OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nathan Begaye

Nathan Begaye (1958–2010) was a Native American ceramics artist of Navajo and Hopi descent.

## Background

Nathan Begaye was born in Phoenix, Arizona in 1958 to a Navajo father and a Hopi mother. He was raised by his maternal grandparents in the Third Mesa and Tuba City, Arizona. His aunt was noted Hopi potter Otellie Loloma. His upbringing in the Navajo/Hopi communities was steeped in tribal traditions, and he was schooled in the lore, history, religion, symbolism, and customs of the Navajo and Hopi peoples.

## Art career

Begaye's interest in pottery began early, at age 10, and he had his first public exhibition only one year later. He learned traditional techniques and pigment recipes from people in his tribal community, both Navajo and Hopi. As they were tribal secrets, he kept these to himself even when he became a teacher later in life. After receiving a SWAIA scholarship, he left home at age 14 to study ceramics at the Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA) in Santa Fe, NM.
Although his upbringing was very conservative, Begaye used unexpected and unorthodox techniques in his work. Said to utilize a "maverick sense of form, texture, color, and design," Begaye's work was often personal and autobiographical.

## Notable collections

* Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA
* Robert Nichols Gallery, Santa Fe, NM
* Emerging Clouds, 1998 and Cloud, 2004 and untitled large jar, 2004, SM's-Stedelijk Museum 's-Hertogenbosch/NL

## Selected exhibition history

Source:
* Native American Art at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
       Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA
       November 20, 2010 – December 31, 2016
* Passionate Journey: The Grice Collection of Native American Art
       Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC
       July 18, 2009 – October 17, 2009
* Intersections: Native American Art in a New Light
       Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA
       June 24, 2006 – November 27, 2011
* Free Spirit: The New Native American Potter
       Stedelijk Museum’s, Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
       2006
* Dualities: Nathan Begaye + Les Namingha + Dusty Naranjo
       Museum of Contemporary Native Arts, Santa Fe, NM
       May 12, 2006 – June 25, 2006
* American Indian Art at the Spencer Museum of Art
       Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
       September 6, 2003 - October 19, 2003
* Indian Market: New Directions in Southwestern Native American Pottery
       Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA
       November 16, 2001 – March 17, 2002
# Skokie Public Library

Skokie Public Library has been serving the community of Skokie, Illinois since 1930.

## History

The library was first organized in July 1929 by the Cosmos Club of Niles Center, one of two Woman's Clubs in Niles Center at the time. The library first opened its doors in February 1930 in rented rooms at the corner of Oakton Street and Lincoln Avenue. It operated on book donations and volunteer staff. The library was open for 10 hours a week and had a materials collection of 1,000 books. In 1941, voters approved a tax-supported library which brought Skokie Public Library, formerly the Niles Center Free Public Library, reliable funding.
In April 1933, the library re-opened in remodeled space in the Municipal Building with a collection of 3,000 volumes and 900 borrower's cards. The library was still funded by fundraising and donations at the time, but in 1934, the Village gave the library a small appropriation to the Cosmos Club to hire a part-time librarian. The first full-time librarian was hired in 1937.
In March 1942, the library re-opened at 4913 Oakton Street. The building was divided in half with the other half occupied by the United States Post Office. The library expanded to fill the entire building when the United States Post Office moved to a new location in 1952.
It wasn't until 1960 that the library got its permanent home at 5215 Oakton Street, right across from Village Hall. The building was designed by Gertrude Lempp Kerbis of Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill. In 1971, a building expansion, designed by architecture firm Hammond & Roesch, expanded the building's footprint to the east and added a second floor to the library. In 2003, another major renovation designed by Robert D. Hunter of O'Donnell, Wicklund, Pigozzi & Peterson brought the third floor. With Andrew Berman Architect, the library completed an interior renovation project in 2021. This renovation modernized the first and second floors.
In 2020, Skokie Public Library went fine free.

## Branches

Skokie Public Library's main branch is located in downtown Skokie. Its mobile branch, the bookmobile, had its first ride in 1957. The bookmobile originally traveled to 8 destinations in Skokie; it has since expanded to 16 stops. The artwork on the bookmobile is by local artist, Jay Ryan.

## Awards and recognition

The library has received numerous awards and special recognition throughout the years. The library has received a five-star ranking from Library Journal, and was the first public library in Illinois to be awarded the National Medal for Museum and Library Service in 2008.
In 1960, the library won the Chicago Municipal Art League award for excellence in architecture. In 1963, the library was the recipient of the American Institute of Architects and the American Librarian Association First Honor Award for Library Buildings.
In 1982, Skokie Public Library was depicted in a cachet by Skokie artist Doris Gold for the "Libraries of America" commemorative postage stamp issued by the U.S. Postal Service.
# Pachygenelus

Pachygenelus is a genus of extinct cynodont. Fossils have been found from the Karoo basin in South Africa and date back to the Early Jurassic.
The genus was named in 1913 on the basis of a partial lower jaw found from South Africa, with the type species being named P. monus. A new species, P. milleri, was named in 1983 and distinguished from the type species in possessing an accessory posterior cusp on the lower postcanines.

## Description

Pachygenelus had both an articular-quadrate and dentary-squamosal jaw joint characteristic of ictidosaurs. Only mammals possess the dentary-squamosal articulation, while all other tetrapods possess the typical arcticular-quadrate articulation. Thus the jaw of Pachygenelus can be seen as transitional between non-mammalian synapsids and true mammals. Another feature of Pachygenelus that is shared with mammals is plesiomorphic prismatic enamel, or enamel arranged into strengthened prisms. The upper and lower tooth rows occluded with one another, although not as close as what is seen in true mammals. Wear facets are present on the lingual sides of the upper and external faces of the lower postcanines and are seen as evidence for the occlusion. Despite all of the derived adaptation seen in its teeth, the dentition of Pachygenelus is believed to have been the least specialized of all tritheledontids.

## Taxonomy

The use of the family Tritheledontidae to include Pachygenelus and several other chiniquodontoids has been questioned, and it has been suggested that only Tritheledon meets the qualifications required for a true tritheledontid. The authors of the paper that first proposed the idea suggested that all other tritheledontids be reassigned to a new family called Pachygenelidae, named after Pachygenelus.
Pachygenelus in a cladogram after Stefanello et al. (2023):
# Tahereh Mafi

Tahereh Mafi (November 10, 1988) is an Iranian-American author based in Santa Monica, California. She is known for writing young adult fiction.

## Early life

Mafi was born on November 9, 1988, in a small town in Connecticut. She is the youngest child of her family and has four older brothers. Mafi's parents are immigrants from Iran. At age 12 she moved with her family to Northern California and at age 14 they moved to Orange County.
Mafi graduated from University High School in Irvine, California. She later graduated from the Soka University of America in Aliso Viejo, California. She has varying levels of competency in eight different languages. She studied abroad in Barcelona, Spain for a semester in college. During this trip she had the opportunity to be fully immersed in the Spanish language.

## Career

Mafi stated that before writing her first novel, Shatter Me, she wrote five manuscripts in order to better understand how to write a book.
Shatter Me was published on November 15, 2011. Since then, Unravel Me (published on February 5, 2013) and Ignite Me (published on February 4, 2014) have been released. Mafi has 5 novellas that go with the Shatter Me series, Destroy Me, Fracture Me', Shadow Me, Reveal Me, and Believe Me. Film rights to Shatter Me have been purchased by 20th Century Fox.
In August 2016 Mafi released Furthermore, a middle-grade fiction novel about a pale girl living in a world of great color and magic of which she has none.
In April 2017, Mafi announced another trilogy in the Shatter Me universe following the same cast of characters. The first installment, Restore Me, is told from a dual-POV from Juliette Ferrars and Warner, the protagonist and antagonist, respectively, in the original trilogy. Restore Me was published on March 6, 2018.
Mafi's next book, A Very Large Expanse of Sea, was released on October 16, 2018. It was longlisted for the 2018 National Book Award for Young People's Literature.

## Personal life

Mafi currently resides in Irvine, California, where she continues to write. In 2013 she married author Ransom Riggs. In March 2017, Mafi announced via Twitter that she was pregnant. She gave birth to a daughter, Layla, on 30 May 2017. She identifies as Muslim.
# Durbanville High School

Hoërskool Durbanville is a public Afrikaans medium co-educational high school situated in the town of Durbanville in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is a public school. It is the oldest High School in the Northern Suburbs of Cape Town, and the only other school older in the Greater Cape Town metropolitan area is Simons Town School in the southern suburbs.

## Founding

The school was established in 1827, as a school catering for children from SubA (Grade 1) to Standard 10 (Grade 12). In 1955 the primary section of the school (SubA to Standard 5) split off to become a school separate from the High school on a separate premises, called Durbanville Primary.

## Head Masters

The first head master was Mellet, H.F. He stayed on until 1838. He was followed in quick succession by: Frylinck,J., Ackerman,C.J., de Beer,P.J., Hodgson,G. The headmasters to follow after these were: Roth, J.P.W. (1852-1859), Auret,E.B. (1859-1861), Hoek,J.(1861-1865), d’Arcy,G.A.(1865-1872), Dreyer,H.M.(1872-1875), Poccock,A.A.(1875-1884), Craig,T.(1884-1886), Bain,A.(1886-1887). In 1887 C.J. Haefele was appointed head master and he stayed on until 1921. He was related to the Haefele family from Wupperthal. In 1921 Hugo,D.P. was appointed, followed in 1939 by Ehlers, P.J., 1941 by Grobbelaar, J.J.S., 1943 by de Jager,A.K., 1950 by Stimie,C.M., 1969 by van Niekerk, A.A.J., 1974 by Firmani,O., 1985 by Bezuidenhout,J.W.L. and in 1997 by G Germishuys. The current head master is C Venter who started in 2020.

## Language medium and gender

The language medium is Afrikaans. It hosts both sexes.

## Hostel

The school has hostel facilities for boys and girls. The hostel opened in 1942.

## Motto

Labor Ornat. This is Latin for Work Beautified

## Alumni

* Amore Bekker – Radio presenter
* Jack Parow – Rapper.
* Angus Cleophas – Western Province Rugby player. He is a backline player
* Zanne Stapelberg – Opera singer.
* Johnny Trytsman – South African Rugby Player
* Jayden Nell - South African Rugby Player
# Southdowns College

Southdowns College is a private, English medium co-educational primary and high school situated in Irene, Centurion, Gauteng, South Africa. The school is part of the Independent Schools Association of Southern Africa and writes the Independent Examinations Board examinations.
Southdowns College is part of the ADvTECH Group, which also includes Tyger Valley College and Pecanwood College in Hartebeespoort.

## History

Southdowns College was established in 2007 and had pre-primary and primary schools. In 2008 they introduced a junior high school and completed the new primary school and high school buildings and an arena where southdowns has its own dance academy and music studios.

## Extra-curricular activities

Co-curricular activities include Netball, Soccer(girls & boys), swimming, rugby, chess, debating and public speaking.

## Sports

Southdowns College has been performing very well on sports during the year.
The sports at the school are:
* Archery
* Athletics
* Basketball
* Chess
* Cricket
* Cross country
* Hockey
* Netball
* Rowing
* Rugby
* Soccer
* Softball
* Squash
* Swimming
* Tennis
* Table tennis
* Water polo
# Hopkins House (Lockport, New York)

Hopkins House is a historic home located at Lockport in Niagara County, New York. It is a two-story stone structure built in 1833 by John Hopkins, an Erie Canal engineer and early settler of Lockport, in the Greek Revival style. It was remodeled in about 1865 adding Italianate details. It is one of approximately 75 stone residences remaining in the city of Lockport.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.
# Battle of the Bridge

The Battle of the Bridge or the Battle of al-Jisr (Arabic: معركة الجسر; Persian: نبرد پل) was fought at the bank of the Euphrates river between Arab Muslims led by Abu Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and the Persian Sasanian forces led by Bahman Jaduya. It is traditionally dated to the year 634, and was the only major Sasanian victory over the Rashidun Caliphate army.

## Context

The Muslim forces had already taken Hira and assumed control of the surrounding Arab-inhabited areas of Mesopotamia, on the banks of the Euphrates. The fall of Hira shocked the Persians, as the "youthful Yazdgard, began to take the business of the Arabs more seriously." Yazdgard sent forces to the Arab border areas, and looked to be gaining the upper hand, as Al-Muthanna had to call for reinforcements from Medina.
The new Caliph, Umar, sent Abu Ubaid to Mesopotamia to take command from Al-Muthanna. He encountered the main Persian force under Bahman Jaduya, near what is the present site of Kufa. The two forces faced each other on opposing banks of the Euphrates. As it was crossed by a bridge, the battle came to be known as the Battle of the Bridge.

## Battle

Bahman invited Abu Ubayd to decide who should cross the river. The latter took the initiative, and crossed the river aggressively; this proved to be disastrous for his forces. According to accounts, the sight of the elephants in the Persian army frightened the Arabs' horses. A white elephant apparently tore Abu Ubaid from his horse with its trunk and trampled him underfoot during his misguided attempt to attack its trunk. The death of their commander and the inability of the Arab troops to push back the Persians who had formed a rigid line close to the bridge, led the Arabs to panic and flee. After Abu Ubayd the command was taken by al-Hakam and Jabr, his brother and son, respectively, and eventually Al-Muthanna. According to tradition, Al-Muthanna remained to fight so that the Arabs could repair the bridge and flee losing 4,000 men, although any accurate estimates of the figures involved in this and other contemporaneous battles are not known. Around 3,000 Arab Muslims were carried away by the river.
Sources agree that for whatever reason, Bahman Jaduya did not pursue the fleeing Arab army.
# Nicolas Perez

Nicolas Perez (born October 26, 1990) is a French footballer who plays for Luxembourg side FC UNA Strassen.

## Career

From Marseilles, he played for FC Gueugnon from the age of 15 years-old and turned professional with Lille OSC but terminated his contract a year early due to a lack of playing time. He also played for CSO Amnéville, Royal Excel Mouscron and FC Martigues. He joined Luxembourg side F91 Dudelange in 2017. For them, Perez played in the UEFA Champions League qualifiers against MOL Vidi FC and played in the Luxembourgers successful run to the UEFA Europa League group stages beating CFR Cluj and Legia Warsaw. Perez joined FC UNA Strassen from FC Swift Hesperange in the summer of 2021.
# Ashton Hall railway station

Ashton Hall railway station was a private halt in Lancashire, England. Located on the Glasson Dock branch line, it was opened to serve Ashton Hall, the home of Lord Ashton, a local businessman. The house is now Lancaster Golf Club.

## History

Opened by the London and North Western Railway, the station passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923, and was closed seven years later.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Lancaster Castle | London and North Western Railway Glasson Dock Branch | Conder Green |

## The site today

The station still stands. The trackbed through it is now part of the Lancashire Coastal Way, and the platform is just visible from under the foliage.
# Patt Junction bus bombing

A Palestinian suicide bombing on an Egged bus was carried out by Hamas in Jerusalem on June 18, 2002, killing 20 people (including the bomber) and wounding over 74. 17 of the dead were residents of Gilo.

## The attack

On the morning of June 18, 2002, at 7:50 am, a Palestinian suicide bomber from Bethlehem got onto the Egged line 32A bus, which came from the Gilo neighborhood and stopped at Beit Safafa, an Arab neighborhood of Jerusalem. The bomber boarded the bus and exploded himself in the front. His explosive belt included metal balls for shrapnel in order to maximize casualties.

## The perpetrators

Palestinian Islamist group Hamas claimed responsibility for the terrorist attack. The suicide bomber was identified as Muhammad al-Ghoul, a 22-year-old student at An-Najah National University in Nablus. He strapped explosives packed with nails to his body and boarded the bus during the morning rush hour as schoolchildren and commuters travelled to downtown Jerusalem from Gilo. The explosion lifted the bus off the ground, tore off its roof and sent bodies flying through the windows. Two residents of the East Jerusalem suburb of Jabel Mukaber were tried and convicted for transporting the suicide bomber. During a commando raid in Nablus on June 30, Israeli soldiers killed senior Hamas bomb-maker Muhaned Taher, who according to Israel was behind this and other attacks.

## Aftermath
### Charred bus exhibit

The charred remains of the bus were shipped to America and displayed at the biannual Jewish Expo fair in New York at the initiative of Zaka, an Israeli rescue and body parts recovery organization whose volunteers scrape up fragments of blood and flesh from bomb scenes for burial in keeping with Jewish law. Zaka said its aim was to increase awareness of its work and show the effects of suicide bombings.
# Bagun Sumbrai

Bagun Sumbrui (24 February 1924 – 22 June 2018) was an Indian politician and a former member of the 14th Lok Sabha. He represented the Singhbhum constituency of Jharkhand, and was a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) political party.

## Profile

Position Held
1967–69 Member, Bihar Legislative Assembly
1967–68 Member, Public Accounts Committee, Bihar Legislative Assembly Member, Bihar Legislative Assembly (2nd term)
1969–72 Minister, Forests Production, Transport, Welfare and Sports, Government of Bihar
1972–77 Member, Bihar Legislative Assembly (3rd term), Member, S.T., S.C. and B.C. Welfare Committee
1977–79 Re-elected to 6th Lok Sabha
1980-84 Re-elected to 7th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
1989–91 Elected to 9th Lok Sabha (4th term)
1990 Member, Committee on Papers Laid on the Table
1984–89 Re-elected to 8th Lok Sabha (3rd term)
2000 Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Member, Bihar & Jharkhand Legislative Assembly (4th term) Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Labour and Welfare Cabinet Minister for Tribal Welfare, Government of Bihar
2002–04 Member, Jharkhan Legislative Assembly Deputy Speaker, Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Member, Committee on Rural Development Member, Committee on Papers Laid on the Table
2004 Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (5th term) Member, Committee on Public Undertakings Acting Speaker, Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Member, Committee on Coal

## Other information

President, All India Jharkhand Party 1968–79; Member, (i) Working Committee, Janata Party, Bihar, 1979-March 1980; and (ii) Working Committee, Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar
Sumbrai died on 22 June 2018 at the age of 94 in Jamshedpur.
# Kryz

Hacked By Unskilled (zacharia VII)
# 1850 in Denmark

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events from the year 1850 in Denmark.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Frederick VII
* Prime minister – Adam Wilhelm Moltke

## Events

* 30 March – All Danish Gold Coast Settlements are sold to Britain and incorporated into the British Gold Coast
* 16 July: The Danish army moves into Slesvig.

### Undated

* 30 March – Denmark sells the Danish Gold Coast to the United Kingdom

## Culture

* 5 March – Hans Christian Andersen's poem Danmark, mit fædreland is published in the newspaper Fædrelandet.
* 8 May – Hans Christian Andersen's Danmark, mit fædreland is first time performed publicly as a song by a men's choir to a melody by Henrik Rung at a concert arranged by the Scandinavian Society in the Casino Theatre in Copenhagen to raise money for a monument commemorating the Danish victory in the Battle of Fredericia.

## Births

* 14 January – Elisabeth Wandel, painter (died 1926)
* 22 June – Frants Henningsen, painter (died 1908)
* 27 June – Jørgen Pedersen Gram, mathematician (died 1916)
* 10 July – Valdemar Gætje, master baker and the first director of the Union of Danish Employers and Master Craftsmen (died 1905)
* 2 November – Antonio Jacobsen, painter (died 1921)
* 29 December – Valdemar Irminger, painter (died 1938)

## Deaths

* 20 January – Adam Oehlenschläger, poet (born 1779)
* 9 May – Princess Juliane Sophie of Denmark, princess of Denmark (born 1788.
* 12 May – Nicolai Abraham Holten, banker and civil servant (born 1775)
* 12 November – Christian Frederik Zeuthen, landowner (born 1794)
* 25 July – Adolph Stramboe, ballet dancer (born 1801)

### Full date missing

* Thomas Jacobsen, violin maker (born 1810)