OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# RAF Shellingford

RAF Shellingford was a Royal Air Force station located approximately 4 miles east of the town of Faringdon in Oxfordshire. It occupied land adjacent to the A417 road, between the villages of Shellingford and Stanford-in-the-Vale.
Much of the former aerodrome has now been given over to quarrying activities, where significant sand and gravel deposits continue to be extracted to this day. Some of the original technical buildings still exist, and can be seen from the road. Other parts of the aerodrome are given over to agricultural use, and a small industrial estate occupies the remainder of the site.

## Military use

RAF Shellingford was opened for use as a practice landing field for Elementary Flying Training in 1931, the aerodrome being of grass. It opened for night flying during the Second World War on 25 September 1941.
No. 3 Elementary Flying Training School RAF were located at RAF Shellingford with some 56 de Havilland Tiger Moths and a communal site was established for all ranks at nearby Stanford-in-the-Vale. British Army pilots trained here as glider pilots from 1943, the base being one of many assisting in the training of Airspeed Horsa Glider pilots in preparation for the D-Day landings of 1944.
No. 3 Maintenance Unit RAF was also here at some point.
Royal Netherlands Air Force pilots also received training at Shellingford in 1946.
No. 3 EFTS departed in 1948, the aerodrome closing on 31 March 1948 as the RAF gradually wound down following the war. However, the airfield was re-opened briefly for use by the United States Air Force in the 1950s.
USAF 7568 Material Squadron provided radar maintenance for the 32nd Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade whose task was to provide the air defence for all USAF SAC bases in the UK.
RAF Shellingford closed to the USAF in early 1957 with the 7568 MS moving to Denham Film Studios, near Uxbridge, as the 7500 Air Base Group.
# Associated Iron and Steel Workers of Great Britain

The Associated Iron and Steel Workers of Great Britain was a trade union representing people employed in iron- and steelworks in Britain.
The union was founded in 1887, following a conference organised by Edward Trow of the Amalgamated Malleable Ironworkers of Great Britain, which had been in decline for many years. In particular, Trow worried that many of the remaining members worked on contracts in declining ironworking areas, while the new British Steel Smelters' Association (BSSA) aimed to unionise daily paid workers, and indeed campaigned against contracts.
Trow organised a conference in Manchester, where attendees represented 40,000 iron and steel workers. In order to minimise regional rivalries, its rules stated that the president must come from South Staffordshire, and the vice-president from Lancashire. Trow was elected as general secretary, unpaid for the first three months. He suggested that, after this time, the post would be held jointly with James Capper, but Capper was not interested in the role.
In contrast to the earlier union, the Associated also sought to unionise workers in the rapidly growing steelworks, and it had particular success in attracting contractors to join. In 1891, the Malleable Ironworkers was wound up, and its few remaining members transferred to the Associated, with membership reaching 10,000 in 1892. Although this varied over the next decade, it was still around 8,000 in 1899, when Trow died, and the old regional rivalries had by then been overcome.
During the 1900s, the union lost members due to a decline in employment at ironworks, and through some potential members joining the rival BSSA. Both unions were members of the Trades Union Congress and their demarcation dispute came to a head in 1909. The foundation of the loose Iron and Steel Trades Federation in 1913 did not solve the issue, but in the Associated began growing again and merged into the new British Iron, Steel and Kindred Trades Association in 1917, at which point it had just under 10,000 members.

## General Secretaries

    1887: Edward Trow
    1899: James Cox
# Exame

Exame is a fortnightly magazine specializing in economics, business, politics and technology published by Editora Abril, in São Paulo, Brazil. It reports news, reviews and tips about business, sales, investments, economics, environment, technology and marketing.
Launched in 1967, it is the leading business magazine in Brazil. Exame has a circulation of about 200.000 copies with 160,000 subscribers. 70 journalists, designers, revisers and photographers work for the paper. Its headquarters is located in São Paulo with offices in Rio de Janeiro, Brasília and New York City.
A publication with same title and masthead is published under licence of Editora Abril in Angola. Business magazines with the same title exist also in Portugal, there published by Impresa in Lisbon, and in Mozambique.

## Recent circulation history

| Year | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
| Total circulation | 162,500 | 173,800 | 149,600 | 152,600 | 117,700 | 81,500 | 55,466 | 43,822 |
# Qaleh, Soltaniyeh

Qaleh (Persian: قلعه) is a village in Soltaniyeh Rural District of the Central District in Soltaniyeh County, Zanjan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 317 in 83 households, when it was in Soltaniyeh District of Abhar County. The following census in 2011 counted 308 people in 96 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 306 people in 99 households, by which time the district had been elevated to the status of Soltaniyeh County. The rural district was transferred to the new Central District.
# Fábio Pais

Fábio André Costa Pais (born 28 May 1996) is a Portuguese footballer who plays for Vidago as a defender.

## Early life

On May 28, 1996, Pais was born as Fábio André Costa Paia in Covilhã, Portugal.

## Football career

On 25 February 2015, Pais made his professional debut with Sporting Covilhã in a 2014–15 Segunda Liga match against Vitória Guimarães B.
# Amaka Osakwe

Amaka Osakwe (born 1987) is a Nigerian fashion designer and creator of the African-based fashion label named Maki Oh. She has led her womanswear label since 2010 from Lagos, and it is a Nigerian-based label that is globally acknowledged.

## Life and career

Osakwe is of the Igbo tribe. She studied at the Arts University Bournemouth where she received a BA in fashion studies. In autumn/winter 2010 she launched her label. Inspired by rural Ghana’s Dipo rites-of-passage ceremony, during which girls taking part are partially naked and ornately adorned, Osakwe has played with cloaking and ornamentation using traditional African fabrics. Recently her label was discovered by the U.S. fashion scene in 2012, when she presented her designs at the New York Fashion Week. A signature of her brand is her use of a traditional Yoruba indigo-dyed textile called adire, a cultural specialty whose practice revolves around modern-day Ogun and Osun states in western Nigeria. Another is her way of combining Western silhouettes and native materials and motifs—to wit, a lace-blouse-and-pencil-skirt set appliquéd with unsettling raffia eyeballs.
International stars such as singers Beyoncé and Rihanna and Hollywood actress Kerry Washington have worn outfits by the Nigerian designers. U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama, well-known for being a style icon, wore an Amaka Osakwe-designed Maki Oh blouse during summer 2013 trip to South Africa. Her designs also have been worn by the likes of Solange Knowles, Lady Gaga, Issa Rae, and Leelee Sobieski and by Nigerian TV presenter Eku Edewor and are sold internationally through Farfetch.com, and in United States at the McMullen boutique in Oakland.
Osakwe was named "Designer of the Year" by African fashion magazine ARISE. Since 2010, her work has been showcased at the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology, the Vitra Design Museum, and the Brighton Museum & Art Gallery.
# 1984–85 Algerian Championnat National

The 1984–85 Algerian Championnat National was the 23rd season of the Algerian Championnat National since its establishment in 1962. A total of 20 teams contested the league, with GCR Mascara as the defending champions, The Championnat started on September 31, 1984 and ended on May 26, 1985.

## Team summaries
### Promotion and relegation

Teams promoted from Algerian Division 2 1984-1985
* IRB Relizane
* ISM Aïn Béïda
* JH Djazaïr
Teams relegated to Algerian Division 2 1985-1986
* MP Alger
* RS Kouba
* JCM Tiaret

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | JE Tizi-Ouzou | 38 | 19 | 11 | 8 | 58 | 18 | +40 | 87 | League Champions, qualified for African Cup |
| 2 | MP Oran | 38 | 17 | 10 | 11 | 38 | 35 | +3 | 82 | Algerian Cup Winner, qualified for Cup Winners' Cup |
| 3 | WKF Collo | 38 | 17 | 10 | 11 | 43 | 35 | +8 | 82 | |
| 4 | MA Hussein Dey | 38 | 17 | 10 | 11 | 43 | 35 | +8 | 82 | |
| 5 | WM Tlemcen | 38 | 16 | 9 | 13 | 41 | 34 | +7 | 79 | |
| 6 | EP Sétif | 38 | 12 | 16 | 10 | 39 | 39 | 0 | 78 | |
| 7 | ASC Oran | 38 | 12 | 15 | 11 | 33 | 27 | +6 | 77 | |
| 8 | WO Boufarik | 38 | 12 | 15 | 11 | 39 | 35 | +4 | 77 | |
| 9 | USM El Harrach | 38 | 11 | 16 | 11 | 38 | 31 | +7 | 76 | |
| 10 | CM Belcourt | 38 | 10 | 18 | 10 | 37 | 38 | −1 | 76 | |
| 11 | JS Bordj Ménaïel | 38 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 36 | 40 | −4 | 75 | |
| 12 | Chlef SO | 38 | 11 | 15 | 12 | 36 | 40 | −4 | 75 | |
| 13 | USM Annaba | 38 | 10 | 16 | 12 | 46 | 49 | −3 | 74 | |
| 14 | GCR Mascara | 38 | 13 | 10 | 15 | 50 | 56 | −6 | 74 | |
| 15 | AM Aïn M'lila | 38 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 26 | 33 | −7 | 74 | |
| 16 | ESM Guelma | 38 | 12 | 11 | 15 | 32 | 37 | −5 | 73 | |
| 17 | ESM Bel-Abbès | 38 | 12 | 11 | 15 | 46 | 49 | −3 | 73 | |
| 18 | MP Alger | 38 | 9 | 17 | 12 | 40 | 39 | +1 | 73 | Relegated |
| 19 | RS Kouba | 38 | 8 | 13 | 17 | 32 | 44 | −12 | 67 | Relegated |
| 20 | JCM Tiaret | 38 | 7 | 13 | 18 | 24 | 40 | −16 | 65 | Relegated |
# Jimmy Pearce

James William Pearce (born 27 November 1947) is an English former professional footballer. Pearce played in the position of winger for Tottenham Hotspur and represented England at schoolboy level.

## Football career

Pearce joined Spurs as an apprentice in June 1965. A dependable, skilful winger he made a total of 193 appearances for the club including 53 as substitute and scoring on 35 occasions. Pearce featured in the winning 1973 Football League Cup Final side, and was substitute in the 1971 Football League Cup Final, and sub in both legs of the 1972 UEFA Cup Final. He retired from football through injury in 1973.

## Honours

* 1971 Football League Cup Final Winner
* 1972 UEFA Cup Final Winner
* 1973 Football League Cup Final Winner
* England Schoolboys
# South West Radio

SouthWest Radio Ltd (or SWR) owned and operated radio stations in Wiltshire and Somerset in the South West of England. The company was founded in 2008 and was based in Exeter, Devon in the United Kingdom.

## Stations owned

* Bath FM which served Bath.
* Brunel FM which served Swindon/North Wiltshire.
* QuayWest 107.4 which served Bridgwater.
* QuayWest 102.4fm which served West Somerset.
* 107.5 3TR FM which served Warminster, Westbury & Frome.

## History

In early August 2009, South West Radio went into administration after it was declared insolvent, less than a year after Bath FM's previous owner, Laser Broadcasting, went under. Insolvency practitioners Kirk Hills were put in charge of looking for a buyer in order to safeguard the stations' futures.
The owner of another local radio group, Star Radio Cheltenham, took the licences over and rebranded to Total Star.
# Vusal

Vusal is an Azerbaijani male given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Vusal Asgarov (born 2001), Azerbaijani footballer
* Vusal Garaev (born 1986), Azerbaijani football
* Vusal Huseynov (born 1980), Azerbaijani public official
* Vusal Isgandarli (born 1995), Azerbaijani footballer
# Sky 5

Sky 5 is a television channel in New Zealand available on Sky.
The channel's programmes are a variety of international shows from the U.S., the United Kingdom, and Australia, with a small amount of shows from New Zealand.

## History

The channel started broadcasting on 3 December 1994 as Orange on Sky UHF pre-set channel 7. Orange broadcast between 10am and around 11:30pm and during 1995 Juice TV began broadcasting overnight when Orange went off the air. On 1 January 1997, Cartoon Network began broadcasting between 6am and 4pm while Orange was not broadcasting. The reason to name the channel based on a colour and its brand identity be a fruit was due to the design agency, Lambie Nairn, which had also designed the 1991 BBC Two Idents and the 1982 Channel 4 launch idents in the United Kingdom, had found out the New Zealand TV market had an overcrowded space for general entertainment networks, and thus had made the channels branding to be different.
Orange changed its name to Sky 1 on 1 June 1998 and introduced overnight programming, with The Simpsons debuting on 7 July 1998 with the first ever episode. The channel began broadcasting 24 hours a day on 1 January 1999 when the Sky Digital service was launched; however, the UHF channel continued to screen Cartoon Network between 6am-4pm and in 2000 this was replaced with Nickelodeon.
In 2005, Sky Network Television considered unencrypting Sky 1 to make it a free-to-air channel, but decided instead to purchase the existing network, Prime.
Sky 1 relaunched on 1 February 2008 and in the process its name was changed to The Box.
On 2 February 2018, exactly 10 years and one day after the channel relaunched as The Box, it rebranded for the third time in its history, as Sky 5.

## Programming
### Current

This is a list of Sky 5's programming as of December 2024, which is a mix of American, British, and Australian TV imports with a small amount of New Zealand shows.
* Channel Patrol
* FBI: Most Wanted
* Ghosts of Beirut
* Go On
* Lockerbie
* Parks and Recreation
* Quantum Leap
* South Beach Tow
* The Enemy Within
* The Last Kingdom
* The Mentalist
* The Middle
* Territory Cops
* Traffic Cops

### Previous

* The Simpsons
* South Park
* WWE NXT (Live until December 2024)
* WWE Raw (Live until December 2024)
* WWE SmackDown (Live until December 2024)
# 1985–86 Algerian Championnat National

The 1985–86 Algerian Championnat National was the 24th season of the Algerian Championnat National since its establishment in 1962. A total of 20 teams contested the league, with JE Tizi-Ouzou as the defending champions.

## Team summaries
### Promotion and relegation

Teams promoted from Algerian Division 2 1985-1986
* MP Alger
* CM Constantine
* MC Saïda
Teams relegated to Algerian Division 2 1986-1987
* MA Hussein Dey
* ESM Bel-Abbès
* JH Djazaïr

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | JE Tizi-Ouzou | 38 | 27 | 6 | 5 | 89 | 22 | +67 | 98 | League Champions, qualified for Arab Cup |
| 2 | EP Sétif | 38 | 17 | 8 | 13 | 37 | 28 | +9 | 80 | League Champions Runners-up, qualified for African Cup |
| 3 | Chlef SO | 38 | 15 | 12 | 11 | 39 | 36 | +3 | 80 | |
| 4 | CM Belcourt | 38 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 45 | 37 | +8 | 79 | |
| 5 | MP Oran | 38 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 40 | 31 | +9 | 77 | |
| 6 | IRB Relizane | 38 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 39 | 50 | −11 | 77 | |
| 7 | JS Bordj Ménaïel | 38 | 11 | 16 | 11 | 31 | 32 | −1 | 76 | |
| 8 | USM Annaba | 38 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 39 | 35 | +4 | 75 | |
| 9 | USM El Harrach | 38 | 14 | 9 | 15 | 43 | 39 | +4 | 75 | |
| 10 | ASC Oran | 38 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 36 | 30 | +6 | 75 | |
| 11 | WKF Collo | 38 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 26 | 31 | −5 | 75 | Algerian Cup Runners-up, qualified for Cup Winners' Cup |
| 12 | WM Tlemcen | 38 | 14 | 9 | 15 | 39 | 46 | −7 | 75 | |
| 13 | AM Aïn M'lila | 38 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 22 | 37 | −15 | 74 | |
| 14 | WO Boufarik | 38 | 13 | 10 | 15 | 37 | 49 | −12 | 74 | |
| 15 | ISM Aïn Béïda | 38 | 13 | 10 | 15 | 38 | 40 | −2 | 74 | |
| 16 | ESM Guelma | 38 | 9 | 17 | 12 | 29 | 41 | −12 | 73 | |
| 17 | GCR Mascara | 38 | 12 | 10 | 16 | 41 | 52 | −11 | 72 | |
| 18 | MA Hussein Dey | 38 | 12 | 10 | 16 | 28 | 26 | +2 | 72 | Relegated |
| 19 | ESM Bel-Abbès | 38 | 12 | 8 | 18 | 43 | 57 | −14 | 70 | Relegated |
| 20 | JH Djazaïr | 38 | 11 | 8 | 19 | 45 | 58 | −13 | 68 | Relegated |
# Ruan GAA

Ruan GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in the village of Ruan, County Clare in Ireland. The club is almost exclusively concerned with the game of hurling.

## Major honours

* Clare Senior Hurling Championship (5): 1948, 1951, 1959, 1960, 1962
* Clare Intermediate Hurling Championship (5): 1940, 1948, 1950 (with Dysart), 1978, 2012
* Clare Junior A Hurling Championship (2): 1932, 1948
* Clare Under-21 A Hurling Championship (3): 1976, 1978, 2021 (with Corofin)
* Clare Minor A Hurling Championship (4): 1938, 1953, 2019 (with Corofin), 2020 (with Corofin)

## Noted hurlers

* Jimmy Smyth
* Cyril Lyons
* Robin Mounsey
* Liam heffernan
# Kabbalistic Order of the Rose-Cross

The Kabbalistic Order of the Rose-Cross (French: Ordre kabbalistique de la Rose-Croix – O.K.R.C.) was France's first ever occult society, established by Stanislas de Guaita and Joséphin Péladan in 1888. Its structure and teaching had similarities and intersections with the first Martinist Order—Ordre des Supérieurs Inconnus—founded by Gérard Encausse (or better known as Papus), and has an emphasis on Christian Kabbalah as its domain of study and direction of spiritual work.

## History

In 1890–1891, one of the original one of the founders Joséphin Péladan abandoned the OKRC and established his own Ordre de la Rose-Croix catholique du Temple et du Graal which included many of the prominent Symbolist artists of the period. The reason for the split is that Péladan ‘refused to associate himself with Spiritism, Freemasonry or Buddhism’. Stanislas de Guaita, on the contrary, said that he doesn’t want to turn the order into a salon for artists. Today, the order still operates in several countries in the world and in several languages.

## Teaching and structure

The OKRC conducted classes on Christian Kabbalah—an esoteric form of Christianity—with the goal of revealing the hidden mystical capacity to ‘penetrate the essence of the Bible and the Divine.' Also, the order conducted examinations and awarded grades that were named after the academic degrees in universities. This feature favourably distinguished the order from the bulk of the secret societies of its time.

### Degrees of the O.K.R.C.

* Bachelor of Kabbalah
* Licence of Kabbalah (Master of Kabbalah)
* Doctorate of Kabbalah
The structure of the degrees was created in the form of the University, they were awarded only to those who attend lectures and pass examinations.
# Bara Aadmi

Bara Aadmi (Urdu: بارہ آدمی, lit. 'Twelve Men') is a 1981 Pakistani film it was written by Riaz ur Rehman Saghar and directed by Shamas Chodhary it was produced by M. Ashraf and Rehmatullah. It stars Muhammad Ali, Babra Sharif, Bindiya, Shahid and Roohi Bano in leading roles.

## Plot

The story is about a (Muhammad) Azeem who is a poor man and is the eldest among his siblings; he takes care of his three younger sisters (Babra) Khalida, (Shehla) Sajida and (Durdana) Choti. He is engaged to (Bindiya) Safia who really loves him and wants to become his wife but her (Tamanna) mother is against the marriage. Later he and (Roohi) Shahida fall in loves and get married.

## Cast

* Muhammad Ali as Azeem
* Babra Sharif as Khalida
* Bindiya as Safia
* Shahid as Akhtar
* Roohi Bano as Shahida
* Shehla Gill as Sajida
* Nanha as Seth Imran
* Durdana Rehman as Choti
* Bahar Begum as Akhtar's mother
* Tamanna as Safia's mother
* Irfan Khoosat as Horsemen
* Jameel Fakhri as Horsemen rider
* Kemal Irani as Businessman

## Music

All lyrics are written by Riaz ur Rehman Saghar; all music is composed by Nazir Ali

## Reception

The film was released on 3 April 1981, and it was a Golden Jubliee hit at the box office.
# João Real

João Daniel Mendes Real (born 13 May 1983) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a central defender.
He made 211 competitive appearances over eight years for Académica, where he won the Taça de Portugal in 2012. He additionally represented Naval in Primeira Liga and Covilhã in LigaPro, totalling 122 and 115 games in each division.

## Club career

Born in Covilhã, Real started playing amateur football with locals of A.D. Estação. In 2003, at the age of 20, he switched to city giants Sporting Clube, twice helping them promote to the second division.
In the summer of 2008, after a solid season – his second promotion – which brought him six goals in 25 matches, Real moved to the Primeira Liga with Associação Naval 1º de Maio. His first year was quite unassuming, as he had to wait until 15 February 2009 to make his league debut, playing eight minutes in a 2–2 away draw against C.D. Trofense.
In the 2009–10 campaign, with Naval again remaining in the top flight, Real appeared more, but was still a fringe player. On 17 April 2010, he found the net in the club's 3–1 win at F.C. Paços de Ferreira, but also scored an own goal.
Real featured regularly in 2010–11, but the Figueira da Foz side were relegated after a six-year stay. In June 2011, he signed for Académica de Coimbra on a free transfer. In his first year with the Students, he played the final of the Taça de Portugal as they won their first trophy in 73 years via a 1–0 victory over Sporting CP.
On 20 August 2012, in the first game of the new season, Real was sent off after seven minutes at S.C. Beira-Mar for conceding a penalty kick with a foul on Nildo Petrolina; his team recovered from a 3–0 deficit to earn a draw. In May 2014, he extended his contract for three more years.
Real remained a regular for Académica over the coming years, including after their relegation in 2016. He retired in July 2019 at the age of 36, after his link expired; also hanging up his boots on the same day was Marinho, who had arrived at the club in precisely the same deal from Naval and was the only other survivor from the cup final win.

## Honours

Académica
* Taça de Portugal: 2011–12
# Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani

Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani (also written as Azizur Rahman Usmani; died 1928) was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar who served as first Grand Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband. He is best known for his Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband. His brother was Shabbir Ahmad Usmani.

## Biography

Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani was born in 1275 AH (corresponding to 1858-1859 in the Gregorian calendar) into the Usmani family of Deoband. He graduated from the Darul Uloom Deoband in 1295 AH. His teachers included Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi, Mahmud Hasan Deobandi and Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi. He was an authorized disciple of Muhammad Rafi-ud-Din in Sufism.
Usmani was appointed the Grand Mufti of the Darul Ifta of Darul Uloom Deoband after its inception and he headed it until 1927 after which he moved to Dabhel. His juristic rulings were compiled in twelve volumes by Zafeeruddin Miftahi and were published between 1962 and 1972 as Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband. Muhammad Shafi Deobandi also compiled selected fatawa of Usmani and published them as Aziz al-Fatawa. According to Syed Mehboob Rizwi, Usmani issued 37,561 fatawas between 1330 and 1346 AH (1911-12 and 1927-1928).
Usmani resigned from Darul Uloom Deoband along with Anwar Shah Kashmiri in 1927 and moved to Jamia Islamia Talimuddin (Dabhel) and taught Sahih al-Bukhari there. In Dabhel, his health deteriorated and he returned to Deoband, where he died in 1928. His funeral prayer was led by Sayyid Asghar Hussain Deobandi and he was buried in the Qasmi cemetery of Darul Uloom.
Usmani issued verdicts with the title of Grand Mufti of India, along with the title of Grand Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband.

## Legacy

In 2011, Abu Tamim completed his PhD thesis, 'Mufti Azeezur Rahman Ki Fiqhee Khidmat,' under the supervision of Mohammad Habibullah at Aligarh Muslim University.