OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Church of England measure

A Church of England measure is primary legislation that is made by the General Synod of the Church of England and approved by the Parliament of the United Kingdom under section 3 of the Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919.

## Procedure
### Consideration by the General Synod

Measures are passed by the General Synod of the Church of England. Before the passage of the Synodical Government Measure 1969, this function was undertaken by the National Assembly of the Church of England.
The current procedure depends on the content of the measure and is set out in the Synodical Government Measure 1969 - draft measures are presented and approved before being sent to Parliament.

### Ecclesiastical Committee

The Ecclesiastical Committee is a joint committee of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
It comprises 30 members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Lord Speaker appoints 15 members from the House of Lords, and the Speaker of the House of Commons appoints 15 MPs to serve on the committee.
The 1919 Act requires the committee to report on "the nature and legal effect of the measure".

### Motions by Houses of Parliament

A measure is then presented for approval of both Houses of Parliament at the same time as the Committee lays its report, as long as the report is not an adverse report. In the Commons this is tabled by the Second Church Estates Commissioner, and in the House of Lords this is tabled by the Lords Spiritual.

### Royal assent

Royal assent to Church of England measures were given by means of letters patent using the following wording:
Form of letters patent during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (until 8 September 2022):

### Enacting formula

Church of England measures do not have an enacting formula.

## Crown Dependencies
### Isle of Man

The Isle of Man has a similar system – the diocesan synod takes the place of the General Synod, Tynwald takes the place of Parliament and the Bishop of Sodor and Man takes the place of the Lords Spiritual.
Under the Church (Application of General Synod Measures) Act 1979, the Church Act 1992 and the Church Legislation Procedure Act 1993, measures can be approved by the ecclesiastical committee of Tynwald after approval by the legislative committee of the diocesan synod.

### Channel Islands

Measures can be applied to the Channel Islands when a clause within a measure indicates that they are to extend to those jurisdictions. The actual application of the relevant measure to the Channel Islands is made via an Order in Council, or via processes within the legislatures of the Channel Islands.
This procedure has been amended in 1957 and 2020, since it was originally established by the Channel Islands (Church Legislation) Measure 1931 (21 & 22 Geo 5. No. 4).
# Callum Harkin

Callum Harkin (born 8 April 1999) is a New Zealand rugby union player, who plays for Hurricanes and Wellington. His preferred position is first five-eighth or fullback.

## Early career

Harkin attended St Patrick's College, Silverstream however he didn't achieve regular game time while at school, initially playing halfback. He spent a year in Ireland as a member of Ulster's academy playing for Malone RFC, before returning to the Wellington club rugby competitons, playing originally for Eastbourne before moving to Old Boy's University.

## Professional career

Harkin has represented Wellington in the National Provincial Championship since 2024, being named in their squad for the 2024 Bunnings NPC. He was in talks to join the Dallas Jackals ahead of the 2021 Major League Rugby season, however the team did not compete that season. He was called into the Hurricanes squad ahead of Round 1 of the 2025 Super Rugby Pacific season, making his debut in the same fixture.
# Paadhai Theriyudhu Paar

Paadhai Theriyudhu Paar (transl. Look, the path is visible) is a 1960 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Nemai Ghosh. The film stars K. Vijayan and S. V. Subbaiah. It won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil along with Kalathur Kannamma.

## Production

Nemai Ghosh and M. B. Sreenivasan formed a production company called Kumari Films, with contributions from more than 50 shareholders. Each of them contributed an amount ranging from ₹500 to ₹ 5,000 to start the banner. None of the members contributed more than ₹ 5,000. Kumari Films' inaugural production Paadhai Theriyudhu Paar was launched by the communist leader P. Jeevanandham. The film was the second directorial venture of Ghosh, who also worked as cinematographer.

## Themes

Paadhai Theriyudhu Paar addresses the trade union movement of India, and was scripted keeping the Communist Party of India (CPI) ideology in mind.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by M. B. Sreenivasan, while the lyrics were written by Jayakanthan, Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram and K. C. S. Arunachalam. Vaali wrote the song "Koduthadellam Koduthan" for this film but it was rejected by Ghosh, and instead used in Padagotti (1964). The song "Thennankeetru" is based on Valaji raga, and was set to tune with a xylophone.
| Title | Singers | Lyrics | Length |
| "Azhutha Kanneerum Paalaagumaa" | P. Susheela | Jeyakanthan | |
| "Chinna Chinna Mookuthiyaam" | T. M. Soundararajan | K. C. S. Arunachalam | 06:11 |
| "Maasil Veenaiyum" | S. Janaki, A. S. Mahadevan | Tevaram | 03:35 |
| "Raasaa Maga Polirundhe" | A. L. Raghavan | K. C. S. Arunachalam | 03:24 |
| "Thennankeetru Oonjalile" | P. B. Sreenivas, S. Janaki | Jayakanthan | 04:14 |
| "Unmai Orunaal Veliyaagum" | Thiruchi Loganathan | Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram | |

## Release and reception

Paadhai Theriyudhu Paar was released on 18 November 1960. In July, select reels of the film were made available for previewing as the final film was not yet complete. The Indian Express then wrote, "The plot unfolds itself with easy tempo and unflagging interest. The songs are natural and exceptionally homely. Photography and sound recording are superb". Reviewing the complete version on 19 November, they praised the film for minimal dramatisation and more naturalism. Despite critical acclaim, the film did not succeed commercially; the distributors complained that L. Vijayalakshmi did not dance, to which the director replied, "[Vijayalakshmi] knows how to dance, but the character she plays in the film does not!" According to historian Randor Guy, "internal dissensions spoiled the film's release and caused it to flop."
# Geetha (2019 film)

Geetha is a 2019 Indian Kannada action drama film written and directed by debutant Vijay Naagendra starring Ganesh, Shanvi Srivastava and Prayaga Martin in lead roles. Anup Rubens handle the music for the movie. The film derives its name from 1981 film Geetha, directed by Shankar Nag, however, the film team has clarified the content is very different and revolves around the famous Gokak Agitation.

## Plot

Set against the backdrop of the Gokak Chaluvali (the language rights agitation in the 1980s in Karnataka), this movie tells the story of Akash and Geetha whose paths keep crossing as they bump into each other at different stages of their lives.

## Cast

* Ganesh as Aakaash and younger Shankar
** Devaraj as elder Shankar
* Shanvi Srivastava as Priya and younger Aarthi
** Swathi as elder Aarthi
* Prayaga Martin as Geethanjali
** Parvathy Arun as younger Geethanjali
** Sudharani as elder Geethanjali
* Rangayana Raghu as Photo Raja
* Achyuth Kumar as Geetha's father
* Ravishankar Gowda as Ramesha
* Vishal Hegde as Prem
* Ravi Bhat as Priya's father
* Vihaan Ganesh as Aakaash
* K S Shridhar as Geethanjali's Father
* Bala Rajwadi as a cop

## Production

The film is a joint venture of Syed Salam Films and Ganesh's home banner Golden Movies. The movie is shot in Kolkata, Manali and Bangalore.

## Soundtrack

The film's score and soundtrack is composed by Anup Rubens. The music rights are acquired by Anand Audio.

## Reception

A critic of The Times of India rated 3.5 out of 5 and wrote that "With this film, Vijaynaagendra emerges as a promising name, as he has given a heartfelt narrative that strikes the right chords". Shashi Prasad of Deccan Chronicle stated that "To wrap it up, Geetha promises some good memories to cherish in the end". A Sharadhaa of Cinema Express gave 4 stars out of 5 star and noted that "Overall, Geetha' is a perfect amalgam of two beautiful love stories told almost flawlessly".
# 1982 Memphis State Tigers football team

The 1982 Memphis State Tigers football team represented Memphis State University (now known as the University of Memphis) as an independent during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its second season under head coach Rex Dockery, the team compiled a 1–10 record (0–4 against conference opponents) and was outscored by a total of 284 to 129. The team played its home games at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee.
The team's statistical leaders included Trell Hooper with 1,194 passing yards and 30 points scored, Richard Williams with 480 rushing yards, and Derrick Crawford with 523 receiving yards.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 4 | at Ole Miss | Hemingway StadiumOxford, MS (rivalry) | L 10–27 | 39,150 |
| September 11 | Vanderbilt | Liberty Bowl Memorial StadiumMemphis, TN | L 14–24 | 25,704 |
| September 18 | Mississippi State | Liberty Bowl Memorial StadiumMemphis, TN | L 17–41 | 32,420 |
| September 25 | Georgia Tech | Liberty Bowl Memorial StadiumMemphis, TN | L 20–24 | 15,061 |
| October 2 | at Southern Miss | M. M. Roberts StadiumHattiesburg, MS (Black and Blue Bowl) | L 14–34 | 21,674 |
| October 16 | Cincinnati | Liberty Bowl Memorial StadiumMemphis, TN (rivalry) | L 7–16 | 13,678 |
| October 23 | at Tulane | Louisiana SuperdomeNew Orleans, LA | L 10–17 | 26,710 |
| October 30 | at No. 3 Georgia | Sanford StadiumAthens, GA | L 3–34 | 82,122 |
| November 6 | at Tennessee | Neyland StadiumKnoxville, TN | L 3–29 | 94,903 |
| November 20 | Louisville | Liberty Bowl Memorial StadiumMemphis, TN (rivalry) | L 19–38 | 7,370 |
| November 27 | Arkansas State* | Liberty Bowl Memorial StadiumMemphis, TN (Paint Bucket Bowl) | W 12–0 | |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game ||||||
# Chesterfield County School District

The Chesterfield County School District is a school district that governs public schools in Chesterfield County, South Carolina. Since 1968, Chesterfield County has operated a single school district which now consists of two primary schools, seven elementary/intermediate schools, three middle schools, and four high schools. Total enrollment in the county's public schools for 2009 is estimated to be 8,000 students.

## Schools
### High schools

* Central High School, Pageland
* Cheraw High School, Cheraw
* Chesterfield High School, Chesterfield
* McBee High School, McBee

### Middle schools

* Chesterfield/Ruby Middle School, Chesterfield/Ruby
* Long Middle School, Cheraw
* New Heights Middle School, Jefferson
* Robius Middle School

### Elementary schools

* Cheraw Intermediate School, Cheraw
* Edwards Elementary School, Chesterfield
* Jefferson Elementary School, Jefferson
* McBee Elementary School, McBee
* Pageland Elementary School, Pageland
* Plainview Elementary School, Plainview
* Ruby Elementary School, Ruby

### Primary schools

* Cheraw Primary School, Cheraw
* Petersburg Primary School, Pageland
# Nawojowa

Nawojowa is a village in Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, South Poland. It belongs to the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Nawojowa. It is approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Nowy Sącz and 81 km (50 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

## History
### Early history

Nawojowa was founded by Nawoj of Tęczyn, Castellan of Krakow. In later years, it fell into the hands of Dukes Ostrogski and was part of Ostrogski's fee tail (ordynacja). In 1600 it was transferred to Lubomirskis. At that time it also included 25 settlements laid in the mountains: Szlachtowa, Czarnowoda, Jaworki, Białowoda (today Gmina Szczawnica), Kunina, Bończa, Łazy, Popardowa, Margoń, Rybień, Homrzyska, Złotne, Czaczów, Barnowiec, Roztoka, Składziste, Maciejowa, Łabowa, Lachowiec, Kotów, Młyn, Nowa Wieś, Łosie, Krzyżówka, and Frycowa. In 1793 the property was split and Nawojowa was allotted to Duke Lubomirski, starost of Olsztyn.
# James's Fort

James Fort (Irish: Dún Rí Shéamuis) is an early 17th-century pentagonal bastion fort located on Castlepark peninsula in Kinsale harbour, County Cork, Ireland. Situated downstream from Kinsale on the River Bandon, the fort was built to defend the harbour and seaborne approaches of the town. Following the construction of Charles Fort on the opposite side of the harbour in the late 17th century, James Fort became known as the "old fort" (Irish: an Seandaingean). Listed as a protected National Monument, and managed by the Office of Public Works, the fort is open to visitors.

## History

Before James fort was constructed, an earlier medieval fortification existed on the site. This fortification, named Castle Ny-Parke was occupied for a time by Spanish forces as part of the 4th Spanish Armada. During the early part of the Siege of Kinsale (1601), it was captured from the Spanish by Sir Richard Smyth who led the attacking English forces of Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy.
Construction of James Fort commenced in 1602 - immediately after the Siege of Kinsale. The fort was named after James I of England and VI of Scotland, and was built to designs by Paul Ive (to replace and supplement the older medieval structure). Completed by 1607, the central structure was a half-bastioned four-sided stone fortification, surrounded by pentagonal earthworks to a bastion fort or star-shaped fort design. A hexagonal blockhouse was built on the water's edge - a water battery at the narrowest point in the channel.
As with Charles Fort on the other side of the harbour, James Fort was occupied by Jacobite forces during the Williamite War in Ireland. It was captured however in 1690 by Williamite forces, after being damaged by an explosion of gunpowder stores.
Though Charles Fort (the "new fort") was operated as a military garrison through to the early 20th century, James Fort (the "old fort") declined in use during the 18th century, and texts and maps describe it as a ruin by the 19th century.

## Today

James Fort was subject to a number of archaeological excavations in the late 20th and early 21st centuries - including a survey commissioned by Dúchas (the Heritage Service) in 1998. The fort site is listed as a National Monument (number 525), and as such under "state guardianship". As of 2016, An Taisce (the National Trust for Ireland) listed the fort in an "at risk" category, noting that while it had been subject to preservation works, it required "a long-term conservation management plan to prevent future deterioration".
The James Fort site is publicly accessible, and visited both as a tourist attraction and as an amenity park (by walkers and runners).
# Glynn Wolfe

Glynn DeMoss Wolfe (July 25, 1908 – June 10, 1997) was an American Baptist minister and hotel owner who resided in Blythe, California. Wolfe is best known for allegedly having the largest number of monogamous marriages, having married 31 different times, although one of his marriages was annulled and several remain unconfirmed.

## Biography

Glynn DeMoss Wolfe's father, John Wolfe, was a coal mine operator in Freelandville and the sheriff of Knox County.
In 1960, Wolfe was a candidate for justice of the peace in Las Vegas, campaigning on better retirement homes and extra assistance to elderly people. He placed last during the primaries. That same year, Wolfe was ordained a Baptist minister of the Traveler's Rest Baptist Church in Los Angeles, but "sort of lost interest" in his ministry when his license to perform marriages was revoked, and abandoned it to pursue a career as a barber.
During his 7th marriage to a woman named Mary, Wolfe bought an all-women hotel in Hollywood, a neighborhood of Los Angeles. He later stopped operating the hotel, and began operating a new hotel in Las Vegas.
Wolfe died on June 10, 1997, in a Redlands, California, nursing home of heart disease at the age of 88. His body went unclaimed, and he was eventually buried in Blythe. None of the 28 women he legally married, and only one of his approximately 19 children, attended the funeral service.

## Marriages

Between 1926 and until his death in 1997, Wolfe married 29 different women. Most of his marriages were to teenagers. In an interview with the New York Daily News, he described them as "fun", saying he could "just speak their language".
His shortest marriage lasted 19 days, and his longest lasted eleven years. Three of his marriages were to women he had previously divorced: remarried Charlotte Devane in 1936, after divorcing earlier that year; remarried Katherine Archer in 1949 after divorcing the previous year; and Sharon Goodwin in 1960 after divorcing the previous year. Five of his marriages ended with the death of a spouse, surviving his 1st, 8th, 9th and 23rd wife, before being survived by his 31st wife. His longest marriage was for 11 years, to his 28th wife, Christine Camacho, who was 37 years his junior. His 29th wife was Bonny Lee Bakley, who was herself married ten times; she was murdered, and her last husband, Hollywood actor Robert Blake, was charged in connection with her death. He was found not guilty, but was found liable in a wrongful death lawsuit, and Bakley's murder remains unsolved.
Wolfe's final marriage was to Linda Taylor in 1996 at Quartzsite, Arizona, who—at the time—was the record holder for the most-married woman, having been married 28 times. The marriage was performed as a publicity stunt, and Taylor returned to Indiana a week after the wedding.
# Paditha Penn

Paditha Penn (transl. Educated Woman) is a 1956 Indian Tamil-language film directed by M. Thiruvenkadam. The film stars N. N. Kannappa and Rajasulochana. It was released on 20 April 1956.

## Cast

List adapted from the database of Film News Anandan and from Thiraikalanjiyam.

## Soundtrack

Music was composed by Arun and Raghavan. This is the first film Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram wrote lyrics for, although his first release became Maheswari (1955).
| Song | Singer/s | Lyricist |
| "Kadhiraadum Kazhaniyil Sadhiraadum Pennmani" | A. M. Rajah & Jikki | Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram |
| "Kaappi Onnu Yettanaa" | | Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram |
| "Vaadaadha Solai Malar Pootha Verlai" | Thiruchi Loganathan & K. Rani | Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram |
| "Gunamum Kula Dharma Gnaanamum" | Thiruchi Loganathan & K. Rani | Kavi Lakshmanadas |
| "Irul Soozhndha Ulaginile" | N. L. Ganasaraswathi | Kavi Lakshmanadas |
| "Vaazhvinile Kaanaene Inbam" | N. L. Ganasaraswathi | Aroordas |
| "Kannaana Selvame Ponnaana" | S. C. Krishnan | Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass |
# James Kvaal

James Richard Kvaal is an American attorney and education policy advisor who served as under secretary of education in the Biden administration from 2021 to 2025. Kvaal previously served in the United States Department of Education and White House Office during the Obama administration.

## Education

Kvaal earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in public policy from Stanford University in 1996 and a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 2007.

## Career

Before law school, Kvaal was a policy adviser in the administration of President Bill Clinton.

### Obama administration

During the first three years of the Obama administration, he was special assistant for economic policy and deputy undersecretary of education. After working for the Obama 2012 presidential campaign, he served as deputy policy director of the United States Domestic Policy Council in 2016. Kvaal was responsible for developing a federal college ratings system, which ultimately became the College Scorecard. Early in the administration, Kvaal worked to increase Pell Grants and access to financial aid for college and job training. Kvaal also worked to provide financial relief for students at for-profit institutions.
During the Obama administration, Kvaal worked to establish a plan for free community college, announced in 2015. Kvaal traveled the country to promote the plan and to encourage state and local governments to adopt their own versions.

### TICAS

In 2017, he became president of the Institute for College Access and Success, where he continued working to hold colleges accountable and make student debt manageable.

### Undersecretary of Education

On February 17, 2021, Kvaal was announced as the nominee to serve as under secretary of education in the Biden administration. At his confirmation hearing in April 2021, senators raised a number of topics, including student debt, tuition, college football, and oversight of for-profit colleges. Kvaal received bipartisan support from the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, but his confirmation vote on the Senate floor was delayed due to an objection from Senator Elizabeth Warren related to her concerns about student debt and the administration of federal student loans. She eventually withdrew the objection.
The Senate invoked cloture on Kvaal's nomination on September 13, 2021 in a 55-37 vote.
The Senate confirmed Kvaal's nomination on September 14, 2021 in a 58-37 vote.
# Triple-twin

The Triple-twin was a type of double vacuum triode for audio power amplifiers. A triple-twin contained two dissimilar, directly coupled triodes in a common envelope. To maximize power yield, the output triode was intended to be positively biased, and thus required substantial grid current. This current was supplied by the input triode, configured as a cathode follower. The cathode of the input triode was hard-wired to the control grid of the output triode inside the envelope.
The first tube of the family, type 295, was introduced by Cable Radio Tube Corporation under the Speed label in March 1932. The company advertised 295 as being twice as powerful as the type 47 pentode, and three times as powerful as the type 45 directly heated triode (the most common output tube of the period) - hence the name triple-twin. Maximum output power reached 4,5 W at 5% distortion into 4 kOhm load; at 2 kOhm and 10 kOhm loads distortion increased to 8%. The 295 required +250 V plate voltage, and around +6 V positive grid bias.
The original type 295 had a directly heated output section, and an indirectly heated input section. The 2B6 tube, introduced in 1933, had similar power ratings, but had both cathodes indirectly heated. The Sylvania 6N6G, introduced in 1936, had both cathodes indirectly heated, and also had the cathode follower resistor hard-wired inside the envelope. A single-ended 6N6G amplifier required only one external component, the output transformer; currents and bias voltages were set by the internal resistor. A push-pull 6N6G amplifier required only two tubes and two transformers (input and output).
Despite massive advertising, the triple-twin was a market failure. The industry preferred general-purpose tube types, and the triple-twin was obsolete by the end of the 1930s.