# Duke of Lancaster's Regiment

The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) (LANCS) is an infantry regiment of the line within the British Army, part of the King's Division. Headquartered in Preston, it recruits throughout the North West of England. The title of Duke of Lancaster merged with the Crown on the accession of Henry V in 1413 and remains dormant, subject to any future revival. Customarily, however, the Sovereign (whether male or female) is referred to as the Duke of Lancaster within Lancashire and in relation to the Duchy of Lancaster, and is the regiment's Colonel in Chief. The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment is the county regiment for Cumbria, Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and the Isle of Man, and as such, recruits mainly from these areas.

## History

The regiment's formation was announced on 16 December 2004 by Geoff Hoon and General Sir Mike Jackson as part of the restructuring of the infantry, when it was initially to be known as the King's Lancashire and Border Regiment. The regiment was given its new name in November 2005. Initially formed of three regular army battalions, it was eventually reduced to two regular battalions, plus an Army Reserve battalion. The regiment was formed through the merger of three single battalion regiments:
* The King's Own Royal Border Regiment
* The King's Regiment
* The Queen's Lancashire Regiment
The regiment was formed on 1 July 2006. Initially, on formation, the regiment contained three regular battalions, with each battalion simply being renamed:
* 1st Battalion, Queen's Lancashire Regiment – 1st Battalion, The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment
* 1st Battalion, King's Regiment – 2nd Battalion, The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment
* 1st Battalion, King's Own Royal Border Regiment – 3rd Battalion, The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment
In March 2007, the 3rd Battalion was disbanded, with its personnel dispersed to the other two, leaving the final roll of two regular battalions and one Reserve battalion.
In 2012, a Kenyan mother and alleged prostitute called Agnes Wanjiru was allegedly murdered by soldiers of the Duke of Lancaster Regiment, with the murder reportedly covered up by British Army officials. The Sunday Times said a fellow soldier had gone to the “proper people” immediately after hearing a squaddie confess to the killing, but said he was told to “shut up” when he reported it and no action was taken. Ms Wanjiru's body was not discovered until two months later, after the regiment had returned to the UK. Defence Secretary Ben Wallace denied that the British military had covered-up Wanjiru's murder, but admitted guilt to and expressed concern over the Army hierarchy turning a "blind eye" to the use of prostitutes by personnel, especially within “countries in poverty”. In 2021, screenshots of a private Facebook group chat allegedly run by soldiers of the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment were published across British newspapers. The screenshots reportedly showed the regiment's soldiers joking and laughing at memes mocking the murder of Agnes Wanjiru. The leaking of the secret chats apparently mocking the murder sparked a reinvestigation into the case by Kenyan police. In 2022, UK armed forces introduced a ban on the use of sex workers abroad for the first time. Personnel found to have engaged in what the Ministry of Defence describes as “transactional sex” face the prospect of dismissal – and they could also be prosecuted if in countries where prostitution is illegal.
In December 2021, the regiment's 2nd Battalion re-subordinated to the Ranger Regiment, as its 3rd Battalion.
In 2021 a colour sergeant from 4th Battalion, the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment was fined and dismissed for lifting the skirt of a Kenyan woman, whom he knew, in a shopping mall in Nanyuki while intoxicated.
A British Army spokesperson described the colour sergeant's conduct as disgraceful and said;
   “This was appalling behaviour from the senior non-commissioned officer.”

### Deployments

The regiment's 4th (Territorial) Battalion has served in Iraq, Cyprus and Afghanistan.
In recent years, deployments have included Denmark, Italy, Nigeria, South Sudan, Kenya, Lithuania, the Baltics, Poland, the Balkans and Georgia.

### Sports

In May 2023, 4LANCS won the 2022-2023 Army Football Reserve Challenge Cup against 6SCOTS in a 2–1 victory at Aldershot. LANCS’ captain Cpl Kiel Brennan was awarded the Player of the Match.
Also in May, personnel from 1 LANCS took part in the IRONMAN70.3 Venice-Jesolo Triathlon. All 5 Triathletes from the 1 LANCS Triathlon club completed the 1.9 km Swim, 90 km Bike & 21 km Run course.

## Regimental structure

The regiment is split into a 1st and 4th Battalion, with the Regimental Headquarters located in Fulwood Barracks, Preston. The 1st Battalion is a light role infantry battalion based in Chester. The 4th Battalion is the regiment's reserve battalion and has its headquarters in Preston, with sub-units dispersed throughout its recruiting areas of Merseyside, Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Cumbria. Both battalions form part of the new 4th Light Brigade Combat Team, in the 1st (UK) Division.

## Regimental museum

There are five regimental museum collections based around the antecedent regiments:
* The King's Own Royal Regiment Museum is based within Lancaster City Museum.
* The King's Regiment collection is housed in the Museum of Liverpool.
** The Liverpool Scottish Museum Archive is based in Liverpool city centre.
* The Lancashire Infantry Museum is based at Fulwood Barracks in Preston.
* Cumbria's Museum of Military Life is located in Carlisle Castle.
* The Museum of the Manchester Regiment is based in Ashton Town Hall.

## Battle honours

Infantry regiments are permitted to display 43 battle honours from the two world wars on the Queen's Colour and 46 honours from other conflicts on the Regimental Colour. Upon amalgamation, the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment had to choose from the total list of honours of its three antecedents which honours would be displayed on its new Colours. The chosen honours were:

### Queen's Colour

* Mons; Retreat from Mons; Marne 1914, 18; Aisne 1914, 18; Messines 1914, 17, 18; Ypres 1914, 15, 17, 18; Neuve Chapelle; Loos; Somme 1916, 18; Arras 1917, 18; Scarpe 1917, 18; Cambrai 1917, 18; Lys; Hindenburg Line; Vittorio Veneto; Macedonia 1915–18; Sari Bair; Gallipoli 1915–16; Megiddo; Kut al Amara 1917; Baghdad; Kilimanjaro; Dunkirk; Normandy Landing; Falaise; Arnhem 1944; Lower Maas; Ourthe; Reichswald; Defence of Habbaniya; Tobruk 1941; Madagascar; Gueriat el Atach Ridge; Landing in Sicily; Anzio; Cassino II; Malta 1940–42; Singapore Island; Chindits 1943; North Arakan; Chindits 1944; Imphal; Kohima; Nyaungu Bridgehead; Burma 1943–45

### Regimental Colour

* Namur 1695; Gibraltar 1704–5; Blenheim; Ramillies; Oudenarde; Malplaquet; Dettingen; Louisburg; Guadeloupe 1759; Quebec 1759; Maida; Monte Video; Vimiera; Corunna; Arroyo dos Molinos; Tarifa; Badajoz; Salamanca; Vittoria; St Sebastian; Pyrenees; Nivelle; Nive; Guadeloupe 1810; Java; Bladensburg; Niagara; Waterloo; Bhurtpore; Candahar 1842; Cabool 1842; Maharajpore; New Zealand 1845–47; Alma; Inkerman; Sevastopol; Canton; Delhi 1857; Lucknow; New Zealand 1860–68; Abyssinia; Ahmad Khel; Afghanistan 1878–80; Defence of Kimberley; Defence of Ladysmith; Relief of Ladysmith; Afghanistan 1919; Korea 1952–53; The Hook 1953
In addition to the displayed honours, the Regimental Colour will also display four emblems from the antecedents regiments:
* Lion of England – displayed top left; from the King's Own Royal Border Regiment
* White Horse of Hanover – displayed top right; from the King's Regiment
* Red Rose charged with the Prince of Wales's feathers – displayed bottom left; from the Lancashire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Volunteers)
* Red Rose charged with the Royal Crest – displayed bottom right; from the Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)
In addition, the Regimental Colour also features a Sphinx to distinguish the battle honour "Egypt" and a Dragon for the honour "China".

## Golden threads

The regiment has brought forward a number of Golden Threads from its antecedents, as displays of its history and heritage:
* Lion of England – the English Lion, facing inwards as worn by the King's Own Royal Regiment, has been adopted as the regiment's collar badge. The Lion of England is known as the regiment's "Ancient Badge" and provides inspiration for the regimental nickname – first adopted by the 2nd Battalion in August 2009 – "Lions of England". The lion is also used on the regiment's tactical recognition flash.
* Glider Flash – the glider awarded, 1949, as an honour to the Border Regiment, for glider landings in Sicily on 9 July 1943, is worn on the sleeve of No. 1 and No. 2 dress. The glider also formed the regiment's tactical recognition flash from its formation until 2014.
* Fleur-de-Lys – the fleur-de-lys worn by the King's Regiment is featured on the regiment's buttons.

### Kingsman

Alongside a few other regiments in the British Army that use traditional names other than Private for the lowest rank, The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment uses the rank Kingsman (Kgn) instead of Private, a tradition inherited from the King's Regiment (itself having inherited the tradition from the King's Regiment (Liverpool)). Its use has been officially sanctioned since 1951, but it was informally used before this for over one hundred years.

## Regimental Colonels

Regimental Colonels were as follows:
* 2006–2009: Major General Hamish Rollo
* 2009–2013: Brig. Michael Griffiths
* 2013–2018: Brig. Peter S. Rafferty, MBE
* 2018–2023: Brig. Frazer M. Lawrence
* 2023–present: Brig. Robert J. Singleton

## Lineage

| 1880 | 1881 Childers Reforms | 1921 Name changes | 1957 Defence White Paper | 1966 Defence White Paper | 1990 Options for Change | 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World |
| 4th (King's Own Royal) Regiment of Foot | The King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) | The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) | The King's Own Royal Border Regiment | The King's Own Royal Border Regiment | The King's Own Royal Border Regiment | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |
| 34th (Cumberland) Regiment of Foot | The Border Regiment | The Border Regiment | | The King's Own Royal Border Regiment | The King's Own Royal Border Regiment | The King's Own Royal Border Regiment | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |
| 55th (Westmorland) Regiment of Foot | The Border Regiment | The Border Regiment | The King's Own Royal Border Regiment | The King's Own Royal Border Regiment | The King's Own Royal Border Regiment | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |
| 8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot | The King's (Liverpool Regiment) | The King's (Liverpool Regiment) | King's Regiment (Liverpool and Manchester) | King's Regiment (Liverpool and Manchester) | King's Regiment (Liverpool and Manchester) | | | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |
| 63rd (West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot | The Manchester Regiment | The Manchester Regiment | | King's Regiment (Liverpool and Manchester) | King's Regiment (Liverpool and Manchester) | King's Regiment (Liverpool and Manchester) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |
| 96th Regiment of Foot | The Manchester Regiment | The Manchester Regiment | King's Regiment (Liverpool and Manchester) | King's Regiment (Liverpool and Manchester) | King's Regiment (Liverpool and Manchester) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |
| 30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot | The East Lancashire Regiment | The East Lancashire Regiment | The Lancashire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |
| 59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot | The East Lancashire Regiment | The East Lancashire Regiment | The Lancashire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |
| 40th (2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot | The Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment) renamed in 1938: The South Lancashire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Volunteers) | The Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment) renamed in 1938: The South Lancashire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Volunteers) | | The Lancashire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |
| 82nd (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) Regiment of Foot | The Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment) renamed in 1938: The South Lancashire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Volunteers) | The Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment) renamed in 1938: The South Lancashire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Volunteers) | The Lancashire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |
| 47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot | The Loyal North Lancashire Regiment | The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) | The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) | | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |
| 81st (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers) Regiment of Foot | The Loyal North Lancashire Regiment | The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) | The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | The Queen's Lancashire Regiment | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) |

## Alliances

Alliances formed by the regiment are as follows:
* Canada – The Royal Regiment of Canada
* Canada – The Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)
* Canada – The West Nova Scotia Regiment
* Canada – The Princess of Wales' Own Regiment
* Australia – The Royal Queensland Regiment
* Australia – The Royal South Australia Regiment
* Australia – The Royal Tasmania Regiment
* New Zealand – The Otago and Southland Regiment
* New Zealand – The Wellington (City of Wellington's Own) and Hawke's Bay Regiment
* India – 5th Battalion, The Sikh Regiment
* Pakistan – 8th and 14th Battalions, The Punjab Regiment
* Pakistan – 1st and 15th Battalions, The Frontier Force Regiment
* Malaysia – 2nd Battalion, The Royal Malay Regiment
* South Africa – The Kimberley Regiment
* Royal Navy – HMS Triumph
* Royal Navy – HMS Lancaster

## Freedoms

The regiment have received the Freedom of several locations throughout its history; these include:
* 1 July 2006: Pendle (Originally Granted to an antecedent regiment The Queen's Lancashire Regiment in 2001).
* 2006: Haslingden
* 2006: Warrington
* 2007: Chorley
* 17 April 2007: Tameside
* 14 September 2008: Liverpool.
* 12 October 2009: Knowsley
* 16 April 2010: Manchester
* 10 March 2011: Ribble Valley
* 22 October 2011: West Lancashire
* 20 May 2013: Whitehaven
* 20 May 2015: Maryport
* 20 June 2017: Sefton
* 18 July 2017: Appleby-in-Westmorland
* July 2017: Blackpool
* 2 December 2019: Wigan
* 24 May 2022: Wyre

## Order of precedence

| Preceded byPrincess of Wales's Royal Regiment | Infantry Order of Precedence | Succeeded byRoyal Regiment of Fusiliers |

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Duke of Lancaster's Regiment". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
* ↑ "Duke of Lancaster's Regiment". www.army.mod.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
* ↑ "In detail: army restructuring plans". BBC. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
* ↑ "Actions, movements and quarters". King's Own Royal Regiment Museum. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
* ↑ Hancock, Sam (24 October 2021). "Army bosses accused of cover-up after soldier 'killed sex worker and hid body in septic tank'". The Independent. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
* ↑ Grierson, Jamie (14 November 2021). "Military chief pledges UK cooperation with Kenya in Wanjiru case". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
* ↑ Willems, Michiel (14 November 2021). "Defence Secretary Ben Wallace denies murder of Kenyan woman by British soldier was covered up". City A. M. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
* ↑ Kimutai, Cyprian (14 November 2021). "UK Defence Secretary concerned by British soldiers in Kenya visiting brothels". Pulse Live. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
* ↑ "Squaddies 'made vile jokes about murder of mum' after body was found in septic tank". The Mirror. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
* ↑ Hlatshwayo, Mukelwa; Coles, Amy (3 November 2021). "Agnes Wanjiru: Armed forces minister pledges to 'leave no stone unturned' as Kenyan police reopen murder investigation". Sky News. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
* ↑ Sabbagh, Dan (19 July 2022). "UK armed forces introduce ban on use of sex workers abroad". The Guardian.
* ↑ Message by the Colonel of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment regarding Remembrance Day for 2021 and upcoming Regimental Changes. Regimental Headquarters, Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment. London, United Kingdom. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
* ↑ "British Soldier Punished for Lifting Kenyan Woman's Skirt in Nanyuki". 4 November 2021.
* ↑ "British Army to pay woman whose skirt was lifted by soldier". The Star.
* ↑ "The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border) | National Army Museum". www.nam.ac.uk.
* ↑ "Duke of Lancaster's Regiment | The British Army".
* ↑ "Army Reserve Cup Final 2023 - Army FA".
* ↑ "1 LANCS Triathletes - The Duke Of Lancaster's Regimental Association".
* ↑ "The Regimental Handbook of the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment". p. 10. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
* ↑ "1 Lancs". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
* ↑ "4th Light Brigade Combat Team | The British Army".
* ↑ "King's Own Royal Regiment Museum". Retrieved 21 April 2021.
* ↑ "King's Regiment collection". Retrieved 21 April 2021.
* ↑ "Contact Us - Liverpool Scottish Museum Archive". Retrieved 21 April 2021.
* ↑ "Lancashire Infantry Museum". Retrieved 21 April 2021.
* ↑ "Cumbria's Museum of Military Life". Retrieved 21 April 2021.
* ↑ "Museum of the Manchester Regiment". Retrieved 21 April 2021.
* 1 2 3 "Regimental Handbook" (PDF). Duke of Lancaster's Regiment. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
* ↑ "Regimental characteristics" (PDF). Duke of Lancaster's Regiment. 1 April 2014. p. 4. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
* 1 2 "CBE for former Keswick student". Cumberland and Westmorland Herald. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
* ↑ "New brigadier for Duke of Lancaster's Regiment". Clitheroe Advertiser. 25 December 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
* ↑ "No. 64276". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 2024. p. 26495.
* 1 2 The London Gazette, Page 3300-3301 (1 July 1881). "Childers Reform". No. 24992. Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 27 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
* ↑ "Allied and Affiliated". The Duke Of Lancaster's Regimental Association.
* ↑ Spencer, Andrew (14 May 2015). "Duke of Lancaster's Regiment parade through Colne". Pendle Today. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
* ↑ Macpherson, Jon (13 July 2016). "Duke of Lancaster's Regiment to march through Haslingden". Rossendale Free Press. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ Skentelbery, Gary (27 September 2018). "Another chance to show support for troops at freedom parade". Warrington-worldwide.co.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ "Freedom of the Borough 2017". Chorley.gov.uk. 22 July 2017. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ "Honorary Freemen of the Borough". Tameside.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ "Duke of Lancaster's Regiment awarded Freedom of Knowsley". Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ "Troops get freedom of the city". Manchester Evening News. 17 April 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ "Duke of Lancaster's Regiment's freedom of Ribble Valley". BBC News. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ "Freedom of the Borough of West Lancashire". YouTube. 25 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ "Whitehaven pays tribute to soldiers at town parade". BBC News. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ "Duke of Lancaster's Regiment to be awarded Freedom of Maryport | Border - ITV News". Itv.com. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ "Regiment set to march through Bootle". www.champnews.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
* ↑ "Honorary Freedom of the Borough". UK: Sefton.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ "Carlisle soldier to march in Appleby 'freedom of the town' parade". Cumbria Crack. 12 July 2017.
* ↑ "Duke of Lancaster's Regiment given freedom of Appleby - BBC News". Bbc.com. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ "Duke of Lancaster's Regiment given freedom of Blackpool | Latest News". Visit Blackpool. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
* ↑ Griffiths, Niall. "Army regiment to receive the 'freedom of Wigan' for its service to the country". Wigan Today. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
* ↑ "Huge support as Duke of Lancaster's Regiment enjoys 'Freedom of Borough' march through Poulton". Blackpool Gazette. 24 May 2022.