# List of lichens of Soldiers Delight

Lichens of Soldiers Delight Natural Environmental Area, a nature reserve located in Baltimore County, Maryland.

## The Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area

The Soldiers Delight Natural Environmental Area (Soldiers Delight NEA) is an environmentally sensitive area consisting of 1,900 acres (770 ha) of land, and a visitor center, that is owned by the state of Maryland and managed by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources. The land consists of both serpentine barren and upland forest habitats.
Chromite was mined at Soldiers Delight NEA until 1860 by Isaac Tyson, and some of the old mine shafts are still present. Four marked trails transverse the area and are a favorite hiking place for both humans and dogs.
The most distinctive feature about Soldiers Delight NEA is the number of rare and endangered plants that occur on the serpentine barrens, including some of the wildflowers of Soldiers Delight. These endangered species include the sandplain gerardia, serpentine aster, flameflower, and fringed gentian.

### Lichenology at Soldiers Delight NEA

Lichenology began at the Soldiers Delight NEA in 1976, when Allen C. Skorepa, Arnold Norden , and Donald Windler were awarded a grant from the Power Plant Siting Program of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources to survey the lichens of Maryland. They surveyed the lichens from many areas throughout the state; one of which was Soldiers Delight. In 1977, they published their results and reported one location for each species of lichen that they identified. Thus, while they may have collected a particular species from numerous places they documented only one. So while they found numerous species of lichens at Soldiers Delight, only a few got recorded in their publication.
Dr. Elmer G. Worthley of Baltimore County also had an interest in lichens and collected throughout Maryland and New England, but the Soldiers Delight Area was one of his favorite places.
All of the lichens collected by Skorepa, Norden, and Windler were deposited in the herbarium at Towson University, Baltimore, Maryland. And all of the lichens in Elmer Worthley's herbarium were sent to the Lichen Herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden in 2001.

#### Lichen reference acronyms

The following list of lichen species found at Soldiers Delight is based upon these three sources, with acronyms used below:
* 1977 publication by Skorepa, Norden and Windler [S,N,W]
* the species of lichens from Soldiers Delight in Elmer Worthley's personal herbarium [EGW]
* Ed Uebel's observations [ECU]

## Listings

* Acarospora fuscata (Schrader) Arnold [ECU] Growing on a boulder along west side of Deer Park Road; N 39$^o$24.909' W 076$^o$50.171' Google Map (June 2003)
* Acarospora schleicheri (Ach.) A. Massal. [S,N,W] Growing on serpentine rock.
* Anaptychia palmulata (Michaux) Vainio [ECU] Growing on bark at the base of a white oak in a woodland on the western side of Deer Park Road, south of the Visitor Center Entrance. N 39$^o$24.576' W 076$^o$50.152' Google Map (9 May 2006) U-589
* Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körber [ECU] Growing on a boulder along the edge of the woodland on the western side of the power line clearing uphill from Locust Run; Elevation 622 ft (190 m); N 39$^o$24.218' W 076$^o$50.582' Google Map (19 July 2006)
* Bacidia schweinitzii (Fries ex E. Michener) A. Schneider [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on Fraxinus americana about 6 ft (1.8 m) above the ground. (6 April 1983) L-453
* Buellia spuria (Schaerer) Anzi [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on rock outcrops in open field. (9 March 1980) L-125
* Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; near the MD Historical Marker at the Overlook, on rocks at top of slope with Placynthium nigrum. (28 September 1985) L-535 [ECU] Growing on mortar on the wall of Red Dog Lodge; N 39$^o$24.600' W 076$^o$50.419' Google Map (June 2003)
* Caloplaca feracissima H. Magn. [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on rock outcrop in open field. (9 March 1980) [ECU] Growing on cement at the base of light pole in front of the Visitor Center; N 39$^o$24.609' W 076$^o$50.325' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing on a big rock near the metal gate under the BG&E high power lines at Ward's Chapel Road; N 39$^o$25.141' W 076$^o$50.487' Google Map (June 2003)
* Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. [ECU] Growing on a small stone about 50 ft (15 m) north of the Overlook Parking Area on Deer Park Road; N 39$^o$24.880' W 076$^o$50.152' Google Map (June 2003)
* Caloplaca lobulata (Flörke) de Lesd. [EGW] Collected by Elmer Worthley, identified by Dr. Allen Skorepa; growing in full sunlight in open glade in oak-Virginia pine woods. (27 January 1979) LH-22
* Caloplaca sideritis (Tuck.) Zahlbr. [EGW] Collected by Elmer Worthley, identified by Dr. Allen Skorepa; growing on rock outcrop in full sun. (27 January 1979) LH-21
* Candelaria concolor (Dickson) B. Stein [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on bark of Acer rubrum in woods opposite the Overlook. (3 April 1983) L-459 [ECU] Growing on bark of red maple along the Orange Trail (Red Run Trail) east of the intersection of the Orange-Red-Yellow Trails; N 39$^o$24.732' W 076$^o$49.658' Google Map (June 2003)
* Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll, Arg. [EGW] Collected by A. Norden and B. Norden, along Dolfield Road, on rock in full sun. (27 August 1973) L-464 [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW, along Dolfield Road, on rock outcrops in open field. (9 March 1980) L-644 [EGW] Collected by Elmer Worthley, identified by Allen C. Skorepa, on serpentine rocks in open field. (11 May 1980) L-594 [ECU] Growing on a boulder on the west side of Deer Park Road near the Overlook Parking Area; N 39$^o$24.892' W 076$^o$50.161' Google Map (June 2003)
* Catapyrenium cinereum (Pers.) Körber [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on bare places among clumps of Andropogon scoparius and Aristida dichotoma (8 January 1984) L-572
* Circinaria caesiocinerea (Nyl. ex Malbr.) A.Nordin, S.Savić & Tibell [EGW] Collected by Elmer Worthley and identified by Arnold Norden, on rock south side of Ward's Chapel Road. (24 December 1983) L-430 [ECU] Growing on a large rock along west side of Deer Park Road north of the Overlook; N 39$^o$24.888' W 076$^o$50.156' Google Map (June 2003)
* Cladonia apodocarp Robbins [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on soil in open woods across from Overlook. (6 April 1983) L-5 [ECU] Growing on soil near the intersection of Deer Park Road and the old gravel road leading to the Visitor Center. N 39$^o$24.728' W 076$^o$50.142' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing on soil in a field near the metal gate under the BG&E high power lines at Ward's Chapel Road; N 39$^o$25.144' W 076$^o$50.468' Google Map (June 2003)
* Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flotow [S,N,W] Growing under pines. [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on soil under Pinus virginiana. (28 September 1985) L-96 [ECU] Growing on soil south of Dolfield Road; N 39$^o$24.110' W 076$^o$49.374' Google Map (June 2003)
* Cladonia atlantica A. Evans [S,N,W] On soil under pines.
* Cladonia boryi Tuck. (probably a misidentification)
* Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.) Flörke [ECU] On very rotten wood in the woodland south of Dolfield Road; N 39$^o$24.146' W 076$^o$49.242' Google Map (June 2003)
* Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Sprengel [EGW] Collected and identified by Elmer Worthley; on rock outcrop in open field near Ward's Chapel Road. (9 March 1980) L-9
* Cladonia caroliniana Tuck [ECU] Growing on soil c. 50 ft (15 m) west of the picnic tables near Red Dog Lodge. (June 2003)
* Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Sprengel [S,N,W] Growing on rotting wood in open woods. [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on rock outcrop in open field near Ward's Chapel Road. (9 March 1980) L-22
* Cladonia ciliata var. tenuis (Flörke) Ahti & M.J. Lai [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on sterile soil with Andropogon scoparius. (16 December 1949) LH-28 (a misidentification)
* Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on soil under Quercus stellata. (3 April 1983) L-23 (a misidentification of a form of Cladonia cristatella)
* Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Sprengel [ECU] On a rock at a rock pile near a rusty tub along the Serpentine Trail (south section); N 39$^o$24.483' W 076$^o$51.031' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing on an old carpet in a woodland located at the SW corner of the Serpentine Trail; N 39$^o$24.465' W 076$^o$51.034' Google Map (June 2003)
* Cladonia cristatella (AKA British Soldiers) Tuck. [S,N,W] Growing on rotting wood in open woods. [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on soil around bases of Andropogon. (16 December 1949) LH-23 [ECU] Growing about midway up the grassy hillside between the woodland and power lines near the Serpentine Trail (White Trail); N 39$^o$24.686' W 076$^o$50.492' Google Map (June 2003)
* Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. subsp. gracilis [S,N,W] On soil among grasses. [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on soil in woods opposite the Overlook. (6 April 1983) L-50
* Cladonia grayi G. Merr. ex Sandst. [ECU] Growing at the base of a small tree stump (only several inches high) close to the Serpentine Trail (south section); N 39$^o$24.524' W 076$^o$51.041' Google Map (June 2003)
* Cladonia macilenta var. bacillaris (Genth) Schaerer [S,N,W] Growing on trees in open woods.
* Cladonia parasitica (Hoffm.) Hoffmann [ECU] Growing on a dead limb on the ground. Down hill from the log cabin cellar near a stream.; N 39$^o$24.340' W 076$^o$50.303' Google Map (31 May 2006) U-601
* Cladonia peziziformis (With.) J.R. Laundon [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on soil under Pinus virginiana near the Overlook. (3 April 1983) L-62 [ECU] Growing on top of a pile of asphalt near the beginning of the north section of the Red Trail; N 39$^o$24.913' W 076$^o$50.127' Google Map (June 2003)
* Cladonia pleurota (Flörke) Schaerer [S,N,W] On soil under pines. [ECU] Growing on soil along the wood edge on the eastern side of the power line clearing north of the Serpentine Trail; N 39$^o$25.042' W 076$^o$50.462' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing on an old piece of cotton cloth at the edge of a woodland west of Deer Park Road; N 39$^o$24.439' W 076$^o$50.085' Google Map (13 May 2006)
* Cladonia rei Schaerer [ECU] Growing along the gravel road between Deer Park Road and the Visitor Center; N 39$^o$24.699' W 076$^o$50.186' Google Map (June 2003)
* Cladonia squamosa Hoffm. [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on rock outcrops in open field. (9 March 1980) LH-25
* Cladonia subcariosa Nyl. Syn.: Cladonia sobolescens Nyl. ex Vainio Syn.: Cladonia clavulifera Vainio [ECU] An extensive patch of this lichen can be found growing near the metal gate under the high voltage power lines along Ward's Chapel Road; N 39$^o$25.130' W 076$^o$50.487' Google Map (June 2003)
* Cladonia subtenuis (Abbayes) Mattick [S,N,W] Growing on soil under scrub pines. [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; growing near Ward's Chapel Road under Virginia pine. (11 May 1980) L-583 [ECU] Growing along the western section of the Dolfield Trail (Yellow Trail), about midway between the intersection of the Red-Orange-Yellow Trails and Dolfield Road; N 39$^o$24.407' W 076$^o$49.497' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing along the Serpentine Trail near a large pile of wood chips; N 39$^o$24.611' W 076$^o$50.620' Google Map (June 2003)
* Cladonia uncialis (L.) F.H. Wigg. [S,N,W] Growing on serpentine soil under pines.
* Dibaeis baeomyces (L.f) Rambold & Hertel [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on soil of road bank. (15 March 1980) & L-423
* Flavoparmelia baltimorensis (Gyelnik & Fòriss) Hale [ECU] Growing on a rock in a woodland near the trail behind the Visitor Center; N 39$^o$24.542' W 076$^o$50.370' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing on "lichen rock", in the woodland on the west side of the power line clearing between the White (Serpentine) Trail and Ward's Chapel Road; N 39$^o$24.970' W 076$^o$50.526' Google Map (June 2003)
* Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale [S,N,W] Growing on rocks in open area. [ECU] Growing on bark of a fallen oak limb along the Serpentine Trail east of the SW corner; N 39$^o$24.477' W 076$^o$51.005' Google Map (June 2003)
* Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) M. Choisy [EGW] Collected and identified by A. Norden and B. Ball; on trunk of pine at edge of open field along Ward's Chapel Road. (16 February 1974) L-466 [EGW] Collected by Elmer Worthley and identified by Arnold "Butch" Norden; at base of Pinus virginiana, from ground level up about l foot. Tree located about 100 yards downhill from Red Dog Lodge. (8 January 1984) L-467
* Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S.F. Meyer [EGW] Collected and identified by B. Ball and A. Norden; on scrub pines along Dolfield Road. (14 April 1974) L-262 [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on bark of Pinus virginiana. (6 April 1983) L-266 [ECU] Growing on bark of a Virginia pine near the intersection of the Red-Yellow-Orange Trails; N 39$^o$24.728' W 076$^o$49.753' Google Map (June 2003)
* Imshaugia placorodia (Ach.) S.F. Meyer [EGW] Collected and identified by A. Norden and B. Ball; on branches of scrub pines along Dolfield Road. (14 April 1974) L-268 [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on branches of Virginia pine; often grows with Imshaugia aleurites and Ahtiana aurescens. (9 March 1980) L-269 [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on bark of Pinus virginiana, opposite the Overlook. (3 April 1983) L-270 Growing on a pole-like stump of a dead Virginia pine sticking out into the trail north of Dolfield Road; N 39$^o$24.242' W 076$^o$49.338' Google Map (June 2003)
* Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on bark of black oak about 5 ft (1.5 m) above ground; in oak-hickory woods. (10 December 1983) L-474 [EGW] Collected by Elmer Worthley, identified by Arnold "Butch" Norden; on bark of dead Betula nigra about 8 ft (2.4 m) above ground. (19 December 1983) L-472
* Lecanora expallens Ach. [EGW] Collected identified by EGW; on decorticated stump of Juniperus virginiana. (6 April 1983) L-476 [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on dead decorticated branch lying on the ground. (December 1983) L-478
* Lecanora strobilina (Sprengel) Kieffer [ECU] Growing on a fallen dead oak branch in the woodland north of Ward's Chapel Road; N 39$^o$25.040' W 076$^o$51.175' Google Map (June 2003)
* Lecidella carpathica Körber [ECU] Growing on a boulder along the edge of the woodland on the western side of the power line clearing uphill from Locust Run; Elevation 622 ft (190 m); N 39$^o$24.218' W 076$^o$50.582' Google Map (19 July 2006)
* Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert [ECU] Growing on a boulder along the edge of the woodland on the western side of the power line clearing uphill from Locust Run; Elevation 622 ft (190 m); N 39$^o$24.218' W 076$^o$50.582' Google Map (19 July 2006)
* Lepraria lobificans Nyl. [ECU] Growing at the base of a Virginia pine near where the Serpentine Trail crosses a stream; N 39$^o$24.483' W 076$^o$51.031' Google Map (June 2003)
* Lepraria neglecta (Nyl.) Erichsen [ECU] Growing on a boulder marking the beginning of the north section of the Red Trail close to Deer Park Road; N 39$^o$24.919' W 076$^o$50.163' Google Map (June 2003)
* Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix and Hale [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; associated with Lecanora caesiorubella, on bark of black oak about 5 ft (1.5 m) above ground, in oak-hickory woods. (10 December 1983) L-474 [ECU] Growing at the base of a large oak tree along the gravel road in the section north of Ward's Chapel Road. (June 2003)
* Parmelia sulcata Taylor [EGW] Collected and identified by a botany student. (5 December 1978) L-293
* Parmelinopsis minarum (Vainio) Elix & Hale [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on decorticated branch, just southwest of big pipe under Dolfield Road. L-299
* Parmotrema hypotropum (Nyl.) Hale [ECU] Growing on bark of a chestnut oak along the Orange Trail between the Orange-Red-Yellow Trail intersection and the Orange-Yellow Trail intersection; N 39$^o$24.692' W 076$^o$49.510' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing on a rock in the woodland east of the BG&E high voltage power lines north of the Serpentine Trail; N 39$^o$24.896' W 076$^o$50.447' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing on a large rock in the woodland west of the BG&E high voltage power lines north of the Serpentine Trail; N 39$^o$24.970' W 076$^o$50.526' Google Map (June 2003)
* Pertusaria paratuberculilfera Dibben [ECU] Growing on bark on the trunk of a fallen oak near Locust Run on the western side of the power lines; elevation 473 ft (144 m); N 39$^o$24.142' W 076$^o$50.351' Google Map (9 July 2006) U-632
* Phaeophyscia pusilloides (Zahlbr.) Essl. [ECU] Growing on Ailanthus altissima near the old Chromite Mill foundation in the section north of Ward's Chapel Road; N 39$^o$25.020' W 076$^o$51.150' Google Map (June 2003)
* Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (Degel.) Essl. Growing on bark of Ailanthus altissima near the old Chromite Mill foundation in the section north of Ward's Chapel Road; N 39$^o$25.020' W 076$^o$51.150' Google Map (June 2003)
* Physcia adscendens (Fries) H. Oliver [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on marble of old grave stone, growing with Physconia detersa, Lecanora dispersa and Xanthomendoza fallax. (19 December 1983) L-145
* Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on rock outcrop. (9 March 1980) L-153
* Physcia millegrana Degel. [ECU] Growing on a pole-like tree trunk directly in front of the Overlook Parking Area on Deer Park Road; N 39$^o$24.863' W 076$^o$50.154' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing on a woodland rock near the picnic tables south of Red Dog Lodge; N 39$^o$24.604' W 076$^o$50.440' Google Map (June 2003)
* Physcia subtilis Degel. [ECU] Growing on a boulder on the west side of Deer Park Road north of the Overlook Parking Area; N 39$^o$24.897' W 076$^o$50.162' Google Map (June 2003)
* Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on old marble gravestone. Growing with Phaeophyscia adiastola, Lecanora dispersa and Xanthomendoza fallax. (19 December 1983) L-174
* Placidium lacneum (Ach.) Breuss [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on rock outcrop in open field. (9 March 1980) L-575
* Porpidia albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph [S,N,W] On rock outcrops. [ECU] Growing on a small rock about 200 ft (61 m) south of the paved driveway in the woodland close to the Yellow (Dolfield) Trail; N 39$^o$24.484' W 076$^o$49.357' Google Map (June 2003)
* Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph or
* Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & A.J. Schwab [ECU] Growing on a rock in a pile of rocks near a rusty tub along the south section of the Serpentine Trail; N 39$^o$24.483' W 076$^o$51.031' Google Map (June 2003)
* Psorula rufonigra (Tuck.) Gotth. Schneider [S,N,W] Growing on rock in serpentine barrens.
* Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on Quercus marilandica, near Dolfield Road on downstream side from the big pipeline under the road. (19 December 1983) L-339 [ECU] Growing on bark at the base of a Virginia pine along the Orange Trail east of the intersection of the Orange-Red-Yellow Trails; N 39$^o$24.736' W 076$^o$49.653' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing at the base of an oak along the Serpentine Trail near Deer Park Road north of the Overlook Area; N 39$^o$24.889' W 076$^o$50.384' Google Map (June 2003)
* Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog [S,N,W] Growing on trunks of pines. [EGW] Collected and identified by A. Norden and B. Ball; on trunks of pines in dry portions of the serpentine barrens. (11 April 1974) L-340 [ECU] On trunk of Virginia pine with a large poison ivy vine attached to it; along the Serpentine Trail near a barbed wire fence west of Red Dog Lodge; N 39$^o$24.490' W 076$^o$50.965' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing on a pine cone found on the ground under a Virginia pine near the cattle fence west of Red Dog Lodge; N 39$^o$24.490' W 076$^o$50.965' Google Map (June 2003)
* Pycnothelia papillaria Dufour [ECU] Growing on bare soil near the intersection of the Red-Yellow-Orange Trails; N 39$^o$24.733' W 076$^o$49.746' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing on bare soil along the Orange Trail about 200 ft (61 m) east of the intersection of the Red-Yellow-Orange Trails; N 39$^o$24.728' W 076$^o$49.709' Google Map (June 2003)
* Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont. [ECU] Growing on an old blue carpet in a woodland at the SW corner of the Serpentine Trail; N 39$^o$24.465' W 076$^o$51.034' Google Map (June 2003)
* Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & Fletcher [EGW] (no information) L-351
* Tuckermanella fendleri (Nyl.) Essl. [S,N,W] On branches of pines.
* Tuckermannopsis ciliaris (Ach.) Gyelnik [S,N,W] On branches of pines. [EGW] Collected and identified by A. Norden and B. Ball; on branches of scrub pines in moist areas. (11 April 1974) L-353 [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on dead decorticated limb of Pinus virginiana, near Dolfield Road in pine woods near downstream end of pipe under the road. (1 January 1983) L-355 [ECU] Growing on a shrub near the stream north of Dolfield Road; N 39$^o$24.208' W 076$^o$49.320' Google Map (June 2003)
* Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. [S,N,W] Growing on serpentine rock. [ECU] Growing on a serpentine rock in a field west of Deer Park Road, in the vicinity of a small stream; Elevation 648 ft (198 m), N 39$^o$24.391' W 076$^o$50.080' Google Map (31 May 2006) U-599
* Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Hale [EGW] Collected and identified by EGW; on rock outcrop in open field, with Cladonia squamosa. (9 March 1980) L-395
* Xanthoparmelia plittii (Gyelnik) Hale [ECU] Growing on a boulder along the west side of Deer Park Road near the Overlook Parking Area; N 39$^o$24.883' W 076$^o$50.153' Google Map (June 2003) [ECU] Growing on a large rock near the metal gate under the BG&E high power lines at Ward's Chapel Road; N 39$^o$25.144' W 076$^o$50.480' Google Map (June 2003)
* Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Ahti & D. Hawksw. [EGW] Syn. Xanthoparmelia somloënsis (Gyelnik) Hale. Collected and identified by EGW (no data) L-604