OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Carpenter (painter)

William Carpenter (1818–1899) was a watercolour artist. He travelled for six or seven years in the 1850s painting scenes of India, its people and its life. The Victoria and Albert Museum bought over 280 of his paintings. In 1856 he painted Prince Fakhr-ud Din Mirza, the eldest son of Bahadur Shah II, the last King of Delhi, five months before the Prince died.

## Biography
### Early life

William Carpenter was born in about 1818. He was the eldest son of William Hookham Carpenter and his wife, Margaret Carpenter (born Geddes). His father was a keeper at the British Museum and his mother was a noted portrait artist. William entered the Royal Academy Schools in 1835. He initially painted with oils but quickly took to water colour.

### India

William followed his brother abroad in the early 1850s and painted in India for some years. Carpenter kept no diary, however his large collection of dated watercolour paintings allows his journey to be recreated. He travelled overland through Egypt and arrived in Bombay in June 1850. Almost immediately he travelled to Poona where others were escaping the heat in the mountains. By the time he returned to Bombay in about December he had painted a school in the old Maratha Palace and views of the Shaniwar Palace. He saw the new year in whilst visiting Salsette Island, after he had spent Christmas Day painting Mount Mary's Basilica at Bandra. His paintings included a view of the Mahim Causeway which had recently been built to join Salsette island to the mainland.
In 1851, Carpenter met Tara Chand, the court painter to Maharana Sarup Singh of Udaipur and recorded that meeting with a painting of the Indian artist and his two sons. The painting shows Chand drawing – so he may have been drawing Carpenter at the same time. Carpenter painted landscapes and portraits of local rulers. He made three annual trips to Kashmir in 1853, 1854 and 1855. Carpenter painted the Golden Temple of Amritsar in 1854. He travelled through the Punjab, Afghanistan and then to Rajasthan before returning to England in 1857. An important painting he returned with was a portrait of Prince Fakhr-ud Din Mirza, who was the eldest son of Bahadur Shah II, which he completed in February 1856. The prince died five months later, in July 1856. He and Carpenter missed the Indian Rebellion of 1857 when his brothers were killed.

## England

After his return Carpenter was able to sell his paintings as the basis of stories to the Illustrated London News. Carpenter later travelled to Boston, Massachusetts and was there in 1866, but it is not known how long he spent in the United States.
Carpenter had a one-man exhibition in South Kensington Museum in 1881 which included 275 paintings. After the exhibition all of the paintings were purchased by the new Victoria and Albert Museum. The museum still has dozens of his paintings which record India in the 1850s and at least one other painting that it bought in 1884 which still uses India as its subject.
He died still a bachelor in London in 1899.
# Lynching of William Harvey

William "Sam Joe" Harvey (c. 1848 – August 25, 1883) was a 35-year-old Black US Army veteran who was accused of killing the Salt Lake City police chief Andrew H. Burt on August 25, 1883. Upon arrest Harvey was severely kicked and beaten by the police. A mob of up to 2,000 White people formed in front of the city jail, and the officers handed him over to them. The mob hung him there then dragged his body for several blocks down State Street.
# William James Gordon

William James Gordon, VC (19 May 1864 – 15 August 1922) was a West Indian soldier in the British Army and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Details

Born in Jamaica, Gordon enlisted in the 1st battalion, West India Regiment of the British Army in July 1885. At the beginning of 1892, he returned for a second tour of duty in west Africa, and was sent to the Gambia during the Second Gambia Campaign, to counter local hostility towards an Anglo-French boundary commission. Here he was part a detachment sent up river to the village of Toniataba, about 80 miles inland from Bathurst.
On 13 March 1892 lance corporal Gordon, then 27 years old, performed an act of gallantry for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. His citation reads:
   During the attack on the town of Toniataba, Major G. O. Madden, West India Regiment, who was in command of the Troops, was superintending a party of twelve men who were endeavouring with a heavy beam to break down the South Gate of the town, when suddenly a number of musket muzzles were projected through a double row of loop-holes which had been masked. Some of these were within two or three yards of that Officer's back, and before he realized what had happened Lance-Corporal Gordon threw himself between. Major Madden and the muskets, pushing that Officer out of the way, and exclaiming "Look out, Sir!" At the same moment Lance-Corporal Gordon was shot through the lungs. By his bravery and self-devotion on this occasion the Lance-Corporal probably saved the life of his Commanding Officer.
Gordon recovered from his wound, and continued to serve in the army. In 1897, and now a sergeant, he was part of the West India Regiment contingent that attended Queen Victoria's 1897 diamond jubilee celebrations in London. After leaving the army in April 1902, he served as warden of the firing range at Up-Park Camp in Kingston, Jamaica. He died on 15 August 1922 following a stroke, and was buried with military honours at Up Park military cemetery.
Gordon's VC is on display at the Jamaica Defence Force Museum in Kingston, Jamaica.
Gordon was one of two members of the West India Regiment to be awarded the VC. The other, Private Samuel Hodge, from Tortola, British Virgin Islands, received the award for bravery in the Gambia in 1866.
# Bernhardus Varenius

Bernhardus Varenius (Bernhard Varen) (1622, Hitzacker, Lower Saxony – 1650) was a German geographer.

## Life

His early years (from 1627) were spent at Uelzen, where his father was court preacher to the duke of Brunswick. Varenius studied at the gymnasium of Hamburg (1640–1642), and at Königsberg (1643–1645) and Leiden (1645–1649) universities, where he devoted himself to mathematics and medicine, taking his medical degree at Leiden in 1649. He then settled at Amsterdam, intending to practice medicine. But the recent discoveries of Abel Tasman, Willem Schouten and other Dutch navigators, and his friendship for Willem Blaeu and other geographers, attracted Varenius to geography. He died in 1650, aged only twenty-eight, a victim to the privations and miseries of a poor scholar's life.

## Works

In 1649 he published, through L. Elzevir of Amsterdam, his Descriptio Regni Japoniae. In this was included a translation into Latin of part of Jodocus Schouten's account of Siam (Appendix de religione Siamensium, ex Descriptione Belgica Iodoci Schoutenii), and chapters on the religions and customs of various peoples. Next year (1650) appeared, also through Elzevir, the work by which he is best known, his Geographia Generalis, in which he endeavored to lay down the general principles of the subject on a wide scientific basis, according to the knowledge of his day. Varenius followed the Sphaera mundi (1620) of Giuseppe Biancani, though he also introduced ideas that had come into thinking during the intervening decades. The work is divided into (1) absolute geography, (2) relative geography and (3) comparative geography. The first investigates mathematical facts relating to the earth as a whole, its figure, dimensions, motions, their measurement, etc. The second part considers the earth as affected by the sun and stars, climates, seasons, the difference of apparent time at different places, variations in the length of the day, etc. The third part treats briefly the actual divisions of the surface of the earth, their relative positions, globe and map-construction, longitude, navigation, etc.
Varenius, with the materials at his command, dealt with the subject of geography in a truly philosophic spirit; and his work long held its position as the best treatise in existence on scientific and comparative geography. The work went through many editions. Sir Isaac Newton introduced several important improvements into the Cambridge edition of 1672; in 1715 James Jurin issued another Cambridge edition with a valuable appendix; in 1733 the whole work was translated into English by Dugdale; and in 1736 Dugdale's second edition was revised by Shaw. In 1716 an Italian edition appeared at Naples; in 1750 a Dutch translation followed; in 1751 Osman b. Abdulemennan translated it into Turkish; and in 1755 a French version, from Shaw's edition, came out at Paris. Among later geographers d'Anville and Alexander von Humboldt especially drew attention to Varen's genius and services to science.

## Editions

* Geographia generalis (in Latin). Napoli: Bernardino Gessari. 1715.
# Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita

Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita (1624, Bogotá – March 29, 1688) was a Spanish Neogranadine Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Bishop of Panamá (1676–1688) and the Bishop of Santa Marta (1668–1676). He authored the Historia general de las conquistas de; Nuevo Reyno de Granada, a la S.C.R.M. de D. Carlos Segundo, 1688, which has shaped colonial era and modern understandings of the Muisca indigenous people.

## Biography

Lucas Fernández de Soto Piedrahita was born in Santa Fe de Bogotá as son of Domingo Hernández de Soto Piedrahita and Catalina de Collantes. He had one brother and two sisters: Gregorio Hernández de Collantes, María Sayago and Maria Fernández de Piedrahita and his mother was of Inca descent. On February 27, 1668, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Clement IX as Bishop of Santa Marta. In 1669, he was consecrated bishop by Antonio Sanz Lozano, Bishop of Cartagena. On November 16, 1676, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Innocent XI as Bishop of Panamá. He served as Bishop of Panamá until his death on March 29, 1688. He was the principal consecrator of Sancho de Andrade de Figueroa, Bishop of Ayacucho o Huamanga.

## Muisca

Fernández de Piedrahita has contributed extensively on the knowledge about the Muisca, the inhabitants of Altiplano Cundiboyacense before the arrival of the Spanish.
# Zoroastrianism in the United States

This article focuses on Zoroastrianism in the United States. The Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America seeks to connect communities in the United States and Canada.

## Overview

The oldest fire temple in the United States was one purchased by Arbab Rustam Guiv in New Rochelle, New York. The most notable fire temple in the United States is the Dar-e-Mehr temple located in Pomona, New York. It was purchased in 2001 and subsequently purpose-built with Zoroastrian tenets and then inaugurated in April 2016.

## Demographics

In 2006, the United States had the world's third-largest Zoroastrian population at six thousand adherents. Based on mailing addresses rather than congregations, there are two U.S. counties where Zoroastrians constitute the second-largest religion after Christianity. According to a 2010 census by the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, there are also two U.S. counties where Zoroastrians constitute the joint-second-largest religion along with Baháʼí Faith, by number of adherents. The Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America (FEZANA) is based in the United States and also quarterly publishes the Fezana Journal. It claimed that the American Zoroastrian community grew by 33.5% between 2004 and 2012 to 15,000 adherents, while the overall North American community grew by 24.4% to 20,847 adherents.
# Editta Sherman

Editta Sherman (née Rinaldo; July 9, 1912 – November 1, 2013) was an American photographer, often referred to as the "Duchess of Carnegie Hall", since she lived and worked in Carnegie Hall Artist Studios for over 60 years.
Originally formed as a diverse artist enclave and bohemian work-live rental studios to financially support Andrew Carnegie's struggling concert hall, Sherman's home from the 1940s until 2010 allowed her to be part of a unique artistic community of neighbours.
Her life's work consists of thousands of portrait images of celebrities, writers, poets, models, sports heroes, politicians, and many others (including many of the famed former tenants of Carnegie Hall), taken with a large format 8×10 camera.

## Life

Sherman was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the oldest of eight children born to Nunzio and Pierna Rinaldo, immigrants who moved to the United States from Italy in 1910. Her father operated a photography studio in New Jersey where she learned the art at a young age. Editta was married in 1935 to Harold Sherman, a sound engineer and inventor, as well as her business partner. He died at the age of 50 years, after suffering blindness and diabetes, leaving Editta with five young children to bring up as a single mother. She and her husband were instrumental in raising charity funds for the American Theatre Wing during World War II by volunteering to take portraits of Hollywood stars to aid in the American war effort.
Sherman was a muse of Andy Warhol who filmed her with filmmaker Paul Morrissey in the 1970s. She also appeared in the Abel Ferrara film Ms. 45 in 1981. She was a model as well as a photographer and was photographed by Francesco Scavullo and symbolized aging gracefully at age 60 years old in his book "On Beauty" in the 1970s. A decade-long collaboration with her longtime friend and neighbour, William J. Cunningham, a fashion photographer for The New York Times, resulted in the Fashion Institute of Technology/Penguin Books 1978 publication of their book Facades, visually detailing 200 years of fashion and New York City architecture. In November 1967 Kodak Films sponsored a solo exhibit of Editta's celebrity portraits in a three-week public show at Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan.
Sherman lived in Carnegie Hall until July 2010 and continued to work there until September 2010, having become an icon for renter's rights and affordable housing for the elderly in fighting eviction against the City of New York, the current owner of Carnegie Hall. All former residents have now relocated, and The Carnegie Hall Corporation plans to demolish the commercial and residential studios — which in their 1950s Bohemian heyday numbered as many as 170 — to create educational and rehearsal space for the hall. The $200 million project is to be completed in 2014.
In a 2010 interview on "The Nate Berkus" show, Sherman said she wanted to live to be 100. Her wish was fulfilled on July 9, 2012, when she celebrated her 100th birthday. The very next year, on November 1, she died at 101.
# Eugeni Valderrama

Eugeni Valderrama Domènech (born 19 July 1994), simply known as Eugeni, is a Spanish footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Ibiza.

## Club career

Born in Tarragona, Catalonia, Eugeni played with FC Barcelona from ages 12 to 17. In the 2011 summer he returned to his hometown, finishing his formation with Gimnàstic de Tarragona.
Eugeni made his senior debut on 22 February 2012, against AD Torreforta for the Copa Catalunya. In March, he and Juan Millán were called up to train with the first team.
Eugeni made his first Segunda División appearance on 21 April 2012, appearing as a late substitute in a 1–0 away loss against CD Guadalajara. He made his first start on 3 June against Elche CF, playing the full 90 minutes as the match ended with the same score.
On 10 July 2012, Eugeni was promoted to the main squad, with Nàstic now in Segunda División B. On 3 March 2013 he scored his first professional goal, the last in a 4–1 home success over RCD Mallorca B.
On 25 June 2013, Eugeni signed a three-year deal with Sevilla FC, being assigned to the reserves also in the third level. On 18 July 2015, after a loan stint at Lleida Esportiu, he moved to CF Badalona.
On 9 June 2016, Eugeni signed for another reserve team, Valencia CF Mestalla. On 8 August of the following year, he was loaned to Lorca FC in the second division, for one year.
Eugeni made his debut for Lorca on 18 August 2017, scoring the first through an olympic goal in a 2–0 home win against Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa; it was also his first professional goal. The following 9 January, he moved to fellow league team Cádiz CF also in a temporary deal.
On 5 July 2018, Eugeni agreed to a three-year deal with La Liga side SD Huesca, but was loaned to Albacete Balompié in the second division for one year on 1 August. Upon returning, he was a regular starter for the Aragonese side which achieved promotion back to the top tier.
Eugeni made his debut in the main category of Spanish football on 13 September 2020, as he replaced David Ferreiro in a 1–1 away draw against Villarreal CF. The following 23 June, after suffering relegation, he moved abroad and signed a three-year contract with Portuguese Primeira Liga side F.C. Arouca.
On 26 January 2022, Eugeni terminated his contract with Arouca, and signed a two-and-a-half-year deal with Real Zaragoza back in his home country the following day. On 20 July 2023, he agreed to terminate his link with the latter club.
# Šumarice Memorial Park

October in Kragujevac Memorial Park (Serbian: Spomen-park „Kragujevački oktobar", Спомен-парк „Крагујевачки октобар"), also known as Šumarice Memorial Park (Memorijalni park Šumarice, Меморијални парк Шумарице), is the site near Kragujevac, Serbia of the execution of an estimated 2,800 men and boys of the town by the German occupation forces on October 21, 1941, during World War II (Kragujevac massacre). Among the dead were hundreds of high school students. The 21 October Museum was designed by architect Ivan Antić is located at the site of the massacre.
Monuments within the park include the monument to the murdered schoolchildren and their teachers (the "Interrupted Flight" monument) by sculptor Miodrag Živković; the "Monument of pain and defiance" by sculptor Ante Gržetić; the "One hundred for one" monument by Nandor Glid; the "Resistance and Freedom" monument by Gržetić; and the Shoeshiners monument ("Crystal Flower") by architect Nebojša Delja. The complex also contains the Monument to the Slovaks killed during the World War I and the old World War I military cemetery with a Monument to Serbian soldier.
The Germans carried out the first mass executions in the vicinity of Kragujevac on October 19, 1941. On that day, they forcibly gathered 246 people in the village of Grošnica and took them out for shooting. They liquidated 233 people, while 13 people survived the shooting. The next day, on October 20, one person out of these 13 died as a result of his injuries, so the Germans in the village of Grošnice committed a war crime by shooting a total of 234 people of Serbian nationality.
On the same day, October 19, the Germans raided and rounded up 109 people for shooting in the village of Maršić. They liquidated 103 people, while 6 people survived the shooting. In the village of Mečkovac (today Ilićevo) they took 78 people to be shot. They liquidated 75 people, while 3 people survived the shooting. On October 19, 1941, the German armed forces committed a war crime by shooting in the vicinity of Kragujevac, in the villages of Grošnica, Maršić and Ilićevo, a total of 412 civilians of Serbian nationality.
In December 2020 an exhibit about the Jasenovac concentration and extermination camp was held.

## Gallery

* 21 October Museum
* Eternal "Flame of Freedom"
* "Pain and Defiance" monument
* "One hundred for one" monument
* "Resistance and Freedom" monument
* detail of the "Interrupted Flight" monument
* Monument to the victims of World War I
# Sarah, Lady Pennington

Sarah, Lady Pennington, née Moore (c.1720, Bath, Somerset – August 1783, Fulmer), was an Englishwoman who wrote a widely read and much reprinted book on conduct for young women.

## Biography

Born Sarah Moore, she was married to Sir Joseph Pennington, 4th Baronet, of Warter Hall in Yorkshire, who was a commissioner of customs. Their marriage deteriorated, and after a dozen years their private disagreements turned into a public scandal when the couple separated. At this period divorce was very difficult to obtain in England, requiring a costly private Act of Parliament, and even mutually agreed separations were highly stigmatized. Lady Pennington moved to Bath, leaving her children with their father, who appears to have entirely cut her off from any further contact with them. Although she had received no formal education, she wrote a popular manual of conduct for young women, An Unfortunate Mother's Advice to Her Absent Daughters; in a Letter to Miss Pennington (1761). Its first sentence offers her rationale for writing the book: "My Dear Jenny: Was there any Probability that a Letter from me would be permitted to reach your Hand alone, I should not have chosen this least eligible Method of writing to you."
Most unusually, Lady Pennington combined the traditional form of the social conduct manual with a defense of her decision to leave her marriage. While it is clear that she considered her husband greatly to blame, she took responsibility for her own actions and argued that in such situations a woman's right to follow her conscience is more important than blind obedience to marriage vows. She succeeded in escaping the censure usually leveled at women in broken marriages and became instead an object of public sympathy; for example, an obituary in the Gentleman's Magazine referred to her "severe and uncommon afflictions". Her book was frequently reprinted, going through three editions in the first year alone, and it continued to appear in various editions and in anthologies well into the 19th century.
Lady Pennington published two other pieces of writing, Letters on Different Subjects (1766) and The Child's Conductor (1777).
# Chi salta il fosso

"Chi salta il fosso" is a single first released by Italian singer Loretta Goggi.

## Anni-Frid Lyngstad cover

The song gained the attention for Polar Music and ABBA manager Stig Anderson. By 1972, Anni-Frid Lyngstad’s contract with EMI had ended and Frida recorded her first song recorded under Polar Music: a Swedish-language version, titled Man Vill Ju Leva Lite Dessemellan (translation: You want to live a little in between).

## Release

The song became a hit in Sweden and spent 10 weeks in the Svenkstoppen, spending 3 weeks at the top in October 1972. "Man Vill Ju Leva Lite Dessemellan" appeared as a bonus track on the 2005 reissue of Frida Ensam along with its B-Side "Ska man skratta eller gråta?" as well as the deluxe edition of the ABBA debut album Ring Ring.

## Charts

| Chart (1972) | Peak position |
| Svenkstoppen | 1 |