# Baker County, Florida

Baker County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,259. Its county seat is Macclenny. The county was founded in 1861 and is named for James McNair Baker, a judge and Confederate Senator. Baker County is included in the Jacksonville metropolitan area. In 1864, the Battle of Olustee, which was the only major American Civil War battle in Florida, was fought near Lake City in Baker County.

## History

Baker County was founded in 1861. It was named for James McNair Baker, a judge and Confederate senator. In 1864 the Battle of Olustee was fought near Lake City in Baker County. This was the only major American Civil War battle in Florida.
Much of the area was originally covered with pine flatwoods and cypress swamps, as was Columbia County to the west. Parts of both counties are included in Osceola National Forest. A lumber industry developed here, with sawmills constructed along rivers and waterways, where lumber was brought out by water. Turpentine was also produced. These industries employed many African American laborers.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 589 square miles (1,530 km$^2$), of which 585 square miles (1,520 km$^2$) is land and 3.7 square miles (9.6 km$^2$) (0.6%) is water. The extreme northern part of the county lies within the Okefenokee Swamp and its federally protected areas.
The St. Mary's River passes through Baker and numerous other counties. The St. Marys River is a remote blackwater river, rising in southeastern Georgia and flowing into northeastern Florida, where it forms the easternmost border between the two states.

### Adjacent counties

* Charlton County, Georgia - north
* Ware County, Georgia - north
* Nassau County, Florida - northeast
* Duval County, Florida - east
* Clay County, Florida - southeast
* Union County, Florida - south
* Bradford County, Florida - south
* Columbia County, Florida - west
* Clinch County, Georgia - northwest

### National protected areas

* Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge (part)
* Osceola National Forest (part)

## Transportation
### Major highways

* I-10 is the main west-to-east interstate highway in the county, and serves as the unofficial dividing line between northern and southern Baker County. It enters the county from Osceola National Forest and contains five interchanges within the county; the first being US 90 in Olustee (Exits 324), followed by Baker CR 229 south of Sanderson and Baker CR 125 south of Glen St Mary. The last two interchanges are in Macclenny; SR 121 (Exit 335), and SR 228 (Exit 336). Beyond this point I-10 runs through Nassau and Duval Counties into Downtown Jacksonville.
* US 90 was the primary west-to-east route through Baker County until it was succeeded by Interstate 10.
* SR 2 runs west to east through the northwest portion of the county, beginning at the northeast corner of Columbia County, then passing through John M. Bethea State Forest and becoming Georgia State Route 94 after crossing the bridge over the Saint Mary's River.
* SR 121 is a south to north road that runs southwest to northeast from Raiford in Union County to just before the interchange with Interstate 10, and then straight south to north through downtown Macclenny and later towards rural Baker County, until it crosses a series of bridges over the Saint Mary's River where it takes a long journey through Georgia and South Carolina as a tri-state de facto auxiliary route from U.S. Route 21 in Rock Hill, South Carolina.
* SR 228 / CR 228 is a short northwest-to-southeast state highway in Macclenny that has two county extensions. The first is a south-to-north extension beginning at US 90 leading to SR 121 north of the town limits. The second is a bi-county extension running southeast of Interstate 10 to US 301 in Duval County near the resumption of a state road which passes through Westside Jacksonville, Downtown Jacksonville and all the way to the Hogan section of Southside Jacksonville.

### Railroads

The main railroad line through Baker County is the Florida Gulf & Atlantic Railroad which acquired the former CSX lines from Pensacola to Baldwin on June 1, 2019. CSX retained trackage rights on that route. No passenger trains stop anywhere in Baker County, but Amtrak's Sunset Limited served the Tallahassee Subdivision until Hurricane Katrina ravaged the Gulf Coast in 2005.
The other major railroad line in the county is Norfolk Southern Railway's Valdosta District, which spans northwest to southeast from the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge at the Georgia State Line, north of the Columbia-Baker County Line, through Baxter at a bridge over the Saint Mary's River which cuts through the "Georgia Bend" and eventually leads to the Jacksonville Terminal.
Additionally, the Jacksonville and Southwestern Railroad was a former Atlantic Coast Line Railroad line running through the southeast portion of the county that was abandoned by CSX in 1992. The line has been converted to a rail trail between Baldwin and Jacksonville in Duval County, and in Raiford in Union County, but no known plans exist to connect the two segments.

## Demographics

Baker County, Florida – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White (NH) | 18,839 | 22,353 | 22,185 | 82.61% | 82.44% | 78.51% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 3,083 | 3,651 | 3,825 | 13.85% | 13.46% | 13.54% |
| Native American or Alaska Native (NH) | 82 | 72 | 109 | 0.37% | 0.27% | 0.39% |
| Asian (NH) | 88 | 129 | 157 | 0.40% | 0.48% | 0.56% |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 7 | 5 | 14 | 0.03% | 0.02% | 0.05% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 5 | 13 | 84 | 0.02% | 0.05% | 0.3% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 186 | 372 | 912 | 0.84% | 1.37% | 3.23% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 419 | 520 | 973 | 1.88% | 1.92% | 3.44% |
| Total | 22,259 | 27,115 | 28,259 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 28,259 people, 8,828 households, and 6,448 families residing in the county.
As of the census of 2000, there were 22,259 people, 7,043 households, and 5,599 families residing in the county. The population density was 38 inhabitants per square mile (15/km$^2$). There were 7,592 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile (5.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 84.04% White, 13.92% Black or African American, 0.38% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. 1.88% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 34.5% were of American, 9.9% Irish, 8.6% English and 6.6% German ancestry according to Census 2000. Those claiming "American" ancestry are of predominantly English ancestry but most people in Baker County who are Anglo-European tend to identify simply as American. 97.2% spoke English and 2.5% Spanish as their first language.
There were 7,043 households, out of which 41.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.70% were married couples living together, 13.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.50% were non-families. 17.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.20.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.50% under the age of 18, 9.90% from 18 to 24, 30.70% from 25 to 44, 22.70% from 45 to 64, and 9.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 119.79 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.40 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $40,035, and the median income for a family was $43,503. Males had a median income of $30,240 versus $21,279 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,164. About 11.40% of families and 14.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.20% of those under age 18 and 8.60% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

The Baker County School District serves public school students in the county.
The main library serving Baker County is the Emily Taber Public Library. The building used to be the Old Baker County Courthouse, built in 1908. The library director is April Teel.

## Government
### Law enforcement

The Baker County Sheriff's Office is headquartered in Macclenny, Florida. Sheriff Scotty Rhoden was first elected in 2016.

## Politics
### Voter registration

As of September 1, 2020, Baker County has a Republican majority, with a Democratic minority.
| Name | Name | Number of voters | % |
| | Democratic | 4,446 | 27.2% |
| | Republican | 9,910 | 60.7% |
| | Others | 1,963 | 12.1% |
| Total | Total | 16,319 | |

### Statewide elections

United States presidential election results for Baker County, Florida :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 12,926 | 86.11% | 1,982 | 13.20% | 103 | 0.69% |
| 2020 | 11,911 | 84.58% | 2,037 | 14.47% | 134 | 0.95% |
| 2016 | 10,294 | 81.02% | 2,112 | 16.62% | 299 | 2.35% |
| 2012 | 8,975 | 78.80% | 2,311 | 20.29% | 104 | 0.91% |
| 2008 | 8,672 | 78.22% | 2,327 | 20.99% | 88 | 0.79% |
| 2004 | 7,738 | 77.73% | 2,180 | 21.90% | 37 | 0.37% |
| 2000 | 5,611 | 68.80% | 2,392 | 29.33% | 152 | 1.86% |
| 1996 | 3,686 | 55.54% | 2,273 | 34.25% | 678 | 10.22% |
| 1992 | 3,418 | 50.59% | 1,976 | 29.25% | 1,362 | 20.16% |
| 1988 | 3,418 | 71.49% | 1,355 | 28.34% | 8 | 0.17% |
| 1984 | 3,485 | 71.62% | 1,381 | 28.38% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1980 | 2,283 | 45.88% | 2,611 | 52.47% | 82 | 1.65% |
| 1976 | 1,058 | 25.22% | 2,985 | 71.16% | 152 | 3.62% |
| 1972 | 1,943 | 83.64% | 379 | 16.32% | 1 | 0.04% |
| 1968 | 294 | 10.72% | 487 | 17.75% | 1,962 | 71.53% |
| 1964 | 1,121 | 49.65% | 1,137 | 50.35% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 398 | 21.32% | 1,469 | 78.68% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1956 | 366 | 20.23% | 1,443 | 79.77% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1952 | 419 | 22.04% | 1,482 | 77.96% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1948 | 112 | 9.52% | 849 | 72.19% | 215 | 18.28% |
| 1944 | 127 | 10.05% | 1,137 | 89.95% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1940 | 114 | 7.78% | 1,352 | 92.22% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1936 | 116 | 6.94% | 1,555 | 93.06% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1932 | 87 | 6.37% | 1,278 | 93.63% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1928 | 676 | 72.38% | 242 | 25.91% | 16 | 1.71% |
| 1924 | 124 | 32.72% | 215 | 56.73% | 40 | 10.55% |
| 1920 | 115 | 22.64% | 346 | 68.11% | 47 | 9.25% |
| 1916 | 52 | 9.25% | 439 | 78.11% | 71 | 12.63% |
| 1912 | 37 | 11.18% | 168 | 50.76% | 126 | 38.07% |
| 1908 | 104 | 30.95% | 152 | 45.24% | 80 | 23.81% |
| 1904 | 120 | 35.40% | 207 | 61.06% | 12 | 3.54% |
Previous gubernatorial elections results :
| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third parties |
| 2022 | 89.45% 9,594 | 10.18% 1,092 | 0.37% 41 |
| 2018 | 82.37% 8,687 | 16.69% 1,760 | 0.94% 99 |
| 2014 | 70.54% 5,956 | 24.87% 2,100 | 4.59% 388 |
| 2010 | 62.34% 4,940 | 34.46% 2,731 | 3.20% 253 |
| 2006 | 69.39% 4,335 | 27.82% 1,738 | 2.79% 174 |
| 2002 | 69.22% 4,515 | 30.06% 1,961 | 0.72% 47 |
| 1998 | 71.14% 3,268 | 28.86% 1,326 | |
| 1994 | 68.52% 3,600 | 31.48% 1,654 | |

## Industry

Baker County is home to a Walmart distribution center, several small manufacturing businesses, and Acreage Holdings, a cannabis cultivation facility. There are also several local, regional, state (the Baker Correctional Institution), and federal prisons in the western part of the county, bordering several more such facilities in Columbia County.

## Communities
### City

* Macclenny

### Town

* Glen St. Mary

### Unincorporated communities

* Baxter
* Cuyler
* Margaretta
* Manning
* Macedonia
* Olustee
* Sanderson
* Taylor