OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PDIFF

In geometric topology, PDIFF, for piecewise differentiable, is the category of piecewise-smooth manifolds and piecewise-smooth maps between them. It properly contains DIFF (the category of smooth manifolds and smooth functions between them) and PL (the category of piecewise linear manifolds and piecewise linear maps between them), and the reason it is defined is to allow one to relate these two categories. Further, piecewise functions such as splines and polygonal chains are common in mathematics, and PDIFF provides a category for discussing them.

## Motivation

PDIFF is mostly a technical point: smooth maps are not piecewise linear (unless linear), and piecewise linear maps are not smooth (unless globally linear) – the intersection is linear maps, or more precisely affine maps (because not based) – so they cannot directly be related: they are separate generalizations of the notion of an affine map.
However, while a smooth manifold is not a PL manifold, it carries a canonical PL structure – it is uniquely triangularizable; conversely, not every PL manifold is smoothable. For a particular smooth manifold or smooth map between smooth manifolds, this can be shown by breaking up the manifold into small enough pieces, and then linearizing the manifold or map on each piece: for example, a circle in the plane can be approximated by a triangle, but not by a 2-gon, since this latter cannot be linearly embedded.
This relation between Diff and PL requires choices, however, and is more naturally shown and understood by including both categories in a larger category, and then showing that the inclusion of PL is an equivalence: every smooth manifold and every PL manifold is a PDiff manifold. Thus, going from Diff to PDiff and PL to PDiff are natural – they are just inclusion. The map PL to PDiff, while not an equality – not every piecewise smooth function is piecewise linear – is an equivalence: one can go backwards by linearizing pieces. Thus it can for some purposes be inverted, or considered an isomorphism, which gives a map ${\text{Diff}}\to {\text{PDiff}}\to {\text{PL}}.$ These categories all sit inside TOP, the category of topological manifolds and continuous maps between them.
In summary, PDiff is more general than Diff because it allows pieces (corners), and one cannot in general smooth corners, while PL is no less general that PDiff because one can linearize pieces (more precisely, one may need to break them up into smaller pieces and then linearize, which is allowed in PDiff).

## History

That every smooth (indeed, C$^1$) manifold has a unique PL structure was originally proven in (Whitehead 1940). A detailed expositionary proof is given in (Munkres 1966). The result is elementary and rather technical to prove in detail, so it is generally only sketched in modern texts, as in the brief proof outline given in (Thurston 1997). A very brief outline is given in (McMullen 1997), while a short but detailed proof is given in (Lurie 2009).
# Jackie Simpson (defensive back)

John Marlin Simpson (April 2, 1934 - December 20, 2017) was an American college and professional football player who was a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) for five seasons during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Simpson played college football for the University of Florida, and then played professionally for the Baltimore Colts and the Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL.

## Early life

Simpson was born in Miami, Florida in 1934, and grew up in an apartment complex on the Miami bayfront. He attended Miami Edison Senior High School in Miami, and he was a standout high school football halfback for the Edison Raiders.

## College career

Simpson accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played both halfback and defensive back for coach Bob Woodruff's Florida Gators football team from 1953 to 1956. Simpson was a third-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection in 1954 and 1955, and a second-team All-SEC selection in 1956. Memorably, he had two touchdowns including a 100-yard interception return in a 20–14 win over the Mississippi State Bulldogs in 1955, which remains the longest interception return for a touchdown in SEC history. Several weeks later, he had a 62-yard punt return for a touchdown in the Gators' 18–14 win against the LSU Tigers, again providing the margin of victory. As a halfback on offense, he finished his college career with an average of 6.3 rushing yards per carry—still one of the three best career averages in Gators history. Woodruff ranked him as the Gators' best defensive back and one of their three best running backs of the 1950s.
Simpson was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 2001.

## Professional career

The Baltimore Colts selected Simpson in the fourth round (forty-fourth pick overall) of the 1957 NFL draft. He signed with the Colts for $7,800 per season and a $1,000 signing bonus, and played three seasons for the Colts. Before he could report to the Colts' training camp, however, he first had to report for twenty-one months of U.S. Army infantry and paratrooper training at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. After completing his military service obligations, Simpson was activated for the final two games of the 1958 season and served as a reserve defensive back and periodic kick returner for the Baltimore Colts' 1958 and 1959 NFL championship teams of coach Weeb Ewbank.
The Colts traded Simpson to the Pittsburgh Steelers for Billy Ray Smith after the 1960 season, and he played his final two professional seasons for the Steelers in 1961 and 1962. During his five-season NFL career, Simpson played in forty-five regular season games, and recorded two interceptions.
# Mary Eccles, Viscountess Eccles

Mary Morley Eccles, Viscountess Eccles (née Crapo; 8 July 1912 – 26 August 2003) was an American-British book collector and author. She was renowned for establishing one of the largest private collections of 18th century literature with her first husband, Donald Hyde (1909-1966). This includes works from Samuel Johnson and James Boswell. She also created an Oscar Wilde Collection which was bequeathed to the British Library in 2003.

## Early life and education

Eccles was born Mary Morley Crapo in Detroit, Michigan, in 1912, to American railway executive Stanford T. Crapo (grandson of Governor Henry H. Crapo) and wife Emma Caroline Morley. She attended Vassar College, where she became friends with novelist Mary McCarthy. She later attended Columbia University where she undertook an MA and PhD in English literature. The dissertation from her doctorate was later developed into a book, entitled Playwriting for Elizabethans.

## Literary collections

In 1939 she married Donald Hyde, a New York City lawyer. The couple bought Samuel Johnson's silver teapot in 1941 and threw a tea party in its honour. Over the next 25 years, they became avid collectors of Johnson's belongings, including hundreds of his letters, several of his diaries and a collection of his poems.
Mary Hyde — as she was then known—bought Four Oaks Farm in Branchburg, New Jersey in 1943. Here they bought up surrounding land and added a library to the property, filling the house with their Samuel Johnson collection. Hyde also published The Thrales of Streatham Park in honour of Mrs Hester Thrale who had previously collected many of Johnson's belongings. During the following years, Hyde became well acquainted with many influential figures, including business tycoons, politicians and English aristocrats. Among them was businessman Robert Borthwick Adam, from whom she purchased a portion of her collection.
Donald Hyde died in 1966. His wife later wrote The Impossible Friendship, a study of Mrs Thrale and James Boswell. She also wrote Bernard Shaw and Alfred Douglas: A Correspondence and developed an Oscar Wilde collection that was second in size only to that of the University of California. She donated this collection to the British Library to form the Lady Eccles Oscar Wilde Collection there. The collection relating to Samuel Johnson and his circle was bequeathed to Houghton Library at Harvard University.

## Later years

Mary Hyde married David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles in 1984, becoming The Right Honourable The Viscountess Eccles. They founded the Eccles Centre for American Studies at the British Library in 1992 as Lord Eccles had previously been its Chairman.
Lady Eccles died at Four Oaks Farm on 26 August 2003, aged 91. At the time of her death, she had been working on a book.

## Honours

Lady Eccles was made an Honorary Fellow of Samuel Johnson's college at Oxford, Pembroke College. She was also Benjamin Franklin Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. She was a member of The Roxburghe Club, an exclusive society of bibliophiles, from 1985 to 2003. She was also an elected member of the American Philosophical Society (1978).
# Jim Page (singer)

Jim Page (born 1949) is an American folk singer-songwriter and social activist. He is also a staunch supporter of Palestinian justice. His song entitled ‘Palestine’ has been sung by Irish singer Christy Moore.

## Early life

Page was born in Palo Alto, California, in 1949 - and moved to Seattle in 1971

## Music career and activism

He is known for his political songs and for his activism in support of buskers. He is one of the organizers of Buskerfest in Seattle. He frequently appears with Artis the Spoonman. He tours internationally, yet he still plays at Pike Place Market as a street performer.
Page began playing guitar at age 15.
In 1974, his protest song and testimony convinced the Seattle City Council to drop the requirement that street performers have a permit to perform.

## Notable work

Page is well known in coffee houses and folk clubs in Seattle and the northwest, as well as in Britain and Ireland, where he toured for several years. His best known songs include "Fireside", his first song, written in 1967, "Hiroshima Nagasaki Russian Roulette", an anti-nuclear weapons song from his 1976 album "On the Street Again", later covered by Moving Hearts and Christy Moore, "On the Street Again", "Time Enough for Questions When the Killing's Done", about the eternal quest for a 'man of honor', "Cultus Bay Serenade", "Miles and Miles", about the modernization of the San Francisco Bay Area, "Anna Mae", "An Old Pair of Red Shoes", and "Gasworks Park". He has also questioned US involvement in the Iraq war
Page's song Landlord, which he recorded for his debut album, A Shot of the Usual, was covered by David Soul on his eponymous debut album.

## Discography

* A Shot of the Usual – Whid-Isle Records, LP, 1975
* On the Street Again – Whid-Isle Records, LP, 1976
* Hot Times – Whid-Isle Records, LP, 1979
* Song For Leonard Peltier – Nacksving, single, 1979
* In the Act – First American Records, LP, 1980
* This Movie Is For Real – Nacksving, LP, 1982
* Visions in My View – Flying Fish, LP, 1986
* More Than Anything Else in the World, 1993
* Jim Page & Artis: On The Street Sidewalk Again, cassette, 1994
* Whose World Is This, 1997
* Heroes and Survivors, 1997
* Gettin Squeezed, 1999
* Music From Big Red, 2001
* Collateral Damage, 2002
* Human Interesting – A Temporary Retrospective, 2002
* Seattle Songs, 2004
* Head Full of Pictures, 2006
* Jim Page & Artis: After All This Time, 2007
* I See What You Mean – Jim Page in Nashville, 2007
* Ghost Bikes, 2010
* A Hand Full Of Songs, 2017
* Pretty Simple, 2020
* The Time is Now, 2022
# Dan Archer

Daniel G. Archer (born September 29, 1944) is a former American football offensive tackle in the American Football League (AFL). he played college football at the University of Oregon, and then professionally for the Oakland Raiders in 1967 and for the Cincinnati Bengals in 1968. He lives in Belvedere-Tiburon, California.
Raised in Modesto, California, Mr. Archer studied architecture for four years at the University of Oregon, but drafted by the Army before receiving his degree. He instead joined the Army Reserves, which afforded him the opportunity to play professional football for two years; the highlight of this brief career was his participation in Super Bowl II with the Oakland Raiders. He finished his education and received his degree in 1971 in architecture, with honors, from the College of Environmental Design at the University of California, Berkeley. He is a licensed architect with interests in theater, classical music and bicycling. He is married and has two sons and one daughter and has lived in Mill Valley, California since 1982 but moved to Belvedere-Tiburon, California in 2020
# Juan José Muñante

Juan José Muñante López (12 June 1948 – 23 April 2019) was a Peruvian footballer who played in a right winger role.

## Biography

Nicknamed The Jet in Peru and The Cobra in Mexico. He was famous for having great speed (he could run 100 metres in 10.7 seconds flat and was almost as quick with a ball at his feet), and also for his skills with the ball and his relatively high assist for teammate for passing the ball to the scorer, given his position of right winger.
He debuted in the Primera División with Sport Boys in the 1966 season. In 1969, he joined Universitario de Deportes where he was part of the team that won 2 Peru league championships and he helped reach second place at the Copa Libertadores 1972.
Muñante also played successfully in the Mexican League for many years, mainly in Pumas de la UNAM and Atlético Español.
Muñante played 48 times for the Peru national football team between 1967 and 1978, including participation in the 1978 FIFA World Cup.
On 23 April 2019, Muñante died of lung cancer in the U.S. state of Florida, at the age of 70.

## Honours
### Universitario de Deportes

* Peruvian League
** Winner (2): 1969, 1971
** Runner-up (2): 1970, 1972
* Copa Libertadores
** Runner-up (1): 1972

### Atlético Español

* CONCACAF Champions League
** Winner (1): 1975
* Primera División Mexicana
** Runner-up (1): 1973-74

### Pumas de la UNAM

* Primera División Mexicana
** Winner (1): 1976-77
** Runner-up (2): 1977–78, 1978–79
# Ken Kao

Ken Kao is an American film producer. He is known for his work with Terrence Malick, and for co-founding Arcana with Ryan Gosling.

## Early life

Kao is the son of GPS pioneer Min Kao. He grew up in Kansas City. His sister is fashion designer Jen Kao.

## Personal life

Kao is married to Jessica Michibata. They live in Los Angeles.

## Films

* Project Hail Mary (film)
* Mid90s
* The Favourite
* Tau (film)
* The Outsider (2018 film)
* Hostiles (film)
* The Glass Castle (2017 film)
* Silence (2016 film)
* The Nice Guys
* The Sea of Trees
* Knight of Cups (film)
* Rampart (film)
# David Scott (Australian politician)

David Scott (1848 – 10 January 1927) was an Australian politician, elected as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.
Scott was born at Newcastle upon Tyne, England and began work in a brickfield when ten years old. He served apprenticeship as an ironmoulder. He travelled to New South Wales in 1874 and settled in Newcastle and became a foreman ironmoulder with the Rodgers engineering works. He spent two years in California. He married Margaret Malone in about 1878 and they had issue three daughters and six sons.
Scott was elected as the member for Newcastle in 1891, but was defeated in 1894. In 1917 he married for the second time to Emma Roe, but they had no children. He died in the Newcastle suburb of Adamstown.
# Chongqing Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

The Chongqing Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (Chinese: 中国人民政治协商会议重庆市委员会) is the advisory body and a local organization of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in Chongqing, China. it is supervised and directed by the Chongqing Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

## History

The Chongqing Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference was founded in June 1997 while Chongqing was upgraded to a direct-administered municipality.

### Anti-corruption campaign

On 23 March 2024, vice chairperson Li Yuefeng was put under investigation for alleged "serious duty-related malfeasance" by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), the party's internal disciplinary body, and the National Supervisory Commission, the highest anti-corruption agency of China.

## List of chairpersons

| Name (English) | Name (Chinese) | Tenure begins | Tenure ends |
| Zhang Wenbin | 张文彬 | June 1997 | January 2003 |
| Liu Zhizhong | 刘志忠 | January 2003 | January 2008 |
| Xing Yuanmin | 邢元敏 | January 2008 | January 2013 |
| Xu Jingye | 徐敬业 | January 2013 | January 2018 |
| Wang Jiong | 王炯 | January 2018 | January 2023 |
| Tang Fangyu | 唐方裕 | January 2023 | October 2023 |
| Cheng Lihua | 程丽华 | January 2024 | Incumbent |
# Xavier Escudé

Xavier Escudé Torrente (born 17 May 1966 in Terrassa, Catalonia) is a former field hockey player from Spain, who won the silver medal with the men's national team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. He also participated in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
# Parapolice

Parapolice are law enforcement officers or intelligence agents considered "beyond", "ancillary" or "subsidiary" to the regular police force. The term has been used in criminology to refer to private security with an explicit relationship to public police forces.
Parapolice organizations are generally considered legally sanctioned bodies acting either beyond or in addition to the duties and responsibilities normally attributed to the public or state police. Parapolice organizations, therefore, can include all private security companies, auxiliary or adjunct police services, or other legal albeit politically motivated intimidation squads acting either at the behest or with the acquiescence of government and/or power elites.

## Geographic variation

The term seems to have developed slightly different normative meanings in northern versus southern and developing nations. In northern, democratic nations, parapolicing has acquired a critical connotation largely attached to an aggressive form of private security provision. Canadian sociologist, George Rigakos defines the New Parapolice as any "security company that explicitly attempts to bridge the gap between public and private police" constituting a "vanguard" force in emerging "risk markets". For Rigakos, the parapolice are a type of assertive private law enforcement and surveillance organization "that pushes the envelope" on what is legally permissible concerning citizens’ powers of arrest and trespass enforcement.
In southern, developing, and divided societies, parapolice have become synonymous with politically motivated intimidation squads. In some countries, like China, the parapolice are a state-organized policing agency charged with enforcing by-laws and other commercial regulations. They have been accused of intimidating and harassing unlicensed vendors, engaging in running street battles with local residents and environmentalists and even beating to death a man for taking images of a clash between villagers and the parapolice. In Brazil, Amnesty International has criticized the role of the parapolice, locally known as "milicia", for abduction, intimidation, torture and "wielding political power by guaranteeing, through intimidation, votes for certain state deputies". In Venezuela, parapolice have been blamed for the ‘social cleansing’ of poor men in the state of Portuguesa. The People’s Ombudsman reports that the parapolice are responsible for the killing of 402 people between 2001 and 2004. In Latin America, in particular, parapolice are synonymous with paramilitary vigilantism and political death squads.

## Examples

* Company police - as opposed to company security.
* Security company - a company that is responsible for the safety of employees of others companies, non-governmental organization or public administrations.
* City Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau - Chinese private police force.
* Bounty hunter - an individual who captures criminals for a reward.
* Private investigator - an investigator who works for a private detective agency or for any other company.
# Jair Pereira (Mexican footballer)

Jair Pereira Rodríguez (born 7 July 1986) is a former Mexican professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

## Club career
### Tampico Madero

Arose from the reserve side of Tampico Madero where he joined in 2004, playing in Ascenso MX debut in the first team on 15 September 2007 at the Tiburones Rojos de Coatzacoalcos.

### Cruz Azul

After having played with Cruz Azul's reserve side, Pereira made his professional debut in the Liga MX Apertura 2011 under coach Enrique Meza as a starter against C.F. Pachuca August 3, 2011. He played all the Clausura 2012 season and as a permanent fixture forming a solid defense with Nestor Araujo On February 4, 2012, he scored his first goal against Chiapas F.C. in a winning 2–0 confrontation. On April 24, 2012, he scored his second goal against Club América in a 2–2 draw; he was sent off with a red card later in the match.

### Guadalajara

On December 12, 2013, he signed with C.D. Guadalajara with a reported US$3 million transfer fee. He scored his first goal during the 2014 Apertura season against UdeG in a 3–0 win.

### Querétaro

On 27 June 2019, Pereira joined Querétaro.

## Career statistics
### International

    As of match played 6 September 2017
Mexico :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2013 | 1 | 0 |
| 2017 | 6 | 0 |
| Total | 7 | 0 |

## Honours

Cruz Azul
* Copa MX: Clausura 2013
Guadalajara
* Liga MX: Clausura 2017
* Copa MX: Apertura 2015, Clausura 2017
* Supercopa MX: 2016
* CONCACAF Champions League: 2018
# David White (English cricketer)

David Geoffrey White (born 5 August 1967) is a former English cricketer. White was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium-fast. He was born at Horwich, Lancashire.
White represented the Lancashire Cricket Board in a single List A match against the Netherlands in the 1999 NatWest Trophy. In his only List A match, he scored 1 run and with the ball he bowled 3 wicket-less overs.
# Ministry of Shipping (Bangladesh)

The Ministry of Shipping (Bengali: নৌপরিবহন মন্ত্রণালয়; Nauparibahana mantraṇālaẏa) is a government ministry of Bangladesh. It is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to shipping.

## Directorates

* Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority
* Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation
* Bangladesh Land Port Authority
* Bangladesh Marine Academy
* Bangladesh Shipping Corporation
* Chittagong Port Authority
* Department of Shipping
* Mongla Port Authority
* National Maritime Institute
* Payra Port Authority