# Ludwig Meister

Ludwig Meister (14 December 1919 – 26 November 2011) was a Luftwaffe night fighter ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. During his career he claimed 39 aerial victories, 38 of them at night.

## Career

Meister was born on 14 December 1919 in Rohrmühle, present-day part of Erbendorf, at the time in the Free State of Bavaria within the Weimar Republic. In October 1939, Meister joined the Luftwaffe and served his basic military training with 4. Kompanie (4th company) of Fliegerausbildungsregiment 51 (51st Flight Training Regiment) at Weimar before he was transferred to the Air War School Klotzsche in Dresden in November. On 30 June 1940, Meister then attended the advanced Flugzeugführerschule C 9 (FFS C 9—advanced flight school) at Altenburg. He the attended the blind flying school Blindflugschule 1 (BFS 1—1st blind flying school) at Brandis, Germany from 21 February 1941. He was then posted to the Zerstörerschule (destroyer school) at Neubiberg where he received operational training on the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter. In mid-June 1941, Meister was posted to Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—Night Fighter Wing 1).

### Night fighter career

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defense of the Reich campaign. By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.
The effectiveness of RAF Bomber Command to accurately hit German targets had been questioned by the War Cabinet Secretary David Bensusan-Butt who published the Butt Report in August 1941. The report in parts concluded that the British crews failed to navigate to, identify, and bomb their targets. Although the report was not widely accepted by senior RAF commanders, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, instructed Commander-in-Chief Richard Peirse that during the winter months only limited operations were to be conducted. Flight operations were also hindered by bad weather in the first months of 1942, so II. Gruppe only saw very limited action and Meister was the only pilot of II. Gruppe to claim an aerial victory during that period.
On 8 February 1942, Meister along with other pilots of II. Gruppe was transferred to Koksijde Air Base. The objective of this assignment was to give the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen fighter protection in the breakout from Brest to Germany. The Channel Dash operation (11–13 February 1942) by the Kriegsmarine (Navy) was codenamed Operation Cerberus by the Germans. In support of this, the Luftwaffe under the leadership of General der Jagdflieger (General of the Fighter Force) Adolf Galland, formulated an air superiority plan dubbed Operation Donnerkeil for the protection of the three German capital ships. II./NJG 1 was briefed of these plans in the early morning hours on 12 February. The plan called for protection of the German ships at all costs. The crews were told that if they ran out of ammunition they must ram the enemy aircraft. To the relief of the night fighters they were assigned to the first-line reserves. The operation, which took the British by surprise, was successful and the night fighters were kept in their reserve role. On the evening of 12 February, II. Gruppe was relocated to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. They then relocated again to Aalborg-West in Denmark from where they made a low-level flight in close formation over the Skaggerak, landing at Stavanger-Sola. Over the following days they operated from the airfield at Forus, making a short-term landing at Bergen-Herdla. In total, Schnaufer made two operational flights without contact with the enemy. Following this assignment they relocated to 5. Staffel's new base in Germany at Bonn-Hangelar via Oslo-Gardermoen, Aalborg, and Lüneburg.
On 11 August 1943, Meister was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 (NJG 4—Night Fighter Wing 4). On 6 December 1944, Meister was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of III. Gruppe of NJG 4, succeeding Hauptmann Hans-Karl Kamp in this capacity.

## Summary of career
### Aerial victory claims

Meister was credited with 39 aerial victories, 38 of which at night and over a four-engined bomber by day, claimed in 125 combat missions. Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 39 nocturnal victory claims. Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Meister with 32 claims plus four further unconfirmed claims.
Chronicle of aerial victories :
| This and the ? (question mark) indicates discrepancies between Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945 and Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims. ||||||
| Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Serial No./Squadron No. |
| – 5. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 – ||||||
| 1 | 30 November 1941 | 22:21 | Halifax | 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Bramstedt | |
| 2 | 30 November 1941 | 22:25 | Whitley | 30 km (19 mi) northwest of Stade | |
| 3? | 30 November 1941 | 23:25 | Wellington | Hamburg | |
| – 8. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 – ||||||
| 4 | 29 August 1942 | 00:12 | Wellington | north-northeast of Worms | |
| 5? | 29 August 1942 | 00:15 | Wellington | Bad Kreuznach | |
| 6 | 29 August 1942 | 00:43 | Stirling | Allenbach | |
| – 1. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 – ||||||
| 7 | 25 October 1942 | 02:54 | Wellington | 9 km (5.6 mi) southeast of Valenciennes | |
| 8 | 22 November 1942 | 23:48 | Lancaster | Le Tilleul-Lambert | |
| 9? | 21 December 1942 | 23:00 | Stirling | | |
| 10 | 9 March 1943 | 00:30 | Halifax | 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Le Cateau | Halifax W7851/No. XXXV (Madras Presidency) Squadron |
| 11 | 17 April 1943 | 04:08 | Halifax | northwest of Saint-Hubert | |
| 12 | 30 May 1943 | 02:07 | Stirling | 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Cambrai | Stirling EF349/No. 90 Squadron RAF |
| 13 | 26 June 1943 | 01:23 | Stirling | 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Aalter | |
| 14 | 4 July 1943 | 02:40 | Halifax | vicinity of Rance | Halifax JD262/No. 51 Squadron RAF |
| 15? | 14 July 1943 | 02:30 | Halifax | Vossigny-la-Victoire | |
| 16 | 28 August 1943 | 01:35 | Lancaster | Wolpertshausen | |
| 17 | 28 August 1943 | 01:57 | four-engined bomber | vicinity of Nuremberg | |
| 18 | 4 October 1943 | 21:02 | Halifax | Neuerburg | |
| 19? | 4 October 1943 | 21:03 | Halifax | Trier | |
| 20 | 3 November 1943 | 19:57 | Halifax | 21 km (13 mi) west-northwest of Cologne | |
| 21 | 23 November 1943 | 20:16 | Halifax | central Berlin Grebs | |
| 22 | 20 December 1943 | 19:12 | Halifax | 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Euskirchen | |
| 23 | 2 January 1944 | 05:00 | Lancaster | 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Saint-Pol | |
| 24 | 2 January 1944 | 05:15 | Lancaster | southeast of Mons | |
| 25 | 2 January 1944 | 05:51 | Lancaster | west of Saint-Pol | |
| 26 | 2 January 1944 | 06:00 | Halifax | west of Saint-Pol | |
| 27? | 7 January 1944 | 13:00 | B-17 | Cambrai | |
| 28 | 20 January 1944 | 19:20 | Halifax | 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Liebenwalde | |
| 29 | 20 January 1944 | 19:37 | Halifax | 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Neuruppin | |
| 30 | 20 February 1944 | 02:48 | Lancaster | 13 km (8.1 mi) northeast of Celle | |
| 31 | 20 February 1944 | 03:19 | Lancaster | Wesendorf | |
| 32 | 21 February 1944 | 03:17 | Lancaster | vicinity of Rastatt | |
| 33 | 25 February 1944 | 20:55 | Lancaster | 25 km (16 mi) west of Rethel | |
| 34 | 25 February 1944 | 20:59 | Lancaster | 13 km (8.1 mi) southeast of Rethel | |
| 35 | 25 February 1944 | 21:14 | Lancaster | 23 km (14 mi) south of Vouziers | |
| 36 | 16 March 1944 | 01:18 | Halifax | south of Aachen | |
| 37 | 16 March 1944 | 01:30 | Lancaster | 23 km (14 mi) south of Berine | |
| 38 | 22 March 1944 | 21:51 | four-engined bomber | Gütersloh | |
| – III. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 – ||||||
| 39 | 7 March 1945 | 20:30 | Lancaster | north of Kassel | |

### Awards

* Flugzeugführerabzeichen
* Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
* Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold
* Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 23 August 1943 as Oberleutnant and pilot
* German Cross in Gold on 28 January 1944 as Oberleutnant in the 1./Nachtjagdgeschwader 4
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 June 1944 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 1./Nachtjagdgeschwader 4