# Phoenix metropolitan area

The Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the Salt River Valley, metro Phoenix, or The Valley, is the largest metropolitan statistical area in the Southwestern United States, with its largest principal city being the city of Phoenix. It includes much of central Arizona. The United States Office of Management and Budget designates the area as the Phoenix–Mesa–Chandler Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), defining it as Maricopa and Pinal counties. It anchors the Arizona Sun Corridor megaregion along with the second-most populous metropolitan area in the state, the Tucson metropolitan area. The gross domestic product of the Phoenix metropolitan area was around $400 billion in 2023, 14th highest amongst metro areas in the United States.
As of the 2020 census, the two-county metropolitan area had 4,845,832 residents, making it the 11th largest metropolitan area in the nation by population. Metro Phoenix grew by 652,945 people from April 2010 to April 2020, making it one of the fastest growing metro areas in the country. This also contributed to the entire state's exceptional growth; the area is home to just over two-thirds of Arizona's population. The population of the Phoenix metropolitan area increased by 45.3% from 1990 through 2000, compared to the overall U.S. rate of 13.2%, helping make Arizona the second-fastest growing state in the nation in the 1990s behind Nevada. The 2000 census reported the population of the metropolitan area to be 3,251,876. Water insecurity and drought in conjunction with climate change have become a significant concern for the metropolitan area's future growth prospects.

## Combined Statistical Area

The Phoenix–Mesa combined statistical area (CSA) was designated in September 2018 by U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and by the Census Bureau which consists of the entirety of the counties of Maricopa, Pinal, and Gila. This includes the Phoenix metropolitan area and the Payson, AZ micropolitan statistical area.
As of April 1, 2020, the Phoenix–Mesa CSA had a population of 4,899,104, making it the fourteenth-most populous in the nation.

## Metropolitan Statistical Area

The Phoenix Metropolitan Area comprises Maricopa County (2020 population: 4,420,568) and Pinal County (2020 population: 425,264). It is officially designated by the US Census Bureau as the Phoenix–Mesa–Chandler, AZ Metropolitan Statistical Area. The total population for metropolitan Phoenix at the 2020 Census was 4,845,832.
The Phoenix Metropolitan Area is hundreds of miles away from any other metropolitan area of similar population size. For instance, the closest metropolitan area with almost the same population size is the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metro Area, which is 300 miles away.
Table of nearby metropolitan areas to the Phoenix–Mesa–Chandler, AZ Metro Area :
| Metropolitan Area Name | Distance from Phoenix (miles) | Population (2020 Census) | Urban Density (2010 Pop. per Sq. Mile) |
| Phoenix–Mesa–Chandler, AZ Metro Area | 0 | 4,845,832 | 3,165.2 |
| Tucson, AZ Metro Area | 105 | 1,043,433 | 2,385.4 |
| Yuma, AZ Metro Area | 155 | 203,881 | 2,299.9 |
| Las Vegas–Henderson–Paradise, NV Metro Area | 255 | 2,265,461 | 4,524.5 |
| San Diego–Chula Vista–Carlsbad, CA Metro Area | 300 | 3,298,634 | 4,037.0 |
| Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario, CA Metro Area | 300 | 4,599,839 | 3,546.4 |
| Albuquerque, NM Metro Area | 330 | 916,528 | 2,958.5 |
| El Paso, TX Metro Area | 345 | 868,859 | 3,205.0 |
| Los Angeles–Long Beach–Anaheim, CA Metro Area | 360 | 13,200,998 | 6,999.3 |
| Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura, CA Metro Area | 410 | 843,843 | |
| Bakersfield, CA Metro Area | 420 | 909,235 | 3,785.0 |
| Salt Lake City, UT Metro Area | 505 | 1,257,936 | 3,675.1 |
| Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metro Area | 585 | 2,963,821 | 3,554.4 |

## Demographics

As of the 2010 census, there were 4,192,887 people, 1,537,137 households, and 1,024,971 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 73.0% White (58.7% White Non-Hispanic), 5.0% Black, 3.3% Asian, 2.4% Native American or Alaska Native (virtually all Native American) and 16.2% of other or mixed race. 29.5% were Hispanic of any race.
In 2010 the median income for a household in the MSA was $50,385 and the median income for a family was $58,497. The per capita income was $24,809.
| County | 2020 Census | 2010 Census | Change | Area | Density |
| Maricopa County | 4,420,568 | 3,817,117 | +15.81% | 9,200.14 sq mi (23,828.3 km$^2$) | 480/sq mi (186/km$^2$) |
| Pinal County | 425,264 | 375,770 | +13.17% | 5,365.61 sq mi (13,896.9 km$^2$) | 79/sq mi (31/km$^2$) |
| Gila County | 53,272 | 53,597 | −0.61% | 4,795 sq mi (12,420 km$^2$) | 11/sq mi (4/km$^2$) |
| Total | 4,899,104 | 4,246,484 | +15.37% | 19,360.75 sq mi (50,144.1 km$^2$) | 253/sq mi (98/km$^2$) |

## Communities

What follows is a list of places in Metro Phoenix (populations for incorporated places are as of the 2020 census). The Office of Management and Budget defines a metropolitan area as the core city plus its county and any nearby counties that are economically dependent on the core city. However, Arizona has relatively large counties and a harsh, rugged desert landscape. For these reasons, much of the land that is part of the Metropolitan Statistical Area is rural or completely uninhabited. The core part of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area is the Phoenix–Mesa, Arizona Urban Area, which is far smaller than the Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Places that fall completely or partially within the boundaries of the Phoenix–Mesa, AZ US are in bold below.

### Cities and suburbs

Principal city
* Phoenix pop. 1,648,540
Places with 250,000+ inhabitants
* Mesa pop. 521,649
* Chandler pop. 284,109
* Gilbert pop. 283,029
* Glendale pop. 258,300
Places with 150,000–249,999 inhabitants
* Scottsdale pop. 241,361
* Peoria pop. 190,985
* Tempe pop. 180,587
Places with 75,000–149,999 inhabitants
* Surprise pop. 143,148
* Goodyear pop. 95,294
* Buckeye pop. 91,502
* Avondale pop. 89,334
* Queen Creek pop. 78,634
Places with 30,000–74,999 inhabitants
* Apache Junction pop. 38,499
* El Mirage pop. 35,805
Places with 10,000–29,999 inhabitants
* Fountain Hills pop. 23,820
* Paradise Valley pop. 12,658
Fewer than 10,000 inhabitants
* Wickenburg pop. 7,474
* Tolleson pop. 7,216
* Youngtown pop. 7,056
* Litchfield Park pop. 6,847
* Guadalupe pop. 5,322
* Cave Creek pop. 4,892
* Carefree pop. 3,690
* Gila Bend pop. 1,892

### Unincorporated communities

Over 10,000 inhabitants
* San Tan Valley pop. 104,936
* Sun City pop. 39,931
* Sun City West pop. 25,806
* Anthem pop. 23,190
* New River pop. 17,290
* Sun Lakes pop. 14,868
Under 10,000 inhabitants
* Aguila
* Arlington
* Circle City
* Komatke
* Liberty
* Morristown
* Palo Verde
* Rio Verde
* Tonopah
* Tortilla Flat
* Waddell
* Wintersburg
* Wittmann

## Geography

As of 2020, the Phoenix Metropolitan area consists of Maricopa and Pinal counties, comprising a total area of about 14,600 square miles. Because of the size of counties in Arizona, even though Maricopa and Pinal counties together contain nearly 4.9 million people, most of the area is uninhabited, which gives the MSA an extremely low density compared to other major MSAs in the nation.
The average elevation in the city itself is about 1,100 feet (340 m), with the highest point being in South Mountain Park Preserve 2,704 feet (824 m).The highest point in the two county area is 7,657 feet (2,334 m) in the Four Peaks mountain range.

### Climate

Metropolitan Phoenix is notable for its warm, desert climate. On average, the area receives about 9 inches of rain annually, with less than 1 inch of snow every decade. In total, the region will see about 32 days of measurable precipitation each year. The MSA is one of the sunniest major metropolitan areas, receiving 295 days of sunshine, compared to the national average of 205. The average July high is about 104 °F (40 °C), with the average January low being about 36 °F (3 °C), still above freezing. Bestplaces gives Metropolitan Phoenix a comfort index of 44/100, which is also the national average.
Below is a chart showing climate data collected from Sky Harbor Airport. Due to the vast area covered by the MSA, climates vary throughout the valley.
Climate data for Phoenix Int'l, Arizona (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1895–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 88 (31) | 92 (33) | 100 (38) | 105 (41) | 114 (46) | 122 (50) | 121 (49) | 118 (48) | 118 (48) | 113 (45) | 99 (37) | 87 (31) | 122 (50) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 78.2 (25.7) | 82.1 (27.8) | 90.4 (32.4) | 99.0 (37.2) | 105.7 (40.9) | 112.7 (44.8) | 114.6 (45.9) | 113.2 (45.1) | 108.9 (42.7) | 100.7 (38.2) | 88.9 (31.6) | 77.7 (25.4) | 115.7 (46.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 67.6 (19.8) | 70.8 (21.6) | 78.1 (25.6) | 85.5 (29.7) | 94.5 (34.7) | 104.2 (40.1) | 106.5 (41.4) | 105.1 (40.6) | 100.4 (38.0) | 89.2 (31.8) | 76.5 (24.7) | 66.2 (19.0) | 87.1 (30.6) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 56.8 (13.8) | 59.9 (15.5) | 66.3 (19.1) | 73.2 (22.9) | 82.0 (27.8) | 91.4 (33.0) | 95.5 (35.3) | 94.4 (34.7) | 89.2 (31.8) | 77.4 (25.2) | 65.1 (18.4) | 55.8 (13.2) | 75.6 (24.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 46.0 (7.8) | 49.0 (9.4) | 54.5 (12.5) | 60.8 (16.0) | 69.5 (20.8) | 78.6 (25.9) | 84.5 (29.2) | 83.6 (28.7) | 78.1 (25.6) | 65.6 (18.7) | 53.7 (12.1) | 45.3 (7.4) | 64.1 (17.8) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 36.0 (2.2) | 40.0 (4.4) | 44.4 (6.9) | 50.1 (10.1) | 58.4 (14.7) | 69.4 (20.8) | 74.4 (23.6) | 74.2 (23.4) | 68.3 (20.2) | 53.8 (12.1) | 42.0 (5.6) | 35.4 (1.9) | 33.8 (1.0) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 16 (−9) | 24 (−4) | 25 (−4) | 35 (2) | 39 (4) | 49 (9) | 63 (17) | 58 (14) | 47 (8) | 34 (1) | 27 (−3) | 22 (−6) | 16 (−9) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.87 (22) | 0.87 (22) | 0.83 (21) | 0.22 (5.6) | 0.13 (3.3) | 0.02 (0.51) | 0.91 (23) | 0.93 (24) | 0.57 (14) | 0.56 (14) | 0.57 (14) | 0.74 (19) | 7.22 (183) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 3.8 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 33.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 50.9 | 44.4 | 39.3 | 27.8 | 21.9 | 19.4 | 31.6 | 36.2 | 35.6 | 36.9 | 43.8 | 51.8 | 36.6 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 32.4 (0.2) | 32.2 (0.1) | 32.9 (0.5) | 31.6 (−0.2) | 34.3 (1.3) | 39.0 (3.9) | 56.1 (13.4) | 58.3 (14.6) | 52.3 (11.3) | 43.0 (6.1) | 35.8 (2.1) | 33.1 (0.6) | 40.1 (4.5) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 256.0 | 257.2 | 318.4 | 353.6 | 401.0 | 407.8 | 378.5 | 360.8 | 328.6 | 308.9 | 256.0 | 244.8 | 3,871.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 81 | 84 | 86 | 90 | 93 | 95 | 86 | 87 | 89 | 88 | 82 | 79 | 87 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 3.1 | 4.4 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 9.7 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 10.1 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 7.0 |
| Source 1: NOAA (dew points, relative humidity, and sun 1961–1990), Weather.com ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022) ||||||||||||||

## Economy

Metropolitan Phoenix has historically been the center of the state's economy. As with the state of Arizona, the area relied on the 5 C's (copper, cattle, climate, citrus, and cotton) for its economic growth and expansion. However, after World War II, the area entered the manufacturing industry, which spurred the growth of what would eventually be one of the largest urban areas in the nation. Currently, the two largest industries are manufacturing and tourism. About 10 million people visit from other states and Canada each year, due to the area's mild winters and long, sunny days. The technology and service industries currently account for almost 77% of total employment in the region. As well as a strong tourism industry, the Phoenix area has a significant business sector. Several Fortune 500 and Fortune 1000 companies have their international headquarters in the area, including Avnet, PetSmart, Apollo Education Group, Republic Services, ON Semiconductor, Insight Enterprises, and Sprouts Farmers Market. Other Fortune 500 companies with significant presence include Banner Health, the state's largest private employer, American Airlines, which merged with Tempe-based US Airways, American Express, Wells Fargo, Boeing, and Intel, which has a large regional campus in Chandler.
The Metropolitan Area ranks 5th in the nation in economic growth, which is a major comeback from the recession. The unemployment rate of the area is 5.3%, lower than the national rate of 6.3%. It also has slightly higher recent job growth (2.0% compared to 1.2%) and higher projected job growth (38.7% compared to 36.1%). Although the area has significantly higher sales tax rates compared with the nation as a whole (8.3% to 6.0%), income tax rates are lower than the national average (3.4% to 4.7%). The largest occupation by population is in the office/administrative sector, comprising more than a quarter of all jobs in the region.

## Infrastructure
### Transportation
#### Freeways and expressways

The Phoenix Metropolitan Area is served by several controlled-access freeways, including:
* I-10 (Papago Freeway, Maricopa Freeway)
* I-17 (Black Canyon Freeway, Maricopa Freeway)
* US 60 (Maricopa Freeway, Superstition Freeway)
* SR 51 (Piestewa Freeway)
* SR 143 (Hohokam Expressway)
* Loop 101 (Agua Fria, Pima, Price Freeway)
* Loop 202 (Red Mountain, Santan, South Mountain Freeway)
* Loop 303 (Estrella Freeway)
New freeways are planned in the future, either through upgrades of existing roads such as SR 74, SR 85, and Northern Parkway; or through the construction of new freeways where no road existed before such as SR 24, SR 30, and I-11.

#### Arterial roads

Most of the arterial roads in the Phoenix metropolitan area are laid out on a regular grid, following the section lines established in the Public Land Survey System. As a result, arterial roads in cities that had once been geographically separate may have been given different names while occupying the same section line. When these roads were extended to accommodate the growth in the area they eventually merged into a single road while the previous segments retained their existing names. This results in several cases of a road abruptly changing names; for example, Dunlap Avenue in Phoenix becomes Olive Avenue west of 43rd Avenue, in Glendale.
Another quirk of a grid system based upon the Public Land Survey System is due to the occasional corrections in the grid caused by the curvature of the Earth. This results in arterial roadways deviating slightly from a straight line, as can be seen in many locations where roads abruptly curve either just north or just south of Baseline Road to follow a new section line.
The majority of the cities in the metropolitan area, as well as unincorporated areas in Maricopa County, observe the addressing system employed by the city of Phoenix. A number of cities, however, retain their own addressing systems with differing reference points, creating the potential for multiple instances of a house number being found on the same named road.
In terms of numbering systems, some roads that continue through multiple cities will switch numbering conventions several times. Broadway Road, for example, starts and stops multiple times, passing through Goodyear, Avondale, Phoenix, Tempe, Mesa, and Apache Junction, each with their own reference point for address numbering. Though the street does not curve, the direction changes from west to east in each city and back again when moving from one city to the next, causing considerable overlap in numbers.

#### Street numbering systems

Most communities in Maricopa County use the Phoenix-County numbering system, with the point of origin at Central Avenue and Washington Street. In the Phoenix-County system, north-south numbered roads labeled "avenue", "drive", and "lane" are West of Central Avenue, while those labeled "street", "place" and "way" are east of Central Avenue. Starting with 579th Avenue in the west near Tonopah the avenues count down with approximately 8 numbers per mile to 19th Avenue and count up again to from 16th Street to 228th Street near Queen Creek in the east. They go, in order from west to east (although not all necessarily exist):
* 2nd Avenue – 1st Dale – 1st Glen – 1st Lane – 1st Drive – 1st Avenue
* Central Avenue
* 1st Street – 1st Place – 1st Way – 1st Terrace – 1st Run – 2nd Street
This has been a source of confusion for a few newcomers, who might end up, for example, at 91st Avenue and Thunderbird Road, when in fact they intended to go to 91st Street and Thunderbird Road, between 30 minutes and an hour away from one another depending on traffic.
One beneficial quality of this arrangement for unfamiliar travelers is that the major north-south arterial roads are rarely similarly named; the "avenue" arterials in the West Valley are all odd-numbered and the "street" arterials in the East Valley are even-numbered, with the exception of 7th Ave. & 7th St., both being major roadways running parallel and each one-half mile from Central Ave.
Communities in Maricopa County that have their own street numbering systems include:
| Community | Point of Origin |
| Apache Junction (Pinal County) | Idaho Road & Junction Drive |
| Avondale (historic downtown only) | Central Avenue & Western Avenue |
| Buckeye (historic downtown only) | Monroe Avenue & 1st Street |
| Chandler | Commonwealth Place & Arizona Avenue |
| Gilbert | Gilbert Road & Elliot Road |
| Litchfield Park | Old Litchfield Road & Wigwam Boulevard |
| Mesa | Center Street & Main Street |
| Goodyear (historic district only) | Western Avenue & Litchfield Road |
| Tempe | Mill Avenue & the Salt River |
| Wickenburg | Center Street & Frontier Street |
| Wittmann (core area only) | Center Street & Grand Avenue |
Additional confusion can be encountered in Mesa in its urban core, with east-west numbered avenues and drives counting down from 11th Avenue north towards Main Street), and numbered streets and places counting down from 11th Place south towards Main Street. Then, in the eastern part of the city, north-south streets and places count up from 22nd St east of Gilbert Rd, to 112th Street on the Apache Junction border. Numerous trailer parks inside the city limits run their own contradictory variations of the numbered street system.
Most communities in Pinal County use the Pinal County street numbering system, whose point of origin is at SR 287 and 11 Mile Corner Road (the intersection of which is known as "11 Mile Corner"). Exceptions include:
| Community | Point of origin |
| Apache Junction | Idaho Road & Junction Drive |
| Casa Grande | Ash Avenue & Center Street |
| Coolidge | Central Avenue & Union Pacific Railroad |
| Eloy | Alsdorf Road & Main Street |
| Florence | Butte Avenue & Main Street |
| Queen Creek | (follows Maricopa County) |
| Stanfield | SR 84 & Stanfield Road |
Apache Junction continues Mesa's convention of numbered north-south street names by having the sequence continue east from 112th St while simultaneously having east-west numbered avenues south of Apache Trail and east-west numbered streets north of Apache Trail.

#### Traffic safety

In terms of safety, the Phoenix–Mesa–Chandler, AZ metropolitan area has been ranked 16th most dangerous in the USA, based on its Pedestrian Danger Index, computed on the share of local commuters who walk to work and the most recent data on pedestrian deaths as found in a 2016 report released by Smart Growth America.

#### Rail

Amtrak serves the Phoenix metropolitan area with their Sunset Limited and Texas Eagle trains—both of which stop in Maricopa, located about 40 miles south of downtown Phoenix. Amtrak's Stagecoach Express provides Amtrak Thruway service from Maricopa station to both Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and Tempe station. Amtrak also provides additional Thruway Motorcoach service from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport to Flagstaff station, which is served by the Southwest Chief.
Amtrak's Los Angeles-New Orleans Sunset Limited served the city of Phoenix directly from 1971 until it was rerouted on June 2, 1996, to a more southerly route between Tucson and Yuma, Arizona, in order to accommodate the Union Pacific Railroad's desire to abandon a portion of its Phoenix-to-Yuma "West Line." This made Phoenix one of the largest cities in the nation without direct passenger service.
A light rail system (dubbed the "METRO Light Rail") runs more than 20 miles from suburban Mesa, through Tempe and into Phoenix, traveling through the downtown area, offering access to Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and linking two of the four metro area campuses of Arizona State University. The light rail began public operation on December 27, 2008, and it was projected to accommodate 26,000 boardings a day, or more than 8 million boardings in its first year. Valley Metro Rail boardings has experienced constant growth since the beginning. In the year 2012, the light rail boarded just over 14 million people.
Many expansions to the METRO system are currently in the early planning stages, and others are under construction. The Central Mesa extension project, which extends the Main Street line 2+1⁄2 miles from Sycamore to Mesa Drive in Downtown Mesa, finished construction and opened on August 22, 2015. The Northwest rail project opened March 2016. The project extended the 19th Avenue track from its former terminus at Montebello Ave to Dunlap Avenue, 3 miles north. Many more extensions are funded, with further projects being studied for feasibility.

#### Aviation

In 2023, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport was the 33rd busiest passenger facility in the world and the 14th busiest in the United States, with more than 48 million total passengers. With two active terminal buildings encompassing 117 gates, more than 25 airlines offer daily non-stop flights to destinations throughout the world.
Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport began commercial passenger flights in 2004. The airport provides service to over 40 destinations.
There are several municipal and regional airports in the metropolitan area that are not used by commercial airlines for passenger flights. They include, but are not limited to, Glendale Airport, Phoenix Deer Valley Airport, Phoenix Goodyear Airport, Scottsdale Airport, Falcon Field, Chandler Municipal Airport, Buckeye Airport, Phoenix Regional Airport, Pleasant Valley Airport, Estrella Sailport, Stellar Airpark, Skyranch at Carefree, Gila River Memorial Airport, Pegasus Airpark.