OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Henry Wade Exit Route

The Harry Wade Exit Route was discovered and made by Harry Wade from Illinois in 1849. Harry Wade, his wife and children were in the Bennett-Arcan party caravan emigrating west. At the direction of guide Jefferson Hunt the caravan took a poorly planned turn and descended into Death Valley, California while looking for a shortcut off the Old Spanish Trail. The caravan of a 100 wagons were looking for the shortcut to get to the California Gold Rush sooner. Several in the group died while there, affording the valley its namesake. Harry Wade found a path out of the Valley, the trail he made is today called the Harry Wade Road, a dirt road. After departing Death Valley Wade found the Old Spanish Trail and came to Southern California though the Cajon Pass. Many in the party also suffered but nonetheless made it out of Death Valley. Harry Wade Exit Route was designated a California Historic Landmark (No.622) on October 9, 1957. A marker was placed about 30 miles north of Baker, California, on the Harry Wade Exit Route, to designate where his family escaped. The marker is at the southern end of Death Valley National Park.
Harry Wade was born on March 16, 1800, in Rochester, England. He married Mary Reynolds Leach, who was born on June 17, 1813, in London, England. In 1836, he migrated to the United States and settled in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. After surviving the move to California they moved to Northern California and ran an inn called The American House in Alviso, California. He died on October 13, 1883, in Alviso. Mary died on May 3, 1889, in Alviso.

## Death Valley '49ers

Harry Wade was part of what would become known as the Death Valley '49ers. This was a group of pioneers from the Eastern United States that endured a long and difficult journey during the late-1840s California Gold Rush to prospect in the Sutter's Fort area of the Central Valley and Sierra Nevada in California. Their route from Utah went through the Great Basin Desert in Nevada, and Death Valley and the Mojave Desert in Southern California, in attempting to reach the Gold Country.

## Marker

The marker at the site (about 30 miles north of Baker) reads:
   NO. 622 HARRY WADE EXIT ROUTE – After getting to Death Valley with the ill-fated 1849 caravan, Harry Wade found this exit route for his ox-drawn wagon and thereby saved his life and the lives of his wife and children. At this point the Wade party came upon the known Spanish Trail to Cajón Pass.
# Polarisation strategy

The polarisation strategy was a political strategy in the Netherlands used by the Labour Party (PvdA) from 1966 to the 1980s. With this strategy, the party aimed to emphasise the differences with the confessional parties, particularly the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and its successor Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). By highlighting these differences, the party attempted to create a division in Dutch politics based on conservative versus progressive lines. The intellectual father of the strategy was Ed van Thijn.

## Characteristics

According to political scientist Philip van Praag, the polarisation strategy had three characteristics:
* Splitting the Dutch electorate into progressive versus conservative
* A self-sufficient progressive majority
* Forming coalitions prior to the elections to create clarity for the cabinet formation

## Development

The polarisation strategy was a renewal of the breakthrough idea that the PvdA had embraced since World War II, aimed at breaking through political pillarisation. The desire for polarisation was strengthened by the rise of New Left within the PvdA and Democrats 66. The Night of Schmelzer in 1966 and the subsequent fall of the Cals cabinet are considered the starting points of the polarisation strategy. From that moment, the PvdA wanted to distance itself from the KVP, which they saw as unreliable because they used their centre position to govern alternately with the left and right.
In the run-up to the 1972 general election, the PvdA entered into a progressive alliance with D'66 and the Political Party of Radicals (PPR) with the election program Keerpunt 1972. During the 1972-73 cabinet formation, the progressive parties managed to play the confessional parties against each other to form a progressive minority cabinet, with the tacit support of the confessional Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and KVP. This was seen as a success of the polarisation strategy.
During the 1977 cabinet formation, the PvdA again employed the strategy in negotiations with the CDA. After nearly half a year, the negotiations failed, and the CDA formed the first Van Agt cabinet with the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Van Praag marked this formation as the definitive failure of the polarisation strategy.
In 1984, PvdA party leader Joop den Uyl concluded that "the polarisation strategy has largely failed," although the party continued to use it at the time.

## Sources

* Van Baalen, Carla; Bos, Anne (2022). Grote idealen, smalle marges (in Dutch). Boom. ISBN 9789024443994.
# Richard Weight

Richard Weight is a British writer.
His book Patriots was shortlisted for the 2003 Orwell Prize for political writing.

## Books

* Porridge: BFI Classics (2020, Bloomsbury Publishing)
* Mod! A Very British Style (2013)
* We Are The Modernists! The Rise and Reign of British Youth Culture Since 1950 (2009)
* Patriots: National Identity in Britain 1940-2000 (2002)
# Tegula aureotincta

Tegula aureotincta, common name the gilded tegula, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tegulidae.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 20 mm and 40 mm. The shell is broad and low. The spire feels rough. Its sculpture consists of low, spiral ridges, especially on the body whorl and of diagonal ridges. The color of the spire is dark gray or olive. The base of the shell has a bright yellow or orange skin around the deep umbilicus.
* upperside, Point Loma, San Diego
* underside, Point Loma, San Diego
* upperside, Torrey Pines State Beach
* underside, Torrey Pines State Beach

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean in the low intertidal zones and on adjacent rocky subtidal shores off Southern California, USA and Mexico
# Maria egiziaca

Maria egiziaca (Saint Mary of Egypt) is an opera in a single three-episode act by the Italian composer Ottorino Respighi. The libretto, by Claudio Guastalla, is based on a medieval life of Saint Mary of Egypt, contained in the translation into the vernacular of the Vitae Patrum written by Domenico Cavalca.
The work was originally intended as a concert piece although it has been fully staged in some revivals. It was first performed at Carnegie Hall, New York City, on 16 March 1932. The first stage performance was at the Teatro Goldoni in Venice on 10 August 1932. Both the language of the libretto and the music employ archaism; Respighi's score contains stylistic echoes of Gregorian chant, Renaissance music and Monteverdi.

## Roles

Roles, voice types, premiere cast :
| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 16 March 1932 Conductor: Ottorino Respighi |
| Maria | soprano | Charlotte Börner |
| Abbate Zosimo (Abbot Zosima)/Pilgrim | baritone | Nelson Eddy |
| Sailor | tenor | Alfredo Tedeschi |
| The leper | tenor | |
| Second companion/Poor man | contralto | Myrtle Leonard |
| First companion/Blind woman/Voice of an angel | soprano | Helen Gleason |

## Instrumentation

Maria egiziaca is scored for the following instruments:
flute, oboe, 2 clarinets, bassoon, 2 horns, trumpet, 2 trombones, harpsichord (or piano), strings.

## Synopsis

The prostitute Mary suddenly feels an overwhelming longing to travel to Jerusalem. Here she repents her sins and an angel tells her to go to the desert where she lives in prayer until old age. She is found dying by Saint Zosimas, who digs her grave with the help of a lion.

## Recordings

| Year | Cast: Maria, Sailor, Pilgrim | Conductor, opera house and orchestra | Label |
| 1980 | Javora Stoilova, Nazzareno Antinori, Carlo Desideri | Ottavio Ziino, Orchestra and Chorus of Conservatorio di Santa Cecilia (Live recording at Respighi Festival, Assisi) | CD: Bongiovanni Cat: GL 2008-2 (published 1999) |
| 1989 | Veronika Kincses, Janos Nagy, Lajos Miller | Lamberto Gardelli, Choir of the Hungarian Radio and Television and Hungarian State Orchestra | CD: Hungaroton Cat: HCD 31118 |
# Talal Eid

Talal Eid (Arabic: إمام طلال عید) (born 1951) is an imam from Lebanon who has combated the portrayal of Muslims as terrorists and served as Commissioner of the US Commission on International Religious Freedom.

## Biography

Talal Eid was born in 1951 in Lebanon. He graduated with a degree in Islamic Law (sharia) from Jamia al-Azhar University in Cairo in 1974. In 2005, he received his Doctor of Theology degree from Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts where his thesis was entitled "Marriage, Divorce, and Child Custody as Experienced by American Muslims: Religious, Social, and Legal Considerations."
After being unwilling to support the Lebanese war, he was nominated to the Muslim World League and was appointed a position in America. In 1982, Eid became the spiritual Director of the Islamic Center of New England, and as the Imam of Quincy Mosque in Quincy, Massachusetts. His duties included leading prayer, teaching school, participating in interfaith activities, performing burials, giving lectures, providing family counseling, and witnessing conversions and marriages.
He left the mosque on July 30, 2005 due to a factional fight in which he resigned from the role. In 2005, Eid became the Imam and Executive Director of the Islamic Institute of Boston, holding the position until 2015. He was also the Muslim chaplain at Brandeis University, the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, and the Brigham and Women Hospital in Boston.
After the September 11 Attacks, Eid visited many high schools, churches, and community organizations to combat the portrayal of Muslims as terrorists.
On 15 May 2007, he became the first Muslim cleric appointed to the US Commission on International Religious Freedom by President George W. Bush. He served as Commissioner until June 2011.
In June 2015, he became Imam and Director of Religious Affairs of the Islamic Center of Greater Toledo.
# Play It Again Sports

Play It Again Sports is a chain store in the United States and Canada that buys and sells used and new sporting goods. They try to keep a forty–sixty split between used and new equipment respectively. Most franchisees will also provide skate sharpening.
Play It Again Sports started in 1983 by Martha Morris of Minneapolis, she made over US$120,000 in her first year. Franchising began in the year 1988, growing to over 260 stores in the United States and 39 in Canada. In 1990 Morris sold it to two financial consultants by the names of Jeffrey Dahlberg and Ronald Olson whom later re-branded to the Winmark Corporation. All stores are independently owned and operated.
# Johnny Test (video game)

Johnny Test is a video game that was released on March 29, 2011, in North America for the Nintendo DS console, based on the TV series of the same name.

## Plot

Johnny tampers with Susan and Mary's "Real Life Simulator" machine, inadvertently allowing Wacko access to the machine, who uses it to turn the town of Porkbelly into a medieval city. Brain Freezer also kidnaps and holds Gil, the twins' crush, hostage. Johnny and Dukey must use their sister's laboratory gadgets to fix the experiment, stop the villains, and save Porkbelly.

## Gameplay

The game is a 2D Platformer where players maneuver Johnny through twelve differently-themed levels. Depending on the level, Johnny switches to one of his alter-egos, such as Johnny X and Trooper J. Throughout the game, Johnny uses power-ups and several of his sister's inventions, including speed and projectile-based gadgets.

## Reception

The game received mixed feedback from critics, with Worth Playing providing a 7 out of 10 score, and The Other View giving it 3 out of 5 stars.
# Kings of Luighne Connacht

The Kings of Luighne Connacht were rulers of the people and kingdom of Luighne Connacht, located in what is now County Mayo and County Sligo, Ireland.
The southern area was originally known as Gailenga but by the 12th-century called Sliabh Lugha. After the Anglo-Norman conquest of Connacht, it was known as the barony of Gallen, and ruled by the clan Mac Siúrtáin until the early 17th century.
The northern area, lying in south-west County Sligo, retained the name Luighne.
The families of Ó hEaghra, Ó Gadhra and Devlin of Connacht descend from rulers of the kingdoms.

## King list

* Taichleach mac Cenn Faeladh, d. 728/734.
* Dunghalach mac Taithleach, d. 771.
* Tuathchar mac Cobhthach, d. 846.
* Finshnechta mac Maele Corcrai, d. 879.
* Dobhailen mac Gormghus, eponym of the Ó Dobhailen clan, d. 885.
* Uathmarán mac Dobhailéin, d. 920.
* Eaghra Poprigh mac Saorghus, d. 926.
* Maol Da Bhonna mac Dobhailen and Muirchertach mac Eaghra, d. 928.
* Domhnall mac Gadhra, slain 931.
* Domnall mac Mael Muadh, d. 946.
* Diarmaid mac Uathmharan, d. 984.
* Conchobar mac Domnaill, d. 989.
* Cearnachan mac Flann, slain 1001.
* Domhnall Ua hEaghra, d. 1023
* Duarcán Ua hEaghra, tigherna of Teóra Sloinnte Luighne, d. 1059.
* Ruaidrí Ua Gadhra, rígdomna of Luigne, d. 1059.
* Dubhdhara ua Aigheannán, d. 1093.
* Taichleach Ua hEaghra, d. 1095.
* An Ua hEaghra, d. 1128.
* Murchadh Ua hEaghra, murdered 1134.
* Aodh Ua hEaghra, d. 1155.
* Ruaidhri Ua hEaghra, d. 1157.
* Bec Ua hEaghra, murdered 1183.
* Conchubhar God Ó hEaghra, fl.1207-1231 and Duarcán Ó hEaghra, d. 1225.
* Aodh Ó hEaghra, died 1234.
* Donough mac Duarcán Ó hEaghra, murdered 1237
* Diarmuid Ó hEaghra, d. 1250.
* Domhnall Ó hEaghra, d. 1266.
* Domnhall Dubh Ó hEaghra, d. 1294.
* Art na gCapall Ó hEaghra, d. 10 August 1316.
* Fearghal Ó hEaghra, fl. 1327?
* Sean Ó hEaghra, fl. 1335?
* Domhnall Cléireach Ó hEaghra, d. 1358.
* Fearghal Mór Ó hEaghra, d. 1390.
* Tadhg Ó hEaghra, d. 1420.

## Chiefs of the Name

* Seaán Buidhe Ó hEaghra
* Ruaidhrí Ó hEaghra
* Seaán mac Uilliam Ó hEaghra
* Oilill Ó hEaghra
* Cian Ó hEaghra
* Domhnall mac Oilill Ó hEaghra
* Tadhg mac Cian Ó hEaghra, d. 1560
* Conn mac Ruaidhri Ó hEaghra, d. 1581.
* Brian Ó hEaghra, d. 1586.
* Domhnall Ó hEaghra, d. 1586?
* Cormac mac Cian Ó hEaghra, d. 1612.
* Tadhg mac Cormac Ó hEaghra, d. 1616.
* Cormac Óg Ó hEaghra, d. 1642.
# Environmental education in New Zealand

Ecological sustainability is part of the values in the Ministry of Education curriculum.
The 2009 Government Budget removed funding for Education for Sustainability, effective from December.
By 2018, 1,161 schools used Enviroschools, founded by the Te Mauri Tau organisation in the late 1990s, with funding from the Ministry for the Environment and regional councils. Enviroschools take part in activities such as tree planting, recycling and sustainable transport.
# Watton, East Riding of Yorkshire

Watton is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The village is situated on the A164 road, about 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Beverley and 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Driffield.
According to the 2011 UK census the civil parish of Watton had a population of 259, an increase on the 2001 UK census figure of 238.

## History

In the 6th century Watton was home to a Frankish saint, Monegunda of Watton and in the 13th century to William de Malton, master-mason who built Beverley Minster was buried here. The Venerable Bede in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People tells of a miracle of Saint John of Beverley that took place in Watton. It is also the setting for the 12th-century miracle story De Sanctimoniali de Wattun.
Watton is the location for Watton Priory which was a Gilbertine double monastery founded in 1150 by Eustace fitz John. The present building dates mainly from the 14th and 15th centuries, although it has earlier origins, and a house was added in the 19th century. It is a Grade I listed building. The priory was dissolved in 1539 by Henry VIII. The Nun of Watton, famous from Ailred of Rievaulx's De Sanctimoniali de Wattun, is noted for her pregnancy while in the priory.
Near to the priory is the Church of St Mary which was designated a Grade I listed building in September 1966 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England. The church building is primarily of 15th century construction but some 13th century materials remain, while the south porch, and north vestry are dated 1859. The parapet to tower is 20th century.

## Etymology

The origin of the word Watton is uncertain, but suggestions include:
* Old English wád, or woad, and ton meaning small farming settlement; or
* waden meaning ford; or from waétan meaning watery.
# A.Dd+

A.Dd+ was an American hip hop duo from Dallas formed by Dionte "Slim Gravy" Rembert and Arrias "Paris Pershun" Walls. Having released their first album in 2011, they were named "Best Hip-Hop Act" for two straight years by the Dallas Observer Music Awards. They went on three major tours: the Red Bull Texas Skooled Tour, the Black Milk Claps & Slaps Tour and the Talib Kweli Prisoner of Conscious Tour. The group broke up in January 2016.

## Discography

* Power Of The Tongue (2009)
* When Pigs Fly (2011)
* DiveHiFlyLo (2012)
* DiveHiFlyLo: Every Man Is King (2013)
* NAWF EP (2014)
* NAWF AMERICA (2016)
# David Costley

David Costley (24 August 1837 – 3 November 1923) was a Canadian bear hunter and farmer who was active in Nova Scotia.

## Early life

David Trueman Costley was born in New Ross, Chester, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada on 24 August 1837. Joseph Costley, his father, came from England, and his mother, Hannah Melvin, was a native of Nova Scotia. David had a brother, Amos, and a sister, Sarah.

## Career

With a large family to support, David Costley farmed and trapped beaver, otter, mink, and fox for income. Bounties on dead animals were common for many years. Costley became active as a bear hunter and guide from 1852 until 1922. The skins from Costley's hunts in Blue Mountain were taken to buyers in Kentville, Kings County.
Supplying black bear fur for the Queen's Coldstream Guards' bearskins brought David Costley into contact with Queen Victoria, who invited him to London in 1897 to show her appreciation. Since Costley couldn't travel to meet her, the Queen sent him a medal, a gold ring studded with jewels, a Winchester Model 1886, and a collection of personal letters.

## Personal life

At 27 years old, Costley married Elizabeth Lockhart on 6 July 1867 on Horton Road (now New Ross Road) in Lunenburg County. They had four daughters and two sons. Their daughter Sarah Lavenia was born in Blue Mountain on 28 May 1870.

## Death

David Costley died at 86 years old on 3 November 1923 in New Ross, Chester, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada. He succumbed to injuries after a fall from a ladder that resulted in punctured lungs on 27 October. Costley was buried in his hometown of New Ross on 6 November 1923.

## Legacy

Costley officially recorded 144 bear kills, based solely on his registered count. Among his kills, 122 were sent to London to be fashioned into caps for the ceremonial guards at Buckingham Palace. Bear River's Mike Parker wrote about Costley in "Guides of the North Woods" in 2004.
# Franklin Battlefield

Franklin Battlefield was the site of the Second Battle of Franklin, which occurred late in the American Civil War. It is located in the southern part of Franklin, Tennessee, on U.S. 31. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.
The Carter House, which stands today and is open to visitors, was located at the center of the Union position. The site covers about 15 acres (61,000 m$^2$). The house and outbuildings still show hundreds of bullet holes. Across the street from the Carter house, the Lotz House was similarly damaged, and the Lotz family huddled in the Carter House basement while the battle raged above. The Carnton Plantation, home to the McGavock family during the battle, also still stands and is likewise open to the public. Confederate soldiers swept past Carnton toward the left wing of the Union army, and the house and outbuildings were converted into the largest field hospital present after the battle. Adjacent to Carnton is the McGavock Confederate Cemetery, where 1,481 Southern soldiers killed in the battle are buried.
Adjacent to the 48 acres (190,000 m$^2$) surrounding Carnton is another 110 acres (0.45 km$^2$) of battlefield, which is currently being converted to a city park. Much of the rest of the Franklin battlefield has been lost to commercial development. The spot where Gen. Patrick Cleburne fell, for instance, was covered until late 2005 by a Pizza Hut restaurant. Although the restaurant was purchased by a preservation group and demolished, the Civil War Preservation Trust continues to rank the Franklin battlefield as one of the ten most endangered sites. City officials and historic-preservation groups have recently placed a new emphasis on saving what remains of the land over which this terrible battle raged.
Fort Granger is preserved in a 20-acre (8.1 ha) section that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The battlefield is now preserved as part of the 110-acre (45 ha) Eastern Flank Battle Park, which is operated by the city of Franklin.