OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sri Lankans in Italy

There are over 100,000 Sri Lankans in Italy. Many are permanent residents or have moved there in search of work.

## History

Early sources show that Sri Lankans have had a presence in the areas of present-day Italy since the Roman times. According to historian Pliny, four people from Sri Lanka visited the court of Emperor Claudius in 50 AD. There was another delegation from Sri Lanka into Rome during the era of Emperor Julian in 375 AD. There were strong links between the two countries and Sri Lanka was known as 'Taprobane' to the Romans.
Sri Lankans started to migrate to Italy in the 1970s. Italy was attractive to the migrants due to perceived easier employment opportunities and entry, compared to other European countries. The first immigration waves during the second half of the Eighties consisted mainly of Tamils, followed by Sinhalese at the beginning of the 1990s.
In the late 1970s, Catholic women migrated to Italy to work in elderly homes. Many Sri Lankans have also illegally migrated to Italy. Admission acts also encouraged more Sri Lankans to migrate to Italy. For example, the Dini Decree in 1996 made it easier for Sri Lankan workers to bring their families to Italy. In Rome, Naples and Milan, the Sri Lankans have built up "enlarged families", where jobs are exchanged among relatives and compatriots.

## Demographics

Sociologist Enrica Morlicchio estimated in 1992 that 2⁄3 of the Sri Lankan population in Italy was Sinhalese and Tamils constituted 1⁄3. The major Sinhalese communities in Italy are located in Lombardy (particularly Milan), Lazio (particularly Rome), Naples, and Sicily (particularly Palermo, Messina and Catania). Most Italian Sinhalese work as domestic workers. But they have also opened businesses such as restaurants, cleaning enterprises (e.g. Cooperativa Multietnica di Pulizie Sud-Est), call centres, video-shops, traditional food shops and minimarkets. Sinhalese are the majority of Sri Lankan Italians in most of Italy, and Sri Lankan Tamils contribute the majority of Sri Lankan Italians in Sicily.

## Community

The major community organisation representing Sri Lankans in Italy is the Sri Lanka Association Italy. Smaller community and political organisation exist in areas with a sizable Sri Lankan population such as the Sri Lanka Association Florence, Coordinamento Tamil, Centro Culturale Tamil, Sri Lanka Women's Association Napoli and Associazione dei Tamil in Italia. Several other organizations are based in cities including Naples, Bologna, Lecce, Reggio Emilia etc.

## Notable Sri Lankan Italians

* Hemantha Jayasena (born 1971) – cricketer
* Rigivan Ganeshamoorthy (born 1999) – Paralympic discus thrower and medallist
* Samantha de Mel (born 1964) – cricketer
* Sepala Ekanayake – hijacker of the Alitalia Boeing 747
* Nadeesha Uyangoda (born 1993), journalist and activist
# Project Crimson

Project Crimson is a conservation initiative to promote the protection of the pōhutukawa and the rātā which are under threat due to browsing by the introduced common brushtail possum. The vision of the project is to "enable pōhutukawa and rātā to flourish again in their natural habitat as icons in the hearts and minds of all New Zealanders."

## History

The initiative for Project Crimson grew out of a Forest Research Institute investigation (1989) into the health of pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa). Scientists discovered that more than 90% of coastal pōhutukawa stands had been eliminated. The tree had entirely disappeared in many areas along the west coast of Northland.
Disturbed by these findings, staff from Northland Department of Conservation and New Zealand Forest Products now Carter Holt Harvey) came up with the idea of creating a community-based project to help pōhutukawa. In 1990 the Project Crimson Trust came to life.
Today Project Crimson is a leading environmental organisation, with support from sponsors and the help of thousands of New Zealanders around the country. These people believe that pōhutukawa, rātā, and many other native trees in New Zealand, are an essential part of who New Zealanders are.
Project Crimson has made impressive progress re-establishing pōhutukawa and rātā nationwide by planting over 300,000 trees, coordinating and supporting a wide range of maintenance activities, scientific research, possum control programmes and public education. From 2011–2015, Project Crimson co-sponsored Living Legends, a reforestation program.
Project Crimson also administers Trees That Count, an environmental movement that aims to both count the number of native trees planted in New Zealand and link funders, businesses and individuals with planting and community groups to plant millions more native trees.
# Tinotenda Mavesere

Tinotenda Mavesere (born 17 October 1998) is a Zimbabwean rugby union player, who plays for the Sharks in the United Rugby Championship and the Sharks in the Currie Cup. His preferred position is flanker.

## Early career

Mavesere attended Churchill School in Harare. He moved to South Africa and attended the University of the Western Cape, where his appearances for their rugby side earned him the attention of the Sharks.

## Professional career

In 2019 Mavesere made his debut for the Zimbabwean National team, going on to feature in all 6 matches of their winning Victoria Cup campaign, scoring a try in the final
Mavesere originally signed for the Sharks in 2021, however it wasn't until 2023 that he debuted for the Sharks Currie Cup side in the 2023 Currie Cup Premier Division, having suffered a knee ligament injury that ruled him out of both Sharks selection and selection for the Zimbabwe national side. He would go on to make 6 appearances in the competition, scoring one try, while remaining a part of the Sharks side for the 2023–24 United Rugby Championship.
# Catherine Sheffield, Duchess of Buckingham and Normanby

Catherine Sheffield, Duchess of Buckingham and Normanby (née Lady Catherine Darnley; c. 1681 – 13 March 1743) was an illegitimate daughter of King James II of England, and was married to two English noblemen in succession.
Lady Catherine was the king's daughter by his mistress Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester, and was given the surname Darnley with reference to her father's ancestor, Lord Darnley. There was some doubt about her paternity, as Catherine Sedley was thought to have other lovers. By royal warrant, Lady Catherine Darnley was given the status of a duke's daughter in the order of precedence. Her arms granted by James II are incorporated today in those of the Marquess of Normanby, indicating that King James accepted her as his natural child.
Lady Catherine's first husband was James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey, whom she married on 28 October 1699 at Westminster Abbey. The couple were separated in 1701 by Act of Parliament, on the grounds of the earl's cruelty, with the countess claiming that he had tried to murder her. She left him while he was defending himself from her claim in the House of Lords. The earl contracted tuberculosis and died early in 1702.
They had one daughter, Lady Catherine Annesley (c. 1700–1736), who married, first, William Phipps, and second, John Sheldon (or Skelton).
On 16 March 1706, the widowed countess married, as his third wife, John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby; the wedding took place at St Martin-in-the-Fields. The duke, a great supporter of King James, was more than thirty years older than his new duchess, and they had three children, two of whom died in infancy:
* John Sheffield, Marquess of Normanby (1710)
* Robert Sheffield, Marquess of Normanby (1711–1715)
* Edmund Sheffield, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Normanby (1716–1735), who died unmarried.
The duke's previous marriages were said to have been unhappy, but he doted on Catherine, with their friend Alexander Pope claiming that "whenever they have had any difference... he could never stay till suppertime... nor till she returned back of herself into his room, but constantly left his books or business to come after her, and said, "Child, you and I should never fall out; and though I still think myself in the right, yet you shall have it in your way." When the duke died in 1721, she called on Pope and Francis Atterbury to produce a memorial edition of his poems and other works.
As all of Catherine's children pre-deceased her, the dukedom became extinct and her late husband's titles and estates passed to his illegitimate son, Sir Charles Herbert Sheffield, 1st Baronet. The descendants of her daughter, Lady Catherine Annesley, included Constantine Phipps, 1st Baron Mulgrave, Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave, the Hon. Charles Phipps, MP and General the Hon. Edmund Phipps.
# The Hessian

The Hessian is a 1972 novel by Howard Fast set in the time of the American Revolution, published by William Morrow and Company.

## Plot

The book begins with an incident in 1781 when a small detachment of Hessian (German auxiliaries in the British service) soldiers encounter a mentally disabled man, Saul Clamberham, on a Connecticut hill-side. Clamberham follows the Jägers out of confused curiosity, making meaningless markings on a slate. Misunderstanding the situation, an exasperated Hessian officer, with little English, becomes convinced that Clamberham is a spy and has the autistic villager hanged from a tree. Outraged, the local population ambush the Hessians and kill all but a drummer boy who escapes. The narrator of the story: town physician and a Continental Army veteran Evan Feversham, subsequently discovers that the young drummer Hans Pohl is being sheltered in a Quaker family's barn while township authorities hunt for him. After being captured, the Hessian boy is tried for murder. Although his role in the earlier death was limited to beating his drum as the hanging took place, Pohl fatally admits that he would have carried out his duty as a soldier and participated directly in the execution if so ordered. The doctor, himself a victim of prejudice as an English-born Catholic in a small Puritan community, watches helplessly while the German boy is hanged.

## Theme

The theme throughout the novel is one of futility, as two innocents are pointlessly killed by men who see themselves as having no choice in what they do.
# Ted Manakas

Theodore Manakas (born February 22, 1951), is an American former professional basketball player for the Kansas City-Omaha Kings. He played in five National Basketball Association (NBA) games.
Raised in Fort Lee, New Jersey, Manakas played prep basketball at Fort Lee High School.

## Career statistics
### NBA

Source

#### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | MPG | FG% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| 1973–74 | Kansas City–Omaha | 5 | 9.0 | .400 | 1.000 | .6 | .4 | .2 | .0 | 2.4 |
# Jeremy Beard

Jeremy Beard is an American baseball coach and former pitcher, who is the former head baseball coach of the Cal State Bakersfield Roadrunners. He played college baseball at Linn–Benton Community College from 1992 to 1993 before transferring to Oregon State where he played for coach Pat Casey.

## Playing career

Beard attended North Salem High School in Salem, Oregon for his first three years of high school. He transferred to Tigard High School in Tigard, Oregon for his season year. Upon graduation from high school, Beard enrolled at Linn–Benton Community College. Beard walked-on to the Linn–Benton baseball team and then walked-on to the Oregon State Beavers baseball program. Beard was 9–3 with a 3.62 ERA and 54 strikeouts in 82 innings. Beard lead the Beavers to a Pac-10 North Division title in 1994. Beard also lead the Beavers in innings pitched (91) and shutouts (1) in 1995.

## Coaching career

Beard joined the Oregon State coaching staff while he completed his degree. Beard was then the head coach at Central Catholic High School from 1998 to 2001.
Beard returned to the college coaching game when he was named the pitching coach at Columbia Basin College. Beard spent 8 seasons at Columbia Basin. Beard moved on to be the pitching coach for Western Nevada College from 2011 to 2012. He also served as the pitching coach for the Portland Pilots baseball team from 2014 to 2015.
In the Fall of 2015, Beard was hired as the pitching coach of the Cal State Bakersfield Roadrunners baseball program. On December 16, 2016, Cal State Bakersfield fired Bob Macaluso and named Beard the interim head coach. After going 32–24 and advancing to the 2017 Western Athletic Conference baseball tournament championship game, Beard was named the full-time head coach of the Roadrunners.
On May 28, 2024, Bakersfield announced that Beard will not return to the program after 8 seasons.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview :
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| Cal State Bakersfield Roadrunners (Western Athletic Conference) (2017–2020) ||||||
| 2017 | Cal State Bakersfield | 32–24 | 14–10 | 3rd | WAC Tournament |
| 2018 | Cal State Bakersfield | 21–36 | 10–14 | 6th | WAC Tournament |
| 2019 | Cal State Bakersfield | 24–38 | 12–15 | 6th | WAC Tournament |
| 2020 | Cal State Bakersfield | 5–9 | 0–0 | | Season canceled due to COVID-19 |
| Cal State Bakersfield: | Cal State Bakersfield: | | 36-39 | | |
| Cal State Bakersfield Roadrunners (Big West Conference) (2021–2024) ||||||
| 2021 | Cal State Bakersfield | 20–23 | 17–19 | 7th | |
| 2022 | Cal State Bakersfield | 18–34 | 11–19 | 9th | |
| 2023 | Cal State Bakersfield | 18–34 | 9–21 | 9th | |
| 2024 | Cal State Bakersfield | 15–38 | 8–22 | 9th | |
| Cal State Bakersfield: | Cal State Bakersfield: | 153–236 | 45–81 | | |
| Total: | Total: | 153–236 | | | |
| National champion   Postseason invitational champion   Conference regular season champion   Conference regular season and conference tournament champion  Division regular season champion  Division regular season and conference tournament champion  Conference tournament champion ||||||
# Andean swift

The Andean swift (Aeronautes andecolus) is a species of bird in subfamily Apodinae of the swift family Apodidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The Andean swift was at one time placed in genus Micropus which was later merged into Aeronautes, and also in genus Apus from which it was split. Three subspecies are recognized, the nominate A. a. andecolus, A. a. parvulus, and A. a. peruvianus.

## Description

The Andean swift is about 14 cm (5.5 in) long. It has sharply pointed wings and a long deeply forked tail. The sexes are alike. Adults of the nominate subspecies have mostly black upperparts with a white collar and band on the rump. Their face and underparts are mostly white to off-white with mottled buff on the flanks and vent. Subspecies A. a. parvulus is smaller than the nominate and the borders between black and white areas are very sharply defined. A. a. peruvianus is also smaller than the nominate. Its tail is shorter and less deeply forked, its white plumage is purer, and it has darker undertail coverts.

## Distribution and habitat

Subspecies A. a. parvulus of the Andean swift is the northernmost; it is found on the western slope of the Andes from Peru's Cajamarca Department south into far northern Chile's Tarapacá Region. The nominate A. a. andecolus is found from central Bolivia south to Río Negro Province in west central Argentina. A. a. peruvianus is restricted to the east slope of the Andes in southeastern Peru.
The Andean swift mostly inhabits semi-arid montane scrub landscapes though it is also found in both drier and more humid areas. It is occasionally seen over forested slopes. In elevation it mostly ranges between 2,500 and 3,550 m (8,200 and 11,600 ft) in Peru and Bolivia and between 2,000 and 2,500 m (6,600 and 8,200 ft) in Argentina. It has been recorded above 4,100 m (13,500 ft) in Peru.

## Behavior
### Movement

The Andean swift is a year-round resident throughout its range, though it may temporarily move to lower elevations to avoid snowstorms.

### Feeding

Like all swifts, the Andean is an aerial insectivore, but no details of its diet are known. It often forages in flocks with wintering chimney swifts (Chaetura pelagica).

### Breeding

Little is known about the Andean swift's breeding biology. It has been documented nesting in holes in steep rock faces, including behind waterfalls, but the nest itself has not been described.
* Songs and calls
* Listen to Andean swift on xeno-canto

### Vocalization

The Andean swift's most common vocalization is "a buzzy, grating 'tzee-tz-tz-trrr...tzee-tz-tz-tzee...'." It also makes "a series of single notes 'tzree..tzree..tzree...'."

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the Andean swift as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. It is generally considered common, though uncommon in northern Chile and "local and irregular" in parts of Argentina.
# Spesbona

Spesbona is a monotypic genus of damselflies in the family Platycnemididae containing only the species Spesbona angusta, commonly known as the spesbona, Ceres featherlegs, Ceres stream-damsel, or Ceres streamjack. It is an endangered species endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

## Taxonomy and history

This species was first described as Metacnemis angusta by Edmond de Sélys Longchamps in 1863 based on a female type specimen that is now thought to be lost. A second specimen, also female, was collected in 1920 near Ceres, but the species would not be seen again until 2003, when a population was discovered in the Dutoitsrivier valley. A description of the male and redescription of the female from the newly discovered population was published in 2006. In 2013, Klaas-Douwe Dijkstra erected the new genus Spesbona for this species, combining it as Spesbona angusta and placing it in the tribe Coperini within the subfamily Platycnemidinae. It is the only species in the genus.

## Distribution and habitat

Spesbona angusta is restricted to the south west Western Cape Province at around 400 m (1,300 ft) above sea level. Though initially known from Ceres, it has not been recorded there since 1920 due to habitat degradation. It is now known only from around Dutoitsrivier, near Villiersdorp, where it can be found near pools in braided rivers and streams surrounded by fynbos vegetation and populated with floating Aponogeton plants.

## Description

Adult Spesbona angusta are very small, slender damselflies measuring around 28–30 mm (1.1–1.2 in) long with a 35–38 mm (1.4–1.5 in) wingspan. They are sexually dichromatic and exhibit different colouration depending on the ambient temperature. Males are uniformly matte black when cold but gain increasingly bright patches of blue, ranging from grey to azure to mauve, on the head, thorax, and abdomen as the temperature rises. Females are uniformly dull brownish-grey when cold, but develop brighter patches on parts of the head and thorax as the temperature rises.

## Ecology

Adult Spesbona angusta are active on the wing from November to February but typically stay close to water. Males fly actively over the surface of the water but regularly perch horizontally on twigs and stems. Females often fly over the water alongside males, but also perch in bushes or on grass some metres from the water.

## Conservation status

Spesbona angusta is listed as endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List under criteria B2ab(ii) and D, as it is currently known from only one population. It was previously assessed as data deficient in 1996 and vulnerable in 2007 and 2010. Thought to be possibly extinct until its rediscovery in 2003, it is no longer present at the type locality in Ceres due to over-extraction of water for the fruit industry. It is threatened by the construction of dams, invasive plants such as Acacia mearnsii, and invasive fish such as the rainbow trout (Onycorhynchus mykiss).
# Lucid-PSYCH

Lucid-PSYCH, or LUCID-PSYCH, also known as Lucid-201, is a psychedelic hallucinogen which is under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder. It is under development by Lucid Psycheceuticals. Lucid-PSYCH's exact mechanism of action is undefined. As of March 2023, it is in preclinical research and is progressing to phase 1 clinical trials.
# Mitch Mathews

Mitch Mathews (born April 15, 1991) is a former American football wide receiver. He was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent following the 2016 NFL draft. He played college football at Brigham Young University from 2009 to 2015. He also served a two-year mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Orlando, Florida from 2009 to 2011.

## College statistics

| | | | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving |
| Year | Team | GP | Rec | Yards | TDs |
| 2012 | BYU | 6 | 2 | 27 | 0 |
| 2013 | BYU | 9 | 26 | 397 | 4 |
| 2014 | BYU | 13 | 73 | 922 | 9 |
| 2015 | BYU | 13 | 54 | 737 | 11 |
| College Totals | College Totals | 41 | 152 | 2,083 | 24 |

## Professional career
### Kansas City Chiefs

Mathews was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs on May 2, 2016, as an undrafted free agent. On August 30, 2016, Mathews was waived by the Chiefs.

### Cleveland Browns

On October 11, 2016, Mathews was signed to the Browns' practice squad. He was released by the Browns on November 2, 2016.

### Minnesota Vikings

On March 30, 2017, Mathews was signed by the Minnesota Vikings. He was waived on May 30, 2017.

### Miami Dolphins

On June 8, 2017, Mathews was signed by the Miami Dolphins. He was waived on September 2, 2017.
# Political tsunami

In Malaysian politics, a political tsunami (Malay: tsunami politik), also known as political wave (Malay: gelombang politik) is a term that describes a sudden landslide victory in the elections. The term was popularised during the 2008 general elections. It is also describes a major and sudden change in political landscape.

## Background and Chinese Tsunami

Though the term was famous only during 2008 Malaysian general election, in fact, the prior election produced a landslide victory to Barisan Nasional. BN won 198 seats, the highest ever in Malaysian history.
Across the term, support for Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi gradually decreased. Entering the 2008 election, the opposition launched its campaign, advocating for a change of government. Later on, BN unexpectedly suffered major losses, failing to secure a two-thirds majority for the first time since 1969. Losing five states and left with only 140 seats, pressures rose as Abdullah was later asked to resign.
One notable factor in BN's defeat in the election is loss of support from ethnic minorities. Previously, Malaysian Chinese Association, Malaysian Indian Congress and Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia were able to win many seats (MCA alone won more seats than the opposition combined in 2004). Chinese voters swung their votes towards the opposition, mainly to Democratic Action Party and People's Justice Party. This event was described as the "Chinese Tsunami" (Malay: Tsunami Cina) by political commentators.

## Green Wave

The 2022 Malaysian general election resulted in Perikatan Nasional (PN) winning an unprecedented 73 (later 74) seats. Many of its gains were northern Peninsular seats that had been held by Barisan Nasional. For the first time, United Malays National Organisation failed to become largest individual party in the Dewan Rakyat after the Malaysian Islamic Party won 43 seats. PN won all but one seat across the northern states.
This result was only predicted during the last days of campaign. Prior to the polling day, PN was projected to become the third-largest alliance in the Dewan Rakyat, behind Barisan Nasional and Pakatan Harapan. However, PN's campaigning brought it to second place in the opinion polls. The party even won seats that had previously been BN or PH strongholds in southern states, such as Putrajaya (which BN had won since its creation) and Kapar and Kuala Langat (both PH safe seats). This outcome was dubbed the "Green Wave" (Malay: Gelombang Hijau) (referring to PAS' official colour of green) by both the media and politicians, notably from DAP and PN.