5 (81.5) | 18.5 (65.3) | 14.0 (57.2) | 10.8 (51.4) | 33.2 (91.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) | −1.3 (29.7) | 2.9 (37.2) | 9.8 (49.6) | 16.3 (61.3) | 20.2 (68.4) | 23.0 (73.4) | 21.4 (70.5) | 16.0 (60.8) | 9.1 (48.4) | 3.9 (39.0) | 0.9 (33.6) | 10.1 (50.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) | −4.5 (23.9) | −1.3 (29.7) | 4.5 (40.1) | 10.5 (50.9) | 15.0 (59.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 16.2 (61.2) | 11.2 (52.2) | 5.7 (42.3) | 1.6 (34.9) | −1.4 (29.5) | 6.0 (42.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) | −8.0 (17.6) | −5.2 (22.6) | −0.2 (31.6) | 4.7 (40.5) | 9.6 (49.3) | 12.6 (54.7) | 11.3 (52.3) | 7.2 (45.0) | 2.6 (36.7) | −0.8 (30.6) | −4.2 (24.4) | 1.9 (35.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −36.6 (−33.9) | −37.5 (−35.5) | −32.5 (−26.5) | −21.5 (−6.7) | −6.9 (19.6) | −0.9 (30.4) | 2.0 (35.6) | 0.1 (32.2) | −7.9 (17.8) | −16.5 (2.3) | −22.6 (−8.7) | −34.1 (−29.4) | −37.5 (−35.5) |
| Source 1: FMI temperature normals for Finland 1991–2020 ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Record highs and lows 1959– present ||||||||||||||

## Demographics
### Population

The city of Salo has 50,867 inhabitants, making it the 20th most populous municipality in Finland. The Salo region has a population of 59,297. In Salo, 8.6% of the population has a foreign background, which is slightly below the national average.

### Languages

Population by mother tongue (2023)
Salo is a monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality. The majority of the population – 46,239 people or 90.5% – speak Finnish as their first language. In Salo, 588 people, or 1.2% of the population, speak Swedish. 8.4% of the population of Salo have a mother tongue other than Finnish or Swedish. As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional Bilingualism or Trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.
At least 30 different languages are spoken in Salo. The most common foreign languages are Russian (1.8%), Estonian (1.4%), Ukrainian (1.2%) and Kurdish (0.6%).

### Immigration

Population by country of birth (2022) :
| Nationality | Population | % |
| Finland | 47,428 | 93.1 |
| Soviet Union | 748 | 1.5 |
| Estonia | 590 | 1.2 |
| Sweden | 223 | 0.4 |
| Iraq | 198 | 0.4 |
| Russia | 133 | 0.3 |
| Thailand | 121 | 0.2 |
| Latvia | 111 | 0.2 |
| Yugoslavia | 106 | 0.2 |
| China | 98 | 0.2 |
| Ukraine | 96 | 0.2 |
| Other | 1,081 | 2.1 |
As of 2023, there were 4,401 persons with a migrant background living in Salo, or 8.6% of the population. The number of residents who were born abroad was 4,107, or 8.0% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Salo was 3,055. Most foreign-born citizens came from the former Soviet Union, Estonia, Sweden and Iraq.
The relative share of immigrants in Salo's population is slightly below the national average. However, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

### Religion

In 2023, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 70.4% of the population of Salo. Other religious groups accounted for 1.8% of the population. 27.8% of the population had no religious affiliation.

## Industry

Salo was well known in Finland and around the world for its large mobile phone factory operated by Nokia. Nokia first started producing mobile phones in Salo in 1981. A new plant, 15,000 square metres, opened in June 1995. By this time 1,200 people were employed there, and it exported products to 70 countries as of 1995. As of 2008, 5,000 people were employed at the plant.
In 2012 amid heavy financial losses, Nokia laid off a third of Salo's 3,500 workforce and gradually shifted manufacturing to Asia. It had a negative impact on the town with unemployment rising. In 2010 Nokia accounted for 95% of the town's corporate tax income, amounting to €60 million, but this dropped to just €14 million by 2012. By the end of the year Salo no longer produced hardware and became a research and development centre.
After the centre was in the hands of Microsoft Mobile, layoffs continued and eventually in June 2015 Microsoft announced the closure of the plant, putting the jobs of the 1,100 employees at risk. By this time Salo's unemployment rate was 15%, and the layoffs could push that further to 20%. Solidarity was expressed by some Finnish politicians after Salo's decline, which also came amid Finland's slow post-2008 crisis economy.

## Sports

The city is home to the professional basketball team Salon Vilpas Vikings, which plays in the Finish 1st Division Korisliiga. It plays its home games in the Salohalli. The most important orienteering club is Angelniemen Ankkuri, which organizes the Halikko relay every autumn.

## Transportation

European route E18 runs through Salo, passing the city center a few kilometers North, but the national road 52 between Raseborg and Somero goes through the city center. The "Coastal Railway" from Helsinki to Turku and further to Turku Harbour crosses the town center; all InterCity trains and most of the high-speed Pendolino trains stop at Salo railway station. The closest airports are Turku Airport (limited number of domestic and international flights) and Helsinki-Vantaa Airport.
In 2016, the city of Salo signed a letter of intent with Los Angeles-based company Virgin Hyperloop One to launch a project to build a 50 km long Hyperloop tube between Salo and Turku.

## Events

In recent years, the town of Salo has become known for the popular Kurpitsaviikot ("Pumpkin Weeks"), which are organized in Halikko in every autumn. At the local field, thousands of different sizes pumpkins and carved jack-o'-lanterns are presented to Tourists. The event celebrating Halloween culture has gathered audiences from all over Finland, from Hanko to Ivalo, and for example, the event organized in 2020 had as many as 100,000 visitors. The event has also been noticed abroad, all the way to North America.

## International relations
### Twin towns – eleven cities

Salo has eight Sister cities:
* Anija, Estonia
* Elva, Estonia
* Gárdony, Hungary
* Nagykanizsa, Hungary
* Odder, Denmark
* Puchheim, Germany
* Rzhev, Russia
* St. Anthony, Minnesota, USA
* Wuhan, China
* Danang, Vietnam