# Teltron tube

A teltron tube (named for Teltron Inc., which is now owned by 3B Scientific Ltd.) is a type of cathode-ray tube used to demonstrate the properties of electrons. There were several different types made by Teltron including a diode, a triode, a Maltese Cross tube, a simple deflection tube with a fluorescent screen, and one which could be used to measure the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron. The latter two contained an electron gun with deflecting plates. The beams can be bent by applying voltages to various electrodes in the tube or by holding a magnet close by. The electron beams are visible as fine bluish lines. This is accomplished by filling the tube with low-pressure helium (He) or Hydrogen (H$_2$) gas. A few of the electrons in the beam collide with the helium atoms, causing them to fluoresce and emit light.
They are usually used to teach electromagnetic effects because they show how an electron beam is affected by electric fields and by magnetic fields such as the Lorentz force.

## Motions in fields

Charged particles in a uniform electric field follow a parabolic trajectory, since the electric field term (of the Lorentz force which acts on the particle) is the product of the particle's charge and the magnitude of the electric field, (oriented in the direction of the electric field). In a uniform magnetic field however, charged particles follow a circular trajectory due to the cross product in the magnetic field term of the Lorentz force. (That is, the force from the magnetic field acts on the particle in a direction perpendicular to the particle's direction of motion. See: Lorentz force for more details.)

## Apparatus

The teltron apparatus consists of a Teltron type electron deflection tube, a Teltron stand, EHT power supply (0-5000 VDC}}, variable).

## Experimental setup

In an evacuated glass bulb some hydrogen gas (H$_2$) is filled, so that the tube has a hydrogen atmosphere at low pressure of about 1 Pa is formed. The pressure is such that the electrons are decelerated by collisions as little as possible (change in kinetic energy), the number of collisions are few but sufficient to emit visible light. Inside the bulb there is an electron gun. This consists of a heating spiral, a cathode and an anode hole. From the cathode (-) electrons are emitted and accelerated by the electric field towards the positively charged anode (+). Through a hole in the anode, the electrons leave the beam-forming system and the Wehnelt cylinder bundles.

## Results

When the heater is energized, the heating coil will cause electrons to emerge from it due to thermionic emission. In the electric field between anode and cathode, the electric field acts on the electrons, which accelerate to a high velocity, such that the electrons leave through a small opening in the anode as an electron beam. Only when the coil current is turned on will a force act on the beam and change its direction. Otherwise it will retain its velocity. If, however, the coil current is switched on, the Lorentz force will direct the electrons into a circular orbit.

## Determination of the specific electron charge

The higher the coil current, the stronger magnetic field and thus smaller radius of the circular path of the electrons. The strength of the magnetic field and the Lorentz force are proportional to each other, such that when the Lorentz force increases. A larger Lorentz force will deflect the electrons more strongly, so the orbit will be smaller. The Lorentz force $F_{L}$ is always perpendicular to the instantaneous direction of movement and allows a centripetal $F_{Z}$ circular motion. The magnitude of the velocity and hence the kinetic energy can not change:
    ${\begin{aligned}F_{L}&=F_{Z}\\evB&=m{\frac {v^{2}}{r}}\end{aligned}}$
From this we get the amount of specific electron charge
    ${\frac {e}{m}}={\frac {v}{Br}}$
The determination of the velocity is performed using the energy conservation law
    $eU={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}$
This is finally followed by
    ${\frac {e}{m}}={\frac {2U}{r^{2}B^{2}}}$
The specific electron charge has the value
    ${\frac {-e}{m}}\approx -1.7588202\times 10^{11}\,\mathrm {\frac {C}{kg}}$
Since the charge of an electron is available from the Millikan experiment, the study of electrons in a magnetic field is the determination of its mass in accordance with:
    $\ m={\frac {er^{2}B^{2}}{2U}}\approx 9.1094\times 10^{-31}\,\mathrm {kg}$
Similar concepts for the weighing of charged particles can be found in the mass spectrometer.