# Doubs

Doubs (/duː/, doo; French: ; Arpitan: Dubs) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France. Named after the river Doubs, it had a population of 543,974 in 2019. Its prefecture is Besançon and subprefectures are Montbéliard and Pontarlier.
Situated in the east of France and the east of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, it shares a border with Switzerland of almost 170 km and most of its territory is included in the Jura Mountains. Its highest point is the Mont d'Or (1,463 m), and the three main rivers that flow through it are the Doubs, the Ognon and the Loue.
Economically, the Doubs département is one of the most industrialised in France, specialising in car manufacturing with the historic location of the Peugeot plant (Stellantis group) in Sochaux, metalworking and food processing. The Doubs is also home to many companies in the microtechnology sector, as well as being the historic cradle of the French watchmaking industry. Its agriculture, mainly focused on livestock and milk production, is symbolised by its cheeses (comté, mont d'or, morbier, cancoillotte) and charcuteries (Morteau sausage, Montbéliard sausage, smoked ham).
The department's main tourist attractions are the citadel of Besançon and the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, both UNESCO World Heritage sites, as well as the Château de Joux. The Doubs is renowned for its many remarkable natural sites, including the Lac de Saint-Point, the Saut du Doubs, the sources of the Doubs, Loue and Lison rivers, the Cirque de Consolation, the Grotte d'Osselle and the Gouffre de Poudrey.

## History

As early as the 13th century, inhabitants of the northern two-thirds of Doubs spoke Franc-Comtois, a dialect of the langues d'oïl. Residents of the southern third of Doubs spoke a dialect of the Arpitan language. Both languages co-existed with French, the official language of law and commerce, and continued to be spoken frequently in rural areas into the 20th century. They are both still spoken today but not on a daily basis.
Doubs was important as a portal to Switzerland through the pass at Cluse de Pontarlier. Many famous people, including Mirabeau, Toussaint Louverture and Heinrich von Kleist, were imprisoned in the Château de Joux.
Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comté. The prefecture (capital) is Besançon.
In 1793, the republic of Mandeure was annexed by France and incorporated into the department. This district was passed between various territories and departments in the ensuing administrative reorganisations and wars, but was restored to Doubs in 1816 when the former principality of Montbéliard was also added to the department.
However, the commune of Le Cerneux-Péquignot was annexed by the Canton of Neuchâtel under the terms of the 1814 Treaty of Paris, and since remained Swiss territory.
Between the defeat of France at the Battle of Waterloo and November 1818, Doubs was included in the area occupied by Austrian troops.
Victor Hugo, Gustave Courbet, Armand Peugeot, Auguste and Louis Lumière and Frank Darabont are among the famous people born in Doubs.

## Geography

Doubs is part of the current region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and is surrounded by the French departments of Jura, Haute-Saône, and Territoire de Belfort, and the Swiss cantons of Vaud, Neuchâtel, and Jura.
The department is dominated by the Jura mountains, which rise east of Besançon.

### Principal towns

The most populous commune is Besançon, the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants:
| Commune | Population (2019) |
| Besançon | 117,912 |
| Montbéliard | 25,806 |
| Pontarlier | 17,542 |
| Audincourt | 13,341 |
| Valentigney | 11,272 |

## Demographics

The inhabitants of the department are called Doubiens.
Population development since 1791:
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1791 | 219,642 | — |
| 1801 | 216,226 | −0.16% |
| 1806 | 226,040 | +0.89% |
| 1821 | 242,663 | +0.47% |
| 1831 | 265,535 | +0.90% |
| 1841 | 286,236 | +0.75% |
| 1851 | 296,679 | +0.36% |
| 1861 | 296,280 | −0.01% |
| 1872 | 291,251 | −0.16% |
| 1881 | 310,827 | +0.73% |
| 1891 | 303,081 | −0.25% |
| 1901 | 298,864 | −0.14% |
| 1911 | 299,935 | +0.04% |
| 1921 | 285,022 | −0.51% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1931 | 305,500 | +0.70% |
| 1936 | 304,812 | −0.05% |
| 1946 | 298,255 | −0.22% |
| 1954 | 327,187 | +1.16% |
| 1962 | 384,881 | +2.05% |
| 1968 | 426,363 | +1.72% |
| 1975 | 471,082 | +1.44% |
| 1982 | 477,163 | +0.18% |
| 1990 | 484,770 | +0.20% |
| 1999 | 499,062 | +0.32% |
| 2006 | 516,823 | +0.50% |
| 2011 | 529,103 | +0.47% |
| 2016 | 538,549 | +0.35% |
| 2021 | 547,096 | +0.32% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. :
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## Politics

The President of the Departmental Council is Christine Bouquin (LR).
| Party | Party | seats |
| • | The Republicans | 24 |
| | Socialist Party | 12 |
| | Renaissance | 2 |

### National Assembly Representatives

| Constituency | Member | Party |
| Doubs's 1st constituency | Laurent Croizier | Democratic Movement |
| Doubs's 2nd constituency | Dominique Voynet | The Ecologists |
| Doubs's 3rd constituency | Matthieu Bloch | The Republicans |
| Doubs's 4th constituency | Géraldine Grangier | National Rally |
| Doubs's 5th constituency | Annie Genevard | The Republicans |

## Economy

The Doubs department is at the same time the greenest and the most industrialized in France.
It is the birthplace of the automotive manufacturer Peugeot.

## Tourism

The castle of Joux and Besançon are important tourist destinations.

## Notable people

* Paul-Claude Racamier (1924–1996), psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
* Arnaud Courlet de Vregille (1958-), French painter

## Gallery

* The citadel and the old town of Besançon in a meander of the Doubs
* Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans
* Montbéliard
* Fort de Joux
* Lods, one of the most beautiful villages of France