OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mongolian script multigraphs

This article describes two- and three-letter combinations (so-called digraphs and trigraphs) used for the Mongolian language when written in the Mongolian script.

## Vowel and consonant combinations

The intervocalic letters ɣ/g, and y has in some combinations come to help form long vowels, namely:$^{:36–37}$
* Long a with: aɣa, iɣa, iya.
* Long e with: ege, ige, iye.
* Long i with: igi.
* Long o with: oɣa, oɣo, uɣa.
* Long u with: aɣu, iɣu, uɣu.
* Long ö with: öge, üge.
* Long ü with: egü, igü, ügü.
Sometimes intervocalic b and m is silent: as in ᠳᠡᠪᠡᠯ debel (Khalkha: дээл deel) 'robe, garment' or ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ kümün (Khalkha: хүн khün) 'human, person; man'.$^{:64}$

## Vowel combinations

Doubled vowels$^{:10,30}$$^{:59}$ :
| ii | oo | uu | üü | Transliteration |
| ī | ŏ | ū | ǖ | Pronunciation |
| — | — | ᠤᠤ$^{⟨?⟩}$ ⟨⟩ | ᠤᠤ$^{⟨?⟩}$ ⟨⟩ | Alone |
| — | — | ᠣᠣ | — | Alone |
| — | — | ᠤᠤ‍ | ᠦᠦ‍ | Initial |
| ‍ᠢᠢ‍ | ‍ᠣᠣ‍ | ‍ᠣᠣ‍ | (‍ᠦ᠋ᠦ‍) | Medial |
| — | — | ‍ᠤᠤ | ‍ᠤᠤ | Final |
* The doubled vowels ii, uu, and üü mark these out as long. Doubled oo is instead both used in a few words to mark the vowel as short, and to distinguish it from u.$^{:30}$
Diphthongs$^{:10,31–32}$$^{:58}$$^{:111}$$^{:41–42}$ :
| ai | ei | oi, ui | öi | üi | Transliteration |
| āi̯ | ēi̯ | ōi̯, ūi̯ | — | ǖi̯ | Pronunciation |
| ᠠᠢ | ᠡᠢ | ᠣᠢ | ᠥᠢ | ᠥᠢ | Alone |
| ᠠᡳ᠌‍ | ᠡᡳ᠌‍ | ᠣᡳ᠌‍ | — | ᠣᡳ᠌‍ | Initial |
| ‍ᠠᡳ᠌‍ | ‍ᠠᡳ᠌‍ | ‍ᠣᡳ᠌‍ | — | ‍ᠦᡳ᠌‍ | Medial |
| ‍ᠠᠢ | ‍ᠠᠢ | ‍ᠣᠢ | — | ‍ᠦᠢ | Final |
* Most of the i's of these diphthongs derive from an earlier yi, but is no longer recognized as such. The yi origin can for instance be seen in the two long teeth of ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ$^{⟨?⟩}$ sayin 'good'. These has become a pair of short and long teeth (᠊‍ᠢ᠋‍) in recent manuscripts. The diphthongs only appears with the single form of i, as in ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ dalai̯ 'sea', at the end of words.$^{:10,31}$$^{:9,58}$
Diphthongs, continued$^{:11,31–32}$ :
| au | eü | u‑a | uu‑a | Transliteration |
| aū | eǖ | uă/uā | ūā? | Pronunciation |
| ᠠᠤ‍ | — | — | — | Initial |
| ‍ᠠᠤ‍ | ‍ᠠᠤ‍ | — | — | Medial |
| — | — | ‍ᠤ᠎ᠠ$^{⟨?⟩}$ ⟨⟩ | ‍ᠤᠤ᠎ᠠ$^{⟨?⟩}$ | Final |
# Hung Cheng

Hung Cheng (鄭洪; born March 2, 1937), also known as Hong Zheng, is an American mathematician, novelist, and physicist teaching at MIT.

## Education

Cheng earned his Bachelor of Science (B.S.) and Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology, in 1959 and 1961, respectively. He had post-doctorate research appointments at Caltech, Princeton University and Harvard University before joining the MIT faculty in applied mathematics in 1965. His doctoral advisor was Leverett Davis, Jr., and his thesis was on spin absorption lines of solids.

## Career

In 1978, he was elected academician of Taiwan's Academia Sinica. He has also served as the chairman of the applied mathematics committee at the MIT Department of Mathematics, and is on the editorial board of the journal Studies in Applied Mathematics. His recent research interests have been directed to the mathematical physics of dark matter and dark energy. In 2017, Cheng received the Distinguished Achievement Award in Technology and Humanity/Humanities from the Chinese Institute of Engineers.
In 2016, Cheng published his first novel, Nanjing Never Cries.

## Personal life

Cheng lives in Brookline, Massachusetts.
# Maad Saloum

Maad Saloum (variations :Maad a Saloum, Mad Saloum, Maat Saloum, Bour Saloum, Bur Saloum, etc.) means king of Saloum, in the Serer language.
The ancient Kingdom of Saloum now part of present-day Senegal was a pre-colonial Serer kingdom. Their kings bore the title Maad or Mad (also Maat though rarely used). The royal title was sometimes used interchangeably with that of their ancient kings and landed gentry, the lamanes.
From 1493 to 1969 (the Guelowar period, the last maternal dynasty in Saloum), forty-nine kings were crowned Maad. Mbegan Ndour (many variations: Mbégan Ndour or Mbegani Ndour) was the first Serer king from the Guelowar maternal clan to have reigned in Saloum, beginning c. 1493. Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof was the last king of Saloum. He reigned from 1935 to his death in 1969.

## List of Maad Saloum

Dates are approximative.
| # | Name | Reign Start | Reign End |
| 1 | Mbégan Nduur | 1493 | 1513 |
| 2 | Guiranokhap Ndong | 1513 | 1520 |
| 3 | Latmingé Diélèn Ndiaye | 1520 | 1543 |
| 4 | Sàmba Lambour Ndiaye | 1543 | 1547 |
| 5 | Séni Ndiémè Diélèn Ndiaye | 1547 | 1550 |
| 6 | Lat Thilor Badiane | 1550 | 1559 |
| 7 | Walboumy Diélèn Ndiaye | 1559 | 1567 |
| 8 | Maléotane Diouf | 1567 | 1612 |
| 9 | Sambaré Diop | 1612 | 1614 |
| 10 | Biram Ndiémè Koumba Ndiaye | 1614 | 1637 |
| 11 | Ndéné Ndiaye Marone Ndao | 1637 | 1639 |
| 12 | Mbagne Diémel Ndiaye | 1639 | 1645 |
| 13 | Waldiodio Ndiaye | 1645 | 1654 |
| 14 | Amakodou Ndiaye | 1654 | 1689 |
| 15 | Amafal Fall | 1689 | 1689 |
| 16 | Amadiouf Diouf | 1690 | 1696 |
| 17 | Sengane Kéwé Ndiaye | 1696 | 1726 |
| 18 | Lat Thilor Ndong | 1726 | 1730 |
| 19 | Amasiga Seck Ndiaye | 1730 | 1732 |
| 20 | Biram Khourédia Tiék Ndao | 1732 | 1734 |
| 21 | Ndéné Ndiaye Bigué Ndao | 1734 | 1753 |
| 22 | Mbagne diop | 1753 | 1760 |
| 23 | Mbagne Diogop Ndiaye Mbodj | 1760 | 1767 |
| 24 | Sandéné Kodou Bigué Ndao | 1767 | 1769 |
| 25 | Sengane Diogop Mbodj | 1769 | 1776 |
| 26 | Ndéné Diogop Mbodj | 1776 | 1778 |
| 27 | Sengane Déguèn Ndiaye | 1778 | 1778 |
| 28 | Sandéné Kodou Fall Ndao | 1778 | 1787 |
| 29 | Biram Ndiémé Niakhana Ndiaye | 1787 | 1803 |
| 30 | Makoumba Diogop Mbodj | 1803 | 1810 |
| 31 | Ndéné Niakhana Ndiaye | 1810 | 1817 |
| 32 | Biram khourédia Mbodj Ndiaye | 1817 | 1823 |
| 33 | Ndéné Mbarou Ndiaye | 1823 | 1823 |
| 34 | Balé Ndoungu Khourédia Ndao | 1823 | 1851 |
| 35 | Bala Adama Ndiaye | 1851 | 1854 |
| 36 | Socé Bigué Ndiaye | 1854 | 1854 |
| 37 | Koumba Ndama Mbodj | 1855 | 1859 |
| 38 | Samba Laobe Fall | 1859 | 1864 |
| 39 | Fakha Fall | 1864 | 1871 |
| 40 | Niawout Mbodj | 1871 | 1876 |
| 41 | Sadiouka Mbodj | 1876 | 1879 |
| 42 | Guédel Mbodj | 1879 | 1896 |
| 43 | Sémou Djimit Diouf | 1896 | 1899 |
| 44 | Ndiémé Ndiénoum Ndao | 1899 | 1902 |
| 45 | Ndéné Diogop Diouf | 1902 | 1903 |
| 46 | Sémou Ngouye Diouf | 1903 | 1913 |
| 47 | Gori Tioro Diouf | 1913 | 1919 |
| 48 | Mahawa Tioro Diouf | 1919 | 1935 |
| 49 | Fodé Ngouye Diouf | 1935 | 1969 |
* Senegal portal
* Gambia portal
* history portal
* Monarchy portal
# The Healing Component

The Healing Component is the debut studio album by American rapper Mick Jenkins. It was released on September 23, 2016, by Cinematic Music Group.

## Background

The album's production came from multiple contributors such as Rascal, THEMpeople, Sango, Atu, Dee Lilly, BadBadNotGood, Kaytranada, IAMNOBODI, Monte Booker, Cam O'bi and Dpat. The album features guest appearances, which includes his longtime contributors The Mind and Noname, as well as BadBadNotGood, Ravyn Lenae, J-Stock, Xavier Omar and Michael Anthony.

## Singles

On August 17, 2016, Mick Jenkins released "Spread Love" as the album's lead single. On August 25, 2016, he released the album's second single, "Drowning", accompanied by a music video.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 79/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Consequence of Sound | B+ |
| Exclaim! | |
| HipHopDX | |
| Now Magazine | |
| Pitchfork | 7.6/10 |
The Healing Component received generally positive reviews from music critics upon release. On Metacritic, the album has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, based on seven critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak position |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 156 |
| French Albums (SNEP) | 101 |
| New Zealand Heatseekers Albums (RMNZ) | 3 |
| US Billboard 200 | 110 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) | 9 |
# Mary Ann Shallcross Smith

Mary Ann Shallcross Smith (born August 2, 1952) is an American educator and a Democratic member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, representing the 46th District from 2009 to 2011, and again starting in 2021. During the 2009-2010 sessions, she served on the House Committees on Constituent Services, Finance, Labor and Small Business. Shallcross Smith was defeated for reelection in the 2 November 2010 general elections to Jeremiah T. O'Grady. She went on to be the president and CEO of Dr. Day Care, and she founded the Business Owners of Child Care Association of Rhode Island (BOCA) in 2011. Shallcross Smith was also the chairperson of the Northern Rhode Island Chamber of Commerce in 2016.
# Ami Shelef

Ami Shelef (Hebrew: עמי שלף; September 20, 1936 – December 24, 1988) was an Israeli basketball player and coach. He played the center position. He played in the Israel Basketball Premier League, and for the Israeli national basketball team.

## Biography

Shelef was born in Haifa, Palestine, and was 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) tall.
He played in the Israel Basketball Premier League for Hapoel Givat Brenner and Hapoel Tel Aviv.
Shelef competed for the Israeli national basketball team. He played in the 1961 European Championship for Men, 1963 European Championship for Men, 1965 European Championship for Men, and 1966 Asian Games Basketball Championship (winning a gold medal).
Later, Shelef was a physical education teacher in Be'er Sheva, and coached Hapoel Petah Tikva and Hapoel Tel Aviv. His sons Uri Shelef and Gur Shelef also played in the Israel Basketball Premier League, and for the Israeli national basketball team.
He died of cancer at 52 years of age.
# I Wish He Didn't Trust Me So Much

"I Wish He Didn't Trust Me So Much" is a song written by Harold Payne, Pete Luboff & James Eubanks and recorded by soul musician Bobby Womack, released as the leading track off his 1985 album, So Many Rivers, the so-called trilogy to The Poet series of records Womack recorded for Los Angeles–based Beverly Glen Records. The song became one of Womack's final R&B chart-topping hits peaking at number-two on the chart. Womack also shot his first-ever music video with the song which showed Womack singing the song live in a recording studio (the recorded version had different vocals). The song was later referenced by rapper Nas on his song "Blunt Ashes" which talked about Womack's quick marriage to Sam Cooke's widow Barbara Campbell.

## Reception

Spin wrote, "This is adult material, friends, in which a man remorsefully confronts everything vile, masochistic, or otherwise depraved about his own sexual being – and then decides to really get into it.
# Míriam Diéguez

Míriam Diéguez de Oña (born 4 May 1986), commonly known as Míriam, is a Spanish football midfielder who plays for Saudi club Al-Riyadh.

## Club career

Míriam played for Espanyol, Rayo Vallecano and FC Barcelona, winning the league with all three, as well as Málaga and Levante. She was Espanyol's captain during her later years with the team. She later played for Alavés, before joining Saudi club Al-Riyadh ahead of the 2023–24 season. Currently, she plays for CE Seagull in Badalona, in the fourth category of Spanish women's football.

## International career

Míriam won the 2004 U-19 European Championship and also represented Spain at the subsequent U-20 World Cup.
She appeared for the senior Spain women's national football team in a 2–2 home draw with Finland on 15 February 2005. In June 2013, national team coach Ignacio Quereda included Míriam in his Spain squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013 in Sweden.

## Honours

Espanyol
* Primera División: 2005–06
* Copa de la Reina: 2006, 2009, 2010
Rayo Vallecano
* Primera División: 2010–11
Barcelona
* Primera División: 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15
* Copa de la Reina: 2013, 2014
Pio FC
* Queens League: 2023 (Summer split)
# 7mm Backcountry

The 7mm Backcountry is a modern rifle cartridge using cartridge cases of a proprietary steel alloy able to withstand higher pressures than traditional brass alloys. The objective is to obtain higher muzzle velocities from short-barreled rifles which are lighter and easier to carry than 20th-century rifles intended for long range shooting. The cartridge was introduced by Federal Premium Ammunition loaded with long, heavy bullets for superior ballistic coefficients.
Although the rimless cartridge uses the same .472 in (12.0 mm) diameter as early 20th-century military cartridges widely used as a basis for civilian hunting ammunition, the pressure increase to 80,000 psi (550,000 kPa) from the long-established SAAMI limit of 65,000 psi (450,000 kPa) may make the cartridge unsuitable for 20th-century firearm actions like the Gewehr 98, M1903 Springfield, and contemporary civilian models. The cartridge uses a propellant presently unavailable for handloading and available smokeless powders may not be designed for that pressure. Resizing the fired steel case may be difficult with traditional handloading equipment. The high design pressure produces relatively intense muzzle blast from short barrels encouraging use of suppressors which are heavily regulated in some jurisdictions.
# My Priest Among the Rich (1925 film)

My Priest Among the Rich (French: Mon curé chez les riches) is a 1925 French silent comedy film directed by and starring Émile-Bernard Donatien alongside Lucienne Legrand, Louis Kerly and Georges Melchior. It is based on the 1923 novel of the same title by Clément Vautel, which has been made into films several times. It was followed by a sequel My Priest Among the Poor in 1926.

## Cast

* Émile-Bernard Donatien as L'abbé Pellegrin
* Lucienne Legrand as Madame Cousinet / Lisette de Lizac
* Louis Kerly as Monsieur Cousinet
* Georges Melchior as Pierre de Sableuse
* Marsa Renhardt as Valérie
* Marguerite de Morlaye as Mademe de Sableuse
* Fabrice as Monseigneur Sibué
* Louise Pager as La dame patronesse
* Jean-François Martial as Bonnard
* Jules de Spoly as Maxy
* Habib Benglia as Le danseur
* André Gargour as Saint-Preux
* Lhuillier as Plumoiseau
* Pauline Carton as Unknown role
# My Priest Among the Rich (1952 film)

My Priest Among the Rich (French: Mon curé chez les riches) is a 1952 French comedy film directed by Henri Diamant-Berger and starring Yves Deniaud, Robert Arnoux and Raymond Bussières. It was shot at the Neuilly Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Roger Briaucourt. It is based on the 1923 novel of the same title by Clément Vautel, which has been made into films several times. It was followed by a sequel My Priest Among the Poor , also directed by Diamant-Berger, in 1956.

## Cast

* Yves Deniaud as L'abbé Pellegrin
* Robert Arnoux as Emile Cousinet
* Raymond Bussières as La Goupille
* Germaine Reuver as Valérie
* Marcel André as Sableuse
* Georges Tabet as Le docteur
* Jean Danet as Le vicomte Pierre de Sableuse
* Nora Costes as Marianne
* Léonce Corne as Dupont-Mauvais
* Jean Debucourt as Monseigneur Sibué
* Lysiane Rey as Lisette Cousinet
* Marianne Hardy as Eugénie
* Luc Andrieux as Brochut
* Denise Kerny as Mme Michaut
# 1915 All-Western college football team

The 1915 All-Western college football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Western teams chosen by various selectors for the 1915 college football season.

## All-Western selections
### Ends

* Bert Baston, Minnesota (Ax-1; ECP-1; S; WE-1) (CFHOF)
* Guy Chamberlin, Nebraska (Ax-1; ECP-2, FM-1; S) (CFHOF/PFHOF)
* George K. Squier, Illinois (Ax-2; ECP-1, DJ, FM-1; WE-1)
* Albert J. Quist, Minnesota (Ax-2; ECP-2; WE-2)
* Blake Miller, Michigan State (DJ)
* Carl Brelos, Chicago (WE-2)

### Tackles

* Cub Buck, Wisconsin (Ax-1; ECP-1, DJ [as guard], FM-1; S; WE-1)
* Laurens Shull, Chicago (Ax-1; ECP-2, DJ, FM-1; WE-1)
* Elmer T. Rundquist, Illinois (ECP-1)
* Ross Petty, Illinois (ECP-2)
* Vic Halligan, Nebraska (DJ)
* Gideon Smith, Michigan Agricultural (S)
* Ivan B. Boughton, Ohio State (Ax-2; WE-2)
* Robert H. Randolph, Northwestern (Ax-2; WE-2)

### Guards

* Merton Arthur Dunnigan, Minnesota (Ax-1; ECP-1; FM-1; WE-1)
* Freeman Fitzgerald, Notre Dame (Ax-2; FM-1; S)
* Frank Blocker, Purdue (Ax-1; ECP-1; WE-1)
* Fred R. Hanschmann, Illinois (ECP-2)
* Gilbert S. Sinclair, Minnesota (ECP-2)
* William D. Cochran, Michigan (DJ)
* Earl Abbott, Nebraska (Ax-2; S)
* Austin Stromberg, Northwestern (WE-2)
* Irving J. Barron, Iowa (WE-2)

### Centers

* Jack Watson, Illinois (Ax-1; ECP-1; DJ; FM-1; S; WE-1)
* H. F. Hanson, Minnesota (ECP-2; FM-2; WE-2)
* Lyman Frimodig, Michigan Agr. (FM-3)
* Fisher, Chicago (Ax-2)

### Quarterbacks

* Pete Russell, Chicago (Ax-1; ECP-1, DJ [as hb], FM-1; S; WE-1)
* George Clark, Illinois (ECP-2; DJ; FM-2; WE-2)
* C. I. "Shorty" Long, Minnesota (FM-3)
* Frank B. Whitaker, Indiana (Ax-2)

### Halfbacks

* Bart Macomber, Illinois (Ax-2; ECP-1; FM-3; S; WE-1) (CFHOF)
* John Maulbetsch, Michigan (Ax-2; ECP-1, FM-3 [as fb]; S) (CFHOF)
* Dick Rutherford, Nebraska (Ax-1; FM-1)
* Neno DaPrato, Michigan Agr. (FM-1)
* Paddy Driscoll, Northwestern (Ax-1)
* Eber Simpson, Wisconsin (ECP-2)
* Dow Byers, Wisconsin (ECP-2, FM-2; WE-1)
* Stan Cofall, Notre Dame (FM-2)
* James Ballentine, Minnesota (WE-2)
* Harold A. Winters, Ohio State (FM-3)

### Fullbacks

* Bernie Bierman, Minnesota (Ax-1; ECP-1, DJ [as hb], FM-1; S; WE-1) (CFHOF)
* Pudge Wyman, Minnesota (ECP-2)
* Harold Pogue, Illinois (DJ; WE-2)
* Charlie Bachman, Notre Dame (Ax-2) (CFHOF)
* Patterson, Northwestern (WE-2)

## Key

Bold = consensus choice by a majority of the selectors
Ax = G. W. Axelson of the Chicago Herald
ECP = E. C. Patterson in Collier's Weekly
DJ = Dick Jemison in the Atlanta Constitution.
FM = Frank G. Menke of the International News Service
S = Sullivan in The News of Chicago
WE = Walter Eckersall of the Chicago Tribune
CFHOF = College Football Hall of Fame
Bold = Consensus first-team selection by at least three of the selectors listed
# Pick Up Stix

Pick Up Stix is an American fast-casual restaurant chain based in Laguna Hills, California, that serves fresh Asian cuisine (or Chinese-American cuisine as well) through corporate-owned restaurants and franchises in Southern California. The company serves both dine-in and take-out customers, and offers offsite catering and some delivery services. It also supplies meals to private schools as part of a school lunch program. It is owned by Lorne Goldberg's Mandarin Holdings, the parent company of Leeann Chin, who bought the company from Carlson Companies in 2010.
All of the company's food is cooked-to-order over high-heat burners using traditional woks. In a readers' poll in the June 2008 issue of San Diego Magazine, Pick Up Stix was named one of the three "Best Takeout" restaurants in San Diego.

## History

Pick Up Stix was created by a Chinese immigrant, Charlie Zhang, who moved to the United States in 1982 with only $20 in his pocket. He took traditional Asian food and adapted it to the American palate by reducing the amount of oil and adding wine, vinegar and soy sauce. He opened the first restaurant in Rancho Santa Margarita, California, in 1989. By 1992, there were two more locations in Orange County, in Irvine and Laguna Niguel. Two years later, the chain expanded into San Diego County with locations in Del Mar, Carlsbad and San Diego. In July 2001, the company was acquired by Carlson Restaurants Worldwide, a unit of the Carlson Companies. The company is headquartered in Laguna Hills, California, and owns and operates its own food-processing facility. Zhang remained as president and CEO of the company until his retirement in 2003. In 2010, Carlson Restaurants Worldwide sold the company to Lorne Goldberg's Mandarin Holdings. There are over 70 locations throughout the United States.

## Closings

In early 2008, 26 locations were closed in California, Nevada and Arizona in order to "focus on stronger markets". In 2010, all locations in Nevada and Arizona were closed although Pick Up Stix' Facebook page encouraged these states' local customers to continue to enjoy their menu at various California locations. However, in late 2012 the Food Court in the Excalibur Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas underwent a major renovation. As a result of the renovation Manchu Wok was removed and a branch of Pick Up Stix was put in its place. In 2022, their Rancho Santa Margarita location was closed.
# Base ten blocks

Base ten blocks, also known as Dienes blocks after popularizer Zoltán Dienes (Hungarian:), are a mathematical manipulative used by students to practice counting and elementary arithmetic and develop number sense in the context of the decimal place-value system as a more concrete and direct representation than written Hindu–Arabic numerals. The three-dimensional blocks are made of a solid material such as plastic or wood and generally come in four sizes, each representing a power of ten used as a place in the decimal system: units (ones place), longs (tens place), flats (hundreds place) and blocks (thousands place). There are also computer programs available that simulate base ten blocks.
Base ten blocks were first described by Catherine Stern in 1949, though Maria Montessori had earlier introduced a similar manipulative, the "golden beads", which were assembled into the same shapes as base ten blocks. Dienes popularized the idea starting in the 1950s, recommending blocks for several number bases (two, three, etc.), called multibase arithmetic blocks (MAB), so students could concretely compare different number bases and learn about the decimal place-value system as one arbitrary choice among many possibilities. Multibase blocks found support in the New Math movement of the 1960s. Today, base ten blocks are widespread while blocks for other bases are rarely found.

## Use in mathematics instruction

Base ten blocks are popular in primary-school mathematics instruction, especially with topics that students struggle with such as multiplication. They are used by teachers to model concepts, as well as by students to reinforce their own understanding. Physically manipulating objects is an important technique used in learning basic mathematic principles, particularly at the early stages of cognitive development. Studies have shown that the use of base ten blocks, as with other mathematical manipulatives, decreases as students move into higher grades.
# Southern Pacific (narrow gauge)

The Southern Pacific narrow-gauge system was a network of 3 ft (914 mm) narrow-gauge railroad lines operated by the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) in the western United States. It consisted of two lines acquired in the early 20th century, running from western Nevada into eastern California and southern Oregon.
The first, the former Carson and Colorado Railway, comprised 300 miles of single track running south from the Southern Pacific main line between Mound House, Nevada (outside Carson City) and Keeler, California. The line was originally built by the Virginia and Truckee Railroad, and was purchased by the Southern Pacific in 1900, when the line made enough profit to repay the purchase price within one month. In later years the line was not as profitable, although it was enough to justify dieselizing the line, one of the few such cases in the United States. The narrow-gauge service ended in 1960.
The second line was organized in 1882, as the Nevada and Oregon, and later became the Nevada–California–Oregon Railway (NCO). It was acquired by the Southern Pacific in 1925. It comprised 200 miles of single track running north from Reno, Nevada to Lakeview, Oregon. Plans to continue the line into points in Oregon were never realized. The line was converted to standard gauge in 1928, and its 3 ft (914 mm) gauge equipment was sold, though several locomotives subsequently ran on the southern limb of the network, the former Carson and Colorado line.
Several engines and cars of the SP narrow gauge have been preserved in museums, such as the Laws Railroad Museum, Eastern California Museum, Southern California Railway Museum and Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad & Transportation Museum.