OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Variant (magazine)

Variant (.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}ISSN0954-8815) was a free cultural magazine based in Glasgow, Scotland, and founded in 1984. Available in both print and internet editions, it was distributed mainly though arts and cultural institutions through Britain and Ireland. Although nominally an arts and cultural bulletin, the magazine also dealt with broader social and political issues, often from a left-leaning perspective.[citation needed] 15,000 copies were distributed per issue.
Volume 1 ran from issue 1 (1984) to 16 (1994), almost twice a year; volume 2 ran from 1996 to 2012, two or three times a year. Contributors included people such as poet and community activist Lorna J Waite, cultural theorist Angela McRobbie, artist Mark Pawson, etc.
# Epson R-D1

The Epson R-D1 is the world's first digital rangefinder camera induced by Epson in March 2004. The R-D1 was a joined venture between Epson, with developed the electrical systems, UI and imaging processor and Cosina which provided the body (a modified version of the Voigtländer Bessa R2 body) and rangefinder mechanics. It uses the Leica M-mount, allowing compatibility with a wide range of lenses. The mechanical shutter of the R-D1 has to be recocked by hand with is a unique feature for a digital camera.

## R-D1

R-D1 was jointly developed by Seiko Epson and Cosina and manufactured by the latter, which also builds the current Voigtländer cameras. It uses Leica M-mount lenses or earlier Leica screw mount lenses with an adapter.
An unusual feature to note on the R-D1 is that it is a digital camera that has a manually wound shutter with a rapid wind lever. The controls operate in the same way as film-based rangefinder cameras.
Data such as white balance, shutter speed, picture quality, and shots remaining are all displayed with servo driven indicators on a dial like a watch face (made by Epson's parent company Seiko). With the rear screen folded away, it is not obviously a digital camera.
R-D1 and all of the subsequent modifications of the camera have been using the same 1.5× crop factor sensor, interline-transfer CCD (Sony ICX413AQ), the same sensor as used in Pentax *ist D, Nikon D100. The sensor originally dates to 2002.

## R-D1s

The successor of R-D1, the R-D1s was released in March 2006. The Epson R-D1s is mechanically identical to the R-D1, but with a firmware upgrade. It adds:
* JPEG+RAW mode
* Quick view function
* Adobe RGB mode
* Noise reduction for long exposures
Users of R-D1 could upgrade their camera to have the same functions.

## R-D1x

The successors of the R-D1s, the R-D1x and R-D1xG were made available from 9 April 2009 in Japan only. They feature very similar feature set except for few modifications:
* Larger 2.5" LCD display (vs 2" in the previous model) but with the same resolution - 235K
* LCD is no longer articulated and cannot be closed
* Support of SDHC memory cards which increased max. capacity to 32 GB (vs. 2 GB for previous models)
* Improvements in accessibility of rangefinder adjustment
* R-D1xG model also includes removable grip
On 17 March 2014, Epson announced that the R-D1x was discontinued.
# Octasulfur

Octasulfur is an inorganic substance with the chemical formula S$_8$. It is an odourless and tasteless yellow solid, and is a major industrial chemical. It is the most common allotrope of sulfur and occurs widely in nature.

## Nomenclature

The name octasulfur is the most commonly used for this chemical. It is systematically named cyclo-octasulfur (which is the preferred IUPAC name) and cyclooctasulfane. It is also the final member of the thiocane heterocylic series, where every carbon atom is substituted with a sulfur atom, thus this sulfur allotrope is systematically named octathiocane as well.

## Structure

The chemical consists of rings of 8 sulfur atoms. It adopts a crown conformation with D$_{4d}$ point group symmetry. The S–S bond lengths are equal, at about 2.05 Å. Octasulfur crystallizes in three distinct polymorphs: rhombohedral, and two monoclinic forms, of which only two are stable at standard conditions. The rhombohedral crystal form is the accepted standard state. The remaining polymorph is only stable between 96 and 115 °C at 100 kPa. Octasulfur forms several allotropes: α-sulfur, β-sulfur, γ-sulfur, and λ-sulfur.
λ-Sulfur is the liquid form of octasulfur, from which γ-sulfur can be crystallised by quenching. If λ-sulfur is crystallised slowly, it will revert to β-sulfur. Since it must have been heated over 115 °C, neither crystallised β-sulfur or γ-sulfur will be pure. The only known method of obtaining pure γ-sulfur is by crystallising from solution.
Octasulfur easily forms large crystals, which are typically yellow and are somewhat translucent.

## Production and reactions

Octasulfur is not typically produced as S$_8$ per se. It is the main (99%) component of elemental sulfur, which is recovered from volcanic sources and is a major product of the Claus process, associated with petroleum refineries.
# Thomas Friedensen

Thomas Friedensen (1879–1931) was an English-born artist, active in Australia.
Friedensen was born in Leeds, England. He studied at the Royal College of Art, South Kensington, and in 1912 had an exhibit in the black and white room at the Royal Academy. Friedensen showed a water-colour and two oils at the 1919, 1920 and 1921 exhibitions. He arrived in Australia in 1921 and was elected an associate of the Royal Art Society of New South Wales in 1922. Friedensen established a reputation as an etcher and is represented in the Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth galleries. Friedensen returned to Europe in 1930 and died at Cannes in the south of France in beginning of June 1931.
# Raktham - The Blood

Raktham - The Blood is a 2019 Indian Telugu language Naxal propaganda political thriller film, written, and directed by Rajesh Touchriver, starring Maganti Banarjee, Madhu Shalini, and Sanju Sivaram in pivotal roles. Upon release, the film received mixed to positive reviews, and was featured at the All Lights India International Film Festival.

## Premise

Raktham is inspired by Albert Camus’s 1949 Play, The Just Assassins. Raktham explores Indian guerrillas, and Naxalite–Maoist insurgency in the interiors of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
# Abenchara

Abenchara was an Guanche queen of Gran Canaria. She was the wife of Tenesor Semidán, the king [es] of Gáldar, who ruled at the end of the 15th century during the conquest of the Canary Islands.

## Name

Abenchara's native name appears late in historiography, as it is first mentioned in the genealogical work of the Franciscan friar Juan Suárez de Quintana in the 18th century. According to the philologist Ignacio Reyes, it could be translated as "great tear" or "separation". In the 17th century, the chronicler Juan Núñez de la Peña gave her the Christian name Juana, while the genealogist Suárez de Quintana called her Ana.

## Biography

Abenchara was the daughter of the faycán Chambeneder. She was taken prisoner by the Castilian captain Pedro de Vera during the conquest of the Canary Islands in the summer of 1482. Her husband, Tenesor Semidán, was captured six months later. Abenchara was taken to the Córdoba, in the Iberian Peninsula, where the Catholic Monarchs were overseeing the conquest of the Emirate of Granada. On 31 August, both received Abenchara, who was pregnant, and entrusted her care to the warden of the Alcázar, Juan de Frías.
The Queen of the Canary Islands was seriously ill due to the vicissitudes of the long journey and her pregnancy, and she was on the verge of death for four weeks. However, she recovered and on 30 September gave birth to a girl named Catalina Fernández Guanarteme [es]. The Catholic Monarchs left the fortress a day later, leaving instructions for the Canary Islander to have everything she needed after the birth. Abenchara remained in the fortress for almost another year, until her husband came to meet her on 15 August 1483, so they could return to the Canary Islands.
They travelled from Córdoba to Seville, where they observed that many Canary Islanders had been banished from the Canaries due to the actions of Pedro de Vera. Fernando. Abenchara asked for favourable treatment and managed to get more than forty of their relatives to return to the islands. It seems that Abenchara was also the mother of Guayarmina, later known as Margarita Fernández Guanarteme.
According to Roberto Hernández Bautista, in his work Los Semidanes en Canarias, Abenchara repudiated her husband and remarried another Christianised Canary Islander named Juan de las Casas, who refused to go to Tenerife for fear of being taken to Castile and fled to the mountains. Pedro de Vera retaliated and enslaved Abenchara for the second time, taking her to Jerez de la Frontera. After some eight years of captivity, her nephew Juan de Guzmán managed to free her, returning to Gran Canaria.

## Memory

In October 2001, the sculptor Facundo Fierro, born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, inaugurated a monument to the queens Abenchara and Isabel in the Mudejar courtyard of the Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos in Córdoba, commemorating the meeting between the two monarchs. The initiative was supported by the City Council of Córdoba, the Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria [es] and the Casa de Canarias in Madrid.
# Kenya–Zambia relations

Kenya–Zambia relations are bilateral relations between Kenya and Zambia. Zambia is a partner of Kenya in many areas particularly trade, energy and agriculture.

## History

Kenya and Zambia have generally enjoyed warm relations. They cooperate in areas such as agriculture, tourism, information and communication and education. They have also signed an MOU on science, technology and innovation.
The first Joint Permanent Commission for Cooperation that was signed by the presidents of the two countries on 8 September 1982.

## Presidential visits

President Uhuru Kenyatta visited Zambia in July 2015 on the invitation of President Edgar Lungu of Zambia.
President Hakainde Hichilema visited Kenya in June 2022 for a state visit.

## Trade

Zambia has on numerous occasions accused Kenya of blocking Zambian made goods, particularly sugar. Zambia has on occasion retaliated by blocking all Kenyan made goods from Zambia. At one time Zambia refused to allow palm oil from Kenya citing that the goods didn't meet the 35% local content. Kenyan processed milk was also not allowed into Zambia at a time as Zambian officials had concerns with standards. Both countries are part of COMESA which is a free trade area aimed at promoting intra-African trade.
Kenya exports edible oils, margarines, iron sheets, steel pipes and products, detergents, baking powder, kitchen and table wares, spices, blankets, beauty products, toiletries, irrigation pumps, tyres, and textiles and crafts to Zambia.
Kenya's top imports from Zambia include copper wire or refined, maize seed, electric conductors, butane, LPG, waste and scrap primary cells, crude vegetable material, pig iron, asbestos and ferro silicon.
Kenya exported goods worth $72.7 million to Zambia in 2011, whereby trade had increased by 31% from 2010. Zambian exported good worth $65.5 million to Kenya in the same year.

### Energy

Both countries signed an MOU to interconnect their national grids along with Tanzania. The deal was aimed at connecting Eastern Africa's power grid to that of the Southern Africa. The deal is worth $1.2 billion.

### FDI

Kenyan investors in Zambia include Kenya Airways, Davis and Shirtliff, KenolKobil and Mastermind Tobacco.

## Diplomatic missions

* Zambia maintains a high commission in Nairobi.
* Kenya also maintains a high commission in Lusaka.
# The Jubilees

The Jubilees were an English four-piece band from Sleaford, Lincolnshire, England.

## The band

The band formed in January 2004 in the Lincolnshire market town of Sleaford, named after the Jubilee Rooms which was one of the rooms in their local village hall.
The band comprised four members, Dan Hare (lead vocals and guitar), Mark Ward (keyboards and backing vocals), Gaz Sutton (bass) and Chris Tuck (drums).
The band first released a self-titled six track demo CD in 2005 which was written, recorded, mixed and produced by the band. They released an album Hide & Seek in October 2006, composed of eleven tracks, including "Hide & Seek", "Insomniac" and "One in a Million".
The band gigged all over the country and got through to the finals of the 2007 Road To V competition, for which previous winners have included Bombay Bicycle Club and The Young Knives.
Dan Hare went on to join the re-formed 22-20s in 2008 as second guitarist and backing vocalist.

## Discography

* The Jubilees (demo EP)
* Hide & Seek (album)
# Confederate Rest

Confederate Rest, in Forest Hill Cemetery, Madison, Wisconsin, is the northernmost Confederate graveyard in the nation. 140 Confederate prisoners of war who died under Union captivity lie in it.

## History
### Origins

   “They die off like rotten sheep. There was 11 die off yesterday and today, and there ain’t a day but what there is from two to nine dies.”
Following the Battle of Island Number Ten, about 1400 Confederate soldiers who surrendered there, many from the 1st Regiment Alabama Infantry, were taken at the end of April, 1862, to the Union training field Camp Randall in Madison, Wisconsin, which was found to be unsuitable, resulting in the deaths of 140 prisoners before the remaining survivors were sent to Camp Douglas (Chicago) at the end of May 1862.

### Mass grave and reorganization

The dead prisoners were interred in a mass grave. In the early years, Alice Waterman, a Madison resident who lived near the cemetery, cared for the burial grounds using her own funds. Later, each deceased was given his own tombstone.

### Confederate cenotaph removed

In January 2019, after a year-long debate, a stone cenotaph etched with the names of the 140 Confederate prisoners of war was removed from the cemetery by the Madison Parks Department and transferred to storage at the Wisconsin Veterans Museum.
# Smoky Hill Township, Saline County, Kansas

Smoky Hill Township is a township in Saline County, Kansas, United States.

## History

Smoky Hill Township was organized in 1871.
# Vladimir Pyankov

Vladimir Ivanovich Pyankov (31 March 1954 – 1 February 2002) was a Russian phytophysiologist, professor of the Ural State University.
Great contribution in studies of structural and functional methods of the ecological studies of photosynthesis has been made by V. I. Pyankov. He successfully developed the idea of academician Adolf Mokronosov about the unity of structure and function in the evolution of photosynthesis.

## Named for

* Pyankovia Akhani & E.H.Roalson

## Works

* V.I.Pyankov, H.Ziegler, A.Kuz’min, G.E.Edwards. - Origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the tribe Salsoleae (Chenopodiaceae) based on anatomical and biochemical types in leaves and cotyledons. Plant Syst Evol 230: S.43–74, 2001.
# Nora's Hair Salon

Nora's Hair Salon is a 2004 independent comedy-drama film, written by Chanel Capra and Jean-Claude La Marre, and directed by Jerry LaMothe. This film stars Jenifer Lewis, Tamala Jones, and Tatyana Ali.

## Plot

Nora Harper (Jenifer Lewis) is an African-American businesswoman who owns a hair salon in Los Angeles, California. She keeps a watchful eye over her employees, friends, relatives, and regular customers. Lilleana (Tatyana Ali) is a new employee from the Dominican Republic who is in an abusive relationship with Bennie (Bobby Brown). Chloe (Tamala Jones) is a hairstylist with aspirations of a career in show business. Ming (Lucille Soong) is an opinionated manicurist with anger issues. Devin (Jean-Claude La Marre) is a bisexual man who is uncertain about his relationship with Delicious (Donn Swaby), and fears losing his girlfriend (played by Lil' Kim as herself) in the event she discovers his attraction to men. Later in the film, Nora suffers a heart attack; her friends from the salon hope for her recovery, but she dies shortly before the end of the film. In the end, the salon remains open, selling Nora's hairstyling products.

## Cast

* Jenifer Lewis as Nora Harper
* Tamala Jones as Chloe (addressed as "Clo")
* Tatyana Ali as Lilleana
* Jean-Claude La Marre as Devin
* Bobby Brown as Benny
* Lucille Soong as Ming
* Claudia Jordan as Dahlia
* Christine Carlo as Xenobia
* Donn Swaby as Delicious
* Jonathan McDaniel as Leronne
* Lil' Kim as Herself
* Whitney Houston as Herself
* Cheyenne Maxey as Girl Scout

## Sequel

A direct-to-video sequel was released, titled Nora's Hair Salon 2: A Cut Above featuring Tatyana Ali in the starring role, and co-starring Stacey Dash, Donn Swaby, Bobby Brown, and Mekhi Phifer. The film is lighter in tone and content than its predecessor, with a PG-13 rating. Creator and co-star Jean-Claude La Marre cameos as Devin, who has become a minister and is now straight, much to the chagrin of his ex Delicious.
A third film was released in 2011 titled Nora's Hair Salon 3: The Cutting Edge. However, none of the original cast appears. This time around, Delicious is the main character and new owner of the salon.
# 2015 St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council election

The 2015 St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 7 May 2015 to elect members of St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council in England. This was on the same day as other local elections.

## By-elections between 2015 and 2016
### Thatto Heath

A by-election was held in Thatto Heath on 21 January 2016 after the death of Labour councillor Sheila Seddon.
Thatto Heath by-election 21 January 2016 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | Nova Charlton | 964 | 71.1 | +5.4 |
| | UKIP | Alastair Sutcliffe | 182 | 13.4 | −1.8 |
| | Conservative | Lisa Mackarell | 147 | 10.8 | −2.1 |
| | Green | Damien Clarke | 62 | 4.6 | −1.5 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 782 | 57.7 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,355 | | |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | Swing | | |
# Conotton Creek Trail

The Conotton Creek Trail is a rail trail in Ohio, running from Bowerston to Jewett in northern Harrison County. The trail spains 11.2 miles one way or 22.4 miles round trip.
The paved multi-use trail is suitable for biking, unicycling, roller-blading, wheel chairing, jogging, and walking. It features six bridges, two of which (in Scio and Jewett) are covered. The trail has 40 birdhouses to attract tree swallows and bluebirds. The Rails-to-Trails Conservancy chose it as its "Trail of the Month" for March 2002.
The trail is owned by Harrison County, and is managed by a committee of trail advocates
The trail is a part of the Great American Rail-Trail.
# Panthera onca augusta

Panthera onca augusta is an extinct subspecies of the jaguar that was endemic to North America during the Last Glacial Maximum of the Pleistocene epoch.

## History and distribution

Although P. onca still resides in the southern United States and several Native American tales possibly about P. onca augusta exist, the first published remains were described in 1872. The fossils were found by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden on the Platte River of Nebraska and sent to Joseph Leidy at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, who named them Felis augustus in 1872. The fossils consisted of a premolar IV and maxilla fragment, the type (USNM 1004), as well as another tooth and a distal humerus, though the humerus is likely that of Panthera atrox or Smilodon fatalis. Leidy also mistakenly believed the fossils were from the Pliocene, but they actually come from the Pleistocene.
Later in 1919, Oliver Perry Hay described a left canine from Vero, Florida that he named Felis veronis, though it is now seen as a synonym of P. onca augusta. In 1929, George Simpson referred several teeth from Seminole Field, Florida to F. veronis and the same year a right mandible and several teeth from Melbourne, Florida were collected by Dr. J. W. Gidley. All material found has been referred to P. onca augusta, the mandible notably was the first complete one found of the taxon. Yet another discovery came in 1938, with the discovery of 2 fragmentary postcranial skeletons of P. onca augusta in Cumberland Cave, Maryland intermingled with that of a puma.
The most productive discoveries outside of California came in 1939 and 1944, with the discoveries of footprints and several fossils in Craighead Caverns, Tennessee during the former year. 1944 saw the collection of 2, well preserved skeletons in Salt River Cave, also in Tennessee, that included 2 partial skulls and many axial elements that clearly demonstrated the subspecies’ clear differences with other taxa. Many more fossils were later collected by the American Museum of Natural History at Craighead Caverns, including several mandibles and partial craniums.
Additional fossils referable to P. onca augusta have been found in Oregon and, most notably, the La Brea Tar Pits of California. P. onca augusta is most frequently found in Florida’s localities, as there are many fossil-bearing sites from the Pleistocene throughout Florida. In 2021, a partial mandible was referred to P. onca augusta from Chapala, Mexico, extending the range south to southwestern Mexico. A possible specimen of P. onca augusta is also known from Georgia, and mitogenomic analysis suggests that the specimen certainly belongs to P. onca, though its subspecific assignment remains unresolved.
# Bick

Bick may refer to:

## People

* Charity Bick (1925–2002), George Medal recipient
* Charles O. Bick (1909–1994), Canadian administrator
* Donald Bick (1936–1992), British cricketer
* Eckhard Bick (born 1958), German linguist
* Esther Bick (1902–1983), Polish psychologist
* Ilsa J. Bick, American author
* Jacob Samuel Bick (1772–1831), Austrian author
* Jamie Bick (born 2000), German actress
* Marjorie Bick (1915–2013), Australian biochemist
* Patrick Bick (born 1977), German footballer
* Sam Bick (born 1955), American soccer player
* Bick Campbell (1898–1967), American baseball umpire

## Other uses

* Bick's Pickle, Canadian food brand
* Members of the Rapoport-Bick (rabbinic dynasty) who used Bick as their last name, often alone
* Anvil