OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paul Sniegowski

Paul D. Sniegowski is a Professor of Biology and the President of Earlham College. He was previously a Professor of Biology and the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania.

## Education

Sniegowski received his undergraduate degree in Violin Performance from Indiana University in 1982. After a stint as a professional violinist, he obtained a master's degree in biology in 1988, also from Indiana University, with a focus on animal behavior. Sniegowski received his Ph.D. in 1993 from the University of Chicago, where he worked on evolutionary genetics with Brian Charlesworth. He did postdoctoral research at Michigan State University with Richard Lenski, studying the evolution of mutation rates in bacteria.

## Career

Sniegowski joined the Department of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania in 1997, rising through the faculty ranks and being promoted to full professor in 2013. In 2017, he was named the Stephen A. Levin Family Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, overseeing the undergraduate curricula among other activities. Sniegowski's dissertation research focused on the evolutionary dynamics of transposable elements in Drosophila melanogaster. His postdoctoral research included examination of the directed-mutation hypothesis as well as the discovery that elevated mutation rates had evolved in several populations in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with E. coli. As a faculty member at Penn, Sniegowski continued to study the evolution of mutation rates, with a particular focus on the tension between the cost of deleterious mutations and the benefit of increased evolvability. On August 1, 2024, Sniegowski became the 21st President of Earlham College.

## Honors

Sniegowski was a Keeley Visiting Fellow at Wadham College, Oxford University, in 2002. He received an Excellence in Teaching Award from the Department of Biology, and subsequently the Ira H. Abrams Award for Distinguished Teaching from the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2024, he was named the President of Earlham College and the Earlham School of Religion.
# L2 Puppis

L$_2$ Puppis (also known as HD 56096) is a giant star in the constellation of Puppis and is located between the bright stars Canopus and Sirius. It is a semi-regular pulsating star, and is intermittently visible to the naked eye.

## History

The designation L$_2$ has a tangled history. This star and another (OU Puppis) were both labelled with "L" by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille when he created the constellation Puppis within Argo Navis. The two stars were labelled as "1.L" and "2.L" by Johann Elert Bode in his star catalogue published in 1801. Later authors used L1 and L2, usually with numeric subscripts (i.e. L$_1$ and L$_2$), but occasionally as superscripts. The subscripted designation is now universally used where typography allows for subscripts.
L$_2$ Puppis was discovered to be variable by Benjamin Apthorp Gould in 1872, and was listed in Uranometria Argentina as 73 G. Puppis with magnitude 5.10v. It has never been given a formal variable star designation, unlike L$_1$ Puppis which is OU Puppis.

## Variability

L$_2$ Puppis varies in apparent magnitude by about two magnitudes with a period of 140 days. The average brightness also varies slowly over several years so that the total range is given as magnitude 2.6–6.0. Since 1995 the average brightness has dropped so that the 140-day variations are now between about magnitude 6 and 8. The variation in light may be caused by a combination of radial pulsations in the star's atmosphere and by dimming from circumstellar dust.

## Characteristics

L$_2$ Puppis is most likely a red-giant branch star that has passed through the main sequence and is evolving to become a white dwarf. It is shedding mass at the rate of about 5×10$^{−7}$ M$_☉$ per year, forming a circumstellar dust disk and bipolar plumes of gas that are thought to be the start of a "butterfly"-type planetary nebula.
It has been calculated that the mass of L$_2$ Puppis is currently about 0.66 M$_☉$ and its original mass was close to one M$_☉$ about 10 billion years ago. Other calculations give higher masses, for example 2+1 −0.5 M$_☉$, and younger ages such as 1.5 billion years.
L$_2$ Puppis has a visual 12th-magnitude companion. A hundred years ago, they were separated by about a minute of arc, but different proper motions mean that this is now about 1.5′.

## Candidate planet

A candidate exoplanet has been found orbiting L$_2$ Puppis every 4.69 years at a distance of 2.43 AU. The mass is highly uncertain, at 12 ± 16 M$_J$, and it might just be a dense clump of gas and dust.
# Run-out

Run-out or runout is an inaccuracy of rotating mechanical systems, specifically that the tool or shaft does not rotate exactly in line with the main axis. For example; when drilling, run-out will result in a larger hole than the drill's nominal diameter due to the drill being rotated eccentrically (off axis instead of in line). In the case of bearings, run-out will cause vibration of the machine and increased loads on the bearings.
Run-out is dynamic and cannot be compensated. If a rotating component, such as a drill chuck, does not hold the drill centrally, then as it rotates the rotating drill will turn about a secondary axis.
Absolute alignment is impossible; a degree of error will always be present.

## Types

Run-out has two main forms:
* Radial run-out is caused by the tool being translated off the machine axis, still parallel. Radial run-out will measure the same all along the machine axis.
* Axial run-out is caused by the tool or component being at an angle to the axis. Axial run-out causes the tip of the tool or shaft to rotate off-centre relative to the base. Axial run-out will vary according to how far from the base it is measured.
In addition, irregular run-out is the result of worn or rough bearings which can manifest itself as either axial or radial run-out.
Run-out will be present in any rotating system and, depending on the system, the different forms may either combine increasing total runout, or cancel reducing total runout. At any point along a tool or shaft, it is not possible to determine whether runout is axial or radial; only by measuring along the axis can they be differentiated.

### Radial run-out

Radial run-out is the result of a rotating component running off centre, such as a ball bearing with an offset centre. This means that the rotating tool or shaft, instead of being centrally aligned, will rotate about a secondary axis. In general, cutting tools are more tolerant of radial run-out since the edges are parallel to the line of cutting tending to keep the tool tip aligned. However, a rotating shaft may be less tolerant of radial run-out since the centre of gravity is displaced by the amount of run-out.

### Axial run-out

Axial run-out is the result of a rotating component not being parallel with the axis, such as a drill chuck not holding the drill exactly in line with the axis. In general, cutting tools are less tolerant of axial run-out since the tool tip tends to dig in and further increase run-out. However, a shaft may be more tolerant of axial run-out since the centre of gravity is displaced less.

## Measurement

Typically run-out is measured using a dial indicator pressed against the rotating component while it is turned. Full indicator movement (previously called total indicator reading or total indicated run-out, TIR) is a term for the measured run-out of any rotating system, including all forms of run-out, at the measured point.
# Deshraj Karnwal

Deshraj Karanwal is an Indian politician. He is a member of the fourteenth Legislative Assembly from Jhabrera as a candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He contested Legislative Assembly election from Jhabrera, in 2017 and won. He is associated with the Bhartiya Janta Party.

## Early life and education

Deshraj Karanwal was born in Roorkee, Haridwar in 1969. He belongs to Dalit Caste and his wife Vijeyantimala is a schoolteacher. As per his election affidavit, Karanwal is graduated. Prior to entering politics, he was a Ration Dealer, Property Agent by profession.

## Controversy

Deshraj Karnwal had given a controversial statement regarding the violence in Delhi on 26 January 2021. While on one hand he had condemned the Delhi violence, on the other hand he had given a controversial statement. The media asked him questions about the farmers' movement and Delhi violence, he blamed the opposition for it. At the same time, he said angrily that the farmers do not want a solution. Deshraj Karnwal had accused the leader of his own party, Kunwar Pranav Singh Champion, of endangering the life of his family. Both made verbal attacks for several days. Later both reconciled.
MLA Deshraj Karnwal has been in controversies many times. He threatened a Sugar mill officer on phone, abused the officer was also being done in the audio. Audio has gone viral on social media.
Deshraj Karnwal has given an absurd statement and created controversy, he described himself as Eklavya, targeted the opposition.
MLA Deshraj Karnwal had reached Bhagtowali village of Jhabreda police station area, to get information regarding development works. During this, he was taking information from the villagers about the development works. Meanwhile, some villagers had started abusing him. Also indecent words were used. A villager had made a video of it and put it on social media, which went viral on sight. A complaint was lodged at the Jhabreda Police Station on behalf of the MLA's private secretary Jitendra.

## Requested ECI postpone election

Bharatiya Janata Party's Jhabreda MLA Deshraj Karnwal has written a letter to the Election Commission demanding change in the date of elections in Uttarakhand. He said that since February 14 is Guru Ravidas Jayanti, the date of election should be changed in the state also on the lines of Punjab. MLA Deshraj Karnwal told that he has submitted a letter in this regard to the officials of the Election Commission of India in Delhi. But Election Commission of India did not consider his request letter and Election was held on 14 February as decided on schedule.
# Eurysternus

Eurysternus is a genus of Scarabaeinae or dung beetles in the family Scarabaeidae. It is normally placed in the Oniticellini, although some authors consider it the single genus in the tribe Eurysternini (e.g.). It is restricted to the Neotropics and includes 53 recognized species.
They have a characteristic nesting strategy among dung beetles, with brood ball elaboration but no ball rolling behaviour.
The species in the genus are present from Mexico to Argentina, but highest diversity is found the Amazon basin, the Andes and Central America. Species distribution is affected primarily by annual mean temperature and annual precipitation. The species with wide climatic niches would primarily inhabit the rainiest and coldest locations in the continent.
# Makihiro Motomiya

Makihiro Motomiya (本宮万記弘, Motomiya Makihiro, born 31 December 1968) is a Japanese water polo coach. He was the head coach of the Japan women's national water polo team at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
# Charcoal (film)

Charcoal (Portuguese: Carvão) is a 2022 Argentine-Brazilian black comedy-drama film written and directed by Carolina Markowicz.

## Plot

In the São Paulo countryside, a rural peasant family struggle to care for their ailing patriarch; one day, however, an Argentine drug lord arrives with an offer to give them a substantial amount of money conditional on permitting him to kill the old man and take his place as part of his efforts to hide out from criminal prosecution.

## Cast

* César Bordón as Miguel
* Rômulo Braga
* Jean de Almeida Costa as Jean
* Maeve Jinkings as Irene
* Camila Márdila as Luciana
* Aline Marta Maia
* Pedro Wagner

## Release

The film premiered in the Platform Prize program at the 2022 Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2022. It also screened as part of the Latin Horizons program at the 70th San Sebastián International Film Festival.

## Reception

Charcoal has an approval rating of 100% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 17 reviews, and an average rating of 7.6/10.
# West Wales

West Wales (Welsh: Gorllewin Cymru Welsh pronunciation:) is a region of Wales.
It has various definitions, either covering Pembrokeshire, Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire, which historically comprised the Welsh principality of Deheubarth, and an alternative definition is to include Swansea and Neath Port Talbot, but exclude Ceredigion. The West Wales and the Valleys NUTS area also includes more westerly parts of North Wales as well as the South Wales Valleys.
The preserved county of Dyfed covers what is generally considered to be West Wales; between 1974 and 1996, Dyfed was a county, with a county council and six district councils.

## Definitions

There are various definitions of "West Wales".
* Pembrokeshire, Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire, which historically comprised the Welsh principality of Deheubarth$^{:87,95}$ This is also the area covered by the West Wales Regional Partnership Board, comprising councils, health sectors and the NHS, on matters relating to the area covered by Hywel Dda University Health Board.
* Carmarthenshire, Neath Port Talbot, Pembrokeshire, and Swansea – Is used by Visit Wales, and covers a similar area as South West Wales. This would exclude Ceredigion.
* Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire (excluding Llanelli) – Was used by the Welsh Development Agency before the mid 1990s.
* Pembrokeshire, Carmarthenshire, Swansea, Neath Port Talbot and Bridgend County Borough – Was used by the Welsh Development Agency from the mid 1990s.
There is also a West Wales and the Valleys Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (now International Territorial Level) statistical region. As well as South West Wales, Mid and West Wales or Mid and South West Wales and North West Wales.

## Historic use

Historically, the term West Wales was applied to the Kingdom of Cornwall during the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain and the period of the Heptarchy. The Old English word Wealas, a Germanic term for inhabitants of the Western Roman Empire, which the Anglo-Saxons came to apply especially to the Britons, gave its name to Wales and is also the origin of the second syllable in the name Cornwall.

## Railways
### Mainlines

* West Wales Line
* Heart of Wales Line
* Cambrian Line

### Heritage lines

* Gwili Railway
* Llanelli and Mynydd Mawr Railway
* Teifi Valley Railway
* Vale of Rheidol Railway
# 117th Territorial Defense Brigade

The 117th Independent Brigade of the Territorial Defense Forces (Ukrainian: 117-та окрема бригада територіальної оборони) is a military formation of the Territorial Defense Forces of Ukraine in Sumy Oblast. It is part of Operational Command North.

## History
### Formation

On 13 April 2018, the brigade was formed in Sumy Oblast. Colonel Yurii Polous was the commander. During 27 September to 7 October, a ten-day exercise was held for a planned 25 percent of reserves.
On 3 December 2021, Colonel Serhii Kyrian was appointed as a new commander.
On 17 February 2022, the brigade was taking in more recruits.

### Russo-Ukrainian War
#### 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

In early March, soldiers of the brigade captured Russian Т-90А, T-72B3M obr.2016 tanks and UR-77 Meteorit mine clearing vehicle. In April, after the Russian withdrawal from northern Ukraine, soldiers of the brigade's 150th Battalion captured Russian tanks that had been abandoned near the Russia–Ukraine border.
On 27 August, the brigade received its battle flag.
During the Pokrovsk offensive, the brigade came under the threat of encirclement.

## Structure

As of 2022 the brigade's structure is as follows:
* Headquarters
* 150th Territorial Defense Battalion (Sumy) MUN А7316
* 151st Territorial Defense Battalion (Konotop) MUN А7317
* 152nd Territorial Defense Battalion (Romny) MUN А7318
* 153rd Territorial Defense Battalion (Shostka) MUN А7319
* 154th Territorial Defense Battalion (Okhtyrka) MUN А7320
* 155th Territorial Defense Battalion (Stepanivka) MUN А7321
* Engineering Company
* Communication Company
* Logistics Company
* Mortar Battery

## Commanders

* Colonel Polous Yurii 2018 - 2020
* Colonel Kyrian Serhii 3 December 2021 – present

## Insignia

Emblem shows a silver Theotokos on a golden crescent, which was a part of Sumy Regiment flag during the Sloboda Ukraine.
# Foliejon Park

Foliejon Park is a manorial country house in the civil parish of Winkfield in the English county of Berkshire. The building has been listed as Grade II since 7 December 1966 and was the temporary residence of King Haakon VII during the Nazi occupation of Norway.

## History

Foliejon was initially known as Belestre, a hunting lodge granted by King Edward I to John Drokensford, Bishop of Bath and Wells, later co-regent for his son, Edward II. He changed the name of his Berkshire residence to 'Folies Johan', which in Anglo-Saxon means 'owned by John'. It is mentioned in the 'Rotulorum Originalium Abbreviatio' that "the palaces of Hyremere and Belestre, commonly called folye Johan were taken by the King in 1313 as payment for debts of the bishop and assigned in 1317 to Oliver de Bordeaux for the rent of a red rose with license to surround the estate of Foly Johan and make it a park". Olivier de Bordeaux's stepson William Trussell inherited the property. However, Edward III, wanting to unify Foliejon with Windsor Great Park, forcibly exchanged it for the manor of Eaton Hastings in the Vale of White Horse in 1359.
Foliejon continued as a royal estate for three centuries until it was sold to Serjeant Henne in 1630, who was invested with a baronetcy in 1642. The property was inherited by his son, Henry, in 1667, grandson, Henry, in 1675, great-grandson, Richard, in 1705, and the co-heiresses, Penelope and Alice, in 1710. In 1735, Penelope sold her share to a "Mr. Bennett". Lord Henry Beauclerk bought out Bennet in 1744 and Alice in 1748. In 1771, Foliejon was sold to George Phillips Towry, who sold it to Thomas Bingley in 1800, who, in turn, sold it to William Blane in 1802. William left his estates to Thomas Law Blane, who, in turn, left them to his nephew, Captain Gordon Gilbert Blane, in 1885.
During the German occupation of Norway in World War II, the King, Haakon VII, and his son Olav, resided at Foliejon Park from March 1942 to June 1945. During this period, the property was also the seat of the Norwegian government in exile.
In 1957, the property was bought by Gerald T. Hodge as a conference centre for the company Mining and Chemical Products Ltd. The avenue of poplars in front of the residence was planted at this time, with seeds brought from Hodge's travels. Several other rare trees were planted in the gardens. Hodge and his family lived on the property until he died in a plane crash in 1966.
# Marta Sanchez (pianist)

Marta Sanchez is a Spanish jazz pianist and composer.

## Career

Sanchez moved to New York City from Madrid, Spain in 2011 after receiving a Fulbright Scholarship to study Jazz Performance at New York University.
Her albums as a leader have been covered by The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and NPR. In 2015, Ben Ratliff at The New York Times included Sanchez's album "Partenika" in a list of the 10 best albums of the year. In 2019, Giovanni Russonello at The New York Times included her album "El Rayo de Luz" in a list of the 10 best jazz albums of the year.
In 2022, Sanchez joined David Murray's quartet. In 2023 and 2024 they performed at the Village Vanguard. As part of Murray's quartet, Sanchez recorded on "Francesca" (2024, Intakt Records).
In 2017, and 2021, Sanchez was a composer in residence at MacDowell.

## Discography
### As a leader

| Release Year | Title | Label | Personnel |
| 2024 | Perpetual Void | Intakt | Christopher Tordini (bass), Savannah Harris (drums) |
| 2022 | SAAM (Spanish American Art Museum) | Whirlwind | Ambrose Akinmusire (trumpet, track 5), Charlotte Greve (synths, track 5), Camila Meza (voice and guitar, track 5), Alex LoRe (alto saxophone), Roman Filiu (tenor saxophone), Rashaan Carter (bass), Allan Mednard (drums) |
| 2019 | El Rayo de Luz | Fresh Sound | Roman Filiu (alto saxophone), Chris Cheek (tenor saxophone), Rick Rosato (bass), Daniel Dor (drums) |
| 2017 | Danza Imposible | Fresh Sound | Roman Filiu (alto saxophone), Jerome Sabbagh (tenor saxophone), Rick Rosato (bass), Daniel Dor (drums) |
| 2015 | Partenika | Fresh Sound | Roman Filiu (alto saxophone), Jerome Sabbagh (tenor saxophone), Sam Anning (bass), Jason Burger (drums) |
| 2011 | La Espiral Amarilla | Errabal | Ariel Bringuez (tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone), Reinier Elizarde (bass), Andrés Litwin (drums) |
| 2008 | Lunas, Soles y Elefantes | Errabal | Carlos Barretto (bass), Andrés Litwin (drums) |

### As a sidewoman

| Release Year | Artist | Title | Label |
| 2024 | Maria Grand | Altered Visions | Lilaila |
| 2024 | David Murray | Francesca | Intakt |
| 2024 | Maria Grand | Anohin | Biophilia |
| 2023 | Ludovica Burtone | Sparks | Outside In Music |
| 2023 | Alex Weiss | Most Don't Have Enough | ears&eyes |
| 2019 | Wing Walker Orchestra | Hazel | ears&eyes |
| 2018 | Indra Rios-Moore | Carry My Heart | Impulse! |
| 2018 | The Crooked Trio (Oscar Noriega) | Deluxe | Barbès Records |
| 2015 | John Blevins | Matterhorn | pfMENTUM |
| 2013 | Albert Alabedra | Albert Alabedra Featuring Alba Marbà. Barcelona New York Vol.1 | Self Released |
# Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran

Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran (b. April 5, 1969) is the global energy and climate innovation editor of The Economist. Previously he served as The Economist's U.S. business editor and its first China bureau chief. His editorial expertise includes climate change, energy and the environment, business, corporate governance, finance, international trade, geopolitics and economics, science, technology and innovation.
Vaitheeswaran was born in Madras, India and grew up in Cheshire, Connecticut. He graduated from MIT with a degree in mechanical engineering and was named a Harry S. Truman Presidential Scholar by the U.S. Congress.
He started working at The Economist as an intern. After a year as a correspondent, he opened the publication's first office in Latin America, in Mexico City. From 1998 to 2006 he was the Environment and Energy Correspondent for The Economist and from 2007 to 2011 he covered innovation and health issues.
Vijay is a life member at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is an advisor on sustainability and innovation to the World Economic Forum, and a regular speaker at the Clinton Global Initiative. He teaches at NYU's Stern Business School. He served previously as chairman of The Economist's provocative series of conferences on innovation known as the Ideas Economy.
In 2003 he published Power to the People, How the Coming Energy Revolution will Change our Lives, and maybe even Save the Planet. The book pays particular attention to alternative fuel sources, such as those used in the Tesla Roadster (2008) and plug-in hybrids. The book also examines the benefits of distributed power and smart grids. The book was reviewed by Nobel Prize winner (and former Chief Science Advisor to the White House) John Holdren in Scientific American as "by far the most helpful, entertaining, up-to-date and accessible treatment of the energy-economy-environment problematique available."
In 2007, he co-authored ZOOM": The Global Race to Fuel the Car of the Future, with Iain Carson. ZOOM was nominated as a finalist for the Financial Times Business Book of the Year.
His 2012 HarperCollins book on the future of global innovation, Need, Speed and Greed: How the New Rules of Innovation Can Transform Businesses, Propel Nations to Greatness, and Tame the World's Most Wicked Problems, which was called "the perfect primer for the postindustrial age." As a speaker, Vijay Vaitheeswaran is exclusively represented by Keppler Speakers.