OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Edward Devitt

Edward James Devitt (May 5, 1911 – March 2, 1992) was a United States representative from Minnesota and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota.

## Education and career

Born in Saint Paul, Ramsey County, Minnesota, Devitt graduated from St. John's College Preparatory High School in Collegeville, Minnesota in 1930, and attended St. John's University from 1930 to 1932 before receiving a Bachelor of Laws from the University of North Dakota School of Law in Grand Forks, North Dakota in 1935, and a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of North Dakota in 1938. Devitt was in private practice in East Grand Fords, Minnesota from 1935 to 1939, serving at the same time as a municipal judge of the Minnesota Municipal Court in East Grand Forks. He was an assistant state attorney general of Minnesota from 1939 to 1942. He served in the United States Naval Reserve during World War II as a Lieutenant Commander from 1942 to 1946.

## Congressional service

Devitt was elected as a Republican to the 80th congress (January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949) from Minnesota's 4th Congressional District. He was unsuccessful in his bid for reelection to the 81st congress in 1948, defeated by Eugene McCarthy. Devitt is the most recent Republican to have held this seat. Following his departure from Congress, he returned to private practice in Saint Paul from 1949 to 1950. He then served as a Judge of the Minnesota Probate Court for Ramsey County, Minnesota from 1950 to 1954.

## Federal judicial service

On December 10, 1954, Devitt received a recess appointment from President Dwight D. Eisenhower to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota vacated by Judge Matthew M. Joyce. Formally nominated to the same seat by President Eisenhower on January 10, 1955, Devitt was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 4, 1955, and received his commission on February 7, 1955. He served as Chief Judge from 1959 to 1981, assuming senior status on May 1, 1981. In 1979, Devitt presided over the criminal trial for the five Red Lake Reservation uprising defendants, imposing a 26-year prison sentence on uprising leader Harry S. Hanson Jr. Devitt would also impose prison sentences ranging from 10 to 16 years against Hanson's four co-defendants. He served as a board member of the Federal Judicial Center from 1968 to 1971. He served as a judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court from 1985 to 1992. Devitt remained in senior status until his death in Saint Paul on March 2, 1992.

## Legacy

The American Judicature Society has awarded the Edward J. Devitt Distinguished Service to Justice Award each year since 1983 to an Article III judge. The first recipient was Albert Branson Maris.
# Ambros Kutscha

Ambros Kutscha (1769 in Kroměříž – 16 October 1845 in Prague) was a Czech nobleman. He was Doctor of Laws, who served as a judge (Hofrat) and later as Vice President (from 1842) of the High Court of the Kingdom of Bohemia (Appellations- und Criminal-Obergericht in dem Königreiche Böhmen). He was awarded the knight's cross of the Order of Leopold on 12 January 1837, an award which conferred hereditary nobility and the rank and title of Ritter (knight). He was subsequently known as Ambros, Ritter von Kutscha.
# Andrew J. Barchfeld

Andrew Jackson Barchfeld (May 18, 1863 – January 28, 1922) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Barchfeld was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to German immigrants from Prussia. He attended Pittsburgh Central High School and graduated from Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1884. He was a physician, hospital executive, and member of the common council of Pittsburgh from 1886 to 1887. He was a member of the Republican State committee. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to Congress in 1902.
Barchfeld was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-ninth and to the five succeeding Congresses. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1916. He was a delegate to the peace congress at Brussels in 1905. He was a member of the commission to the Philippine Islands in 1910, and a member of the Panama Canal Commission in 1912.
Barchfeld died on January 28, 1922, in the collapse of the Knickerbocker Theater in Washington, D.C. He is buried in South Side Cemetery in Pittsburgh.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Andrew J. Barchfield (id: B000133)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* The Political Graveyard
# Union City Area School District

The Union Area School District is a public school district serving Union City and Union Township in Erie County, Pennsylvania and Bloomfield Township in Crawford County, Pennsylvania. It has one elementary school (pre-k through 5th grade) and a combined middle school and high school (6th through 12th grade).
# Dysmas de Lassus

Michel de Lassus Saint-Geniès (born March 30, 1956), better known as Dysmas de Lassus, is a French Catholic monk, the prior general of the Carthusians since 2014.

## Biography

Michel de Lassus Saint-Geniès was born on March 30, 1956. His father, Arnaud de Lassus, was a marine engineer, member of Cité catholique, and founder of Action Family and School. Michel grew up with six siblings, one of whom became a Carmelite in the convent of Créteil, taking the name of Sister Aude of the Virgin Mary. He entered the Charterhouse at the age of 20 and took the name of Dysmas, in reference to the penitent thief in the Gospel. In 1990, he became the master of novices at the Grande Chartreuse before being elected prior of the Chartreuse de Portes on October 1, 2012.
On November 3, 2014, he was elected prior general by the monks of the Grande Chartreuse.
The following November 7, the Father Priors of all the Carthusians of the order confirmed this choice by their vote.
Dysmas de Lassus become the 74th successor of Saint Bruno at the head of the Carthusian Order, succeeding Dom François-Marie Valut, who resigned for health reasons.
He participated in the writing of Cardinal Robert Sarah's book, The Force of Silence, Against the Dictatorship of Noise, written with Nicolas Diat, and published in October 2016.
In March 2020, at éditions du Cerf, he published "Risques et dérives de la vie religieuse", offering diagnostic elements that will help measure the dangers of certain spiritual practices or the governance of religious communities. This work is prefaced by José Rodríguez Carballo, Secretary of the Congregation for institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life.
In March 2023, he announced that the company producing Chartreuse liqueur will cease its growth. The monks are still involved in the production.

## Publications

* Formation d'un jeune Père-Maître. La Grande Chartreuse. 1990. p. 41.
* Remarques sur la tâche du Père-Maître. La Grande Chartreuse. 1997. p. 36.
* Avec Augustin Devaux (1997). Le Projet de graduel de chœur. La Grande Chartreuse. p. 153.
* De Lassus, Dysmas (2020). Risques et dérives de la vie religieuse [Abuses in the Religious Life and Path to Healing]. (foreword: José Rodríguez Carballo). Le Cerf. p. 446. ISBN 978-1644135341.
# Alex Anisi

Alex Anisi (died 18 February 2012) was a Papua New Guinean politician. He was Premier of East Sepik Province from June 1993 to August 1995, and subsequently served as secretary-general of the People's Progress Party for two parliamentary terms until 2011. He was a candidate for the National Parliament at the 2012 election when he died suddenly during the campaign. His son, Ezekiel Anisi, subsequently entered politics himself.
# 1316 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1316 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Haakon V Magnusson

## Events

* The Great Famine of 1315–1317.

## Births

* Magnus IV of Sweden, King (died 1374).
# Hotel Ramapo

The Hotel Ramapo, now known as Taft Hotel, was previously known as Nortonia Hotel, Danmoore Hotel, and (erroneously) Franklin Hotel. It is a historic residential hotel in Portland, Oregon, United States. Built in 1906, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## History

Designed as a residential hotel by Edgar M. Lazarus in 1906, the building was owned by Lazarus until his death in 1939. He first leased it to Mrs. A. B. Norton, and the hotel's first name was Nortonia Hotel. Mrs. Norton gave up her lease and used the name Nortonia for the next hotel she managed, now known as the Mark Spencer Hotel. In 1908, Lazarus leased the building to Dan Moore, who renamed the structure the Danmoore Hotel. Moore closed the hotel in 1909 when he could not make rent payments. Lazarus, refurnished the building and in June 1909 reopened it with the name Hotel Ramapo, with M. E. Foley as proprietor. In 1955, the Ramapo Hotel became the Taft Hotel, and the name Taft has been employed in the building's subsequent uses. The building is now the Taft Home, a facility for senior and disabled adults.

### National Register of Historic Places

Franklin Hotel was the erroneous historic name assigned to the building when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The actual Franklin Hotel, located at 515 SW 13th Avenue, was built in 1907. How the author of the National Register nomination confused, by name, the Franklin Hotel (1907) with the historic Hotel Ramapo designed by Lazarus is not clear. The original National Register nomination makes no reference to Hotel Ramapo, the name by which the building was known for almost fifty years. The historic name was corrected on the National Register in January 2013.
# David Robinson (bishop)

David Robinson is an Australian bishop in the Anglican Church of Australia. He served as the 12th Bishop of Rockhampton from 3 September 2014 to 22 February 2020.

## Early life and parish ministry

Robinson was born in the United Kingdom but emigrated to Adelaide in 1970. Prior to working in ministry he worked for the South Australian Government in water management, then moved to Canberra to study at St Mark's National Theological Centre.
During the 1980s Robinson worked with indigenous students in Darwin and worked in Bangladesh with the Anglican Board of Missions.
He was ordained in 1994 and until his ordination to the episcopate worked in the Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn in parishes in Gundagai, Kooringal and Curtin. Immediately prior to his appointment, Robinson was the National Formation Manager at St Mark's National Theological Centre.

## Episcopal ministry

In April 2014, Robinson was appointed as the next Bishop of Rockhampton, replacing Godfrey Fryar who had retired in 2013. He was consecrated and enthroned as bishop on 3 September 2014 in St Paul's Cathedral, Rockhampton, the first Bishop of Rockhampton to be consecrated in the city's cathedral.
As bishop, Robinson has had to deal with structural problems in the diocesan cathedral, St Paul's Cathedral in Rockhampton. The cathedral's roof was significantly damaged in Cyclone Marcia in February 2015 and closed for some time, but the cathedral was forced to close again after one wall suffered subsidence in 2017 while groundworks were being carried out. It was estimated that repairs would cost $10m to restore the cathedral. Works took place in late 2019 with the cathedral due to reopen in early 2020.
During the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey in 2017, Robinson said he affirmed the doctrine of the Anglican Church of Australia that marriage was "a lifelong and exclusive union between a man and a woman", but acknowledged that the debate about same sex marriage was a "deeply personal and complex issue", that members of the LGBTI community "had not always felt welcomed, accepted and loved" and that he was "deeply sorry" for this.
Robinson's final service was on 22 February 2020.

## Personal life

Robinson is married to Jan, has two children and seven grandchildren.
# Al Fajr Al Jadid

Al Fajr Al Jadid (Arabic: الفجر الجديد, romanized: al-Fajr al-Jadid, lit. 'The New Dawn') was a leftist magazine which was published in the period 1945–1946. Although the magazine was short-lived, it is one of the sources that laid the basis of the regime change in Egypt in 1952.

## History and profile

The first issue of Al Fajr Al Jadid appeared on 16 May 1945. The founders and contributors of the magazine were called the Al Fajr Al Jadid group and included Ahmad Sadiq Saad, Raymond Duwayk, Yusuf Darwish and Ahmad Rushdi Salih who was the editor-in-chief of the magazine. They were Marxist political figures and artists. The magazine aimed at producing a version of the leftist views and practices specific to Egypt. It was started as a biweekly publication, but its frequency was switched to weekly from 1 November 1945. The frequent topics featured in the magazine were social issues such as poverty, underdevelopment and agrarian reform. It also covered literary and cultural writings and advocated the committed literary approach which would also be supported by the Lebanese literary magazine entitled Al Adab. Articles in Al Fajr Al Jadid were published in standard Arabic not in colloquial Arabic.
Al Fajr Al Jadid was distributed to nearly all Arab countries and enjoyed support and financial assistance of the Marxist organizations based in Palestine, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq. It was also financed by the Soviet Union.
Al Fajr Al Jadid openly attacked significant cultural figures of the period, including Tawfiq Al Hakim, Abbas Al Aqqad, Ibrahim Al Mazini and Taha Hussein, for living in their ivory towers and having close connections with capitalists and colonizers. The magazine also harshly criticized the British and other Western imperialist powers and claimed that British imperialism was the major reason for the deficiencies of Egypt.
Initially Al Fajr Al Jadid was not critical towards the Egyptian government, but became much more ardent opponent of the government soon which led to its closure in July 1946 by the government led by Prime Minister Ismail Sidky.
# Yury Afonin

Yury Vyacheslavovich Afonin (Russian: Ю́рий Вячесла́вович Афо́нин; born 22 March 1977) is a Russian politician and member of the State Duma of the Russian Federation for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. He is also a member of the board of the Youth Public Chamber of Russia.

## Biography

Afonin was born in Tula, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union on 22 March 1977. He studied history at the Tula State Pedagogical University named for Leo Tolstoy, and then obtained a law degree from the Russian Academy of Public Administration, a predecessor of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA).
From 2003 until 2014, Afonin worked as the First Secretary of the Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation, the youth wing of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
In the 2007 Russian legislative election, he was elected to the 5th State Duma as a member of the CPRF party list, re-elected for the 6th Duma in the 2011 election, 7th Duma in 2016 election, and most recently the 8th State Duma in the 2021 election. As a deputy, he sits on the Security and Anti-Corruption Committee, the Defence Budgetary Commission, and the Commission for Deputy Income and Property Reporting.

## Sanctions

He was sanctioned by the UK government in 2022 in relation to the Russo-Ukrainian War.
Afonin was sanctioned by the United States Department of the Treasury following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
# Jamaibabu Jindabad

Jamaibabu Jindabad (transl. long life brother-in-law) is a 2001 Bengali film directed by Ratan Adhikari and produced by Surinder Singh under the banner of Surinder Film. The film features actors Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta in the lead roles. Music of the film was composed by Babul Bose. The movie is a remake of 1986 Kannada hit movie Anuraga Aralithu.

## Cast

* Prosenjit Chatterjee as Sagar Mukherjee, Chief Mechanic at Chowdhury Industries
* Rituparna Sengupta as Kajol Chowdhury, Owner of Chowdhury Industries
* Deepankar Dey as Shubhomoy Chowdhury, Kajol's father
* Laboni Sarkar as Sagar's mother
* Shankar Chakraborty
* Subhendu Chatterjee
* Biplab Chatterjee as Mr. Ghosh
* Anuradha Ray as Kajol's mother
* Kaushik Banerjee as M.K. Dutta, Manager at Chowdhury Industries
* Ramaprasad Banik
* Saheli Mukhopadhyay as Priya, Receptionist at Chowdhury Industries
# Union Local School District

The Union Local School District serves Belmont County, Ohio and other surrounding areas. There are three schools in the district: Union Local Elementary School, Union Local Middle School, and Union Local High School. The schools are located on the same piece of land on Route 149. The schools are approximately 1 mile from Morristown, Ohio. The school is nicknamed the "Jets" and is a member of the Ohio Valley Athletic Conference.

## History

Union Local School District formed in 1959 with the combining of Smith Twp., Belmont, Bethesda, and Union Twp. schools. Flushing joined in the late 1960s. Union Local Elementary and Middle schools consolidated in 1998. Centerville (Smith Twp.), Morristown (Union Twp.), Belmont, Bethesda, and Flushing all combined to form the middle and elementary School.

## Board of education

* Terry Puperi, President
* Ed Stenger, Vice President
* Janet Hissrich, Treasurer
* Koel Davia
* Dan Lucas
* Billy Porter
* Shaun Roe
* Ben Porter, Superintendent

## School administrators

* High School and Middle School Principal: Joel Davia
* Athletic Director: Nick Nardo
* Elementary School Principal: Pre-K-2 Dana Kendziorski, 3-5 Zack Powell
# Lava field

A lava field, sometimes called a lava bed, is a large, mostly flat area of lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or hundreds of kilometers across the underlying terrain.

## Morphology and structure

The final morphology of a lava field can reveal properties such as internal structure, composition, and mechanics of the lava flow when it was fluid. The ridges and patterns on top of the lava field show the direction of the lava channels and the often active lava tubes that may be underneath the solidified "crust." It can also reveal whether the lava flow can be classified as pāhoehoe or 'a'ā. The two main types of lava field structures are defined as sheet flow lava and pillow lava. Sheet flow lava appears like a wrinkled or folded sheet, while pillow lava is bulbous, and often looks like a pile of pillows atop one another.
An important aspect of lava flow morphology is a phenomenon known as lava flow inflation. This occurs in pāhoehoe flows that have a high effusion rate, and initially forms a thin crust atop the lava flow. The fluid lava underneath the crust continues to increase due to the sustained high effusion rate, and thus the entire "structure" increases in size, up to four meters in height. This anomaly can expose important physics and mechanisms behind lava flow that was not previously known.
The structure of lava fields also vary based on geographic location. For example, in subaqueous lava fields, sheet flow lava is found near volcanoes characterized by fast-flowing centers, like the Galapagos Rift, while on the other hand pillow lava fields are found near more slow-flowing centers, like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

## Mapping and prediction

The extent of large lava fields is most readily studied from the air or in satellite photos, where their commonly dark, near-black color contrasts sharply with the rest of the landscape. Current computer models are mostly unable to predict the placement of lava fields due to the inability to anticipate random environmental influences. Computer modeling is consistently increasing in quality, but the many micro factors directing lava flow and shape, such as source geometry and lava extrusion rate, limit the accuracy that is currently available.

## Notable examples

* Boring Lava Field (United States)
* Harrat Rahat, which threatened the city of Medina in the 13th century (Saudi Arabia)
* Hell's Half Acre Lava Field (Idaho, United States)
* Reykjanes, Iceland (peninsula is mainly a barren waste of lava fields)
* St. George, Utah, United States (city built around fields and bluffs covered in lava rocks)
* Mackenzie Large Igneous Province, Canada
# Allotment (travel industry)

Allotments in the tourism industry are used to designate a certain block of pre-negotiated carrier seats or hotel rooms which have been bought out and held by a travel organizer with a huge buying power like a wholesaler, tour operator or hotel consolidator, and more rarely by a retail travel agent.
Allotments can be purchased for a specific period of time such as a whole season, part of a season or for any single dates and then resold to travel partners and final customers around the globe. A couple of days prior to carrier departure/hotel check-in any unsold seats/rooms may be released back to the supplier if such an agreement exists between the two parties. An allotment release back period is also negotiated as part of the allotment contract (e.g. four days prior to check-in/departure).

## Negotiating allotments

Allotments can be negotiated between a tour operator and a travel service supplier such as airline company/hotel chain, or between two travel organizers such as a tour operator and a retail travel agent. Either way the buyer needs to prove a consistent level of business, because allotments are hardly granted without any previous sales history.
Rooms or seats that have not been contracted between the travel company and the product supplier are handled as ‘on-request’, where each booking of an airline seat or hotel room needs to be confirmed with the supplier before being confirmed with the client.

## The allotment or allocation contract

The amount of the contracted rooms/seats to be specified in the allotment contract is a result of the estimated, during the negotiation, volume of sales to be realized by the tour operator. Tour operators book a certain number of rooms in hotels or seats on carriers and have the right to use them by a given date, also known as a release date, that usually is some days prior to tourist's arrival (hotels)/departure (carriers). The allotment contract reduces the risk of any unsold products by the supplier and grants relative price advantage to the travel organizer helping him to stay competitive on the market by offering extra discounts.
Tour operators obtain discounts, through allotment or commitment contracts, primarily depend on the firm size and the bargaining power exercised; they can vary from 10% to 50% according to the period of the year, the destination, the quantity and quality of services contracted upon. Some big tour operators are able to obtain up to 70% of discount.
# Uniontown Area School District

Uniontown Area School District is a highly fragmented midsized, rural public school district located in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. It serves the city of Uniontown and the boroughs of Ohiopyle, and Markleysburg. It also serves Wharton, Henry Clay, Menallen, Franklin, and Stewart townships. The district encompasses approximately 250 square miles. Based on 2000 federal census data, the district serves a resident population of 26,925. In 2009, the district residents’ per capita income was $14,621, while the median family income was $33,750. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010.

## Schools

| School Name | Grade Level | Principal |
| A.J. McMullen Middle School | Grades 6–8 | Tracy Holesapple |
| Ben Franklin School | Grades K-8 | Rachel Rollings |
| Franklin School | Grades K-6 | Joseph Galie |
| Lafayette School | Grades K-8 | Lauren Clemmer |
| Marclay School | Grades K-5 | Tracy Holesapple |
| Menallen School | Grades K-6 | Joseph Galie |
| Wharton School | Grades K-6 | Tracy Holesapple |
| Uniontown Area High School | Grades 9–12 | Co-principals: Heather Sefcheck and Robert Manges |

## Extracurriculars

The district offers a variety of clubs, activities and sports.