OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Cotton (Conservative politician)

Sir William James Richmond Cotton (13 November 1822 – 4 June 1902) was an English merchant and Conservative Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1874 to 1885.

## Life

Cotton was born at Stratford, London, the son of William Cotton and his wife Caroline Richmond. He became a London merchant and owned iron mines in Norway as well as the Sun and Topping wharves at London Bridge. He was a commissioner of the Inland Revenue and a director of the Liverpool and London Globe Fire and Life Assurance Co. He was a J.P. for Middlesex, Hertfordshire and the City of London. Cotton was a member of the Haberdashers Company, the Saddlers Company the Turners Company and the Fan Makers Company, and filled the mastership of the three first-named. He was a trustee of St Andrew Undershaft, chairman of the Mary Datchelor Girls' School governors, a governor of Queen Anne's Bounty, a governor of the Royal Hospitals, a member of the committee of Aske's Charity and president of the City of London Rifle Corps.
Cotton was elected an alderman for the city (Lime street Ward) in 1866, and served as such until 1892. He was Sheriff of London and Middlesex from 1868 to 1869, and Lord Mayor of London from 1875 to 1876, during which years he opened the new poultry and provisions market at Smithfield and presided over a grand banquet welcoming the Prince of Wales on his return from a tour of India. In 1868 he had stood for parliament unsuccessfully at Southwark. At the 1874 general election he was elected Member of Parliament for City of London. He lost his seat in parliament in the 1885 UK general election after representation was reduced from four to two under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, and bitter at this result never attempted to re-enter.
Cotton was a member of the London School Board for nine years and became its chairman, and was also chairman of the Police Committee for seventeen years. He became Chamberlain of the City of London in 1892, and was knighted in July 1892.
He published a volume of poems called Imagination.
Cotton died at his residence in London on 4 June 1902, at the age of 79. He is buried in the churchyard of St Mary the Virgin, East Barnet, near London.

## Family

Cotton married, in October 1846, Caroline Richmond Pottinger. Lady Cotton died on 18 March 1901. They had 12 children, of whom seven survived their parents.
# Siege of Oran

Siege of Oran may refer to:
* Siege of Oran (1509) : the Spanish Empire conquers the city in May 1509 from the Kingdom of Tlemcen
* Siege of Oran (1556) : failed Ottoman siege against the Spanish
* Siege of Oran (1563) : the Regency of Algiers fails to retake the city from the Spanish
* Siege of Oran (1675–1678) : failed siege by the Regency of Algiers against the Spanish
* Siege of Oran (1693) : failed attack by the Sultanate of Morocco
* Siege of Oran (1707–1708) : Mustapha Bouchelaghem captures Oran from the Spanish, tied up in the War of Spanish Succession
* Siege of Oran (1732) : Spain retake the city.
* Siege of Oran (1790–92) : The Ottomans retake the city from the Spanish
# Kecskeméti LC

Kecskeméti Labdarúgó Club is a professional football club based in Kecskemét, Bács-Kiskun County, Hungary, that competes in the Bács-Kiskun county league.

## Name changes

* 1992–2017: Kecskeméti Labdarúgó Club
* 2017–2018: Kecskeméti Labdarúgó Club KTE SI
* 2018: Kecskeméti TE
* 2018: Kecskeméti Labdarúgó Club
# Twins (disambiguation)

Twins are two offspring produced in the same pregnancy.
Twins may also refer to:

## Arts, entertainment and media
### Fictional characters

* Twins (The Matrix)
* The Twins (Transformers)
* Leonel and Marco Salamanca, Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul characters referred to as "The Twins"
* The Twins, or Spazmatism and Retinazer, a pair of bosses in the video game Terraria

### Films

* The Twins (1923 film), an Australian silent film
* Twins (1925 film), an American comedy film starring Stan Laurel
* Twins (1988 film), an American comedy film starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito
* The Twins (2005 film), a South Korean film
* The Twin (2022 film), a psychological horror film

### Literature

* Twins (novel), a 2006 young adult novel by Marcy Dermansky
* Twins, a 1977 novel by Jack Geasland and Bari Wood, based on the story of Stewart and Cyril Marcus
* Twins, a series of 26 children's books by Lucy Fitch Perkins
* Twins, a 1999 photobook by Steven Underhill
* The Twins (Loo novel), by Tessa de Loo, 1993
* The Twins (1930 novel), a novel by Abd Al Quddus Al Ansari
* "The Twins", a poem by Henry Sambrooke Leigh (1837–1883)
* Twins: A Variety Store Named "The End of the World", a novel by Novala Takemoto
* "The Twins" (Albanian tale), a folktale

### Music
#### Bands

* Twins (group), a Hong Kong Cantopop duo
* The Twins (Australian duo), an EDM and house group
* The Twins, twin sisters who performed together as actresses and as a dance/pop duo in the 1990s, Gayle and Gillian Blakeney
* The Twins (German duo), a synth-pop and Eurodisco group
* TWiiNS, a Slovak pop group
* Twinz, an American hip hop duo

#### Albums

* Twins (By2 album), 2009
* Twins (In the Nursery album) or the title song, 1986
* Twins (Ornette Coleman album), 1971
* Twins (Super Junior album) or the title song (see below), 2005
* Twins (Ty Segall album), 2012
* Twins (2001 EP), by Twins
* Twins (2002 EP), by Twins

#### Songs

* "Twins" (Philip Bailey and Little Richard song), from the 1988 film
* "Twins (Knock Out)", by Super Junior, 2005
* "Twins", by Gem Club, 2011
* "Twins", by Maritime from We, the Vehicles, 2005

### Television

* Twins (TV series), a 2005 American sitcom
* The Twins (1979 TV series), a Hong Kong television series
* "Twins" (Doctors), a 2003 episode
* "The Twins" (Star Wars: Visions), a 2021 episode

## Science and technology

* TWINS (Two Wide-Angle Imaging Neutral-Atom Spectrometers), a NASA program
* Temperature and Winds for InSight (TWINS), a meteorological suite onboard InSight Mars lander
* Twins, in crystal twinning

## Sports

* LG Twins, a Korean baseball team
* Minnesota Twins, an American baseball team
* Thunder Bay Twins, a defunct Canadian hockey Team
* Thunder Bay K&A Twins, a defunct Canadian hockey Team

## Other uses

* Gimmigela Chuli, or The Twins, a mountain in the Himalayas
# Nycke Groot

Cornelia Nycke Groot (born 4 May 1988) is a Dutch handball player.
She represented the Netherlands in three World Women's Handball Championship (winning a silver in Denmark 2015, and a bronze in Germany 2017) and two editions of the Olympic Games.
In January 2019, 14 years after debuting on the Dutch national team, she announced she would be retiring from the national team to focus on her club career.
In 2021, Groot announced she would participate with the Netherlands at the Tokyo Olympic Games. She also announced the end of her club career.

## Achievements
### National team

* World Championship:
** Silver Medalist: 2015
** Bronze Medalist: 2017
* European Championship:
** Silver Medalist: 2016
** Bronze Medalist: 2018

### European competitions

* EHF Champions League
** Winner: 2017, 2018, 2019
** Finalist: 2016
** Semifinalist: 2014
* EHF Cup:
** Finalist: 2011
** Semifinalist: 2013
* EHF Cup Winners' Cup:
** Winner: 2015

### Domestic competitions

* Danish Championship:
** Winner: 2013, 2015, 2021
** Silver Medalist: 2014
** Bronze Medalist: 2012
* Danish Cup:
** Winner: 2012, 2014, 2020, 2021
** Finalist: 2010, 2013
* Nemzeti Bajnokság I
** Gold Medalist: 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
* Magyar Kupa
** Gold Medalist: 2016, 2018, 2019

## Individual awards

* All-Star Team Best Centre Back of the EHF Champions League: 2016, 2017
* MVP of the EHF Champions League Final four: 2017
* All-Star Team Best Centre Back of the European Championship: 2016
* MVP of the European Women's Handball Championship: 2016
* MVP (Danish: pokalfighter) of the Danish Handball Cup: 2010, 2012, 2014
* MVP of the Hungarian Cup Final Four: 2019
* Foreign Handballer of the Year in Hungary: 2016, 2018
* World Handball Female Playmaker of the Decade
# Dismorphia laja

Dismorphia laja is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in northern South America.
Adults are sexually dimorphic.

## Subspecies

The following subspecies are recognised:
* Dismorphia laja laja (Surinam)
* Dismorphia laja lysianax (Hewitson, [1860]) (Peru)
* Dismorphia laja tapajona (Bates, 1861) (Brazil: Pará, Rondônia)
* Dismorphia laja carthesis (Hewitson, 1869) (Ecuador, Guyana)
* Dismorphia laja tricolor Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1897 (Colombia)
* Dismorphia laja jurua Röber, 1924 (Brazil: Amazonas)
* Dismorphia laja spectabilis Avinoff, 1926 (Bolivia)
* Dismorphia laja koenigi Baumann & Reissinger, 1969 (Peru)
* Dismorphia laja rosina Lamas, 2004 (Peru)

## Gallery

* Dismorphia laja lysianax
* Dismorphia laja tricolor
# Jawn

Jawn is a slang term local to Philadelphia and, by extension, the Delaware Valley that may refer to a thing, place, person, or event, substituting for a specific name. Jawn is a context-dependent substitute noun; a noun that substitutes for other nouns. Jawn can be singular or plural. Examples include: "These jawns are expensive!", "pass me that jawn", "that new jawn", "this jawn is packed".
Jawn is believed to be derived from the word "joint". Historically, the city's black population migrated to the northern part of the city from Alabama, Georgia, and the Carolinas/Virginia, bringing with them a Southern dialect that carried words such as 'joint'.

## Culture

* In a scene in the 2015 Philadelphia-based feature film Creed, the character Bianca explains to Adonis Creed the meaning of jawn.
* Skate Jawn is a skateboard magazine, founded in 2010 in Philadelphia, PA. The original name of the magazine was Skate Jawn Mag Jawn.
# Dongas road protest group

The Dongas Tribe was a collection of road protesters and travellers in England, noted for their occupation of Twyford Down outside Winchester, Hampshire. The name Dongas comes from the Matabele word for "gully", given by Winchester locals to the deep drovers' tracks on Twyford Down.
John Vidal, writing in The Guardian in 2012, said of The Dongas that "the 15-20 urban youths who camped out to try to defend Twyford Down in 1992 are recognised to have fired up British environmental protest and kickstarted a major shift in green attitudes in both government and the public."

## History

The Twyford Down protest was a protest against the M3 motorway extension which destroyed some rich ecological sites, one of the very few habitats of the Chalkhill Blue butterfly and six species of rare orchid, and ancient monuments there (SSSI and Scheduled Ancient Monument). The Conservative government was planning to construct a new roadway through the area.
Following "Yellow Wednesday", when hordes of police and security guards invaded the camp to bulldoze the area, the Dongas Tribe left Twyford Down for Bramdean Common. Earth First!, who had been heavily involved in the setting up and support of the camp and actions, continued the protests and restarted a camp in Plague Pits Valley.
They constituted about twenty people. Of them, seven were sent to prison in 1993 for breaking an injunction. In one incident, around fifty protesters chained themselves to a bridge, leading to the arrest of some. At least one protester (Paul Kingsnorth) subsequently sued the police and received a $5000 settlement.
Some of the 'original Dongas' (as they became called) of the mid-1990s were musicians who made a living by busking, sometimes using traditional music from Brittany.
The first child born in the Dongas tribe, to Rosie Lambert, was named May Brigit "Donga" Lambert and was born on 1 May 1994.
In late 2012, original members of the Dongas, as well as hundreds of others, returned to the hillside on the protest's 20th anniversary. They expressed warnings about the government's more than forty new road plans.

## Influence

The Dongas road protests inspired a major change in green attitudes among both the public and the government, radicalizing a generation of British youth. Among them, Paul Kingsnorth of The Dark Mountain Project credits his arrest at Twyford Down as his impetus for engaging in further protests.
# Dongba

Dongba (Nakhi: ²dto¹mba, Chinese: 东巴; pinyin: dōngbā; lit. 'Ba of the East') refers to both the religion and the priests of the Nakhi people of southwest China.

## Role in society

Dongba is believed to have originated from the indigenous Tibetan Bon religion. According to Nakhi legend, these teachings first came to Yunnan from a Bon shaman from eastern Tibet named Dongba Shilo (丁巴什罗). The strong Tibetan influence can be seen today in the rituals and costumes of the Dongba priests, who invoke Bon spirits and are often adorned with pictures of Bon gods on their headgear.
Currently, the religion is deeply ingrained in Nakhi culture, with Dongba priests serving as the primary transmitters of traditional Nakhi culture, literature and the pictographic Dongba symbols. The priests also conduct a variety of rituals to propitiate the many gods and spirits which are believed to play an active part in the natural world. The core of the Dongba religion is based on the belief that both man and nature are two half-brothers born of two mothers and the same father.
Prior to Tibetan influence, it is suggested that the original Nakhi priests were female llü-bu. At that time, statues or religious images could be widely seen everywhere.
A complete annotated translation of ancient Nashi Dongba books (simplified Chinese: 纳西东巴古籍译注全集), in 100 volumes, has been published.
# Glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde (glyceral) is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C$_3$H$_6$O$_3$. It is the simplest of all common aldoses. It is a sweet, colorless, crystalline solid that is an intermediate compound in carbohydrate metabolism. The word comes from combining glycerol and aldehyde, as glyceraldehyde is glycerol with one alcohol group oxidized to an aldehyde.

## Structure

Glyceraldehyde has one chiral center and therefore exists as two different enantiomers with opposite optical rotation:
* In the D/L nomenclature, either D from Latin Dexter meaning "right", or L from Latin Laevo meaning "left"
* In the R/S nomenclature, either R from Latin Rectus meaning "right", or S from Latin Sinister meaning "left"
| | D-glyceraldehyde (R)-glyceraldehyde (+)-glyceraldehyde | L-glyceraldehyde (S)-glyceraldehyde (−)-glyceraldehyde |
| Fischer projection | | |
| Skeletal formula | | |
While the optical rotation of glyceraldehyde is (+) for R and (−) for S, this is not true for all monosaccharides. The stereochemical configuration can only be determined from the chemical structure, whereas the optical rotation can only be determined empirically (by experiment).
It was by a lucky guess that the molecular D- geometry was assigned to (+)-glyceraldehyde in the late 19th century, as confirmed by X-ray crystallography in 1951.

### Aqueous and concentrated solutions of glyceraldehyde

The description above focuses on classification of isomers, but the glyceraldehyde is subject to a further complications: the tendency of hydroxy-aldehydes to exist as hydrates. NMR measurements indicate that in aqueous solution, glyceraldehyde exists in a hydrate owing to this reaction:
    HOCH$_2$CH(OH)CHO + H$_2$O ⇌ HOCH$_2$CH(OH)CH(OH)$_2$
The same study indicates that concentrated ("syrupy") forms of glyceraldehyde exist as dimers, indicating hemiacetal formation.

## Nomenclature

In the D/L system, glyceraldehyde is used as the configurational standard for carbohydrates. Monosaccharides with an absolute configuration identical to (R)-glyceraldehyde at the last stereocentre, for example C5 in glucose, are assigned the stereo-descriptor D-. Those similar to (S)-glyceraldehyde are assigned an L-.

## Synthesis and reactions

Glyceraldehyde can be prepared from acetals of acrolein (CH$_2$=CHCHO) in two steps, oxidation followed by hydrolysis of the acetal. Its cyclohexylidene acetal can also be produced by oxidative cleavage of the bis(acetal) of mannitol.
Glyceraldehyde is a precursor to four-carbon sugars (tetroses) via cyanation followed by hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin:
    HOCH$_2$CH(OH)CH(OH)CN + 2 H$_2$O → HOCH$_2$CH(OH)CH(OH)CO$_2$H + NH$_3$
    HOCH$_2$CH(OH)CH(OH)CO$_2$H + 2 H$_2$ → HOCH$_2$CH(OH)CH(OH)CH$_2$OH + H$_2$O

## Biochemistry

The enzyme glycerol dehydrogenase (NADP$^+$) has two substrates, glycerol and NADP$^+$, and 3 products, D-glyceraldehyde, NADPH and H+.
The interconversion of the phosphates of glyceraldehyde (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) and dihydroxyacetone (dihydroxyacetone phosphate), catalyzed by the enzyme triosephosphate isomerase, is an intermediate step in glycolysis.
# Don't Waste the Pretty

"Don't Waste the Pretty" is the third single by Allison Iraheta of her debut album Just Like You. It was written by Michael Dennis Smith, Stefanie Ridel, Miriam Nervo and Olivia Nervo and was produced by Howard Benson. The single version of the song, featuring Orianthi on guitar, made its online debut on EW.com and Zap2it.com on June 2, 2010 and was released digitally on June 8, 2010. It was released to radio stations on June 22, 2010.

## Promotion

Iraheta performed the original version of "Don't Waste the Pretty" on Lopez Tonight on Wednesday, May 26, 2010, and the acoustic version of the song on Z100 New York on June 22, 2010. She performed the track with Orianthi and Adam Lambert on the Glam Nation Tour in 2010. Iraheta and Orianthi performed the song on the Thursday, July 29, 2010 results episode of So You Think You Can Dance.

## Reception

Reception of the new version of "Don't Waste the Pretty" has been mainly positive. Entertainment Weekly's Michael Slezak concluded that "Don't Waste the Pretty" finds Iraheta "at her gravelly, soulful best, paired with a killer hook and an empowering message that certainly can’t hurt a generation of kids who’ll be spending their summers singing along to “Can’t Be Tamed” and “Rude Boy.”
Billboard writes that "'Don't Waste the Pretty' deserves to become for Iraheta what "Whataya Want From Me" was for Adam Lambert—a breakthrough record for an 'Idol' alum with outsize talent."
AOL Radio writer Matthew Wilkening writes that "Orianthi's soloing adds dramatic tension to the country-tinged, mid-tempo pop song as Iraheta advises a friend not to take verbal abuse from her partner"
Rodney Ho from the Atlanta Journal-Constitution calls Iraheta "a really talented singer" and hopes "that radio embraces this song, which is pretty catchy," adding that "top 40 program directors should give it a spin."
Zap2it Blogger Andrea Reiher praised the new version of the song, writing "We already loved this song, but it's even better with Orianthi's sick guitar licks in the accompaniment."

## Music video

There is no official music video for "Don't Waste the Pretty". However, Jive did release a video titled "The Journey to Don't Waste the Pretty". This video is backstage footage of Iraheta, her band, and Orianthi. It is intercut with scenes of Iraheta performing the song on stage at different gigs (which is in sync with the track).

## Sales

| Year | Title | Sales |
| 2010 | "Don't Waste the Pretty" | 4,000 |

## Other versions

The original version of "Don't Waste the Pretty" appears on Iraheta's debut album Just Like You as the fourth track and does not feature Orianthi.
Iraheta has also performed the song acoustically on Entertainment Weekly's online show Realite, Yahoo! Music, Radio Disney and Z100 New York. She released the acoustic version of the song for download on June 8, 2010.
# Population cycle

A population cycle in zoology is a phenomenon where populations rise and fall over a predictable period of time. There are some species where population numbers have reasonably predictable patterns of change although the full reasons for population cycles is one of the major unsolved ecological problems. There are a number of factors which influence population change such as availability of food, predators, diseases and climate.

## Occurrence in mammal populations

Olaus Magnus, the Archbishop of Uppsala in central Sweden, identified that species of northern rodents had periodic peaks in population and published two reports on the subject in the middle of the 16th century.
In North America, the phenomenon was identified in populations of the snowshoe hare. In 1865, trappers with the Hudson's Bay Company were catching plenty of animals. By 1870, they were catching very few. It was finally identified that the cycle of high and low catches ran over approximately a ten-year period.
The most well known example of creatures which have a population cycle is the lemming. The biologist Charles Sutherland Elton first identified in 1924 that the lemming had regular cycles of population growth and decline. When their population outgrows the resources of their habitat, lemmings migrate, although contrary to popular myth, they do not jump into the sea.
Mouse plagues in Australia happen at intervals of about four years.

## Other species

While the phenomenon is often associated with rodents, it does occur in other species such as the ruffed grouse. There are other species which have irregular population explosions such as grasshoppers where overpopulation results in locust swarms in Africa and Australia.

## Relationships between predators and prey

There is also an interaction between prey with periodic cycles and predators. As the population expands, there is more food available for predators. As it contracts, there is less food available for predators, putting pressure on their population numbers.

## Length

Each population cycle tends to last as long as a species' life expectancy (i.e. lemmings, rabbits and locusts)

## Among humans

There is strong evidence that humans also display population cycles. Societies as diverse as those of England and France during the Roman, medieval, and early modern eras, of Egypt during Greco-Roman and Ottoman rule, and of various dynasties in China all showed similar patterns of political instability and violence becoming considerably more common after times of relative peace, prosperity, and sustained population growth. Quantitatively, periods of unrest included many times more events of instability per decade and occurred when the population was declining, rather than increasing.