# 1868 in the United Kingdom

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Events from the year 1868 in the United Kingdom.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Victoria
* Prime Minister – Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (Conservative) (until 27 February); Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative) (starting 27 February, until 1 December); William Ewart Gladstone (Liberal) (starting 3 December)

## Events

* 2 January – British Expedition to Abyssinia: Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries.
* 9 January – penal transportation from Britain to Australia ends with arrival of the convict ship Hougoumont in Western Australia after an 89-day voyage from England.
* 13 February – the War Office sanctions the formation of what will become the Army Post Office Corps.
* 27 February – Benjamin Disraeli succeeds the Earl of Derby as Prime Minister following Derby's resignation due to ill-health.
* 12 March – Britain annexes Basutoland and it becomes a protectorate.
* 14 March – Eliza Lynn Linton's article "The Girl of the Period" is published in the Saturday Review.
* 2 April – last public hanging of a woman in Britain – Frances Kidder outside Maidstone Prison by William Calcraft for drowning her stepdaughter.
* 9–13 April – expedition to Abyssinia: At the Battle of Magdala, Robert Napier decisively defeats the emperor Tewodros II.
* 25 April – HMS Repulse, the last wooden battleship constructed for the Royal Navy, is launched as an ironclad (with auxiliary steam propulsion) at Woolwich Dockyard.
* 10–11 May – "Murphy riots" against Irish people in Ashton-under-Lyne.
* 26 May – last public hanging in Britain – Fenian bomber Michael Barrett outside Newgate Prison in London by William Calcraft for his part in the Clerkenwell explosion of 1867.
* 29 May – Capital Punishment Amendment Act abolishes public hanging in Britain.
* 2 June – the first Trades Union Congress is held in Manchester.
* 29 June – the Press Association founded in London.
* July – the Summer assize for Berkshire is moved from Abingdon to Reading, effectively making the latter the county town.
* 17 July – judicial decision of the House of Lords in Rylands v Fletcher, a leading case in English tort law, establishing a standard of strict liability in negligence actions.
* 31 July
** Pharmacy Act 1868 regulates the profession of pharmacist and restricts sale of poisons and dangerous drugs.
** Church rate ceases to be compulsory.
* 13 August – first non-public hanging in Britain – Thomas Wells inside Maidstone Prison by William Calcraft.
* 20 August – Abergele train disaster kills 32 passengers and a fireman.
* 20 October – astronomer Norman Lockyer observes and names the D$_3$ Fraunhofer line in the solar spectrum and concludes that it is caused by a hitherto unidentified chemical element which he later names helium.
* 12 November – Archibald Tait is offered the post of Archbishop of Canterbury.
* 15–24 November – general election, the first under the extended franchise of the Reform Act 1867: Liberal Party victorious.
* 24 November – the Smithfield Meat Market opens in London.
* 3 December – William Ewart Gladstone becomes Prime Minister.
* 10 December
** Whitaker's Almanack first published.
** The world's first traffic lights are installed in Parliament Square in London.

### Undated

* The Foreign & Colonial Investment Trust is founded by Philip Rose as The Foreign & Colonial Government Trust, the world's first collective investment scheme.
* Thomas Henry Huxley discovers what he thinks is a primordial matter and names it bathybius haecklii (he admits his mistake in 1871).

## Publications

* Wilkie Collins' novel The Moonstone.
* Queen Victoria's diary Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, from 1848 to 1861.

## Births

* 5 January – Edward Garnett, writer, critic and literary editor (died 1937)
* 4 February – Constance Markievicz, née Gore-Booth, Anglo-Irish parliamentarian (died 1927 in Ireland)
* 7 February – Aleen Cust, Irish veterinary surgeon (died 1937)
* 12 February – William Faversham, actor (died 1940)
* 22 February – David Devant, stage magician (died 1941)
* 15 March – Grace Chisholm Young, mathematician (died 1944)
* 22 March – Alfred Fowler, astronomer (died 1940)
* 25 March – William Lockwood, cricketer (died 1932)
* 4 April – Philippa Fawcett, mathematician (died 1948)
* 5 April – Percy Furnivall, racing cyclist and surgeon (died 1938)
* 10 April – George Arliss, film actor (died 1946)
* 12 April – J. L. Garvin, newspaper editor (died 1947)
* 14 April – Annie S. D. Maunder, née Russell, Irish-born astronomer (died 1947)
* 25 April – Willie Maley, Irish-born Scotland footballer and manager (died 1958)
* 28 April – Lucy Booth, Salvationist, fifth daughter of William and Catherine Booth (died 1953)
* 30 April – J. B. Christopherson, physician (died 1955)
* 5 June – James Connolly, Scottish-born Irish nationalist leader (executed 1916 in Ireland)
* 6 June – Robert Falcon Scott, Antarctic explorer (died 1912)
* 7 June – Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect (died 1928)
* 6 July – Princess Victoria (died 1935)
* 14 July – Gertrude Bell, archaeologist, writer, spy and administrator (died 1926)
* 7 August – Granville Bantock, classical composer and conductor (died 1946)
* 21 October – Ernest Swinton, general, pioneer of the military tank (died 1951)
* 23 October
** Frederick W. Lanchester, automotive engineer (died 1946)
** William Rylands, businessman and baronet (died 1948)
* 30 November
** Angela Brazil, writer of schoolgirl fiction (died 1947)
** Ernest Newman, music critic (died 1959)

## Deaths

* 10 February – Sir David Brewster, Scottish scientist, inventor and writer (born 1781)
* 24 February – John Herapath, physicist and railway journalist (born 1790)
* 25 February – James Parke, 1st Baron Wensleydale, judge (born 1782)
* 28 March – James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, military leader (born 1797)
* 12 April – James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, politician (born 1791)
* 2 May – James Wilson Carmichael, marine painter (born 1800)
* 7 May – Henry Peter Brougham, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (born 1778)
* 11 May – John Crawfurd, Scottish physician, colonial administrator, diplomat and author; last British Resident of Singapore (born 1783)
* 26 July – Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth, Lord Chancellor (born 1791)
* 29 July
** John Elliotson, physician and author (born 1791)
** Sir John Lillie, army officer, entrepreneur and inventor (born 1790)
* 3 August – Edward Welch, Welsh-born architect (born 1806)
* 17 August – Duncan Forbes, linguist (born 1798)
* 24 September – Henry Hart Milman, historian and ecclesiastic (born 1791)
* 27 October – Charles Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury (born 1794)
* 28 October – Sir Richard Pakenham, diplomat, Ambassador to the United States (born 1797)
* 23 December – Sir Herbert Edwardes, general and colonial administrator (born 1819)