# Nakajima Ki-49

The Nakajima Ki-49 Donryu (呑龍, "Storm Dragon") was a twin-engine Japanese World War II heavy bomber. It was designed to carry out daylight bombing missions, without the protection of escort fighters. Consequently, while its official designation, Army Type 100 Heavy Bomber, was accurate in regard to its formidable defensive armament and armor, these features restricted the Ki-49 to payloads comparable to those of lighter medium bombers – the initial production variant could carry only 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) of bombs.
A mid-wing, cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction, the Ki-49 was one of the first Japanese aircraft fitted with a retractable tailwheel. During World War II, it was known to the Allies by the reporting name "Helen".

## Development

The Ki-49 was designed to replace the Mitsubishi Ki-21 ("Sally"), which entered service with the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force in 1938. Learning from service trials of the Ki-21, the Army realized that however advanced it may have been at the time of its introduction, its new Mitsubishi bomber would in due course be unable to operate without fighter escorts. The Japanese Army stipulated that its replacement should have the speed and defensive weaponry to enable it to operate independently.
The prototype first flew in August 1939 and the development programme continued through three prototypes and seven pre-production aircraft. This first prototype was powered by a pair of 708 kW (949 hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KA-I radial engines but the next two had the 932 kW (1,250 hp) Nakajima Ha-41 engines that were intended for the production version. Seven more prototypes were built and these completed the test programme for the aircraft. Eventually in March 1941, the Donryu went into production as the Army Type 100 Heavy Bomber Model 1.

## Operational history

Going operational from autumn 1941, the Ki-49 first saw service in China. After the outbreak of the Pacific War it was also active in the New Guinea area and in raids on Australia. Like the prototype, these early versions were armed with five 7.7 mm (0.303 in) machine guns and one 20 mm (0.787 in) cannon. Combat experience in China and New Guinea showed the Donryu to be underpowered, with bomb capacity and speed suffering as a result. Thus, in the spring of 1942 an up-engined version was produced, fitted with more powerful Ha-109 engines and this became the production Army Type 100 Heavy Bomber Model 2 or Ki-49-IIa. The Model 2 also introduced improved armor and self-sealing fuel tanks and was followed by the Ki-49-IIb in which 12.7 mm (0.5 in) Ho-103 machine guns replaced three of the 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Type 89 machine guns.
In spite of these improvements, losses continued to mount, as the quantity and quality of fighter opposition rose. In early 1943, further power increases were delayed, owing to development difficulties with the 1,805 kW (2,421 hp) Nakajima Ha-117 engines, and the Ki-49-III never entered production, with only six prototypes being built.
In the face of its increasing vulnerability to opposing fighter aircraft while performing its intended role, the Ki-49 was used in other roles towards the end of the Pacific War, including anti-submarine warfare patrol, troop transport, and as a kamikaze.
After 819 aircraft had been completed, production ended in December 1944. Fifty of these were built by Tachikawa.

## Variants
### Ki-49

    Prototypes and pre-series models with a 708 kW (949 hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KAI or the 930 kW (1,250 hp) Ha-4. The pre-series with little modifications from the prototype.

### Ki-49-I

    Army Type 100 Heavy Bomber Model 1, first production version.

### Ki-49-II

    Two prototypes fitted with two Nakajima Ha-109 radial piston engines.

### Ki-49-IIa

    Army Type 100 Heavy Bomber Model 2A - Production version with Ha-109 engines and armament as Model 1.

### Ki-49-IIb

    Version of Model 2 with 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Ho-103 machine guns replacing rifle caliber weapons.

### Ki-49-III

    Six prototypes fitted with two 1,805 kW (2,421 hp) Nakajima Ha-117 engines.

### Ki-58

    Escort fighter with Ha-109 engines, 5 x 20 mm (0.787 in) cannon, 3 x 12.7 mm (0.5 in) machine guns. 3 prototypes built.

### Ki-80

    Specialized pathfinder aircraft - 2 prototypes; employed as engine test-beds.

## Operators
### Wartime
#### Japan

* Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
** No. 61 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
** No. 62 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
** No. 74 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
** No. 95 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
** No. 110 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
** No. 11 Hikōshidan IJAAF
** Hamamatsu Army Heavy Bomber School

### Post-war
#### France

* 3 captured aircraft were used between 1946 and 1949 in Indochina

#### Indonesia

* Indonesian Air Force - Ex-Japanese Aircraft were operated by Indonesian guerilla forces after the war.

#### Thailand

* Royal Thai Air Force - Utilized 1 Nakajima Ki-49 as a transport post war, during 1945-46

## Specifications (Ki-49-IIa)

Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, and Axis Aircraft of World War II
General characteristics
* Crew: 8 (pilot, co-pilot, bombardier, navigator, radio operator/gunner and three gunners)
* Length: 16.5 m (54 ft 2 in)
* Wingspan: 20.42 m (67 ft 0 in)
* Height: 4.25 m (13 ft 11 in)
* Wing area: 69.05 m$^2$ (743.2 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 6,530 kg (14,396 lb)
* Gross weight: 10,680 kg (23,545 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 11,400 kg (25,133 lb)
* Powerplant: 2 × Nakajima Ha-109 Army Type 2 fourteen-cylinder air-cooled radial 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,100 kW (1,500 hp) each for take-off
    or 969 kW (1,300 hp) at 5,280 m (17,320 ft)
* Propellers: 3-bladed constant-speed metal propellers
Performance
* Maximum speed: 492 km/h (306 mph, 266 kn) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
* Cruise speed: 350 km/h (220 mph, 190 kn) at 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
* Range: 2,000 km (1,200 mi, 1,100 nmi)
* Ferry range: 2,950 km (1,830 mi, 1,590 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 9,300 m (30,500 ft)
* Time to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 13 minutes 39 seconds
* Wing loading: 154.7 kg/m$^2$ (31.7 lb/sq ft)
* Power/mass: 0.210 kW/kg (0.128 hp/lb)
Armament
* Guns: 1 × 20 mm (0.787 in) Ho-1 cannon in a dorsal gun position and 5 × 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Type 89 machine guns (one nose, two waist, one ventral, and one in a tail position).
* Bombs: 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bomb load