OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tone contour

A tone contour or contour tone is a tone in a tonal language which shifts from one pitch to another over the course of the syllable or word. Tone contours are especially common in East Asia, Southeast Asia, West Africa, Nilo-Saharan languages, Khoisan languages, Oto-Manguean languages and some languages of South America.

## Contours

When the pitch descends, the contour is called a falling tone; when it ascends, a rising tone; when it descends and then returns, a dipping or falling-rising tone; and when it ascends and then returns, it is called a peaking or rising-falling tone. A tone in a contour-tone language which remains at approximately an even pitch is called a level tone. Tones which are too short to exhibit much of a contour, typically because of a final plosive consonant, may be called checked, abrupt, clipped, or stopped tones.
It has been theorized that the relative timing of a contour tone is not distinctive. That is, in some accents or languages a falling tone might fall at the end and in others it might fall at the beginning, but that such differences would not be distinctive. However, in Dinka it is reported that the phonemic falling tone falls late (impressionistically high level + fall, [˥˦˩]) while the falling allophone of the low tone starts early (impressionistically fall + low level, [˥˨˩]).
Lexical tones more complex than dipping (falling–rising) or peaking (rising–falling) are quite rare, perhaps nonexistent, though prosody may produce such effects. The Old Xiang dialect of Qiyang is reported to have two "double contour" lexical tones, high and low fall–rise–fall, or perhaps high falling – low falling and low falling – high falling: ˦˨˧˨ and ˨˩˦˨ (4232 and 2142). The report did not determine if the final fall was lexical or merely the declination typically seen at the ends of prosodic units, so these may actually be dipping tones.

## Transcription

* Diacritics such as falling ⟨â⟩, rising ⟨ǎ⟩, dipping ⟨a᷉⟩, peaking ⟨a᷈⟩, high falling ⟨a᷇⟩, low falling ⟨a᷆⟩, high rising ⟨a᷄⟩ and low rising ⟨a᷅⟩. Or the simpler register tones, where diacritics such as high ⟨á⟩, mid ⟨ā⟩, and low ⟨à⟩ are usually sufficient for transcription. (These are also used for high, mid, and low level contour tones.)
* Tone letters such as mid level ⟨˧⟩, high falling ⟨˥˩⟩, low falling ⟨˨˩⟩, mid rising ⟨˧˥⟩, low rising ⟨˩˧⟩, dipping ⟨˨˩˦⟩, and peaking ⟨˧˦˩⟩.
* Numerical substitutions for tone letters. The seven tones above would be written ⟨33⟩, ⟨51⟩, ⟨21⟩, ⟨35⟩, ⟨13⟩, ⟨214⟩, ⟨341⟩, for an Asian language, or ⟨3⟩, ⟨15⟩, ⟨45⟩, ⟨31⟩, ⟨53⟩, ⟨452⟩, ⟨325⟩, for an African or American language. (The doubling of the numeral in ⟨33⟩ in the Asian example is used to disambiguate a mid level tone from a "tone 3" (3rd tone), which in general is not at pitch level 3.)
* Different spelling for the same vowel with different tones in systems like Latinxua Sin Wenz, Gwoyeu Romatzyh, Modern Literal Taiwanese etc. Compare Gwoyeu Romatzyh with Hanyu Pinyin (in parentheses): bai (bāi), bair (bái), bae (bǎi), bay (bài).
# William D. Peacock

William D. Peacock (1933–1998), known professionally as Bill Peacock, was a Canadian newspaper publisher. In 1984, he published the first Native newspaper in Calgary, Alberta under the pseudonym Elmer Wildblood. It was also the first independently owned and operated Native newspaper in Canada.

## Background

In 1983, at the age of 50 years, the Toronto native of English and Ojibwa heritage was described as a "reformed drunk" who had been in and out of trouble with the law and with women for much of his life. It was around 1980 that Peacock, then a typesetter at the North Hill News Ltd., a web offset printer in Calgary, contemplated publishing an independent Native newspaper. He continued to speak of it while working at his own Calgary print shop, and his dream was realized in August 1984, when he produced the first monthly issue of The Native Albertan: An Independent Native Newspaper.

## The Native Albertan

The premier issue of the 12-page tabloid was published in Calgary by Peacock's Tomahawk Graphics, with Peacock serving as publisher and editor and Helen Wigglesworth as advertising executive director. The paper aimed to serve "the Native and Métis Population" of Calgary and environs, and appeared three years after the founding of Tim Giago's pioneering independent American Native newspaper, Lakota Times of Pine Ridge, South Dakota.
Writing in the first issue on "Indian Solidarity," Peacock explained: "Except for a few, all of North America's Native papers are funded by tribal, state or federal governments, and this in turn has a detrimental effect on news content." The goal of The Native Albertan, according to its first editorial, was in part to change the "present-day image of the Indian." It proposed to "treat every point of view on its merits... Its sole goal will be to improve the lot of our people, and at the same time to remain loyal to our Elders, our culture, and our heritage."
Peacock continued publishing The Native Albertan until at least December 1985.

## Death

After suffering from cancer for six months, Peacock died in September 1998.
# Prewitt Reservoir

Prewitt Reservoir is an irrigation and recreation reservoir in Washington and Logan counties in northeastern Colorado. When full, the reservoir's surface area is 2,340 acres (950 ha). The reservoir is located about 18 miles (29 km) northeast of Fort Morgan, Colorado along the South Platte River.

## History

Prewitt Reservoir was financed and built by the Great Western Sugar Company and began construction in 1910. The reservoir helps supply sufficient water for the irrigation of sugar beets. Construction was completed in 1912.

## Fishing

Popular with fishermen, the reservoir is stocked with walleye, saugeye, channel catfish, wipers and black crappie.
# Thomas Ivory (Irish architect)

Thomas Ivory (died 1786) was an Irish architect, one of the significant figures in the building of Georgian Dublin. He is often called "Thomas Ivory of Cork", and is to be distinguished from his contemporary Thomas Ivory of Norwich.

## Life

Said to have been a carpenter's apprentice self-educated, and from Cork, Ivory worked in Dublin under the gunsmith Thomas Trulock. He then studied under the draughtsman Jonas Blaymire.
Ivory practised in Dublin, and was appointed master of architectural drawing in the schools of the Royal Dublin Society in 1759. He held the post till his death, and among his pupils were Henry Aaron Baker, James Hoban and Martin Archer Shee. Thomas Roberts was articled to him.
Ivory died in Dublin in December 1786.

## Works

In 1765, Ivory prepared designs and an estimate for additional buildings to the Royal Dublin Society premises in Shaw's Court, but these were not executed. Ivory's major work was Blue Coat School in Blackhall Place (commonly known as the Blue Coat Hospital), in the classic style. The first stone was laid on 16 June 1773, but from want of money the central cupola was not finished.
Ivory designed Lord Newcomen's bank, built in 1781, at the corner of Castle Street and Cork Hill; it later became a public health office.
The Royal Hibernian Marine School, often attributed to him, was more probably the work of Thomas Cooley.
He made a drawing of the Casino at Marino, near Dublin, which was engraved by Edward Rooker.
In the board-room of the King's Hospital was a picture (assigned to 1775 and John Trotter) said to represent Ivory and eight others sitting at or standing round a table on which are spread plans of the new building.
# Black Science Orchestra

Black Science Orchestra was a musical project headed chiefly by the British DJ and producer Ashley Beedle, which produced a number of disco and rare groove-inspired house records in the 1990s.

## History

Enlisting the help of Rob Mello and John Howard, Black Science Orchestra made their debut in 1992 with "Where Were You", a reworking of the classic 1977 Trammps tune "The Night the Lights Went Out" (from the album The Trammps III). The record was given exposure by Frankie Knuckles, and their subsequent releases found favour with both Knuckles and the Masters at Work team over the course of 1992 and 1993. Legal disputes, however, delayed the release of the debut Black Science Orchestra album, and when it finally appeared in 1996 it was with a revised line-up of Beedle, Marc Woolford & Uschi Classen. In 2025 he remixed primal scream.

## Discography
### Albums

* Walters Room (Junior Boy's Own) 1996

### Singles

* "Where Were You?" (Junior Boy's Own) 1992
* "Strong" (Junior Boy's Own) 1993
* "Brand New"/"New Jersey Deep" (FFRR) 1994
* The Altered States EP (Junior Boy's Own) 1994
* "City of Brotherly Love" (Junior Boy's Own) 1990
* "Save U" (Junior Boy's Own) 1996
* "Soul Power Music" (Afro Art) 2000
# Big Bang (film)

Big Bang (Korean: 쏜다; RR: Ssonda; lit. I'll Shoot) is a 2007 South Korean action-comedy film written and directed by Park Jung-woo, and starring Kam Woo-sung and Kim Soo-ro.

## Plot

Park Man-soo is an ordinary salaryman who lives his life according to a strict set of rules, and this lack of flexibility makes him hard to like at home and at the office. One day, his wife asks for a divorce because she's bored with their life, and he is fired because his corrupt boss hates him. So on his way home, the frustrated and outraged Man-soo tries to set himself free by breaking all the rules that have restricted him his entire life by deviating from them, just for one day. He swears at passers-by, kicks signboards and pees on the street, and he is soon placed under arrest by Ma Dong-chul, a demoted but zealous cop. Officer Ma takes him to the police station to teach him a lesson, where Man-soo meets Yang Chul-gon, a career criminal with 15 previous convictions, who finds it more comfortable to be behind bars. Chul-gon incites the desperate and timid Man-soo to escape the police station with him, and through a series of mishaps, they happen to steal a gun and police car, with which they also try their hand at punishing "law dodgers" themselves. With Officer Ma in hot pursuit, Man-soo and Chul-gon find themselves branded as antisocial vigilantes, and the ₩50,000 fine for Man-soo's original misdemeanor has now turned into a potential life sentence. Thus, the unlikely pair spend a wild night together in Seoul.

## Cast

* Kam Woo-sung as Park Man-soo
* Kim Soo-ro as Yang Chul-gon
* Kang Sung-jin as Ma Dong-chul
* Moon Jeong-hee as Han Kyung-soon, Man-soo's wife
* Jang Hang-sun as Shim Pyung-seob
* Kim Young-ok as Chul-gon's mother
* Jo Seok-hyun as Section chief Kim
* Jeon Guk-hwan as Man-soo's father
* Lee Jeong-heon as Seo Tae-hoon
* Kim Hyuk as Shim Tae-yong
* Choi Jung-woo as Section Chief Detective
* Kim Se-dong as Police Sergeant Kim
* Park Jin-taek as Police Corporal Park
* Park Gun-tae as young Man-soo
* Park Jin-young as Kyung-soon's father
# Get Back (Zebrahead song)

Get Back is a song by American punk rock band Zebrahead from their second and major label debut album Waste of Mind which was released on 1998. When the song was released it became a minor hit on the radio and charted #32 on the US Modern Rock Tracks. It's the first and only song so far to be charted on a US Billboard chart from Zebrahead and also is the best known.

## Music video

The music video features the band on the final floor of a building (presumably a hotel or apartment building) and then while performing the song they fall through the other floors of the building.

## Track listing
### US version

* "Get Back" – 3:32
* "Swing" – 2:50
* "Check" – 2:26

### Canadian version

* "Get Back" – 3:32
* "The Real Me" – 3:57
* "Check" – 2:26

### Australian version

* "Get Back" – 3:32
* "Hate" – 1:58
* "Song 10" – 2:11

## Chart positions

| Chart (1998) | Peak position |
| US Modern Rock Tracks (Billboard) | 32 |
# Foxbar

Foxbar is a district of Paisley, bordered by the Gleniffer Braes and Paisley town centre. Consisting mostly of residential areas, Foxbar has rapidly grown over the past century to be one of the largest housing areas in the town. The local authority (Renfrewshire Council) has invested significantly in the area, which nowadays boasts multiple community centres, public parks and social areas.

## Housing

The district consists of local authority, housing association and privately owned housing. In recent years there has been significant investment in private and social housing including the construction of new build estates and refurbishment of existing tenement buildings and Oliphant court, Foxbar's only remaining high rise.
Foxbar previously had five 14 storey high rise flats, each containing 56 flats situated above Durrockstock park in the top end area of the district.
* Oliphant Court
* Marmion Court
* Heriot Court
* Montrose Court
* Waverley Court
Waverley Court was demolished in 1996 followed by Marmion, Montrose and Heriot Court in 2004. Oliphant Court was refurbished in recent years and is currently owned and maintained by Paisley South housing association.

## Services and amenities
### Schools

Foxbar has 3 primary schools (Heriot, St. Pauls and Brediland) and one secondary school (Gleniffer High).

### Amenities

Foxbar has 3 community centres and one library. The main Foxbar community centre is situated beneath the library on Amochrie Road and Ivanhoe Road. The Youth Drop In is situated on Spey Avenue. The resource centre is situated on Amochrie Road.
The area also has many services and local businesses that supply the large population. For a modern housing development, Foxbar comparably has a large retail presence. Currently the various sub-areas are supplied by multiple local newsagents and grocery stores; however post office facilities, a pharmacy and a local butcher also are available. Understandably so for Paisley`s biggest area of housing.

## Public transport

Foxbar is served by two McGill's buses:
* the 61 from Paisley town centre to the top of Foxbar, via Gleniffer High School
* the 17 (previously the 60) from Foxbar Heriot Avenue to the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital via the Royal Alexandra Hospital and Paisley town centre.

## Recreation

Popular places in Foxbar are Durrockstock Park, which is a Local Nature Reserve and the walkway to the Gleniffer Braes.

## Geography

vteNeighbouring districts and places. :
Ferguslie
Paisley
Seedhill
Elderslie
Foxbar
Neilston
Gleniffer Braes
Gleniffer Braes
Barrhead :
# Pseudoramibacter

Pseudoramibacter is a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Eubacteriaceae with one known species (Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus). Pseudoramibacter bacteria occur in birds. Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus is associated with endodontic infections.

## Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
| 16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024 | 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220 |
| Pseudoramibacter P. alactolyticus "P. porci" | Pseudoramibacter P. alactolyticus (Prévot & Taffanel 1942) Willems & Collins 1996 "Ca. P. fermentans" Scarborough et al. 2020 "P. porci" Wylensek et al. 2020 |
# Purgatoire River track site

The Purgatoire River track site, also called the Picketwire Canyonlands tracksite, is one of the largest dinosaur tracksites in North America. The site is located on public land of the Comanche National Grassland, along the Purgatoire ("Picketwire") River south of La Junta in Otero County, Colorado.
In 2014 researchers published information about the discovery of a new area containing 90 trackways. These paralleled existing trackways of sauropods. This observation confirmed the major finding of these studies, that the sauropods displayed gregarious behavior.
The tracksite is far from paved roads, but accessible to the public by hiking on foot, by mountain bike, or by horseback. Motorized vehicle access is restricted to tours conducted by the US Forest Service.
In 2001, the first discoveries in the Picketwire Canyonlands area were made of related fossil dinosaur bones. Fieldwork has continued each year on recovery of the massive bones of a sauropod (brontosaur) skeleton. The project has been supported by volunteers and the Sternberg Museum of Natural History of western Kansas. Continued exploration of fossils in the canyonlands has revealed tetrapods. This finding had major implications for understanding of geology in the area. As a result, researchers in 2012 proposed a "major revision of lower Mesozoic stratigraphy in the Picket Wire Canyonlands" and a "critical reappraisal of understanding of the correlation of Triassic strata from Wyoming, through and under the Denver Basin, to the High Plains of Oklahoma and New Mexico."

## Geology

The more than 100 trackways, made up of more than 1500 individual footprints, were made by both biped and quadruped dinosaurs. The tracks occur in limestone of the Jurassic Morrison Formation. The site formed along the shore of a large freshwater lake at the time the tracks were made. A previously unmapped region was discovered in 2012, where removal of alluvium revealed 90 new trackways, showing parallel prints.
# Yugo Ichiyanagi

Yugo Ichiyanagi (一柳 夢吾, Ichiyanagi Yūgo, born 2 April 1985) is a Japanese football player who plays for Taiwanese football club AC Taipei.

## Club statistics

Updated to 6 November 2020.
| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | Japan | Japan | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | J.League Cup | J.League Cup | AFC | AFC | Total | Total |
| 2003 | Tokyo Verdy | J1 League | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 6 | 1 |
| 2004 | Tokyo Verdy | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| 2005 | Sagan Tosu | J2 League | 15 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 16 | 0 |
| 2006 | Tokyo Verdy | J2 League | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| 2007 | Tokyo Verdy | J2 League | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 9 | 0 |
| 2008 | Vegalta Sendai | J2 League | 16 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 18 | 0 |
| 2009 | Vegalta Sendai | J2 League | 18 | 2 | 3 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 21 | 2 |
| 2010 | Vegalta Sendai | J1 League | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 10 | 0 |
| 2011 | Fagiano Okayama | J2 League | 20 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 21 | 0 |
| 2012 | Fagiano Okayama | J2 League | 12 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 12 | 0 |
| 2012 | Matsumoto Yamaga | J2 League | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0 |
| 2013 | FC Ryukyu | JFL | 24 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 24 | 2 |
| 2016 | Thespakusatsu Gunma | J2 League | 15 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 16 | 0 |
| 2017 | Thespakusatsu Gunma | J2 League | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 16 | 0 |
| Taiwan | Taiwan | Taiwan | League | League | - | - | - | - | AFC Cup | AFC Cup | Total | Total |
| 2019 | Taichung Futuro | TFPL | ? | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ? | 1 |
| 2020 | Taichung Futuro | TFPL | 18 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 18 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 189 | 5 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 201 | 5 |
# Aage Eriksen

Aage Ingvar Eriksen (5 May 1917 in Notodden – 17 June 1998 in Notodden, Telemark) was a Norwegian wrestler and Olympic medalist in Greco-Roman wrestling.

## Olympics

Eriksen competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London where he received a silver medal in Greco-Roman wrestling, the lightweight class.

## National champion

* 10 times (Greco-Roman), between years 1937-55.
* 2 times (freestyle wrestling), between years 1937-55.
He represented the club SK Snøgg.
# Jean Le Bel

Jean Le Bel (c. 1290 – 15 February 1370) was a chronicler from Liège.

## Biography

Jean Le Bel's father, Gilles le Beal des Changes, was an alderman of Liège. Jean entered the church and became a canon of the cathedral church, but he and his brother Henri followed Jean de Beaumont to England in 1327, and took part in the border warfare against the Scots. His will is dated 1369, and his epitaph gives the date of his death as 1370. Nothing more is known of his life, but Jacques de Hemricourt, author of the Miroir des nobles de Hesbaye, has left a eulogy of his character, and a description of the magnificence of his attire, his retinue and his hospitality. Hemricourt asserts that he was eighty years old or more when he died.

## Chronicles

Jean was one of the first chroniclers to write in French instead of Latin. He was a soldier and companion of Jean, Count de Beaumont and travelled with him to England and Scotland in 1327. At the request of the duke, he wrote Vrayes Chroniques ("True Chronicles"), which recorded the events of the reign of Edward III. He is believed to be the first person to use interviews to confirm and supplement his facts. Jean gives as his reason for writing a desire to replace a certain misleading rhymed chronicle of the wars of Edward III by a true relation of his enterprises down to the beginning of the Hundred Years' War.
For a long time Jean was only known as a chronicler through a reference by Jean Froissart; Froissart was greatly influenced by him and borrowed from his texts. Froissart names him in the prologue of the first book of his Chronicles as one of his authorities, and incorporates Le Bel's own text, verbatim and at length, in his own book. Le Bel's own chronicle is only preserved in a single, anonymous manuscript. A fragment of his work in the manuscript of Jean d'Outremeuse's Ly Myreur des Histors, was discovered in 1847; and the whole of his chronicle, preserved in the library of Chálons-sur-Marne, was edited in 1863 by L. Polain.
In the matter of style Le Bel has been placed by some critics on the level of Froissart. His chief merit is his refusal to narrate events unless either he himself or his informant had witnessed them. This scrupulousness in the acceptance of evidence must be set against his limitations. He takes on the whole a similar point of view to Froissart's; he has no concern with national movements or politics; and, writing for the public of chivalry, he preserves no general notion of a campaign, which resolves itself in his narrative into a series of exploits on the part of his heroes. Froissart was considerably indebted to him, and seems to have borrowed from him some of his best-known episodes, such as the death of Robert the Bruce, Edward III and the countess of Salisbury, and the devotion of the burghers of Calais. The songs and virelais, in the art of writing which he was, according to Hemricourt, an expert, have not come to light.
# Franz Anton Ries

Franz Anton Xaverius Ries (10 November 1755 – 1 November 1846) was a German violinist. His father, Johann Ries (1723–1784), was court trumpeter to the Elector of Cologne in Bonn.
Ries was born in Bonn, and studied under J.P. Salomon. He was a child prodigy, and was concertmaster of the Kurfürstlichen Hoforchester in Vienna. He spent most of his life in Bonn, though he had success in his early years in Vienna as both a solo violinist and in quartets. One of his students in Bonn was the young Beethoven. He was given an appointment by Elector Maximilian in 1779, which he kept until the court's dissolution in 1794.
After this he continued teaching; he was awarded an Order of the Red Eagle and an honorary doctorate from Bonn University. He died in Godesberg, nine days before his 91st birthday.
Two of his sons, Ferdinand and Hubert, became well-known composers in their own right.