# Kpelle language

The Kpelle /kəˈpɛlə/ language (endonym: "Kpɛlɛɛ") is spoken by the Kpelle people of Liberia, Guinea and Ivory Coast and is part of the Mande language family. Guinean Kpelle (also known as Guerze in French), spoken by half a million people, is concentrated primarily, but not exclusively, in the southeastern forest regions of Guinea bordering Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone. Half a million Liberians speak Liberian Kpelle, which is taught in Liberian schools.

## Sample

The Lord's Prayer in Kpelle:
    Kunâŋ gáa ŋele sui,
    Tɔɔ ku iláai siɣe a maa waa.
    Tɔɔ Ikâloŋ-laai é pá,
    Tɔɔ ínîa-mɛni é kέ,
    Nɔii ma ɓɛ yɛ̂ɛ berei gáa la Ɣâla-taai.
    I kukɔ sâa a kuɣele-kuu tɔnɔ-tɔnɔ mii-sɛŋ;
    I ipôlu fe kutɔ̂ŋ-karaa-ŋai dîa,
    Yɛ̂ɛ berei kwa kupôlu fè la kuɓarâai ditɔ̂ŋ-karaa-ŋai dîai;
    Tɔɔ kutúɛ kufe pili yee-laa-maa su,
    Kέlɛ, i kukúla mɛni nyɔ́mɔɔ su.

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial–velar |
| Plosive | plain | p | t | | k | k͡p |
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | | ɡ | ɡ͡b |
| Implosive | Implosive | ɓ | | | | |
| Fricative | plain | f | s | | | |
| Fricative | voiced | v | z | | ɣ | |
| Trill | Trill | | r | | | |
| Lateral | Lateral | | l | | | |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |
| Approximant | Approximant | | | j | | w |

### Vowels

| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i | | u |
| Close-mid | e | | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | | ɔ |
| Open | | a | |

### Tones

Kpelle is a tonal language with a three-way level tone distinction: high, mid, and low. Tone patterns within a word are limited, only including:
* High throughout: pέle 'also'
* Mid throughout pεlε 'to start'
* Low throughout pὲle 'small'
* High to low: p^εrε 'side of body'
* Mid to high-low: pɔmûn 'germinate'
These patterns apply to words without affixes, as affixes carry their own tone patterns.

### Stress

Words with high, high-low, and low tone patterns are stress-initial. Mid to high-low have second-syllable stress.

## Grammar
### Alienability and Plurals

All nouns fall into either the alienable or inalienable category. Inalienable nouns are called dependent, and include integral parts of the possessor that cannot be discarded. This category encapsulates body parts, relatives, and membership names. Most Kpelle nouns have one form to represent both singular and plural, with number usually indicated by context. This is except for nouns for people, where the plural is indicated in different ways for dependent and independent nouns. While dependent nouns suffix -ni-, independent nouns have varied plurals.
Dependent nouns always require a possessor and cannot stand alone. For example, nán 'father' is not a valid noun, where kúnan 'our father' is.

### Compounds

Compounds are formed by combining two or more words. The compounding process transforms the final stem into having a low tone, or the tone 'high-low' pattern if the preceding word contains a mid-tone. The compounds are head-final, meaning that the base word being modified is the last morpheme. (e.g. mii 'to eat' + sále 'medicine' → mii-sále 'pill')

### Noun Phrases

The order in a noun phrase goes, from earliest to latest:
* possessor
* noun
* adjective
* numeral
* specificity suffix
* demonstrative pronouns

### Adjectives

There are two classes of adjectives in Kpelle, predicating and descriptive. Most verbs are predicating, being derived from verbs. This can be done through lengthening or changing the value of the final vowel. The suffix takes a high tone except for when the stem has a low tone, in which case the suffix. Examples include táma 'to be plentiful' → támaa 'much, a lot' and kpɔlu 'ripen' → kpɔluɔ 'ripe'. Another method for deriving predicative adjectives is altering the tone of the word. These adjectives are then used as a verb, suffixing low tone -ì. These phrases follow the pattern object + adjective stem + suffix vowel + ì. It is to be noted that the noun that is described by the adjective takes the form of an object.

### Locatives

Locatives, the set of adverbs or adjectives that place an agent or action in a location. There are multiple locative prefixes that Kpelle employs for different styles of location. Examples include: pεrε 'house'+ mù 'inside' → ɓέrεimu 'inside the house' and pεrε 'house'+ lá 'near' → ɓέrεila 'near the house'. These can be taken also as the complement of a noun phrase to express explicit locationality. It can also be used as a noun phrase as the subject to express the location itself, and can be described with predicating clauses.

### Pronouns
#### Subject pronouns

Kpelle has a markedly complex pronominal system, with sets of pronouns that differ often in tense and have distinct sets for affirmative and negative.
Affirmative 1 is used for present, future, and customary tenses. Affirmative 2 is used for past and hortative-consecutive tenses. Affirmative 3 is only used for conditional phrases.
Affirmative :
| | Affirmative 1 | Affirmative 1 | Affirmative 2 | Affirmative 2 | Affirmative 3 | Affirmative 3 |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| 1st Person | ŋa | kwa | ŋá | kú | ŋà | kwà |
| 2nd Person | ɓa | ka | í | ká | ɓà | kà |
| 3rd Person | a | da | è(é) | dí | à | dà |
Negative 1 is used for present, future, past, and hortative-consecutive tenses. Negative 2 is used for the customary tense. Negative 3 is used for conditional tenses.
| | Negative 1 | Negative 1 | Negative 2 | Negative 2 | Negative 3 | Negative 3 |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| 1st Person | fé | kúfé | fa | kúfa | nâi | kûi |
| 2nd Person | ífé | káfé | ífa | káfa | dîi | kâi |
| 3rd Person | vé | dífé | va | dífa | èì | dîi |