OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Civil law (common law)

Civil law is a major "branch of the law", in common law legal systems such as those in England and Wales and in the United States, where it stands in contrast to criminal law. Private law, which relates to civil wrongs and quasi-contracts, is part of civil law, as is contract law and law of property (excluding property-related crimes, such as theft or vandalism). Civil law may, like criminal law, be divided into substantive law and procedural law. The rights and duties of persons (natural persons and legal persons) amongst themselves is the primary concern of civil law. The common law is today as fertile a source for theoretical inquiry as it has ever been. Around the English-speaking world, many scholars of law, philosophy, politics, and history study the theoretical foundations and applications of the common law. When used in the context of a common law legal system, the term civil law means that branch of the law not including criminal law.
The common law system, which originated in medieval England, is often contrasted with the civil law legal system originating in France and Italy. Whereas the civil law takes the form of legal codes such as the Napoleonic code, the common law comes from uncodified case law that arises as a result of judicial decisions, recognising prior court decisions as legally binding precedent.
Civil litigation refers to legal proceedings undertaken to resolve a dispute rewarding an alleged civil wrong and seeking redress or payment of damages. It includes the process of one party notifying the other that they have a cause for action. It is often suggested that civil litigation proceedings are undertaken for the purpose of obtaining compensation for injury, and may thus be distinguished from criminal proceedings, whose purpose is to inflict punishment. However, exemplary damages or punitive damages may be awarded in civil proceedings. It was also formerly possible for common informers to sue for a penalty in civil proceedings.
Because some courts have both a civil and criminal jurisdiction, civil proceedings cannot be defined as those taken in civil courts. In the United States, the expression "civil courts" is used as a shorthand for "trial courts in civil cases". In England and other common-law countries, the burden of proof in civil proceedings is, in general—with a number of exceptions such as committal proceedings for civil contempt—proof on a balance of probabilities. In civil cases in the law of the Maldives, the burden of proof requires the plaintiff to convince the court of the plaintiff's entitlement to the relief sought. This means that the plaintiff must prove each element of the claim, or cause of action in order to recover.
The cost of pursuing civil litigation has sometimes been highlighted as excessive relative to the scale of the issue to be resolved. Where costs are too high, they can restrict access to justice.
# Hunter Campbell

Hunter Campbell is an American businessman and lawyer who serves as the Chief Business Officer of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), a mixed martial arts organization. He previously served as Executive Vice President and General Counsel of the company. Campbell was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada and graduated from William S. Boyd School of Law, the law school of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He received his undergraduate degree from Washington University in St. Louis.
Campbell is considered a potential successor to Dana White as president and CEO of the UFC. Campbell actively participates in negotiations with UFC fighters and was described by Ariel Helwani as the "third most important person in the company behind Ari [Emanuel] and White." Nonetheless, Campbell rarely speaks publicly at length.
# Ulysses in Nighttown

Ulysses in Nighttown is a play based on the fifteenth episode of the 1922 novel Ulysses by James Joyce (unique among the book's episodes in that it is written as a play script) that was adapted by Marjorie Barkentin and contains incidental music by Peter Link. The show opened Off-Broadway in 1958 with Zero Mostel to a long and successful run, earning Mostel an Obie Award. It debuted on Broadway on February 15, 1974, at the Winter Garden Theatre and ran for 69 performances. The show had previously done a preview run of 26 performances in Philadelphia. The cast included Zero Mostel, Margery Beddow, Fionnula Flanagan, Gale Garnett, Tommy Lee Jones, John Astin, and David Ogden Stiers.
The play received six nominations for the 1974 Tony Awards, winning in the category for best lighting design. Zero Mostel was also one of twenty-eight actors to receive special awards from Drama Desk in 1974.

## Awards and honors
### Original Broadway production

| Year | Award ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result |
| 1974 | Tony Award | Best Play | Best Play | Nominated |
| 1974 | Tony Award | Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play | Zero Mostel | Nominated |
| 1974 | Tony Award | Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play | Fionnula Flanagan | Nominated |
| 1974 | Tony Award | Best Direction of a Play | Burgess Meredith | Nominated |
| 1974 | Tony Award | Best Scenic Design | Ed Wittstein | Nominated |
| 1974 | Tony Award | Best Lighting Design | Jules Fisher | Won |
| 1974 | Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Performance | Zero Mostel | Won |
# Arqtiq

Arqtiq: A Story of the Marvels at the North Pole is a feminist utopian adventure novel, published in 1899 by its author, Anna Adolph. The book was one element in the major wave of utopian and dystopian fiction that marked the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

## Genre

Arqtiq participates in, bridges, and hybridizes several related literary genres and subgenres of its time. Some writers applied feminist viewpoints to utopian fiction; Elizabeth Corbett's New Amazonia is one pertinent example, among others. A number of late-nineteenth-century novels looked forward to the invention of the airplane, as Adolph's book does; these works can be classed, at least generally or peripherally, as science fiction. Arqtiq combines this "airplane fiction" with utopian feminism, as does Jones and Merchant's Unveiling a Parallel.
Arqtiq also partakes in the exotic subgenres of hollow Earth or subterranean fiction, and lost-world or lost-race fiction. Like Mary Lane's Mizora, Adolph's Arqtiq gives these forms of adventure fiction a feminist twist.
Stories of travel to the North Pole or South Pole recurred throughout the nineteenth century. Edgar Allan Poe's The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket is the most famous of these; there were various others.
Finally, Adolph couches her story as a dream, linking it to a whole host of fantasies that employ the dreaming motif.

## Story

The plot of Arqtiq involves a woman who invents an aircraft, a sort of hybrid of airplane and balloon. She decides to fly it to the North Pole, accompanied by her husband, father, and friends (characters based on the author's own relationships). After crossing the continent to New York, they travel northwards and reach the Pole. At first they perceive only a flat plain surrounded with icebergs; but the narrator detects a crystal city beneath the ice. The aeronauts land and meet the inhabitants, called the Arq. The Arq maintain a culture of gender equality and high technology. Communication is facilitated by the Arqs' telepathy; the narrator soon develops the same psychic ability. Despite their isolation, the Arq are devout Christians.
Adolph's Arqtiq has been characterized as "An eccentric novel combining elements of science fiction and religious fundamentalism," and an "exuberantly incoherent" book that also touches upon the work of John Symmes, a lunar meteorite, and "lunar people who are tiny and nasty".
# Ludwig Anderson Three-Decker

The Ludwig Anderson Three-Decker is a historic triple decker house in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built c. 1896, it was a good example of a vernacular Italianate triple decker, whose exterior decoration has since been removed or covered over. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## Description and history

The Ludwig Anderson Three-Decker is located on Vernon Hill south of downtown Worcester, at the western corner of Fairbanks and Stockton Streets. It is a three-story wood-frame structure, with a shallow hip roof. Its main facade is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the rightmost bay, sheltered by a gabled portico with round columns. The interior follows a typical side hall plan, with a stairwell on the right providing access to the building's three units. Its historic exterior features have been compromised by the application of synthetic siding. These features included a modillioned cornice, window surrounds with rope moulding on the caps, and an early 20th-century portico with paired square columns.
The house was built about 1896, and was typical of early triple-deckers built to house workers in the factories of South Worcester and Quinsigamond Village. Its first owners, and a number of its early tenants, were Swedish immigrants. Ludwig Anderson, whose family owned it into the 1930s, was a grocer who also lived here, while early tenants were machinists, factory workers, and others engaged in lower-paid jobs.
# Fatou N'Diaye

Fatou N'Diaye may refer to:
* Fatou N'Diaye (actress), Senegalese actress
* Fatou N'Diaye (basketball), French-Senegalese basketball player
* Fatou Ndiaye Sow, Senegalese poet, teacher and children's writer
# Baldwin Li

Baldwin Li (born March 1982) is an English film producer from Manchester, United Kingdom.
Li founded Honlodge Productions, his production company, in 2006.
In 2011—alongside film director Mark Gill—Li co-wrote, produced, and co-edited the BAFTA and Academy Award-nominated The Voorman Problem, starring Martin Freeman and Tom Hollander.
England is Mine, Li's first feature in collaboration with Gill, premiered at the closing gala of Edinburgh International Film Festival on 2 July 2017.

## Filmography

* 2008 – 25Gs
* 2011 – The Voorman Problem
* 2013 – Full Time
* 2017 – England is Mine
# Rosedale College

Rosedale College is a mixed secondary school and sixth form located in the Hayes area of the London Borough of Hillingdon, England. The school was first established as Hayes County Grammar School and then became Hayes Manor School before being renamed Rosedale College.
The school converted to academy status on 1 August 2011 as a partnership with Hewens College. Previously Rosedale College was a Foundation School administered by Hillingdon London Borough Council. The school continues to coordinate with Hillingdon London Borough Council for admissions.
Rosedale College specialises in technology and applied learning, and has additional resources for the specialisms including a dedicated building where technology, IT, science and mathematics are taught. Other facilities at the school include a floodlit synthetic pitch and a separate sixth form centre.

## Notable former pupils

* Greg Dyke, media executive and chair of the Football Association, attended Hayes Grammar School
* Tony Lee, New York Times #1 Bestseller author and graphic novelist, attended Hayes Manor between 1981 and 1987

## Notable former staff

* Chris Corcoran, comedian and broadcaster
# Round-tailed muskrat

The round-tailed muskrat (Neofiber alleni) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae, sometimes called the Florida water rat. The species is monotypic in the genus Neofiber. It is found only in the southeastern United States, where its natural habitat is swamps.

## Description

The round-tailed muskrat is a semiaquatic and nocturnal species native to the southeastern United States. Limited sexual dimorphism is seen among round-tailed muskrats, with female adults weighing an average of 262 grams (9.2 oz) and male adults measuring at a slightly heavier average of 279 grams (9.8 oz). The round-tailed muskrat feeds on emergent aquatic grasses, including aquatic plant stems, seeds, and roots, to sustain its herbivorous lifestyle. The most prominent predators of the round-tailed muskrat are marsh hawks and barn owls, but most predation occurred when the round-tailed muskrats were found outside their normal territory, having been displaced by floods. The pelage of a newborn round-tailed muskrat varies from gray to ash-gray. Adults have a brown pelage with pale fur on the belly. This change in coat color is the result of a juvenile molt (between 7 and 30 days post partum) and a subadult molt (between 35 and 50 days post partum). Molting in round-tailed muskrats has been observed throughout the year, but is more prevalent during the autumn.

## Distribution

This muskrat is found through much of Florida and into southeastern Georgia, with the exception of northeastern Florida. This distribution is consistent with round-tailed muskrat fossils found in several Florida locations from the late Pleistocene. It is also consistent with the range of the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), who is absent from areas where the round-tailed muskrat inhabits, due to filling the same ecological niche. Population densities of round-tailed muskrats average between 100 and 120 animals per acre of land.

## Habitat

Large, high-quality wetland habitats in Florida and southeastern Georgia that have well-connected patches are preferred. Land areas that experience high grazing pressure from cattle are less likely to house many (if any) animals due to the negative effect grazing has on wetland grass available to round-tailed muskrats. In addition to actively selecting habitats to which to disperse, round-tailed muskrats shift among 10–15 rest sites within their home habitat ranges. They live slightly above water level in their wetland habitats. Their shelter consists of lodges, located on a layer of dense vegetation, that have been woven out of plant material, and they feed on feeding platforms located above water level. Round-tailed muskrats have been described to be social mammals, but it has been suggested that they may live in colonies only when a shortage of suitable habitat occurs.
# NYU Florence

NYU Florence is an academic centre of New York University located at Villa La Pietra, near Florence, Italy. It is one of NYU's 14 global academic centers.

## Campus

In 1994, Villa La Pietra was bequeathed to New York University by Sir Harold Acton. Natalia and Colletta are the two campus villas dedicated to student housing. On-campus housing is traditional dormitory-style living with standard bedrooms, en-suite or hallway bathrooms, and lounge facilities. Villa Natalia has computer stations and exercise room to which all students have access.

## Academic programs

NYU Florence hosts students from New York University's three degree-granting campuses in New York City, Abu Dhabi, and Shanghai, as well as study-abroad students from its partner universities in the United States.
Select first-year students in the NYU Liberal Studies core program and Global Liberal Studies program may spend their first year of studies at NYU Florence rather than at NYU's campus in New York City.

## La Pietra Dialogues

NYU Florence hosts ongoing conferences on contemporary issues concerning politics, culture, and economics in the La Pietra Dialogues.
# Goombay Kids

Goombay Kids is a Bahamian children's television series which focuses on educating kids about culture, tradition and climate change.

## History

Goombay Kids was premiered in The Bahamas on September 1, 2020. It is created by Stephanie K. Nihon and produced by LFD Productions and StoryGiants. The series has received two awards and two nominations. The show stars Bahamian children, including Keara Jones, Adriana Nihon, Javien Rankine, and Mara McCartney.

## Awards

* Award Winner for Best TV Series at The Cannes World Film Festival.
* Award Winner for Best Producer in The Cannes World Film Festival.
* Award Winner in the Vesuvius Film Festival in Italy.
* Award winner for Beyond the Curve Festival in the UK.
# Lumsden–Boone Building

The Lumsden–Boone Building is a historic commercial building located at 226 Fayetteville Street in the Fayetteville Street Historic District of Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. Constructed in 1896 for tin and hardware dealer J.C.S. Lumsden, the building is the only surviving metal-front building today on Fayetteville Street. Boone's official business name was "C.R. Boone, DeLuxe Clothier"; his was considered one of the city's leading businesses and boasted the slogan "Come and See". The Lumsden–Boone Building is currently used by a web design company. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983, and was renovated in 1985 and in 2008.
# Lee Yeong-hoon

Lee Yeong-hoon (born December 14, 1982) is a South Korean actor.

## Early life

Lee Yeong-hoon began his acting career after joining the MBC Academy while in high school. Some of his peers at academy also went on to future stardom, such as Zo In-sung and Lee So-yeon.

## Career

In 2001, at the age of 19, Lee made his acting debut win the short film Good Romance, directed by filmmaker Leesong Hee-il. Lee entered Suwon Science College as a Broadcasting major, and he performed numerous times on stage while at university.
Upon his discharge from mandatory military service, Leesong Hee-il again cast Lee, this time in the leading role in the indie feature No Regret. An attempt to realistically portray the lifestyle of a young gay man working in the host club industry, No Regret became a ground-breaking film in Korean queer cinema. It traveled the film festival circuit, screening to packed audiences at the 2006 Busan International Film Festival. Lee won Best New Actor at the Korean Association of Film Critics Awards, and he appeared in his first commercial in 2007 for McDonald's.
This was followed by his first major commercial film, the 2008 horror-thriller The Guard Post. Lee was praised by The Korea Times for "shining brightly" in his role as the prime suspect in a massacre of 20 soldiers in the DMZ, and received Best New Actor nominations from the Blue Dragon Film Awards and Korean Film Awards.
Lee continues to star in independent films, including romance drama Ride Away and hip hop-themed The Beat Goes On.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2001 | Good Romance | Won-kyu | short film |
| 2006 | No Regret | Lee Soo-min | |
| 2008 | The Guard Post | Corporal Kang Jin-won | |
| 2008 | Ride Away | Kim Soo-wook | |
| 2010 | One Night Stand | Male college student | cameo (first segment) |
| 2010 | Break Away | Kang Jae-hoon | |
| 2010 | Trouble Shooter | Park Hyung-joon ("Psycho") | |
| 2012 | The Beat Goes On | Kim Min-soo ("Mad Dog") | |
| 2012 | Just Friends | Shim Jae-wook | |
| 2012 | The Traffickers | Dae-woong | |
| 2013 | Top Star | "Song of the Sun" gunman 2 | |
| 2014 | Girls, Girls, Girls | Hyeon-soo | |
| 2015 | Coin Locker | Sang-pil | |

### Television series

| Year | Title | Role | Network |
| 2009 | Her Style | Kim Jong-tae | KBS N |
| 2011 | Detectives in Trouble | Kim Young-tae (guest) | KBS2 |
| 2013 | Blue Tower Zero | Lee Young-hoon | tvN |
| 2015 | KBS Drama Special "The Wind Blows to the Hope" | Bang Dae-sik | KBS2 |

## Theater

* Title
* The Virtuous Burglar
* 어둠의 힘
* A Midsummer Night's Dream
* Three Sisters

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result |
| 2006 | 26th Korean Association of Film Critics Awards | Best New Actor | No Regret | Won |
| 2007 | 43rd Baeksang Arts Awards | Best New Actor (Film) | No Regret | Nominated |
| 2008 | 29th Blue Dragon Film Awards | Best New Actor | The Guard Post | Nominated |
| 2008 | 7th Korean Film Awards | Best New Actor | The Guard Post | Nominated |
# Nate Robinson (soccer)

Nate Robinson (born May 4, 1990, in Novi, Michigan) is an American soccer player.

## Career

While playing with the Detroit Titans, Robinson scored 6 goals and got 16 assist.

### Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC

On February 6, 2015, Robinson signed with the Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC for the 2015 USL Pro Season.
On January 27, 2016, Robinson resigned with the Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC for the 2016 USL Pro Season. On February 28, 2016, Robinson scored in a 2–1 win for the Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC against the Air Force Academy. On March 9, 2016, Robinson scored in a 2–0 win for the Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC against the Colorado School of Minds. On March 15, 2016, Robinson scored in a 4-0 preseason victory against Ventura County Fusion.
# Champlain Valley National Heritage Area

The Champlain Valley National Heritage Area is a federally designated National Heritage Area encompassing eleven counties in New York and Vermont surrounding Lake Champlain. The heritage area designation recognizes the area's historical and scenic significance. The region was a strategic corridor between the Hudson Valley of the United States and the Richelieu Valley of Quebec during the American Revolution in the late 18th century, and saw considerable military action during the War of 1812. During the American Civil War the valley was a part of the Underground Railroad network.
The National Heritage Area encompasses Clinton, Essex, Warren, Saratoga and Washington counties in New York, and Bennington, Rutland, Addison, Chittenden, Franklin and Grand Isle counties in Vermont.
Attractions located within the National Heritage Area include Fort Ticonderoga, the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, Saratoga National Historical Park, portions of Adirondack Park and Green Mountain National Forest, Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge and the Lake Champlain Underwater Historic Preserves.
The Champlain Valley National Heritage Area was established by the Champlain Valley National Heritage Act of 2005. It is administered by the Champlain Valley National Heritage Partnership.
# Chapman Lake (Pennsylvania)

Chapman Lake is a reservoir located in Warren County, Pennsylvania entirely within the Chapman State Park. Chapman State Park is a 862 acres (349 ha) state park that opens from sunrise to sunset. The lake is formed by the disbandment of the West Branch of the Tionesta Creek. The lake spans 68 acres (28 ha) and has fishing for both warm-water and cold-water fish. The park is off US 6, near the town of Clarendon. The nearest hospital is warren general hospital.