OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gustav De Waele

Gustav De Waele (born 28 March 2008) is a Belgian child actor.

## Life

When 14 years old, Gustav acted in Close by Lukas Dhont as Rémi. During a summer theater camp, he got recommended by Dhont's friend Oliver Roels for the casting of the movie. Close was submitted by Belgium to the 95th Academy Awards in the category Best International Feature Film and was eventually nominated. Gustav is currently studying at Kunsthumaniora Brussel [nl].

## Awards
### Magritte Awards

* Most Promising Actor

### CinEuphoria Awards

* Best Supporting Actor
* Best Ensemble
* Best Duo

### Filmfestival Oostende

* Best Supporting Performance
# Currency sign (generic)

The currency sign ¤ is a character used to denote an unspecified currency. It can be described as a circle the size of a lowercase character with four short radiating arms at 45° (NE), 135° (SE), 225° (SW) and 315° (NW). It is raised slightly above the baseline. The character is sometimes called scarab.$^{:5}$

## History

The symbol was first encoded for computers in 1972, as a placeholder for national currency symbols such as the dollar sign, in national variants (ISO 646) of ASCII and the International Reference Variant. It was proposed by Italy as an alternative (to the dollar sign) at 0x24. In reality, most national standards retained the dollar sign as too important.$^{:6}$ ASCII and ISO 646 were specified as 7-bit encoding, which allowed for 96 printable characters and 32 control codes. The character is used in the GSM default 7-bit encoding as specified in 3GPP TS 23.038 / GSM 03.38 at 0x24.
The introduction of 8-bit encoding and the ISO/IEC 8859 code pages meant that all major national currency symbols (in use at the time) could be accommodated. When ISO 8859 was standardized, this symbol was placed at code point 0xA4 in the Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew character sets. The Cyrillic set included it in early drafts, but it was removed in the published version in favour of including the section sign, §, and it was not included in all later added Latin sets. In Soviet computer systems (usually using some variant of KOI character set) this symbol was placed at the code point used by the dollar sign in ASCII. ISO Latin 9 reallocated the code point used for this symbol to the euro sign, €, but this standard failed to gain significant acceptance given the dominance at the time of Microsoft's Windows-1252 code page. In the modern era, the Unicode standard gives each of the major currency symbols – and this one – its own unique and device-independent code point, with implementation (or lack of) left to font designers.

## Other uses

The symbol is used as a non-printing "end of cell" marker for tables in Microsoft Word.

## Unicode

It is represented in Unicode as U+00A4 ¤ CURRENCY SIGN (&curren;)

### Keyboard entry

The symbol is available on some keyboard layouts, for example, French, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Estonian, Slovak and Hungarian.
Otherwise, it may be typed
* in Windows using Alt+0164
** US international setting in Windows: AltGr+4 (with this setting, the right-hand Alt key acts as an AltGr key)
* In Linux as Composeox
* In Linux and ChromeOS using Ctrl+⇧ Shift+u A4space
** In ChromeOS (if using US international keyboard setting) right alt+4
* Using \textcurrency in LaTeX.

## OS-specific

The currency sign was once a part of the Mac OS Roman character set, but Apple changed the symbol at that code point to the euro sign in Mac OS 8.5. In pre-Unicode Windows character sets (Windows-1252), the generic currency sign was retained at 0xA4 and the euro sign was introduced as a new code point, at 0x80 in the little used (by Microsoft) control-code space 0x80 to 0x9F.
# Thomas S. Savage

Thomas Staughton Savage (June 7, 1804 in Cromwell, Connecticut – December 27, 1880 in Rhinebeck, New York) was an American Protestant clergyman, missionary, physician, and naturalist.
Savage was born in Middletown, Connecticut to ship owner Josiah Savage and Mary Roberts. The family consisted of wealthy Congregationalists and he went to Yale College and Yale Medical School, receiving an MD in 1833. He then travelled across the US and then joined the Virginia Theological Seminary and graduated in 1836. His first marriage was to Susan A. Metcalfe September 28, 1838. He married his second wife, Maria Chapin, in 1842. It was after her death that he married Elizabeth Rutherford, granddaughter of the author Eliza Fenwick, in 1844. He was the father of five children, Elizabeth Fenwick Savage (b. 1846), Alexander Duncan Savage (1848-1935), Thomas Rutherford Savage (1851-1918), William Rutherford Savage (1854-1934), Jesse Duncan Savage (b. 1858). He was the grandfather of the American artist Thomas Casilear Cole (1888-1976).
Savage was ordained deacon in July 1836 and priest in October the same year. He was then sent as a medical missionary to Liberia. During his time in Africa he acquired the skull and bones from an unknown ape species, which he described in 1847 at the Boston Society of Natural History with American naturalist and anatomist Jeffries Wyman with the scientific name Troglodytes gorilla, now known as the western gorilla.
# Rzayev

Rzayev or Rzaev (Russian: Рзаев) is an Azerbaijani masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Rzayeva or Rzaeva. It may refer to
* Anar Rzayev (born 1938), Azerbaijani writer, dramatist and film director
* Dadash Rzayev (born 1935), Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan
* Hagigat Rzayeva (1907–1969), Azerbaijani actress and singer
* Mushig Rzayev (born 1998), Azerbaijani football player
* Rail Rzayev (1945–2009), Commander of the Azerbaijani Air Force
* Ruslan Rzayev (born 1998), Russian football player
* Vidadi Rzayev (born 1967), Azerbaijani football player
# Ostrowsko, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Ostrowsko is a village in Poland, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Nowy Targ County. In the years 1975-1998 it was in the Nowy Sącz Voivodeship. Ostrowsko is on the road from Nowy Targ to Czorsztyn and is located by the Dunajec River.
* This Nowy Targ County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Anas Hamzaoui

Anas Hamzaoui (Arabic: انس حمزاوي; born 14 July 1996) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Perth Glory.

## Career

Hamzaoui spent time playing youth football with Anderlecht, Mechelen, RWDM, Club Brugge and Sint-Truidense.
In 2022, Hamzaoui signed for RAAL La Louvière in the Belgian National Division 1, the third tier of Belgian football. He left the club at the end of his contract after the 2022–23 season.
On 10 June 2024, Hamzaoui joined Australian A-League club Perth Glory on a two-year deal.

## Personal life

Born in Belgium, Hamzaoui is of Moroccan descent.

## Career statistics

    As of September 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National cup | National cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Tubize | 2016–17 | Challenger Pro League | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Royale Union Saint-Gilloise | 2017–18 | Challenger Pro League | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| Royale Union Saint-Gilloise | 2018–19 | Challenger Pro League | 8 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| Royale Union Saint-Gilloise | 2019–20 | Challenger Pro League | 17 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 |
| Royale Union Saint-Gilloise | 2020–21 | Challenger Pro League | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| Royale Union Saint-Gilloise | Total | Total | 42 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 57 | 0 |
| Excelsior Virton (loan) | 2021–22 | Challenger Pro League | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| RAAL La Louvière | 2022–23 | Belgian National Division 1 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| Perth Glory FC | 2024–25 | A-League Men | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 80 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 97 | 0 |
* ↑ Appearance(s) in Belgian Europa League Playoff
# Muhammad Ameer Sultan

Muhammad Ameer Sultan (Urdu: محمد امیر سلطان) is a Pakistani politician who has been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan since February 2024 and previously served in this position from August 2018 till January 2023.

## Early life

Ameer Sultan was born on March 22, 1976, to Muhammad Nazir Sultan. He spent most of his childhood in Lahore, and grew up in a political family. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a master's degree in law in 2002.
He has a son named Sahibzada Ibrahim Sultan.

## Political career

He was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan from NA-116 (Jhang-III) as a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) in the 2018 Pakistani general election. He received 90,649 votes and defeated Muhammad Asif Muavia Sial, an independent candidate.
In November 2018, he was appointed Federal Parliamentary Secretary for National Food Security and Research.
He was re-elected to the National Assembly from NA-110 Jhang-III as an independent candidate supported by PTI in the 2024 Pakistani general election. He received votes and defeated Muhammad Asif Muavia Sial, a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML(N)).
# List of Egyptian films of 1931

A list of films produced in Egypt in 1931. For an A-Z list of films currently on Wikipedia, see Category:Egyptian films.
| Title | Director | Cast | Genre | Notes |
| Sahib Al-Sa'adah Kechkech Bey (His Excellency Kechkech Bey) | Naguib el-Rihani, Stéphane Rosti | Naguib el-Rihani, Stéphane Rosti | | |
| Wakhz Al-Damir (A Guilty Conscience) | Ibrahim Lama | Assia Dagher, Mary Queeny | | |
# Rate of heat flow

The rate of heat flow is the amount of heat that is transferred per unit of time in some material, usually measured in watts (joules per second). Heat is the flow of thermal energy driven by thermal non-equilibrium, so the term 'heat flow' is a redundancy (i.e. a pleonasm). Heat must not be confused with stored thermal energy, and moving a hot object from one place to another must not be called heat transfer. However, it is common to say ‘heat flow’ to mean ‘heat content’.
The equation of heat flow is given by Fourier's law of heat conduction.
Rate of heat flow = - (heat transfer coefficient) * (area of the body) * (variation of the temperature) / (length of the material)
The formula for the rate of heat flow is:
    ${\frac {Q}{\Delta t}}=-kA{\frac {\Delta T}{\Delta x}}$
where
* $Q$ is the net heat (energy) transfer,
* $\Delta t$ is the time taken,
* $\Delta T$ is the difference in temperature between the cold and hot sides,
* $\Delta x$ is the thickness of the material conducting heat (distance between hot and cold sides),
* $k$ is the thermal conductivity of the material conducting heat, and
* $A$ is the surface area of the surface emitting heat.
If a piece of material whose cross-sectional area is $A$ and thickness is $\Delta x$ with a temperature difference $\Delta T$ between its faces is observed, heat flows between the two faces in a direction perpendicular to the faces. The time rate of heat flow, ${\frac {Q}{\Delta t}}$, for small $Q$ and small $\Delta t$, is proportional to $A\times {\frac {\Delta T}{\Delta x}}$. In the limit of infinitesimal thickness $\Delta x$, with temperature difference $\Delta T$, this becomes $H=-kA({\frac {\Delta T}{\Delta x}})$, where $H=({\frac {Q}{\Delta t}})$ is the time rate of heat flow through the area $A$, ${\frac {\Delta T}{\Delta x}}$ is the temperature gradient across the material, and $k$, the proportionality constant, is the thermal conductivity of the material. People often use $k$, $\lambda$, or the Greek letter $\kappa$ to represent this constant. The minus sign is there because the rate of heat flow is always negative—heat flows from the side at higher temperature to the one at lower temperature, not the other way around.
# Martín Caballero

Gustavo Rueda Díaz (21 February 1962 – 24 October 2007), known by his nom de guerre Martín Caballero, was a Colombian guerrilla leader, member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and commander of the 37th Front Caribbean Bloc of the FARC-EP that operates in Caribbean Region. He was killed in action by the Colombian Army after a military operation on 25 October 2007. Colombian authorities wanted him on charges of rebellion, extortion, terrorism, first degree murder, armed assault, assault and battery, and kidnapping among others. Defense Minister Juan Manuel Santos described his death as the "most important" blow against FARC in 2007.

## Early years

In 1979 Gustavo Rueda Díaz studied in the northern Colombian port city of Barrancabermeja, during that year he became a militant in the Colombian Communist Youth (JUCO). Two years later in 1981, Rueda joined the 4th Front of the FARC-EP in the Middle Magdalena Region and assumed the alias of "Martín Caballero". He was later sent to the area of the Serranía del Perijá mountain range near the border with Venezuela. In 1991, he was appointed commander of the 37th Front of the FARC-EP which he led until his death in 2007.

## Kidnapping of Fernando Araújo

Caballero was suspected of being the mastermind behind the kidnapping of the former Colombian minister of Foreign Affairs Fernando Araújo in the city of Cartagena in December 2000 and escaped in 2006.

## Attempted attack on President Bill Clinton

In 2000, President Bill Clinton visited Cartagena de las Indias in part to stand by Colombia in solidarity for its long war. Caballero was accused of planning to attack him in 2000 by placing explosives along the route of Clinton's presidential limousine.

## Kidnapping of three United States citizens

Martín Caballero was accused by Colombian authorities of being the man responsible behind the majority of kidnappings in the northern Caribbean region of Colombia, including the three United States citizens Keith Stansell, Thomas Howes and Marc Gonsalves. Stansell, Thomas and Gonsalves were kidnapped when their Cessna Grand Caravan crashed while working for California Microwave Systems, which the U.S. Defense Department had contracted with to gather information about illicit coca and opium crops in Colombia. They were rescued in July 2008. For this case the Attorney General of Colombia formally accused Caballero on 5 October 2006 and ten other guerrilla leaders of being responsible for their kidnapping.
According to Colombian military intelligence Caballero ordered the incursion of the 37th Front of the FARC-EP in the corregimiento of Matuya in the municipality of Maria La Baja, Bolívar Department, in which the insurgents assaulted a farm, threatened the workers, demanded a ransom and stole some 140 cattle. Under his orders, insurgents also attacked numerous farms with the same strategy while also extorting agricultural producers throughout the region.
# Corferias

Corferias is a convention center located in the city of Bogotá Colombia, between Quinta Paredes and El Recuerdo neighborhoods. It is a venue of local, national and international events. Although it was originally created only as a fair space it has also served as an important place for social activities including voting and it is used by companies and individuals for cultural events.

## History

Corferias was founded on June 8, 1954, by decree 1772 as mixed capital investment between the Colombian Ministry of Foment and the Association of Medium and Small Companies (ACOPI).
On October 29, 1954, it opened its doors with the creation of the first international exposition fair that would be later called International Fair of Bogotá. In 1955 Corferias became a public limited company when ACOPI sold some of its shares to the Institute of Industrial Foment (IFI).
In 1971 the Association of Fairs of America was founded with the goal of regulating the fair-related activities in South America. Initially the association was conformed by the cities of Bogotá, Lima, Santiago de Chile, and El Salvador. Corferias assumed the presidency of said association. From 1974 to 1988 the events were increased to seven per year.
In 1989 the Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá acquired the 100% of Corferias' shares and Hernando Restrepo Londono would become its new director.

## Structure

As of 2010 Corferias has 17 exposition pavilions. It includes a roof-covered area of 44,430 m$^2$ (478,200 sq ft) and 15,000 m$^2$ (160,000 sq ft) of open spaces. Since 2002 a room called Gran Salon Oscar Perez Gutierrez is being used. It has a covered space of 6,000 m$^2$ (65,000 sq ft) that allows events with an audience of 6,000 people sitting and 13,000 standing up. A new pavilion is in the process of being built that will allow an even bigger audience of 10,500 people seated and 21,000 standing. It is also the city's most attended voting place during election season.

## Notable events

Corferias has served as host of many cultural events throughout its history, among them they are notable:

### Cultural events

* ARTBO
* International book fair of Bogotá
* Handcrafts Fair Expoartesanias.
* Iberoamerican Theatre festival
* Colonies fair
* International Fair of Bogotá
* Gastronomy fair

### International events

* Campus Party
* Latin American fair of entertainment
* Andean Fair of Tabletop Games
* International Fair of the Environment
* International Art Fair of Bogotá
* International Agro Expo.
* MTV Awards
* Kids Choice Awards
* D23 Colombia

### National events

* Voting posts for the National Elections Council
* Launch of the 2011 U-20 FIFA World cup

### Corporate events

* Home fair
* Fantasy and Leisure Salon
* Salon of Fashion
* Leather Show
* Fair of young entrepreneurs
* International fair of Health
* Wines Expo
* Brides Expo
* International Automovil Expo
# Coro Musicanova

Coro Musicanova (Musicanova Choir) is an Italian polyphonic choir from Rome conducted by maestro Fabrizio Barchi.

## Profile

Musicanova was formed in 1999, as a consolidation of the activity by the San Filippo youth choir. The choir has collaborated with composers such as Ennio Morricone, Leo Brouwer and Marco Frisina, and with the Italian pop stars Andrea Bocelli and Mina.
In 2017 Coro Musicanova won the Grand Prix of the 46th Florilège Vocal de Tours, gaining access to the 2018 edition of the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing.
# Culture in Belgrade

Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia.

## Cultural events
### Film

The most significant feature film festivals in Belgrade are FEST (Belgrade Film Festival) and FAF (Auter Film Festival), while BELDOCS and Martovski Festival (Belgrade Documentary and Short Film Festival) are important documentary film festivals.

### Theatre

Held annually in September, BITEF (Belgrade Theatre Festival) is considered one of the most important theatre festivals in Europe.

### Music

Among the most popular music festivals in Belgrade are BEMUS (Belgrade Music Festival), Belgrade Beer Festival and Belgrade Jazz Festival.

### Literature

The Belgrade Book Fair is the main event related to literature in Belgrade.

### Art

BELEF (Belgrade Summer Festival) is an art festival in Belgrade.

## Art

The Nobel Prize–winning author Ivo Andrić wrote his most famous work, The Bridge on the Drina, in Belgrade. Other prominent Belgrade authors include Miloš Crnjanski, Borislav Pekić, Milorad Pavić and Meša Selimović.
Internationally Belgrade prominent artists are: Marina Abramović and Milovan Destil Marković.
Most of Serbia's film industry is based in Belgrade, and one of the most notable films to be made there was 1995's Palme d'Or winning Underground, directed by Emir Kusturica.
The city was one of the main centers of the Yugoslav new wave in the 1970s: VIS Idoli, Ekatarina Velika and Šarlo Akrobata were all from Belgrade. Other notable Belgrade rock acts include Riblja Čorba, Bajaga i Instruktori and others. During the 1990s the city was the main center (in the former Yugoslavia) of a musical style known as turbofolk. Today, it is the center of the Serbian hip hop scene, with acts such as Beogradski Sindikat, Škabo, Marčelo, and most of the Bassivity Music stable hailing from or living in the city.

## Cultural institutions

There are many foreign cultural institutions in Belgrade. Instituto Cervantes, Goethe-Institut and Centre Culturel Français are all located in central pedestrian Knez Mihailova Street. Other cultural centres in Belgrade are American Corner, Austrian Cultural Forum (Österreichischen Kulturforums), British Council, Confucius Institute, Canadian Cultural Center, Italian Cultural Institute (Istituto Italiano di Cultura), Culture Center of Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijani Culture Center and Russian Center for Science and Culture (Российский центр науки и культуры).
# Dale Husemoller

Dale Husemöller (also spelled Husemoller) is an American mathematician specializing in algebraic topology and homological algebra who is known for his books on fibre bundles, elliptic curves, and, in collaboration with John Milnor, symmetric bilinear forms.

## Life and career

Husemöller was born in 1933 in Austin, Minnesota, USA. He earned his BA in mathematics at the University of Minnesota (December 1952). He began his graduate career there as a physicist, transferring to Harvard University in 1953. There, he switched from physics to the PhD program in mathematics.
He completed his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1959. His doctoral supervisor was Lars Ahlfors. His dissertation topic was Mappings, Automorphisms and Coverings of Riemann Surfaces.
After the PhD, he served on the faculty of the University of Rochester (1958-59) and the Pennsylvania State University (1959 to 1961). There his interests shifted to topology. He spent most of his career at Haverford College from 1961 until his retirement in 1996. He is currently Professor Emeritus at Haverford.
During Husemöller's career, he spent several sabbatical years as a visiting scholar at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES) and at the University of Bonn. After retirement, he was visiting lecturer at both of these places as well as at the Universities of Munich, Heidelberg, and Münster, the Tata Institute in Bombay, the Institute of Physics and Mathematics in Tehran, and the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in Bonn. He was a regular attendee at the Arbeitstagungen in Bonn.
Professor Husemöller's five children Carl, Anna, Erich, Kurt, and Greta grew up on the Haverford College campus, and spent sabbatical years and subsequent summers with him at the Résidence de l'Ormaille at the IHES in France, and for another year at the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Gymnasium in Bonn while he was at the University there. All five received their BAs at Haverford. Professor Husemöller has 10 grandchildren, Colette, Adrian, Ingrid, Paloma, Atena, Alexei, Annika, Jacob, Rose, and Mbali. He currently lives in western Massachusetts.
# Désastre (12 janvier 2010)

Désastre (12 janvier 2010) is an artwork of Haitian artist Frankétienne. This acrylic on canvas was painted between 15 and 16 January 2010, the same week the 2010 earthquake hit Port-au-Prince, Haiti's capital city. The artwork represents the victims below the city's wreckage.
It was shown to the public for the last time during the exposition "Pour la memoire et la lumière" ("For memory and light") promoted by the foundation Ayiti Bel at the Hotel NH Haiti El Rancho, in Pétion-Ville, Haití, between 11 and 25 April 2014.
Later, it was acquired by a private collector.

## Gallery

* Frankétienne poses in front of his acrylic on canvas.
* Frankétienne is interviewed.