# List of wildflowers of Soldiers Delight

The Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area, consists of about 1,900 acres (7.7km2) of land in Owings Mills, Maryland, USA. Much of the area of Soldiers Delight contains a serpentine barren that contains a number of rare and endangered species of plants.
The following list of herbaceous plants is based greatly on the work of Ed Uebel and comes from the publications by Fleming et al. 1995, Monteferrante 1973, Reed 1984, Wennerstrom 1995, and the unpublished data by Worthley 1955-1985.

## List of Wildflowers of the Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area

Division Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms
Class Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Amaranthaceae - (Amaranth Family)
* Amaranthus retroflexus L. - Pigweed
Apiaceae - (Carrot Family)
* Daucus carota L. - Queen Anne's lace
Apocynaceae - (Dogbane Family)
* Apocynoideae - Subfamily
** Apocynum androsaemifolium L. - Spreading dogbane
** Apocynum cannabinum L. - Indian hemp
* Asclepiadoideae - Subfamily
** Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. - Blunt-leaved milkweed
** Asclepias incarnata L. - Swamp milkweed
** Asclepias syriaca L. - Common milkweed
** Asclepias verticillata L. - Whorled milkweed
** Asclepias viridiflora Raf. - Green milkweed
Asteraceae - (Aster Family)
* Achillea millefolium L. - Yarrow
* Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. - Common ragweed
* Ambrosia trifida L. - Giant ragweed [M, Wo]
* Ageratina altissima Houtt. - White snakeroot
* Ageratina aromatica L. - Aromatic thoroughwort
* Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. - Pearly everlasting
* Antennaria plantaginifolia L. Hook. - Plantain-leaf pussytoes
* Anthemis arvensis L. - Field chamomile
* Anthemis cotula L. - Mayweed, dogfennel
* Aster tataricus L.f. - Tatarian aster
* Bidens bipinnata L. - Spanish needles
* Bidens frondosa L. - Devil's beggartick
* Bidens polylepis S.F.Blake - Tickseed sunflower
* Carduus nutans L. - Musk thistle
* Leucanthemum vulgare L. - Ox-eye daisy
* Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Elliott - Maryland golden aster
* Cichorium intybus L. – Chicory
* Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. - Canada thistle
* Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. - Field thistle [Hand-out]
* Cirsium horridulum Michx. - Yellow thistle
* Cirsium muticum Michx. - Swamp thistle
* Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. - Pilewort, fireweed
* Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. - Daisy or Annual Fleabane
* Erigeron canadensis (L.) Cronquist - Horseweed
* Erigeron pulchellus Michx. - Robin's Plantain
* Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. - Daisy Fleabane
* Eupatorium altissimum L. - Tall Thoroughwort
* Eupatorium perfoliatum L. - Boneset
* Eutrochium fistulosum Barratt - Joe-pye weed
* Eupatorium sessilifolium L. - Upland boneset
* Eurybia divaricata (L.) G.L.Nesom (Syn. Aster divaricatus) - White wood aster
* Eurybia schreberi (Nees) Nees (Syn. Aster schreberi) - Schreber's aster
* Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. (Syn. Solidago graminifolia) - Lance-leaf goldenrod
* Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. - Galinsoga
* Helenium autumnale L. - Yellow sneezeweed
* Helianthus annuus L. - Sunflower
* Helianthus decapetalus L. - Thin-leaf sunflower
* Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet - Ox-eye
* Hieracium caespitosum Dumort - Yellow king devil
* Hieracium gronovii L. - Hairy hawkweed
* Hieracium paniculatum L. - Panicled Hawkweed
* Hieracium scabrum Michx. - Rough Hawkweed
* Hieracium venosum L. - Rattlesnake Weed
* Ionactis linariifolia (L.) Greene (Syn. Aster linariifolius) - Flax-leaf white-top aster
* Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. – Dwarf dandelion
* Lactuca saligna L. – Willow-leaf lettuce
* Lactuca serriola L. – Prickly lettuce
* Liatris graminifolia Willd. – Grass-leaf Blazing-star
* Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. - Spiked Blazing-star {G5, S1}
* Matricaria discoidea DC. – Pineapple Weed
* Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. – Climbing Hempweed
* Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Greene (Syn. Aster acuminatus) - Whorled Wood Aster
* Packera anonyma (Wood) W.A.Weber & A.Löve (Syn. Senecio smallii, Senecio anonymus) - Southern Ragwort
* Packera paupercula (Michx.) A.Löve & D.Löve (Syn. Senecio balsamitae, Senecio pauperculus) - Balsam Ragwort, Balsam Groundsel
* Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt (Syn. Gnaphalium obtusifolium) - Rabbit-tobacco, Sweet Everlasting, Fragrant Cudweed
* Rudbeckia hirta L. – Black-eyed Susan
* Rudbeckia laciniata L. – Cutleaf coneflower, Green-head Coneflower
* Rudbeckia triloba L. – Three-lobed Coneflower
* Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (Syn. Aster paternus) - Toothed White-top Aster
* Solidago bicolor L. - Silver-rod
* Solidago caesia L. - Blue-stemmed Goldenrod
* Solidago canadensis L. - Canada Goldenrod
* Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra Torr. & A.Gray - Tall Goldenrod
* Solidago gigantea Aiton - Late Goldenrod
* Solidago hispida Muhl. - Hispid Goldenrod{G5, SH, X}
* Solidago juncea Aiton - Early Goldenrod
* Solidago nemoralis Aiton - Gray Goldenrod
* Solidago patula Muhl. - Rough-leaved Goldenrod
* Solidago rigida L. - Stiff Goldenrod
* Solidago rugosa Mill. - Wrinkle-leaf Goldenrod
* Solidago stricta Aiton - Willow-leaf Goldenrod
* Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. - Elm-leaf Goldenrod
* Taraxacum officinale Weber - Dandelion
* Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L.Nesom (Syn. Aster cordifolius) - Common blue wood aster
* Symphyotrichum depauperatum (Fernald) G.L.Nesom (Syn. Aster depauperatus) - Eastern Serpentine Aster {G2, S1, E}
* Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L.Nesom (Syn. Aster dumosum) - Rice Button Aster
* Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L.Nesom (Syn. Aster ericoides) - White Heath Aster
* Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A.Löve & D.Löve (Syn. Aster laevis) - Smooth Blue Aster
* Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A.Löve & D.Löve (Syn. Aster lateriflorus) - Calico Aster
* Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L.Nesom (Syn. Aster novae-angliae) - New England Aster
* Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L.Nesom (Syn. Aster novi-belgii) - New York Aster
* Symphyotrichum patens (Aiton) G.L.Nesom (Syn. Aster patens) - Late Purple Aster
* Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom (Syn. Aster pilosus) - Hairy White Heath Aster
* Symphyotrichum racemosum (Elliott) G.L.Nesom (Syn. Aster racemosus) - Smooth White Oldfield Aster
* Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) G.L.Nesom (Syn. Aster undulatus) - Wavy-leaf Aster
* Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Bernh. - Feverfew
* Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton - Wingstem
* Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. - New York Ironweed
Balsaminaceae - (Touch-me-not Family)
* Impatiens capensis Meerb. – Common Jewelweed
Boraginaceae - (Borage Family)
* Echium vulgare L. - Viper's Bugloss
Brassicaceae - (Mustard Family)
* Arabidopsis lyrata L. - Lyre-leaved Rock Cress
* Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. - Mouse-ear Cress
* Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. - Winter Cress
* Camelina microcarpa Andrz. - Small-fruited False-flax
* Cardamine angustata O.E.Schulz (Syn. Dentaria heterophylla) - Slender Toothwort
* Cardamine hirsuta L. - Hairy Bitter-cress
* Draba verna L. - Spring Draba, Whitlow-grass
* Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br. - Field Peppergrass
* Lepidium virginicum L. - Wild Peppergrass
Campanulaceae - (Bellflower family)
* Lobelia cardinalis L. - Cardinal flower
* Lobelia inflata L. - Indian Tobacco
* Lobelia siphilitica L. - Great Lobelia [F, M, We]
* Lobelia spicata Lam. - Spiked Lobelia
* Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. (Syn. Specularia perfoliata) - Clasping Venus' Looking-glass
Caryophyllaceae - (Pink Family)
* Cerastium arvense L. var. villosissimum (Muhl. ex Darl.) Hollick & Britt. (Syn. Cerastium arvense L. var. villosissimum Pennell) - Serpentine Chickweed
* Cerastium vulgatum L. - Common Mouse-ear Chickweed
* Dianthus armeria L. - Deptford Pink
* Silene antirrhina L. - Sleepy Catchfly
* Silene caroliniana Walter - Wild Pink
* Silene latifolia Poir. - White Campion
* Stellaria media (L.) Vill. - Common Chickweed
Chenopodiaceae - (Goosefoot Family)
* Chenopodium album L. - Lamb's quarters
Cistaceae - (Rockrose Family)
* Helianthemum bicknellii Fernald - Hairy Frostweed {G5, S1, E}
* Lechea minor L. - Thyme-leaved Pinweed
Clusiaceae - (Mangosteen Family)
* Hypericum canadense L. - Canadian St. John's Wort
* Hypericum denticulatum Walter - Coppery St. John's Wort {G5, S2, T}
* Hypericum gentianoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. - Pinweed [F, M]
* Hypericum mutilum L. - Dwarf St. John's Wort
* Hypericum perforatum L. - St. John's Wort
* Hypericum punctatum Lam. - Spotted St. John's Wort
* Hypericum virginicum L. - Marsh St. John's Wort
Convolvulaceae - (Morning glory Family)
* Calystegia spithamea (L.) Pursh - Low Bindweed {G4, S2}
* Convolvulus arvensis L. - Field Bindweed
* Cuscuta gronovii Willd. - Common Dodder
Ericaceae - (Heath Family)
* Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh - Spotted wintergreen
* Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C.Barton - Pipsissewa
* Epigaea repens L. - Trailing Arbutus
* Monotropa uniflora L. - Indian-pipe
Fabaceae - (Bean Family)
* Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R.Br. - Wild Indigo
* Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene (Syn. Cassia fasciculata) - Large-flowered Partridge Pea
* Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench. (Syn. Cassia nictitans) - Wild Sensitive Plant
* Crotalaria sagittalis L. - Rattlebox
* Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. - Showy Tick-trefoil
* Desmodium ciliare (Muhl.) DC. - Hairy Small-leaf Tick-trefoil
* Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl.) Loudon - Large-bracted Tick-trefoil
* Desmodium lineatum (Michx.) DC. - Linear-leaved Tick-trefoil {G5, S1, E}
* Desmodium marilandicum (L.) DC. - Smooth Small-leaved Tick-trefoil
* Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. - Naked-flowered Tick-trefoil
* Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. - Panicled Tick-trefoil
* Desmodium rigidum (Elliott) DC. - Rigid Tick-trefoil {G?, S1, E}
* Lathyrus latifolius L. - Everlasting pea
* Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G.Don - Chinese Lespedeza
* Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim. - Korean Bushclover
* Lespedeza virginica L. - Slender Bushclover
* Medicago lupulina L. - Black Medic
* Melilotus albus Desr. - White sweet clover
* Melilotus officinalis Desr. - Yellow Sweet Clover
* Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl.) Britton - Pink Wild Bean
* Trifolium aureum Pollich - Large Hop Trefoil
* Trifolium dubium Sibth. - Little Hop Clover
* Trifolium pratense L. - Red Clover
* Vicia angustifolia Reichard - Narrow-leaved Vetch
Gentianaceae - (Gentian Family)
* Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma (Syn. Gentiana crinita) - Fringed gentian {G5, S1, E}
* Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh - Rose Pink
* Sabatia calycina (Lam.) A.Heller -
Lamiaceae - (Mint Family)
* Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton - Common Dittany
* Glechoma hederacea L. - Ground-ivy
* Lamium amplexicaule L. - Henbit
* Lamium purpureum L. - Red Deadnettle
* Prunella vulgaris L. - Heal-all, Self-heal
* Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. - Mountain-mint
* Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrader - Narrow-leaved Mountain-mint
* Scutellaria integrifolia L. - Hyssop Skullcap
* Trichostema brachiatum L. (Syn. Isanthus brachiatus) - False Pennyroyal, Fluxweed
Linaceae - (Flax Family)
* Linum medium (Planch.) Britton - Common Yellow Flax
* Linum sulcatum Riddell - Grooved Yellow Flax {G5, S1, E}
* Linum virginianum L. - Virginia Yellow Flax
Lythraceae - (Loosestrife Family)
* Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. - Clammy Cuphea
Melastomataceae - (Meadow-beauty Family)
* Rhexia mariana L. - Maryland Meadow Beauty
Onagraceae - (Evening Primrose Family)
* Epilobium coloratum Biehler - Purple-leaved Willow-herb
* Oenothera biennis L. - Common Evening Primrose
* Oenothera fruticosa L. - Sundrops
* Oenothera perennis L. - Small Sundrops
* Oenothera tetragona Roth - Northern Sundrops
Orobanchaceae - (Broomrape Family)
* Agalinis acuta Pennell - Sandplain Gerardia {G1, S1, E, LE}
* Agalinis fasciculata (Elliott) Raf. - Fascicled Agalinis {G5, S1, E}
* Agalinis obtusifolia Raf. - Blunt-leaf Agalinis {G4, S1, E}
* Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell - Purple Gerardia
* Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. - Slender Gerardia
* Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. - Fern-leaved False-foxglove
Oxalidaceae - (Wood-sorrel Family)
* Oxalis dillenii Jacq. - Southern Yellow Wood-sorrel
* Oxalis stricta L. - Common Yellow Wood-sorrel
* Oxalis violacea L. - Violet Wood-sorrel [EU]
Papaveraceae - (Poppy Family)
* Sanguinaria canadensis L. - Bloodroot
Phrymaceae - (Lopseed Family)
* Mimulus ringens L. - Square-stemmed Monkey Flower
Phytolaccaceae - (Pokeweed Family)
* Phytolacca americana L. - Pokeweed
Plantaginaceae - (Plantain Family)
* Chelone glabra L. - White Turtlehead
* Linaria vulgaris Hill. - Butter and eggs
* Penstemon digitalis Nutt. - Foxglove, Tall White Beard-tongue
* Plantago aristata Michx. - Bracted Plantain
* Plantago lanceolata L. - Ribwort Plantain
* Plantago rugelii Decne. - Broad-leaved Plantain
* Veronica arvensis L. - Corn Speedwell
* Veronica hederifolia L. - Ivy-leaf Speedwell
* Veronica officinalis L. - Heath Speedwell
* Veronica peregrina L. - Purslane Speedwell
* Veronica persica Poir. - Persian Speedwell, Bird's-eye Speedwell
* Veronica serpyllifolia L. - Thyme-leaf Speedwell
Polemoniaceae - (Phlox Family)
* Phlox subulata L. - Moss Phlox, Moss Pink
Polygalaceae - (Milkwort Family)
* Polygala verticillata L. - Whorled Milkwort
Polygonaceae - (Buckwheat Family)
* Polygonum pensylvanicum L. - Pennsylvania Smartweed
* Polygonum tenue Michx. - Slender Knotweed
* Rumex crispus L. - Curley Dock
Portulacaceae - (Purslane Family)
* Claytonia virginica L. - Eastern spring beauty
* Talinum teretifolium Pursh - Flameflower {G4, S1}
Primulaceae - (Primrose Family)
* Anagallis arvensis L. - Scarlet Pimpernel
Ranunculaceae - (Buttercup Family)
* Anemone quinquefolia L. - Wood Anemone
* Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. - Black cohosh
* Clematis virginiana L. - Virgin's Bower [Hand-out]
* Hepatica americana (DC.) KerGawler - Round-lobed Hepatica
* Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin - Rue anemone
Rosaceae - (Rose Family)
* Potentilla canadensis L. - Dwarf Cinquefoil
* Potentilla norvegica L. - Rough Cinquefoil
* Potentilla recta L. - Rough-fruited Cinquefoil
* Potentilla simplex Michx. - Common Cinquefoil
* Sanguisorba canadensis L. - Canadian Burnet {G5, S2, T}
Rubiaceae - (Madder Family)
* Houstonia caerulea L. (Syn. Hedyotis caerulea) - Bluets, Quaker Ladies
* Houstonia purpurea L. (Syn. Hedyotis purpurea) - Large Houstonia [Hand-out]
Santalaceae - (Sandalwood Family)
* Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. - Bastard Toadflax
Saxifragaceae - (Saxifrage Family)
* Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. - Early Saxifrage
Scrophulariaceae - (Figwort Family)
* Verbascum blattaria L. - Moth Mullein
* Verbascum thapsus L. - Common Mullein
Solanaceae - (Nightshade Family)
* Solanum carolinense L. - Carolina horsenettle
* Solanum dulcamara L. - Bittersweet
Urticaceae - (Nettle Family)
* Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. - Wood-nettle
Violaceae - (Violet Family)
* Viola palmata L. - Palmate-leaved Violet
* Viola pedata L. - Bird's-foot Violet (lilac & bicolor)
* Viola rotundifolia Michx. - Yellow Violet
* Viola sagittata Aiton (Syn. V. fimbriatula) - Arrow-leaf Violet
* Viola sororia Willd. (Syn. V. papilionacea) - Common Blue Violet
Class Liliopsida - Monocotyledons
Amaryllidaceae - (Amaryllis Family)
* Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville - Yellow Stargrass
Araceae - (Arum Family)
* Acorus calamus L. - Sweet Flag, Calamus
* Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott - Jack-in-the-Pulpit
* Orontium aquaticum L. - Golden Club
* Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. – Eastern Skunk Cabbage
Commelinaceae - (Spiderwort Family)
* Commelina communis L. - Asiatic Dayflower
* Tradescantia virginiana L. - Spiderwort
Dioscoreaceae - (Yam Family)
* Dioscorea villosa L. - Wild yam
Iridaceae - (Iris Family)
* Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. - Stout Blue-eyed Grass
* Sisyrinchium atlanticum E.P.Bicknell -
* Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. - Slender Blue-eyed Grass
Lemnaceae - (Duckweed Family)
* Lemna minor L. - Smaller Duckweed
* Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. - Greater Duckweed
Liliaceae - (Lily Family)
* Allium canadense L. - Meadow Garlic
* Allium vineale L. - Crow Garlic
* Asparagus officinalis L. - Garden Asparagus
* Hemerocallis fulva L. - Orange Daylily
* Lilium superbum L. - Turk's-cap Lily
* Ornithogalum umbellatum L. - Star-of-Bethlehem
* Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott - Smooth Solomon's-seal
* Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link (Syn. Smilicina racemosa) - False Solomon's Seal
* Veratrum viride Aiton - Green false hellebore
Orchidaceae - (Orchid Family)
* Cypripedium acaule Aiton - Pink Lady's Slipper
* Galearis spectabilis L. - Showy Orchis
* Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R.Br. - Downy Rattlesnake Plantain
* Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. - Loesel's Twayblade
* Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. - Nodding Ladies'-tresses
* Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. (Syn. S. gracilis) - Slender Ladies'-tresses
Smilacaceae - (Greenbrier Family)
* Smilax herbacea L. - Carrion Flower