# Cahuapanan languages

The Cahuapanan languages are a language family spoken in the Amazon basin of northern Peru. They include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero, which are spoken by more than 11,300 people. Chayahuita is spoken by most of that number, but Jebero is almost extinct.

## Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Arawak, Kandoshi, Pukina, and Karib language families due to contact.

## Varieties

* Chayahuita or Chawi (also known or rendered as Balsapuertino, Cahuapa, Chayabita, Chayawita, Chayhuita, Tshaahui, Paranapura, Shayabit)
** Chayahuita dialect
** Cahuapana dialect
* Jebero (also known or rendered as Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila)
The extinct language Maynas can be identified as close to Chawi.
Other Cahuapanan varieties that are listed by Loukotka (1968):
* Yamorai - spoken on the Sillai River in Loreto Department
* Ataguate - extinct language of the same region, once spoken on the Aipena River and around Lake Atagua (unattested)
* Pamdabegue - once spoken on the Aipena River and Paranapura River in Loreto Department (unattested)
* Miguira (Shuensampi, Miquira, Mikirá) - extinct language once spoken in the single village of Maucallacta on the Paranapura River

## Proto-language
### Rojas-Berscia (2019)

Rojas-Berscia (2019) gives the following forms for Proto-Kawapanan, along with their respective Shawi, and Shiwilu reflexes.
    glossProto-KawapananShawiShiwilu agouti*îtɘʔihtɘʔɘttʃɘk Aipena River*aîpina ~ *îpinaaipinaɘrpina anona*aɘ ~ *ɘɘ-(ʃa), aɘɘk-pi apangora crab*sîwaʃiwasɘrwa armadillo*tiʔlɘ(ʔ)tɘʔnɘ-ʃa(ʔ)wɘtʃiʔlɘk bat*isɘʔisɘʔiʃɘk belly*yuʔyoʔð̞u ʔ bird*iLansîʔ, *ilansîʔinansi-raʔ, ina(i)nʃi-ra ~ inai-railansɘrʔ bite*ki-tɘ(ʔ)-kɘ-tɘ-ki-tɘk- blood*wɘLa-yɘʔwɘna-iʔwɘkla-ð̞ek boa*kupi-wankopi-wankupiwan boquichico*wankîwankiwankɘr-tʃɘk breadfruit*pîtupitopɘttʃu brother (of a woman)*yuʔyuʔyoʔyoʔyuyuʔ burn (vt.)*yiʔsîʔ-iʔʃi- 'dip into salt’ð̞iʔsɘrʔ- carry*piʔpɘ(ʔ)-pɘʔpɘ-piʔpɘk- chest*tiʔ-tɘʔtɘʔ-tɘʔ ‘breast (of birds)’tʃiʔ-tɘk choro monkey*suluʔsoroʔsuluʔ cicada*kaʼyulakaʔyorakað̞ula condor*tamɘtamɘtamɘk coto monkey*luʔluʔnoʔnoʔluʔluʔ cover:CL*-tɘʔ-tɘʔ-tɘk cunchi*tuʔwantoʔwantuʔwan cunchi (fish sp.)*ikîa-La ~ *ikîla-Laikia-na < *îkîa-{l/n}aikɘλa-la cunchi, tullu uma*tuʔwantoʔwantuʔwan curassow*iʼsaiʔsaiʃa ear*wɘwɘ-ra-tɘʔwɘk earth*luʔpaʔnoʔpaʔluʔpaʔ earth:CL*-luʔ-nuʔ- luʔ egg*kayuʔkayoʔkað̞uʔ evening star*îʔwa-yuiʔwa-yoɘrʔwa-ð̞u feather, bodily hair*anpuluʔanporoʔanpuluʔ fire*pɘnpɘnpɘn firewood*yiwɘiwɘð̞iwɘk fish*samîsamisamɘr floodplain*titɘ(ʔ)-pitɘtɘ-pi ~ tɘti-witʃitɘk-pi-luʔ flower*yankuyankoð̞anku foot*lan-tɘʔnan-tɘʔlan-tɘk genipa*ɘsaisaɘksa giant armadillo*ipɘɘpɘ ~ ipɘipɘk hair*aîn ~ *înainɘrn head*mutuʔmotoʔmutuʔ horn*pɘnmunpomonpɘnmun house*piyɘʔpɘiʔpið̞ɘk huaman samana tree*anpîniananpiniananpɘnɲan huangana*lamannamanlaman huasaco*aʔlananaʔnananaʔlanan huito tree*ɘsaisaɘksa husband*suʔyasuʔya, suʔ-insuð̞a, suð̞-in irapai palm*panpɘpanpɘpanpɘk-lu jaguar*niʼniʔniʔniʔɲiɲiʔ(-wa) knee*tuʔtuʔpitoʔtopituʔtuʔpi leaf for the roof*paLipani-rapaʎi leg*tuLatonatula liquid:CL*-yɘʔ-iʔ-ð̞ɘk lisa fish*nîka-lanika-ranɘrka-la louse*timɘntɘmɘntʃimɘn macana fish*sîʼwi(n)ʃiʔwi-roʔsɘrwin maize*tiʔtîʔʃiʔʃiʔ < *tîʔtîʔtʃitɘr ~ tʃitɘrʔ mammal sp.*puʔsîpoʔʃi ‘squirrel sp.’puʔsɘr ‘pygmy-marmoset’ manioc*kîʔkiʔkɘrʔ maquisapa*tuʼyatoʔyatuð̞a moriche palm*tipîʃipi < *tîpîtʃipɘr ~ tʃipɘrʔ mosquito net*tipî-tɘʔʃipi-tɘʔ < *tîpî-tɘʔtʃipɘr-tʃɘk ~ tʃipɘt-tʃɘk mouth, language*lanlan/*lanlam-V-, *laʔlaʔnanan / nanam-ɘn musmuque monkey*kuyɘkuwikuð̞ɘk nail*tuʔ-tɘ(ʔ)-latoʔ-tɘ-ra-tɘʔtuʔtɘk-la name*linlinnininʎinʎin nose*nî-tɘʔni-tɘʔnɘrtʃɘk ~ nɘttʃɘk opossum*ana-sîanaʃianasɘr otter*yɘnniinið̞ɘnɲi over*ayi-ai-að̞i- pain in the eye*yaʼpi-yaʔpi-ra ‘eye’ð̞api- pineapple*sînpaʃinpasɘrnpa platanillo*tankutanko ‘platanillo’tanku ‘banana’ porcupine*sisɘ(ʔ)sɘsɘʔ ~ sɘsɘsisɘk ~ siʔsɘk pressing with fingernails*yɘʔ-iʔ-ð̞ɘk- pucacuru ant*lipînipilipɘr-λa pus*yuLîʔyoniʔð̞ulɘrʔ-yuʔ rain*uʔlanoʔnanuʔlan recently/late, afternoon*îʔwaiʔwaɘrʔwa reed*siwî(n)ʃiwisiwɘn-ɲan river mouth*tinpîn-nan / *tinpîn-nam-tʃinpinam-ɘntʃinpɘnɲan root*i-tɘʔi-tɘʔi-tɘk rope*iLa-linina-rinila-ʎin sachavaca, tapir*panwalapawarapanwala sand*yî-luʔ-tɘʔi-nu-tɘʔð̞ɘ-λuʔ-tɘk scare*ayi(ʔ)wanaiwanað̞iwan- shrimp*wanwan-ʃawan-ʃɘn sister (of a man)*utîoʃi, uʃiutɘr sister (of a woman)*kayɘkai, 3 kai-nkað̞ɘk, kað̞ɘ-n sour*aî- ~ *î-ai-ɘr- sweet*kasî-kaʃikasɘr termite*îʔtɘ(ʔ)l... ~ *îʔtɘ(ʔ)l...iʔtɘrɘʔɘttʃɘkla thief (> to steal)*apî(ʔ)apiʔapɘr- thin*simɘnʃimɘn-simɘn thorn*lawannawanlawan tick*tɘpatɘpatɘkpa to believe*latɘ(ʔ)-natɘ-latɘk- to bite*ki-tɘ(ʔ)-kɘtɘ-kitɘk to burn*aʼpɘ(ʔ)-aʔpɘ-apɘk- to burn (vt.)*yiʔsîʔ-iʔʃi- ‘to dip into salt’ < *yîʔsî-ð̞iʔsɘrʔ to bury*paʼpîʔ-paʔpi-papɘrʔ- to carry*piʔpɘ(ʔ)-pɘʔpɘ-piʔpɘk- to climb*nanpɘ(ʔ)-nanpɘ-nanpɘk- to come*wɘʔ-wɘʔ-wɘk- to crawl*patɘ(ʔ)-patɘ-patɘk- to cut*pɘʔtɘ(ʔ)- ~ *pɘʼtɘ(ʔ)-pɘʔtɘ-pɘktɘk- to die*timin-tʃimin-tʃimin- to die out*takîʔ-taki-takɘrʔ to eat, to have sex*kaʔ-kaʔ-kaʔ- to end*nanîʔ-nani- ‘to end’nanɘrʔ- ‘to forget, to flee’ to fly*pɘn-pɘn-pɘn- to fry, to singe*kɘ-, *kɘ-t-kɘ-t-kɘk- to gnaw*wɘLu-wɘno-wɘklu- to jump*inyɘ(ʔ)-nii-inð̞ɘk to kneel*iyɘnsun-ison-yɘnsun- to know*luwî-nowi-luwɘr- to meet (to find?)*kapîʔ-na-kapi-kapɘrʔ- to plant*tîaʔ-ʃaʔ-tɘra- to pour*pasîʔ-paʃi- ‘to perfume’pasɘrʔ- to see*liʔ-niʔ-ʎiʔ- to sting*wî-wi-wɘr- to suck, to lick*iluʔ-iro-iluʔ- to sweep*witɘ(ʔ)-wɘtɘ- ‘to extend’witɘk- to tie*tɘnpuʔ-tonpoʔ ‘bundle’, tonpo- ~ tɘnpo-tɘnpuʔ- to untie*ɘʔkî- ~ *ɘʼkî-iʔki-ri-ɘkkɘr tocon monkey*tukuntokontukun tongue*ninɘ(ʔ)-lanɘnɘ-raɲinɘk-la toucan*yuʼwinyoʔwinð̞uwin trace*îʔlaiʔna-ɘrʔʎa vein, sinew, tendon*îpa-tɘʔipa-tɘʔɘrpa-tɘk vine:CL*-lin-rin-lin vulture*supuʔsopoʔsupuʔ water*yɘʔiʔð̞ɘk who*yɘninð̞ɘn wound (> to get spoilt, ugly)*apîʔapiʔapɘrʔ yanguaturi (armadillo sp.)*ipɘɘpɘ/ipɘipɘk you*kɘnmakɘmakɘnma

### Valenzuela (2011)

Valenzuela (2011) gives the following Swadesh list table for the Proto-Cahuapana, Jebero, and Chayahuita.
    no.Spanish glossEnglish glossProto-CahuapanaJeberoChayahuita 1yo, me, a míI*kʷakʷa, -kuka, ku 2túyou*kɨmakənmakɨma 3anosotros (exclusivo)we (exclusive)*k[u/i]jakuðakija 3bnosotros (inclusivo)we (inclusive)*k[ɨ/a]npu(ʔ)wa(ʔ)kənmuʔwakanpuwa, kamuwa 4estethis*[a/i]suʔasuʔisuʔ 5él, ellahe, she*[na/i]nananainá 6¿quién?who?ðənintaʔ 7¿qué?what?*ma(ʔ)maʔnənmaʔtaʔ 8nono*kuʔkuʔlaʔkuʔ 9atodosall (pl.)iɲəɾðapəɾkaʔipinan 9btodoall (sg.)iɲəjaʔipiɾa 10muchomany*na(ʔ)ku(n)nakusuʔnaʔkun 'muchos' ("many, pl.") 11unoone*a(ʔ)ɾaʔalaʔsaʔaʔnaʔ 12dostwo*katuʔkatuʔtaʔkatuʔ 13grandebigaʔʎupipanka 14largolongʃinnapuɾupi 15pequeñosmallaʔməɾwaʔwiʃin 16mujerwomankuʔapəɾsanapi 17hombre, varónman, maleənmupinənkɨmapi 18personapersonmuðaʔpijapi 19pájarobirdʃunpulainaiɾa 20ajaguarjaguar*ni[ʔ]niʔɲiɲiʔniʔniʔ 20bperrodogɲiɲiʔwaniʔniɾa 21piojolouse*timɨntʃiməntɨmɨn 22árboltree*naɾanalanaɾa 23semilla, ojoseed, eye*ɾajalaða-ɾaja 'cara, ojo, semilla' ("face, eye, seed") 24hojasheetlaluməkwɨɾun- 25raízroot*itɨkiɾəkitɨʔ 26cortezabarktʃipiɾəkʃaʔwɨtɨʔ 27pielskintʃipitəkʃaʔwɨtɨʔ 28carnemeattʃutʃunuʃa 29sangreblooduklaðəkwɨnaiʔ 30huesobone*ɾans[i/ɨ]ʔlansiʔnansɨʔ 31grasafat, grease*ijaija-ija- 'freír' 32fuegofire*pɨnpənpɨn 33huevoegg*kajuʔkaðuʔkajuʔ 34sangrebloodwiʔwəkpumun 35huesoboneʎintəkwinan 36plumafeather*anpuɾuʔanpuluʔanpuɾuʔ 37pezfish*samisaməɾsami 38pelohair*ain(tɨk)əntʃəkain 39cabezahead*mutuʔmutuʔmutuʔ 40orejaear*w[i(ʔ)/ɨ]ɾatɨkwiʔwəkwɨɾatɨʔ 41ojoeye*ja(ʔ)piðapi- 'doler el ojo' ("the eye hurts")jaʔpiɾa 41bojo, caraeye, facelaða-ɾaja 'clasificador' ("classifier") 42uñanail*tuʔtɨ(k)ɾatuʔtəklatuʔtɨɾatɨʔ 43respirarbreathe*n[i/ɨ]tɨknəʔttʃək (< nəɾ + -tək)nitɨʔ 44bocamouth*ɾaʔɾa[ʔ/n]laʔlaʔnanan 45dientetooth*ɾatɨklatəknatiʔ 46lenguatongue*ninɨkɾaɲinəklanɨnɨɾa 47piefoot*ɾantɨklantəknantɨʔ 48rodillaknee*tutuʔtu[ʔ]pituʔtuʔpituʔtupitɨʔ 49manohanditəklaimiɾa 50barrigabelly*juʔməɾpi; ikəɾ-ðu(ʔ) 'doler la baɾɾiga' ("the belly hurts")juʔnau 51cuelloneck*kuɾupikulupi 'manzana de Adán' ("Adam's apple")kunupi 52senobreastmuðinʃuʔʃu 53corazónheart*jinɾupiðinlupininupi 54hígadoliver*kankankankankankan 55beberdrink*uʔu-u-uʔu 56comereat*kaʔkaʔ-kaʔ 57morderbite*kitɨ(k)kitək-kɨtɨ- 58versee*ɾiʔʎiʔ-niʔ- 59oírhearlawək-natan- 60saberknowɲintʃi- 'aprender' ("to catch")nitotɨ- 61dormirsleep*w[i/ɨ]C(ʔ)witʃiʔ-wɨʔɨ- 62morirdie*timintʃimin-tʃimin- 63matarkillðiʔ-tɨpa- 64nadarswim*(i)juniðun-jun- 65volarfly*pɨnpənnuʔ-pɨn- 66irgo*paʔpaʔ-paʔ- 67venircome*wɨ(k)wək-wɨ- 68estar echado, echarselying downpəkkwaʔ-kɨwɨn- 'echarse' ("to lie down") 69estar sentado, sentarseseatedðuʔ-wɨnsɨ- 70estar paradostanding up*waniwanəɾ-wani- 71dargiveənkaʔ-kɨtɨ- 72decirsay*it(ɨ/u)(i)ɾ-itɨ- 'dice' ("say") 73solsunkəkkipiʔi 74lunamoon*jukiðukəɾjuki 75estrellastar*ta(n)juɾatanðulatajuɾa 76aguawaterðəkiʔʃa, tɨʔkɨin 'río' ("river") 77lluviarain*uʔɾanuʔlanuʔnan 78piedrastone*ɾaʔpilaʔpinaʔpi 79arenasandðəʎuʔtɨk, kaʎiluʔinutɨʔ 80tierraearth*ɾu(ʔ)paʔlupaʔnuʔpaʔ 81nubecloudðinpanluʔtəkwiɾiɾuʔtɨ, jaɾaɾuʔtɨ, piʔiɾutɨ, ʃituɾuʔ 82humosmokekəʎukunaiʔ 83cenizaashes*jaɾuʔpənðaluʔjanuʔ 84quemar(se)burn*w[i/ɨ](ʔ)kiwəʔkəɾ-wiki- 85caminoroadintʃilalaiɾa 86acerromountain*mutupimutupimutupi 86bselvajungle*tanantanantanan 87rojoredpipəɾkɨwan 88verdegreenwawa 'una fruta' ("a fruit"), aðawaʔ 'opaco' ("opaque")kanuɾa 89amarilloyellow*ʃaʔpi(ʔ)ʃaʔpiʔʃaʔpitun 90blancowhiteðaðawiɾitun 91negroblackkəɾjaɾatun 92nochenightkasisəɾ 'oscuro' ("dark")taʃiʔ 93gusanoworm*kuwi(ʔ)kuweɾ 'lombriz' ("earthworm")kuwiʔ 94fríocoldsanəksɨwɨn 95llenofullmuɾmɨntaʃa, mɨnta- 'estar lleno' ("to be full") 96nuevonew*nanalunaʃa 97buenogoodmukankan, uʔtʃimu 'bonito' ("beautiful")nuja 98redondoroundmunkunputʃin jaʔnuɾinsuʔ, tawiʃi 99secodryən- 'estar seco' ("to be dry")jakɨn 100nombrename*ɾiɾinʎi(n)ʎinninin

## Vocabulary
### Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Cahuapanan languages.
    glossCahuapanaChayavitaJeberoMiquirá one arahanáaláʔatsa two katukatókatáta three karakarákála head mutumostómótohu-mato ear buekwuiratéwuíoga tooth natenatélátek fire puínpuíngpönpunga stone napínapíláʔapinapi sun kékipiíkökikogua moon matáshiyuxkírúkörrúki maize tötrlashiʔishíchíterchichi dog nininiʔínininínini boat nũngñongñungnunga