OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde

Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde, also known as Lettugal Niiser Fulfulde (Ajami: لٜتُّغَلْ نِيسٜرْ فُلْفُلْدٜ‎) is a variety of the Fula language, a Niger–Congo language predominantly spoken in the Central and Eastern regions of Niger, particularly among the Fulani people. The linguistic structure of this language exhibits distinct features, including a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order. Prepositions and postpositions are utilized in the language to convey spatial relationships. Genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals, and relatives follow noun heads, contributing to the overall complexity of sentence structures. The language employs a question-word-final pattern, placing question words at the end of interrogative sentences. Additionally, there is a specific set of affixes, comprising one prefix and nine suffixes, which play a crucial role in marking number and subject in verbs.
Word order nuances are significant, as it distinguishes subjects, objects, indirect objects, given and new information, as well as topics and comments within sentences. Furthermore, verb affixes are essential for indicating number and subject, with their usage being obligatory. Class marking with participles is also mandatory in Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde.
The language exhibits both middle and passive voice constructions, allowing for a nuanced expression of actions and their agents. Causatives are incorporated to denote actions that are caused or induced by external factors. Phonologically, the language adheres to a combination of consonant-vowel (CV), consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC), consonant-vowel-vowel (CVV), and consonant-vowel-vowel-consonant (CVVC) structures. Importantly, Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde is nontonal, meaning that pitch variations do not play a distinctive role in conveying meaning, in contrast to tonal languages where pitch differences can alter the meaning of a word.
Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde is spoken by the Wodaabe people and is culturally distinct from other varieties of Fula, with many loanwords from Hausa used. Most speakers also speak Hausa.

## Orthography

Fulfulde Latin alphabet :
| A a | Aa aa | B b | Mb mb | Ɓ ɓ | C c | D d | Nd nd | Ɗ ɗ | E e | Ee ee | F f | G g | Ng ng | H h | I i | Ii ii | J j | Nj nj |
| [a] | [aː] | [b] | [ᵐb] | [ɓ] | [t͡ʃ]‍~[c]‍ | [d] | [ⁿd] | [ɗ] | [e] | [eː] | [f] | [ɡ] | [ᵑɡ] | [h] | [i] | [iː] | [ɟ]‍ | [ᶮɟ] |
| K k | L l | M m | N n | Ny ny | Ŋ ŋ | O o | Oo oo | P p | R r | S s | T t | U u | Uu uu | W w | X x | Y y | Ƴ ƴ | ’ |
| [k] | [l] | [m] | [n] | [ɲ] | [ŋ] | [o] | [oː] | [p] | [r] | [s] | [t] | [u] | [uː] | [w] | [x] | [j] | [jˤ] | [ʔ] |
# Desulfobacterium autotrophicum

Desulfobacterium autotrophicum is a mesophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium. Its genome has been sequenced.
# 3-D Ultra Pinball: Creep Night

3-D Ultra Pinball: Creep Night is a video game released in 1996 for Windows and Macintosh, and is the second game in 3-D Ultra Pinball video game series.

## Gameplay

3-D Ultra Pinball: Creep Night is a game in which players use the flippers and pinballs to defend against monsters by using the Castle, Tower, and Dungeon as settings for each table.

## Reception

Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| Computer Gaming World | |
| GameRevolution | 7/10 |
| Génération 4 | |
| Joystick | 80% (PC) 60% (Mac) |
| PC Games (DE) | 68% |
Charlotte Panther reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, recommended it for beginning and experienced players, and stated that "Creep Night is an entertaining game with plenty of scope for replayability."
3-D Ultra Pinball: Creep Night received a score of 3 out of 5 from MacUser.
Robert Edvardsson from Mac Game Gate praised the sound effects, music, and graphics, calling it "one of the finest pinball simulators available for the Mac."
The reviewer from PC Multimedia & Entertainment rated the game 88% and said that "Creepnight offers the right balance of excellent sights and sounds, with non-stop addictively compelling gameplay!"
Monica Stoscheck for German magazine PC Player gave the game 4 stars, while German magazine PC Joker rated the game 74%, and Czech magazine Score only rated it 3 out of 10.
Chuck Miller from Gamecenter said that "A belfry of configurable preferences, multiple skill-level adjustments, and a brood of toggleable detail options make Creep Night one of the most adaptable pinball games to scare up attention."

## Reviews

* PC Gamer (US) (1997 February)
* Gamezilla (Aug 17, 2000)
* PC Gamer (1997)
* Mac Ledge (Nov 02, 1996)
* Game Revolution (Nov 05, 1996)
* Power Play (Sep, 1996)
* Computer Games Magazine (Sep 29, 1996)
* PC Action (Germany) (Sep, 1996)
* High Score (Jan, 1997)
* High Score (Feb, 1997)
# Mucharz

Mucharz is a village in Wadowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Mucharz. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Wadowice and 39 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kraków.
# Izhak Graziani

Izhak Graziani (Hebrew: יצחק גרציאני (August 4, 1924 - July 7, 2003) was an Israeli music conductor.

## Biography

Izhak ("Ziko") Graziani was born in Ruse, Bulgaria, where he studied music and conducting. In 1948, he immigrated to Israel and joined the IDF Orchestra as a trumpet player.
Graziani died at his home in Ramat Aviv at the age of 79, and was buried in Kiryat Shaul Cemetery He left behind a wife, Dora, two daughters, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. His daughter, Kochva Gal-Gratziani, is a choir conductor.
A large street is named after him In Sofia. Street were named after him in Kfar Saba, Rosh Ha'Ayin and Tel Aviv

## Music career

Graziani played with the orchestra until 1952. In 1960, after the retirement of conductor Shalom Ronli-Riklis, Graziani took his place. He went on to become conductor of the IBA Radio Orchestra (later renamed IBA Radio and TV Orchestra).
Graziani was also music director of the Eurovision Song Contest 1979.
Graziani retired in 2003 and died three months later.
He collaborated with Leonard Bernstein.
# Blakely Island, Washington

Blakely Island (SENĆOŦEN: XEMXEMIȽĆ) in San Juan County, Washington is the sixth largest island in the San Juan Islands of Washington State, United States, encompassing a land area of 16.852 km$^2$ (6.507 sq m). It is separated from Cypress Island to the east by Rosario Strait. The population was 56 persons as of the 2000 census.
There is no immediate public access to Blakely Island and it can only be reached by private ferry or boat.

## History

Blakely Island was named by Charles Wilkes during the Wilkes Expedition of 1838-1842, in honor of Johnston Blakeley, a naval commander during the War of 1812. Thatcher bay, on the island's west coast, was the site of seasonal Samish tribal villages and, during the territorial period, the mill town of Thatcher, Washington. In 2014, toxic creosote pilings left over from earlier habitation were removed from the waters of Thatcher bay.

## Infrastructure

There is no public ferry service to Blakely Island. Access is only by boat or private ferry, arriving at the marina at the northern tip of the island. There is also a private airstrip for the exclusive use of property owners. The only services available on Blakely Island are at a general store and café, located at the marina and open seasonally. Seattle Pacific University runs a 967-acre (391.3 ha) biological field station on Blakely Island.

## Geography

The island is hilly and heavily forested, with few maintained roads or paths. There are two freshwater lakes, Horseshoe Lake and Spencer Lake, at the center of the island. A freshwater creek, Spencer creek, flows from Spencer Lake into Thatcher Bay.

## Climate

Climate data for Blakely Island, Washington :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 65 (18) | 69 (21) | 79 (26) | 83 (28) | 90 (32) | 95 (35) | 101 (38) | 95 (35) | 88 (31) | 82 (28) | 69 (21) | 74 (23) | 101 (38) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 45.0 (7.2) | 48.6 (9.2) | 52.3 (11.3) | 57.8 (14.3) | 63.6 (17.6) | 68.2 (20.1) | 72.2 (22.3) | 72.2 (22.3) | 67.5 (19.7) | 59.2 (15.1) | 51.0 (10.6) | 46.3 (7.9) | 58.7 (14.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 39.8 (4.3) | 42.2 (5.7) | 45.2 (7.3) | 49.7 (9.8) | 54.7 (12.6) | 58.9 (14.9) | 62.0 (16.7) | 62.1 (16.7) | 58.4 (14.7) | 51.9 (11.1) | 45.2 (7.3) | 41.2 (5.1) | 50.9 (10.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 34.5 (1.4) | 36.0 (2.2) | 38.1 (3.4) | 41.6 (5.3) | 45.7 (7.6) | 49.6 (9.8) | 51.7 (10.9) | 51.8 (11.0) | 49.4 (9.7) | 44.6 (7.0) | 39.5 (4.2) | 36.0 (2.2) | 43.2 (6.2) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 6 (−14) | 9 (−13) | 18 (−8) | 27 (−3) | 31 (−1) | 33 (1) | 35 (2) | 33 (1) | 19 (−7) | 23 (−5) | 10 (−12) | 4 (−16) | 4 (−16) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.5 (89) | 2.5 (64) | 2.3 (58) | 1.8 (46) | 1.6 (41) | 1.4 (36) | 0.8 (20) | 1.0 (25) | 1.5 (38) | 2.6 (66) | 3.8 (97) | 3.8 (97) | 26.6 (680) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 2.1 (5.3) | 1.1 (2.8) | 0.5 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.4 (1.0) | 1.0 (2.5) | 5.1 (13) |
| Average precipitation days | 17 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 17 | 135 |
| Source: Weatherbase ||||||||||||||
# Appleby Lodge

Appleby Lodge is a set of three-storey 1930s blocks of flats with eight entrance doors, opposite Platt Fields Park on Wilmslow Road in Rusholme, Manchester, England. The blocks are in a U-shape around a central garden.

## Overview

The buildings consist of a group of three main blocks of flats in the Moderne style arranged around a central garden. They are in red brick with parapets and flat roofs, and have three storeys. The windows and door frames are in steel. The blocks at right angles to the road have rounded ends, and the other block at the east end has a U-shaped plan. The flats have cantilevered balconies, those on the ends being curved. At intervals are flat-roofed porches, and above them are recessed stair towers with full-height small-paned windows.
Appleby Lodge is run by Appleby Lodge Management Company Limited.

## History

Appleby Lodge was designed by Gunton & Gunton with Peter Cummings (1879–1957), who was also the architect of the Manchester Apollo theatre and the Cornerhouse cinema. It was built between 1936 and 1939 for Town and Country Consolidated Properties, with 100 apartments in total.
Residents have included the architect Peter Cummings and Sir John Barbirolli, conductor of the Hallé Orchestra, from 1943 to 1963, commemorated with a blue plaque.
The buildings were Grade II listed in 2003. The original Crittall steel-framed windows were replaced in 2019. The buildings have been described by the architectural historian Elain Harwood of Historic England as an "urban oasis". In 2020 Appleby Lodge was selected as one of Greater Manchester's best looking streets by the Manchester Evening News newspaper.
# The Logic of Scientific Discovery

The Logic of Scientific Discovery is a 1959 book about the philosophy of science by the philosopher Karl Popper. Popper rewrote his book in English from the 1934 (imprint '1935') German original, titled Logik der Forschung. Zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft, which literally translates as, "Logic of Research: On the Epistemology of Modern Natural Science"'.

## Summary

Popper argues that science should adopt a methodology based on falsifiability, because no number of experiments can ever prove a theory, but a reproducible experiment or observation can refute one. According to Popper: "non-reproducible single occurrences are of no significance to science. Thus a few stray basic statements contradicting a theory will hardly induce us to reject it as falsified. We shall take it as falsified only if we discover a reproducible effect which refutes the theory".$^{:66}$ Popper argues that science should adopt a methodology based on "an asymmetry between verifiability and falsifiability; an asymmetry which results from the logical form of universal statements. For these are never derivable from singular statements, but can be contradicted by singular statements".

## Reception

The psychologist Harry Guntrip wrote that its publication "greatly stimulated the discussion of the nature of scientific knowledge", including by philosophers who did not completely agree with Popper, such as Thomas Kuhn and Horace Romano Harré. The psychiatrist Carl Jung, founder of analytical psychology, valued the work. The biographer Vincent Brome recalls Jung remarking in 1938 that it exposed "some of the shortcomings of science". The philosopher Paul Ricœur endorsed "procedures of invalidation" similar to Popper's criteria for falsifiability. The historian Peter Gay described the work as "an important treatise in epistemology". The philosopher Bryan Magee considered Popper's criticisms of logical positivism "devastating". In his view, Popper's most important argument against logical positivism is that, while it claimed to be a scientific theory of the world, its central tenet, the verification principle, effectively destroyed all of science. The physicists Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont argued that critiques of Popper's work have provoked an "irrationalist drift", and that a significant part of the problems that currently affect the philosophy of science "can be traced to ambiguities or inadequacies" in The Logic of Scientific Discovery. The essayist Nassim Nicholas Taleb, in his book The Black Swan, mentions Popper's theory of falsification as a way to combat the effects of confirmation bias, crediting his "insight concerning the fundamental, severe, and incurable unpredictability of the world."
# Tonia, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Tonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bolesław, within Dąbrowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.
# Brievabradys

Brievabradys is an extinct genus of ground sloth belonging to the family Mylodontidae that lived in Colombia during the Middle Miocene. This genus was discovered in the Honda Group of Colombia, in the strata of the Tatacoa Desert in the Huila Department with an approximate age of 13 to 11 million years ago, dating to the Middle Miocene. Brievabradys was described based on a fossilized skull and additional cranial remains found in that area.

## Description

This genus of sloth is characterized by its small size, which is similar to that of the extant two-toed sloth Choloepus ), a skull expanded backwards, a short and robust mandible without a diastema between the teeth, while the first of these possessed a shape similar to that of canine teeth,

## Discovery and naming

The first remains of Brievabradys were discovered in the Honda Group of Colombia, in the strata of the Tatacoa Desert in the Huila Department with an approximate age of 13 to 11 million years ago, dating to the Middle Miocene. The remains of this genus had already been known for some time, but their similarity to other members of the superfamily Mylodontoidea had led to the first referred cranial remains which were not as complete as the holotype of Brievabradys, being identified as the Argentine genus Glossotheriopsis. Later examinations would show that despite their general resemblance, they had different characteristics, especially in the shortening of the snout, wider and lower nostrils and differences in the characteristics of their molariform teeth. These characteristics, according to the original publication, indicate that Brievabradys and Glossotheriopsis belong to the subfamily Mylodontinae of the family Mylodontidae, both being related in turn to the species Orophodon hapaloides.
The generic name, Brievabradys, is derived from "Brieva", referring to two scholars of the National University of Colombia, the brothers Eduardo and Jorge E. Brieva, and bradys meaning "slow" or "lazy", while the specific name refers to the La Venta creek, from where the name of the entire fossil deposit comes from, where it coexisted with other sloths such as the nothrotheriid Huilabradys and the mylodontid Magdalenabradys.
# Murzasichle

Murzasichle is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Poronin, within Tatra County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Poronin, 7 km (4 mi) east of Zakopane, and 84 km (52 mi) south of the regional capital Kraków.
The village name came from the merging of the names of two settlements: Mur and Zasichle. The village is a part of the Podhale region and is inhabited by Gorals.
# Qalandar Khan Lodhi

Qalandar Khan Lodhi (Urdu: قلندر خان لودھی; born 19 March 1944) is a Pakistani politician hailing from Abbottabad District who served as Minister for Food in the 10th Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly.

## Political career

He is also served as two times member of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly from 2002 to 2008 and 2008–2013 as independent and later join Pakistan Muslim League (Q), again in 2013 election elected as independent and later join Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.
He was elected to PK-38 Abbottabad seat in 2018 General Election on the ticket of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. He is advisor to Chief Minister on food since 2 June 2021.
# Agvaansamdangiin Sükhbat

Agvaansamdangiin Sükhbat (Mongolian: Агваансамдангийн Сүхбат; born 30 June 1971) is a successful Mongolian wrestler with three championship wins (2000, 2001, 2004) and first Mongolian wrestler to officially declare retirement in 2006.
His rank/title, showing respect within the wrestling world, is "Dayar dursagdah, dalai dayan, avraga Sükhbat" literally meaning "Renowned by all, oceanic, titan Sükhbat," essentially the highest rank possible in Mongolian wrestling.
He was also a two times winner (1995, 1997) in the Amateur Sumo World Championships.

## Mongolian wrestling career record

Agvaansamdangiin Sükhbat :
| Year | Level | Participants | Rank | Wins | Earned title | Notes |
| 2014 | State | 512 | State Grand Champion | 2 | State Grand Champion | Promoted due to legal rule change. |
| 2013 | State | 512 | State Wide Champion | | | Retired. |
| 2012 | State | 512 | State Wide Champion | | | Retired. |
| 2011 | State | 1024 | State Wide Champion | | | Retired. |
| 2010 | State | 512 | State Wide Champion | | | Retired. |
| 2009 | State | 512 | State Wide Champion | | | Retired. |
| 2008 | State | 512 | State Wide Champion | | | Retired. |
| 2007 | State | 512 | State Surge Champion | | State Wide Champion | Retroactive promotion in recognition of his performance at the 2001 Naadam festival. |
| 2006 | State | 1024 | State Surge Champion | 6 | Tsogt Garamgai | |
| 2005 | State | 512 | State Surge Champion | 6 | Unen Zorigt | |
| 2004 | State | 512 | State Champion | 9 | State Surge Champion | |
| 2003 | State | 512 | State Champion | 7 | Ulzii Badrakh | |
| 2002 | State | 512 | State Champion | 7 | Khuirnan Shuugigch | |
| 2001 | State | 1024 | State Lion | 10 | State Champion | |
| 2000 | State | 512 | State Elephant | 9 | State Lion | |
| 1999 | State | 512 | State Elephant | 5 | Saruul Saijrakh | |
| 1998 | State | 512 | State Elephant | 6 | Ulemj Badrakh | |
| 1997 | State | 512 | State Falcon | 7 | State Elephant | |
| 1996 | State | 512 | State Falcon | | | Sat out. |
| 1995 | State | 512 | State Falcon | 3 | | |
| 1994 | State | 768 | State Falcon | 4 | | |
| 1993 | State | 512 | Lion of Aimag | 6 | State Falcon | |
| State Naadam Winner Won at least 5 rounds in State Naadam Aimag/Sum Naadam Promotion |||||||
# Mysławczyce

Mysławczyce is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Proszowice, within Proszowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.
# Historia Placitorum Coronæ

Historia Placitorum Coronæ or The History of the Pleas of the Crown is an influential treatise on the criminal law of England, written by Sir Matthew Hale and published posthumously with notes by Sollom Emlyn by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling (the assigns of Edward Sayer), for F. Gyles, T. Woodward, and C. Davis in 1736.

## Publication

The book was published despite an instruction in Hale's will that none of his manuscripts was to be printed after his death, unless he had ordered the publication during his lifetime. This was defended by Emlyn on the basis that it was a work of enormous importance; that he appeared to have revoked this instruction in a codicil; and that, in any event, it was obvious that he had intended to publish it. He further observed that the order was the result of fear that the text would be altered or abridged.

## Contents

The book is divided into two parts. The first part deals with substantive law and the second part deals with procedure.

## Authority and reception

Dallas CJ, upon referring to this work, is reported to have said: "With respect to Lord Hale, it is needless to remind those whom I am now addressing, of the general character for learning and legal knowledge of that person, of whom it was said, that what was not known by him was not known by any other person, who preceded or followed him; and that, what he knew, he knew better than any other person who preceded or followed him."
Sir J. F. Stephen, whose incisive criticisms of his predecessors' treatises did not err on the side of mercy, said: "It is not only of the highest authority, but shows a depth of thought and comprehensiveness of design which puts it in quite a different category from Coke's Institutes. It is written on an excellent plan, and is far more of a treatise and far less of an index or mere work of practice than any book on the subject known to me". Stephen found, on the other hand, that it was marred by endless technicalities about principal and accessory, benefit of clergy, the precise interpretation of obscure phrases in statutes, and the law of procedure. But this criticism hardly takes into account the importance of these topics in Hale's time.
# Żelichów, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Żelichów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gręboszów, within Dąbrowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-west of Dąbrowa Tarnowska and 66 km (41 mi) east of the regional capital Kraków.
# Phil Stremmel

Philip Stremmel (April 16, 1880 – December 26, 1947) was an American professional baseball pitcher. Stremmel played for the St. Louis Browns in Major League Baseball in 1909 and 1910. In 7 career games, he had a 0-4 record, with a 4.02 ERA. He batted and threw right-handed.
Stremmel was born in Zanesville, Ohio and died in Chicago.
# Daisy Bank

Daisy Bank is a suburb of Walsall in the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall in the West Midlands county of England. It is located to the east of the town and close to the Aldridge suburb of Pool Green and village of Streetly. As well as Barr Beacon.
# Life insurance in India

Life insurance is one of the growing sectors in India since 2000 as Government allowed Private players and FDI up to 26% and recently Cabinet approved a proposal to increase it to 49%. In 1955, mean risk per policy of Indian and foreign life insurers amounted respectively to ₹2,950 & ₹7,859 (worth ₹15 lakh & ₹41 lakh in 2017 prices). Life Insurance in India was nationalised by incorporating Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) in 1956. All private life insurance companies at that time were taken over by LIC. In 1993, the Government of India appointed RN Malhotra Committee to lay down a road map for privatisation of the life insurance sector.

## Types of life insurance in India

* Unit-linked insurance plan

## Companies

Below are the list of life insurance companies in India:
* Life Insurance Corporation of India
* HDFC Life
* ICICI Prudential Life Insurance
* Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance
* Kotak Life Insurance
* SBI Life Insurance Company
* Axis Max Life Insurance
* Reliance Life Insurance
* Canara HSBC Life Insurance
* Aviva India
* Bandhan_Life
* PNB MetLife India Insurance Company
* Bharti AXA Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
* Aditya Birla Sun Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
* Pramerica Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
* Edelweiss Life Insurance Co. Ltd
* Future Generali India Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
* Sahara India Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
* Shriram Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
* Star Union Dai-ichi Life Insurance
* Tata AIA Life Insurance Co. Ltd.