# Canadian County, Oklahoma

Canadian County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 154,405, making it the fourth most populous county in Oklahoma. Its county seat is El Reno.
The county is named for the Canadian River, which forms part of its southern border. The river may have been named for early European explorers who were fur traders and trappers from New France, or pre-1763 colonial Canada.
Canadian County is part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area.

## History

In 1859, the United States expelled the Caddo Nation of Louisiana from its Brazos reservation in Texas and relocated it to what would eventually become Canadian County, Oklahoma. Showetat, the last hereditary chief of the Caddo, set up his camp here and is considered Canadian County's first permanent resident. (Union City developed near his camp site.)
The federal government relocated the Wichita tribe to this same part of Indian Territory in 1861. By the Treaty of Medicine Lodge, the United States assigned the land west of the Caddo and Wichita to the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes. They were relocated from Colorado in 1869. The Cheyenne-Arapaho Agency (later renamed the Darlington Agency) was established in 1870.
Canadian County was formed in 1889 as County Four of Oklahoma Territory as part of the Oklahoma Organic Act, which created Oklahoma Territory from part of Indian Territory. It was named after the Canadian River, which runs through the county.
This county was settled by European-Americans after the April 22, 1889, land run, which gave away expropriated Native American land. It was expanded by a second land run in 1892. In 1902, after distribution of communal lands among households of the Cheyenne and Arapaho, their 'surplus' lands were opened to European-American settlement. El Reno was chosen as the county seat over competitors Reno City, Frisco, and Canadian City.
The county was the location of the last great battle of the Cheyenne and Arapaho against United States Army forces.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 906 square miles (2,350 km$^2$), of which 897 square miles (2,320 km$^2$) is land and 9.0 square miles (23 km$^2$) (1.0%) is water. The county lies mostly within the Red Bed Plains, a subregion of the Osage Plains physiographic region. Its northwestern corner is in the Gypsum Hills. The county is drained by the North Canadian River and the Canadian River, which both flow through the county from northwest to southeast.
According to a study published by the Oklahoma Geological Survey, the North Canadian River drains about 40 percent of the county, the Canadian River drains about 32 percent, and the Cimarron River drains about 27 percent (mostly in the northeastern part of the county). About 1 percent of the county is drained by Sugar Creek, which empties into the Washita River, itself a tributary of the Red River.
The North Canadian River enters Canadian County near the northwest corner, flows generally southeast towards the middle of the county, then turns southward to leave the county about 8 miles (13 km) north of the southeastern corner. The river length is about 76 miles (122 km). The elevation drops from 1,420 feet (430 m) at the entry to about 1,200 feet (370 m) at the exit. Its named tributaries are Sixmile Creek, Fourmile Creek, Purcell Creek, Shell Creek, and Mustang Creek.
The Canadian River enters the western border of the county about 11 miles (18 km) north of the southwest corner at an elevation of 1,370 feet (420 m) and flows southeast about 16 miles (26 km), where it becomes the southern border of the county. Its course within the county is 45 miles (72 km) long, and the elevation where it leaves the county is 1,150 feet (350 m). Named tributaries include Dry Creek and Boggy Creek.
The Cimarron River does not flow through the county, but drains part of the northeastern area via its tributaries: Kingfisher, Dead Indian, Uncle John, Cottonwood, Soldier, and Deer creeks. The Washita River flows more than 20 miles (32 km) south of the county, but drains about 5 square miles (13 km$^2$) in the southwest corner of Canadian County.

### Adjacent counties

* Kingfisher County (north)
* Logan County (northeast)
* Oklahoma County (east)
* Cleveland County (southeast)
* Grady County (south)
* Caddo County (southwest)
* Blaine County (northwest)

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 87,697 people, 31,484 households, and 24,431 families residing in the county. The population density was 98 inhabitants per square mile (38/km$^2$). There were 33,969 housing units at an average density of 38 units per square mile (15 units/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 87.01% White, 2.16% Black or African American, 4.27% Native American, 2.45% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.35% from other races, and 2.72% from two or more races. 3.86% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In 2020, its population grew to 154,541 with a 2022 census-estimated population of 169,149. Its racial makeup as of the 2021 census estimates were 72.8% non-Hispanic white, 4.3% African American, 5.3% Native American, 3.3% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 5.1% multiracial, and 11% Hispanic or Latino of any race.
As of 2000, there were 31,484 households, out of which 39.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.30% were married couples living together, 9.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.40% were non-families. 19.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.10. In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.00% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 30.70% from 25 to 44, 23.50% from 45 to 64, and 9.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.70 males. By 2021 estimates, there were 54,871 households in the county.
In 2000, the median income for a household in the county was $45,439, and the median income for a family was $51,180. Males had a median income of $35,944 versus $24,631 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,691. About 5.80% of families and 7.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.70% of those under age 18 and 7.20% of those age 65 or over. In 2021, its median household income was $76,973 with a poverty rate of 8.2%.

## Politics

Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of January 15, 2024 :
| Party | Party | Number of Voters | Percentage |
| | Republican | 58,711 | 59.24% |
| | Democratic | 19,974 | 20.15% |
| | Libertarian | 1,139 | 1.15% |
| | Unaffiliated | 19,284 | 19.46% |
| Total | Total | 99,108 | 100% |
United States presidential election results for Canadian County, Oklahoma :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 50,551 | 69.18% | 21,038 | 28.79% | 1,485 | 2.03% |
| 2020 | 43,550 | 70.31% | 16,742 | 27.03% | 1,648 | 2.66% |
| 2016 | 39,986 | 72.34% | 11,674 | 21.12% | 3,618 | 6.55% |
| 2012 | 35,625 | 77.17% | 10,537 | 22.83% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2008 | 36,428 | 76.12% | 11,426 | 23.88% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2004 | 33,297 | 77.42% | 9,712 | 22.58% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2000 | 22,679 | 72.32% | 8,367 | 26.68% | 314 | 1.00% |
| 1996 | 18,139 | 59.40% | 8,977 | 29.40% | 3,420 | 11.20% |
| 1992 | 16,756 | 50.70% | 7,215 | 21.83% | 9,079 | 27.47% |
| 1988 | 17,872 | 70.00% | 7,453 | 29.19% | 205 | 0.80% |
| 1984 | 20,929 | 79.52% | 5,245 | 19.93% | 146 | 0.55% |
| 1980 | 15,272 | 72.58% | 4,889 | 23.24% | 880 | 4.18% |
| 1976 | 9,766 | 56.32% | 7,288 | 42.03% | 285 | 1.64% |
| 1972 | 11,400 | 78.28% | 2,751 | 18.89% | 413 | 2.84% |
| 1968 | 5,891 | 49.12% | 3,577 | 29.83% | 2,525 | 21.05% |
| 1964 | 5,193 | 47.47% | 5,747 | 52.53% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 5,697 | 57.37% | 4,234 | 42.63% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1956 | 5,702 | 59.41% | 3,896 | 40.59% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1952 | 7,289 | 63.43% | 4,203 | 36.57% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1948 | 3,729 | 40.11% | 5,568 | 59.89% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1944 | 4,674 | 49.24% | 4,800 | 50.57% | 18 | 0.19% |
| 1940 | 4,699 | 45.90% | 5,506 | 53.79% | 32 | 0.31% |
| 1936 | 3,325 | 34.97% | 6,135 | 64.52% | 48 | 0.50% |
| 1932 | 2,549 | 27.36% | 6,767 | 72.64% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1928 | 5,011 | 63.63% | 2,786 | 35.38% | 78 | 0.99% |
| 1924 | 3,070 | 41.50% | 3,065 | 41.44% | 1,262 | 17.06% |
| 1920 | 3,881 | 52.14% | 3,268 | 43.90% | 295 | 3.96% |
| 1916 | 1,590 | 37.33% | 2,200 | 51.66% | 469 | 11.01% |
| 1912 | 1,794 | 42.49% | 2,047 | 48.48% | 381 | 9.02% |
| 1908 | 1,931 | 45.77% | 2,124 | 50.34% | 164 | 3.89% |

## Government and infrastructure

The Federal Bureau of Prisons operates the Federal Correctional Institution, El Reno in El Reno, Canadian County.

## Economy

Agriculture has been a mainstay of the economy since the beginning of non-Indigenous settlement in the late 1800s.

## Transportation
### Major highways

* I-40
* I-344
* I-40 BL
* US 81
* US 270
* US 281
* SH-3
* SH-4
* SH-8
* SH-37
* SH-66
* SH-92
* SH-152

### Airports

* Clarence E. Page Municipal Airport is a public use airport located in Canadian County, 15 nautical miles (28 km) west of the central business district of Oklahoma City, which also owns this airport.
* Sundance Airpark is a public use airport located in Canadian County, 11 nautical miles (20 km) northwest of the central business district of Oklahoma City. This airport is privately owned.
* El Reno Regional Airport, El Reno, OK

## Communities
### Cities

* El Reno (county seat)
* Geary (partly in Blaine County)
* Mustang
* Oklahoma City (mostly in Oklahoma County)
* Piedmont (partly in Kingfisher County)
* Yukon

### Towns

* Calumet
* Okarche (partly in Kingfisher County)
* Union City

### Census-designated place

* Cedar Lake

### Other unincorporated communities

* Four Counties Corner (formerly Lockridge)
* Scott (partly in Caddo County)

## Education

School districts include:
K-12:
* Calumet Public Schools
* Cashion Public Schools
* Deer Creek Public Schools
* El Reno Public Schools
* Geary Public Schools
* Hinton Public Schools
* Lookeba-Sickles Public Schools
* Minco Public Schools
* Mustang Public Schools
* Okarche Public Schools
* Piedmont Public Schools
* Union City Public Schools
* Yukon Public Schools
Elementary:
* Banner Public School
* Darlington Public School
* Maple Public School
* Riverside Public School

## NRHP sites

The following sites in Canadian County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
* Avant's Cities Service Station, El Reno
* Bridgeport Hill Service Station, Geary
* Bridgeport Hill-Hydro Route 66 Segment, Hydro
* Canadian County Jail, El Reno
* Carnegie Library, El Reno
* Czech Hall, Yukon
* Darlington Agency Site, El Reno
* El Reno High School, El Reno
* El Reno Hotel, El Reno
* El Reno Municipal Swimming Pool Bath House, El Reno
* Fort Reno, El Reno
* William I. and Magdalen M. Goff House, El Reno
* Jackson Conoco Service Station, El Reno
* Henry Lassen House, El Reno
* McGranahan Portion of the Chisholm Trail Roadbed, Yukon vicinity
* Meloy House, Mustang
* Mennoville Mennonite Church, El Reno
* Mulvey Mercantile, Yukon
* Red Cross Canteen, El Reno
* Richardson Building, Union City
* Rock Island Depot, El Reno
* Southern Hotel, El Reno
* West Point Christian Church, Yukon
* Yukon Public Library, Yukon