OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Policide

In political science, policide describes the intentional destruction of an independent political or social entity. Sometimes, the related word "politicide" is used in this meaning. The term is used with some regularity within political science, generally to refer to a policy of destruction that falls short of genocide or ethnocide.

## Origin

Writer Michael Walzer credits the origin of the term "policide" (here, meaning the "destruction of a state's independence") to Abba Eban, Israel's foreign minister in 1967.
Similarly, professor Steve J. Stern has adopted "policide" to mean the destruction of political life itself. Stern describes the term as an extension of a family of terms including homicide, patricide, tyrannicide, genocide, democide, and ethnocide. Stern uses the term "policide," rooted in the Greek term polis (πόλις) for "city-state" or "body politic," in order to describe what he characterizes as "a systematic project to destroy an entire way of doing and understanding politics and governance" in Chile under the governance of Augusto Pinochet.

## Examples

* In Writing Ground Zero, John Whittier Treat refers several times to the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as "policide."
* In Circle of Goods, Tressa Lynn Berman describes United States policy towards Native Americans as a historical process shifting from ethnocide into "policide."
* The term "policide" frequently arises with respect to the intention to eradicate the state of Israel. Yossi Beilin discusses Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's use of the term to describe the Palestine Liberation Organization's claim that it is dedicated to the ultimate destruction of the state of Israel. Netanyahu has continued to use the term in his writings and speeches, for example writing that "Arafat pursues a goal of 'policide' - the destruction of the Jewish state, by employing the means of suicide and mass terror". The declared intention of Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Hezbollah and Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is the destruction of Israel and this had led to claims that Arab/Muslim groups support the notion of policide regarding Israel.
* Israeli sociologist Baruch Kimmerling uses the term in his book Politicide: Sharon’s War Against the Palestinians and in various articles. He defines "the politicide of the Palestinian people, a gradual but systematic attempt to cause their annihilation as an independent political and social entity." This he believed has been present throughout Israel's confrontations with the Palestinians, but was epitomised by the thoughts and actions of Ariel Sharon.
* The city of Nishapur, a Persian city in modern-day Iran, was sacked and destroyed by the Mongols in 1221. In retaliation for the death of the son-in-law of Genghis Khan, around 1.75 million inhabitants of the city were systematically killed. A great number of their skulls were reputedly piled in pyramids outside the city walls.
# Pennsylvania Railroad class H6

The Pennsylvania Railroad's class H6, H6a, and H6b steam locomotives were of the 2-8-0 "Consolidation" freight type, the most numerous class on the railroad with 1,707 units and the second most prolific 2-8-0 class in North America, with the USATC S160 class rostering 88 units more. The three subclasses differed as follows:
| Class | Firebox | Grate Area | Tractive Force | Driver Size | #Built | Years Built |
| H6 | narrow | 33.3 sq ft (3.09 m$^2$) | 42,717 lbf (190.01 kN) | 56 in (1,400 mm) | 65 | 1899−01 |
| H6a | wide | 49.0 sq ft (4.55 m$^2$) | 42,168 lbf (187.57 kN) | 56 in (1,400 mm) | 1,041 | 1901−05 |
| H6b | wide | 49.0 sq ft (4.55 m$^2$) | 42,168 lbf (187.57 kN) | 56 in (1,400 mm) | 601 | 1905−13 |
In the 1920s, 699 H6a and H6b had superheaters added, and cylinder size increased from 22 in (560 mm) to 23 in (580 mm). These rebuilt units were reclassified to H6sa and H6sb.
Class H6 were used throughout the system as mainline freight haulers, on local freights, and as switchers in yards. They were frequently seen double- and tripleheading long freight trains up the steep grades on the Pennsy.
During the period when the PRR was building the H-6 class, the railroad had effective stock control of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and installed a PRR vice-president Leonor F. Loree, as president of the B&O. Subsequently, the B&O bought a large group of identical locomotives from the American Locomotive Company; these were initially classified class I-4, later becoming class E-24. The E-24 class had many variations, some being converted to switchers, or receiving superheaters and new valve chests. The E-24a was equivalent to the PRR H-6sb. None of the B&O E-24 class survived to the diesel era.

## China

Around 1938, thirty H6sb were sold second-hand to the South Manchuria Railway (Mantetsu), which designated them Sorisa (ソリサ) class (Sori, from "Consolidation", and sa, from san, "three", to indicate the third class of Consolidation-type locomotives operated by Mantetsu). To distinguish these from the British-made Sorisa 1−7, the H6sb were nicknamed ペンソリ Pensori (Pennsylvania Consolidation). Of these, fifteen were taken up by Mantetsu, which numbered them ソリサ8 through ソリサ22, whilst the other fifteen were assigned to the Manchukuo National Railway, where they were numbered ソリサ547 through ソリサ561.
After the end of the Pacific War, both Mantetsu and the Manchukuo National were absorbed by the China Railway, which designated them class KD10.

## Survivors

PRR #2846, an H6sb built in 1905 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, has been preserved by the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania with two other examples of the H class. #2846 was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as Consolidation Freight Locomotive No. 2846.
# Church of San Salvador (Getaria)

The Church of San Salvador (Basque: San Salbador Eliza, Spanish: Iglesia de San Salvador) is a church located in Getaria, Gipuzkoa. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1895.
# Vanessa altissima

Vanessa altissima, the Andean painted lady, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae found in Ecuador and Peru.
# Gowri Kalyana

Gowri Kalyana (transl. Gowri's marriage) is a 1991 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed, produced, and co-written by Dwarakish. A remake of the Tamil film Thooral Ninnu Pochchu (1982), the films stars Harshavardhan and Nithya with M. P. Shankar and Vajramuni in supporting roles.

## Cast

* Harshavardhan as Chandru
* Nithya as Gowri
* M. P. Shankar
* Vajramuni
* Chethan Ramarao
* Honnavalli Krishna
* B. V. Radha
* Vaishali Kasaravalli
* M. N. Lakshmi Devi
* Rekha Das

## Production

During the production of Shruthi (1990), Madras-based badminton player Vishwas came to Dwarakish's house in search of film opportunities. He was rechristened as Harshavardhan since Dwarakish had a rift with Vishnuvardhan and wanted to introduce competition while Maria was rechristened as Nithya. M. P. Shankar and Vajramuni were selected to play important roles. Part of the film was shot in Mysore.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by S. A. Rajkumar.
All lyrics are written by R. N. Jayagopal, M N Vyasa Rao, and Chi. Udayashankar.

## Release

Film directors S. Siddalingaiah, Chandulal Jain and B. M. Venkatesh appreciated the film in a screening before its release. Since the film's producers and the people who watched the film during its premiere felt that the film would be a success, Dwarakish did not sell the film's rights to anyone. However, the film was an unexpected failure. Dwarakish cited casting newcomers as a possible reason for the film's failure but said in an interview that he appreciated working with them.
# Ballad (disambiguation)

Ballad is a form of narrative poetry, often put to music, or a type of sentimental love song in modern popular music.
Ballad or Ballade may also refer to:

## Music
### Genres and forms

* Ballade (classical music), a musical setting of a literary ballad, or a romantic instrumental piece, especially for piano
* Ballade (forme fixe), a French poetic and musical form common in the 14th and 15th centuries
* Ballata, a similar Italian poetic and musical form
* Sentimental ballad, a style of popular music, in many genres, that often deals with romantic relationships
** Korean ballad, a genre popular since the 1980s
** Latin ballad, a genre that originated in the 1960s in Spain and Latin America

### Classical compositions

* Ballad (John Ireland), a 1929 composition for piano by John Ireland
* Ballad, a composition by Stravinsky
* Ballad, a composition by Arnold Bax
* Ballad, a composition by Paul Ben-Haim
* Ballad, a composition by Eric Coates
* Ballad, a composition by Sibelius
* Ballade (Balanchine), a ballet by George Balanchine
* Ballade (Robbins), a ballet by Jerome Robbins
* Ballades, Op. 10 (Brahms)
* Ballades (Chopin), 1831–1842
* Ballade (Dvořák), 1884

### Performers

* The Ballads (group), a 1960s American R&B vocal group

### Albums

* Ballads (Mary J. Blige album), 2000
* Ballads (Liane Carroll album), 2013
* Ballads (John Coltrane album), 1962
* Ballads (David Murray album), 1988
* Ballads (Richard Marx album)
* Ballads (Despina Vandi album)
* Ballads (Earl Klugh album), 1993
* Ballads (Harem Scarem album), 1999
* Ballads (Paul Bley album), 1971
* Ballads (Ken Stubbs album), 2000
* Ballads, an album by Burl Ives
* Ballads - The Love Song Collection, a 2003 album by Boyzone
* The Ballads (Mariah Carey album), 2009
* The Ballads (REO Speedwagon album), 1999
* The Ballads (Doro album)
* Ballads 1, a 2018 album by Joji

### Songs

* "Ballad" (Ayumi Hamasaki song), 2009
* "Ballad (Namonaki Koi no Uta)", by Alan, 2009
* "Ballad", by Vangelis from Spiral
* "The Ballad", by Bang Camaro from Bang Camaro
* "The Ballad", by Blur from The Ballad of Darren
* "The Ballad", by Testament from Practice What You Preach

## Other uses

* "Ballad" (Glee), a television episode
* Ballad, a 2009 movie starring Tsuyoshi Kusanagi
* Ballade, a typeface designed in 1938 by Paul Renner
* Honda Ballade, a compact car
* Ballade, a character from Mega Man IV and Mega Man V
# Jemez National Recreation Area

Jemez National Recreation Area is a national recreation area in the U.S. state of New Mexico. Located in Santa Fe National Forest, the U.S. Forest Service recreation area comprises 57,650 acres (23,330 ha) and is administered by the U.S. Forest Service's Jemez Ranger District. The Forest Service administers the lands to promote the area for fishing, camping, rock climbing, hunting and hiking. Hunting is specifically permitted in the national recreation area. The government is required to consult with Jemez Pueblo on matters concerning cultural and religious sites and may close areas for traditional uses by the pueblo. Mining is prohibited, except on pre-existing claims.
About 9,350 acres (3,780 ha) are private lands. The national recreation area borders on Valles Caldera National Preserve. About 1.6 million people visit the area each year.
Jemez National Recreation Area was established in 1993 by Public Law 103-104.
# Johnson Run Natural Area

Johnson Run Natural Area is a 216-acre (87 ha) nature preserve located in Cameron County, Pennsylvania. The topography consists of a rugged, bouldered plateau dissected by steep-sided streams and covered with somewhere from 26 acres (11 ha) to 50 acres (20 ha) of old-growth forest containing Eastern Hemlock and Eastern White Pine. Some of the white pines are nearly 4 feet (120 cm) in diameter at breast height.
# Taklibhan

Taklibhan is a village located in Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra state in India. It was previously known as "Raja Bhanachi Takli" meaning Takli of king Bhan. The village is situated between Shrirampur and Nevasa.
# Target acquisition

Target acquisition is the detection and identification of the location of a target in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of lethal and non-lethal means. The term is used for a broad area of applications.
A "target" here is an entity or object considered for possible engagement or other action (see Targeting). Targets include a wide array of resources that an enemy commander can use to conduct operations including mobile and stationary units, forces, equipment, capabilities, facilities, persons and functions. It may comprise target acquisition, Joint Targeting or Information Operations.
Technically target acquisition may just denote the process of a weapon system to decide which object to lock on to, as opposed to surveillance on one and target tracking on the other side; for example in an anti-aircraft system.

## History

Target acquisition under the doctrines of the Cold War and post–Cold War were focused on identifying the capabilities, assets and identities of large troop formations, air defense systems, artillery, rockets, missiles and identifying other High Pay-off Targets (HPTs) and High Value Targets (HVTs). HPTs, which if successfully engaged and neutralized, significantly contribute to the success of the "friendly commander's" course of action. HVT is a target that an "enemy commander" requires for completion of a mission. They both seem to accomplish the same, but are different when conducting the targeting analysis process.
Since the September 11 attacks, target acquisition has become a highly technical, robust and complex process because of the priority target types, including the targeting of individuals. Whereas a satellite can locate a missile launcher or a formation of 16 tanks by its shape, heat signature or size, it cannot identify and locate 1 of 7 billion individuals without having a person on the ground to recognize, report and engage that individual. This also requires an enhancement of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) sources or the enhancement of biometric technology for the purpose of positive identification of individuals in the targeting process. The Joint Targeting process is better suited for targeting individuals. The latest U.S. doctrine is the JP 3-60, Joint Doctrine for Targeting.
# Pythagoraea

Pythagoraea is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Pythagoraea categorica, which is found on the Society Islands.
# Marpessa of Aetolia

In Greek mythology, Marpessa /ˌmɑːrˈpɛsə/ (Ancient Greek: Μάρπησσα, romanized: Márpēssa, "the robbed one") was an Aetolian princess and a granddaughter of Ares.

## Family

Marpessa was the daughter of King Evenus of Aetolia (son of Ares either by Demonice or Sterope) and princess Alcippe (daughter of King Oenomaus of Pisa). She attracted the attention of the hero Idas as well as the god Apollo. Marpessa eventually married Idas, by whom she begot Cleopatra, the future wife of the hero Meleager.

## Mythology

Marpessa was a beautiful lady, described as being "fair-ankled". Idas, son of King Aphareus, came from Messenia to ask for the hand of Marpessa, but Evenus refused his request because he wanted his daughter to remain a virgin. Idas went to his father Poseidon and begged for the use of a winged chariot. After Poseidon consented to his use of the chariot, Idas kidnapped Marpessa and carried her away from a band of dancers and to Pleuron in Aetolia. Her father, after chasing the couple for a long time, realized that he could not catch up to them. In his madness, he killed his horses and then drowned himself in a nearby river Lycormas and became immortal. The river was named later after him.
In another version, Apollo also wanted Marpessa and pursued Idas as he carried away Marpessa. As the two fought for the girl's hand, Zeus intervened and asked Marpessa to choose between the mortal and the god. Marpessa chose Idas, reasoning to Apollo that had she chosen the god, she would have eventually grown old and lost his affections.
In Homer's version, Marpessa was already married to Idas when Apollo carried her away from her husband. Idas, however, confronted Apollo:
    Idas that was mightiest of men that were then upon the face of earth; who also took his bow to face the king Phoebus Apollo for the sake of the fair-ankled maid [i.e. Marpessa].
When Idas was slain by the hands of Polydeuces, one of the Dioscuri, Marpessa killed herself.

## Modern use of the name

* Marpessa, as a name, was used to describe a 206,000 ton Shell Oil company supertanker (VLCC). In December 1969, it became the world's largest oil tanker to sink up to that date. Marpessa had been on its maiden voyage from Europort, Rotterdam, when an explosion ripped through the hull and it foundered 50 miles off the west coast of Africa.
# Melite (mythology)

Melite or Melita (/ˈmɛlɪtiː/; Ancient Greek: Μελίτη Melitê means 'calm, honey sweet' or 'glorious, splendid') was the name of several characters in Greek mythology:
* Melita, one of the 3,000 Oceanids, water-nymph daughters of the Titans Oceanus and his sister-spouse Tethys. She was one of the companions of Persephone along with her sisters when the daughter of Demeter was abducted by Hades.
* Melite or Melie, the "gracious" Nereid of the calm seas. She was a sea-nymph daughter of the "Old Man of the Sea" Nereus and the Oceanid Doris. Melite and her other sisters appear to Thetis when she cries out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles at the slaying of his friend Patroclus. Later on, together with her sisters Thaleia, Speio, Cymodoce, Nesaea, Panopea and Thetis, they were able to help the hero Aeneas and his crew during a storm.
* Melite, naiad daughter of the river god Aegaeus and mother of Hyllus by Heracles.
* Melite, one of the Erasinides, four naiad daughters of the Argive river-god Erasinus. Together with her sisters, Anchiroe, Byze and Maera, they became the followers of Britomartis.
* Melite, an Egyptian princess as the daughter of King Busiris and possible sister of Amphidamas. She was the mother of Metus by Poseidon.
* Melite or Meta, daughter of Hoples and the first wife of Aegeus.
* Melite, eponym of a deme in Attica.
* Melite, one of the sacrificial victims of the Minotaur, and the daughter of Thriagonos.
# Metope (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Metope /mɪˈtoʊpiː/ (Ancient Greek: Μετώπη) may refer to the following:
* Metope, the Arcadian naiad daughter of the river god Ladon and Stymphalis, thus sister to Daphne. Her waters were near the town of Stymphalus in the Peloponnesus. She married the river god Asopus by whom she had several (either 12 or 20) daughters, including Aegina, Salamis, Thebe, Corcyra, Tanagra, Thespia, Cleone, Sinope, Peirene, Asopis, Ornea, Chalcis, Harpina and Ismene; and sons, including Pelagon (Pelasgus) and Ismenus. The question of the exact parentage of these children of Asopus is very vague.
* Metope, a daughter of the above Asopus in some accounts.
* Metope, consort of the river god Sangarius. Some say these were the possible parents of Hecuba. She may be identical or different from the above Metope.
* Metope, an Epirotian princess as the daughter of King Echetus. She had an intrigue with a lover and as a punishment her father mutilated the lover and blinded Metope by piercing her eyes with bronze needles. He then incarcerated her in a tower and gave her grains of bronze, promising that she would regain her sight when she had ground these grains into flour. Eustathius and the scholia on this passage call the daughter and her lover Amphissa and Aechmodicus respectively.
# Charles Swickard

Charles F. Swickard (March 21, 1861 – May 12, 1929) was a German-born American actor and film director of the silent era. He was the brother of the actor Josef Swickard.

## Selected filmography
### Director

* The Beckoning Flame (1915)
* The Three Musketeers (1916)
* Hell's Hinges (1916)
* Mixed Blood (1916)
* The Beggar of Cawnpore (1916)
* The Raiders (1916)
* The Beckoning Flame (1916)
* The Lair of the Wolf (1917)
* The Plow Woman (1917)
* The Scarlet Crystal (1917)
* The Gates of Doom (1917)
* The Phantom's Secret (1917)
* The Light of Western Stars (1918)
* Hitting the High Spots (1918)
* The Spender (1919)
* Faith (1919)
* Li Ting Lang (1920)
* An Arabian Knight (1920)
* The Last Straw (1920)
# Olynthus (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Olynthus (Ancient Greek: Ὄλυνθος) was a son of Heracles and Bolbe, from whom the ancient city of Olynthus, and the river Olynthus near Apollonia, were believed to have received their name according to Athenaeus. According to Conon and Stephanus of Byzantium, Olynthus was son of king Strymon, and brother of Brangas and Rhesus.

## Mythology

After Olynthus was killed during the chase by a lion, his brother Brangas buried him on the spot where he had fallen, and called the town which he subsequently built there Olynthus.
# Christina Maslach

Christina Maslach (born January 21, 1946) is an American social psychologist and professor emerita of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, known for her research on occupational burnout. She is a co-author of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Areas of Worklife Survey. Early in her professional career, Maslach was instrumental in stopping the Stanford prison experiment. In 1997, she was awarded the U.S. Professor of the Year.

## Education and career

Maslach graduated from Berkeley High School (California) (1963), Radcliffe College (1967) and earned a Ph.D. in psychology at Stanford University (1971). After receiving her Ph.D., Maslach joined the psychology department at Berkeley as an assistant professor.
Her critique of the Stanford prison experiment persuaded investigator Philip Zimbardo (later her husband) to stop the experiment after only six days. The experience also shaped Maslach's later career, particularly her interest in occupational burnout as a response to unavoidable stress. Maslach and Zimbardo married in 1972, a year after the study.
In 1981, Maslach and Susan E. Jackson authored the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) to assess an individual's experience of occupational burnout in human services settings. She later developed alternative versions of the original MBI to be used to assess education settings (1986) and general occupational settings (1996). More than 30 years later, in 2014, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was still being cited as "the mainstream measure for burnout".
From 1988 to 1989, she was president of the Western Psychological Association (WPA). Since 2001, she has been vice provost for undergraduate education at the University of California, Berkeley.

## Awards and honors

In 1991, Maslach was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She is also a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and of the WPA.
At Berkeley, Maslach has received the Distinguished Teaching Award and the Social Sciences Service Award. In 1997, she was named the U.S. Professor of the Year by the Council for Advancement and Support of Education and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1997. In 2008, Maslach won the WPA Outstanding Teaching Award.