# Asashio-class destroyer

The Asashio-class destroyers (朝潮型駆逐艦, Asashio-gata kuchikukan) were a class of ten destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy in service before and during World War II. The overall layout of the class proved successful in service and created a powerful ship that served as the basis for the design of the following two classes of destroyers.

## Background

The Imperial Japanese Navy was not entirely satisfied with the performance of the Shiratsuyu-class destroyer, particularly in terms of operational range and speed. However, given the limitations of the 1930 London Naval Treaty, it was considered impossible to modify these vessels any further to improve their specifications. This obstacle was removed after the Japanese government decided to allow the treaty to expire without renewal. The final four vessels of a projected 14 destroyers in the Shiratsuyu class were cancelled, and the larger new Asashio-class vessels were approved under the Maru-2 Supplementary Naval Expansion Budget of 1934, with construction spanning 1937-1939 as the treaty did not officially expire until December 31, 1936. All ten vessels were lost in the Pacific War.

## Design

The Asashio-class was the first Japanese destroyer class to exceed 2,000 tons displacement and the first to be equipped with sonar. The hull was 30 feet longer than the Shiratsuyu-class and displacement was increased by 300 tons.
The Asashio-class was powered by two steam turbine engines with two shafts, powered by three boilers, which operated at higher temperatures than the Shiratsuyu-class. The rated output of these engines was 50,000 hp (37,000 kW), which gave the class a top speed of 35 knots (65 km/h) and a range of 5,700 nautical miles (10,600 km) at 15 knots (28 km/h) or 960 nautical miles (1,780 km) at 34 knots (63 km/h). The Asashio-class was thus one knot faster than the Shiratsuyu-class despite the larger size and displacement of the vessels. However, during sea trials, early critical issues were discovered, especially with the reliability of the new steam turbines. Another issue was with design of the rudder, which initially led to problems with the ship's turning radius. These issues were addressed by the start of the Pacific War with a modified stern and rudder.

### Armament

In terms of armament, the Asashio class reverted to the previous Fubuki main battery layout of 3 twin mount 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval guns, instead of the 5-gun design of the more recent Shiratsuyu and Hatsuharu classes that were constructed under treaty limitations. There was one twin turret forward of the bridge and a superfiring pair of twin turrets aft. The guns were capable of 55-degree elevation. Also, the position of the "X" turret at the shelter deck level forward of the quarterdeck "Y" turret, gave the Asashio class a different silhouette than the Shiratsuyu class, where both turrets were at quarterdeck level.
The torpedo armament of eight Type 93 torpedos in two quadruple launchers as on the Shiratsuyu-class was retained, with eight reloads stored in a deckhouse on the centerline of the ship. At the start of the war, the Asashio-class was also equipped with 16 depth charges, while previous classes carried 18. Later in the war, the number of depth charges was increased to 36, and to compensate for the weight, one set of four torpedo reloads was removed.
In terms of anti-aircraft capability, initially two twin-mount Type 96 AA guns were placed forward of the second smokestack. The Asashio-class was the first destroyers to receive this type of gun. As the war progressed, the number of Type 96 guns was gradually increased. In 1942-1943, the twin-mounts were replaced by triple-mounts, and another twin-mount was added forward of the bridge. From 1943-1944, on surviving vessels the superfiring "X" turret was removed and replaced by two more triple-mounts. After 1944, surviving vessels were fitted with between eight and twelve additional single-mounts, and Kasumi received also two Type 93 13mm machine guns. In late 1944, the final four survivors (Kasumi, Michishio, Asagumo, and Yamagumo) received a Type 22 and a Type 13 radar.

## List of ships

Ships of the Asashio class :
| Kanji | Ship | Shipyard | Laid down | Launched | Completed | Fate |
| 朝潮 | Asashio | Sasebo Naval Arsenal | 7 September 1935 | 16 December 1936 | 31 August 1937 | Air strike in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, 4 March 1943 at 07°15′S 148°15′E﻿ / ﻿7.250°S 148.250°E﻿ / -7.250; 148.250 |
| 大潮 | Ōshio | Maizuru Naval Arsenal | 5 August 1936 | 19 April 1937 | 31 October 1937 | Torpedoed by USS Albacore, 20 February 1943 (Solomon Islands campaign) at 00°50′S 146°06′E﻿ / ﻿0.833°S 146.100°E﻿ / -0.833; 146.100 |
| 満潮 | Michishio | Fujinagata Shipyards | 5 November 1935 | 15 March 1937 | 31 October 1937 | Surface action in the Battle of Surigao Strait, 25 October 1944 at 10°25′N 125°23′E﻿ / ﻿10.417°N 125.383°E﻿ / 10.417; 125.383 |
| 荒潮 | Arashio | Kawasaki-Kobe | 1 October 1935 | 26 May 1937 | 30 December 1937 | Air attack in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, 4 March 1943 at 07°15′S 148°30′E﻿ / ﻿7.250°S 148.500°E﻿ / -7.250; 148.500 |
| 朝雲 | Asagumo | Kawasaki-Kobe | 23 December 1936 | 5 November 1937 | 31 March 1938 | Surface action in the Battle of Surigao Strait, 25 October 1944 at 10°04′N 125°21′E﻿ / ﻿10.067°N 125.350°E﻿ / 10.067; 125.350 |
| 山雲 | Yamagumo | Fujinagata Shipyards | 4 November 1936 | 24 July 1937 | 15 January 1938 | Torpedoed and sunk by USS McDermut, Battle of Surigao Strait, 25 October 1944 at 10°25′N 125°23′E﻿ / ﻿10.417°N 125.383°E﻿ / 10.417; 125.383 |
| 夏雲 | Natsugumo | Sasebo Naval Arsenal | 1 July 1936 | 26 May 1937 | 10 February 1938 | Air attack in the Battle of Cape Esperance, 12 October 1942 at 08°40′S 159°20′E﻿ / ﻿8.667°S 159.333°E﻿ / -8.667; 159.333 |
| 峯雲 | Minegumo | Fujinagata Shipyards | 22 March 1937 | 4 November 1937 | 30 April 1938 | Surface action in the Battle of Blackett Strait, 5 March 1943 at 08°01′S 157°14′E﻿ / ﻿8.017°S 157.233°E﻿ / -8.017; 157.233 |
| 霰 | Arare | Maizuru Naval Arsenal | 5 March 1937 | 16 November 1937 | 15 April 1939 | Torpedoed by USS Growler, 5 July 1942 (Aleutian Islands campaign) at 52°0′N 177°40′E﻿ / ﻿52.000°N 177.667°E﻿ / 52.000; 177.667 |
| 霞 | Kasumi | Uraga Dock Company | 1 December 1936 | 18 November 1937 | 24 June 1939 | Sunk by carrier aircraft during Operation Ten-Go, 7 April 1945 at 31°N 128°E﻿ / ﻿31°N 128°E﻿ / 31; 128 |

## Operational History

Ten ships were built. Two ships of the class, Arare and Kasumi escorted the Kido Butai as they attacked Pearl Harbor, December 7th 1941. They remained with the carriers for the following months while the rest of the class took part in convoy and carrier escorting duties to assist in the invasion of the Philippines and Dutch East Indies. It was in the latter campaign that the class saw something of a highlight, starting on 19 February 1942 at the battle of the Badung Strait, where Asashio, Ōshio, Michishio, and Arashio chased off a larger allied cruiser task force from attacking a troop convoy. During the action, Asashio torpedoed and sank the Dutch destroyer Piet Hein, making her the first ship to sink an enemy vessel with the type 93 torpedo, before winning a gunfight with the light cruiser Tromp, hitting her with eleven 5-inch (127 mm) shells, setting her on fire and forcing her to retire from the battle with heavy damage. Asashio and Ōshio then combined fire to damage the destroyer USS Stewart so badly she could not be repaired before the fall of the Dutch East Indies, leading to her being scuttled in Surabaya. In exchange, Michishio was crippled by shell hits from US destroyers that left her dead in the water and under tow, Ōshio took a 5.9-inch (15 cm) shell from Tromp which miraculously did not set off the magazines and sink her in a fiery explosion, while Asashio took a 3-inch (76 mm) shell from Tromp that took out a searchlight.
On February 27th, Asagumo and Minegumo contributed to the battle of the Java Sea by fending off a trio of British destroyers, with Asagumo particularly getting the better of a gunnery duel with the destroyer HMS Electra. Sources heavily differ on whether Asagumo directly sank Electra or sank her with the aid of Minegumo and/or the light cruiser Jintsū, but either way Electra was sunk and Asagumo took 4.7-inch (12 cm) shell hits in turn that forced her to temporarily halt for repairs. After the fall of the Dutch East Indies, the class was involved on various raids on former ABDA fleet ships escaping to Australia, Minegumo and Natsugumo badly damaged the submarine USS Perch, which was later further crippled and then finished off by other destroyers, Kasumi helped to sink the Dutch cargo ship SS Modjokerto, while Arashio sank the Dutch minesweeper Jan Van Amstel.
However, the class's glory days seemed to come to an end at the battle of Midway, June 4th, when both Asashio and Arashio were damaged by bomb hits, then a month later the class suffered its first loss as the submarine USS Growler launched a torpedo spread that sank Arare and crippled Kasumi. It was then on to the Guadalcanal and Solomon Islands campaign, which saw much of the same service but mixed with heavy troop and supply transport missions, plus escorting aircraft carriers at the battles of the Eastern Solomons and Santa Cruz. However, in October Natsugumo did little of note in the battle of Cape Esperance, but in the battle's aftermath she was sunk by aircraft from Henderson Field, before the class rounded out 1942 with Asagumo's role in both naval battles of Guadalcanal. In the first battle, Asagumo operated alongside the Shiratsuyu class destroyers Murasame and Samidare, and together they charged the light cruiser USS Helena, damaging her with six hits and preventing her from sinking the destroyer Amatsukaze, before they blasted the destroyer USS Monssen at point blank range, sinking her with some 39 hits. In the second battle, Asagumo fired torpedoes at the battleship USS South Dakota but inflicted no damage, before rescuing survivors from the battleship Kirishima, which was sunk by the battleship USS Washington.
With the start of 1943, the class would suffer more losses. On February 20th, Ōshio was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Albacore. Meanwhile, on March 4th, Asashio and Arashio were both sunk by US air force bombers at the battle of the Bismarck Sea. The next day, Minegumo assisted in sinking the submarine USS Grampus, but later that night was caught at the battle of Blackett Strait and sunk by the combined gunfire of the light cruisers USS Denver and USS Montpelier. The remaining four ships of the class saw a large break afterwards for the next year, made up of uneventful transport missions and patrol duty without seeing combat. The only exception came on November 19 1943, when Yamagumo sank the submarine USS Sculpin with mixed depth charge and surface gunfire attacks.
On June 19-20 1944, Michishio and Yamagumo escorted aircraft carriers at the battle of the Philippine Sea. In October, the remaining four ships of the class departed to take part in the battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history. On the early morning of the 25th, the class were caught in the battle of the Surigao Strait. In an amazing feat of success, the destroyer USS McDermut managed to launch a torpedo salvo that hit every ship of the class besides Kasumi. Yamagumo immediately exploded and sank. Both Michishio and Asagumo were dead in the water and later met by US surface warships. Michishio was finished off by the destroyer USS Hutchins, while Asagumo was finished off by the light cruisers Denver and USS Columbia. Kasumi survived for several more months, but met her end on April 7, 1945, escorting battleship Yamato during Operation Ten-Go. Enroute, the force was met by 386 carrier aircraft, and Kasumi was destroyed by at least two bomb hits and several near misses.

## Gallery

* Asashio
* Ōshio
* Michishio
* Arashio
* Arashio
* Asagumo
* Yamagumo
* Natsugumo
* Minegumo
* Arare
* Kasumi
* Kasumi (bottom center)