# Type and cotype of a Banach space

In functional analysis, the type and cotype of a Banach space are a classification of Banach spaces through probability theory and a measure, how far a Banach space from a Hilbert space is.
The starting point is the Pythagorean identity for orthogonal vectors $(e_{k})_{k=1}^{n}$ in Hilbert spaces
    $\left\|\sum _{k=1}^{n}e_{k}\right\|^{2}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}\left\|e_{k}\right\|^{2}.$
This identity no longer holds in general Banach spaces, however one can introduce a notion of orthogonality probabilistically with the help of Rademacher random variables, for this reason one also speaks of Rademacher type and Rademacher cotype.
The notion of type and cotype was introduced by French mathematician Jean-Pierre Kahane.

## Definition

Let
* $(X,\|\cdot \|)$ be a Banach space,
* $(\varepsilon _{i})$ be a sequence of independent Rademacher random variables, i.e. $P(\varepsilon _{i}=-1)=P(\varepsilon _{i}=1)=1/2$ and $\mathbb {E} [\varepsilon _{i}\varepsilon _{m}]=0$ for $i\neq m$ and $\operatorname {Var} [\varepsilon _{i}]=1$.
The notation $\mathbb {E} _{\varepsilon }$ means that we integrate with respect to the variable $\varepsilon$.

### Type

$X$ is of type $p$ for $p\in [1,2]$ if there exist a finite constant $C\geq 1$ such that
    $\mathbb {E} _{\varepsilon }\left[\left\|\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}\varepsilon _{i}x_{i}\right\|^{p}\right]\leq C^{p}\left(\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}\|x_{i}\|^{p}\right)$
for all finite sequences $(x_{i})_{i=1}^{n}\in X^{n}$. The sharpest constant $C$ is called type $p$ constant and denoted as $T_{p}(X)$.

### Cotype

$X$ is of cotype $q$ for $q\in [2,\infty ]$ if there exist a finite constant $C\geq 1$ such that
    $\mathbb {E} _{\varepsilon }\left[\left\|\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}\varepsilon _{i}x_{i}\right\|^{q}\right]\geq {\frac {1}{C^{q}}}\left(\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}\|x_{i}\|^{q}\right),\quad {\text{if}}\;2\leq q<\infty$
respectively
    $\mathbb {E} _{\varepsilon }\left[\left\|\sum \limits _{i=1}^{n}\varepsilon _{i}x_{i}\right\|\right]\geq {\frac {1}{C}}\sup \|x_{i}\|,\quad {\text{if}}\;q=\infty$
for all finite sequences $(x_{i})_{i=1}^{n}\in X^{n}$. The sharpest constant $C$ is called cotype $q$ constant and denoted as $C_{q}(X)$.

### Remarks

By taking the $p$-th resp. $q$-th root one gets the equation for the Bochner $L^{p}$ norm.

## Properties

* Every Banach space is of type $1$ (follows from the triangle inequality).
* A Banach space is of type $2$ and cotype $2$ if and only if the space is also isomorphic to a Hilbert space.
If a Banach space:
* is of type $p$ then it is also type $p'\in [1,p]$.
* is of cotype $q$ then it is also of cotype $q'\in [q,\infty ]$.
* is of type $p$ for $1<p\leq 2$, then its dual space $X^{*}$ is of cotype $p^{*}$ with $p^{*}:=(1-1/p)^{-1}$ (conjugate index). Further it holds that $C_{p^{*}}(X^{*})\leq T_{p}(X)$

## Examples

* The $L^{p}$ spaces for $p\in [1,2]$ are of type $p$ and cotype $2$, this means $L^{1}$ is of type $1$, $L^{2}$ is of type $2$ and so on.
* The $L^{p}$ spaces for $p\in [2,\infty )$ are of type $2$ and cotype $p$.
* The space $L^{\infty }$ is of type $1$ and cotype $\infty$.

## Literature

* Li, Daniel; Queffélec, Hervé (2017). Introduction to Banach Spaces: Analysis and Probability. Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–209. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316675762.009.
* Joseph Diestel (1984). Sequences and Series in Banach Spaces. Springer New York.
* Laurent Schwartz (2006). Geometry and Probability in Banach Spaces. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-10691-3.
* Ledoux, Michel; Talagrand, Michel (1991). Probability in Banach Spaces. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. Vol. 23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20212-4_11.