OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tanezrouft

The Tanezrouft (Arabic: تنزروفت) is a natural region located along the borders of Algeria and Mali, west of the Hoggar Mountains. Along with the Libyan Desert it is one of the most desolate and most arid parts of the Sahara Desert. This area has no permanent residents and is known for its soaring temperatures and scarce access to crucial resources: water and food. Due to this, it is commonly referred to as the "land of terror".

## Geographic features

The Tanezrouft is a vast barren plain extending to the west of the Adrar Ahnet, southeast of the Erg Chech sand sea, and north of the Adrar des Ifoghas hills in northern Mali.
Almost entirely located in Algeria, the Tanezrouft is notoriously flat, featureless and without wells. In 1922 the firm gravel plain enabled the first crossing of the Sahara by motor vehicle. The terrain shows stark evidence of long-ago water erosion when the Sahara Desert's climate was much wetter, but the present annual rainfall is much less than 20 mm. Today the terrain is being shaped by wind erosion, which occurs much faster than in other areas, since there is little or no vegetation to hold the surface in place. The area is known for aridity and extreme heat, and temperatures in summer can easily reach 52 °C (125.6 °F).
Because it is so arid, bleak and flat, the Tanezrouft was never the site of human occupation. In the Tuareg languages its name means "Land of Thirst". Since perhaps 500 BC a desolate trade route has connected the Niger River with the Tidikelt, Touat and the Hoggar in Algeria. It is now spanned north-south by a trans-Saharan route from Béchar in Algeria via Reggane to Tessalit and Gao in Mali. During the colonial era Poste Maurice Cortier (also known as Bidon V, or 'oil drum 5') was a desolate refueling station along this route, 250 kilometres (or five oil drum markers) north of Tessalit. Because of its desolation, in the early 1960s the French tested atomic bombs, south of Reggane.

## Fauna

In the Niger portion of Tanezrouft, populations of the endangered painted hunting dog were previously viable west of the Hoggar Mountains, but now the painted hunting dog is thought to be extinct in all of Niger.

## Eponym

In 2018, the asteroid 26871 Tanezrouft was named after the Tanezrouft Basin.
# Philip Plisson

Philip Plisson (born 27 January 1947, Orléans, France) is a French photographer best known for his maritime photography. Together with his son Guillaume, who is also a photographer, he set up the publishing company Pêcheur d'Images. He has produced numerous books including collections of photographs featuring Brittany, Ireland, Scotland and the ocean liner Queen Mary 2. His 65th book, Les Marées, was named Maritime Book of the Year at the 2012 Paris Boat Show.
He is accused of rape by his niece and indicted in September 2010, for acts which allegedly took place in 1999 in a family home in Morbihan [1] A trial was held in May 2014 at the end of which he was sentenced by the Morbihan Assize Court to three years in prison . On 27 May 2014 he appealed against this judgment . an appeal which he renounced in November 2014 .
In 1991 he became one of the few photographers to be awarded the title Peintre de la Marine (Official Painter of the French Navy), a title later revoked in 2016 following his sentencing.

## Partial bibliography

* (1999) Phares Ouest. Les Phares Majeurs de l'arc Atlantique ISBN 978-2-8427-7116-4
* (2003) The Sea:Exploring Life on an Ocean Planet (with Robert Burleigh and Emmanuel Cerisier) ISBN 978-0-8109-4591-3
* (2004) Queen Mary 2: The Birth of a Legend ISBN 978-0-8109-5613-1
* (2004) The Sea:Day by Day ISBN 978-0-8109-4802-0
* (2005) Lighthouses ISBN 978-0-8109-5958-3
* (2006) Ocean (with Christian Buchet) ISBN 978-0-500-54324-5
* (2007) Sailor's Wisdom:Day by Day ISBN 978-0-8109-9448-5
* (2012) Les Marées ISBN 978-2-8123-0624-2
# Mu problem

In theoretical physics, the μ problem is a problem of supersymmetric theories, concerned with understanding the parameters of the theory.

## Background

The supersymmetric Higgs mass parameter μ appears as the following term in the superpotential: μ H$_u$ H$_d$. It is necessary to provide a mass for the fermionic superpartners of the Higgs bosons, i.e. the higgsinos, and it enters as well the scalar potential of the Higgs bosons.
To ensure that H$_u$ and H$_d$ get a non-zero vacuum expectation value after electroweak symmetry breaking, μ should be of the order of magnitude of the electroweak scale, many orders of magnitude smaller than the Planck scale (M$_{pl}$), which is the natural cutoff scale. This brings about a problem of naturalness: Why is that scale so much smaller than the cutoff scale? And why, if the μ term in the superpotential has different physical origins, do the corresponding scale happen to fall so close to each other?
Before LHC, it was thought that the soft supersymmetry breaking terms should also be of the same order of magnitude as the electroweak scale. This was negated by the Higgs mass measurements and limits on supersymmetry models.
One proposed solution, known as the Giudice–Masiero mechanism, is that this term does not appear explicitly in the Lagrangian, because it violates some global symmetry, and can therefore be created only via spontaneous breaking of this symmetry. This is proposed to happen together with F-term supersymmetry breaking, with a spurious field X that parameterizes the hidden supersymmetry-breaking sector of the theory (meaning that F$_X$ is the non-zero F-term).
Let us assume that the Kahler potential includes a term of the form $\ {\frac {X}{\ M_{\mathsf {pl}}\ }}\ H_{\mathsf {u}}\ H_{\mathsf {d}}\$ times some dimensionless coefficient, which is naturally of order one, and where M$_{pl}$ is Planck mass. Then as supersymmetry breaks, F$_X$ gets a non-zero vacuum expectation value ⟨F$_X$⟩ and the following effective term is added to the superpotential: $\ {\frac {\ \langle F_{\mathsf {X}}\rangle \ }{\ M_{\mathsf {pl}}\ }}\ H_{\mathsf {u}}\ H_{\mathsf {d}}\ ,$ which gives a measured $\ \mu ={\frac {\ \langle F_{\mathsf {X}}\rangle \ }{\ M_{\mathsf {pl}}\ }}\ .$ On the other hand, soft supersymmetry breaking terms are similarly created and also have a natural scale of $\ {\frac {\ \langle F_{\mathsf {X}}\rangle \ }{\ M_{\mathsf {pl}}\ }}\ .$
# Marion Reed Elliott House

The Marion Reed Elliott House is a historic house in Prineville, Oregon, United States. Built in 1908, it is the largest and best-preserved Queen Anne style house in Prineville. It is also significant as one of a handful of surviving structures that were built by prominent local contractor Jack Shipp (1858–1942). Marion Elliott (1859–1934), an educator and successful attorney, lived in the house from its construction until his death. Both men's careers benefited from the economic boom that occurred in Prineville in the first decades after railroads began reaching Central Oregon around 1900, the period when the Elliott House was built.
The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
# Mind the gap (disambiguation)

Mind the gap is a common safety announcement on the London Underground railway system and other train and subway systems, warning of the visual gap between the train doorway and the station platform.
Mind the gap may also refer to:

## Films

* Mind the Gap (2004 film), a 2004 film written & directed by Eric Schaeffer
* Mind the Gap (2007 film), a 2007 Swedish film
* Minding the Gap, a 2018 American documentary film directed by Bing Liu

## Literature

* Mind the Gap (novel), a 2008 fantasy novel written by Christopher Golden and Tim Lebbon
* Mind the Gap, a book by Michael Rosen

## Music

* Mind the Gap (Tristan Psionic album), 2000
* Mind the Gap (Scooter album), 2004
* Mind the Gap (Maria Pia De Vito album), 2009
* Mind the Gap (Nabiha album), 2013
* Mind The Gap, a 1995 album by the Irish band Kíla
* "Mind the Gap" (song), a 2012 song by Danish singer Nabiha
* "Mind The Gap", a 1987 song by The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu from the album 1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?)

## Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

* Mind the Gap, a British television game show hosted by Paul Ross
* Mind the Gap, a comic published by Image Comics
* Bridget Christie Minds the Gap, a BBC Radio 4 comedy programme
* Mind the Gap Films, an independent TV production company based in Ireland
* Mind the Gap Theatre, a theatre company in New York and London
* Mind the Gap Theatre company, England's largest disability theatre company, based in Bradford, West Yorkshire
* "Mind the Gap", an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants
# Eleftheria i thanatos

Eleftheria i thanatos (Greek: Ελευθερία ή θάνατος, IPA:; 'Freedom or Death') is the motto of Greece. It originated in the Greek songs of resistance that were powerful motivating factors for independence. It was adopted in 1814 by the Filiki Eteria, a secret organization formed specifically for the overthrow of Ottoman rule.

## Overview

The motto arose during the Greek War of Independence in the 1820s, where it was a war cry for the Greeks who rebelled against Ottoman rule. It was adopted after the Greek War of Independence and is still in use today. One explanation for the 9 stripes on the Greek flag is that they represent the nine syllables of the motto, five blue stripes for the syllables Eleftheria and four white stripes for i thanatos. The motto symbolized and still symbolizes the resolve of the people of Greece against tyranny and oppression.
Part of the emblem of the Filiki Eteria were two flags with the letters ΗΕΑ and ΗΘΣ; These represent Ή ΕλευθερίΑ Ή ΘάνατοΣ, 'Either Freedom, or Death'. This is also the motto of the 4th Infantry Division of the Greek Army.

## Cultural references

Nikos Kazantzakis' novel Captain Michalis was subtitled Freedom or Death, which became its title in the United States, Germany, France, and other countries.
# Panos Panay (technology executive)

Panos Costa Panay (Greek: Πάνος Κώστα Παναή) is a Greek American business executive. He leads Amazon’s consumer electronics business, which includes Alexa, Echo, Kindle, Fire TV, Fire tablets, Ring, eero, Blink, and the Amazon Appstore—as well as future looking initiatives such as Zoox autonomous vehicles, and Project Kuiper, which seeks to increase global broadband access with a constellation of satellites. He is the creator of the Microsoft Surface line of premium devices and the Windows 11 operating system. He was the chief product officer of Microsoft, where he oversaw the company's Windows and Devices division. He led the vision and strategy for Windows + Devices, which included the development and design of Windows and Windows 365, the development, design, supply chain, and manufacturing of Microsoft hardware, including Microsoft Surface and Mixed Reality devices, as well as the creation of EDU products and features. He announced that he was leaving Microsoft on September 18, 2023.
Panay introduced Windows 11 on the Windows Experience Blog on June 24, 2021, and launched the Microsoft Surface line of devices on October 26, 2012.

## Personal life

Panay received an M.B.A. from Pepperdine University and a B.Sc. from California State University, Northridge.
He is of Greek-Cypriot descent. His first cousin, Panos (Andreas) Panay, is a music entrepreneur. He has a son named Costas.

## Career

Before Microsoft, Panay was responsible for electromechanical devices at NMB Technologies (a subsidiary of MinebeaMitsumi) in Michigan from 2000 to 2004.
After joining Microsoft in the PC Hardware organization Panay is credited with creating the Surface line of premium devices in 2012 and Windows 11 in 2021.
At Microsoft, Panos Panay's title was executive vice president and chief product officer. He led the vision and strategy for Windows + Devices, which included the development and design of Windows and Windows 365, the development, design, supply chain, and manufacturing of Microsoft hardware, including Microsoft Surface and Mixed Reality devices, as well as the creation of EDU products and features. Since joining Microsoft in 2004, Panay has become known as a creative visionary in product-making. He created the Surface product line of premium devices in 2012.
In 2020 he took over leadership of the Windows operating system at the company and created a new version of Windows - Windows 11 - in 2021. In late August 2021, he was promoted to become an executive vice president and joined the senior leadership team that advises CEO Satya Nadella.
On September 18, 2023, after 19 years of working at Microsoft, Panay announced he was leaving the company via X (Twitter) without announcing a specific plan for his future. He joined Amazon in October 2023.
# Rainbow Falls (Horsepasture River)

Rainbow Falls is a waterfall in Western North Carolina, located near Brevard. The falls is located on the Horsepasture River. It is on Pisgah National Forest land just outside Gorges State Park.

## History

A proposal to route the flow of the river around the falls in the mid 1980s for a hydroelectric power plant was thwarted by public opposition. On October 27, 1986, the Horsepasture River was designated a national Wild and Scenic River, protecting the falls from future development.

## Geology

The rock face over which the river flows is not vertical, but the large volume of water during normal river flows cause it to leap many feet out from the rock and a deep plunge pool lies at the bottom of the falls. It creates large amounts of wind and mist that race up the hillside opposite the falls. If the sun is in the right position, a rainbow is easily observed here, giving the falls its name.

## Nearby Falls

* Little Falls - located on private property upstream from Drift Falls
* Narrows Falls - located in a gated community upstream from Drift Falls
* Rock House Falls - 55-ft falls located on private property on Burlingame Creek, a tributary of the Horsepasture River
* Turtleback Falls
* Drift Falls
* Stairway Falls
* Sidepocket Falls
* Windy Falls
# John Hancock Sr.

Rev. John Hancock Sr. (March 1, 1671 – December 6, 1752) was a colonial American clergyman, planter, politician, and paternal grandfather of American politician John Hancock.
Hancock graduated from Harvard College in 1689 and was ordained that year. He taught at the Grammar School at Cambridge, Massachusetts starting in 1691. In 1692 he was engaged as the preacher at Medford, Massachusetts, where he lived and served until November 1693. He was invited to preach at Lexington, Massachusetts in 1697, and remained the pastor there for 55 years, until his death in 1752. His sons:
* Col. John Hancock Jr. (1702–1744), was also a minister and was father of the politician John Hancock.
* Thomas Hancock (1703–1764) was a merchant in Boston who built the Hancock–Clarke House for his father.
He is buried at the Old Burying Ground in Lexington, Massachusetts.
# International Academy of Philosophy of Science

The International Academy for Philosophy of Science, better known as the Académie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences (AIPS) is an international organization located in Brussels, which promotes fundamental issues of philosophy of science in an open interdisciplinary dialogue. Its members are philosophers of science or leading experts in sciences interested in philosophical questions.

## History

The AIPS was created in 1947 by Stanislas Dockx. Among its first members were Paul Bernays, E W Beth, Józef Maria Bocheński, Niels Bohr, Émile Borel, L. E. J. Brouwer, Louis de Broglie, Albert Einstein, Ferdinand Gonseth, E A Milne, and Hermann Weyl. In 1991, the academy was made an International Member of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS/DLMPS).

## Organization

The AIPS consists of full members (membres titulaires), corresponding members (membres correspondants), and emeritus members (membres émérites) who are elected at the general annual meeting on presentation of the Academic Council (Conseil Académique). The Council consists of a President, two vice-presidents, two Assessors and a Secretary General. The current President is Jure Zovko (Zadar); the list of former presidents includes Evandro Agazzi (Genoa) and Gerhard Heinzmann (Nancy). Other members of the current Council are Michel Ghins, Reinhard Kahle, Gino Tarozzi, and Marco Buzzoni. Since 1949, the AIPS organises a series of annual conferences, usually in Europe with notable exceptions (New York 1977 and Lima 1989).
The AIPS publishes an open access book series called Comptes Rendus de l'Académie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences (C.R.AIPS) supported by the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation of the Universiteit van Amsterdam. The editor of the book series is Benedikt Löwe.

## Members

The AIPS currently has over one hundred members, among them
* Evandro Agazzi
* Susanne Bobzien
* Mario Bunge†
* Jeremy Butterfield
* Nancy Cartwright
* Gregory Chaitin
* Noam Chomsky
* Newton da Costa†
* Michael Detlefsen†
* Dennis Dieks
* John Earman
* Luciano Floridi
* Tamaz Gamkrelidze†
* Ian Hacking†
* Gerhard Heinzmann
* Hannes Leitgeb
* Sabina Leonelli
* Benedikt Löwe
* Lorenzo Magnani
* Michela Massimi
* Tim Maudlin
* Ilkka Niiniluoto
* John D. Norton
* Steven Pinker
* Stathis Psillos
* Nicholas Rescher
* John Searle
* Elliott Sober
* Bas van Fraassen
* Charlotte Werndl
# Aars stone

The Aars stone (Danish: Års-stenen) or DR 131 is a late Viking Age runestone located on a mound in the churchyard at Aars in Himmerland, Denmark. Dated to the late 10th to early 11th century, it bears an inscription in the Younger Fuþark in memory of Toke Gormsson, known as Valtoke, who died at the Battle of Fýrisvellir.

## Description

The stone is 160 centimetres (5 ft 3 in) high and 77 centimetres (2 ft 6 in) wide. It is inscribed on both sides, and decorated with semicircles inside the text band and a "U" shape above the text on the front. It is dated to between 970 and 1020.First described by J. Meier in 1654, it was lying face-down in the churchyard; in 1838 Peder Goth Thorsen [da] examined it and discovered the inscription on the front. In the 1920s it was re-erected on a mound west of the south transept. It is believed to have originally stood north-east of the church, probably as part of a memorial assemblage comparable to the Jelling stones.
The inscription, in Younger Fuþark runes 14–19.4 centimetres (5.5–7.6 in) high, is read in boustrophedon, initially from left to right on the front and continuing from the front lower right to the back lower left and from the back lower right to the middle text band, which is read from bottom to top and ends in a point. The inscription on the back includes alliteration that may be formulaic.

## Inscription

First line is transliteration; second is transcription in Old Norse.
ąsur
Assurr
sati
satti
stin
stēn
þąnsi
þannsi
aft
æft
ual:tuka
Val-Tōka,
trutin
drōttin
sin
sinn.
ąsur : sati : stin : þąnsi : aft : ual:tuka : trutin {: | :} sin
Assurr satti stēn þannsi æft Val-Tōka, drōttin sinn.
Ǫzurr placed this stone in memory of Valtóki, his lord.
stin
Stēnn
kuask
kvæðsk
hirsi
hērsi
stąnta
standa
ląki
længi,
saR
sāR
ual:tuka
Val-Tōka
uarþa
varða
nafni
næfni.
stin : kuask : hirsi : stąnta : ląki : saR : ual:tuka {: | :} uarþa : nafni
Stēnn kvæðsk hērsi standa længi, sāR Val-Tōka varða næfni.
The stone proclaims that it will long stand here; it will name Valtóki's cairn.
Valtoke, or Wal-Tóki, was Toke Gormsson, a son of the Danish king Gorm the Old. He died fighting against the Swedish king Eric the Victorious in the Battle of Fýrisvellir near Uppsala; Danish Runic Inscription 295, one of the Hällestad Runestones, also commemorates his death.
# Philippe Renouard

Philippe Ernest Augustin Renouard (15 September 1862 in Paris – 2 October 1934 in Paris) was a French bookseller and bibliographer, specialist of the 16th century.

## Biography

A grandson of Charles Renouard and son of Alfred Renouard, founder with D'Eichthal of the Compagnie des Salins du Midi, Philippe Renouard studied at the Lycée Condorcet. He was later sent to the University of Montpellier in order to succeed his father in the Salins du Midi. After the death of his father in 1883, and that of D'Eichthal, he turned to a career in the Conseil d'État and took the entrance exam but decided to devote himself to books.
Partnering in 1892 with Georges Chamerot, the printer of Revue des deux Mondes, he took over the business, which he renamed Imprimerie Renouard, located at 19 rue des Saints-Pères [fr], then played an important role in the typographers' trade unions. He was vice president of the "Union des maîtres imprimeurs de France" from 1902 and of the Cercle de la librairie [fr], and later president of the "Chambre Syndicale des imprimeurs typographes".
A laureate of the Institut de France (prix Brunet), he was a member of the admissions committee of the Milan International (1906).

## Main publications

* Imprimeurs et libraires parisiens du XVIe
* Documents sur les imprimeurs, libraires… ayant exercé à Paris de 1450 à 1600, Paris, H. Champion, 1901
* Répertoire des imprimeurs parisiens, libraires et fondeurs de caractères en exercice à Paris au XVIIe. Avant-propos de Dominique Renouard, préf. Henri-Jean Martin, Paris, Minard, 1965

## Sources

* Pierre Marot, Philippe Renouard, 1862–1934
# Rainbow Falls (Rutherford County)

Rainbow Falls is a waterfall located in Chimney Rock, Rutherford County, North Carolina.

## History

Rainbow Falls was owned privately until it was bought by The Nature Conservancy in 2003. While much of the area is expected to be developed into a state park, including the nearby Chimney Rock Park, current plans to make Rainbow Falls accessible to the public are uncertain.

## Visiting the Falls

Access to Rainbow Falls is prohibited. However, it is possible to view the falls during spring and winter from at least one point on the Hickory Nut Falls trail, at Chimney Rock Park. It will be more difficult to view the falls during the summer and fall due to foliage on the trees, and binoculars will make viewing them easier.

## Nearby Falls

There are several falls above the main drop of Hickory Nut Falls. Other falls in the area include:
* Hickory Nut Falls
* Camp Minnehaha Falls – a cascade on Grassy Creek that has a winter roadside view. To see the falls, from the Intersection of US 74A and NC 9, go 0.8 miles (1.3 km) north. Parks in the pullout on the left just before the guardrail.
* The Cascades – a waterfall on Grassy Creek upstream from Camp Minnehaha Falls that is on private property
* Pool Creek Falls – a slide waterfall in an area currently restricted to public access, but that will be part of the new State Park
* Wolf Creek Falls – another waterfall in the same restricted area