# Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories

Fort McPherson (Gwich'in: Teetł'it Zheh, at the head of the waters) is a hamlet located in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located on the east bank of the Peel River and is 121 km (75 mi) south of Inuvik on the Dempster Highway.
The First Nations people who make up the majority are Gwichʼin (Teetł'it Gwich'in) and the two principal languages spoken are Gwichʼin and English. Originally the site of a Hudson's Bay Company post the community was named for Murdoch McPherson.
Most people have vehicles and regularly make trips to either Inuvik, or Whitehorse, Yukon.

## History

Fort McPherson was the starting point of Francis Joseph Fitzgerald's famous tragic journey of "The Lost Patrol". All four men on the Patrol, including Fitzgerald, were buried at Fort McPherson on 28 March 1911. In 1938, the graves were cemented over into one large tomb (to the right of the flag pole in above image), with cement posts at the four corners connected by a chain. In the centre is a memorial to the Royal Northwest Mounted Police Patrol of 1910.

## National Historic Site

In 1969, the area comprising the boundaries of the community of Fort McPherson, as it was mapped in 1898, was designated a National Historic Site of Canada, in recognition of the fact that the site had served as the principal Hudson's Bay Company trading post in the MacKenzie Delta region for over 50 years, and had been the first North-West Mounted Police post in the Western Arctic.

## Transportation

Fort McPherson is accessible by road all year from Dawson City and Whitehorse, Yukon, with the exception of spring break-up and fall freeze-up on the Peel River. The community also has access to Inuvik via the Dempster Highway and crosses the Mackenzie River at Tsiigehtchic.
There is also a small airport at Fort McPherson, Fort McPherson Airport, that has seasonal flights to Inuvik (Mike Zubko) Airport on Aklak Air when the road across the Peel is closed. The former Fort McPherson Water Aerodrome was listed as closed in the 15 March 2007 Canada Flight Supplement.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Fort McPherson had a population of 647 living in 255 of its 318 total private dwellings, a change of -7.6% from its 2016 population of 700. With a land area of 53.83 km$^2$ (20.78 sq mi), it had a population density of 12.0/km$^2$ (31.1/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2021 census 645 people identified as Indigenous, 560 as First Nations, 30 as Métis, 85 as Inuit or Inuvialuit, and 105 non-Indigenous.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1996 | 915 | — |
| 1997 | 887 | −3.1% |
| 1998 | 861 | −2.9% |
| 1999 | 861 | +0.0% |
| 2000 | 828 | −3.8% |
| 2001 | 832 | +0.5% |
| 2002 | 809 | −2.8% |
| 2003 | 820 | +1.4% |
| 2004 | 813 | −0.9% |
| 2005 | 814 | +0.1% |
| 2006 | 805 | −1.1% |
| 2007 | 809 | +0.5% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 2008 | 801 | −1.0% |
| 2009 | 815 | +1.7% |
| 2010 | 805 | −1.2% |
| 2011 | 813 | +1.0% |
| 2012 | 810 | −0.4% |
| 2013 | 795 | −1.9% |
| 2014 | 791 | −0.5% |
| 2015 | 786 | −0.6% |
| 2016 | 795 | +1.1% |
| 2017 | 776 | −2.4% |
| 2018 | 672 | −13.4% |
| 2019 | 635 | −5.5% |
Sources: NWT Bureau of Statistics (2008 - 2019), NWT Bureau of Statistics (2001 - 2017) :

## Climate

Fort McPherson experiences a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc). The highest temperature ever recorded in Fort McPherson was 35.1 °C (95.2 °F) on 6 August 2024. The coldest temperature ever recorded was −55.6 °C (−68.1 °F) on 14 January 1894.
Climate data for Fort McPherson (Fort McPherson Airport) Climate ID: 2201601; coordinates 67°24′28″N 135°51′37″W﻿ / ﻿67.40778°N 135.86028°W﻿ / 67.40778; -135.86028﻿ (Fort McPherson Airport); elevation: 35.4 m (116 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1892–present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 9.0 | 7.6 | 11.5 | 15.7 | 28.3 | 38.8 | 35.0 | 40.4 | 27.0 | 24.1 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 40.4 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) | 10.0 (50.0) | 11.8 (53.2) | 16.7 (62.1) | 29.5 (85.1) | 32.0 (89.6) | 33.3 (91.9) | 33.0 (91.4) | 27.2 (81.0) | 24.1 (75.4) | 10.0 (50.0) | 9.0 (48.2) | 33.3 (91.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −23.2 (−9.8) | −21.0 (−5.8) | −14.0 (6.8) | −3.1 (26.4) | 7.6 (45.7) | 18.5 (65.3) | 20.0 (68.0) | 16.5 (61.7) | 8.2 (46.8) | −3.3 (26.1) | −15.3 (4.5) | −21.4 (−6.5) | −2.5 (27.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −26.9 (−16.4) | −24.9 (−12.8) | −19.2 (−2.6) | −8.9 (16.0) | 2.7 (36.9) | 13.1 (55.6) | 15.1 (59.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | 4.6 (40.3) | −6.6 (20.1) | −18.9 (−2.0) | −25.0 (−13.0) | −6.9 (19.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −30.6 (−23.1) | −28.8 (−19.8) | −24.6 (−12.3) | −14.9 (5.2) | −2.4 (27.7) | 7.7 (45.9) | 10.2 (50.4) | 7.3 (45.1) | 1.1 (34.0) | −9.1 (15.6) | −22.3 (−8.1) | −28.8 (−19.8) | −11.3 (11.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −55.6 (−68.1) | −55.0 (−67.0) | −48.9 (−56.0) | −44.4 (−47.9) | −25.6 (−14.1) | −6.7 (19.9) | −1.1 (30.0) | −6.7 (19.9) | −19.5 (−3.1) | −37.5 (−35.5) | −46.7 (−52.1) | −50.6 (−59.1) | −55.6 (−68.1) |
| Record low wind chill | −58.9 | −56.8 | −54.4 | −41.6 | −32.6 | −9.2 | 0.0 | −4.8 | −17.5 | −40.2 | −50.0 | −59.7 | −59.7 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 13.6 (0.54) | 12.8 (0.50) | 13.2 (0.52) | 8.1 (0.32) | 14.1 (0.56) | 27.8 (1.09) | 48.6 (1.91) | 38.2 (1.50) | 38.7 (1.52) | 34.8 (1.37) | 27.3 (1.07) | 17.0 (0.67) | 294.3 (11.59) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.01) | 9.4 (0.37) | 27.4 (1.08) | 48.6 (1.91) | 38.2 (1.50) | 30.1 (1.19) | 1.2 (0.05) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 155.0 (6.10) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 13.6 (5.4) | 12.8 (5.0) | 13.2 (5.2) | 7.9 (3.1) | 4.7 (1.9) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.0) | 8.1 (3.2) | 33.7 (13.3) | 27.3 (10.7) | 17.0 (6.7) | 138.7 (54.6) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 5.5 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 7.1 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 12.1 | 10.7 | 8.7 | 6.8 | 92.5 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.12 | 3.2 | 7.1 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 9.8 | 0.71 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 42.8 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 5.5 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 0.12 | 0.0 | 0.05 | 2.6 | 10.1 | 8.7 | 6.8 | 50.2 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada (January maximum / minimum) (February maximum / minimum) (March minimum) (April maximum / minimum) (May minimum) (June minimum) (July minimum) (August maximum / minimum) (September maximum) (November minimum) (December minimum) ||||||||||||||