OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Marcel Vogel

Marcel Joseph Vogel (April 14, 1917 – February 12, 1991) was a research scientist working at the IBM San Jose Research Center for 27 years. He is sometimes referred to as Dr. Vogel, although this title was based on an honorary degree, not a Ph.D. Later in his career, he became interested in various theories of quartz crystals and other occult and esoteric fields of study.

## Mainstream scientific work

It is claimed that Vogel started his research into luminescence while he was still in his teens. This research eventually led him to publish his thesis, Luminescence in Liquids and Solids and Their Practical Application, in collaboration with University of Chicago's Dr. Peter Pringsheim in 1943.
Two years after the publication, Vogel incorporated his own company, Vogel Luminescence, in San Francisco. For the next decade the firm developed a variety of new products: fluorescent crayons, tags for insecticides, a black light inspection kit to determine the secret trackways of rodents in cellars from their urine and the psychedelic colors popular in "new age" posters. In 1957, Vogel Luminescence was sold to Ultra Violet Products and Vogel joined IBM as a full-time research scientist. He retired from IBM in 1984.
In 1977 and 1978, Vogel participated in experiments with the Markovich Tesla Electrical Power Source, referred to as MTEPS, that was built by Peter T. Markovich.
He received 32 patents for his inventions up through his tenure at IBM. Among these was the magnetic coating for the 24" hard disk drive systems still in use. His areas of expertise, besides luminescence, were phosphor technology, magnetics and liquid crystal systems.
At Vogel's February 14, 1991 funeral, IBM researcher and Sacramento, California physician Bernard McGinity, M.D. said of him, "He made his mark because of the brilliance of his mind, his prolific ideas, and his seemingly limitless creativity."

## Fringe science
### Crystals

Vogel was a proponent of crystal healing, and believed cut crystals can have healing powers.

### Billy Meier UFO metal sample

Vogel examined a metal sample which was allegedly given to Billy Meier by extraterrestrials, but by misinterpreting a graph on a test instrument, erroneously concluded it contained thallium, a rare metal.

### Communication between plants

Vogel was a proponent of research into plant consciousness and believed "empathy between plant and human" could be established.

## In popular culture

Vogel was featured in the first episode of In Search Of... hosted by Leonard Nimoy, called "Other Voices". He gave his theories regarding the possibility of communication between plants.
# Z̀

Z̀ (minuscule: z̀) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from Z with the addition of a grave accent. It is used in the Old Welsh and Wenzhounese alphabets.
# Uladzimir Vostrykaw

Uladzimir Mikalayevich Vostrykaw (Belarusian: Уладзімір Мікалаевіч Вострыкаў; Russian: Владимир Николаевич Остриков, Vladimir Nikolayevich Ostrikov; 21 February 1976 – 11 February 2025) was a Belarusian football player and coach.
Vostrykaw died on 11 February 2025, at the age of 48.

## Honours

Dinamo Minsk
* Belarusian Premier League: 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995
* Belarusian Cup: 1993–94
Belshina Bobruisk
* Belarusian Premier League: 2001
* Belarusian Cup: 2000–01
# Martin Marietta Model 845

The Martin Marietta Model 845 was a remotely piloted aircraft developed in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s for use as a communications relay in the Vietnam War.

## Design and development

Two prototypes were built as part of the United States Air Force's Compass Dwell program, these machines also being based on a Schweizer SGS 1-34 sailplane and similar in configuration to the competing XQM-93 design by Ling-Temco-Vought. Test flights began in April 1972; during testing, one of the prototypes stayed aloft for almost 28 hours, however it failed to meet the Air Force's requirement of a 40,000 feet (12,000 m) service ceiling. In 1973 The Model 845A was cancelled (along with the XQM-93), the program being replaced by Compass Cope.

## Surviving airframes

After the cancellation of the program, two 845 airframes were transferred by the Office of Naval Research to New Mexico Tech for use by the Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, where they currently remain. Airframe 845A, which was converted into a piloted aircraft, was later used as a platform for atmospheric research. It continued flying as SPTVAR (Special Purpose Test Vehicle for Atmospheric Research) until the late 1990s. Its missions included flights over the Langmuir Laboratory facility in south-central New Mexico, flying through thunderstorms and making measurements of the electric field inside clouds. The other airframe, still configured as the original drone design, is in storage at the same facility.

## Specifications (variant)

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: None
* Length: 25 ft 4.75 in (7.7407 m)
* Wingspan: 59 ft 1.25 in (18.0150 m)
* Height: 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m)
* Gross weight: 2,320 lb (1,052 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Lycoming TIO-360-A3B6 horizontally opposed piston engine, 200 hp (150 kW)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 150 mph (240 km/h, 130 kn)
* Endurance: 28 hours
# Masʽud El-Jibril

Masʽud Doguwa El-Jibril was elected Senator for the Kano South constituency of Kano State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He took office on 29 May 1999. After taking his seat in the Senate in June 1999 he was appointed to committees on Industries, Foreign Affairs, Works & Housing, Agriculture (Chairman) and Information.
In November 2005 Jibril emerged as chairman of a PDP faction called the "People's PDP", headed by PDP Board of Trustees member Alhaji Abubakar Muhammad Rimi, which was organizing meetings across the country. John Odey, the PDP national publicity secretary, said that the new association had no legal right to hold a congress since it was only an association. As chairman of the Kano State People's Democratic Party, in April 2006 Jibril accused the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP) of orchestrating violence during a recent visit of President Olusegun Obasanjo to the state. The ANPP replied by blaming the clashes on PDP thugs.
# Mass Uprising Day

Mass Uprising Day (Bengali: গণঅভ্যুত্থান দিবস) is observed in Bangladesh on 24 January to mark the 1969 East Pakistan mass uprising, the climax of the movement of the people of the then East Pakistan for autonomy in 1969 that eventually led to the Independence War and emergence of Bangladesh in 1971.
On this day in 1969 Matiur Rahman Mallik, a standard IX student of the Nabakumar Institution, and Rustam Ali, a rickshaw-puller, were killed in police fire on demonstrators in Dhaka as the Pakistani rulers desperately tried to suppress the popular uprising. The killings sparked off intense protests across the country that eventually saw the fall of the Ayub regime.
It is said by politicians that the day teaches Bangladeshis the values of democracy and to protest against oppression.
# Puerto Rico Highway 819

Puerto Rico Highway 819 (PR-819) is a north–south rural road located between the municipalities of Toa Alta and Toa Baja in Puerto Rico. With a length of 4.2 kilometers (2.6 mi), it begins at PR-861 on the Ortiz–Mucarabones line in Toa Alta, and ends at PR-863 in Candelaria barrio in Toa Baja.

## Route description

Due to its rural characteristics, PR-819 has a single lane per direction in the entire length. In Toa Alta, this highway extends from its southern terminus at PR-861 junction between Ortiz and Mucarabones barrios to the Toa Baja municipal limit, passing through several neighborhoods and crossing the Río Bucarabones in Mucarabones. In Toa Baja, the road continues to the north through Candelaria barrio, where it also serves as the main access to several neighborhoods, extending from the Toa Alta municipal limit to the northern terminus at PR-863 junction.
* Sign for PR-819 in Mucarabones, Toa Alta, looking north
* Bucarabones River from PR-819 bridge

## Major intersections

* PR-819 south near PR-861 junction in Mucarabones, Toa Alta
* PR-819 south at PR-861 junction in Toa Alta
* PR-861 west at PR-819 junction in Toa Alta
* Signs for PR-863 at the northern terminus of PR-819 in Candelaria, Toa Baja
| Municipality | Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| Toa Alta | Ortíz–Mucarabones line | 0.0 | 0.0 | PR-861 | Southern terminus of PR-819; access to Toa Alta and Bayamón |
| Toa Baja | Candelaria | 4.2 | 2.6 | PR-863 | Northern terminus of PR-819; access to Toa Baja and Bayamón |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||
# Sarah Stalker

Sarah Stalker is an American politician who has served as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives since January 1, 2023. She represents Kentucky's 34th House district.

## Biography

Stalker earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Stephens College. She graduated from Louisville Male High School.

## Electoral history
### 2020

2020 Saint Regis Park Council election (vote for 7) :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Nonpartisan | Cheryl M. Willett | 617 | N/A |
| Nonpartisan | Louie Schweickhardt | 596 | N/A |
| Nonpartisan | Eric Shackelford | 519 | N/A |
| Nonpartisan | Matthew "Matt" Sanderfer | 490 | N/A |
| Nonpartisan | Craig Theis | 476 | N/A |
| Nonpartisan | Jeffrey D. Weis | 461 | N/A |
| Nonpartisan | John Amback | 458 | N/A |
| Nonpartisan | Sarah Stalker | 453 | N/A |
| Nonpartisan | Don "DJ" Fountain | 401 | N/A |
| Nonpartisan | Javan Roy-Bachman | 284 | N/A |

### 2022

Democratic primary results :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Sarah Stalker | 4,958 | 61.3 |
| | Democratic | Jonathan Lowe | 3,132 | 38.7 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 8,090 | 100.0 |
2022 Kentucky House of Representatives 34th district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Sarah Stalker | Unopposed | Unopposed |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 16,352 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |

### 2024

2024 Kentucky House of Representatives 34th district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Sarah Stalker (incumbent) | Unopposed | Unopposed |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 19,214 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
# Stahl

Stahl (German: steel) is a surname of German origin, which also occurs among Jews and Hutterites. It may refer to:
* Agustín Stahl (1842–1917), Puerto Rican physician, ethnologist, and botanist
* Alexander von Stahl (born 1938), German lawyer, politician, and civil servant
* Armin Mueller-Stahl (born 1930), German actor, painter, writer, and musician
* Arthur Goldstein (1887-1943), German socialist and communist politician, whose pseudonym is "Stahl"
* Ben Stahl (activist) (1915–1998), American political activist
* Ben Stahl (1910–1987), American artist, illustrator, and author
* Carl-Gustaf Ståhl (1920–2016), Swedish officer
* Chick Stahl (1873–1907), American baseball outfielder
* Christian Ernst Stahl (1848–1919), German botanist
* Daniel Stahl (born 1971), American game designer
* Daniel Ståhl (born 1992), Swedish discus thrower
* Floyd Stahl (1899–1996), American collegiate athletics coach
* Franklin Stahl (born 1929), American molecular biologist and geneticist
* Franz Stahl (born 1962), American guitarist
* Fredrika Stahl (born 1984), Swedish singer and songwriter
* Frieda Stahl (1922–2021), American physicist
* Friedrich Julius Stahl (1802–1861), German constitutional lawyer, political philosopher and politician
* Georg Ernst Stahl (1659–1734), German chemist
* Gerry Stahl (born 1945), American computer scientist, son of Ben Stahl
* Heinrich Stahl (1600–1657), Baltic-German pastor
* Henri Joseph Stahl (1877–1942), Romanian stenographer, graphologist, historian, and fiction writer
* Henri H. Stahl (1901–1991), Romanian Marxist cultural anthropologist and social historian
* Henriette Yvonne Stahl (1900–1984), Romanian novelist and short story writer
* Jake Stahl (1879–1922), American baseball player and manager
* Jean-Baptist Stahl (1869–1932), porcelain artist, creator, and designer of Phanolith
* Jerry Stahl (born 1953), American novelist and screenwriter
* Johann Friedrich Stahl (1718–1790), German forest administrator
* John Stahl (1953–2022), Scottish actor
* John M. Stahl (1896–1950), American film director and producer
* Laura Stahl, American voice actress
* Lesley Stahl (born 1941), American television journalist
* Linda Stahl (born 1985), German javelin thrower
* Lisa Stahl (born 1965), American model, actress, and game show host
* Lydia Stahl (1885–?), Soviet spy
* Nick Stahl, (born 1979), American actor
* Norman H. Stahl (1931–2023), judge of the United States Court of Appeals
* Pete Stahl, American vocalist
* Richard Stahl (1932–2006), American actor
* Rose Stahl (1868–1955), American actress
* Samuel M. Stahl (born 1939), American Rabbi and writer
* Stephanie Stahl (reporter), medical reporter for KYW-TV
* Stephen Stahl (born 1951), American physician and psychopharmacologist
* Trisha Rae Stahl (born 1973), American actress
* William Harris Stahl (1908-1969) American historian of science

## Other uses

* Stahl, Missouri, a community in the United States
* Stahl, the green cavalier and playable character in Fire Emblem Awakening
# Delta Air Lines Flight 821

On March 25, 1969, Luis Antonio Frese hijacked Delta Air Lines Flight 821 (DC-8) from Dallas, Texas to Havana, Cuba. Frese was indicted in Texas but never returned to the United States to face prosecution. He reportedly died in Cuba in 1975.
The aircraft was en route from Newark to Los Angeles with stop overs in Atlanta, Dallas and San Diego. There were 114 occupants on board: 7 crew and 107 passengers, which included 26 Marine recruits en route to San Diego and additional military personnel. This was the 14th hijacking of a US airliner in the year 1969. After being hijacked to Havana, the flight diverted to Miami before continuing on its planned route.
# William II of Dampierre

William II (1196 – 3 September 1231) was the lord of Dampierre from 1216 until his death. He was the son of Guy II, constable of Champagne, and Mathilde of Bourbon.
His brother, Archambaud VIII, inherited Bourbon, and William inherited Dampierre. He married Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainault, in 1223 and was thus regent of Flanders until his death as "Willem I" (or "Guillaume I$^{er}$"). In 1226 William and Margaret founded a Cistercian nunnery at Saint-Dizier. Their sons William III and John continued to confirm and patronize the nunnery during their lives, including William II's burial there in 1231. William and Margaret founded more Cisterian nunneries throughout the county of Flanders, including Flines Abbey.
He had four children (three sons) by Margaret and the eldest took part in the War of the Succession of Flanders and Hainault:
* William III, Count of Flanders and Lord of Kortrijk
* Guy, Count of Flanders and Margrave of Namur
* John I, Lord of Dampierre, Viscount of Troyes, and Constable of Champagne
* Joanna, married in 1239 to Hugh III of Rethel, then in 1243 to Theobald II of Bar
# Pamela hat

The Chapeau à la Paméla, Pamela hat or Pamela bonnet described a type of straw hat or bonnet popular during the 1790s and into the first three quarters of the 19th century. It was named after the heroine of Samuel Richardson's 1741 novel Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. While Pamela hats and bonnets underwent a variety of changes in shape and form, they were always made from straw. The mid-19th-century version of the Pamela hat was a smaller version of an early 19th-century wide-brimmed style called the gipsy hat.

## 18th-century origins

In 1793, the French actress Mademoiselle Lange, appeared in a stage adaptation of Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded, written by François de Neufchâteau. For the role Lange wore a straw hat which became known as a chapeau à-la-Pamela, and she is credited with popularising the style. Straw hats à-la-Pamela were popular for informal wear and widely worn well into the 1810s. In August 1815, La Belle Assemblée reported on the continued popularity of the chapeau à-la-Pamela, worn far back on the head with a tulle and lace cap underneath.

## Mid-19th century

The Pamela hat, which first emerged around 1837, was a version of the gipsy hat with a smaller brim. Gipsy hats were wide-brimmed straw hats worn in the first four decades of the nineteenth century, always with ribbons attached to the crown and coming over the brim to tie under the chin. A variation on the gipsy, where the wide brim was bent downwards by the ribbon ties, was called a witch's hat.
In 1837, Pamela hats and gipsy hats were listed separately as fashionable headgear for that year. By 1842 the Pamela hat was described as a "half-gipsy hat" being made of coarse straw with ribbon trimming, while the Pamela bonnet sloped backwards to reveal the wearer's ringlets. The Pamela bonnet, which was narrow-brimmed with a flat back and trimmed with ribbons and flowers, was fashionable in the 1840s and 1850s. By 1847 Cunnington noted that the Pamela shape was falling out of favour.
In May 1856 Godey's Lady's Book described the Pamela hat as a wide-brimmed, flat hat of straw tied under the chin and trimmed with flowers. It was described as a suitable hat for little girls. In March that same year, Godey described the Pamela bonnet as the latest Paris fashion, made popular by a milliner called Alexanche, and published a fashion plate showing how the brim rounded off at the ear like a gipsy hat. By 1858, Godey's were advising readers that the Pamela hat was appropriate only for children, or for wearing on holiday as resort wear. At this time, Godey informed its readers that an alternative name for the "Pamela flat" was "Equestrienne".
The Pamela bonnet was a fashionable option once again in 1865. In 1872, Gipsy and Pamela hats were both listed as options, both much reduced in size, while larger gipsy hats were known as Dolly Varden hats.

## Gallery

* 1. Chapeau à la Paméla, 1801-02
* 2. Un Chapeau Pamèla, c.1845
* Chapeau à la Paméla, fashion plate published in Costume Parisien, 1801-2
* Un Chapeau Pamèla, caricature by Honoré Daumier of a woman trying on a Pamela bonnet, c.1845
# Knutton Halt railway station

Knutton Halt railway station is a disused railway station in Staffordshire, England.
Situated on the North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) Stoke to Market Drayton Line, this halt was opened in 1905 when the NSR introduced a railmotor service between Silverdale and Trentham as a response to competition from tram companies. Situated between Knutton village and Knutton Forge, the station was not much used and was an early closure under London, Midland and Scottish railway ownership, closing in September 1926.

## Present day

No traces of the halt site remain, but the former trackbed is now a greenway.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Crown Street Halt Line and station closed | North Staffordshire Railway Stoke-Market Drayton Line | Liverpool Road Halt Line and station closed |
# NGC 1553

NGC 1553 is a prototypical lenticular galaxy in the constellation Dorado. It is the second brightest member of the Dorado Group of galaxies. British astronomer John Herschel discovered NGC 1553 on December 5, 1834 using an 18.7 inch reflector.

## Interacting galaxy

It forms a pair of interacting galaxies together with elliptical NGC 1549 which lies 11′.8 away from it in the sky. Their interaction appears to be in the early stage and can be seen in optical wavelengths by faint but distinct irregular shells of emission and a curious jet on the northwest side. Together, these two galaxies comprise the center of the Dorado group.

## Characteristics

NGC 1553 is an early type galaxy with a luminosity of 4×10$^{10}$ L$_⊙$. It has been detected in H I but has an H I mass to B-band luminosity ratio (M$_{HI}$/L$_B$) of less than 0.01. NGC 1553's ultraviolet spectrum shows weak flux under the main-sequence turn off at around 2,400 A°. This is characteristic of old intermediate populations of quiescent lenticular galaxies.
NGC 1553 has an especially well developed lens (~36″) component of nearly constant surface brightness that is found between the bulge and the exponential disk. Its lens is similar to what is found in NGC 3945 and its inner parts are very hot.
NGC 1553 has associated with itself cool gas and dust. It can also be seen in infrared and is a weak radio source. Hubble observations in 2000 revealed an inner torus-like dust lane about 3″ across at the galaxy's center.
Chandra X-ray imaging of NGC 1553 show diffuse hot gas making up 70% of the emissions, dotted with many point-like sources (low-mass X-ray binaries) making up the rest. Similarly to NGC 4697 and Messier 60, these bright spots are due to binary star systems of black holes and neutron stars most of which are located in globular clusters and reflect this old galaxy's very active past. In these systems, material pulled off a regular star is heated and gives off X-rays as it falls toward the accompanying black hole or neutron star. The brightest of the point sources is coincident with the galaxy's optical nucleus. Its luminosity and spectrum suggest its being an obscured central active galactic nucleus (AGN). This source is visible in the center of the X-ray image of NGC 1553 shown above.

## Globular clusters

Globular clusters have been resolved in the galaxy by the Hubble Space Telescope. There are an estimated 600$^{+300}$ $_{−200}$ globulars in NGC 1553. Like Messier 87, there is a central deficit of globulars with respect to the underlying luminosity.

## Spiral feature

NGC 1553 has a roughly symmetrical X-ray spiral feature (not detected in visible light) with a possible 10″ inner bar in the diffuse emission near the center of the galaxy. This feature is probably due to adiabatic or shock compression of ambient gas perhaps due to interaction with the radio source. Hα emission also has spiral structure which is surprisingly similar to the X-ray spiral.