# Great Blizzard of 1899

The Great Blizzard of 1899, also known as the Great Arctic Outbreak of 1899 and the St. Valentine's Day Blizzard, was an exceptionally severe winter weather event that affected most of the United States, particularly east of the Rocky Mountains. On February 11, Swift Current in present-day Saskatchewan reported a record-high barometric pressure of 31.42 inches of mercury (1,064 mb).$^{:1}$

## Temperatures and records

For the 1895–2017 period of record:
* February 1899 was the second-coldest February in the contiguous U.S. (behind only 1936). The average temperature was 25.50 °F (−3.61 °C), which was 8.36 °F (4.64 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 33.86 °F (1.03 °C) and 0.27 °F (0.15 °C) warmer than February 1936.
* December 1898 through February 1899 was the third-coldest meteorological winter in the contiguous U.S. (behind the coldest and second-coldest winters of 1978/79 and 1935/36, respectively). The average temperature was 27.95 °F (−2.25 °C), which was 4.47 °F (2.48 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 32.42 °F (0.23 °C) and 1.34 °F (0.74 °C) warmer than the 1978/79 winter.
* February 1899 was the coldest February in Kansas, Missouri, and Wyoming.
* February 1899 was the second-coldest February in Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota.
The following low temperatures occurred during the last ten days of January and the first three weeks of February. The climate regions are defined by the National Centers for Environmental Information.

### Northeast

For the 1895–2017 period of record in the Northeast climate region:
* February 1899 was the 18th-coldest February. The average temperature was 18.1 °F (−7.7 °C), which was 4.7 °F (2.6 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 22.8 °F (−5.1 °C) and 7.7 °F (4.3 °C) warmer than the coldest February 1934.
* December 1898 through February 1899 was the 24th-coldest meteorological winter. The average temperature was 20.9 °F (−6.2 °C), which was 2.6 °F (1.4 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 23.5 °F (−4.7 °C) and 5.5 °F (3.1 °C) warmer than the coldest winter of 1917/18.

#### Connecticut

16th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Hartford: −6 °F (−21.1 °C)$^{:69}$

#### Delaware

Ninth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Milford: −12 °F (−24.4 °C)$^{:69}$
* Millsboro: −10 °F (−23.3 °C)$^{:69}$
* Newark: −12 °F (−24.4 °C) all-time record as of December 31, 2006
* Seaford: −11 °F (−23.9 °C)$^{:69}$
* Wilmington: −2 °F (−18.9 °C)
* Wyoming: −14 °F (−25.6 °C)$^{:69}$
* Temperatures not available: Dover, Elsmere, Georgetown, Middletown, New Castle, Smyrna

#### Maine

28th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Flaggstaff: −30 °F (−34.4 °C)$^{:71}$
* Gardiner: −15 °F (−26.1 °C)
* Kineo: −24 °F (−31.1 °C)$^{:71}$
* North Bridgton: −20 °F (−28.9 °C)$^{:71}$
* Portland: −6 °F (−21.1 °C)
* Temperatures not available: Auburn, Augusta, Bangor, Biddeford, Caribou, Lewiston, Saco, Sanford, South Portland, Westbrook

#### Maryland

Eighth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Annapolis: −6 °F (−21.1 °C)$^{:71}$
* Baltimore: −7 °F (−21.7 °C) tied with February 9, 1934, January 29, 1963, January 17, 1982, and January 22, 1984, for all-time record
* College Park: −9 °F (−22.8 °C)$^{:71}$
* Frederick: −10 °F (−23.3 °C)$^{:71}$
* Hagerstown: −19 °F (−28.3 °C)
* Laurel: −18 °F (−27.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Solomons: −5 °F (−20.6 °C) all-time record
* Temperatures not available: Bowie, Gaithersburg, Salisbury

#### Massachusetts

25th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Boston: −4 °F (−20.0 °C)
* Milton: −10 °F (−23.3 °C)
* Worcester: −10 °F (−23.3 °C)

#### New Hampshire

33rd-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Concord: −18 °F (−27.8 °C)
* Grafton: −27 °F (−32.8 °C)
* Keene: −28 °F (−33.3 °C)
* Nashua: −19 °F (−28.3 °C)
* Temperatures not available: Derry, Dover, Hudson, Londonderry, Manchester, Merrimack, Rochester, Salem

#### New Jersey

11th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Atlantic City: −7 °F (−21.7 °C)
* Cape May: −3 °F (−19.4 °C)$^{:CapeMay,N.J.entry,p.282}$
* Trenton: −10 °F (−23.3 °C)

#### New York

25th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Albany: −8 °F (−22.2 °C)
* Buffalo: −8 °F (−22.2 °C)
* New York City - Central Park: −6 °F (−21.1 °C)
* Rochester: −7 °F (−21.7 °C)
* Watertown: −24 °F (−31.1 °C)
* West Point: −5 °F (−20.6 °C)

#### Pennsylvania

12th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Erie: −12 °F (−24.4 °C)
* Hamburg: −13 °F (−25.0 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Harrisburg: −13 °F (−25.0 °C) all-time record for February
* Philadelphia: −6 °F (−21.1 °C)
* Pittsburgh: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Scranton: −15 °F (−26.1 °C)$^{:75}$
* State College: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record
* Temperatures not available: Allentown, Bethlehem, Lancaster, Reading

#### Rhode Island

14th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Providence: not available

#### Vermont

37th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Burlington: −10 °F (−23.3 °C)
* Montpelier: not available
* Northfield: −25 °F (−31.7 °C)

### Northern Rockies and Plains

For the 1895–2017 period of record in the Northern Rockies and Plains climate region:
* February 1899 was the second-coldest February (behind only 1936). The average temperature was 6.3 °F (−14.3 °C), which was 14.5 °F (8.1 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 20.8 °F (−6.2 °C) and 7.0 °F (3.9 °C) warmer than February 1936.
* December 1898 through February 1899 was the eighth-coldest meteorological winter. The average temperature was 13.1 °F (−10.5 °C), which was 6.2 °F (3.4 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 19.3 °F (−7.1 °C) and 3.8 °F (2.1 °C) warmer than the coldest winter of 1978/79.

#### Montana

Second-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Adel: −50 °F (−45.6 °C) second-coldest ever
* Big Timber: −44 °F (−42.2 °C)
* Billings (water treatment plant): −49 °F (−45.0 °C) all-time record
* Butte: −28 °F (−33.3 °C)
* Chinook: −46 °F (−43.3 °C)
* Ekalaka: −39 °F (−39.4 °C)
* Fort Keogh: −55 °F (−48.3 °C)
* Fort Logan: −61 °F (−51.7 °C) all-time record (as of November 19, 1978)
* Glasgow:−50 °F (−45.6 °C)
* Great Falls: −35 °F (−37.2 °C)
* Havre: −43 °F (−41.7 °C)
* Helena: −30 °F (−34.4 °C)
* Kalispell: −26 °F (−32.2 °C)
* Miles City: −49 °F (−45.0 °C)$^{:MilesCity,Mont.entry,p.284}$
* Missoula: −22 °F (−30.0 °C)
* Temperatures not available: Anaconda, Bozeman

#### Nebraska

Second-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Alliance: −40 °F (−40.0 °C)
* Bridgeport: −47 °F (−43.9 °C) all-time record for Nebraska, which Oshkosh tied on December 22, 1989
* Culbertson: −38 °F (−38.9 °C) all-time record
* Hay Springs: −41 °F (−40.6 °C) all-time record as of July 31, 2012
* Imperial: −35 °F (−37.2 °C) all-time record
* Kimball: −30 °F (−34.4 °C) all-time record for February
* Lincoln: −26 °F (−32.2 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Lodgepole: −36 °F (−37.8 °C) tied with February 8, 1936, for all-time record
* North Platte: −35 °F (−37.2 °C) tied with January 15, 1888, for all-time record
* Omaha: −26 °F (−32.2 °C) all-time record for February
* Scottsbluff: −45 °F (−42.8 °C) all-time record
* Springview: −30 °F (−34.4 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Valentine: −37 °F (−38.3 °C) all-time record for February

#### North Dakota

Fourth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Ashley: −46 °F (−43.3 °C) tied with February 1, 1893, and February 2, 1905, for second-lowest ever
* Bismarck: −37 °F (−38.3 °C)
* Bottineau: −46 °F (−43.3 °C)
* Dickinson: −38 °F (−38.9 °C)
* Fargo: −35 °F (−37.2 °C)
* Grand Forks: −39 °F (−39.4 °C)
* Jamestown: −36 °F (−37.8 °C)
* Minnewaukan: −55 °F (−48.3 °C) all-time record
* Minot: −39 °F (−39.4 °C)$^{:74}$
* Mohall: −48 °F (−44.4 °C) tied with March 14, 1897, and February 9, 1900, for all-time record
* Williston: −41 °F (−40.6 °C)
* Temperatures not available: Mandan, West Fargo

#### South Dakota

Second-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Aberdeen: −35 °F (−37.2 °C)
* Alexandria: −38 °F (−38.9 °C) tied with February 2, 1905, and January 13, 1916, for second-lowest ever and tied for all-time record for February
* Bowdle: −39 °F (−39.4 °C) all-time record as of April 30, 1944
* Brookings: −41 °F (−40.6 °C) tied with January 12, 1912, for all-time record
* Camp Crook: −40 °F (−40.0 °C)
* De Smet: −40 °F (−40.0 °C) second-lowest ever and all-time record for February
* Flandreau: −38 °F (−38.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Forestburg: −46 °F (−43.3 °C) all-time record
* Highmore: −40 °F (−40.0 °C)
* Hot Springs: −41 °F (−40.6 °C) tied with January 11, 1909, for all-time record
* Howard: −42 °F (−41.1 °C) tied with February 2, 1917, for all-time record for February
* Huron: −37 °F (−38.3 °C) all-time record for February
* Kennebec: −45 °F (−42.8 °C) all-time record
* LaDelle: −47 °F (−43.9 °C) tied with January 12, 1912, for all-time record (as of October 27, 1974)
* Mitchell: −39 °F (−39.4 °C) tied with February 2, 1905, for second-lowest ever (as of March 31, 2003)
* Oelrichs: −41 °F (−40.6 °C) all-time record
* Pierre: −39 °F (−39.4 °C)$^{:Pierre,S.Dak.entry,p.284}$
* Rapid City: −34 °F (−36.7 °C)
* Sioux Falls: −42 °F (−41.1 °C) all-time record
* Spearfish: −29 °F (−33.9 °C)
* Watertown: −38 °F (−38.9 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Wentworth: −40 °F (−40.0 °C) all-time record (as of August 14, 2006)
* Wessington Springs: −39 °F (−39.4 °C) all-time record
* Yankton: −30 °F (−34.4 °C)$^{:Yankton,S.Dak.entry,p.286}$
* Temperatures not available: Vermillion

#### Wyoming

Coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Basin: −51 °F (−46.1 °C) all-time record
* Cheyenne: −28 °F (−33.3 °C)
* Evanston: −30 °F (−34.4 °C)
* Laramie: −40 °F (−40.0 °C)$^{:71}$
* Lovell: −48 °F (−44.4 °C) all-time record
* Sheridan: −45 °F (−42.8 °C)$^{:71}$
* Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs: −35 °F (−37.2 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Temperatures not available: Casper, Gillette, Green River, Jackson, Riverton, Rock Springs

### Northwest

For the 1895–2017 period of record in the Northwest climate region:
* February 1899 was the 13th-coldest February. The average temperature was 26.4 °F (−3.1 °C), which was 5.1 °F (2.8 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 31.5 °F (−0.28 °C) and 4.8 °F (2.7 °C) warmer than the coldest February 1929.
* December 1898 through February 1899 was the 19th-coldest meteorological winter. The average temperature was 26.5 °F (−3.1 °C), which was 2.8 °F (1.6 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 29.3 °F (−1.5 °C) and 6.2 °F (3.4 °C) warmer than the coldest winter of 1948/49.

#### Idaho

19th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Boise: −9 °F (−22.8 °C)
* Idaho Falls: −29 °F (−33.9 °C)$^{:67}$
* Lewiston: −8 °F (−22.2 °C)
* Riggins: −8 °F (−22.2 °C) all-time record for February
* Temperatures not available: Caldwell, Coeur d'Alene, Meridian, Nampa, Post Falls, Twin Falls

#### Oregon

14th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Corvallis: −5 °F (−20.6 °C) all-time record for February
* Eugene: 0 °F (−17.8 °C)$^{:75}$
* Hillsboro/Forest Grove: −1 °F (−18.3 °C)
* Portland: 9 °F (−12.8 °C)$^{:67}$
* Salem: 3 °F (−16.1 °C)
* Temperatures not available: Beaverton, Bend, Gresham, Medford, Springfield

#### Washington

11th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Pullman: −18 °F (−27.8 °C)
* Seattle: 12 °F (−11.1 °C)
* Spokane: −12 °F (−24.4 °C)
* Tacoma: 9 °F (−12.8 °C)$^{:Tacoma,Wash.entry,p.286}$
* Tri-Cities: −6 °F (−21.1 °C)
* Vancouver: 6 °F (−14.4 °C)
* Temperatures not available: Bellevue, Everett, Federal Way, Kent, Renton, Yakima

### Ohio Valley

For the 1895–2017 period of record in the Ohio Valley climate region:
* February 1899 was the third-coldest February (behind the coldest 1978 and the second-coldest 1895). The average temperature was 22.20 °F (−5.44 °C), which was 10.60 °F (5.89 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 32.80 °F (0.44 °C) and 1.90 °F (1.06 °C) warmer than February 1978.
* December 1898 through February 1899 was the ninth-coldest meteorological winter. The average temperature was 27.0 °F (−2.8 °C), which was 5.0 °F (2.8 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 32.0 °F (0.0 °C) and 3.5 °F (1.9 °C) warmer than the coldest winter of 1977/78.

#### Illinois

Sixth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Albion: −21 °F (−29.4 °C) all-time record as of December 31, 2006
* Aurora: −22 °F (−30.0 °C)
* Champaign: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) tied with February 13, 1905, January 19, 1994, and January 5, 1999, for all-time record
* Chicago: −21 °F (−29.4 °C) all-time record for February
* Elgin: −23 °F (−30.6 °C)
* Fairfield: −21 °F (−29.4 °C) all-time record for February
* Joliet: −20 °F (−28.9 °C)
* Mt. Vernon: −22 °F (−30.0 °C) tied with February 10, 1982, for all-time record
* Nashville: −21 °F (−29.4 °C) tied with December 22, 1989, for all-time record
* Ottawa: −23 °F (−30.6 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Palestine: −27 °F (−32.8 °C) all-time record
* Peoria: −22 °F (−30.0 °C)
* Sparta: −23 °F (−30.6 °C) all-time record as of December 31, 2006
* Springfield: −21 °F (−29.4 °C)
* Temperatures not available: Cicero, Naperville, Rockford, Waukegan

#### Indiana

Seventh-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Anderson: −19 °F (−28.3 °C) all-time record for February
* Angola: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Bloomington: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Columbus: −27 °F (−32.8 °C) tied with January 13, 1912, for all-time record
* Evansville: −15 °F (−26.1 °C)
* Fort Wayne: −19 °F (−28.3 °C) all-time record for February
* Hammond: −22 °F (−30.0 °C)$^{:70}$
* Indianapolis: −18 °F (−27.8 °C)
* Lafayette: −22 °F (−30.0 °C)$^{:70}$
* Oolitic: −18 °F (−27.8 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Shelbyville: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record for February
* South Bend: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Vincennes: −19 °F (−28.3 °C) tied with February 2, 1951, for all-time record
* Washington: −19 °F (−28.3 °C) tied with December 22–23, 1989, for all-time record
* Temperatures not available: Carmel, Fishers, Gary

#### Kentucky

Third-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Ashland: −23 °F (−30.6 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Bowling Green: −17 °F (−27.2 °C)
* Georgetown: −26 °F (−32.2 °C) (short period of record: 1896–1902)
* Henderson: −13 °F (−25.0 °C)
* Hopkinsville: −19 °F (−28.3 °C)
* Lexington: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Louisville: −14 °F (−25.6 °C)
* Maysville: −22 °F (−30.0 °C) all-time record for February
* Owensboro: −21 °F (−29.4 °C)$^{:71}$
* Richmond: −24 °F (−31.1 °C)$^{:71}$
* Temperatures not available: Covington, Florence

#### Missouri

Coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Bowling Green: −26 °F (−32.2 °C) all-time record
* Columbia: −26 °F (−32.2 °C) all-time record
* Jefferson City: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record
* Kansas City: −22 °F (−30.0 °C) all-time record for February
* Marble Hill: −31 °F (−35.0 °C) all-time record
* Maryville: −28 °F (−33.3 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Oregon: −26 °F (−32.2 °C) second-lowest ever
* Poplar Bluff: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record
* Sedalia: −30 °F (−34.4 °C) all-time record
* Springfield: −29 °F (−33.9 °C) all-time record
* St. Charles: −22 °F (−30.0 °C)
* St. Louis: −16 °F (−26.7 °C)
* Warrensburg: −26 °F (−32.2 °C) tied with February 13, 1905, for all-time record
* Temperatures not available: Independence, Lee's Summit, St. Joseph, St. Peters

#### Ohio

Tenth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Akron: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Bellefontaine: −21 °F (−29.4 °C) all-time record for February
* Canton: −20 °F (−28.9 °C)$^{:75}$
* Celina: −24 °F (−31.1 °C) all-time record
* Cincinnati: −17 °F (−27.2 °C) all-time record for February
* Circleville: −21 °F (−29.4 °C) all-time record for February
* Cleveland: −16 °F (−26.7 °C)
* Columbus: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Dayton: −28 °F (−33.3 °C) all-time record
* Hillsboro: −30 °F (−34.4 °C) all-time record
* McArthur: −38 °F (−38.9 °C) all-time record (as of February 28, 1935)
* McConnellsville: −29 °F (−33.9 °C) all-time record for February (as of March 31, 2012)
* Milligan: −39 °F (−39.4 °C) all-time record for Ohio
* Napoleon: −22 °F (−30.0 °C) all-time record for February
* Portsmouth: −18 °F (−27.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Toledo: −15 °F (−26.1 °C)
* Waverly: −29 °F (−33.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Zanesville: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Temperatures not available: Lorain, Parma, Youngstown

#### Tennessee

Fourth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Carthage: −15 °F (−26.1 °C) all-time record for February
* Chattanooga: −10 °F (−23.3 °C) tied with January 31, 1966, and January 21, 1985, for all-time record
* Clarksville: −14 °F (−25.6 °C) all-time record for February
* Elizabethton: −17 °F (−27.2 °C) all-time record for February
* Franklin: −15 °F (−26.1 °C) all-time record for February
* Jackson: −13 °F (−25.0 °C)
* Knoxville: −10 °F (−23.3 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* McMinnville: −26 °F (−32.2 °C) all-time record
* Memphis: −9 °F (−22.8 °C)
* Murfreesboro: −16 °F (−26.7 °C) second-lowest ever and all-time record for February
* Nashville: −13 °F (−25.0 °C) tied with February 2, 1951, for all-time record
* Newport: −16 °F (−26.7 °C) all-time record for February
* Rogersville: −17 °F (−27.2 °C) all-time record for February
* Sewanee: −11 °F (−23.9 °C) all-time record
* Tellico Plains: −15 °F (−26.1 °C) all-time record
* Tullahoma: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) second-lowest ever
* Temperatures not available: Bartlett, Johnson City

#### West Virginia

Eighth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Beckley: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Buckhannon: −31 °F (−35.0 °C) all-time record
* Glenville: −29 °F (−33.9 °C) all-time record
* Hamlin: −27 °F (−32.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Huntington: −24 °F (−31.1 °C) all-time record
* Marlinton: −23 °F (−30.6 °C) all-time record for February
* Martinsburg: −13 °F (−25.0 °C)$^{:77}$
* Moorefield: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record for February
* Morgantown: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record
* New Cumberland: −23 °F (−30.6 °C) all-time record
* Parkersburg: −27 °F (−32.8 °C) all-time record
* Parsons: −18 °F (−27.8 °C) tied with February 28, 1934, for all-time record for February
* Philippi: −28 °F (−33.3 °C) all-time record for February
* Upper Tract: −22 °F (−30.0 °C) all-time record for February
* Weston: −31 °F (−35.0 °C) all-time record
* Wheeling: −16 °F (−26.7 °C)$^{:77}$
* Temperatures not available: Charleston, Clarksburg, Fairmont, Weirton

### South

For the 1895–2017 period of record in the South climate region:
* February 1899 was the second-coldest February (behind only 1905). The average temperature was 34.3 °F (1.3 °C), which was 11.3 °F (6.3 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 45.6 °F (7.6 °C) and 0.5 °F (0.3 °C) warmer than February 1905.
* December 1898 through February 1899 is tied with 1904/05 for the coldest meteorological winter of all-time. The average temperature was 37.6 °F (3.1 °C), which was 6.1 °F (3.4 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 43.7 °F (6.5 °C).

#### Arkansas

Second-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Amity: −12 °F (−24.4 °C) all-time record
* Bee Branch: −16 °F (−26.7 °C)$^{:68}$
* Blanchard Springs: −15 °F (−26.1 °C)$^{:68}$
* Brinkley: −12 °F (−24.4 °C) all-time record
* Camden: −10 °F (−23.3 °C) tied with January 12, 1918, for all-time record
* Canton: −23 °F (−30.6 °C)$^{:68}$
* Conway: −15 °F (−26.1 °C) all-time record
* Corning: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record
* Fayetteville: −24 °F (−31.1 °C) all-time record
* Fort Smith: −15 °F (−26.1 °C) all-time record
* Hardy: −19 °F (−28.3 °C) all-time record
* Hot Springs: −12 °F (−24.4 °C)$^{:68}$
* Jonesboro: −13 °F (−25.0 °C) all-time record for February
* LaCrosse: −20 °F (−28.9 °C)$^{:68}$
* Little Rock: −12 °F (−24.4 °C) all-time record
* Mossville: −22 °F (−30.0 °C)$^{:68}$
* Newport: −14 °F (−25.6 °C) all-time record for February
* Ozark: −15 °F (−26.1 °C)$^{:68}$
* Pine Bluff: −5 °F (−20.6 °C) all-time record for February
* Pocahontas: −22 °F (−30.0 °C) all-time record
* Powell: −24 °F (−31.1 °C)$^{:68}$
* Russellville: −15 °F (−26.1 °C)$^{:68}$
* Winslow: −25 °F (−31.7 °C)$^{:68}$
* Witts Springs: −24 °F (−31.1 °C)$^{:68}$
* Temperatures not available: Bentonville, Rogers, Springdale

#### Kansas

Coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Abilene: −29 °F (−33.9 °C) all-time record
* Atchison: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record for February
* Concordia: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record for February
* Dodge City: −26 °F (−32.2 °C) all-time record
* Concordia: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record for February
* Fall River Lake: −21 °F (−29.4 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Lawrence: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record
* Manhattan: −35 °F (−37.2 °C) all-time record
* Meade: −23 °F (−30.6 °C) all-time record
* Norwich: −22 °F (−30.0 °C) all-time record
* Olathe: −29 °F (−33.9 °C) all-time record
* Pratt: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record
* Salina: −27 °F (−32.8 °C)$^{:71}$
* Sedan: −24 °F (−31.1 °C) all-time record for February
* Topeka: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record for February and second-lowest ever
* Wellington: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record
* Wichita: −22 °F (−30.0 °C) all-time record
* Yates Center: −28 °F (−33.3 °C) all-time record
* Temperatures not available: Kansas City, Lenexa, Overland Park, Shawnee

#### Louisiana

Fourth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Alexandria: 3 °F (−16.1 °C) all-time record
* Bastrop: −12 °F (−24.4 °C) all-time record
* Baton Rouge: 2 °F (−16.7 °C) all-time record
* Franklin: 8 °F (−13.3 °C) all-time record
* Jennings: 9 °F (−12.8 °C) all-time record
* Lafayette: 6 °F (−14.4 °C) all-time record
* Lake Charles: 3 °F (−16.1 °C) all-time record
* Minden: −16 °F (−26.7 °C) all-time record for Louisiana
* Monroe: −3 °F (−19.4 °C)$^{:71}$
* New Orleans: 6 °F (−14.4 °C) all-time record
* Plain Dealing: −14 °F (−25.6 °C) all-time record as of March 31, 1999
* Ruston: −3 °F (−19.4 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Shreveport: −5 °F (−20.6 °C) all-time record

#### Mississippi

Second-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Aberdeen: −15 °F (−26.1 °C) all-time record
* Biloxi: 1 °F (−17.2 °C)$^{:72}$
* Booneville: −9 °F (−22.8 °C) all-time record for February and second-lowest ever
* Brookhaven: −10 °F (−23.3 °C) all-time record
* Canton: −3 °F (−19.4 °C) all-time record for February
* Hattiesburg: −1 °F (−18.3 °C) all-time record
* Kosciusko: −8 °F (−22.2 °C) all-time record
* Louisville: −13 °F (−25.0 °C) all-time record
* Meridian: −6 °F (−21.1 °C) all-time record
* Natchez: 4 °F (−15.6 °C) tied with January 27, 1940, for all-time record
* State University: −12 °F (−24.4 °C) all-time record
* Vicksburg: −1 °F (−18.3 °C)$^{:Vicksburg,Miss.entry,p.286}$
* Temperatures not available: Greenville, Gulfport, Tupelo

#### Oklahoma

Second-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Anadarko: −17 °F (−27.2 °C) tied with January 4, 1947, and December 23, 1989, for all-time record (as of December 4, 2016)
* Beaver: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) all-time record
* Guthrie: −17 °F (−27.2 °C) all-time record for February
* Healdton: −14 °F (−25.6 °C) all-time record
* Hennessey: −17 °F (−27.2 °C) second-lowest ever (as of March 31, 2012)
* Newkirk: −22 °F (−30.0 °C) all-time record (as of September 13, 2012)
* Norman: −17 °F (−27.2 °C) tied with February 13, 1905, for all-time record
* Oklahoma City: −17 °F (−27.2 °C) all-time record
* Perry: −17 °F (−27.2 °C) all-time record for February
* Stillwater: −17 °F (−27.2 °C)
* Temperatures not available: Enid, Lawton, Tulsa

#### Texas

Third-coldest February, 1895–2018.
* Amarillo: −16 °F (−26.7 °C) all-time record
* Austin: −1 °F (−18.3 °C) second-lowest ever
* Blanco: −6 °F (−21.1 °C) tied with January 31, 1949, for all-time record
* Brenham: 0 °F (−17.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Brownsville: 12 °F (−11.1 °C) all-time record
* College Station: 1 °F (−17.2 °C) all-time record for February
* Conroe: 6 °F (−14.4 °C) tied with February 2, 1951, for all-time record for February
* Corpus Christi: 11 °F (−11.7 °C) all-time record
* Crosbyton: −14 °F (−25.6 °C) all-time record
* Dallas & Fort Worth: −8 °F (−22.2 °C) all-time record
* Danevang: 3 °F (−16.1 °C) all-time record
* El Paso: 5 °F (−15.0 °C)
* Galveston: 8 °F (−13.3 °C) all-time record
* Hallettsville: 5 °F (−15.0 °C) tied with December 23, 1989, for all-time record
* Houston: 6 °F (−14.4 °C) second-lowest ever
* Laredo: not available
* Marshall: −9 °F (−22.8 °C) all-time record
* New Braunfels: 2 °F (−16.7 °C) tied with January 31, 1949, and December 23, 1989, for all-time record (as of December 19, 2017)
* San Antonio: 4 °F (−15.6 °C) second-lowest ever
* Temple: −4 °F (−20.0 °C) tied with December 23 and 24, 1989, for all-time record (as of November 8, 2003)
* Tulia: −23 °F (−30.6 °C) all-time record for Texas, which Seminole tied on February 8, 1933
* Tyler (Pounds Regional Airport): 0 °F (−17.8 °C) all-time record

### Southeast

For the 1895–2017 period of record in the Southeast climate region:
* February 1899 was the 17th-coldest February. The average temperature was 42.8 °F (6.0 °C), which was 4.7 °F (2.6 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 47.5 °F (8.6 °C) and 5.5 °F (3.1 °C) warmer than the coldest February 1895.
* December 1898 through February 1899 was the 21st-coldest meteorological winter. The average temperature was 44.4 °F (6.9 °C), which was 2.4 °F (1.3 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 46.7 °F (8.2 °C) and 3.5 °F (1.9 °C) warmer than the coldest winter of 1976/77.

#### Alabama

Fifth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Ashville: −12 °F (−24.4 °C)$^{:68}$
* Birmingham: −10 °F (−23.3 °C) all-time record
* Decatur: −12 °F (−24.4 °C)$^{:68}$
* Florence: −11 °F (−23.9 °C)$^{:68}$
* Gadsden: −13 °F (−25.0 °C)$^{:68}$
* Hamilton: −16 °F (−26.7 °C)$^{:68}$
* Mobile: −1 °F (−18.3 °C) all-time record
* Montgomery: −5 °F (−20.6 °C) all-time record
* Muscle Shoals: −11 °F (−23.9 °C)
* Oneonta: −15 °F (−26.1 °C) all-time record
* Rock Mills: −10 °F (−23.3 °C)$^{:68}$
* Scottsboro: −13 °F (−25.0 °C) all-time record
* Talladega: −10 °F (−23.3 °C) all-time record
* Tuscaloosa: −7 °F (−21.7 °C)$^{:68}$
* Valley Head: −17 °F (−27.2 °C) second-lowest ever
* Temperatures not available: Auburn, Dothan, Hoover, Huntsville, Madison

#### District of Columbia

* Washington: −15 °F (−26.1 °C) all-time record

#### Florida

51st-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Bartow: 22 °F (−5.6 °C) all-time record for February
* Crawfordville: 3 °F (−16.1 °C)$^{:69}$
* De Funiak Springs: 0 °F (−17.8 °C) all-time record as of February 10, 2010
* Federal Point: 13 °F (−10.6 °C) all-time record for February
* Gainesville: 6 °F (−14.4 °C) all-time record
* Inverness: 18 °F (−7.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Jacksonville: 10 °F (−12.2 °C)
* Jasper: 5 °F (−15.0 °C)$^{:69}$
* Key West: 44 °F (6.7 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Lake Butler: 6 °F (−14.4 °C)$^{:69}$
* Lake City: 6 °F (−14.4 °C) all-time record
* Live Oak: 5 °F (−15.0 °C) all-time record
* Macclenny: 8 °F (−13.3 °C)$^{:69}$
* Miami: 29 °F (−1.7 °C)
* Miami Beach: 32 °F (0.0 °C)
* Ocala: 12 °F (−11.1 °C) all-time record for February
* Orlando: 20 °F (−6.7 °C)
* Plant City: 20 °F (−6.7 °C) all-time record for February
* Saint Leo: 19 °F (−7.2 °C) all-time record for February
* Tallahassee: −2 °F (−18.9 °C) all-time record for Florida
* Tampa: 22 °F (−5.6 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Tarpon Springs: 20 °F (−6.7 °C) all-time record for February
* Wausau: 2 °F (−16.7 °C)$^{:69}$
* Temperatures not available: Fort Lauderdale, Hialeah, Pembroke Pines, Port St. Lucie, St. Petersburg

#### Georgia

22nd-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Atlanta: −9 °F (−22.8 °C) all-time record
* Augusta: 3 °F (−16.1 °C)
* Blakely: −1 °F (−18.3 °C) all-time record
* Columbus: −3 °F (−19.4 °C) all-time record
* Rome: −5 °F (−20.6 °C)
* Savannah: 8 °F (−13.3 °C)
* Waycross: 4 °F (−15.6 °C) second-lowest ever

#### North Carolina

12th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Chapel Hill: −6 °F (−21.1 °C) all-time record for February
* Charlotte: −5 °F (−20.6 °C) tied with December 30, 1880, and January 21, 1985, for all-time record
* Fayetteville: −5 °F (−20.6 °C) all-time record
* Greenville: −5 °F (−20.6 °C) all-time record for February
* Henderson: −9 °F (−22.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Highlands: −19 °F (−28.3 °C) tied with January 21, 1985, for all-time record
* Monroe: −10 °F (−23.3 °C) all-time record
* Raleigh: −2 °F (−18.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Salisbury: 4 °F (−15.6 °C)
* Tarboro: −3 °F (−19.4 °C) all-time record for February
* Wilmington: 5 °F (−15.0 °C) all-time record for February

#### South Carolina

20th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Charleston: 7 °F (−13.9 °C)
* Columbia: −2 °F (−18.9 °C) all-time record
* Santuc: −11 °F (−23.9 °C) all-time record

#### Virginia

Sixth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Alexandria: −12 °F (−24.4 °C)$^{:76}$
* Bedford: −6 °F (−21.1 °C) all-time record for February
* Charlottesville: −9 °F (−22.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Dale Enterprise: −22 °F (−30.0 °C) all-time record for February
* Hampton: 4 °F (−15.6 °C)$^{:76}$
* Hot Springs: −14 °F (−25.6 °C) all-time record for February
* Lynchburg: −3 °F (−19.4 °C)
* Monterey: −29 °F (−33.9 °C)
* Newport News: 3 °F (−16.1 °C)$^{:76}$
* Norfolk: 3 °F (−16.1 °C)
* Richmond: −3 °F (−19.4 °C)
* Staunton: −12 °F (−24.4 °C) all-time record for February
* Virginia Beach/Cape Henry: 5 °F (−15.0 °C)$^{:CapeHenry,Va.entry,p.286}$
* Warrenton: −9 °F (−22.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Woodstock: −23 °F (−30.6 °C) all-time record
* Wytheville: −9 °F (−22.8 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Temperatures not available: Chesapeake, Portsmouth, Roanoke

### Southwest

For the 1895–2017 period of record in the Southwest climate region:
* February 1899 was the tenth-coldest February. The average temperature was 30.4 °F (−0.9 °C), which was 5.3 °F (2.9 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 35.7 °F (2.1 °C) and 4.4 °F (2.4 °C) warmer than the coldest February 1903.
* December 1898 through February 1899 was the third-coldest meteorological winter (behind only the coldest winter of 1932/33 and the second-coldest 1948/49). The average temperature was 28.7 °F (−1.8 °C), which was 4.7 °F (2.6 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 33.4 °F (0.8 °C) and 1.5 °F (0.8 °C) warmer than 1932/33.

#### Arizona

37th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Fort Apache: −15 °F (−26.1 °C)$^{:68}$
* Fort Defiance: −24 °F (−31.1 °C)$^{:68}$
* Mesa: 24 °F (−4.4 °C)$^{:68}$
* Peoria: 26 °F (−3.3 °C)$^{:68}$
* Phoenix: 24 °F (−4.4 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Prescott: −12 °F (−24.4 °C) all-time record for February
* Tucson: 17 °F (−8.3 °C) all-time record for February
* Willams: −18 °F (−27.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Temperatures not available: Chandler, Gilbett, Glendale, Scottsdale, Surprise, Tempe

#### Colorado

Second-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Boulder: −14 °F (−25.6 °C)
* Breckenridge: −37 °F (−38.3 °C)
* Colorado Springs: −24 °F (−31.1 °C)
* Denver: −22 °F (−30.0 °C)
* Fort Collins: −38 °F (−38.9 °C)
* Lamar: −30 °F (−34.4 °C) all-time record
* Las Animas: −31 °F (−35.0 °C) all-time record
* Mancos: −26 °F (−32.2 °C) all-time record
* Pueblo: −27 °F (−32.8 °C)
* Wray: −32 °F (−35.6 °C) all-time record for February

#### New Mexico

Ninth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Alamogordo: 14 °F (−10.0 °C)
* Albuquerque: 1 °F (−17.2 °C)
* Buckman: −30 °F (−34.4 °C)
* Clayton (Municipal Airpark): −18 °F (−27.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Las Vegas: −22 °F (−30.0 °C)
* Roswell: −6 °F (−21.1 °C)
* Santa Fe: −5 °F (−20.6 °C)$^{:67}$
* Temperatures not available: Clovis, Farmington, Hobbs, Las Cruces, Rio Rancho, South Valley

#### Utah

26th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Heber: −38 °F (−38.9 °C) all-time record
* Logan: −19 °F (−28.3 °C)
* Salt Lake City: −10 °F (−23.3 °C)
* St. George: 1 °F (−17.2 °C) all-time record for February

### Upper Midwest

For the 1895–2017 period of record in the Upper Midwest climate region:
* February 1899 is tied with 1917 for the third-coldest February (behind the coldest 1936 and the second-coldest 1904). The average temperature was 6.20 °F (−14.3 °C), which was 10.8 °F (6.0 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 17.0 °F (−8.33 °C) and 5.8 °F (3.2 °C) warmer than February 1936.
* December 1898 through February 1899 was the seventh-coldest meteorological winter. The average temperature was 10.4 °F (−12.0 °C), which was 6.1 °F (3.4 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 16.5 °F (−8.6 °C) and 2.9 °F (1.6 °C) warmer than the coldest winter of 1935/36.

#### Iowa

Third-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Ames: −27 °F (−32.8 °C)$^{:70}$
* Cedar Rapids: −25 °F (−31.7 °C)
* Council Bluffs: −24 °F (−31.1 °C)$^{:70}$
* Davenport: −23 °F (−30.6 °C)$^{:Davenport,Iowaentry,p.282}$
* Des Moines: −24 °F (−31.1 °C)
* Dubuque: −26 °F (−32.2 °C)
* Iowa City: −26 °F (−32.2 °C)
* New Hampton: −33 °F (−36.1 °C) all-time record for February
* Sioux City: −31 °F (−35.0 °C) all-time record for February
* Spencer: −36 °F (−37.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Waterloo: −27 °F (−32.8 °C)

#### Michigan

Fifth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Ann Arbor: −16 °F (−26.7 °C)
* Baldwin: −49 °F (−45.0 °C) all-time record
* Battle Creek: −24 °F (−31.1 °C) all-time record
* Big Rapids: −36 °F (−37.8 °C) all-time record
* Clinton Charter Township: −20 °F (−28.9 °C)$^{:72}$
* Detroit: −13 °F (−25.0 °C)
* Flint: −26 °F (−32.2 °C)
* Frankfort: −32 °F (−35.6 °C) all-time record
* Grand Rapids: −24 °F (−31.1 °C) all-time record
* Hart: −35 °F (−37.2 °C) all-time record
* Hastings: −31 °F (−35.0 °C) all-time record
* Howell: −24 °F (−31.1 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Ionia: −25 °F (−31.7 °C) tied with January 15, 1963, for all-time record
* Lake City: −41 °F (−40.6 °C) all-time record
* Lansing: −24 °F (−31.1 °C)
* Manistee: −38 °F (−38.9 °C) all-time record
* Muskegon: −30 °F (−34.4 °C) all-time record
* Newberry: −32 °F (−35.6 °C) all-time record
* Owosso: −21 °F (−29.4 °C)
* Saginaw: −20 °F (−28.9 °C)
* Sault Ste Marie: −37 °F (−38.3 °C) tied with February 8, 1934, for all-time record
* South Haven: −22 °F (−30.0 °C) all-time record
* Three Rivers: −20 °F (−28.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Temperatures not available: Dearborn, Livonia, Sterling Heights, Warren

#### Minnesota

Fifth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Bemidji: −48 °F (−44.4 °C) all-time record for February (as of November 29, 2004)
* Brainerd: −41 °F (−40.6 °C)
* Caledonia: −35 °F (−37.2 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Detroit Lakes: −53 °F (−47.2 °C) all-time record
* Duluth: −36 °F (−37.8 °C)
* Grand Meadow: −36 °F (−37.8 °C) all-time record for February
* Leech Lake: −59 °F (−50.6 °C)$^{:72}$
* Long Prairie: −40 °F (−40.0 °C)
* Milaca: −41 °F (−40.6 °C)
* Milan: −40 °F (−40.0 °C)
* Minneapolis: −33 °F (−36.1 °C) all-time record for February
* Park Rapids: −51 °F (−46.1 °C) tied with February 2, 1996, for all-time record
* Pipestone: −38 °F (−38.9 °C) all-time record for February
* Pokegama Falls: −50 °F (−45.6 °C)$^{:72}$
* Saint Paul: −33 °F (−36.1 °C)$^{:St.Paul,Minn.entry,p.286}$
* St. Cloud: −35 °F (−37.2 °C)
* Tower: −49 °F (−45.0 °C)
* Zumbrota: −41 °F (−40.6 °C) all-time record for February
* Temperatures not available: Bloomington, Brooklyn Park, Eagan, Plymouth, Rochester, Woodbury

#### Wisconsin

Fourth-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Amherst: −48 °F (−44.4 °C)$^{:77}$
* Barron: −48 °F (−44.4 °C)$^{:77}$
* Chilton: −34 °F (−36.7 °C) all-time record
* Eau Claire: −40 °F (−40.0 °C) all-time record for February
* Green Bay: −33 °F (−36.1 °C) all-time record for February
* Hayward: −45 °F (−42.8 °C)
* Manitowoc: −29 °F (−33.9 °C) all-time record
* Madison: −28 °F (−33.3 °C)
* Medford: −45 °F (−42.8 °C) all-time record
* Milwaukee: −22 °F (−30.0 °C)
* Neillsville: −46 °F (−43.3 °C) all-time record for February
* New London: −37 °F (−38.3 °C) all-time record
* Osceola: −47 °F (−43.9 °C)$^{:77}$
* Oshkosh: −33 °F (−36.1 °C) second-lowest ever
* Port Washington: −29 °F (−33.9 °C) tied with February 3, 1996, for all-time record
* Racine: −21 °F (−29.4 °C)
* Shawano: −39 °F (−39.4 °C) all-time record
* Spooner: −45 °F (−42.8 °C) second-lowest ever
* Stevens Point: −48 °F (−44.4 °C) all-time record
* Waukesha: −26 °F (−32.2 °C)
* Wausau: −40 °F (−40.0 °C) tied with January 30, 1951, for all-time record
* Temperatures not available: Appleton, Kenosha, West Allis

### West

For the 1895–2017 period of record in the West climate region:
* February 1899 was the 48th-coldest February. The average temperature was 40.4 °F (4.7 °C), which was 0.5 °F (0.3 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 40.9 °F (4.9 °C) and 9.3 °F (5.2 °C) warmer than the coldest February 1903.
* December 1898 through February 1899 was the 38th-coldest meteorological winter. The average temperature was 38.4 °F (3.6 °C), which was 0.5 °F (0.3 °C) colder than the 1895–2017 average of 38.9 °F (3.8 °C) and 7.9 °F (4.4 °C) warmer than the coldest winter of 1948/49.

#### California

47th-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Berkeley: 30 °F (−1.1 °C)
* Fresno: 24 °F (−4.4 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* Los Angeles: 33 °F (0.6 °C)
* Oakland: 31 °F (−0.6 °C)$^{:68}$
* Pomona: 22 °F (−5.6 °C) all-time record for February
* Sacramento: 24 °F (−4.4 °C)$^{:69}$
* San Diego: 34 °F (1.1 °C) tied for all-time record for February
* San Francisco: 34 °F (1.1 °C)
* Santa Barbara: 29 °F (−1.7 °C)
* Yreka: −2 °F (−18.9 °C)
* Temperatures not available: Anaheim, Bakersfield, Long Beach, San Jose

#### Nevada

52nd-coldest February, 1895–2017.
* Carson City: −4 °F (−20.0 °C)
* Elko: −26 °F (−32.2 °C)
* Las Vegas: 11 °F (−11.7 °C)$^{:73}$
* Reno: 0 °F (−17.8 °C)
* Temperatures not available: Boulder City, Fernley, Henderson, Mesquite, North Las Vegas, Sparks

## Winter weather

On February 12, snow flurries were reported in the air from some areas from New Orleans eastward to Tampa. The storm crossed the Florida peninsula and intensified as it moved rapidly up the east coast. High Point, North Carolina recorded 10–12 inches (250–300 mm) of snow. Washington, D. C. recorded a single-day snowfall of 20.5 inches (520 mm), which was a record for the time. (On January 28, 1772, 36 inches (91 cm) of snow fell in the Washington area during the "Washington and Jefferson Snowstorm"; however that was before official record-keeping began.)
On February 19, ice floes were reported to be moving out of the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico.$^{:48}$ On February 14, New Orleans dropped to 6 °F (−14.4 °C), an all-time record. The previous day, the city experienced its coldest-ever Mardi Gras low temperature of 7 °F (−13.9 °C). The Rex parade was delayed while snow was removed from the route.
The low temperature in Miami, Florida on February 14 dropped to 29 °F (−1.7 °C) with a high of only 48 °F (9 °C). The city has only recorded a lower temperature twice since record-keeping commenced on September 6, 1895.

## Casualties, damages, and inconveniences

The Great Arctic Outbreak of 1899 had disastrous impact across many areas of the continental U.S. and Cuba as people, livestock, and wildlife succumbed to the frigid cold.
U.S. bird populations were decimated across the nation. Henderson County, Tennessee saw nearly the complete extinction of its bluebird population and Culpeper County, as well as most northern and central Virginia counties lost nearly all of its quail, having to import new birds in the late teens and 1920s to repopulate the areas. Pine Warblers were also especially decimated.
Some of the bird species affected:
* Bluebird
* Blue-headed vireo
* Catbirds
* Chipping sparrow
* Dark-eyed junco (also known as snowbird)
* Fox sparrow
* Grass finch
* Hermit thrush
* Killdeer
* Meadowlark
* Mourning dove
* Pine warbler
* Quail
* Savannah sparrow
* Song sparrow
* Swamp sparrow
* Woodcock
It has been estimated that over 100 people died. In Brooklyn, 31 year-old Mary Goodwin was frozen to death and a thinly clad, unidentified woman in The Dalles, Oregon was found frozen to death in a hallway in an attempt to find warmth. Mail carriers Palmer and Hawkins of New York were thought to have drowned attempting to deliver the mail. It is believed that their boat, overturned by the high winds, was crushed by the floating ice.
Crops were ruined, and orchards were utterly destroyed in Georgia. Walla Walla, Washington's majority of wheat was frozen out, with Eureka flat seeing the most damage.
Traffic was brought to a complete standstill in all parts of the country. Barges on the Mississippi river, which was in some parts entirely frozen through, and the Great Lakes were brought to a complete standstill by ice. Traffic across all railroads were delayed or paralyzed indefinitely and steamers and liners were likewise delayed.