OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# MP 59

The MP 59 (French: Métro Pneu appel d'offres de 1959; English: Rubber-tyred metro ordered in 1959) was a rubber-tyred variant of electric multiple units used on the Paris Métro system in service from 1963 to 2024. Manufactured by a consortium between CIMT-Lorraine (body), Jeumont-Schneider (control circuits), Alsthom and CEM (motors), they were first introduced in 1963 when the busiest routes of Lines 1 and 4 were converted to rubber-tyred pneumatic operation. The trains worked on Line 1 between 1963 and 2000, Line 4 between 1966 and 2012, and Line 11 between 1995 and 2024. By the time of their retirement in June 2024, the MP 59 trains (along with the Sprague-Thomson) were among the oldest trains still in use on any metro system in the world, at 61 years old.

## Exit from Line 4

With the arrival of the MP 05 automated stock on Line 1, the remaining 48 MP 59 trains on Line 4 were replaced by the MP 89 CC (just like their Line 1 counterparts were). The first MP 89CC train (#01) arrived on Line 4 in April 2011 and went into service on May 23, 2011. The first MP 59 train to be retired from service was #049, which was withdrawn in April 2011. #021 was withdrawn on December 21, 2012, and was the last train to be retired.
It was originally speculated that some trains would be moved to Line 11 as a supplement, but such plans never came to fruition. All of the trains in service on Line 4 have been scrapped, the spare parts were salvaged for the remaining trains on Line 11.

## Exit from Line 11

Île-de-France Mobilités replaced the last MP 59 trains on Line 11 with 39 MP 14 trains: the replacement MP 14 trains for Line 11 are driver-operated and five cars long. The last MP 59 trains were scheduled to run on 23 May 2024, but a few trains were still in service as of June 2024. The last MP 59 trains ran on Line 11 on June 12, 2024, before the line extension to Rosny–Bois-Perrier when six new stations opened on June 13, 2024.

## Gallery

* MP 59 at Bastille station in 1964
* Blue second-class and cream-coloured first class MP 59 cars in 1964
* MP 59 trainset 6005 in "Métro-Vidéo" livery in 1989
* An MP 59 leaving République on June 12, 2024, the last day of MP 59 service.

## Technical specifications

* Train length: 90.390 m (296 ft 6+5⁄8 in)
* Overall width: 2.400 m (7 ft 10+1⁄2 in)
* Height of a train car above the running surface: 3.485 m (11 ft 5+1⁄4 in)
* Floor height above the running surface: 1.180 m (46.46 in)
* Weight in running order: 126.4 tonnes (124.4 long tons; 139.3 short tons)
* Maximum capacity (at four travelers / m$^2$): 700 passengers including 144 seats
* Folding seats available off-peak: 146
* Maximum speed: 70 km/h (43 mph)
* Maximum power: 1,760 kW (2,360 hp)
* Average acceleration of 1.3 m/s$^2$ (4.3 ft/s$^2$) from 0 to 30 km/h (0 to 19 mph) (four travelers / m$^2$);
* Maximum braking normal steady state: 2 m/s$^2$ (6.6 ft/s$^2$)

## Other networks

* Montreal Metro had a forked version named MR-63
* Mexico City Metro has a forked version named MP-68
* Santiago Metro has a forked version named NS-74
# Dole–Jura Airport

Dole–Jura Airport (French: Aéroport de Dole-Jura) (IATA: DLE, ICAO: LFGJ), also known as Dole–Besançon–Dijon Airport (Aéroport de Dole-Besançon-Dijon), is an airport serving Dole, a commune in the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. The airport is located 7 km (4 NM) southwest of Dole, and southeast of Tavaux. It was formerly known as Dole–Tavaux Airport. The airport is used for general aviation, and for a few commercial airline services.

## History

During World War II, the airport was used by the German Luftwaffe during the occupation of France as an Air intelligence training facility (Luftnachrichten-Ausbildungs-Regiment 302). It was attacked by the United States Army Air Force on several occasions in the spring of 1944. After the airfield was liberated by Allied forces in early September 1944, the United States Army Air Forces IX Engineer Command repaired the airfield and made it ready for operational use by combat units. The field was made ready by 15 September. It was known as Dole/Tavaux Airfield or Advanced Landing Ground Y-7. Units that were assigned to the airfield were:
* 324th Fighter Group, 20 September 1944 – 4 January 1945, P-47 Thunderbolt (12th AF)
* 371st Fighter Group, 1 October-20 December 1944, P-47 Thunderbolt, (9th AF)
* 320th Bombardment Group, 1 April-18 June 1945, B-26 Marauder (12th AF)
With the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, the Americans began to withdraw their aircraft and personnel. Control of the airport was returned to French civil authorities on 17 July 1945.
Today, the airport's World War II history remains with the alert pads built by the Germans at each end of the main runway. What appears to be a weapons storage facility is located to the northeast of the airfield, along with some deteriorating concrete wartime taxiways. In some agricultural fields to the south of the main runway appear to be dispersal taxiways and what once was an aircraft maintenance area with covered hangars constructed in woods. The taxiways are now being reduced in width to single-lane agricultural roads

## Facilities

The airport resides at an elevation of 645 feet (197 m) above mean sea level. It has one paved runway designated 05/23 which measures 2,230 by 45 metres (7,316 ft × 148 ft). It also has a parallel runway with a grass surface measuring 800 by 50 metres (2,625 ft × 164 ft).

## Airlines and destinations

The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Dole–Jura Airport:
| Airlines | Destinations |
| Air Corsica | Seasonal: Bastia |
| Ryanair | Fès, Marrakesh, Porto |
# Chris Kourakis

Christopher John Kourakis (born 17 June 1958) is a Greek Australian lawyer and judge. Since 2012 he has been Chief Justice of South Australia.

## Early life and education

Kourakis was born on 17 June 1958 grew up in Port Lincoln as one of ten children of Greek migrants Evangelos and Roxani Kourakis. His parents originated from the Greek island of Ikaria.
He was educated at the University of Adelaide.

## Career

Kourakis practised at the Independent Bar in South Australia from 1989 and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1997. He was President of the Law Society of South Australia from 2001. In 2003 he was appointed as the Solicitor-General of South Australia.
When the South Australian government decided to cease appointing Queen's Counsel and the Chief Justice of South Australia began appointing Senior Counsel, Kourakis resigned his commission as Queen's Counsel to become Senior Counsel instead.
In 2008, Kourakis was appointed to the Supreme Court of South Australia and in 2012, he was elevated to the position of Chief Justice.
In August 2022, he overturned a decision by the former Premier of South Australia, Steven Marshall, to allow for exploratory mining to go ahead on Lake Torrens, citing concerns that Kelaray's heritage plan and procedures would "substantially detract" from the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988. In May 2023, the Premier's decision was reinstated by the Court of Appeal of South Australia.
In February 2023, together with Attorney-General of South Australia Kyam Maher, Kourakis announced several new appointments to the SA judicial system. Among the appointees were the first two Aboriginal Australians to be appointed to the Magistrates Court of South Australia, Lana Chester and Natalie Brown.
# Shoop Shoop Diddy Wop Cumma Cumma Wang Dang

"Shoop Shoop Diddy Wop Cumma Cumma Wang Dang" is a song by New Zealand band Monte Video and the Cassettes. It was released as the band's debut single in 1982 and reached number two on the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart, as well as number 11 on the Australian Kent Music Report. The track appears on Monte Video's 1983 self-titled mini-album and was later released in the United Kingdom and United States.

## Reception

New Zealand film and television website NZ on Screen called the song "dangerously catchy" and called its video "hedonistic". In 1983, the song was nominated for two New Zealand Music Awards: Single of the Year and Producer of the Year. It lost the former category to DD Smash's "Outlook for Thursday" and the latter nomination to Coconut Rough's "Sierra Leone", produced by Dave Marrett. Commercially, the song peaked at number two on New Zealand's RIANZ Singles Chart, spending three consecutive weeks at the position in February 1983 and remaining in the top 50 for 13 weeks. At the end of the year, "Shoop Shoop" was ranked at number 47 on the New Zealand year-end chart. The single also charted in Australia, where it reached number 11 on the Kent Music Report.

## Music video

The song's music video, filmed at Ponsonby's Peppermint Park nightclub in Auckland, was directed by Murray Grindlay (Monte Video) and Mark Ackerman. The video features numerous uses of alcohol and tobacco and includes several transvestites. The clip was nominated for Best Music Video at the 1983 New Zealand Music Awards, losing to the video for "Outlook for Thursday".

## Charts
### Weekly chart

| Chart (1982–1983) | Peak position |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 11 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 2 |

### Year-end chart

| Chart (1983) | Position |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 65 |
| New Zealand (RIANZ) | 47 |
# South Australian Railways 720 class

The South Australian Railways 720 class was a class of 2-8-4 steam locomotives operated by the South Australian Railways.

## Design

The 720 class were built by the South Australian Railways as an improved version of the 710 class locomotives. The cylinders and running gear were broadly similar, but the boiler was enlarged and its pressure raised from 200 psi to 215 psi. The grate area was increased by nearly a third.
The 710 had been fitted with a Franklin C-2 booster engine on the trailing truck and this was repeated for the 720. However the additional weight of the booster had led to axle load problems on the lines laid with lighter 60 lb rail and some had their boosters removed. Partly to reduce this axle load, partly to support the increased weight of the enlarged firebox, the 720 changed from the 710's 2-8-2 Mikado wheel arrangement to a 2-8-4 Berkshire. The trailing wheels of this bogie were of different sizes, the larger rear wheels being driven by the booster and a smaller wheelset used under the front of the ashpan to give more clearance.

## History

The initial order was for five locomotives. They were intended to operate on the lighter broad gauge lines, but after they began to spread rails, they were confined to the heavier lines. A further twelve were built between 1938 and 1943. The final twelve differed in having streamlined valances and boiler lagging tinware. Coal shortages after World War II saw 14 converted to burn oil. All were later converted back to coal burners.
The last were withdrawn in April 1960.
# Ronald Findlay

Ronald Edsel Findlay (April 12, 1935 – October 8, 2021) was an American economist and trade theorist. He served as the Ragnar Nurkse Professor of Economics at Columbia University.
He was born in 1935 in Rangoon, then in British Burma. He and his family fled on foot from Burma to India during World War II.
He received a BA from Rangoon University in 1954, and a PhD from MIT in 1960, where his doctoral dissertation was supervised by Robert Solow. He began his career as an economist at Rangoon University, first as a tutor (1954–57), then as a lecturer (1960–66), and finally as a research professor (1966–68).
He joined Columbia in 1969, initially as a visiting professor, before being appointed a professor in 1970. His research focused on international trade and economic development, and he took what has been described as a perspective centred around political economy. He helped theorise the North-South model of international trade. He became a U.S. citizen in 1976.
Findlay died on October 8, 2021, at the age of 86.

## Selected publications

Selected publications include:
* with Kevin H. O'Rourke, 2007, "Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium", Princeton University Press
* with Ronald W. Jones, 2001, "Input Trade and the Location of Production", The American Economic Review
* 1996 "Modeling Global Interdependence: Centers, Peripheries, and Frontiers", The American Economic Review
* with Richard Clarida, 1992, "Government, Trade, and Comparative Advantage", The American Economic Review (1992);
* 1992 "The Roots of Divergence: Western Economic History in Comparative Perspective", The American Economic Review
* with Stanislaw Wellisz, 1988, "The State and the Invisible Hand", World Bank Research Observer
* 1984 "Trade and Development: Theory and Asian Experience", Asian Development Review, Vol 2, No. 2
* An "Austrian" Model of International Trade and Interest Rate Equalization, in Journal of Political Economy
# Rawal (title)

Rawal (also spelled Raval) or Raol is a regional variation of the Hindi princely ruler title Raja/Radjah (literally 'king') used in some princely states in Rajputana and Western India (notably Gujarat), and is now also used as a caste designation or surname by several communities in Southern Asia.
The term "Rawal" derives from the Sanskrit title "Rājakula". The related term Maharawal, which derives from the Sanskrit title "Mahārājakula", means "Great Rawal".

## Surnames

As a surname, "Rawal" is found among multiple communities in India.
* for example Bappa Rawal.
* The Nambudiri priests of the Badrinath and Kedarnath were given the title of "Rawal" by the king of Garhwal in 1776
* Raval (also known as Rawal or Raval Yogi), an Indian caste categorized among the Other Backward Classes
* Rawal , a surname used by some Thakur and Chhetri people living in Karnali and Lumbini province of Nepal.
* Rawal, a gotra of Rajputs found in India, Pakistan and Pakistani and Indian diaspora; its members claim to be the original rulers of Rawalpindi
# Marken

Marken (Dutch pronunciation:; Marken's dialect: Mereke) is a village in the municipality of Waterland in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It had a population of 1,745 as of 2021, and occupies a peninsula in the Markermeer. It was, until 1957, an island in the former Zuiderzee. The characteristic wooden houses of Marken are a tourist attraction.

## History
### Early years

Marken was an island in the Zuiderzee.
For some time during the later 19th and early 20th centuries, Marken and its inhabitants were the focus of considerable attention by folklorists, ethnographers and physical anthropologists, who regarded the small fishing town as a relic of the traditional native culture that was destined to disappear as modernization of the Netherlands gained pace. Among them were Johann Friedrich Blumenbach who examined a human skull from the island which he called Batavus genuinus; and was the Belgian painter Xavier Mellery who stayed in Marken at the request of Charles De Coster. Mellery was asked to create illustrative work and delivered several intimist works.
Cornelis Lely's designs incorporated the island into a proposed Markerwaard. A partial dike, built in 1941 in the north, is the first phase of that project which was stopped by World War II.
* Girls in traditional costumes (circa 1900)
* Fisherman in traditional costume (circa 1900)

### Recent times

The island appeared as a location in the 1970 film Puppet on a Chain. In 1983, the Marker Museum about the history of the island was opened. Marken was a separate municipality until 1991, when it was merged into Waterland.

## Geography

Marken is in the municipality of Waterland in the east of the province of North Holland in the west of the Netherlands. Marken is a peninsula in the Markermeer, of which is it is the namesake, and is connected to the mainland of North Holland by a causeway.
* Satellite image
* Street in 2009
* Wooden house
* Paard van Marken, the lighthouse
* Marker Museum
* Havenbuurt about 1970
# Anna Kisil

Anna Kisil was a philanthropist, social activist and volunteer. She was one of the founding members of the multinational non-profit organization "Fourth Wave" in the International Organization of Ukrainian Communities in North America.

## Childhood and education

Anna Kisil was born November 19, 1960 in Yaremche, Ukraine. Yaremche (Ukrainian: Яремче) is a city in the Ukrainian part of East Galicia. She graduated from Lviv Polytechnic Institute with a degree in civil engineering.

## Adulthood

She lived in Liviv, 500 kilometres southwest of Chernobyl, during the Chernobyl disaster. During this time she was living with her husband, five-year-old son, and pregnant with her daughter. Which resulted in her families relocation and moving in with Anna's mom in the Carpathian Mountains, staying there for months. Then a few years later in 1990, her family immigrated to Oshawa, Canada

## Achievements

Anna Kisil became a motivated entrepreneur opening and maintaining multiple companies and restaurants such as Meest media, Golden Lion and Roslan-Pak. Anna was a philanthropic worker who participated in several projects in Ukraine building churches and aiding in the work and reconstruction of different historical sites. Her business ventures and philanthropic work earned her the Ordinance of Merit, Ukraine's highest honour. Was the Chair of the World Council of Culture from 2008 to 2018 then was the Ukrainian World Congress (UWC) Vice President and Chair of the World Federation of Ukrainian Women's Organizations both since 2018. She has been awarded President of Ukraine's Medal on the occasion of 25 Years of Ukraine's Independence, the Ivan Mazepa Cross, and the UWC's highest award, the St. Vladimir the Great Medal
# Rawal (name)

Rawal (also spelled as Raval) is a surname of various Indian and Nepali communities. It is mainly found among the Rajputs and Chhetri Nepali Hindus. It was also used as a title before the name by some Rajput rulers. Notable people with include:

## Surname

* Bappa Rawal, ruler of Mewar Kingdom as royal title.
* Bhim Bahadur Rawal, Nepali politician
* Jam Rawal, ruler of Kachchh princely state in India
* Narendra Raval, Kenyan entrepreneur and philanthropist
* Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal, Indian politician
* Jitendra Jatashankar Rawal, Indian astrophysicist
* Kalpana Rawal, Kenyan lawyer and judge
* Lal Bahadur Rawal, Nepali politician
* Nisha Rawal, Indian model-actress
* Paresh Rawal, Indian actor
* Rajendra Rawal, Nepali footballer
* Sanjay Rawal, American documentary film director
* Sashi Rawal, Nepali pop singer
* Vaibhav Rawal, Indian cricketer
* Vipul K. Rawal, Indian scriptwriter
* Jam Rawal, ruler of Kachchh princely state in India
* Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal, Indian politician
* Darshan Raval, Indian singer

## Given name

* Rawal Jaisal, ruler of Jaisalmer state in India
* Rawal Mallinath, folk hero of Rajasthan, India
* Rawal Ratan Singh, ruler of Mewar state in India
# Union Watersphere

The Union Watersphere, also known as the Union Water Tower, is a water tower topped with a sphere-shaped water tank in Union, New Jersey, United States and characterized as the World's Tallest Water Sphere.
Adjacent to U.S. Route 22, New Jersey Route 82, and the Garden State Parkway, the iconic tower has been a landmark since its construction. The tower was originally commissioned the Elizabethtown Water Company and is now owned by American Water. Standing 212 ft (65 m) tall, it was originally built in 1964 by Chicago Bridge and Iron Company at the cost of $89,500 and holds 250,000 US gallons (950,000 L) of well water. Due to its proximity to an airport, at the request of the Federal Aviation Administration, a red stroboscopic beacon was constructed atop the tower in 2008, adding 6 ft (1.8 m) of height. The pedestal is used as a telecommunications tower.
The tower is painted a grey-white. In the past it has been painted blue with the name of the town in large letters across the sphere. Its location at a major intersection of some of the state's busiest roads, and proximity to Newark Liberty International Airport, affords millions of people each year a view of the structure. A museum dedicated to the watersphere is located in Austin, Texas and is operated by a former Union resident. Another famous sphere, sometimes called the world's largest light bulb, is located nearby at the Edison Memorial Tower.

## Related and similar structures

A February 2012 Star Ledger article suggested a water tower in Erwin, North Carolina completed in early 2012, 219.75 ft (66.98 m) tall and holding 500,000 US gallons (1,900 m$^3$), had become the World's Tallest Water Sphere. However photographs of the Erwin water tower revealed the new tower to be a water spheroid.
The water tower in Braman, Oklahoma, built by the Kaw Nation and completed in 2010, is 220.6 ft (67.2 m) tall and can hold 350,000 US gallons (1,300 m$^3$). Slightly taller than the Union Watersphere, it is technically a spheroid. Another tower in Oklahoma, built in 1986 and billed as the largest water tower in the country, is 218 ft (66 m) tall, can hold 500,000 US gallons (1,900 m$^3$), and is located in Edmond.
The Earthoid, a nearly spherical tank located in Germantown, Maryland is 100 ft (30 m) tall and holds 2,000,000 US gallons (7,600 m$^3$) gallons of water. The name is taken from it being painted to resemble a globe of the world. The golf ball-shaped tank of the water tower at Gonzales, California is supported by three tubular legs and reaches about 125 ft (38 m) high. The Watertoren (or Water Towers) in Eindhoven, Netherlands contain three spherical tanks, each 10 m (33 ft) in diameter and capable of holding 500 cubic metres (130,000 US gal) of water, on three 43.45 m (142.6 ft) spires were completed in 1970.