# Earth System Governance Project

The Earth System Governance Project (or ESG Project in short) is a research network that builds on the work from about a dozen research centers and hundreds of researchers studying earth system governance. It is a long-term, interdisciplinary social science research alliance. Its origins are an international program called the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change. The ESG Project started in January 2009. Over time, it has evolved into a broader research alliance that builds on an international network of research centers, lead faculty and research fellows. It is now the largest social science research network in the area of governance and global environmental change.
Utrecht University in the Netherlands has hosted the secretariat, called International Project Office, from 2019 to 2024. Previously the secretariat was at United Nations University in Bonn, Germany (from 2009 to 2012) and at Lund University, Sweden (from 2012 to 2018).

## Aims

The ESG Project aims to "Expand the global mobilization of earth system governance researchers; stimulate and facilitate research collaborations; Inform and advise at the science-policy interface."$^{:5}$
The project also examines problems of the global commons, as well as more local problems such as air pollution, water pollution, desertification and soil degradation. Due to natural interdependencies, local environmental pollution can be transformed into global changes. Therefore, the ESG Project looks at institutions and governance processes both local and globally.

## Structure
### Members

The ESG Project currently (as of 2024) has 557 members (also called research fellows), who come from 57 countries from all continents. There are around 2500 scholars who engage with the network indirectly via social media and the newsletter.$^{:12}$ This global network of experts consists of people from different academic and cultural backgrounds.

### Secretariat

The secretariat, called International Project Office (IPO) is hosted at the Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development at the Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. It usually has three staff members.
The secretariat ensures the functioning of this virtual international network. It is the "focal point for management and administration, as well as for the communication and network development efforts of the ESG Project".

### Scientific steering committee and chairs

The ESG Project operates under the direction of a Scientific Steering Committee (SSC). The role of this committee is to guide the implementation of the Earth System Governance Science Plan. For the first ten years, until 2018, the committee was chaired by Frank Biermann, the network’s founder. Since 2019, the committee relies on system of rotating leadership, with two co-chairs elected for two years. The scientific steering committee currently has 13 members (as of 2024) from diverse disciplines and geographical regions.$^{:7}$

### Science and implementation plans

An international group of experts came together in 2006 in the Scientific Planning Committee, chaired by Frank Biermann. This committee wrote the first Science and Implementation Plan drawing on input for various drafts discussed at global events and conferences. Many scholars and practitioners contributed ideas, advice, and feedback.$^{:7}$ In 2009, this first science plan was published. In this plan, the conceptual problems, cross-cutting themes, flagship projects, and its policy relevance were outlined in detail.
Since 2014, discussions have been held at conferences around a new science and implementation plan. In 2016 a group of lead authors was selected. After extensive review by the Earth System Governance community, the second Science and Implementation Plan was launched at the 2018 Utrecht Conference on Earth System Governance.$^{:8}$

## Funding sources

The National Science Foundation of the United States provided about US$15,000 each year since 2015 via Future Earth, an international research platform. This money supports annual meetings of the scientific steering committee.
The project does not charge membership fees. Several universities support the project financially, as does the Earth System Governance Foundation. This foundation is a "non-profit charitable organization under Dutch law, created to help channel support from a variety of sources to the earth system governance research community".
Funding for the secretariat has been provided from three universities so far who have each hosted the secretariat for several years:
* 2009: in the first year, the secretariat was located within the secretariat of the International Human Dimensions Programme
* 2009 to 2011: United Nations University in Bonn, Germany
* 2011 to 2018: Lund University, Sweden (with support by the Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies)
* 2019 to 2024: Utrecht University in The Netherlands (with core funding by Utrecht's Faculty of Geosciences)
In September 2023, the ESG Project launched an open call inviting institutions to submit bids to become the next host of the secretariat. The ESG Project has been assessing bids on a continuous basis since 15 December 2023.

## Activities
### Global networking with research centers

The ESG Project is supported by a global alliance of ESG centers, with 17 universities and institutes being involved. Many of these universities have hosted the annual conferences of the ESG Project, including the universities of East Anglia, VU Amsterdam, Australian National University in Canberra, Colorado State University, Lund University, University of Nairobi, Radboud University Nijmegen, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Toronto, and Utrecht University.

### Publications

There are four major publication series of the ESG Project:
* The Journal Earth System Governance was launched in 2019 (an open access publication with Elsevier). There are 24 volumes as of August 2024. The journal is open access and designed to integrate discourses from local to global in governance research, with a focus on earth-system processes. According to the journal’s publisher, the CiteScore of this journal is currently 9.0 and its Impact Factor is 4.4. The journal's h-index is 19.
* The book series on earth system governance by the MIT Press is about the research objections of earth system governance. Interdisciplinary in scope, broad in governance levels and the use of methods, the books are aimed at investigating earth governance systems and finding conceivable refinements. They are hence addressing the scientific community and professionals in politics. There are 19 books in this series so far (as of July 2024).
* The ESG Project is also collaborating with Cambridge University Press to summarize the research conclusions of 10 years ESG Project in 2019. Eleven books were published in this series.
* The Cambridge Elements series on Earth System Governance focuses on current governance research relevant for practitioners and scientists. The series is aimed at providing ideas for policy improvements and analyses of socio-ecological systems by interdisciplinary and influential scholars.

### Organizing conferences

Since 2007, the ESG Project has organized major scientific conferences on topics of governance and global environmental change:
* 2007 Amsterdam Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. 'Earth System Governance: Theories and Strategies for Sustainability'
* 2008 Berlin Conference on the Human Dimension of Global Environmental Change. 'Long-Term Policies: Governing Social-Ecological Change'
* 2009 Amsterdam Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. 'Earth System Governance: People, Places, and the Planet'
* 2010 Berlin Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. 'Social dimensions of environmental change and governance'
* 2011 Colorado Conference on Earth System Governance. 'Crossing Boundaries and Building Bridges'
* 2012 Lund Conference on Earth System Governance. 'Towards Just and Legitimate Earth System Governance'
* 2013 Tokyo Conference on Earth System Governance. 'Complex Architectures, Multiple Agents'
* 2014 Norwich Conference on Earth System Governance. 'Allocation and Access in the Anthropocene'
* 2015 Canberra Conference on Earth System Governance. 'Democracy and Resilience in the Anthropocene'
* 2016 Nairobi Conference on Earth System Governance. 'Confronting Complexity and Inequality'
* 2017 Lund Conference on Earth System Governance. 'Allocation & Access in a Warming and Increasingly Unequal World' This conference was co-hosted by Lund University during its 350-year celebration.
* 2018 Utrecht Conference on Earth System Governance. 'Governing Global Sustainability in a Complex World'
* 2019 Mexico Conference on Earth System Governance. 'Urgent Transformations and Earth System Governance: Towards Sustainability and Justice'
* In 2020, Bratislava was meant to be the host, but the conference was rescheduled for 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
* 2022 Toronto Conference on Bridging Sciences and Societies for Sustainability Transformations
* 2023 in Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Radboud Conference on Earth System Governance
* 2024 online only event: Earth System Governance Forum on 'Re-imagining Earth System Governance in an Era of Polycrisis'

### Organizing task forces

The ESG Project organizes task forces, which are international networks of senior and early career scholars with a series of working groups focused on particular ideas. There are currently nine task forces: Planetary justice, earth system law, ocean governance, new technologies, anticipatory governance, Sustainable Development Goals, knowledge cumulation, climate governance, and governance of nature and biodiversity.

### Interacting with affiliated projects

In addition to its core activities, such as conferences, taskforces and working groups, the ESG Project interacts with many smaller research projects that have been formally affiliated with the larger network. Such affiliated projects are formally accepted by the ESG Project’s scientific steering committee, and its research findings are typically discussed at the annual conferences of the ESG Project.
Some of the affiliated projects specifically focus on the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, for example the GlobalGoals Project (from 2020 to 2025, funded by the European Research Council through an Advanced Grant awarded to Professor Frank Biermann).
Examples of other affiliated projects that are current (as of 2024) or recently completed include:
* Sustainability Governance of China’s Global Infrastructure Investments (SGAIN)
* SocioEconomic Systems and Earth Systems
* Transformations Community
* Governing the EU’s Climate and Energy Transition in Turbulent Times (GOVTRAN) (2018 to 2021, funded by Erasmus+ programme of the European Union)
* LO-ACT: Low Carbon Action in Ordinary Cities, a five-year project that started in 2019 and was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
* Climate Backlash: Contentious Reactions to Policy Action (BACKLASH), a five-year project that started in 2021, funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.
* GreenDeal-NET: Governing the EU's Transition towards Climate Neutrality and Sustainability, formed in 2022 and co-funded through the EU's Erasmus+ programme

## Impacts

The ESG Project does not take policy positions as a network. However, its lead scientists have initiated many activities to support political decision-making and inform policy makers. For example, in 2011, the lead faculty of the ESG Project launched a global assessment on international environmental governance. This publication drew on ongoing research on the institutional framework for sustainable development in the period leading up to the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro. The outcome was an article in Science in 2012, written by 33 leading scholars from the ESG Project as a blueprint for reform of strengthening earth system governance.
In 2011, more than twenty Nobel Prize laureates, several leading policy-makers and renowned thinkers on global sustainability met for the Third Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. The Nobel Laureate Symposium concluded with the Stockholm Memorandum. This document mentioned earth system governance prominently and called for "strengthening of earth system governance as a priority for coherent global action". It was submitted to the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability appointed by the UN Secretary General and fed into the preparations for the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).
In 2014, the then project's chair Frank Biermann was invited to speak in the United Nations General Assembly during an Interactive Dialogue on Harmony with Nature. This fed into the Harmony with Nature report of the Secretary-General of the UN.
In 2022, members of the ESG Project, along with many natural scientists, took the initiative to call for an "International Non-Use Agreement on Solar Geoengineering". The authors demand that "Governments and the United Nations need to take effective political control and restrict the development of solar geoengineering technologies before it is too late."
In general, there is widespread support for the ESG Project in the scientific community, which is reflected in the size of the research network and in various publications by experts.$^{:210}$

## Challenges

The ongoing funding of the secretariat (called International Project Office, or IPO, in this case) is a challenge from time to time, just like it is for many other knowledge networks or alliances. The 2022 Annual Report of the network stated: "We are also exploring possibilities for the next institutional home of the IPO as our funding partnership comes to a close with Utrecht University in 2023".$^{:15}$

## History

In 2001, four global change research programs (DIVERSITAS, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), World Climate Research Programme, and International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP) agreed to intensify co-operation through setting up an overarching Earth System Science Partnership. The research communities represented in this partnership said in the 2001 Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change that the earth system now operates "well outside the normal state exhibited over the past 500,000 years" and that "human activity is generating change that extends well beyond natural variability—in some cases, alarmingly so—and at rates that continue to accelerate." To cope with this challenge, the four global change research programs have called "urgently" for strategies for Earth System management.
In March 2007, the Scientific Committee of the IHDP mandated the drafting of the Science Plan of the ESG Project. The IHDP was the overarching social science program in the field at that time. For this drafting work a Scientific Planning Committee was appointed and chaired by Professor Frank Biermann, who was affiliated with VU University Amsterdam. This committee drafted in 2006-2008 the ESG Project's first Science and Implementation Plan. Biermann also became in 2009 the chair of the Scientific Steering Committee, until he stepped down in 2018. Since then, the Project is led by a Scientific Steering Committee that operates with rotating co-chairs.
The ESG Project builds on the results of an earlier long-term research program, the IHDP core project "Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change" (IDGEC).$^{:235}$ In 2009, the ESG Project began.
Since the termination of the IHDP in 2014, the ESG Project operates independently as an international, self-funded research alliance.
In 2015 the ESG Project became affiliated with of the overarching international research platform Future Earth. However, links between Future Earth and the ESG Project have remained weak.