OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encyclopedia of American Biography

The Encyclopedia of American Biography, is a biographical encyclopedia, edited by John A. Garraty (ed.) and Jerome L. Sternstein (assoc. ed.) This 1,241-page encyclopedia, published by Harper & Row in 1974, "is more than a storehouse of information. It is also a compendium of informed opinion intended to aid readers who want to know the whys, not merely the whats, about the significant figures of our history." The summary of each life, which sticks to the facts, is followed by brief article "...attempting to explain why the individual is notable and to provide some sense of what he or she was like as a human being." The extensive Introduction explains the rationale and process behind the creation of the book, including the way the essayists were chosen and the way the editors handled those essays. The entire text is available for free at the Internet Archive.
# Hydraulic press

A hydraulic press is a machine press using a hydraulic cylinder to generate a compressive force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent of a mechanical lever, and was also known as a Bramah press after the inventor, Joseph Bramah, of England. He invented and was issued a patent on this press in 1795. As Bramah (who is also known for his development of the flush toilet) installed toilets, he studied the existing literature on the motion of fluids and put this knowledge into the development of the press.

## Main principle

The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle. The pressure throughout a closed system is constant. One part of the system is a piston acting as a pump, with a modest mechanical force acting on a small cross-sectional area; the other part is a piston with a larger area which generates a correspondingly large mechanical force. Only small-diameter tubing (which more easily resists pressure) is needed if the pump is separated from the press cylinder.

## Application

Hydraulic presses are commonly used for assembly and disassembly of tightly-fitting components. In manufacturing, they are used for forging, clinching, molding, blanking, punching, deep drawing, and metal forming operations. Hydraulic presses are also used for stretch forming, rubber pad forming, and powder compacting. The hydraulic press is advantageous in manufacturing, it gives the ability to create more intricate shapes and can be economical with materials. A hydraulic press will take up less space compared to a mechanical press of the same capability.
In geology a tungsten carbide coated hydraulic press is used in the rock crushing stage of preparing samples for geochemical analyses in topics such as understanding the origins of volcanism.

## In popular culture

The room featured in Fermat's Room has a design similar to that of a hydraulic press. Boris Artzybasheff also created a drawing of a hydraulic press, in which the press was created out of the shape of a robot.
In 2015, the Hydraulic Press Channel, a YouTube channel dedicated to crushing objects with a hydraulic press, was created by bengie , a factory owner from Tampere, Finland. The Hydraulic Press Channel has since grown to over 9 million subscribers on YouTube. There are numerous other YouTube channels that publish videos involving hydraulic presses that are tasked with crushing many different items, such as bowling balls, soda cans, plastic toys, and metal tools.
A hydraulic press features prominently in the Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb".
# Ian Stanger

Ian Michael Stanger (born 5 October 1971) is a Scottish cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler.
Stanger appeared in four One Day Internationals in the World Cup in May 1999 and one in June 2006. Stanger played List A cricket between 1992 and 2006; and first class cricket between 1997 and 2006. He functioned as an alternate batsman for the Scottish side, neither particularly high up or low down in the batting order, with a high score of 27, and thus he sometimes input with influential innings when given the bat.
After his cricket career, Stanger became a town planner, and also coached cricket teams in Perth, Sydney and Melbourne, Australia.
# Zhang Chunlin

Zhang Chunlin (Chinese: 张春林; born February 1965) is a Chinese politician, currently serving as chairperson of the Shanxi Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Zhang is an alternate member of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He is a representative of the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.

## Early life and education

Zhang was born in Deyang County (now Deyang), Sichuan, in February 1965. In 1982, he enrolled at Bayi Agricultural College in Xinjiang, where he majored in agricultural mechanization. Zhang joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in January 1986 upon graduation.

## Career
### Xinjiang

After graduation in 1986, Zhang became an official in the Office of the CCP Tacheng Municipal Committee. He stayed at the CCP Tacheng Municipal Committee for 14 years, interspersed with short stays as deputy party secretary of Shawan County from July 1994 to January 1998.
Zhang was made director of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional Township Enterprise Management Bureau in December 2000, and served until June 2006, when he was appointed executive vice governor of the Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. He was appointed deputy party branch secretary of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional Audit Office in January 2011, concurrently serving as director since next month. He was deputy party branch secretary and director of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional Development and Reform Commission in March 2013, in addition to serving as director of the Office of the Coordination Leading Group for Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region's Assistance to Xinjiang and vice chairman of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional People's Government. He was promoted to executive vice chairman of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional People's Government in January 2018 and was admitted to standing committee member of the CCP Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional Committee, the region's top authority. He was chosen as deputy party secretary of Xinjiang in April 2021, concurrently holding the head of the Publicity Department of the CCP Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional Committee position.

### Shanxi

In November 2023, Zhang was transferred to north China's Shanxi province and appointed specifically-designated deputy party secretary. In January 2025, he took up the post of chairperson of the Shanxi Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the provincial advisory body.
# Soraya Jiménez

Soraya Jiménez Mendivil (a twin sister born 5 August 1977 – 28 March 2013) was a Mexican weightlifter and Olympic champion. She participated at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney where she won a gold medal. Jiménez became the first ever female athlete from Mexico to win an Olympic gold medal.
She died at age 35 on 28 March 2013 at her home in Mexico City after suffering a heart attack.

## Major results

She competed at world championships, most recently at the 2003 World Weightlifting Championships.
| Year | Venue | Weight | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Total | Rank |
| Year | Venue | Weight | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | Total | Rank |
| World Championships |||||||||||||
| 2003 | Vancouver, Canada | 58 kg | 90 | 92.5 | 92.5 | 5 | 110 | 110 | 110 | 11 | 200 | 11 |
| 2002 | Warsaw, Poland | 58 kg | 87.5 | 90 | 92.5 | 9 | 110 | 115 | 115 | 9 | 200 | 9 |
| 1999 | Piraeus, Greece | 58 kg | 85 | 87.5 | 87.5 | 8 | 107.5 | 112.5 | 112.5 | 7 | 197.5 | 8 |
| 1998 | Lahti, Finland | 58 kg | 70 | 72.5 | 75 | 12 | 80 | 80 | 85 | 14 | 157.5 | 13 |
# L'appuntamento

L'appuntamento (The date), also known as L'appuntamento (...dove, come, quando?), is a 1977 Italian comedy film written and directed by Giuliano Biagetti.

## Plot

Adelmo is a Florentine employee who has an appointment with Adelaide, the most coveted of his colleagues. Thus began to move by car from the center of Florence to reach the woman. On the way, however, he encounters numerous obstacles: a policeman who gives him a fine, a rear-end collision between two cars, until he has an attack of colitis that forces him to look for a toilet in a hotel where he meets his boss in gallant company. When he leaves the hotel, he discovers that his car with the tow truck has been taken away; then he goes to a bar to call a taxi, but in the meantime he meets a colleague who takes him to his house to meet his family. Unexpectedly, the wife of the colleague begins to make advances to Adelmo. Finally in the taxi, Adelmo meets a young and beautiful foreign tourist, who is actually the wife of the Swedish consul who has run away from home and will put him further into trouble.

## Cast

* Renzo Montagnani: Adelmo Bartalesi
* Barbara Bouchet: Ingrid
* Mario Carotenuto: Commendatore
* Orchidea De Santis: wife of colleague
* Maria Pia Conte:Adelaide Picchioni
* Enzo Liberti: taxi driver
* Mario Pachi [it]: Enrico Tonini, colleague of Adelmo
* Antonino Faà di Bruno: father of the colleague
* Sandro Bolchi: Amilcare Spaccesi
* Giuseppe Rovini: the grandmother of the recruit
* Mario Di Maio: the console
* Grazia Ignesti: the florist
* Emilio Pisani: the policeman
* Giuseppe Magdalone: the doorman
* Stefanina Pelati: the concierge
* Sergio Risso: the tripe
* Renato Moretti [it]
* Giò Abrate
* Claudia Rericich
# Pirmin Stierli

Pirmin Stierli (born 9 October 1947) is a former Swiss football player. During his career he played for FC Zug, FC Zürich, RSC Anderlecht and Neuchâtel Xamax.
He made 16 appearances for the Switzerland national team between 1968 and 1974.

## Honours
### Club

FC Zürich
* Swiss Super League (4): 1967–68, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76
* Swiss Cup (3) 1971–72, 1972–73, 1975–76
# Jaan Kurbaan

Jaan Kurbaan (Bengali: জান কোরবান; English: Life Sacrifice) is a 2011 Bengali romantic action film directed by M B Manik. The film was produced by Mehdi Hasan Siddiki Monir and features Shakib Khan and Apu Biswas in the lead roles. It also had Nuton, Ali Raj, Afzal Sharif, Harun Kisinger, Ilias Kobra, Shiba Shanu and Misha Sawdagor in supporting roles. Jaan Kurbaan was released on Eid, 31 August 2011.
The film was a remake of 2007 Tamil language film Malaikottai starring Vishal & Priyamani.

## Cast

* Shakib Khan - Jibon Rahman
* Apu Biswas - Saathi
* Ali Raj - Raihan Rahman, an inspector of Police, oldest brother of Jibon Rahman
* Misha Sawdagor - Salman Mirza, City's biggest Mafia Don
* Shiba Shanu - Aslam Mirza, youngest brother of Salman Mirza
* Ilias Kobra - Maternal uncle of Mirza brother's
* Rebeka Rouf - Saathi's mother
* Afzal Sharif - Salman Mirza's Gang
* Nuton - Police Officer, Raihan Rahman's ex-girlfriend
* Harun Kisinger - Special Appearance

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Ali Akram Shuvo.
# Karl T. Hirsch

Karl T. Hirsch (born October 17, 1970, in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American film director and producer. He retired from filmmaking in 2015.

## Awards

* Audience Favourite at the Victoria Independent Film & Video Festival (1998, won for Green)
* Breakthrough Award at the Newport Beach Film Festival (1998, won for Green)
* Best in the 'Film is a Four Letter Word' Series at the Valleyfest Film Festival (1999, won for Green)
* Best Arizona Filmmaker at the Phoenix Film Festival (2001, won for Green and Karl's in a Coma)
* Festival Director's Award at Method Fest Independent Film Festival (2005, for Clown)

## Filmography
### Films

* Green (1998)
* Killer Bud (2001)
* Scarecrow (2002)
* Starkweather (2004)
* The Third Wish (2005)
* Officer Down (2005)
* Comedy Hell (2006)
* Aces (2006)
* Fist of the Warrior (2007)
* Frame of Mind (2009)
* Jill and Jac (2010)
* Making Change (2012)
* For the Love of Money (2012)
* Kill 'em All (2012)
* Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies (2012, as writer)
* 88 (2015)

### Shorts

* Karl's in a Coma (2000)
* Media Whore (2002)
* Clown (2005)
* Club Soda (2006)
* Remedy (2009)
* I Saw a Movie (2009)
* Fix Me: The Workout (2012)
* Fix Me: The Nanny (2012)
* Fix Me: The Trainer (2012)
* Dispossessed (2012)
# Steven Chapman (cricketer)

Steven Chapman (born 2 October 1971) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a slow-left arm bowler who played for Durham. He was born in Crook, beginning his cricket career as a junior with his hometown club, Crook Town CC.
Chapman appeared in his debut first-class match during the 1998 season, in which he bowled conservatively in spite of his team's poor form, which saw them lose the match by an innings margin. Chapman made two further first-class appearances the following season, though he was released at the end of 1999 after making his final Second XI appearance against Worcestershire Second XI, in which team-mate Quentin Hughes scored a double-century and Chapman himself took match bowling figures of 12 for 48, a County Second XI record.
Having made his first appearance for Northumberland back in 1997, Chapman rejoined the team in 2001 following the end of his first-class career, and played in the Minor Counties Championship and Minor Counties Trophy until 2003. From 2000-2009 he appeared as a club professional at a number of clubs in the North East of England and spending each winter coaching and playing in Melbourne in Australia. Since 2010 he has played back at his hometown club Crook Town.
# Mineral Belt National Recreation Trail

The Mineral Belt National Recreation Trail is an 11.6 mile all-season biking/walking trail that loops around Leadville, Colorado, and through its historic mining district. The trail's setting is quintessentially Colorado Rocky Mountain landscape. Groves of aspen, conifer forests, wildflower meadows, and open vista sage parks are interspersed with once-booming mine sites. Ever-present views of the Sawatch and Mosquito mountain ranges provide perspective and a sense of permanence to the area. Several signs along the way provide historical snippets about Leadville's colorful past. The trail is designed for bicycles, longboards, walkers, wheelchairs, strollers and in-line skaters. When the snow falls, snowcats groom the trail to provide access to Nordic skiers, snowshoers and winter-bikers.
About six miles of this trail meanders through the historic Leadville Mining District. In part the trail follows old mining-camp railbeds. "What makes this trail unique is that it goes through one of the greatest mining districts in the world," says Lake County, Colorado Assessor Howard A. Tritz, an original member of the group which spearheaded trail development. "It has some of the best scenery anywhere, and it's accessible and available to everyone, visitors and locals alike, regardless of age or ability."
# Ralph Heydecker

Ralph Heydecker (born 2 April 1965) is a retired Swiss football midfielder.
# Jiuchengia

Jiuchengia longoccipita is a coccosteid arthrodire placoderm from the Late Emsian epoch of Wuding, Yunnan.
Its skull is similar in form to those of Watsonosteus and Dickosteus, though J. longoccipita can be easily distinguished from them in that its skull is longer, and has anatomical features in common with homostiids.
# A7 road (Latvia)

The A7 is a national road in Latvia connecting Riga to the Lithuanian border (Grenctāle), through Bauska. The road is also known in Latvia as the Bauska Highway. The A7 is part of European route E67 (also known as the Via Baltica) and the European TEN-T road network. The road becomes the Lithuanian A10 at the border. The length of the A7 in Latvian territory is 86 kilometers. Currently the A7 has 2x2 lanes within the territory of Riga and on 12 km stretch from Riga border to Riga bypass A5, the rest is 1x1 lanes. The current speed limit is 90 km/h except for 2x2 expressway stretch where it's 110 km/h and in urban areas 50 km/h / 70 km/h. In period of 2005 - 2006, the A7 was reconstructed from the 25th until the 43rd kilometer and from the 67th until the 85th kilometer. A 2 kilometer stretch of the road was reconstructed in Iecava, and reconstruction of another 15 kilometer long stretch was finished in 2012. The Ķekava bypass was opened to traffic on 13 October 2023. 11 km of the bypass is an expressway and 7 km is a regular 1x1 road. The Ķekava bypass is said to be the first motorway in Latvia. The average traffic (AADT) on the A7 in 2024 was 31,227 cars per day near Riga and 5,704 cars per day at the border of Lithuania.

## Road length of lane

| 8 km | 12 km | 23 km | 2 km | 20 km | 4 km | 17 km |
| Urban | 2+2 road | 1+1 road | Urban | 1+1 road | Urban | 1+1 road |
# Yehi Hai Zindagi

Yehi Hai Zindagi (transl. This is life) is a 1977 Hindi-language film. Produced by B. Nagi Reddy, it is directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan. The film stars Sanjeev Kumar, Seema Deo, Utpal Dutt, Lucky Ali, Ramesh Deo and Neeta Mehta. The film's music was composed by Rajesh Roshan. It is a remake of the Tamil film Kaliyuga Kannan (1974).

## Plot

Anand Narayan comes from a poor family, which consists of his wife, Gayetri, daughter, Kamla, and two sons Madhu and Govind. Through hard work, disappointed with poor status Anand comes in contact with Lord Krishna face to face when he steals ten rupees kept for donation by his wife, to pay for crossword competition. Anand complaints to the God about his partial treatment to someone rich and others remaining poor for their no fault. He works with Nekiram, who later on also becomes his business partner, and also his samdhi (in-law) as his daughter is in love with Madhu. Both get married in a simple ceremony. Both Nekiram, and Anand and his family work hard at preparing food in a small sweet shop. After Lord Krishna appears to Anand who asks the Lord for material success, Anands wins the crossword prize, becomes rich and purchases the same Dhaba which now grows into a restaurant, then a larger fancier restaurant, finally a five star hotel. Now Anand and his family are all wealthy and live in a palatial home. Bhagwan Shri Krishna regularly visits him and asks about him and his family. Anand proudly takes all the credit, and asks Krishna to accompany him to see his success and his hotel. Bhagwan Krishna declines, but agrees do so later. Things don't go quite as well for Anand, when he finds out that Lakiram has been cheating him. Lakiram leaves the house, but Madhu accompanies him. Then Anand finds that Govind has been squandering money and time on women and alcohol; and to top his disappointments, Kamla gets pregnant. When Bhagwan Krishna comes to visit Anand again, he admits that he is a failure, his health is poor, and his family are all strangers to him. Lord Krishna advises Anand that this is his life and he must learn from the Mahabharata, and that every life is a struggle, which is confused by relations and near and dear ones, and also by one's ego. Once the ego is removed, then only one can see clearly. But will Anand be able to understand and carry out what Lord Krishna is asking him to? Or will end up taking the blame, like he took the credit, upon himself?

## Cast

* Sanjeev Kumar as Anand Narayan
* Vikram Gokhale as Lord Krishna
* Utpal Dutt as Nekiram
* Seema Deo as Mrs. Gayatri Narayan
* Neeta Mehta as Radha
* David Abraham as Kader
* Romesh Sharma as Madhu Narayan
* Ramesh Deo as Michael
* Lucky Ali as Dinesh
* Tamanna as Kamla

## Soundtrack

| # | Title | Singer(s) |
| 1 | "Hum Mil Gaye" | Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar |
| 2 | "Dilruba Aa Meri Bahon Mein" | Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar |
| 3 | "Kali Kali Kaise Kate Raat" | Asha Bhosle |
| 4 | "Pyar Ka Badla" | Kishore Kumar |

## Reception

At the 25th Filmfare Awards, Sanjeev Kumar was nominated for Best Actor, but lost to Amitabh Bachchan for Amar Akbar Anthony.
# Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital

Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital or RRDCH as commonly known, is a dental college in India. Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore; this institution has various accreditations including that of HLAT International, International Accreditation Organization, National Assessment and Accreditation Council and is also awarded ISO 9001:2008 by BSICS and is recognised by Dental Council of India.

## History

In 2014, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, selected RRDCH as the centre in India for part 1 and part 2 of MFDS. In 2015, RRDCH installed its own CBCT imaging unit.

## Academics
### Academic programmes
#### Undergraduate courses

* BDS

#### Post graduate courses

* MDS
   * Oral Medicine and Radiology
   * Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry
   * Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
   * Periodontology
   * Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
   * Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
   * Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge
   * Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
   * Public Health Dentistry

#### Phd

   * Prosthetics and Crown and Bridge
   * Periodontology
   * Orthodontics and Orthodental Orthopedics

#### Certificate courses

* Implantology

### Rankings

In 2014, the newspaper The Pioneer ranked the institution as one of the top private dental colleges in India.
# James Page (Australian educationist)

James Smith Page (born 1953) is an Australian educationist and anthropologist, and a recognised authority within the field of peace education.

## Education

Page holds a BA (Honours) degree from Griffith University, a Bachelor of Divinity degree from the University of Queensland, a Graduate Diploma in Education from Charles Sturt University, a Master of Education (Honours) degree from the University of New England, and a PhD degree from Southern Cross University.

## Professional career

Page has taught in secondary teaching, peace and conflict studies, and teacher education. He was a member of the International Year for the Culture of Peace Taskforce within the UNESCO Secretariat in Paris, and a member of GIPGAP (Group on International Perspectives on Governmental Aggression and Peace), examining social attitudes to peace and war. Page is currently an adjunct professor with the University of New England, Australia.

## Critical recognition

* Recognition by the ACSSA
* Recognition by the International Human Rights Arts Movement
* Joint winner Banjo Paterson Writing Award
* Fellow of the Australian Anthropological Society
* Recipient of the IER Award for Outstanding Educational Research
* Recognition by the Director-General of UNESCO
* Nominee for the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize
* Recipient of the United Nations Queensland Award
* Joint winner of the WSFBPC Peace Essay Contest
# Kafr Ein, Idlib

Kafr Ein, Idlib (Arabic: كفر عين) is a Syrian village located in Khan Shaykhun Nahiyah in Maarrat al-Nu'man District, Idlib. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Kafr Ein, Idlib had a population of 1234 in the 2004 census.

## History

During the Syrian Civil War, in 2012 the village was captured from the Syrian government by rebel fighters. On 11 June 2019, the village was struck by Syrian Air Force jet warplanes, killing 5 civilians. On 8 July 2019, an open area outside village was struck by a Syrian Air Force bomb, narrowly missing several men. On 13 August, the Syrian army captured the village of Kafr ‘Ayn.
# Joan Hall (British politician)

Joan Valerie Hall, CBE (born 31 August 1935) is a British former Conservative Party politician and secretary.

## Education

Hall was educated at Queen Margaret's School, York.

## Career

At the 1970 general election she was elected member of parliament (MP) for the marginal seat of Keighley with a majority of 616 votes, becoming its first female MP. However, at the February 1974 election, she lost by 878 votes to the Labour candidate, Bob Cryer.
She served as PPS to Anthony Stodart, Minister of State at the Ministry of Agriculture.
She was a staunch supporter of Margaret Thatcher in her battle with Edward Heath for the leadership of the Conservative Party, and acted as Thatcher's chauffeur.