# Bura and Hardwick

Bura and Hardwick was the name credited to represent the duo of Bob Bura and John Hardwick, who worked variably as puppeteers and animators in the United Kingdom. From the mid-1950s to the 1980s they contributed to a number of children's television series.
They are best remembered for their stop motion animations, most notably the Trumptonshire trilogy: Camberwick Green, Trumpton, and Chigley. The term “stop motion” was in fact the registered trademark of their company.

## History

Barnett “Bob” Bura and John Hardwick first met in 1955. While the former and the latter's sister were touring seasides with Punch and Judy shows, she became unavailable due to getting married, and recommended her younger brother to take over. The two created marionettes for the theatre, that performed at the Soho Fair. It was here where they viewed the original 1933 King Kong, inspiring them to want to create stop motion films. Their initial experiments took the form of animating pop music.
Later that year, they were asked to work at Lime Grove Studios, and began working for the Television Puppet Theatre under producer Gordon Murray. Usually working with marionettes, the two also operated rod puppets for eighteen adaptations of the Toytown stories by S.G. Hulme Beaman. In 1962 Bura and Hardwick began their long association with BBC Schools, providing animations for them as well as for other BBC productions. The Puppet Theatre was closed in 1963 alongside the Children's Department by Sydney Newman, who used the Theatre's former studio space to film special effects for his creation Doctor Who. However, the two soon found themselves once again working under Murray, creating the animation for Camberwick Green, the inaugural instalment of the Trumptonshire trilogy. The trilogy was all animated in their recently acquired homemade studio in Womersley Road, Crouch End.
During the 1970s and 1980s, the studio's work was said to have been credited frequently within a single week's edition of the Radio Times. According to Bob Bura, the BBC ensured that they would remain in work; most of their filmography was produced for the corporation. In the early 1980s, Bura and Hardwick moved from Womersley Road to what would become the Church Studios, but due to pressure from the local council (owing to the way it was then operated), they had to sell part of it, which ended up going to Dave Stewart and Annie Lennox of pop group Eurythmics. Here they were able to complete their album Sweet Dreams, which propelled them to international success. In 1984 they purchased the studio from the animators.
A while later, the BBC decided to cut their ties with Bura and Hardwick, owing to the desire for a substantial increase in outsourced productions. This was done as a result of the Broadcasting Act 1990's requirements for at least 25% of its output to be sourced from independent companies, which would have doomed Bura and Hardwick's future careers; nonetheless they were hopeful that they would find a good sponsor to continue. Hardwick died in 2004, Bura in 2018.

## Techniques

Bura and Hardwick utilised many innovative filming techniques, which developed throughout their stop motion work.
The film cameras initially used exposed at twenty-four frames a second, so Bura modified them to operate at only a single frame. This allowed for smoother movement compared to other stop motion productions of the time, which was partially due to their desire to film one frame per movement, compared to two as other studios may have done. Each frame took an hour to shoot, and by the end of a given week Bura, Hardwick, and their team of assistants may have completed at least two minutes and 30 seconds of footage.
The puppets were fixed to a soft base with pins in between shots, which saved time as opposed to being screwed onto the animation table. In order to make sure that they would not be effected by the heat of the studio lights (as had happened during filming of Camberwick Green), later productions had further modifications made to the camera. As was utilised during the year-long production, certain props would be marked in ways that ensured they would be moved at a consistent level each shot. The episode PC McGarry features a smoke effect filmed in real-time, notable for the lack of motion for anything else in the sequence. This technique was further used in the first thirteen episodes of the 1972 stop motion version of the Toytown series.
Beginning in the mid-1970s, the studio devised a new technique: animating the background. A film would be reflected behind the puppets by a transit screen at a narrow angle, which necessitated another modification to the front camera. This was seen in various BBC Schools projects, including Bura and Hardwick's work for Words and Pictures. The term “stop motion” was originally the trademark of their company, Stop Motion Limited, referring to their productions. However, it became used to refer to all animation made using puppets moved by small increments, becoming perhaps better well known than the animators who coined it; a generic trademark.
At the request of Hardwick, Camberwick and the rest of the Trumptonshire trilogy was filmed in colour as opposed to black-and-white, requiring the first episode (Peter the Postman) to be reshot. This ensured a long period of repeats for the trilogy, in keeping with Bura's philosophy regarding their work together:
   Everything we do, we do in a position that we think people will want to see it forever. That sounds terribly big-headed, but we thought that whatever it is we’re going to do is going to be seen. We knew that.

## Accolades and legacy

Bura and Hardwick's 1968 animation of Igor Stravinsky's Petrushka was well received, praised by the BBC as a highlight of that year, and by The Guardian as “by far the most imaginative British use of puppets one has seen on Television”. Their 1978 production of The Nutcracker and the Mouse King won the BAFTA for Flame of Knowledge in 1979.
The animation style created by the studio for the Trumptonshire trilogy has been recreated and parodied numerous times: commercials for Windmill Bakery and Quaker Oats, appearances in the BBC's Future Generations, and pastiches in Life on Mars and the music video for Radiohead's 2016 single Burn the Witch. Confection, an episode of the detective TV series Endeavour, features several references to characters within the trilogy, as well as discussing one named “Rufus Bura” (ie Bob Bura).

## Filmography
### As puppeteers

| Year | Title | Notes |
| 1955-1964 | A Rubovian Legend | 29 episodes |
| 1956-1958 | Toytown | 18 episodes |
| 1956 | The Bird of Truth | TV movie |
| 1956 | The Holy Mice | TV movie |
| 1957 | The Emperor's Nightingale | TV movie |
| 1957 | Beauty and the Beast | TV movie |
| 1958 | The Emperor's New Clothes | TV movie |
| 1959 | The Petrified Princess | TV movie |
| 1959 | The King of the Golden River | TV movie |
| 1960 | The Crumpot Candles | TV movie |
| 1960 | The Magic Tree | TV movie |
| 1960 | The Balloon and the Baron | TV movie, special effects |
| 1961 | Beauty and the Beast | Unrelated to 1957 production, 2 episodes, special effects |
| 1961 | Great Captains | 2 episodes, special effects |
| 1962 | They Hanged My Saintly Billy | TV movie |
| 1962 | The Dancing Princess | TV movie |
| 1962-1963 | Pops and Lenny | 10 episodes |
| 1965-1966 | Hey Presto! It's Rolf | 9 episodes |

### As animators

| Year | Title | Notes |
| 1962 | Air, Land, and Water | First project for BBC Schools, 3 episodes |
| 1963 | Blue Peter | 3 episodes |
| 1965-1966 | Merry-Go-Round | 4 episodes |
| 1966 | Camberwick Green | 13 episodes |
| 1967 | Pinky and Perky's Island | Animators for first 4 episodes, puppeteers for next 9 (13 total) |
| 1967 | Trumpton | 13 episodes |
| 1967 | The Furry Folk on Holiday | Short film |
| 1968 | Petrushka | Short film for BBC Schools |
| 1969 | Chigley | 13 episodes |
| 1969 | Mary, Mungo and Midge | Camera operators, 13 episodes |
| 1972 | The Adventures of Sir Prancelot | Camera operators, 31 episodes |
| 1972 | Larry the Lamb | 13 episodes |
| 1973-1975 | Doctor Who | Studio for model sequences, 7 episodes |
| 1974-1975 | Captain Pugwash | Camera operators, 30 episodes |
| 1975-1990 | Words and Pictures | 58 episodes |
| 1978 | Coppélia | Short film for Music Time |
| 1978 | The Nutcracker and the Mouse King | Short film for Music Time |
| 1979 | Lieutenant Kijé | Short film for Music Time |
| 1984 | Sleeping Beauty | Short film for Music Time |