# Network Device Interface

Network Device Interface (NDI) is a software specification developed by the technology company NewTek. It enables high-definition video to be transmitted, received, and communicated over a computer network with low latency and high quality. This royalty-free specification supports frame-accurate switching, making it suitable for live video production environments.

## Technology

NDI is designed to run over gigabit Ethernet with the NDI codec. It delivers 1080i high-definition video at variable data rates typically around 100 Mbit/s.
By default, NDI uses multicast DNS to advertise sources on a local area network, such that NDI receivers can automatically discover and offer those sources. It also supports two other discovery modes (NDI Access, NDI Discovery Server) that allow for operations across subnets and without multicast DNS. Sources are created using an arbitrarily selected TCP port from a range of ports on the NDI senders. When a source is requested, a TCP connection is established on the appropriate port with the NDI receiver connecting to the NDI sender. NDI 3.x has options to use UDP multicast or unicast with forward error correction (FEC) instead of TCP, and can load balance streams across multiple network interface controllers (NICs) without using link aggregation. NDI version 4.0 introduces the Multi-TCP transport.
NDI carries video, multichannel uncompressed audio, and metadata. Metadata messages can be sent in both directions allowing the sender and receiver to message one another over the connection with arbitrary metadata in XML form. This directional metadata system allows for functionality such as active tally information fed back to sources to understand that they are on-air. NDI also allows senders to determine the number of connected receivers, so they can skip unnecessary processing and network bandwidth utilisation when there are no NDI receiver clients connected. NDI Receivers can opt to connect to various combinations of streams, to support, for instance, audio-only or metadata-only connections where video is not required.
The NDI software development kit (SDK) is available for Windows, Linux, and MacOS, and has also been ported to iOS, tvOS, Android, Raspberry Pi, and FPGA. The Standard NDI SDK is available via a royalty-free proprietary license. The NDI Advanced SDK offers OEMs direct access to and from compressed data and other features, with a commercial license.

## Comparison of common IP video protocols

Other IP video protocols for use in professional video production (rather than IP video used for distribution to end users) include SMPTE 2022, SMPTE 2110, ASPEN (largely superseded by SMPTE 2110) and Sony NMI. There are clear differences in the technology used by these protocols.
| ProtocolParameter | NDI | NDI HX | NDI HX2 | SMPTE 2022-6 | SMPTE 2110 | ASPEN | NMI | CDI |
| Developed by | NewTek | NewTek | NewTek | SMPTE | VSF and SMPTE | ASPEN Community | Sony | AWS |
| Transport | TCP/UDP/Multi-TCP/Reliable UDP | UDP (TCP) | TCP/UDP/Multi-TCP/Reliable UDP | UDP (RTP) | UDP (RTP) | UDP | UDP | UDP / SRD |
| Image format | Size / Aspect Independent | Size / Aspect Independent | Size / Aspect Independent | SDI Formats only | Size / Aspect Independent | | | Size / Aspect Independent |
| Tally | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | | No |
| Bidirectional device control | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | | No |
| Integrated Proxy | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Integrated alpha channel | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | | | Yes |
| Compression | NDI Codec (SHQ 0/2/7) | NDI|HX (H.264) | H.264/H.265 | NONE | SMPTE 2110-22 spec.(JPEG XS, but not limited to) | NONE | NONE / LLVC Codec | NONE |
| Connection | Socket, Unicast / Multicast and FEC | Unicast / Multicast | Socket, Unicast / Multicast and FEC | Multicast | Multicast | Multicast | Multicast / ? | SRD |
| HD (1080i) data rate | ~100 Mbit/s | 8–20 Mbit/s | ~1–50 Mbit/s | >1.5 Gbit/s | >1.1 Gbit/s | >1.5 Gbit/s | >1.5 Gbit/s / up to 14:1 | >1.5 Gbit/s |
| Essence packing | Discrete audio, metadata and video frame packets, single connection | Modified RTSP/RTP type connections | Discrete audio, metadata and video frame packets, single connection | Packetized raw SDI bitstream | Discrete audio, video and Metadata on separate connections with different protocols | Multiple MPEG transport streams | Frame aligned 2022-6 / LLVC | Discrete audio, video and Metadata in SMPTE2110 Formats |
| Infrastructure | Gigabit / wireless / load balanced multi NIC / 10 GBit | Gigabit / wireless | Gigabit / wireless | 10 GBit minimum | 10 GBit minimum | 10 GBit minimum | Gigabit / 10 GBit | 100GBit EFA / libFabric |
| Service Discovery | Bonjour (mDNS), NDI Access (manual), Discovery Server (NDI4) | automatic via HX driver | Bonjour (mDNS), NDI Access (manual), Discovery Server (NDI4) | NMOS | AMWA IS-04 NMOS | JSON-RPC | Plug & play (NDCP) | NONE |
| API | Royalty-free license, SDK libraries for Win (x86), Mac, Linux (x86 & ARM), iOS, FPGA reference | Hardware encode, decode with NDI libraries | Send with NDI Advanced SDK, receive with NDI libraries | SMPTE standard | SMPTE standard | | SMPTE RDD | OPEN SOURCE |
* 1 2 NDI v1.0 was pure TCP. Later versions included options for UDP Unicast and Multicast as appropriate and FEC. NDI 4.0 adds 'Multi-TCP' transport, NDI 5.0 adds 'Reliable-UDP' transport . NDI
* ↑ Tally for SMPTE 2110 relies on external data sources, using proposed AMWA IS 07.
* ↑ The TICO RDD35 codec can be used to compress UHD by 4:1 so an encoded stream can be carried along a SMPTE 2022-6 channel at the same uncompressed bandwidth as HD. SMPTE 2110 with TR-03 also offers the potential to use TICO RDD35 and JPEG XS. This requires a proprietary encoder and decoder which are generally implemented as silicon on each end.

## History

NDI was publicly revealed by NewTek on 8 September 2015 and was demonstrated at the IBC broadcast exhibition in Amsterdam that week. The first device shown using NDI was the NewTek TriCaster which delivered an NDI feed from each of its SDI inputs as well as four output feeds from its vision mixer. The TriCaster could also receive up to two NDI sources from other devices (increased to 12 in later releases and up to 44 in NewTek's IP Series).
NewTek had previously created a predecessor of NDI called AirSend to get video from external devices into their TriCaster products. AirSend had been implemented by a number of character generator (CG) vendors including Vizrt and Chyron. In order to quickly bring these products into the NDI space, NewTek created a new driver to replace the existing AirSend driver, which could be installed on these existing AirSend-compatible devices, instantly converting them to NDI-compatible devices with no change required by the original CG vendors.
BirdDog was an early adopter and in 2018 release Studio NDI, an ASIC implementation of NDI. BirdDog went on to deliver NDI PTZ cameras, along with a host of software applications.
Another early adopter of NDI was VMix, a Windows-based vision mixer which offers NDI inputs and outputs. A significant increase in the NDI installed base came when live-streaming application XSplit added support for NDI.
Later in 2016, NewTek delivered NDI 2.0 which added features including support for service discovery across subnets. In April, Magewell announced seamless integration of their PCIe and USB capture devices, allowing access to any video source on the network. This solution created one of the most efficient broadcast video production scenarios possible with unlimited source choice and ubiquitous operating system compatibility.
On 12 July 2017 NewTek announced NDI 3.0 which added multicast, NDI|HX and other new features, introducing support for specific PTZ Cameras with H.264 chipsets and updated firmware.
In April 2018 at the NAB Show, Microsoft announced they had added NDI support to Skype for Content Creators. Other announcements at NAB2018 included NDI 3.5, and new NDI support from vendors including EVS and Avid.
Version 3.4 of FFmpeg added input and output support for NDI when optionally compiled by the end-user to a non-open-source NewTek library. However, NewTek was later found to be redistributing pre-compiled binaries of FFmpeg that incorporated their non-opensource library in violation of the GNU General Public License, causing the FFmpeg project to remove NDI support from their codebase in March 2019.
In April 2019, ahead of NAB, NewTek announced the addition of Multi-TCP mode to NDI 4.0 which is reported to leverage hardware TCP acceleration present in silicon, assisting lower-spec processors with NDI transport. NDI 4.0 shipped in September 2019 to coincide with the IBC exhibition.
In July 2021, NDI 5 was released adding the following main features: Reliable UDP transmission, Redundant discovery server support, NDI 5 Tools (NDI Bridge, NDI Remote, NDI Audio Direct, FCP-X output)
| Version | Released | Features/Enhancements |
| 1.0 | April 2016 | Initial Release |
| 2.0 | Sept 2016 | Cross subnet support via Access Manager, ARM encoding support, iOS SDK |
| 3.0 | July 2017 | NDI-HX support, Option for multicast transport with FEC, PTZ support. |
| 3.5 | June 2018 | Defaults to Unicast UDP transport method with FEC. |
| 3.6 | July 2018 | Packet level bonding improvements. |
| 3.7 | Sept 2018 | Discovery improvements. |
| 3.8 | Nov 2018 | Performance Enhancements, NDI Embedded SDK for FPGA development. |
| 4.0 | Sept 2019 | Multi-TCP Transport mode, HDR 16-bit support, Native synchronized recording, Discovery Server, NDI HX2 |
| 4.1 | Nov 2019 | Performance improvements. |
| 4.5 | March 2020 | New Multi-TCP implementation, Lower latency with NDI-HX, Predictable port numbers for firewall rules, Improvements to codec quality. |
| 4.6 | Nov 2020 | Can support NDI-HX2 encoding on PC's using NVENC. |
| 5.0 | July 2021 | Reliable UDP transmission, Redundant discovery server support, NDI 5 Tools (Bridge, Remote, Audio Direct, FCP-X output) |
| 5.1 | Feb 2022 | NDI Bridge enhancements, DNS name support for Discovery Server, SDK improvements. |
| 5.5 | Aug 2022 | NDI Router, Quad Inputs on NDI Webcam Input with 4K video support, NDI Remote adds Talkback and desktop sharing features, Auto start applications on system boot, NDI FreeAudio command line tool (found with SDK). |
| 6.0 | Apr 2024 | Added specification for NDI HDR metadata, Improved support for 16-bit colour formats, NDI Bridge Utility for Linux, NDI-KVM support for Video Monitor on macOS, NDI Router for macOS, NDI Studio Monitor on Windows enhanced with HDR support for display and recording. |
| 6.1 | Dec 2024 | NDI Bridge improvements, NDI Bridge service, 16-bit color formats available in FPGA platforms, dynamic bandwidth adjustment API in NDI Advanced SDK. |

## Use in Wi-Fi and wide area networks

NDI was designed to work on good quality gigabit local area networks using TCP and Bonjour (mDNS) technologies. In order to work across subnets that don't pass mDNS, NDI supports a mechanism known as NDI Access which allows manual entry of the IP address of machines on other subnets which may be running NDI sources.
Some NDI adopters have run the protocol across fibre connections up to 15 km, although NDI's use of the TCP protocol makes it less suitable for long-distance, high-latency connections due to factors such as bandwidth-delay product and TCP packet loss recovery. Later versions of NDI introduced different transport protocols including UDP, MultiTCP and reliable UDP (QUIC) which offer different network characteristics. NDI|HX uses a lower data rate making it easier to use in bandwidth-limited connections.

## Use in cloud-based infrastructure

NDI is also used within cloud-based production systems, with its compressed video and unicast transmissions making it suitable for cloud-based services like AWS and Azure. When operating in cloud environments, the NDI Discovery service provides a solution to multicast restrictions common to cloud platforms. Starting with NDI 5, the Bridge tool allows you to connect remote locations together be it over open Internet or via a VPN. NDI Bridge allows you use NDI-HX2 at selectable bitrates and codec types (H.264 or HEVC) as the transmission format between locations (High Bandwidth NDI transmission is also possible), all other aspects of the NDI signal are preserved (metadata, alpha, tally, etc).

## CPU architecture support

NDI, when running on x86 or x86-64 architectures, requires CPUs that include the SSSE3 instruction set. Most Intel CPU designs starting in 2006 have this instruction set, AMD added support starting in 2011. While not a requirement, NDI will take advantage of Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) and AVX2 instruction sets for additional performance.
NDI can run on 32-bit or 64-bit CPU architectures, although performance is increased when using 64-bit.
NDI 4.x and earlier had limited support for ARM, generally offering encode-only support. The release of NDI 5 brings full support for encode and decode on ARM-based processors that include Neon instructions. This includes Apple silicon processors.
NDI|HX devices are typically transmit-only and based on proprietary platforms with hardware H.264 encoder chips. Examples of NDI|HX devices are PTZ cameras, and the NDI Connect Spark SDI to NDI|HX converter box. The NDI stream itself is formed at the stream consumption end via the platform-specific NDI|HX driver, presenting the same uncompressed data to the application software consuming the NDI source regardless of original HX source hardware and compression. NDI|HX2 is a purer implementation, supporting either H.264 or HEVC compression, and allows for additional NDI features.
With NDI 4.0 NewTek announced the addition of a Multi-TCP transport mode. This takes advantage of the hardware TCP acceleration in silicon which helps lower-spec processors handle heavy network load, in contrast to UDP which does not benefit from the hardware acceleration.

## Metadata and extensions to the NDI specification

NDI supports arbitrary metadata as XML blocks, embedded in video and audio frames, as well as stand-alone metadata frames. The content of these metadata blocks form 3 families.
* Internal metadata used by NDI invisibly. These messages are used for connectivity and some other fundamental tasks like Tally. They are typically invisible to NDI clients.
* Defined public metadata. These messages include things like the NDI PTZ Protocol. They are defined by NewTek as part of the NDI SDK.
* Third-party metadata schemas. These messages are implemented in the same way as defined NDI metadata but the content is based on third-party designs.