# Manokwari

Manokwari is a coastal town and the capital of the Indonesian province of West Papua. It is one of only seven provincial capitals of Indonesia without a city status. It is also the administrative seat of Manokwari Regency. However, under proposals currently under consideration by the Indonesian Parliament, it is planned to split Manokwari town off from the regency and turn it into a separate city. The majority of Manokwari residents are Christians and the town is one of the seats of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Manokwari–Sorong.

## History

Trade between the natives of the region and Southeast Asians probably began around the 15th century or even earlier. Possibly via Moluccan and Malay influence, some local chiefs of the town had adopted Islam by the 19th century.
On 25 October 1793, Captain John Hayes in the merchant ships Duke of Clarence and Duchess raised the British flag at Dore Bay, which he called Restoration Bay (as he had put in there to restore his crews' health) and claimed it and the surrounding area, which he called New Albion, for Great Britain. The British established a small settlement there to engage in the spice trade, especially in massoy bark and nutmeg. The British erected a small stockade fort, Fort Coronation, named in honour of King George III's coronation. For a variety of reasons the British East India Company, including changing priorities consequent on the outbreak of war with France, did not support the settlement. The settlement was not a success and in 1795 the British abandoned it.
In 1855, the first Christian mission was established in the town by German missionaries. However, it was not until the 20th century the majority of the locals converted to Christianity.
On 12 April 1942, a Japanese convoy steamed into Dore Bay and began landing approximately 4,000 men. The area was already well known to the Japanese, as the area was the location of a cotton plantation developed by the government-sponsored Nan’yō Kōhatsu development company in the early 1930s. At the beginning of 1942, the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) garrison at Manokwari consisted of approximately 125 KNIL troops, which included several civilian reservists and home guards who had been called up at the start of February 1942. As the KNIL ground force had no chance of successfully engaging the Japanese invasion force, it withdrew into the interior of Dutch New Guinea and initiated guerilla warfare.
At 4:43 am on 4 January 2009 a magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck Manokwari. Felt as far away as Australia, the 35 km deep earthquake killed four people, injured 19 more, and 167,000 people were left without power. Residents were evacuated to Manokwari Military Academy to seek shelter from possible tsunamis and aftershocks that were felt throughout the day. Damage occurred to the Mutiara Hotel, the Naval Hospital, and several other buildings. Manokwari Regional Airport had significant damage, being closest to the epicenter, and all four deaths resulted there. The Indonesian government sent a team of seven doctors to Manokwari to assist with the injured. Originally, the team was projected to be ten people, but due to the severe damage to the runway, only seven were able to be transported. This was not unlike the previous quakes on 10 October 2002 when another 7.6 magnitude quake shook the region. In 1996 similar quakes also halted progress in the local region but there is no record of the recorded magnitude.
On 14 April 2010, Merpati Nusantara Airlines flight MZ 836, a Boeing 737-300 (registration PK-MDF) with 103 persons on board, broke into pieces as it bounced off the tarmac at Rendani Airport near Manokwari after landing in poor weather. The tail of the aircraft broke off and came to rest in the creek off the northern end of Runway 35. All passengers survived, but 21 injured people were admitted to hospital. The flight originated in Sorong, West Papua.
On 21 August 2019, Manokwari experienced a violent protest that saw the provincial legislature building torched, with the protest being part of the 2019 Papua protests.

## Climate

Manokwari is three meters above sea level on the coast of West Papua. Its average temperature is 26.3 °C (79.3 °F) and its temperature fluctuation is only 1 °C. It receives 2,597 mm (102.2 in) of rain per year, approximately 216 mm (8.5 in) per month. It is located 52 minutes (0.87 degrees, slightly less than 100 km) south of the equator and has an 86.3% average humidity. The annual sunshine hours are 2127; an average of 5.8 hours of sunlight per day. To date, there are no recorded days of frost or snowfall in Manokwari.
Climate data for Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia (193 m asl) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) | 29.6 (85.3) | 29.6 (85.3) | 30.0 (86.0) | 30.1 (86.2) | 29.7 (85.5) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.3 (84.7) | 29.8 (85.6) | 30.5 (86.9) | 30.5 (86.9) | 30.3 (86.5) | 29.9 (85.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.9 (78.6) | 26.1 (79.0) | 26.2 (79.2) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.4 (77.7) | 25.7 (78.3) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.3 (79.3) | 26.2 (79.2) | 25.9 (78.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.9 (71.4) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.3 (72.1) | 22.3 (72.1) | 22.3 (72.1) | 22.1 (71.8) | 21.8 (71.2) | 21.6 (70.9) | 21.7 (71.1) | 21.9 (71.4) | 22.1 (71.8) | 22.1 (71.8) | 22.0 (71.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 264 (10.4) | 247 (9.7) | 296 (11.7) | 304 (12.0) | 210 (8.3) | 198 (7.8) | 160 (6.3) | 167 (6.6) | 140 (5.5) | 122 (4.8) | 141 (5.6) | 266 (10.5) | 2,515 (99.2) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 86 |
| Source 1: Climate-Data.org (temp & precip) ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weatherbase (humidity) ||||||||||||||

## Demographic information

There are several different tribal groups living in Manokwari. Each tribe has its unique language and culture. The most prominent of the tribal groups in Manokwari are the Arfak, which consist of Hattam, Moile, Sough, and Meyah. Manokwari is an urbanized region, but in several of the regencies, you can still find traditional garb. Among the other tribes are Mansim Borai and Doreri.

## Education

The State University of Papua was established on 3 November 2000. This university was created to help with the local education of the people of Papua. Among their achievements is the Beccariana, an academic journal published by the university. This publication contains all the research done by the university in the field of herbalism. The university is strategically located on a hill facing the town, surrounded by a dense tropical rainforest. This allows the researchers instant access to the biological samples and case studies.

## Sister cities

Sister cities of Manokwari are:
| City | Country |
| Podgorica | Montenegro |
| Thimphu | Bhutan |

## Derived name

The land flatworm Platydemus manokwari was named after the town (where it was found) by French zoologist de Beauchamp in 1962.

## Tourism

One tourist site is the white, sandy Doreri Bay Beach which has calm, shallow water and is very safe for swimming. Arfak Range Nature Reserve in the south of Manokwari is a popular tourist destination for visitors who are interested in hiking, birding, and wildlife watching. The tropical rainforest that covers most of the mountains is the natural habitat of various species of animals including cuscus possum, lesser birds of paradise, common paradise kingfisher, magnificent riflebird as well as king bird of paradise. Susnguakti forest located in the south of the city is a popular destination for nature lovers who like camping and seeing the bio-diversity of the montane forest. Charles Roring is a tourist guide who regularly organizes birds of paradise and wildlife-watching tours to the Susnguakti forest of Manokwari.

## Transport
### Roads

Manokwari has a road to connect the city center, port or airport.

### Sea

Manokwari Port on Banjarmasin Street operates 24 hours a day.

### Air

Manokwari is served by Rendani Airport, which is about 5 km from downtown Manokwari.