# America's Cup

The America's Cup is a sailing competition and the oldest international competition still operating in any sport. America's Cup match races are held between two sailing yachts: one from the yacht club that currently holds the trophy (known as the defender) and the other from the yacht club that is challenging for the cup (the challenger). The winner is awarded the America's Cup trophy, informally known as the Auld Mug. Matches are held several years apart on dates agreed between the defender and the challenger. There is no fixed schedule, but the races have generally been held every three to four years.
Any yacht club that meets the requirements specified in the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup has the right to challenge the yacht club that currently holds the cup. If the challenging club wins the match, it gains stewardship of the cup. From the first defence of the cup in 1870 until the twentieth defence in 1967, there was always only one challenger. In 1970 multiple challengers applied, so a Challenger Selection Series was held to decide which applicant would become the official challenger and compete in the America's Cup match. This approach has been used for each subsequent competition.
The history and prestige associated with the America's Cup attract the world's top sailors, yacht designers, wealthy entrepreneurs, and sponsors. It is a test of sailing skill, boat and sail design, and fundraising and management skills. Competing for the cup is expensive, with modern teams spending more than US$100 million each; the 2013 winner was estimated to have spent US$300 million on the competition.
The most recent 2024 America's Cup was held in October 2024 between the challengers, Royal Yacht Squadron's INEOS Britannia, and the defending champions, Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, who won 7-2.

## History

The America's Cup is the oldest competition in international sport, and the fourth oldest continuous sporting trophy of any kind. The cup itself was manufactured in 1848 and first called the "RYS £100 Cup". It was first raced for on 22 August 1851 around the Isle of Wight off Southampton and Portsmouth in Hampshire, England, in a fleet race between the New York Yacht Club's America and 15 yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron. The race was witnessed by Queen Victoria and the future Edward VII and won by America. This is considered to be the first America's Cup race.
On 8 July 1857, the surviving members of the America syndicate donated the cup to the New York Yacht Club via the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup filed with the New York Supreme Court. The deed is the primary instrument that governs the rules to make a valid challenge for the America's Cup and the rules of conduct of the races. It states that the cup "is donated upon the condition that it shall be preserved as a perpetual challenge Cup for friendly competition between foreign countries". The deed also outlines how a foreign yacht club can make a challenge to the holder of the cup and what happens if the clubs do not agree on the conduct of the match. The deed makes it "distinctly understood that the cup is to be the property of the club [that has most recently won a match for the cup], subject to the provisions of this deed, and not the property of the owner or owners of any vessel winning a match".
The trophy was held by the NYYC from 1857 until 1983. The NYYC successfully defended the trophy 24 times in a row before being defeated by the Royal Perth Yacht Club, represented by the yacht Australia II. Including the original 1851 victory, the NYYC's 132-year reign was the longest (in terms of time) winning streak in any sport.
Early matches for the cup were raced between yachts 65–90 ft (20–27 m) on the waterline owned by wealthy sportsmen. This culminated with the J-Class regattas of the 1930s. After World War II and almost twenty years without a challenge, the NYYC made changes to the deed of gift to allow smaller, less expensive 12-metre class yachts to compete; this class was used from 1958 until 1987. It was replaced in 1990 by the International America's Cup Class, which was used until 2007.
After a long legal battle, the 2010 America's Cup was raced in 90 ft (27 m) waterline multihull yachts in Valencia, Spain. The victorious Golden Gate Yacht Club then elected to race the 2013 America's Cup in AC72 foiling, wing-sail catamarans and successfully defended the cup. The 2017 America's Cup match was sailed in 50 ft (15 m) foiling catamarans, after legal battles and disputes over the rule changes.

## The America's Cup trophy

The Cup, also known as the Auld Mug, is an ornate sterling silver bottomless ewer crafted in 1848 by Garrard & Co. Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, bought one and donated it for the Royal Yacht Squadron's 1851 Annual Regatta around the Isle of Wight.
The cup was originally known as the 'R.Y.S. £100 Cup', awarded in 1851 by the British Royal Yacht Squadron for a race around the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom. The winning yacht was a schooner called America, owned by a syndicate of members from the New York Yacht Club (NYYC). In 1857, the syndicate permanently donated the trophy to the NYYC, under a Deed of Gift that renamed the trophy as the 'America's Cup' after the first winner and required it be made available for perpetual international competition.
It was originally known as the "R.Y.S. £100 Cup", standing for a cup of a hundred GB Pounds or "sovereigns" in value. The cup was subsequently mistakenly engraved as the "100 Guinea Cup" by the America syndicate, but was also referred to as the "Queen's Cup" (a guinea is an old monetary unit of one pound and one shilling, now £1.05). Today, the trophy is officially known as the "America's Cup" after the 1851 winning yacht, and is affectionately called the "Auld Mug" by the sailing community. It is inscribed with names of the yachts that competed for it, and has been modified twice by adding matching bases to accommodate more names.

## Rules for issuing challenge

All challenges for the America's Cup are made under the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup, which outlines who can challenge for the cup, and what information a challenge must provide to the defender. The deed then allows for most of the arrangements for the match to be made by negotiation and mutual consent, but provides a backstop in the event agreement is not reached. The first valid challenge that is made must be accepted by the defender or it must forfeit the cup to that valid challenger or negotiate other terms.
To be eligible, a challenging club must be "an organized yacht Club" of a country other than the defender’s, which is "incorporated, patented, or licensed by the legislature, admiralty or other executive department". The club must hold an "annual regatta [on] an ocean water course on the sea, or on an arm of the sea, or one which combines both". The New York Supreme Court and the New York Court of Appeals have held that this means the challenging club must in fact "have held at least one qualifying annual regatta before it submits its Notice of Challenge to a Defender and demonstrate that it will continue to have qualifying annual regattas on an ongoing basis" and not merely intend to hold its first annual regatta before the envisaged America's Cup match. The New York Supreme Court has also found that the Great Lakes between the United States and Canada are arms of the sea, allowing clubs with regattas on those lakes to be challengers.
The challenge document must give dates for the proposed races, which must be no less than 10 months from the date the challenge is made, and within date ranges specified for both the northern and southern hemispheres. The challenge document must also provide information on the yacht, including length on load water line; beam at load water line, and extreme beam; and draught of water. If the yacht has one mast, it must be between 44 and 90 feet (13 and 27 m) on the load water line. If it has more than one mast, it must be between 80 and 115 feet (24 and 35 m) on the load water line. These dimensions may not be exceeded by either challenger or defender. The yachts must be propelled by sails only and be constructed in the country to which the challenging and defending clubs belong. Centreboard or sliding keel vessels are allowed with no restrictions nor limitations, and neither the centre-board nor sliding keel is considered a part of the vessel for any purposes of measurement. As long as these rules are met, the New York Court of Appeals has ruled that the defender may use a boat of a different category to the challenger, such as meeting a challenge in a monohull with a catamaran.
Under the deed, the defender and challenger "may by mutual consent make any arrangement satisfactory to both as to the dates, courses, number of trials, rules and sailing regulations, and any and all other conditions of the match, in which case also the ten months' notice may be waived". Since 1958, the practice has usually been for the defender and challenger to agree that the challenger shall be a Challenger of Record, which then arranges a Challenger Series involving a number of other yacht clubs from countries other than that of the defender. The yacht that wins the Challenger Series wins the Herbert Pell Cup and also an associated sponsored cup such as the Prada Cup in 2021 or the Louis Vuitton Cup from 1983 to 2017, and again in 2024.
However, if the challenger and defender cannot agree, the deed provides a backstop, requiring a first-to-two match on ocean courses defined in the deed, at a venue selected by the defender, under its rules and sailing regulations so far as they do not conflict with the provisions of the deed, on the dates submitted by the challenger and in yachts meeting the terms of the deed and the challenge notice.

## Challengers and defenders

Challengers and defenders :
| Rule | Year | Venue | Defending club | Defender | Score | Challenger | Challenging club |
| Fleet racing | 1851 | Isle of Wight | Royal Yacht Squadron | 8 cutters and 7 schooners, runner-up Aurora | 0–1 | John Cox Stevens syndicate, America | New York Yacht Club |
| Fleet racing | 1870 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | 17 schooners, winner Franklin Osgood's Magic | 1–0 | James Lloyd Ashbury, Cambria | Royal Thames Yacht Club |
| Schooner match | 1871 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | Franklin Osgood, Columbia (2–1) and William Proctor Douglas, Sappho (2–0) | 4–1 | James Lloyd Ashbury, Livonia | Royal Harwich Yacht Club |
| Schooner match | 1876 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | John Stiles Dickerson, Madeleine | 2–0 | Charles Gifford, Countess of Dufferin | Royal Canadian Yacht Club |
| 65 ft sloop | 1881 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | Joseph Richard Busk, Mischief | 2–0 | Alexander Cuthbert, Atalanta | Bay of Quinte Yacht Club |
| NYYC 85ft | 1885 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | John Malcolm Forbes syndicate, Puritan | 2–0 | Sir Richard Sutton, Genesta | Royal Yacht Squadron |
| NYYC 85ft | 1886 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | Charles Jackson Paine, Mayflower | 2–0 | Lt. & Mrs. William Henn, Galatea | Royal Northern Yacht Club |
| NYYC 85ft | 1887 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | Charles Jackson Paine, Volunteer | 2–0 | James Bell syndicate, Thistle | Royal Clyde Yacht Club |
| SCYC 85ft | 1893 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | Charles Oliver Iselin syndicate, Vigilant | 3–0 | Earl of Dunraven, Valkyrie II | Royal Yacht Squadron |
| SCYC 90ft | 1895 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | William K. Vanderbilt syndicate, Defender | 3–0 | Earl of Dunraven syndicate, Valkyrie III | Royal Yacht Squadron |
| SCYC 90ft | 1899 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate, Columbia | 3–0 | Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock | Royal Ulster Yacht Club |
| SCYC 90ft | 1901 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate, Columbia | 3–0 | Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock II | Royal Ulster Yacht Club |
| SCYC 90ft | 1903 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | Cornelius Vanderbilt III syndicate, Reliance | 3–0 | Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock III | Royal Ulster Yacht Club |
| Universal 75 ft | 1920 | New York City | New York Yacht Club | Henry Walters syndicate, Resolute | 3–2 | Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock IV | Royal Ulster Yacht Club |
| J-Class | 1930 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate, Enterprise | 4–0 | Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock V | Royal Ulster Yacht Club |
| J-Class | 1934 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate, Rainbow | 4–2 | Sir Thomas Sopwith, Endeavour | Royal Yacht Squadron |
| J-Class | 1937 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | Harold S. Vanderbilt, Ranger | 4–0 | Sir Thomas Sopwith, Endeavour II | Royal Yacht Squadron |
| 12 Metre | 1958 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | Henry Sears, Columbia | 4–0 | Hugh Goodson syndicate, Sceptre | Royal Yacht Squadron |
| 12 Metre | 1962 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | Mercer, Walsh, Frese syndicate, Weatherly | 4–1 | Sir Frank Packer, Gretel | Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron |
| 12 Metre | 1964 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | Eric Ridder syndicate, Constellation | 4–0 | Anthony Boyden, Sovereign | Royal Thames Yacht Club |
| 12 Metre | 1967 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | William Justice Strawbridge syndicate, Intrepid | 4–0 | Emil Christensen, Dame Pattie | Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron |
| 12 Metre | 1970 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | William Justice Strawbridge syndicate, Intrepid | 4–1 | Sir Frank Packer, Gretel II | Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron |
| 12 Metre | 1974 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | Robert Willis McCullough syndicate, Courageous | 4–0 | Alan Bond, Southern Cross | Royal Perth Yacht Club |
| 12 Metre | 1977 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | Ted Turner, Courageous | 4–0 | Alan Bond, Australia | Sun City Yacht Club |
| 12 Metre | 1980 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | Freedom syndicate, Freedom | 4–1 | Alan Bond, Australia | Royal Perth Yacht Club |
| 12 Metre | 1983 | Newport | New York Yacht Club | Freedom syndicate, Liberty | 3–4 | Alan Bond, Australia II | Royal Perth Yacht Club |
| 12 Metre | 1987 | Fremantle | Royal Perth Yacht Club | Kevin Parry, Kookaburra III | 0–4 | Sail America, Stars & Stripes 87 | San Diego Yacht Club |
| DOG match | 1988 | San Diego | San Diego Yacht Club | Sail America, Stars & Stripes 88 | 2–0 | Fay Richwhite, KZ-1 New Zealand | Mercury Bay Boating Club |
| IACC | 1992 | San Diego | San Diego Yacht Club | Bill Koch, America$^3$ | 4–1 | Raul Gardini, Il Moro di Venezia | Compagnia della Vela |
| IACC | 1995 | San Diego | San Diego Yacht Club | Sail America, Young America | 0–5 | Team New Zealand, Black Magic | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron |
| IACC | 2000 | Auckland | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron | Team New Zealand, NZL-60 | 5–0 | Prada Challenge, Luna Rossa | Yacht Club Punta Ala |
| IACC | 2003 | Auckland | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron | Team New Zealand, NZL 82 | 0–5 | Alinghi, SUI-64 | Société Nautique de Genève |
| IACC | 2007 | Valencia | Société Nautique de Genève | Alinghi, SUI-100 | 5–2 | Team New Zealand, NZL-92 | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron |
| DOG match | 2010 | Valencia | Société Nautique de Genève | Alinghi, Alinghi 5 | 0–2 | BMW Oracle Racing, USA-17 | Golden Gate Yacht Club |
| AC72 | 2013 | San Francisco | Golden Gate Yacht Club | Oracle Team USA, Oracle Team USA 17 | 9–8 | Team New Zealand, Aotearoa | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron |
| AC50 | 2017 | Bermuda | Golden Gate Yacht Club | Oracle Team USA, 17 | 1–7 | Team New Zealand, Aotearoa | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron |
| AC75 | 2021 | Auckland | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron | Emirates Team New Zealand, Te Rehutai | 7–3 | Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli, Luna Rossa | Circolo della Vela Sicilia |
| AC75 | 2024 | Barcelona | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron | Emirates Team New Zealand, Taihoro | 7–2 | INEOS Britannia, Britannia RB3 | Royal Yacht Squadron |
| AC75 | 38th America's Cup | TBD | Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron | Emirates Team New Zealand | | TBD | TBD |
* ↑ Oracle Team USA, representing the Golden Gate Yacht Club, started the 2013 first-to-win-nine-races match with a two-race deficit due to a penalty applied for modifications to the team's AC45-class yachts during the America's Cup World Series (ACWS). The modifications were held to be an intentional violation of the AC45 one-design rules, and as the ACWS was deemed to be a part of the America's Cup event, a penalty was assessed against Oracle Team USA in the America's Cup Match.
* ↑ Team New Zealand started the match on −1 due to Oracle's victory in the Qualifier round robins

## Records of winning clubs and skippers

Winning clubs
New York Yacht Club: 25–1 Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron: 5–3 San Diego Yacht Club: 3–1 Société Nautique de Genève: 2–1 Golden Gate Yacht Club: 2–1 Royal Perth Yacht Club: 1–3
Multiple winning skippers
Peter Burling – Wins 2017, 2021, 2024 – Won 22 / Lost 6 Russell Coutts – Wins 1995, 2000, 2003 – Won 14 / Lost 0 Dennis Conner – Wins 1980, 1987, 1988 – Won 13 / Lost 9 Harold Stirling Vanderbilt – Wins 1930, 1934, 1937 – Won 12 / Lost 2 Charlie Barr – Wins 1899, 1901, 1903 – Won 9 / Lost 0 Jimmy Spithill – Wins 2010, 2013 – Won 17 / Lost 23
Reference

## In popular culture

In 1928, Goodyear chairman Paul W. Litchfield began a tradition of naming the company's blimps after America's Cup yachts, including America, Puritan, Mayflower, Volunteer, Vigilant, Defender, Reliance, Resolute, Enterprise, Rainbow, Ranger, Columbia and Stars & Stripes.
The 1988 parody film Return of the Killer Tomatoes included background TV coverage of "Full Contact America's Cup" yacht racing.
The 1992 film Wind is largely about the America's Cup racing towards the end of the 12-meter era. Although the names have been changed, it is largely about Dennis Conner's 1980s loss and comeback.
The documentary The Wind Gods: 33rd America's Cup (2011) centres around Oracle Team USA's efforts to challenge for the 33rd America's Cup. David Ellison collaborated with American journalist Julian Guthrie on the film; Guthrie later authored The Billionaire and the Mechanic, a non-fiction book detailing the history of Oracle Team USA.
In 2021, Australian psychedelic rock band Pond released a single titled America's Cup. The song centres around the gentrification of Western Australia and Fremantle, the host city of the 1987 America's Cup, after Australia's victory of the 1983 America's Cup with the yacht Australia II. The music video prominently features the America's Cup trophy being 'auctioned' off to the highest bidder.
In 2022, Netflix released Untold: The Race of the Century, a film about the Australian team's win in the 1983 race.