OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of wars involving Ghana

This article is a list of military conflicts involving Ghana and includes conflicts such as coups.

## Wars

| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
| Congo Crisis (1960-1964) | ONUC  Ghana Others | Katanga ANC Port Francqui incident | Victory Debellation of the State of Katanga |
| Lebanese Civil War and South Lebanon conflict (1978–present) | UNIFIL Ghana Others | South Lebanon Army Israel Hezbollah Amal PFLP-GC | Ongoing |
| First Liberian Civil War (1990-1997) Master Sergeant Thomas A. Nelson (right) of the 3rd US Army Special Forces Group inspects Ghanaian troops of ECOMOG at Roberts International Airport located outside of Monrovia, Liberia | ECOMOG  Ghana Others | NPFL | Defeat NPFL victory |
| Rwandan Civil War (1993-1994) | UNAMIR  Ghana Others | Rwanda | Defeat Rwanda Genocide Great Lakes refugee crisis |
| Sierra Leone Civil War (1997-2002) | ECOMOG & UNAMSIL  Ghana Others Sierra Leone Kamajors CDF  United Kingdom Guinea | RUF AFRC West Side Boys Liberia NPFL | Victory |
| First Ivorian Civil War (2003-2007) | ECOMOG  Ghana Others  France | Ivory Coast COJEP FNCI Liberia | Tentative peace agreement Second Ivorian Civil War |
| Second Ivorian Civil War (2010-2011) | UNOCI  Ghana Others FNCI RDR France Ukraine | Military of Ivory Coast COJEP FPI | Victory Gbagbo captured |
| Mali War (2013-2017) | MINUSMA  Ghana Others Government of Mali France | MNLA Al-Qaeda Boko Haram  Islamic State | Withdrawal Ghana withdraws troops in 2017 due to security concerns |
| ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia (2017) | ECOMOG  Ghana Others | Pro-Jammeh forces | Ongoing |
| Western Togoland Rebellion (2020) | Ghana | Western Togoland Restoration Front | Ongoing |

## Violent coups and coup attempts

| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
| Operation Cold Chop (1966) | Ghana (Nkrumah government) | National Liberation Council Alleged Support: United States United Kingdom | NLC Victory Kwame Nkrumah deposed |
| Operation Guitar Boy (1967) | Ghana (NLC) | Coup plotters | NLC Victory Coup failure |
| June 4th coup d'état (1979) | Ghana (Supreme Military Council) | Armed Forces Revolutionary Council | AFRC Victory Colonel I.K. Acheampong deposed and executed |
| Nobistor affair (1985) | Ghana (Provisional National Defence Council) | Supporters of Godfrey Osei United States mercenaries | PNDC Victory Coup plot failed Mercenaries detained in Brazil |
# A Shipwreck in Stormy Seas

A Shipwreck in Stormy Seas (French: Tempête) is a 1773 seascape painting by the French artist Joseph Vernet, known for his maritime art such as his Views of the Ports of France series. The painting depicts a shipwreck in process.
It was one of two works commissioned by the King of Poland Stanisław August Poniatowski showing contrasting weather during seascapes, the other was originally titled Calme but is now known as a A Landscape at Sunset. When the king was slow with payments, Vernet instead sold them to the British soldier Robert Clive. Clive had earlier expressed interest in other paintings by the artist which he had seen at the Salon of 1771 in Paris. Today the painting is in the possession of the National Gallery in London, one of give paintings by Vernet in the collection including its companion piece A Landscape at Sunset and A Sporting Contest on the Tiber. It was acquired in 2004. An engraving of the painting was produced by Daniel Lerpinière and published by John Boydell in 1782.
# Paul Flamant

Paul Flamant (1892–1940) was a French mathematician, known as the transcriber and editor of Gaston Julia's lectures published in the important monograph Leçons sur les Fonctions Uniformes à Point Singulier Essentiel Isolé (1924). According to Joseph Ritt, "Julia's monograph is probably one of the finest in the Borel collection."
Paul Flamant matriculated in 1913 at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) as the highest-rated student, but before graduation went to the front in World War I as a second lieutenant in the French army. He was wounded at Charleroi and taken prisoner. He spent almost four years as a prisoner-of-war, then returned to the ENS and passed his agrégation (and was the highest-rated student for that year of examinations). He received his doctorate from the University of Strasbourg in 1924. He became a mathematics professor at the University of Strasbourg but his health was impaired for the rest of his life. At the beginning of World War II, as a captain in the reserves, he was stationed in the damp, cold bunkers of the Maginot Line. His health deteriorated and he soon died.
He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1928 in Bologna and in 1936 in Oslo.

## Selected publications

* "Agrégation des sciences mathématiques (session de 1924)." Nouvelles annales de mathématiques : journal des candidats aux écoles polytechnique et normale, Série 5 : Volume 3 (1924): 342–343.
* "Complément à la note de MH Hildebrandt." Annales de la Société Polonaise de Mathématique T. 5 (1926) (1927).
* "Le développement d’une transmutation linéaire par rapport à la différentiation finie." Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo (1884-1940) Volume 54, no. 1 (1930): 371–413. doi:10.1007/BF03021202
# Birthday card

A birthday card is a greeting card given or sent to a person to celebrate their birthday. Similar to a birthday cake, birthday card traditions vary by culture but the origin of birthday cards is unclear. The advent of computing and introduction of the internet and social media has led to the use of electronic birthday cards or even Facebook posts to send birthday messages.

## Meaning and research

As written in the encyclopedia Celebrating Life Customs Around the World, birthday cards are the "most popular greeting card to send and account for around 60 percent of all greeting cards bought" (Williams). Birthday cards are an important part of different cultures, including, American culture.
These cards deliver different meanings, both on a personal and cultural level. Research suggests that birthday cards may be "indicators of societal attitudes towards aging, communication of love, and gender-based expressiveness." For example, one study analyzing 150 birthday cards in 1981 found negative views on aging portrayed through humor. A 2017 study of online greeting cards found similar portrayals. Because of the ubiquity of the sentiments in cards, sociologist Dana Sawchuk recommended replicating this research with undergraduates as a form of active learning.
In attempt to prevent high-risk drinking at 21st birthday celebrations in the United States, several public health studies have used birthday cards to try to modify drinking behavior. A 2009 survey of the attempts "indicated that the birthday card intervention was not successful at reducing drinking or consequences".

## History

There is evidence that the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Greeks celebrated certain days as the birthday of particular gods and the book of Genesis contains the description of a pharaoh’s birthday party, but it was the Romans who began the custom of celebrating the birth of ordinary men. Wooden tablets found at Vindolanda on Hadrian’s wall, record an invitation, dictated by Claudia Severa, inviting her friend to a birthday celebration and they probably represent the earliest form of birthday card yet discovered.
The mass-produced birthday card as we know it today, first made its appearance in mid-19th century Britain, shortly after the production of the first Christmas cards.

## Notable cards

Notable birthday cards include:
* A birthday card from the people of Poland to the United States in 1926, as part of the Sesquicentennial of the United States.
# 1807 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1807 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Christian VII.

## Events

* 12 August - Start of the Gunboat War between Denmark-Norway and the United Kingdom.
* 1 September - The Norwegian Government commission was formed.
* 18 September - British forces blows up Fredriksholm Fortress, four Englishmen was killed in the blast.
* 9 October - Overkriminalretten is established. It was Norway's highest court until 1815, when the Supreme Court of Norway was established.
* Porsgrunn is granted limited city status. Full city status is granted in 1842.

## Arts and literature

* The oldest monument in Norway; Olavsstøtta [no] is erected.

## Births
### January to June

* 19 January – Peter Hersleb Graah Birkeland, bishop (d.1896)
* 27 January – Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt, jurist and politician (d.1865)
* 14 March – Josephine of Leuchtenberg, Swedish and Norwegian queen (d.1876)

### July to December

* 29 November – Peter Severin Steenstrup, naval officer and businessperson (d.1863)
* 22 December – Johan Sebastian Welhaven, poet and critic (d.1873)

### Full date unknown

* Nils Fredrik Julius Aars, priest and politician (d.1865)
* Halvor Olsen Folkestad, councillor of state (d.1889)
* Peter Tidemand Malling, bookseller, printer and publisher (d.1878)
* Hans Wille, priest and politician (d.1877)

## Deaths

* 16 September – Jochum Brinch Lund, merchant (b.1743).
# Richard Molyneux, 1st Viscount Molyneux

Richard Molyneux, 1st Viscount Molyneux (1594–1636) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1614 and 1629.

## Biography

Molyneux was the son of Sir Richard Molyneux, 1st Baronet of Sefton and his wife Frances Gerard, the daughter of Sir Gilbert Gerard and Anne Ratcliffe. He matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford on 24 November 1609, at the age of 15. He was knighted on 27 March 1613. In 1614, he was elected Member of Parliament for Wigan. He held the office of Receiver-General of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1616. He succeeded to the Molyneux baronetcy as the 2nd Baronet on the death of his father on 8 February 1622.
In 1625 and 1628 Molyneux was elected MP for Lancashire. On 22 December 1628 he was created Viscount Molyneux by King Charles I (taking his seat in the Irish House of Lords on 4 November 1634). In the same year, he was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Lancashire but noted as a recusant and non communicant. According to Gerald Aylmer, Molyneux was one of only two Royalist gentry in the county of Lancashire who held an important office of state during the period 1625–1642 (?) to 1636.

## Family

Molyneux married Mary (1596 – before 21 June 1639), daughter of Sir Thomas Caryll of Bentons, Shipley, West Sussex, in about 1618. His widow remarried, to Raphael Tarterau, Carver to the Queen Consort (he survived her).
Molyneux was succeeded by his son Richard Molyneux, 2nd Viscount Molyneux. His daughter Charlotte married Sir William Stanley, Bt, of Hooton and his daughter Mary became the wife of Sir John Gage, Bt, of Firle, Sussex.
Molyneux's brother, Sir Vivian Molyneux, was a scholar, traveller and Royalist agent in the 1640s, and an uncle of Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon, Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire.
# The City Bride

The City Bride; Or, The Merry Cuckold is a 1696 comedy play by the English writer Joseph Harris. It premiered at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre, staged by Thomas Betterton's company. The plot was inspired by John Fletcher's A Cure for a Cuckold.
The original Lincoln's Inn Fields cast included John Bowman as Bonvile, John Thurmond as Friendly, George Bright as Justice Merryman, Samuel Bailey as Mr Spruce, John Freeman as Compasse, Elizabeth Bowman as Arabella, Elizabeth Boutell as Clara and Abigail Lawson as Nurse.
# Debra Lehrmann

Debra Ann H. Lehrmann (born November 16, 1956) is a justice of the Texas Supreme Court. She is a former judge of the 360th Judicial District Court in Fort Worth.

## Background

Debra Lehrmann (née Herman) is a native of Harris County and was raised in Baytown, Texas. An active member of the Family Law Section of the American Bar Association (ABA), she served as chair of the Section in 2010-2011 and as the Judicial Liaison to the Judicial Division of the ABA. She previously served on the Executive Committee of the Section Officers Conference of the ABA. Lehrmann served on the drafting committee for the ABA Standards of Practice for Lawyers Representing a Child in Abuse and Neglect Cases. She also serves as a representative of the State of Texas on the Uniform Law Commission, which drafts uniform laws for states to consider enacting.
On May 21, 2020, she disclosed via Twitter that she and her husband tested positive for COVID-19. On June 17, 2020 she disclosed via Twitter that she and her husband had both recovered, now tested negative, and would be donating their plasma.

## Political life

Lehrmann won renomination to a second term in the Republican primary on March 1, 2016.
With Republican primary turnout reaching a record level, Lehrmann won over contender Massengale by nearly 100,000 votes, winning 1,130,137 (52.2%) to 1,034,609 (47.8%).
# Ursus etruscus

The Etruscan bear (Ursus etruscus) is an extinct species of bear, endemic to Europe, Asia, and North Africa during the Early Pleistocene, living from approximately 2.2 million to around 1.4-1.2 million years ago.

## Taxonomy

The Etruscan bear appears to have evolved from Ursus minimus and gave rise to the modern brown bear, Ursus arctos, and the extinct cave bear, Ursus spelaeus. The range of Etruscan bears was mostly limited to continental Europe, with specimens also recovered in the Great Steppe region of Eurasia. Fossil evidence for the Etruscan bear was recovered in Palestine, Greece, Croatia, and Tuscany, Italy.
Some scientists have proposed that the early, small variety of U. etruscus of the middle Villafranchian era survives in the form of the modern Asian black bear.

## Morphology

Not unlike the brown bears of Europe in size, it had a full complement of premolars, a trait carried from the genus Ursavus.

## Ecology

Ursus etruscus, like modern brown bears, is suggested to have been omnivorous, with the diet of some populations suggested to heavily include fish.

## Fossil distribution

Sites and specimen ages:
* Vassiloudi, Macedonia Greece ~5.3–1.8 Ma.
* Obigarm, Tajikistan ~5.3–1.8 Ma.
* Ahl al Oughlam, Morocco ~3.6–1.8 Ma.
* Pardines, Auvergne, France ~2.5–1.8 Ma.
* Dmanisi, Georgia ~1.8–0.8 Ma.
* Mestas de Con, Cangas de Onis, Asturias, Spain ~1.8–0.1 Ma.
* Strmica, Croatia ~1.8–0.1 Ma.
# Katlego Phala

Katlego Suzan Phala (born c. 1992) is a South African politician serving as a Member of the Limpopo Provincial Legislature for the Democratic Alliance. Phala was elected to the provincial legislature at the age of 22 in May 2014. She consequently became the youngest Member of the Provincial Legislature elected nationwide in that year's general election. Phala has since been re-elected in the May 2019 general election.

## Early life and education

Phala was born in 1992 in Mankweng outside Polokwane. She was raised by her mother, Violet Phala. She matriculated from Mountain View High School in 2010. In 2014, Phala announced that she was studying for a degree in public relations management from the University of South Africa.

## Political career

Phala joined the Democratic Alliance in June 2012 and established a party branch in Mankweng. For the 2014 general election, Phala was placed third on the party's list for the Limpopo Provincial Legislature. She was elected as the DA won three seats. Her election made history since she was only 22 years old at the time, making her the youngest member of the provincial legislature elected countrywide in that year's general election.
Phala was re-elected to a second term in May 2019. She took office on 22 May 2019. Phala served as the DA Caucus Whip from March 2019 until May 2024 and was not returned back to the Legislature by her then party the DA.
# Nicolás Trejo

Nicolás Trejo Santoyo (born December 25, 1975), known as Nicolás Trejo, is a Mexican football manager and former player.
# Alex Sanders (politician)

Alexander Mullings Sanders Jr. (born September 29, 1939) is an American politician and professor from the state of South Carolina.

## Early life

Sanders was born in and grew up in Columbia, South Carolina and attended AC Moore Elementary School, Hand Middle School, and Dreher High School. He received degrees from the University of South Carolina and the University of Virginia.

## Political career

Sanders served as a State Senator from 1977 to 1983. He was the chief judge of the South Carolina Court of Appeals from 1983 until 1992.

### 2002 United States Senate race

In 2002, Sanders was the Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate seat left vacant after the retirement of Strom Thurmond. He was defeated by the Republican candidate, U.S. Representative Lindsey Graham.

## Academic career

Sanders was the 19th President of the College of Charleston (1992–2001).
Sanders was a fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics during the fall 2003 semester.
As one of five founders, Sanders was the President of the Charleston School of Law from its founding in 2002 until 2013.
Sanders taugh courses in the Political Science Department at the College of Charleston through 2020.
# Unai Basurko

Unai Basurko is a Spanish professional sailor born on 2 April 1973 in Portugalete which is on the Biscay.
He is a participant of the 2008–2009 Vendée Globe retired during the first part of the race going down the Atlantic Ocean due to a broken rudder.

## Results

2009
* Pakea Bizkaia The Solitaire du Figaro.
1997:
* 1st of the Commodores Cup
1998:
* 1st plymouth Regatte-San Sebascion
* 1st of the Trans-Tasman Race
* Tour of Spain sailing
1999:
* 2nd World IMS Championships
2003:
* Solitaire du Figaro
2004:
* Bilbar record (Bilbao-Barcelona)
2007:
* 15th in the Transat Jacques-Vabre in the IMOCA category on Pakea Bizkaia 2003 with Gonzalo Gandarias
* 3rd of the Velux 5 Oceans Race onboard IMOCA 60 – Pakea-Bizkaia
2008
* RET 2008–2009 Vendée Globe onboard IMOCA 60 - Pakea-Bizkaia
# Das Phantom der Oper

Das Phantom der Oper is a 1916 silent film. Also known as Das Gespenst im Opernhaus, it is notable for being the first film adaptation of the 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux.
The film is now believed to be a lost film. No copies, photographs or even a poster of the film remain. Text advertisements and a summary exist. All that is known from these advertisements is that it was made in Germany in autumn 1915, directed by Ernst Matray, starring Nils Olaf Chrisander as the Phantom and Aud Egede-Nissen as Christine. Raoul was played by director Ernst Matray.

## Production background

The film Das Phantom der Oper was shot in autumn 1915 in Germany and was released in 1916.
The script was written by Greta Schröder. The director, Ernst Matray, became her husband. The film lasted 76 minutes (16 frames per second, 5 rolls of film, the total length of the film was 1381 meters).

## Cast

* Nils Olaf Chrisander as Erik
* Aud Egede-Nissen as Christine Daaé
* Ernst Matray as Raoul
# Roydon Hayes

Roydon Leslie Hayes (born 9 May 1971) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played one One Day International in 1995.
# Ivan Goi

Ivan Goi (born 29 February 1980) is an Italian motorcycle road racer. He currently competes in the CIV Superbike Championship aboard a BMW S1000RR.

## Racing career

Goi competed in the 125cc World Championship from 1996 to 2000 and in 2002; he had his best year in this competition in 1996, when he won the 125cc Austrian Grand Prix, becoming the then youngest rider to win a race in Grands Prix at 16 years and 157 days of age, and finished in tenth place in the final standings, as in 2000. In 2001 he debuted in the Supersport World Championship, where he raced also in 2003 and 2005, and he competed in selected events of the Superbike World Championship in 2006 and 2014.
At national level, Goi won the CIV Stock 1000 Championship in 2010 and in 2012 and the CIV Superbike Championship in 2014.

## Career statistics
### Grand Prix motorcycle racing
#### Races by year

(key)
| Year | Class | Bike | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | Pos. | Pts |
| 1996 | 125cc | Honda | MAL 16 | INA 13 | JPN 19 | SPA 10 | ITA 8 | FRA 12 | NED 2 | GER 10 | GBR 12 | AUT 1 | CZE 9 | IMO 7 | CAT 9 | BRA Ret | AUS 5 | | 10th | 110 |
| 1997 | 125cc | Aprilia | MAL 13 | JPN 14 | SPA 11 | ITA 13 | AUT 12 | FRA 16 | NED 15 | IMO Ret | GER 13 | BRA 18 | GBR 17 | CZE Ret | CAT | INA | AUS | | 18th | 21 |
| 1998 | 125cc | Aprilia | JPN 15 | MAL 15 | SPA Ret | ITA 13 | FRA 9 | MAD Ret | NED 14 | GBR 10 | GER 11 | CZE 9 | IMO 10 | CAT 11 | AUS 11 | ARG 11 | | | 14th | 53 |
| 1999 | 125cc | Honda | MAL 8 | JPN 14 | SPA 11 | FRA Ret | ITA 15 | CAT 15 | NED 11 | GBR 11 | GER 12 | CZE 11 | IMO 6 | VAL Ret | AUS 14 | RSA Ret | BRA 11 | ARG 8 | 13th | 61 |
| 2000 | 125cc | Honda | RSA 8 | MAL 10 | JPN 6 | SPA 7 | FRA 6 | ITA 13 | CAT 11 | NED 8 | GBR Ret | GER 6 | CZE 10 | POR 6 | VAL Ret | BRA 12 | PAC 5 | AUS 8 | 10th | 108 |
| 2002 | 125cc | Aprilia | JPN | RSA | SPA | FRA | ITA | CAT | NED | GBR 19 | GER 24 | CZE | POR | BRA | PAC | MAL | AUS | VAL | NC | 0 |

### Supersport World Championship
#### Races by year

(key)
| Year | Bike | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Pos. | Pts |
| 2001 | Honda | SPA 23 | AUS 9 | JPN 20 | ITA | GBR | GER | SMR | EUR | GER | NED | ITA | | 25th | 7 |
| 2003 | Yamaha | SPA | AUS | JPN | ITA 18 | GER | GBR | SMR 15 | GBR | NED | ITA Ret | FRA | | 36th | 1 |
| 2005 | Yamaha | QAT | AUS | SPA | ITA 9 | EUR | SMR 16 | CZE | GBR | NED | GER | ITA Ret | FRA 13 | 24th | 10 |

### Superbike World Championship
#### Races by year

(key)
| Year | Make | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | Pos. | Pts |
| Year | Make | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | R1 | R2 | Pos. | Pts |
| 2006 | Honda | QAT | QAT | AUS | AUS | SPA | SPA | ITA | ITA | EUR | EUR | SMR | SMR | CZE | CZE | GBR | GBR | NED | NED | GER | GER | ITA Ret | ITA 19 | FRA 19 | FRA Ret | NC | 0 |
| 2014 | Ducati | AUS | AUS | SPA | SPA | NED | NED | ITA Ret | ITA DNS | GBR | GBR | MAL | MAL | ITA 14 | ITA 13 | POR | POR | USA | USA | SPA | SPA | FRA | FRA | QAT | QAT | 29th | 5 |