OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Albany thickets

The Albany thickets is an ecoregion of dense woodland in southern South Africa, which is concentrated around the Albany region of the Eastern Cape (whence the region's name originates).

## Geography

The thickets grow on well-drained sandy soils in the wide valleys of the Great Fish, Sundays and Gamtoos River in the Eastern Cape and, extending further northwest, in the valleys of the Cape Fold Belt. Thicket is vulnerable to fire and to grazing so has always been restricted to valley areas where these are less of a threat than on open plains.

## Climate

The climate is dry, especially as one proceeds inland, but the shady valleys are cooler than the surrounding terrain which is hot in summer, cold in winter and receives irregular rainfall.

## Flora

The thickets contain many endemic plants, in particular succulent Euphorbia species and can be divided into three sections of varying habitat. The thicket is richest and most dense in the river valleys near the coast where it contains thorny shrubs with an undergrowth of creepers and succulent plants. As the river valleys climb inland and upstream the climate is drier and the vegetation less dense. Finally the shrubland in mountain valleys to the northwest consists of predominantly the porkbush (Portulacaria afra) and jade plant (Crassula ovata) succulents, along with boxthorn (Lycium austrinum), jacketplum (Pappea capensis), Euclea undulata, Rhigozum obovatum, aloes and Schotia afra. Along with the fynbos ecoregions the Albany thickets comprise the Cape Floristic Region.

## Fauna

Birds in this area include black goshawk, black-headed oriole and two species which are almost endemic to the Cape area, the orange-breasted sunbird and Cape siskin. There is one near-endemic mammal Duthie's golden mole (Chlorotalpat duthieae) and in the inland valleys, Addo Elephant National Park is home to African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and antelopes such as bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), grey rhebok (Pelea capreolus), mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula), common eland (Taurotragus oryx), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), Cape grysbok (Raphicerus melanotis) and common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia).

## Threats and preservation

A large part of the region has been converted for agriculture or reduced by grazing, especially by goats. This is a continuous threat especially in the river valleys near the coast, which are also vulnerable to clearance for urban areas and tourist resorts. Protected areas include Addo Elephant National Park near Port Elizabeth, the Groendal Wilderness Area near Uitenhage on the Swartkops River, and the Baviaanskloof Mega Reserve.
# Vedha

Vedha may refer to
* Vedha (2008 film)
* Vedha (2022 film)
* Vedha (composer)
* Vedha Muthu Mukandar
# David Gamage

David Gamage is the Law School Foundation Distinguished Professor of Tax Law & Policy at the University of Missouri School of Law. Gamage specializes in tax law and policy and is also a scholar of health law and policy.

## Professional and academic career

Gamage was recruited to the University of Missouri in 2024 as part of the part of the MizzouForward program, an ongoing effort to strengthen innovation in research disciplines across the Mizzou campus. Prior to that he was a Professor at Indiana University’s Maurer School of Law, where he held the William W. Oliver Chair in Tax Law. Leading up to Gamage's move to the University of Missouri, Gamage's wife, Shruti Rana, had previously left her prior positions at Indiana University to accept positions at the University of Missouri as Assistant Vice Chancellor and Professor of Law.
Gamage started his academic career as a fellow at the University of Texas School of Law, and was then a professor at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law, for nine years, until he left to accept joint offers for him and for his wife Shruti Rana at Indiana University. Gamage has also been a visiting professor at the Duke University School of Law and at the Georgetown University Law Center.
Among other tax and health law related topics, Gamage works on wealth tax and related tax law reforms. Along with economists Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, Gamage helped draft Senator Elizabeth Warren's proposed "Ultra-Millionaire" wealth tax reform during and after her 2019-2020 Presidential campaign. Gamage subsequently helped design legislation for a number of other proposed federal wealth tax and Billionaire and Ultra-millionaire income tax reforms, including President Joe Biden's proposed Billionaire Minimum Income Tax reform proposal. Along with economist Emmanuel Saez and tax law professors Brian Galle and Darien Shanske, Gamage has also designed legislation for a wealth tax reform proposal for the state of California, and for multi-millionaire mark-to-market income tax reform proposals for the states of Illinois, New York, and Vermont.

## Selected publications
### Wealth taxes and related tax reforms

    Solving the Valuation Challenge: The ULTRA Method for Taxing Extreme Wealth, 72 Duke Law Journal 1257 (with Brian Galle and Darien Shanske) (2023)
    The Case for Taxing (All of) Labor Income, Consumption, Capital Income, and Wealth, 68 Tax Law Review 355 (2015)

### Tax law theory

    How Should Governments Promote Distributive Justice?: A Framework for Analyzing the Optimal Choice of Tax Instruments, 68 Tax Law Review 1 (2014)
    Three Essays on Tax Salience: Market Salience and Political Salience, 65 Tax Law Review 19 (with Darien Shanske) (2011)

### Fiscal federalism

    Tax Cannibalization and Fiscal Federalism in the United States, 111 Northwestern University Law Review 295 (with Darien Shanske) (2017)
    Preventing State Budget Crises: Managing the Fiscal Volatility Problem, 98 California Law Review 749 (2010)
# WGET

WGET (1320 AM) is a commercial radio station. Owned by Forever Media, it is licensed to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. WGET broadcasts an adult contemporary format, known as "Happy 93.7".
By day, WGET broadcasts at 1,000 watts. But to protect other stations on 1320 AM, from interference, at night, it reduces power to 500 watts. Programming is also heard on FM translator W229DK at 93.7 FM.

## History

The station made its debut broadcast on August 27, 1950. Robert Smith of New Oxford, Pennsylvania, was the announcer who put WGET on the air. Twenty years later, on August 27, 1970, he and Lester M. Blair of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, an engineer/announcer, were the only two people still working for WGET. The station signed on with power of 250 watts. As an aside, Walter Lane, photographer and amateur radio operator W3KGN in town had a transmitter that produced 275 watts. In March 1961, Judge W.C. Sheeley, who had made the principal address at the opening ceremony, pressed a button in the press room of the Hotel Gettysburg which converted WGET from a 250-watt to a 1,000-watt AM station and a 10,000-watt FM station. At one time using a single tower, there are now has three AM towers and a 500-foot FM tower.
In January 1951, WGET affiliated with the short-lived Progressive Broadcasting System radio network. From the 1960s to the 1980s, WGET and later WGET-FM were affiliated with the Mutual Broadcasting System.
For much of the early 2000s, WGET had a full service, adult contemporary format. In January 2011, the station flipped to a sports radio format as an affiliate of the Fox Sports Radio network. In June 2013, it switched affiliations to ESPN Radio.
On May 21, 2019, WGET, along with sister station WHVR in York, Pennsylvania, began simulcasting an adult contemporary format with the launch of FM translator W229DK at 93.7 FM which rebroadcasts WGET.
On January 1, 2022, WGET and WHVR changed their formats to contemporary hit radio. With this change, they ended their simulcast and were branded as "Nu 93.7" and "Nu 95.3", respectively. The "Nu" branding was shared with WNUU (92.7) in nearby Starview.
On November 1, WGET and WHVR dropped their top 40/CHR format and began stunting with Christmas music, branded as "Santa 93.7", with a new format to launch in January 2023. On January 1, the stations returned to an adult contemporary format, and revived the "Happy" branding that had been used prior to January 2022. WNUU concurrently made identical format changes and became WPPY. The stations again began playing Christmas music under the "Santa" name on November 1, and annually ever since.
# Laka

In Hawaiian mythology, Laka is the name of two different popular heroes from Polynesian mythology. (In other parts of Polynesia they are known as Rātā, Rata, Lata, Ata, or Lasa).
In one Hawaiian legend, Laka is the daughter of the Ali'i nui Wahieloa and Hoʻolaukahili, grandson of Kahaʻinuiahema. He plans to sail to Hawaii to avenge the murder of his father, but his canoe-building is thwarted by the little gods of the forest. Because of his offerings to the great gods, however, they give him two outriggers that binds together for his long voyage. He and his companions successfully steal the bones of his father from the cave of Kai-kapu.$^{:263}$

## Hawaii

Four deities of this name can be differentiated:
* (1) Ku-ka-ohia-LAKA, male patron of the hula-dance Ku-ka-ohia is the god of Hula dancing and canoe building. He is married to Hina-lula-ohia. In temple, he is shown as a feather god and worshiped with the other Ku gods. He is associated with ohia lehua tree, and the flowers are used for decorations on altars during performances.
* (2) Papa-o-LAKA, the 'aumakua world of Kumu-Honua
* (3) LAKA, goddess of forest growth. Laka is the goddess of Hula. Laka is said to be the inspiration a person thinks of while they dance. She is what causes the movement while the dancer is moved. She is also the goddess of the forest. She has reproductive energy which is said to help the forest grow and thrive. Laka is associated with the Lama tree, the Maile Vine, and the a’ali’i plant. They are her kinolau, which means they are the form she can be found in. These are very cherished and treated with high levels of respect.
* (4) LAKA, son of Wahie-loa

## Marquesas

In the Marquesan version of the myth, Aka is a great voyager, grandson of Tafaki. He made a historic voyage to Aotona (Rarotonga) in what are now the Cook Islands to obtain the highly prized feathers of a red parrot as gifts for his son and daughter. The voyage was done in a great outrigger canoe named Va'ahiva that had 140 rowers. Of these, 100 die of hunger before they reach Aotona, where they capture enough parrots to fill 140 bags with their feathers.

## Samoa

In Samoa, where this hero's name is Lata, he is a great canoe builder originally from Fiji. He builds a huge outrigger canoe on the island of Ta'u and sails to Savai'i, where a mountain is named after him. From there, he sails to Tonga where he teaches the inhabitants better ways to build canoes.

## Tonga

In Tonga, he is Lasa, who captures the chief of the forest elves, Haelefeke, and compels him to help him build a great canoe and pilot it to Fiji. En route, they are tested by various demons.
# NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series at Charlotte (fall race)

Pickup truck racing events in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series have been held annually in the fall at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina starting in 2025.
The series has annually hosted a spring race since 2003 as well.

## History

On August 29, 2024, the 2025 schedule released announcing a race at Charlotte's road course.

## Past winners

| Year | Date | No. | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Race Distance | Race Distance | Race Time | Average Speed (mph) | Ref |
| Year | Date | No. | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Laps | Miles (km) | Race Time | Average Speed (mph) | Ref |
| 2025 | October 3 | | | | | | | | | |
# Surgutneftegas

Surgutneftegas (Russian: ПАО «Сургутнефтегаз», IPA:) is a Russian oil and gas company created by merging several previously state-owned companies owning large oil and gas reserves in Western Siberia. The company's headquarters are located in Surgut, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, Surgutneftgas was ranked as the 251st-largest public company in the world.
Surgutneftegas includes a large oil refinery in Kirishi, Leningrad Oblast, operated by the Kirishinefteorgsintez subsidiary. The company is also engaged in fuel retail activities in north-west Russia by cooperating with the Petersburg Fuel Company. Surgutneftegas is also a shareholder of Oneximbank (Объединённый экспортно-импортный банк). From the beginning Surgutneftegas has been led by president and director general Vladimir Bogdanov, who had run the Surgut oil fields since 1983.
According to Stanislav Belkovsky, Vladimir Putin is the beneficial owner of Surguneftegas.

## History

Surgutneftegas was created in 1994 as a joint stock company. In 1995, the company won a tender for huge oil fields in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The company also gained permission to build an export terminal in the Batareynaya Bay of the Gulf of Finland and a pipeline between it and the Kirishi oil refinery.
Surgutneftegas was widely believed to be behind Baikalfinansgrup which acquired YUKOS' main oil production facility Yuganskneftegaz at a controversial auction in 2004.

## Operations

Surgutneftegas is the leading oil supplier to Belarus, accounting in 2006 for some 30% of the total deliveries. The company also developed its foreign contacts, including talks with Iran, Libya and pre-war Iraq on taking part in oil extraction projects.
According to the Hoover company review, Surgutneftegas employs more than 82,000 people and made $24 billion sales in 2007. In 2018 , the company 's revenue amounted to 1.5 trillion rubles.

## Kirish Oil Refinery

Construction of the Kirishi oil refinery was launched in 1961 in the town of Kirishi, Leningrad Region. The first phase of the refinery was commissioned in March 1966. The refinery was designed to cover the fuel needs of the north-western region of the Soviet Union. The conversion level of the refinery was not very deep, with a high degree of masut (residue) production. The latter was also delivered to the Baltic states, Belarus, and Ukraine.
In 1980 the plant was reconstructed and started diesel hydrotreating unit with capacity of two million tonnes per year. The main fractionation tower K-5 weighing 335.2 tons, diameter of 5 m and a length of 62 m was delivered by "Spetstyazhavtotrans" from the factory "Dzerzhinskhimmash".
In 1993, the refinery was incorporated into the OOO Surgutneftegas and renamed as the OOO Industrial Enterprise Kirishnefteorgsintez (OOO KINEF).
# Norman S. Edelcup/Sunny Isles Beach K-8

Norman S. Edelcup/Sunny Isles Beach K–8 is part of the Miami-Dade County School District. It educates students from kindergarten through eighth grade from Sunny Isles Beach, Eastern Shores, and Golden Beach.
The school opened in 2008. It was initially discussed as a means to relieve class sizes in Ruth K. Broad Bay Harbor Elementary School, Ojus Elementary School, and Highland Oaks Middle School.

## Change of name

The school opened in August 2008, under the name Sunny Island Community School. The name change was first proposed in February 2011. It was the first school established in Sunny Isles Beach.

## Architecture

The building was designed by SBLM Architects.

## Hours

Students of the school attend during the following hours;
* Kindergarten – first grade: 8:20 am–1:50 pm.
* Second – eighth grade: 8:35 am–3:05 pm and 8:35 am–1:50 pm on Wednesdays.
# Manistee Intermediate School District

The Manistee Intermediate School District (Manistee ISD) is an intermediate school district in Michigan, headquartered in Manistee.
Most of Manistee County is served by the Manistee Intermediate School District, which coordinates the efforts of local boards of education, but has no operating authority over schools. Local school boards in Michigan retain great autonomy over day-to-day operations.

## Governance

The Manistee Intermediate School District is governed by a publicly elected board of education, who is responsible for hiring a superintendent.

## Composition

The Manistee Intermediate School District includes four public school districts, one charter school, two private schools, and one community college.

### Public school districts

As of the 2015–2016 school year, the communities of Manistee County are served by the following members of the Manistee Intermediate School District:
* Bear Lake Schools
* Kaleva Norman Dickson Schools
* Manistee Area Public Schools
* Onekama Consolidated Schools

### Charter school

The Manistee Intermediate School District includes the Casman Alternative Academy charter school.

### Private schools

The Manistee Intermediate School District includes two private schools, including Catholic Central High School.

### Community college

The Manistee Intermediate School District includes West Shore Community College.
# Krause Springs

Krause Springs (Crow-zee) is a camping and swimming site located in the Hill Country of Texas. It is located in Spicewood, Texas, approximately 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Austin. The 115-acre (0.47 km$^2$) property has 32 springs, and several feed the man-made pool and the natural pool which flow into Lake Travis. Two springs feed the 70' by 20' swimming pool at a rate of 70 gallons per minute at a temperature of about 70 degrees.
Krause Springs is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has been privately owned by the Krause family for over 50 years.
# Than Oo

Than Oo (Burmese: သန်းဦး, 1928–2024) was a prominent Burmese educator and Ministry of Education (MOE) official.
He was born in Chaungnadan village in Pyay Township, Pegu Province (now Bago Region), located 170 miles (270 km) north of Rangoon (now Yangon) in 1928. His mother was mentally ill, while his father and elder brother died when Than Oo was young. Than Oo studied at Rangoon University, obtaining a Bachelor of Arts in education. He continued his study at the University of Hawaiʻi, through a scholarship with the East-West Center, and obtained a Master of Education in 1963.
Than Oo subsequently returned to Burma. He was appointed Assistant Administration Officer of Schools at the Directorate of Education, and went on to become a Principal of the Bassein Teacher Training School. In 1965, he was appointed the Assistant Education Research Officer under the Ministry of Education's Burma Education Research Bureau. There, he began a nationwide mass literacy movement that increased Burma's literacy rate to 78.6% by 1988, and reformed the Burmese language pedagogy.
In 1977, he was appointed to Director-General of the MOE's Department of Basic Education, becoming an influential education advisor.

## Later projects

Than Oo was the chairman of the Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science. He also served on the academic advisory board of the Myanmar Education Promotion Implementation Committee. He also served as the chairman for the Myanmar Literacy Resource Centre.

## Honorary recognition

In 2013, the University of Yangon awarded Than Oo an Honorary Doctorate of Letters by for his professional accomplishments. On 16 May 2015, the University of Hawaiʻi awarded him an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters.
# Battle of Medina (1812)

The Battle of Medina took place in 1812, Following the Battle of Al-Safra, Tusun's forces began to deal with Saudi forces stationed in Medina.

## Prelude

After the defeat at the hands of the Saudis in the Battle of Al-Safra, Tusun Pasha fled with his surviving force, heading towards Yanbu, and fortified himself there. Since he had only three thousand fighters out of eight thousand regular soldiers with him, he quickly asked for help from his father, reporting that his defeat was due to disputes between his commanders. The loss shocked Muhammad Ali. Still, it didn't prevent him from continuing the campaign.
In 1812, Muhammad Ali Pasha prepared another expedition, with an army of 20,000 men, 18 guns, and three mortars, led by Ahmad Bonaparte. Both Tusun and Ahmad marched again to Wadi Al-Safra and successfully captured it without a fight. Many of the Arab tribes, such as Juhaynah and Harb tribes supported the Ottomans.

## Battle

In October 1812, Tusun was ready again to march against Medina; his men were to rest at daylight and march at night. His march lasted for three nights until they arrived in Medina. Some skirmish happened between the Saudi garrison and the Ottomans, in which Ahmad Bonaparte successfully drove them into the inner city of Medina. The city was well fortified with high walls. the Ottomans prevented from bombarding the city hoping it would not damage Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, Tusun then ordered the inhabitants to stay in their houses to avoid further damage.
The Saudi garrison numbered 7,000 men. They made several sorties for the next fourteen or fifteen days while also suffering from diseases and a lack of water as the Ottomans cut off the water supply. The Ottomans began mining tunnels to blow up the walls. A first attempt by the Ottomans was discovered by the garrison, which stopped the mines. A second attempt was done in November, which successfully destroyed a portion of the walls. The Ottomans charged into the opened gap and successfully fought the Saudi garrison killing 1,000 of them while losing only 50. The remainder of the garrison escaped to a castle nearby, numbering 1,500 men.
The Ottomans, not having proper artillery and the castle being mining proof, besieged them for three weeks until the Saudis, lacking supplies, surrendered with a promise of granting safe and unmolested passage, however, once they had gotten out of the castle, Ahmad Bonaparte broke his promise and attacked them, killing many of them and a few of them escaped. This action disgusted their Arab allies and the garrison leader, Mas'ud Bin Madhian, was taken to Constantinople and executed there. The total Saudi losses in this battle, with disease and combat, were 4,000 dead.

## Aftermath

The capture of Medina was the first major Ottoman-Egyptian victory in the Wahhabi War. Soon, news reached Cairo and celebrations were made for this victory. The Ottoman-Egyptian army then marched to Al Hinakiyah and captured it.
# Livingstone Lusinde

Livingstone Joseph Lusinde (born 4 March 1972) is a Tanzanian CCM politician and Member of Parliament for Mtera constituency since 2010.