# War and Peace (opera)

War and Peace (Op. 91) (Russian: Война и мир, Voyna i mir) is a 1946 230-minute opera in 13 scenes, plus an overture and an epigraph, by Sergei Prokofiev. Based on the 1869 novel War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy, its Russian libretto was prepared by the composer and Mira Mendelson. The first seven scenes are devoted to peace, the latter six, after the epigraph, to war.
Although Tolstoy's work is classified as a novel, the 1812 invasion of Russia by the French was a historical event, and some real-life people appear as characters in both the novel and the opera, e.g. Prince Mikhail Kutuzov and Napoleon Bonaparte.

## Composition history

Mendelson and Prokofiev's original scheme for the libretto of the opera envisaged 11 scenes, and Prokofiev began composing the music in the summer of 1941, spurred on by the German invasion of the Soviet Union which began on June 22, 1941. The description "lyric-dramatic scenes" in the libretto accurately suggests both a homage to Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin and an emphasis on individuals and their emotions rather than on the bigger picture of a country at war.
A piano score was completed by the summer of 1942 (two scenes having been changed from the original version), and it was submitted to the Soviet Union's Committee on the Arts. The Committee demanded that the Part 2 (War) scenes needed a more patriotic and heroic emphasis. Prokofiev, who had wanted to see his masterpiece staged as quickly as possible, added marches, choruses, and other materials to Part 2 to satisfy the committee. In addition, he composed the choral Epigraph, which emphasises the Russian people's defiance in the face of the enemy.

## Performance history

Plans were drawn up for a 1943 première at the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, to be directed by Sergei Eisenstein and conducted by Samuil Samosud. Nothing came of this project, although a private performance of eight scenes with piano accompaniment took place at the Moscow Actors’ Centre on October 16, 1944, and a public concert performance of nine scenes, conducted by Samosud, was given in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory on June 7, 1945.
The first staged performance was of a newly extended seven-scene version of Part 1 (what is now Scene 2 having been added at Samosud's suggestion), together with Scene 8, the first scene of Part 2. This took place on June 12, 1946, at the Maly Theatre (before the Revolution – Mikhailovsky Theatre) in Leningrad, again conducted by Samosud. Part 2, also with an additional scene (Scene 10), was to be performed there in July 1947, but after the dress rehearsal no public performances were given, “for reasons beyond the control of the theatre and the composer”.
Following the Zhdanov decree of February 1948, Prokofiev started work on a shortened single-evening version of the opera, at the same time making various revisions to his original scheme, although the thirteen-scene framework remained. This version was first performed on 26 May 1953, at the Teatro Comunale, Florence, conducted by Artur Rodziński, two months after the composer's death. Scenes 2 and 9 were, however, omitted. The Russian première of this version was given at the Maly Theatre, Leningrad, on April 1, 1955, conducted by Eduard Grikurov, in this case with the omission of Scenes 7 and 11. All thirteen scenes (but with cuts) were eventually first performed together on November 8, 1957, at the Stanislavski-Nemirovich-Danchenko Theatre in Moscow, under the baton of Samosud's assistant Alexander Shaverdov. On December 15, 1959, the 13 scenes and Epigraph were finally staged uncut (conducted by Alexander Melik-Pashayev) at the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, although this was preceded in the United States by an NBC telecast conducted by Peter Herman Adler on January 13, 1957.
The first British performance was a Leeds Festival concert performance at Leeds Town Hall on April 19, 1967 (conductor Edward Downes). The first British staged performance was by Sadlers’ Wells Opera on October 11, 1972, and the first American staging by the Opera Company of Boston on May 8, 1974. In other countries, the thirteen-scene version of the opera was first performed in Germany (Bonn) and Bulgaria (Sofia) in 1957, Serbia (Belgrade) in 1958, Croatia (Zagreb) in 1961, the Czech Republic (Liberec) in 1962, France (Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, Paris, in concert) and Canada (Montreal) in 1967, Austria (Vienna State Opera, conducted by Mstislav Rostropovich) in 1971, Australia (the opening performance at the Sydney Opera House) and Argentina (Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires) in 1973, Spain (Liceu, Barcelona) in 1977 and the Netherlands (Amsterdam, conducted by Edo de Waart) in 1991. The Canadian Opera Company performed the opera as part of its 2008–09 season.

### Original version

In 2010 Prokofiev's original version of the opera, edited by Rita McAllister, was premiered in Glasgow, in a collaboration between Scottish Opera and the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland (formerly RSAMD). This briefer version represents Prokofiev's thoughts in 1941, before the various additions and amendments he assembled over the years. It runs some 90 minutes shorter than the later version.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast Moscow 1945 | Premiere cast Leningrad 1946 | Premiere cast Florence 1953 | Premiere cast Leningrad 1955 | Premiere cast NBC TV 1957 | Premiere cast Moscow 1957 | Premiere cast Moscow 1959 |
| Version |||||||||
| | | 9 scenes Concert performance | 8 scenes Stage première | 11 scenes | 11 scenes | 13 scenes | 13 scenes (cut) | 13 scenes |
| Natalya (Natasha) Rostova | soprano | M. Nadion | Tatiana Lavrova | Rosanna Carteri | Tatiana Lavrova | Helena Scott | Valentina Kayevchenko | Galina Vishnevskaya |
| Count Pyotr (Pierre) Bezukhov | tenor | F. Fedotov | Oles Chishko | Franco Corelli | Glebov | David Lloyd | | Vladimir Petrov |
| Prince Andrei Bolkonsky | baritone | Andrei Ivanov | Sergei Shaposhnikov | Ettore Bastianini | Sergei Shaposhnikov | Morley Meredith | Shchabinsky | Yevgeny Kibkalo |
| Field-Marshal Prince Mikhail Kutuzov | bass | Alexander Pirogov | Butyagin | Italo Tajo | Butyagin | Kenneth Smith | Alexander Pirogov | Alexei Krivchenya |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | baritone | | | | Modestov | Leon Lishner | | Pavel Lisitsian |
| Count Ilya Rostov, Natasha's father | bass | | | Italo Tajo | | Chester Watson | | |
| Hélène Bezukhova, Pierre's wife | contralto | A. Vassilieva | | Cesy Broggini | Baskova | Gloria Lane | | Irina Arkhipova |
| Prince Anatole Kuragin, her brother | tenor | F. Oganian | Androukovich | Mirto Picchi | Androukovich | Davis Cunningham | | Aleksei Maslennikov |

### Other roles

Over seventy characters are listed in the libretto, and many singers usually play multiple roles.
Other important characters are:
Other named characters are:
Unnamed characters are: The Host at the ball and his Major-Domo (tenors), Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky's servants – his Major-Domo and an old servant (baritones) and a housemaid (soprano), a French Abbé (tenor), two Prussian Generals (speaking roles), two staff-officers (tenor and bass), Prince Andrei's Orderly (tenor), Adjutants to General Compans and Prince Eugène (tenors) and to Marshal Murat (treble), Aides-de-camp to Napoleon (bass) and Kutuzov (tenor), an off-stage Orderly (tenor), a young workman (tenor), a shopkeeper (soprano), a French Officer (baritone), three Madmen (tenor, baritone, silent role), two French Actresses (soprano), an escort (silent role).

## Synopsis
### Part 1 (Peace)

The Overture or the Epigraph usually precedes the action
Scene 1: After dark, in the garden of Count Rostov's country estate, May, 1806
Andrei, who is a guest there, is depressed by the loss of his wife. Natasha, who also cannot sleep, looks out of her window and tells Sonya how beautiful the garden looks in the moonlight, and Andrei recovers his spirits.
Scene 2: New Year's Eve, 1810
At a ball in St Petersburg attended by the Tsar, Pierre encourages Andrei, who is attracted to Natasha, to ask her to dance. Anatole, also attracted to her, asks Hélène to arrange an introduction.
Scene 3: Town house of Prince Nikolai, February 1812
Count Rostov and Natasha visit Prince Nikolai's home. He is the father of Andrei, to whom she is engaged. Andrei has been abroad for a year. Princess Marya indicates that her father will not see them, and Count Rostov departs. However, the Prince, dressed eccentrically and behaving boorishly, does appear, and Natasha realises that he does not approve of the marriage.
Scene 4: Pierre's Moscow house, May 1812
Hélène tells Natasha that Anatole is attracted to her, and, after some hesitation, Natasha hears his declaration of love and agrees to meet him.
Scene 5: Dolokhov's apartment, 12 June 1812
Dolokhov has made the arrangements for his friend Anatole's elopement with Natasha. The coach-driver Balaga, Dolokhov and Anatole drink to the escapade and to the latter's mistress Matriosha.
Scene 6: Later that night
Natasha discovers that Sonya has given away her secret to Madame Akhrosimova, with whom they are staying. Anatole and Dolokhov are sent away by Gavrila, and Akhrosimova reduces Natasha to tears. Pierre arrives, reveals that Anatole is married, and agrees to ask Andrei to forgive Natasha. He shyly admits that he himself would want to marry her if he were free. Natasha takes poison off-stage and rushes back on stage in great agitation to confess this fact to Sonya.
Scene 7: Later still
Hélène is entertaining Anatole, Metivier and an Abbé. Pierre, returning home, upbraids Anatole and demands that he leave Moscow immediately. He agrees, and Pierre is left alone to bemoan his own circumstances. Denisov arrives with the news that Napoleon and his army are crossing into Russia. War is inevitable.

### Part 2 (War)

The Epigraph is usually performed here if it was not used at the start of Part 1.
Scene 8: Near Borodino, 25 August 1812
Amid preparations for the defence of Moscow, Andrei and Denisov discuss utilising partisans to make life difficult for Napoleon's army. Pierre, wanting to observe the scene, arrives, and he and Andrei embrace, perhaps for the last time. Field-Marshal Kutuzov offers Andrei a position on his staff, but Andrei prefers to go into battle with his own regiment. The battle starts.
Scene 9: Later that day
Napoleon ponders his position, first refusing to commit more men, then agreeing. An unexploded cannonball lands at his feet and he kicks it away.
Scene 10: Two days later
Kutuzov and his generals are holding a Council of War at Fili, near Smolensk. The army will be at risk if Moscow is to be defended to the last – but if the army retreats, Moscow will be at the mercy of the French. Kutuzov decides that only by retreating, and potentially sacrificing Moscow, will there be any hope of victory.
Scene 11: Moscow is burning
The city is on fire because its citizens try to avoid a surrender. Pierre is caught up among some Muscovites, including the veteran Platon Karataev, who are accused by the French of fire-raising. As the asylum and theatre burn, lunatics and actresses flee – but Napoleon has to admit that the courage of the people has frustrated his plans.
Scene 12: In a peasant's hut at Mitishchi
The wounded Prince Andrei, delirious, has been evacuated with the Rostovs from Moscow. Natasha, who had been unaware that he was among her fellow evacuees, visits him. She tries to apologise for her conduct, but he again declares his love for her, and they sing of their happiness as Natasha reassures him that he will live. He falls asleep, and his heartbeat (conveyed by an offstage chorus) stops for ever.
Scene 13: November, 1812
On the road to Smolensk, the retreating French are escorting a group of prisoners through a snow-storm. Karataev cannot keep up and is shot, but Pierre and the others are rescued by the partisans. Denisov tells Pierre that Andrei is dead but that Natasha is alive and well. Kutuzov and his men rejoice in their victory, and celebrate the indomitable will of the Russian people.

## Music

Broadly speaking, the music for Part 1 is lyrical and that for Part 2 is dramatic. There are a number of arias, though these are rarely free-standing and are usually preceded and/or followed by arioso or short conversational passages. Dance music is prominent in Part 1, military music and choruses in Part 2. A number of themes, associated especially with Natasha, Andrei and Pierre, recur throughout the opera. Prokofiev borrowed Natasha's and Andrei's principal themes from incidental music that he had written for a dramatisation of Pushkin's Eugene Onegin: Natasha's theme had been associated with Lensky, and Andrei's with Tatyana. Kutuzov's aria in Scene 10 (also sung by the chorus at the end of the opera) re-used music that Prokofiev had written for Eisenstein's film Ivan the Terrible.

## Instrumentation
### Orchestra

    Strings (1st and 2nd Violins, Violas, Cellos, Double basses)
    Percussion (Triangle, Wooden Drum, Tambourine, Snare Drum, Bass Drum, Cymbals, Tam-tam, Glockenspiel, Xylophone)

## Recordings

| Year | Cast: Natasha, Pierre, Andrei Bolkonsky, Prince Mikhail Kutuzov | Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra | Label |
| 1953 | Rosanna Carteri, Franco Corelli, Ettore Bastianini, Italo Tajo | Artur Rodziński, Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Orchestra and Chorus (Recording of a performance at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, May) | Audio CD: Andromeda/Melodram Cat: ANDRCD 5022 |
| 1958 | Radmila Vasovic-Bakocevic, Alexander Marinkovich, Dushan Popovich, Djordje Djurdejevic | Werner Janssen, Belgrade National Opera Orchestra, Vienna State Opera Orchestra and Vienna Chamber Choir | Audio CD: Naxos Classical Archive Cat: 9.81197-98 |
| 1961 | Galina Vishnevskaya, Vladimir Petrov, Yevgeny Kibkalo, Alexei Krivchenya | Alexander Melik-Pashayev, Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra and Chorus | Audio CD: BMG-Melodiya Cat: 74321 29 350–2 |
| 1982 | Galina Kalinina, Evgeni Raikov, Yury Masurok, Alexander Vedernikov | Mark Ermler, Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra and Chorus | Audio CD: Melodiya Cat: MEL CD 10 01444 |
| 1986 | Galina Vishnevskaya, Wieslaw Ochman, Lajos Miller, Nicola Ghiuselev | Mstislav Rostropovich, ORTF National Orchestra and Chorus | Audio CD: Erato Cat: 2292–45331–2 |
| 1986 | Roumyana Bareva, Petko Marinov, Lyubomir Videnov, Stefan Elenkov | Rouslan Raichev, Sofia National Opera | Audio CD: Fidelio Cat: 8801/3 |
| 1991 | Yelena Prokina, Gegam Grigorian, Alexandr Gergavov, Nikolay Okhotnikov [ru] | Valery Gergiev, Kirov Theatre Orchestra and Chorus | Audio CD: Philips Cat: 434 097–2 DVD: Kultur, Cat: D 2903; Arthaus Musik, Cat: 100 370 |
| 1999 | Ekaterina Morozova, Justin Lavender, Oleg Balachov, Roderick Williams | Richard Hickox, Spoleto Festival Orchestra and State Symphony Capella of Russia (Recorded in the Teatro Nuovo, Spoleto, 4,6,8–10 July) | Audio CD: Chandos Records Cat: CHAN 9855 |
| 2000 | Olga Guryakova, Robert Brubaker, Nathan Gunn, Anatoli Kotcherga | Gary Bertini, Paris Opera Orchestra and Chorus (Video recording of a performance in the Opéra Bastille, Paris), a lot of minor and major cuts, incomplete. | DVD: TDK Cat: DV-OPWP (Europe); DVUS-OPWP (US) |