OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Michael Jarrett (cricketer)

Michael Eugene Dominic Jarrett FRCS (born 18 September 1972) is an English medical doctor and former first-class cricketer.
Jarrett was born at Lambeth in September 1972. He was educated at Harrow School, before going up to Girton College, Cambridge, where he studied medicine. While studying at Cambridge, he played first-class cricket for Cambridge University, making his debut against Leicestershire at Fenner's in 1992. He played first-class cricket for Cambridge until 1993, making a total of seventeen appearances. He scored 383 runs in his seventeen matches for Cambridge, at an average of 16.65 and a high score of 51. After Cambridge, Jarrett undertook further studies in medicine at Worcester College at the University of Oxford. He played further first-class matches for Oxford University in 1995 and 1996, making fourteen appearances. He scored 219 runs in these matches, at an average of 19.90 and a high score of 50 not out. While playing for Oxford, Jarrett also undertook wicket-keeping duties, taking 12 catches and making a single stumping.
A fellow of the Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons, Jarrett became a colorectal surgeon.
# MEF University

MEF University is a non-profit private university in Istanbul, founded by the İbrahim Arıkan Education and Scientific Research Foundation. It opened in the academic year 2014–2015. It is the first university in the world to adopt the "flipped classroom" educational model university-wide. MEF University is one of only eight universities in Turkey that have the ABET accreditation. It has received accreditation for all engineering departments.

## History

MEF Educational Institutions were first established in 1972, when the MEF Tutoring Schools were established. MEF University was established by the İbrahim Arıkan Education and Scientific Research Foundation.

## Faculties, departments and schools

MEF University's medium of education is English, with the exception of the School of Law which is 30% in English.

### Faculties
#### Faculty of Education

* Mathematics Education
* English Language Education
* Guidance and Psychological Counseling

#### Faculty of Law

* Law

#### Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences

* Economy
* Business Administration
* Political Science and International Relations
* Psychology

#### Faculty of Engineering

* Computer Engineering
* Electrical-Electronics Engineering
* Industrial Engineering
* Civil Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering

#### Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture

* Architecture
* Interior Design

### Vocational school

* Banking and Insurance Program

## Educational method

MEF University has adopted the "flipped classroom" educational method university-wide.
# Fritz Scheel

Johann Friedrich Ludwig “Fritz” Scheel (7 November 1852 – 13 March 1907) was a German music conductor and the first musical director of the Philadelphia Orchestra.
He was born in Fackenburg, in present-day Schleswig-Holstein. He emigrated to the United States in early 1893, and conducted concerts in New York City. He was hired to conduct the Trocadero Orchestra at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and later assembled a symphony orchestra in San Francisco.
In 1900, Scheel became the first conductor and music director of the newly formed Philadelphia Orchestra. He conducted rehearsals in German, and played mostly German music. After its first season, he fired half the musicians and replaced them with European players.
He was known for his concerts of military music, and one of his trademarks was military attire.
Scheel continued as the Philadelphia Orchestra's music director until his death at age 54, in Philadelphia in 1907. He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.
A bas-relief portrait in bronze memorial tablet was created by Philadelphia sculptor Charles Grafly, having been commissioned by the Women's Committee for the Philadelphia Orchestra as a tribute to Scheel in 1908.
# Cennydd Traherne

Sir Cennydd George Traherne (14 December 1910 – 26 January 1995) was a notable Welsh landowner.

## Biography

Sir Cennydd was born at Coedarhydyglyn near Cardiff, and was educated at Wellington College and Brasenose College, Oxford.
He owned Dyffryn House in Glamorgan, among other properties, but in 1939 he leased it to the local authority. After distinguished service in World War II, he went into politics, but failed to be elected in 1945 as MP for the Pontypridd constituency. He was made a Knight Companion of the Garter in 1970; his appointment was the 941st appointment to that Order since its creation in 1348. He was Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan from 1952 until 1974 when, on the splitting of the lieutenancy, he became Lord Lieutenant of South, Mid and West Glamorgan with a lieutenant serving under him for each. He retired from the post in 1985.
He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of the Vale of Glamorgan on 19 March 1984. He was awarded the Freedom of the City of Cardiff on 29 January 1985.
After his death in 1995 his Order of the Garter Banner was moved from St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle to Llandaff Cathedral in Cardiff.
Coat of arms of Cennydd Traherne :
* NotesTraherne's right to the arms was established 21 November 1949 for all the descendants of his grandfather.
* EscutcheonArgent a chevron Sable between three ravens proper on a canton barry of six Argent and Azure a lion rampant Gules.
* OrdersThe Order of the Garter
* SymbolismHubert Chesshyre suggests that the Traherene arms must originally have been "a chevron between three herons", as a pun on the surname. (Thomas Treheron (or Trahern) bore similar arms but with herons in place of ravens.)
# Cameron Cobbold, 1st Baron Cobbold

Cameron Fromanteel Cobbold, 1st Baron Cobbold (14 September 1904 – 1 November 1987) was a British banker. He served as Governor of the Bank of England from 1949 to 1961 and as Lord Chamberlain from 1963 to 1971.

## Early life

Born in London in 1904 to Lt.-Col. Clement John Fromanteel Cobbold and his wife Stella Willoughby Savile Cameron, Cobbold was educated at Eton College. He also spent one year at King's College, Cambridge.

## Career
### Bank of England

Cobbold joined the Bank of England at the invitation of bank Governor Montagu Norman in 1933. He was appointed Deputy Governor in 1945 and became governor in 1949. During his tenure he was sworn of the Privy Council (1959) and was created Baron Cobbold, of Knebworth in the County of Hertford (1960). He retired as governor in 1961.

### Cobbold Commission

He subsequently led the Cobbold Commission in 1962 which studied the question of North Borneo and Sarawak's merger with Malaya to form Malaysia. In 1963, he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order and Lord Chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth II. He served until 1971, and during his tenure the Lord Chamberlain's theatrical censorship role was abolished (1968) and he was appointed to the Order of the Garter (1970). Cobbold was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Hertford (1972).
In 1966, he received the Grand Decoration in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria.

## Marriage and children

On 3 April 1930, Cobbold married Lady Hermione Millicent Bulwer-Lytton, daughter and heir of Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton. Their seat was at Knebworth House in Hertfordshire. They had two daughters and two sons:
* Jane Cobbold (10 May 1931 – 16 February 1937)
* Hon. Susan Victoria Cobbold (born 24 May 1933)
* David Antony Fromanteel Lytton Cobbold, 2nd Baron Cobbold (14 July 1937 – 9 May 2022)
* Hon. Rowland John Fromanteel Cobbold (born 20 June 1944)
Lord Cobbold died at Knebworth in November 1987, aged 83. He was succeeded in the barony by his elder son, David.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Cameron Fromanteel Cobbold, 1st Baron Cobbold, KG, GCVO, PC, DL :
* CoronetA Baron's Coronet
* CrestA lion statant guardant Argent ducally crowned Azure resting the dexter paw on an escutcheon Vert charged with three escutcheons each Argent a border engrailed Or.
* EscutcheonSable a chevron Or between in chief two bezants and in base a lion passant guardant Or on a chief dancetty Or two ducal coronets Azure.
* SupportersOn either side a golden labrador proper resting the inner hind foot on a battering ram fesswise also proper garnished and the heads inwards Azure.
* MottoREBUS ANGUSTIS FORTIS (Brave in adversity)
# Fujiwara no Akitsuna

Fujiwara no Akitsuna (藤原 顕綱; dates uncertain, ? – c. 1103–1107) was a Japanese nobleman and waka poet of the Heian period.

## Life

Fujiwara no Akitsuna was a son of Fujiwara no Kanetsune [ja], a member of the Michitsuna lineage (道綱流) of the Northern Branch of the Fujiwara clan. His mother was Ben no Menoto, a daughter of Fujiwara no Masatoki (藤原順時), the governor of Kaga Province. The year of his birth is uncertain.
He was the adoptive father of Arisuke (有佐), a son of Emperor Go-Sanjō. His other children included Michitsune (道経), the governor of Izumi Province, Kenshi (ja), the wet nurse of Emperor Horikawa, and Nagako, the author of the Sanuki-no-suke Nikki [ja]. He was also related by marriage to Fujiwara no Michitoshi [ja] and Fujiwara no Akisue.
During the Kanji era (1087–1094) he became the governor of Sanuki Province, earning him the nickname Sanuki no Nyūdō (讃岐入道). He served in positions such as governor of Tanba Province and governor of Izumi Province, and by the end of his career was of Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.
He probably took the tonsure in Kōwa 2 (1100).
It is uncertain when he died. Sonpi Bunmyaku says he died on the 27th day of the sixth month of Kōwa 5 (1103), at age 75 (by Japanese reckoning), but his poetry appears in the record of the Sakon no Gon-Chūjō Toshitada Ason-ke Uta-awase (左近権中将俊忠朝臣家歌合), which took place the following year. Boku Hagitani [ja] places his death in the summer of Kajō 2 (1107).

## Poetry

The first uta-awase contest in which he took part was the Jōryaku Ninen Dairi Uta-awase (承暦二年内裏歌合) in Jōryaku 2 (1078). He took part in the poetic gatherings:
* the Kaya no In-dono Shichiban Uta-awase (高陽院殿七番歌合) in the eighth month of Kanji 8 (1094);
* the Ikuhō Mon'in Senzai-awase (郁芳門院前栽合) in the eighth month of Kahō 2 (1095); and
* the Sakon no Gon-Chūjō Toshitada Ason-ke Uta-awase in the fifth month of Chōji 1 (1104).
He also held poetic gatherings at his own residence.
According to the Fukuro-zōshi [ja], he was engaged in copying the Man'yōshū, and that he came into possession of the Yōmei-in text (陽明院本 Yōmei'in-bon) of the Kokinshū, penned by the compiler Ki no Tsurayuki.
Twenty-five of his poems were included in imperial anthologies, including the Goshūishū. He left a personal collection, the Akitsuna Ason Shū. Among his most famous works is the following poem, which was submitted to the Sakon no Gon-Chūjō Toshitada Ason-ke Uta-awase and included in the first book of love poems in the Shikashū:
| Japanese text | Romanized Japanese | English translation |
| くれなゐの こぞめの衣 うへに着む 恋の涙の 色隠るやと | kurenai no kozome no koromo ue ni kin koi no namida no iro kakuru ya to | |
# Mohammad Abdul Qadir

Mohammad Abdul Qadir (Urdu: محمد عبدالقادر) is a Pakistani politician who is currently serving as a member of the Senate of Pakistan from the Balochistan since March 2021. He won Independently and later joined Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.
# Napkin

A napkin, serviette or face towelette is a square of cloth or paper tissue used at the table for wiping the mouth and fingers while eating. It is also sometimes used as a bib by tucking it into a shirt collar. It is usually small and folded, sometimes in intricate designs and shapes.

## Etymology and terminology

The term 'napkin' dates from the 14th century, in the sense of a piece of cloth or paper used at mealtimes to wipe the lips or fingers and to protect clothing. The word derives from the Late Middle English nappekin, from Old French nappe (tablecloth, from Latin mappa), with the suffix -kin.
A 'napkin' can also refer to a small cloth or towel, such as a handkerchief in dialectal British, or a kerchief in Scotland.
'Napkin' may also be short for "sanitary napkin".

## Description

Conventionally, the napkin is folded and placed to the left of the place setting, outside the outermost fork. In a restaurant setting or a caterer's hall, it may be folded into more elaborate shapes and displayed on the empty plate. Origami techniques can be used to create a three-dimensional design. A napkin may also be held together in a bundle with cutlery by a napkin ring. Alternatively, paper napkins may be contained within a napkin holder.

## History

Summaries of napkin history often say that the ancient Greeks used bread to wipe their hands. This is suggested by a passage in one of Alciphron's letters (3:44), and some remarks by the sausage seller in Aristophanes' play, The Knights. The bread in both texts is referred to as apomagdalia which simply means bread from inside the crust known as the crumb and not special "napkin bread". Napkins were also used in ancient Roman times.
One of the earliest references to table napkins in English dates to 1384–85.

### Paper napkins

The use of paper napkins is documented in ancient China, where paper was invented in the 2nd century BC. Paper napkins were known as chih pha, folded in squares, and used for the serving of tea. Textual evidence of paper napkins appears in a description of the possessions of the Yu family, from the city of Hangzhou.
Paper napkins were first imported to the US in the late 1800s but did not gain widespread acceptance until 1948, when Emily Post asserted, "It’s far better form to use paper napkins than linen napkins that were used at breakfast."

### Leonardo Da Vinci

It has been claimed that Leonardo da Vinci invented the napkin in 1491. According to this claim, the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, used to tie up live rabbits decorated with ribbons to the guest’s chairs so they could wipe their hands on the animal’s back. Leonardo found this inappropriate, and presented a cloth for each guest. The myth stems from Leonardo's Kitchen Notebooks (1987), by Jonathan Routh and Shelagh Routh, a prank book published as an April Fools’ Day joke, that claims a long lost Codex Romanoff was found in 1481, which never really existed.
# Street Boss

Street Boss (foaled 31 March 2004) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse that won the 2008 Triple Bend Handicap and Bing Crosby Handicap. He stands as a shuttle stallion for Darley Stud, the global breeding operation of Godolphin.

## Background

Street Boss was bred in Kentucky and foaled on the 31 March 2004. He was sired by champion sire Street Cry, whose progeny includes over 130 stakes-winners. Street Boss was sold for $300,000 as a yearling at Keeneland in September 2005.

## Racing career

On 2 September 2007, Street Boss won on debut at Del Mar as a three-year-old.
As a four-year-old Street Boss went on a winning streak of 5 races in succession, culminating in duel Grade One victories in the Triple Bend and Bing Crosby Handicap's.
Street Boss had his last ever run in the 2008 Breeders' Cup Sprint where he finished third behind Midnight Lute.

## Stud career

Street Boss was retired to Darley Stud and has since performed as a shuttle stallion in the United States, Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

### Notable progeny

Street Boss has currently sired 9 Grade/Group One winners:
c = colt, f = filly, g = gelding
| Foaled | Name | Sex | Major Wins |
| 2010 | Capo Bastone | c | King's Bishop Stakes |
| 2010 | The Quarterback | g | Newmarket Handicap |
| 2011 | Danza | c | Arkansas Derby |
| 2013 | Cathryn Sophia | f | Kentucky Oaks |
| 2013 | Decked Out | f | American Oaks |
| 2016 | Elite Street | g | Winterbottom Stakes |
| 2017 | Fair Maiden | f | La Brea Stakes |
| 2018 | Anamoe | c | Sires' Produce Stakes, Caulfield Guineas, Rosehill Guineas, Winx Stakes, George Main Stakes, Caulfield Stakes, W. S. Cox Plate, Chipping Norton Stakes |
| 2018 | Pinstriped | g | Memsie Stakes |

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Street Boss (USA) 2004 :
| Sire Street Cry (IRE) 1998 | Machiavellian (USA) 1987 | Mr. Prospector | Raise a Native |
| Sire Street Cry (IRE) 1998 | Machiavellian (USA) 1987 | Mr. Prospector | Gold Digger |
| Sire Street Cry (IRE) 1998 | Machiavellian (USA) 1987 | Coup de Folie | Halo |
| Sire Street Cry (IRE) 1998 | Machiavellian (USA) 1987 | Coup de Folie | Raise the Standard |
| Sire Street Cry (IRE) 1998 | Helen Street (GB) 1982 | Troy | Petingo |
| Sire Street Cry (IRE) 1998 | Helen Street (GB) 1982 | Troy | La Milo |
| Sire Street Cry (IRE) 1998 | Helen Street (GB) 1982 | Waterway | Riverman |
| Sire Street Cry (IRE) 1998 | Helen Street (GB) 1982 | Waterway | Boulevard |
| Dam Blushing Ogygian (USA) 1994 | Ogygian (USA) 1983 | Damascus | Sword Dancer |
| Dam Blushing Ogygian (USA) 1994 | Ogygian (USA) 1983 | Damascus | Kerala |
| Dam Blushing Ogygian (USA) 1994 | Ogygian (USA) 1983 | Gonfalon | Francis S |
| Dam Blushing Ogygian (USA) 1994 | Ogygian (USA) 1983 | Gonfalon | Grand Splendor |
| Dam Blushing Ogygian (USA) 1994 | Fruhlingshochzeit (USA) 1984 | Blushing Groom | Red God |
| Dam Blushing Ogygian (USA) 1994 | Fruhlingshochzeit (USA) 1984 | Blushing Groom | Runaway Bride |
| Dam Blushing Ogygian (USA) 1994 | Fruhlingshochzeit (USA) 1984 | Fruhlingstag | Orsini |
| Dam Blushing Ogygian (USA) 1994 | Fruhlingshochzeit (USA) 1984 | Fruhlingstag | Revada |
# Chrozophora tinctoria

Chrozophora tinctoria (commonly known as dyer's croton, giradol, turnsole or dyer's litmus plant) is a plant species native to the Mediterranean, the Middle East, India, Pakistan, and Central Asia. It is also present as a weed in North America and Australia.

## Description

It is an annual, typically found in nutrient-poor ground. It develops a large taproot. The plant is erect and covered with wool-like hairs. The ash-green leaves are alternate. The tiny monecious flowers are grouped in a raceme. The lower, female flowers lack petals and the upper male flowers have five small yellow petals. Pollination is by ants. The fruits are conspicuous and consist of three dark green conjoined spheres. Their surface is decorated with white scales and warty structures. Each sphere contains three seeds, which are propelled away from the plant by the mechanical force of the mature fruit twisting as it opens. It is considered a poisonous plant. Its consumption may cause stomach upset, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhoea.

## Use for dye

Chrozophora tinctoria produced the blue-purple colorant "turnsole" (also known as katasol or folium ) used in medieval illuminated manuscripts and as a food colorant in Dutch cheese and certain liquors. Its use was mostly as substitute of the more expensive Tyrian purple, the famous dye obtained from Murex molluscs. The color comes from the plant's fruit, specifically its dry outer coat. The colorant is also obtained from the translucent sap contained in the plant cells when the leaves of the plant are broken off and exposed to the air. Different shades of blue and purple may also be obtained when the juice extracts are exposed to the vapors emitted from ammonia (NH$_3$), and which in France, during the late 19th century, was produced by applying fresh horse manure and urine to the fabric that was soaked with the plant extract. The plant has historically been used throughout the Levant to dye clothing. 100 kilograms (220 lb) of the plant produces 50 kilograms (110 lb) of sap, and with this quantity one is able to dye 25 kilograms (55 lb) of fabric rolls.
In 2020, an interdisciplinary team of researchers from FCT NOVA, University of Porto and University of Aveiro, identified the complex chemical structure of the medieval purple-blue dye extracted from the fruits of Chrozophora tinctoria. The chemical structure of the medieval dye was a mystery until now. The extracts obtained showed a novel blue chemical, chrozophoridine as the main chromophore.
# Margarita Fernández Guanarteme

Margarita Fernández Guanarteme, also known by her native name Guayarmina (1470-1550), was a Guanche princess, whose family ruled during the time of the conquest of the Canary Islands at the end of the 15th century.

## Name

According to the eighteenth-century historian Pedro Agustín del Castillo, Margarita had the aboriginal name of Guayarmina. The philologist Ignacio Reyes translated her native name to signify a "guard, reserve or protection until a prolonged drought", while adding that it also referred figuratively to the star Canopus.

## Biography
### Early life

Guayarmina was born on the island of Gran Canaria in the late 1460s or early 1470s. A member of the royal family of the Guanartemato of Gáldar [es], she was one of the daughters of the guanarteme Tenesor Semidán and his wife Abenchara. There is no further information on her early years.

### Her life during the Castilian conquest

After the capture of Tenesor Semidán by Alonso Fernández de Lugo and Hernán Peraza in 1482, the Guanches moved Guayarmina and her cousin Masequera, daughter of the former king Egonaiga el Bueno and the true holder of power on the island, to the natural fortresses in the interior of the island.
After several clashes in the fortresses of Bentayga, Ajódar and others, the Castilian conquerors under the command of Pedro de Vera, accompanied by Tenesor Semidan - now called Fernando Guanarteme - besieged the natives at Ansite. Following mediation by Guanarteme, the Guanches surrendered on 29 April 1483, handing over the princesses and concluding the conquest of the island.

### After the conquest

After the definitive incorporation of the island into the Crown of Castile, Guayarmina was Christianised and baptised as Margarita Fernández Guanarteme, and settled in the town of Gáldar. Around 1497, she became the heir to the estate of her father, who had died in Tenerife. Among these assets was the property of the valley of Guayedra, which Fernando Guanarteme had received during the repartimiento of the island in 1485.
After the island was conquered, Margarita was married to the Extremaduran nobleman Miguel de Trejo y Carvajal, a native of Granadilla and son of Alonso González Carvajal and his wife Elvira Fernández. From this marriage, they had four children: María de Carvajal, Alonso González Carvajal, Hernán de Trejo and Bernardino de Carvajal.
In 1526, Margarita requested information to prove that she was the daughter of Tenesor Semidán. This documentation, known as the información guanartémica, is one of the most important documents on the conquest.
Tradition has it that Margarita died sometime in the 1540s in the city of Las Palmas.
# Xiaojing Hao

Xiaojing Hao is an academic and engineer. She completed her PhD in Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering in 2010 at University of New South Wales. She is currently working as a professor in school of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering at University of New South Wales. Her main research focus is in low-cost, high-efficiency thin film solar cells and tandem solar cells. Her research contributes to make photovoltaics cells affordable, greener and more efficient.
Xiaojing’s research is focused on kesterite, an earth-abundant and non-toxic material which is used for the production of thin-film solar panels with a conversion efficiency of 11%.
She was awarded the Malcolm McIntosh Prize for Physical Scientist of the Year in 2020 for her research contributions in thin-film solar cells. She was also the recipient of the 2021 Australian Academy of Science Pawsey Medal.
# Robin Book

Robin Book (born 5 April 1992) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Utsiktens BK.