OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nordenskiöldinkatu

Nordenskiöldinkatu (Swedish: Nordenskiöldsgatan) is a frequently trafficked street in Helsinki, Finland, going from Taka-Töölö to Alppila and Pasila. It was named after the explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld.
Nordenskiöldinkatu is a continuation of Mechelininkatu. Its western end is at the Nordenskiöld square in Taka-Töölö, where Mechelininkatu ends, and which is also connected to Topeliuksenkatu and Linnankoskenkatu. Its eastern end is at a railroad underpass, after which it changes its name to Savonkatu and continues towards Itä-Pasila. Nordenskiöldinkatu is the only street to run across Mannerheimintie keeping the same name on both sides.
Only the western part of Nordenskiöldinkatu has residential block houses, between the Nordenskiöld square and Urheilukatu. In this part are also located the Russian science and culture centre and the head office of KELA.
The eastern part of Nordenskiöldinkatu continues along the edge of the Eläintarha park. Along it are located the Helsinki Ice Hall and the Eläintarha Stadium. Along the street, at the edge of the part, is also a memorial for the victims of the Finnish Civil War. In this part of Nordenskiöldinkatu are located the Laakso Hospital and the Aurora Hospital, although the main building of the Aurora Hospital is at the other end of its lot, along Lääkärinkatu. Between the two hospitals is located the start of the Helsinki Central Park, which is only 200 metres wide at the Nordenskiöldinkatu end. At the park's southern end is a traffic park for children. Near the park the street is crossed by the Auroransilta bridge, which was opened to the public in November 2012.
East of Mannerheimintie, the Helsinki tram lines 2, 7A and 7B run along Nordenskiöldinkatu, and east of Reijolankatu also many bus lines going through Pasila. The western end of the street is located in Taka-Töölö. Its eastern part acts as a neighbourhood divisor, as Eläintarha is part of Taka-Töölö, but the Laakso Hospital lot and the southern part of the Central Park are part of Laakso, and the Aurora Hospital is in Länsi-Pasila.
Originally, from 1906, Nordenskiöldinkatu also included what is now Mechelininkatu, which was separated from it in 1917. The most eastern part of the street, east of Urheilukatu, has previously been unofficially referred to as Nordenskiöldin puistokatu.
# Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay

The Men's 4 x 400 metres relay at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on Monday 11 October and Tuesday 12 October 2010.

## Records

| World Record | 2:54.29 | United States | Stuttgart, Germany | 22 August 1993 |
| Games Record | 2:59.03 | Jamaica | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | 1998 |

## Round 1

First 3 in each heat (Q) and 2 best performers (q) advance to the Final.

### Heat 1

| Lane | Nation | Competitors | Time | Notes |
| 5 | Kenya | Vincent Koskei, Vincent Kiilo, Mark Muttai, Anderson Mutegi | 3:03.66 | Q |
| 6 | England | Nick Leavey, David Hughes, Richard Yates, Graham Hedman | 3:05.34 | Q |
| 8 | Botswana | Isaac Makwala, Gakologelwang Masheto, Tiroyaone Masake, Zacharia Kamberuka | 3:05.40 | Q |
| 7 | India | Kunhu Puthanpurakkal, Bibin Mathew, Premananad Jayakumar, Mortaja Shake | 3:06.30 | q |
| 4 | Guernsey | Dale Garland, Tom Druce, Hywel Robinson, Matthew Bailey | 3:14.51 | |
| 2 | Mauritius | Jean Vieillesse, Jean Degrace, Jean Augustin, Jean Milazar | 3:15.78 | |
| 3 | Vanuatu | Arnold Sorina, Moses Kamut, David Benjimin, Tony Ialu | 3:20.79 | |

### Heat 2

| Lane | Nation | Competitors | Time | Notes |
| 3 | Bahamas | La'Sean Pickstock, Andretti Bain, Jamal Moss, Ramon Miller | 3:05.44 | Q |
| 7 | Australia | Kevin Moore, Ben Offereins, Brendan Cole, Sean Wroe | 3:06.01 | Q |
| 6 | Wales | Rhys Williams, Joe Thomas, Chris Gowell, Gareth Warburton | 3:06.31 | Q |
| 2 | Jamaica | Oral Thompson, Josef Robertson, Ricardo Cunningham, Adrian Findlay | 3:06.30 | q |
| 5 | Sri Lanka | Prasanna Amarasekara, Uditha Wickramasinghe, Nalin Karunarathna, K. Kankanamlage | 3:08.77 | |
| 4 | Sierra Leone | Thomas Vandy, Amara Kamara, Ibrahim Turay, Bockarie Sesay | 3:23.68 | |
| 5 | Nigeria | | | DNS |

## Final

| Rank | Lane | Nation | Competitors | Time | Notes |
| | 6 | Australia | Joel Milburn, Kevin Moore, Brendan Cole, Sean Wroe | 3:03.30 | |
| | 7 | Kenya | Vincent Koskei, Vincent Kiilo, Anderson Mutegi, Mark Muttai | 3:03.84 | |
| | 4 | England | Conrad Williams, Nick Leavey, Richard Yates, Robert Tobin | 3:03.97 | |
| 4 | 5 | Bahamas | La'Sean Pickstock, Michael Mathieu, Jamal Moss, Ramon Miller | 3:04.35 | |
| 5 | 9 | Botswana | Zacharia Kamberuka, Gakologelwang Masheto, Isaac Makwala, Obakeng Ngwigwa | 3:04.65 | |
| 6 | 8 | Wales | Rhys Williams, Joe Thomas, Chris Gowell, Gareth Warburton | 3:06.91 | |
| 7 | 2 | India | Kunhu Puthanpurakkal, Bibin Mathew, Mortaja Shake, Bineesh Baby | 3:07.60 | |
| – | 3 | Jamaica | Oral Thompson, Lansford Spence, Josef Robertson, Ricardo Cunningham | | DSQ |
# Todd Dunivant

Todd Dunivant (born December 26, 1980) is an American former soccer player who played 13 years in Major League Soccer winning 5 MLS Cup trophies. After retirement he spearheaded the San Francisco Deltas professional soccer team as the Director of Soccer Operations and Business Development —winning the NASL Championship in its expansion season. He currently serves as the general manager of Sacramento Republic FC.

## Career
### College and amateur

In high school, Dunivant won two Colorado state championships in 1997 and 1998 at Dakota Ridge High School. Dunivant was also an exemplary student, being Valedictorian for his class of 1999. Dunivant played college soccer at Stanford University from 1999 to 2002. Dunivant appeared in 81 Games at Stanford and was the only player in the nation to be both First Team All-American and First Team Academic All-American in 2002. He led the Cardinal to back to back Final Fours in 2001 and 2002. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in economics in 3.33 years.

### Playing career

Dunivant was the first college senior taken in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft and was selected sixth overall by the San Jose Earthquakes. Dunivant started all thirty of the team's games that year, while scoring one goal and six assists, as the Quakes won its second MLS Cup. He was traded to Los Angeles Galaxy in 2005 in a four-player deal and played every minute for the Galaxy, as they won the MLS Cup and U.S. Open Cup double.$^{[1]}$ Dunivant was eventually traded to the New York Red Bulls, where he made twenty-two appearances during the 2006–07 seasons.
Dunivant was acquired by expansion side Toronto FC on June 27, 2007, in a trade for Kevin Goldthwaite. Dunivant played 18 games for Toronto in his first season, all of them starts. Dunivant was traded back to the Los Angeles Galaxy on February 3, 2009, in exchange for allocation money. He spent seven more seasons with the Galaxy, collecting 3 more MLS Cups (2011, 2012, 2014), 2 supporter shields (2010, 2011).
Dunivant retired from soccer at the end of the 2015 MLS season with 25 MLS Playoff appearances, 5 MLS Cup Championships (second most all-time), a 2011 Best XI Selection and a 4x Humanitarian of the Year Recipient.$^{[2]}$ Those accomplishments suggest that Dunivant "was arguably the best left fullback in the league during his career - certainly one of the most consistent players in MLS."
Dunivant got his first cap for the United States national team on January 29, 2006, against Norway where he recorded 2 assists. He then started in a 3–2 victory over Japan on February 11, 2006.

## Honors
### Club
#### LA Galaxy

* Major League Soccer MLS Cup: 2005, 2011, 2012, 2014
* Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2005
* Major League Soccer Supporter's Shield: 2010, 2011
* Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship: 2005, 2009, 2011

#### San Jose Earthquakes

* Major League Soccer MLS Cup: 2003

### Individual

* Major League Soccer MLS Best XI: 2011
# Kazakhstan Federation of Radiosport and Radio Amateur

The Kazakhstan Federation of Radiosport and Radio Amateur (Kazakh: Қазақстанның Радиоспорт және Радиоәуесқой Федерациясы, Qazaqstannyń Radıosport jáne Radıoáýesqoı federatsııasy; Russian: Казахстанская Федерация Радиоспорта и Радиолюбительства) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Kazakhstan. KFRR promotes amateur radio in Kazakhstan by sponsoring amateur radio operating awards and radio contests. The KFRR organizes and supports Amateur Radio Direction Finding competitions and the Kazakhstan national ARDF team. The KFRR also represents the interests of Kazakhstan amateur radio operators before Kazakhstan and international telecommunications regulatory authorities. KFRR is the national member society representing Kazakhstan in the International Amateur Radio Union, which it joined on February 10, 2009.
# 1977 in Switzerland

Events during the year 1977 in Switzerland.

## Incumbents

* Federal Council:
** Kurt Furgler (president)
** Rudolf Gnägi
** Hans Hürlimann
** Georges-André Chevallaz
** Willi Ritschard
** Ernst Brugger
** Pierre Graber

## Births

* 14 February – Diana Romagnoli, fencer

## Deaths

* 7 August – Paul Chaudet, politician (born 1904)
* 30 September – Heinrich Gretler, actor (born 1897)
* 23 December – Philipp Etter, politician (born 1891)
# Hamilton Cuffe Jones

Hamilton Cuffe Jones (1884 – 16 January 1960) was a trade union official and member of the Queensland Legislative Council.

## Early life

Jones was born at London, England, to Phillip Allen Jones his wife Theresa (née Culley). He came to Australia at a young age, attended Brisbane State School, then began work in the timber industry as a Sawyer.
Beginning his career with the trade union movement, Jones was Secretary of the Timber Workers' Union and a representative on the Wages Board at the Gas works office. he then later on served as vice-president of the Waterfront Workers' Federation.
In World Was One, Jones joined the Australian Imperial Force where, as a member of the 2nd Light Horse Regiment he fought at Gallipoli, having his right thumb blown off.

## Political career

When the Labour Party starting forming governments in Queensland, it found much of its legislation being blocked by a hostile Council, where members had been appointed for life by successive conservative governments. After a failed referendum in May 1917, Premier Ryan tried a new tactic, and later that year advised the Governor, Sir Hamilton John Goold-Adams, to appoint thirteen new members whose allegiance lay with Labour to the council.
Jones was one of the thirteen new members, and went on to serve for four and a half years until the council was abolished in March, 1922.
Jones was the endorsed Labor candidate for Kurilpa in the 1926 election but was unable to defeat the long-time sitting member James Fry.

## Personal life

Jones was twice married, firstly to Eleanor Sissie Beattie in 1917, and together had three sons. He then married Emma Henry in 1938 and together had a son and daughter.
Jones died in Brisbane on 16 January 1960. He was cremated at Mount Thompson Crematorium and his ashes were interred there.
# Marc Parent

Marc Parent may refer to:
* Marc Parent (executive) (born 1961), French-Canadian business executive
* Marc Parent (police), former Chief of the Montreal Police Service
# Judith Prakash

Judith Evelyn Jyothi Prakash (née de Cruz; born 19 December 1951) is a Singaporean judge in the Supreme Court. Her brother is ambassador Simon Tensing de Cruz. Prakash was appointed a permanent Judge of Appeal of the Court of Appeal of Singapore on 1 August 2016, the first woman to hold this post. During her time on the bench, she was also Judge of the Dubai International Financial Centre Courts, where she heard appeal matters.
After graduating from National University of Singapore in 1974, where she obtained a first-class honours degree, Prakash did her pupillage under David Marshall though she initially found the practice of criminal law not something that suited her. Before her appointment to the bench, she was a partner specialising in shipping and commercial law in Drew & Napier. She also practised in the areas of banking and finance.
Prakash was inducted in 2016 to the Singapore Women's Hall of Fame and previously chaired the Raffles' Girls School Board of Governors. She was, until 2022, the Lead Judge in the Supreme Court for arbitration matters.
On 14 October 2024, Prakash was conferred the Her World Woman of the Year 2024 for her pioneering work in the legal field and for paving the way for female legal professionals aspiring to be part of the judiciary. In its media release, the Editor in Chief of Her World said that given her professional journey, "Justice Judith Prakash is an inspiration, not just for those in the legal field, but also to all Singapore women."
Prakash had also previously chaired the Law Reform Committee and Publications Committee of the Singapore Academy of Law, and also sits on the Medical Litigation Review Committee which examines issues relating to medical litigation.
Prakash was a member of the sub-committee on the Review of Arbitration Laws, appointed by the Attorney-General in 1991, that made recommendations on Singapore's laws relating to international commercial arbitration and which led to the enactment of the International Arbitration Act in 1994.
On 15 June 2023, it was announced that Prakash will be appointed a Senior Judge as of 2 Jan 2024. In the course of her career till she was appointed as a Senior Judge, she has written approximately 645 judgments. Her judgements have been said to have had significant influence, especially in the areas of commercial law and arbitration. She has also been described as "an extraordinary jurist, a history maker, a class act and a truly wonderful human being" and a "tireless advocate for quality legal writing and publishing". As a Senior Judge, she will be hearing complex cases in the Court of Appeal.
Prakash sits on the NUS Board of Trustees, the Board of Trustees of SINDA and on the Board of the Eurasian Association.
# Violet Meikle McGlashan

Violet Meikle McGlashan (3 December 1872 – 18 December 1905) was a Scottish painter. She is one of the McGlashan-Anderson artistic dynasty of the Glasgow School of Art.

## Life

Violet Meikle McGlashan was born in Glasgow in 1872. Her father, John McGlashan (c. 1844 – 16 June 1920), manufactured underclothing. Her mother was Agnes Meikle (c. 1848 – 9 January 1929). They married on 13 June 1870 in Cathcart, Glasgow.
McGlashan's younger sister, Daisy Agnes McGlashan, was born in 1879.

### Personal life

McGlashan married James Claude Wilson on 23 April 1896 at 50 Princes Square, Strathbungo in Glasgow. Their son, Owen McGlashan Wilson (18 August 1904 – April 1979), was born in Milngavie.
McGlashan travelled to the United States, arriving in New York on 15 May 1905. She died on 18 December 1905 in Kaweah, California.

## Art

McGlashan studied at the Glasgow School of Art from 1888 to 1893. While at the Glasgow School of Art, she stayed at 15 North Portland Street in Glasgow.
McGlashan won Haldane bursaries from 1889 to 1891.

## Works

Watercolour sketches by McGlashan are held by Glasgow School of Art in their archives.
# Evolution of the Philippine Flag

The Evolution of the Philippine Flag (Filipino: Ebolusyon ng Bandilang Pilipino) is a set of flags consisting of select banners of the Katipunan of the Philippine Revolution. Often displayed with the flag of the First Republic, it is sometimes erroneously interpreted to imply the chronology of the national flag of the Philippines.

## Background

The "Evolution of the Philippine Flag" is a set of various flags of the Katipunan revolutionary group of the Philippine Revolution. Three of the flags are organizational flags of the Katipunan, while others were personal flags or battle standards of Andres Bonifacio, Mariano Llanera, Pio del Pilar, and Gregorio del Pilar. The name of the set erroneously suggest that the modern Flag of the Philippines was derived or "evolved" from the flags used by the Katipunan and all of the flags themselves were national flags.
The Manila Historical Institute and the National Historical Institute had insisted that the flags in the set, excluding the modern Philippine flag, are "Flags of the Philippine Revolution". Historians also questioned the limited number of flags included in the set. It is pointed out that the "Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set only represents a small fraction of flags used by Katipunan battalions.

## Flags

* Description
* The "first Katipunan flag".
* Variant of the Katipunan flag.
* Purported flag of the Magdiwang faction. This flag is also sometimes attributed to the Magdalo faction.
* Purported flag of the Magdalo faction.
* Purported flag of Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Sometimes described as the "first official revision".
* War standard by Andres Bonifacio
* Personal flag of Mariano Llanera
* Personal flag of Pio del Pilar
* Personal flag of Gregorio del Pilar
* Flag of the First Philippine Republic with an anthropomorphic sun. The flag itself is not part of the "Evolution of the Philippine Flag" but is often displayed alongside the other flags. Sometimes the more contemporary national flag without the anthropomorphic sun is used.

## Discrepancies

The flag with the singular "K" is not part of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' version of the Evolution of Philippine Flag.
According to historian Xiao Chua, there is no evidence supporting the historical usage of three of the flags in the set namely the purpoted flags of the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions, as well as the red flag with a white anthropomorphic sun. Chua noted discrepancies such as the supposed Magdiwang flag sometimes attributed as the Magdalo flag. Chua states that a separate flag, not part of the set, was used for the first Tagalog Republic formed by the Katipunan, regardless of faction.

## Usage

The flags has been presented as the "Evolution of the Philippine Flag" as early as 1972 as part of a postal stamp series. The set were featured also featured during the Philippine Centennial celebration of 1998.
# Charles Beazley

Charles Nightingale Beazley (1834–1897), was a British architect. His work spans the period 1853–97.

## Career

Beazley was articled to William Wardell in 1853 and was an RIBA student 1854–56. In 1856–58 he was an assistant to G.E. Street, who was the diocesan architect for the Church of England Diocese of Oxford. Beazley began independent practice in 1860, and from 1884 worked in partnership with H.W. Burrows. Like Street, Beazley worked on a number of commissions to restore Church of England parish churches and design new ones. In the 1870s and 1880s Beazley worked extensively in Westgate-on-Sea, Kent. He was made a Fellow of the RIBA in 1880 but resigned in 1897, the year of his death.

## Work

* St. Eadburg's parish church, Bicester, Oxfordshire: restoration, 1862–63
* St. Mark's parish church, Cold Ash, Berkshire, 1864–66
* St. Michael & All Angels parish church, Newton Purcell, Oxfordshire: restoration, 1875
* St. Mildred's parish church, Acol, Kent, 1879
* Ellingham, St Clement's Road, Westgate-on-Sea, Kent, 1883
* St. Saviour's parish church, Westgate-on-Sea, Kent, 1884
# Kuwait Amateur Radio Society

The Kuwait Amateur Radio Society (KARS) (in Arabic, الجمعية الكويتية لهواة اللاسلكي) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Kuwait. The organization uses KARS as its official international abbreviation, based on the English translation of the organization's name. KARS runs a QSL bureau for members who frequently interact with international amateur radio operators and provides them with radio equipment. KARS represents the interests of Kuwaiti amateur radio operators and shortwave listeners before Kuwaiti and international telecommunications regulatory authorities. KARS is the national member society representing Kuwait in the International Amateur Radio Union. Board members:Hamad Alnusif, 9K2HN ( Chairman ), Eng. Faisal Alajmi, 9K2RR ( Vice Chairman ), Waleed Abul, 9K2OK ( General Secretary ), Basel Albaker, 9K2RX ( Treasurer ), Ahmad Ali, 9K2QA ( member ), Nawaf Almuharib, 9K2NM ( member ), Ali Mubarak, 9K2SS ( member )
A founding member was His Highness Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, the Emir of Kuwait since December 2023.
# 1962 in Switzerland

Events during the year 1962 in Switzerland.

## Incumbents

* Federal Council:
** Paul Chaudet (president)
** Hans-Peter Tschudi
** Willy Spühler
** Friedrich Traugott Wahlen
** Ludwig von Moos
** Hans Schaffner
** Jean Bourgknecht (until December), then Roger Bonvin

## Events

* 27 February–3 March – The 1962 European Figure Skating Championships take place in Geneva.

## Births

* 6 March – Erika Hess, alpine skier
* 7 June – Viola Amherd, politician
* 10 June – Brigitte Oertli, alpine skier
* 28 July – Corinne Schneider, athlete
* 11 December – Denise Biellmann, figure skater

## Deaths

* 10 February – Eduard von Steiger, politician (born 1881)
* 24 August – Louis Moilliet, painter (born 1880)
* 31 October – Thomas Holenstein, politician (born 1896)
# Graham Crawford

Graham Andrew Crawford (born 16 October 1967) is a former English cricketer. Crawford was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break. He was born in Windlesham, Surrey.
Crawford represented the Surrey Cricket Board in 2 List A cricket matches against Norfolk and Cheshire in the 1999 NatWest Trophy. In his 2 List A matches, he scored 71 runs at a batting average of 35.50, with a high score of 41. With the ball he took 2 wickets at a bowling average of 15.50, with best figures of 2/31.
# Bay of Grama

The Bay of Grama (Albanian pronunciation: — Albanian: Gjiri i Gramës) is a bay in the Ionian Sea situated along the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast on the Mediterranean Sea in Southern Europe. It is one of many bays of the western Ceraunian Mountains along the Albanian Riviera south of the Karaburun Peninsula. The bay is primarily known as a touristic place, and for the engraved inscriptions in the surrounding coastal cliffs as its name relieves.

## Name

The name of the bay is closely associated with the engraved inscriptions in the surrounding coastal cliffs; Grama for the Greek word for 'letter'. It is also referred to as Gram(m)ata, the plural form of 'Gram(m)a' from the inscriptions of thanksgiving left by Greek, Roman and medieval sailors in honour of the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, and other patrons.

## Human history

In antiquity the bay of Grama was a cove along the Chaonian coast west of the Ceraunian Mountains. The bay is home to precious archaeological, historical and cultural values, as it served as an important harbour and shelter for those sailing along the coast during classical antiquity. On the vertical cliffs and rocks, there are numerous carved inscriptions in Ancient Greek, Latin and Medieval Greek. This kind of inscriptions were known in antiquity as euploia (Greek: ευπλοϊα) inscriptions.
During the Second World War, it was used as a base for the Special Operations Executive.

## Geomorphology

Representing a rocky bay, the shore is dominated by coastal cliffs, sloping vertically into the sea and rocky, pebbled beaches. It stretches within the Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park and was designated as a natural monument because of its outstanding landscape dotted with solutional and sea caves.

## Biodiversity

The precious landscapes of the bay are of global importance, because they contribute to the country's ecological balance and provide habitat for numerous globally threatened and endangered species. The sea caves are an exceptional ecosystem and give important refuge to the mediterranean monk seal, the rarest seal species in the world.