OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ruppia maritima

Ruppia maritima is an aquatic plant species commonly known as beaked tasselweed, beaked ditchgrass, ditch grass, tassel pondweed and widgeon grass. Despite its scientific name, it is not a marine plant; is perhaps best described as a salt-tolerant freshwater species. The generic name Ruppia was dedicated by Linnaeus to the German botanist Heinrich Bernhard Ruppius (1689–1719) and the specific name (maritima) translates to "of the sea".

## Distribution

It can be found throughout the world, most often in coastal areas, where it grows in brackish water bodies, such as marshes. It is a dominant plant in a great many shoreline regions. It does not grow well in turbid water or low-oxygen substrates.

## Description

Ruppia maritima is a thread-thin, grasslike annual or perennial herb which grows from a rhizome anchored shallowly in the wet substrate. It produces a long, narrow, straight or loosely coiled inflorescence tipped with two tiny flowers. The plant often self-pollinates, but the flowers also release pollen that reaches other plants as it floats away on bubbles.
The fruits are drupelets. They are dispersed in the water and inside the digestive system of fish and waterbirds that eat them. The plant also reproduces vegetatively by sprouting from its rhizome to form colonies.

## Taxonomy and nomenclature

On the basis of molecular phylogenetic analyses, a species complex, named R. maritima complex, had been discerned, which was then extended to include eight lineages, or nine lineages.
A lectotype for R. cirrhosa is designated and the name is shown to be a homotypic synonym of R. maritima.

## Wetlands and wildlife

This plant and the epiphytic algae attached to the floating leaves can be an important part of the diet for selected herbivorous waterfowl species, but not important for predatory waterfowl that eat fish or invertebrate animals. In many areas, wetlands restoration begins with the recovery and protection of this plant. By being planted in tandem with Zostera marina in sections unsuitable for Zostera, R. maritima can synergistically assist in wetland restoration and combating climate change.
# Odd number theorem

The odd number theorem is a theorem in strong gravitational lensing which comes directly from differential topology.
The theorem states that the number of multiple images produced by a bounded transparent lens must be odd.

## Formulation

The gravitational lensing is a thought to mapped from what's known as image plane to source plane following the formula :
$M:(u,v)\mapsto (u',v')$.

## Argument

If we use direction cosines describing the bent light rays, we can write a vector field on $(u,v)$ plane $V:(s,w)$.
However, only in some specific directions $V_{0}:(s_{0},w_{0})$, will the bent light rays reach the observer, i.e., the images only form where $D=\delta V=0|_{(s_{0},w_{0})}$. Then we can directly apply the Poincaré–Hopf theorem $\chi =\sum {\text{index}}_{D}={\text{constant}}$.
The index of sources and sinks is +1, and that of saddle points is −1. So the Euler characteristic equals the difference between the number of positive indices $n_{+}$ and the number of negative indices $n_{-}$. For the far field case, there is only one image, i.e., $\chi =n_{+}-n_{-}=1$. So the total number of images is $N=n_{+}+n_{-}=2n_{-}+1$, i.e., odd. The strict proof needs Uhlenbeck's Morse theory of null geodesics.
# Tinquilco Lake

Tinquilco Lake is one of several lakes in Huerquehue National Park in the La Araucanía Region in southern Chile. Located at 700 meters; it is the first lake visitors encounter in the park before continuing on the "Tres Lagos" (Lago Chico, Lago Toro and Laguna Verde) hike.
Its primary outflow is Quinchol River, which is a tributary of the Liucura River, which in turn is a tributary of the Trancura River.
# NGC 7662

NGC 7662 is a planetary nebula located in the northern constellation Andromeda. It is known as the Blue Snowball Nebula, Snowball Nebula, and Caldwell 22. This nebula was discovered October 6, 1784 by the German-born English astronomer William Herschel. In the New General Catalogue it is described as a "magnificent planetary or annular nebula, very bright, pretty small in angular size, round, blue, variable nucleus". The object has an apparent visual magnitude of 8.3 and spans an angular size of 32″ × 28″. Parallax measurements give a distance estimate of 5,730 ± 340 ly (1,757 ± 103 pc).
NGC 7662 is a popular planetary nebula for casual observers. A small telescope will reveal a star-like object with slight nebulosity. A 6" telescope with a magnification around 100x will reveal a slightly bluish disk, while telescopes with a primary mirror at least 16" in diameter may reveal slight color and brightness variations in the interior.
This nebula has an elliptical shape with a triple-shell structure. The brightest is the main shell, which spans 12″ × 18″. This is surrounded by a fainter outer shell, which has an elliptical form. Both shells are enclosed by a faint, circular halo, some 134″ in diameter. The two shells can be modeled as prolate spheroids, with the inner shell having the greater elongation, a major axis tilt of 50° to the line of sight, and a hull thickness of ~2.5″. Several knots and a jet-like structure are visible, which display emission lines and low ionization. Based on the expansion rate, the estimated age of the nebula is 3,080 years.
The central star of the planetary nebula is a subdwarf O star with a spectral type of sdO. The best fit model for this star gives an effective temperature of 100 kK, with 5,250 times the luminosity of the Sun and 60.5% of the Sun's mass. X-ray emission from the nebula is being generated by the stellar wind from this star striking previously ejected matter.

## Image gallery

* Hubble Space Telescope image of NGC 7662
# Montù

Montù (or Montuni) is an Italian wine grape variety that is grown in the Emilia region of central Italy. While ampelographers believe that the grape is indigenous to the plains of the Po river, its numbers have been steadily declining with 1200 hectares (3000 acres) reported in 1990.
There is some confusion about the color of the grapes with the Vitis International Variety Catalogue describing Montù as a blanc grape, while wine expert Jancis Robinson and writers Joe Bastianich and David Lynch describe the grape as a red wine variety. According to Italian wine laws, Montù is a permitted variety in the white Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) wine of Montuni del Reno.

## DOC wines

Along the banks of the Reno river in Emilia-Romagna, Montù is the primary variety in the white DOC wine of Montuni del Reno. Here the grape must make up at least 85% of the blend with other non-aromatic local white grape varieties permitted to make up the remainder. The wine can be made in both a still and semi-sparkling frizzante style. Grapes destined for DOC production must be harvested with to yield no greater than 18 tonnes/hectares with the finished wine needing to attaining a minimum alcohol level of 10.5%.

## Wines

According to wine writer Paul Saunders, Montù produces "pleasant straw-yellow colored white wine."

## Synonyms

Over the years Montù has been known under a variety of synonyms including Bianchetto, Bianchiana, Bianchino, Montoncello, Montonego bianco, Montuni and Montuno.
# Blinasaurus

Blinasaurus is a name of an extinct genus of prehistoric brachyopid found in Triassic geological formations of Australia. The type species is Platyceps wilkinsonii Stephens, 1887. The genus was established by John W. Cosgriff in 1969 to incorporate the type, discovered in New South Wales, and the author's new fossil species, Blinasaurus henwoodi, describing type material found in Blina Shale in the Kimberley region of northwest Australia.
The genus was represented by three species, however, the type species (Platyceps wilkinsonii Stephens, 1887) was assigned to a new monotypic genus as Platycepsion wilkinsoni. A species described by Cosgriff in the same study was placed in a new combination as Batrachosuchus henwoodi.
# Millennium village

Millennium village may mean:
* Millennium Villages Project, a project to reduce poverty in Africa by developing a number of villages, led by Columbia University.
* Millennium Village, a closed attraction at Epcot
* Millennium Communities Programme (or Millennium Villages initiative), an English Partnerships housing initiative
# Roman Janoušek (footballer)

Roman Janoušek (born 30 August 1972) is a Czech former football player. He played in the top flight of the Czech Republic, making more than 200 top-flight appearances spanning the existence of the Czechoslovak First League and the Gambrinus liga.

## Honours
### Club
#### Viktoria Žižkov

* Czech Cup: 2000–01
# Malakonda

Malakonda is a village in Valetivari Palem, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
# Ruppia megacarpa

Ruppia megacarpa is a submerged herb species in the genus Ruppia found in shallow brackish waters. It is a common on Australasian coasts, including Australia (NSW; SA; Vic; WA and New Zealand (type locality). Isolated populations have been currently found in East Asia, including Japan, Korea, and Far East Russia, hence, the species distribution exhibit latitudinally disjunct (antitropical) distribution between East Asia and Australasia.

## Ecology

This species is known to have hybridized with 'Occidentalis' of the R. maritima complex in Hokkaido, Japan.
# Merga Bien

Merga Bien (late 1560s – 1603) was a German woman convicted of witchcraft and perhaps the most famous of the victims in the Fulda witch trials in 1603–05.

## Life

Bien was born in the city of Fulda. She was married three times and was the heiress of her first two husbands, which later played an important part in accusations. In 1588, she married Blasius Bien and moved from the city, but, fatefully, returned after a conflict with her husband's employers.
At the time, prince abbot Balthasar von Dernbach, who had returned to power in 1602 after a long exile, ordered an investigation of witchcraft in the city. Over two hundred people were executed for witchcraft in witch trials that lasted until his death in 1605. In March 1603, the investigations resulted in the first wave of arrests in the city. On 19 June, Merga was arrested and put in jail. Her husband protested before the Reichskammergericht in Speyer and pointed out that she was pregnant. In jail, she was forced to confess to the murder of her second husband and her children with him and one member of the family of her husband's employers, and that she had taken part in a sabbath of Satan. Her pregnancy was considered an aggravating circumstance; she and her husband had no children although they had been married for fourteen years. She was forced to confess that her current pregnancy was the result of intercourse with the Devil. Bien was convicted of witchcraft and burnt alive at the stake in Fulda in late 1603.
# Tropical Fantasy

Tropical Fantasy is an inexpensive soft-drink, originally from Brooklyn, New York. Its low price of 49¢ per 21-ounce bottle led to its success in the 1990s. Tropical Fantasy was initially popular in inner city areas. The company did not employ large marketing campaigns and used simple store displays and low prices to sell its drinks. This made the product almost invisible to consumers not living in areas where the beverages were sold. Tropical Fantasy is bottled by a small family-owned soft-drink manufacturer called Brooklyn Bottling Group, which has bottled seltzers since 1936. In 1990, with its debut of the Tropical Fantasy line, the soft-drinks became an overnight success. It now bottles over $2 million each month in sales.

## Juice Cocktails

* Apple Juice
* Blue Raspberry
* Citrus Delight
* Fruit Punch
* Grape
* Kiwi Strawberry
* Lemon Iced Tea
* Mandarin Orange
* Mean Green Lemonade
* Passion Fruit
* Piña Colada
* Raspberry Rush
* Strawberry Lemonade
* Lemonade
* Cherry blue lemonade

## Soft Drinks

* Black Cherry
* Champagne Kola
* Coconut
* Cola
* Cotton Candy
* Flite
* Ginger Ale
* Golden Fruit Champagne
* Grape Drink
* Island Punch Finisher
* Kool Kombucha Kooler
* Lemon 'n Lime
* Mango
* Mountain Rush
* Orange
* Pineapple
* Watermelon
* Wild Blue Cherry
* Wild Pink Strawberry
* Sweet Tea

## African-American conspiracy theory

In April 1991, rumors began circulating in Black neighborhoods that the beverage was laced with a secret ingredient that would sterilize black men. The beverage quickly earned the nickname "Tropical Fanticide." The rumors claimed that the Ku Klux Klan was actually bottling the product and using the low price to attract poor citizens. Similar unfounded rumors about Klan involvement periodically have plagued the Church's Fried Chicken chain and Snapple soft drinks.
Later that year the rumor spread rapidly and provoked violence in many city neighborhoods. Attacks occurred on delivery trucks and storekeepers who stocked Tropical Fantasy. Due to these rumors and rising suspicions, sales of the beverage plummeted by 70%.
Investigations found the claims to be as preposterous. Sales recovered only after an extensive public relations campaign that included then-New York City Mayor David N. Dinkins, (who was Black) drinking a bottle of the soda for television news cameras.
By mid June 1991 the attacks had stopped and the sales had rebounded, but the dark rumors about Tropical Fantasy were not forgotten. Even today, the rumors are still circulating. Many young teenagers refer to the beverages as "Bummies" and "Nutties", mainly due to the rumor that it kills sperm. This is not however limited to the Tropical Fantasy beverage. Other beverages such as "City Club", "Top Pop", and "C&C", are ridiculed in exactly the same way.
# Tinqueux

Tinqueux (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France. It is a suburb, adjacent to the west of Reims. Tinqueux is twinned with Myślenice, Poland.
# Walter Ewers

Oberleutnant Walter Ewers (11 May 1892 – 15 May 1918) was a World War I flying ace credited with eight aerial victories.

## Early life

Walter Ewers was born in Lübeck, Germany on 11 May 1892.

## World War I

Ewers began military service as an artilleryman in Bavaria's Field Artillery Regiment Number 7. At some point, he transferred to the Luftstreitkräfte. After aviation training, he was assigned to Flieger-Abteilung 26 to serve in two-seaters. He was upgraded to piloting a fighter plane, transferring to Jasta 8. After a further transfer to Jasta 12 in 1917, he scored his first three aerial successes against the Royal Flying Corps, downing a couple of Airco DH.5s from No. 41 Squadron RFC and a Sopwith Pup from No. 46 Squadron RFC. The latter was part of a large offensive patrol of mixed British aircraft escorting 46 Squadron's DH.5s.
He was chosen to command Bavarian Jagdstaffel 77 as Staffelführer on 21 January 1918. He had been commissioned a leutnant on 22 May 1917; he was further promoted, to oberleutnant, on 15 March 1918. As pilot or as commander, he continued to score victories; in the first three months of 1918, at least three out of five of his victims were French. Ewers was honored with both classes of the Iron Cross, his native Bavaria's Military Merit Order, and the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern for his exploits.
At 0930 hours on 15 May 1918, Oberleutnant Walter Ewers was killed in action while piloting his Albatros D.V in combat over Villers-Bretonneux with No. 65 Squadron RAF. He was buried in a mass grave.

## List of aerial victories

See also Aerial victory standards of World War I
Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically. Unconfirmed victories are denoted by "u/c" and may or may not be listed by date.
| No. | Date/time | Foe | Result | Location | Notes |
| 1 | 18 September 1917 @ 1120 hours | British Airco DH.5 | Destroyed | Wambaix, France | Victim from No. 41 Squadron RFC |
| 2 | 10 October 1917 @ 1705 hours | British Airco DH.5 | Destroyed | Hendicourt | Victim from No. 41 Squadron RFC |
| 3 | 11 October 1917 @ 1745 hours | British Sopwith Pup | Destroyed | East of Sains-lès-Marquion, France | Victim from No. 46 Squadron RFC |
| 4 | 5 January 1918 | French Dorand AR.2 or Paul Schmitt | Destroyed | Saint Liggert | |
| 5 | 5 January 1918 | Spad | Destroyed | Southwest of Retzwiller, France | |
| 6 | 23 February 1918 @ 1620 hours | French Spad | Destroyed | Oberburnhaupt | Victim from Escadrille 49 |
| 7 | 12 March 1918 | Spad | Destroyed | Belfort, France | |
| 8 | 18 March 1918 @ 1629 hours | French Dorand AR.2 or Paul Schmitt | Destroyed | Ballersdorf, France | |

## Endnotes

* 1 2 3 4 5 Franks, Bailey & Guest 1993, p. 105.
* ↑ Franks 2005, p. 78.
* ↑ O'Connor 2002, p. 155.
# Monu Goyat

Naib Subedar Monu Goyat is an Indian kabaddi player and an Indian Army Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO). He was part of the India national kabaddi team that won a bronze medal at the 2018 Asian Games. He will play for Patna Pirates again in the Pro Kabaddi League 2021 starting from 22 Dec. Goyat was part of Patna Pirates' triumphant 2017 Pro Kabaddi League season and was the most expensive purchase in the 2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League season at ₹15.1 million (US$180,000).

## Early life

Born in Kungar village of Haryana's Bhiwani district, Goyat started playing kabaddi at age ten after he was influenced by his uncle Vijender Singh, a former kabaddi player. Singh gave him initial training. After joining the army in 2011, he was coached by Jasvir Singh. Representing Services Sports Control Board, he helped his side reach the final of the 65th Senior National Championships in 2017. A resident of Hansi, Haryana, Goyat made his debut for India at the 2018 Dubai Kabaddi Masters.

## Kabaddi career
### Season 4

Goyat made his debut in Pro Kabaddi League playing for the Bengal Warriors. He scored 59 points in 13 games and was among the top 15 raiders in the league. He was one of the primary raiders for the Bengal Warriors.

### Season 5

Goyat was bought by the Patna Pirates for the 2017 Pro Kabaddi League season and had a fruitful year with the team, scoring 191 raid points in 26 matches with an average of 7.34 points per match, finishing as the fourth highest scoring raider in the league. Of those 191 raid points, he scored 45 in do-or-die situations, making him the second most successful raider in this category.

### Season 6

Monu Goyat became the biggest purchase in the history of the league when he was bagged by the Haryana Steelers for ₹15.1 million (US$180,000) in the 2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League season. He captained the side in the absence of Surender Nada. Goyat scored 160 raid points in 20 matches with an average of 8 raid points per match.

### International

He was part of the India national kabaddi team that won a bronze medal at the 2018 Asian Games.
# Blincourt

Blincourt (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
# Milstead (disambiguation)

Milstead is a village in Kent, England.
It may also refer to:

## People

* Century Milstead (1901–1963), American football player
* Charlie Milstead (1937-2022), American football player
* Divine (performer) (born Harris Glenn Milstead, 1945–1988), American actor, singer and drag queen
* George Milstead (1903–1977), American baseball pitcher
* Rod Milstead (born 1969), American football player
* Violet Milstead (1919–2014), Canadian aviator and bush pilot

## Places

* Milstead, Alabama, United States
* Milstead, Georgia, United States
# Market Street tram stop

Market Street is a tram stop in Zone 1 of Greater Manchester's Metrolink light rail system. It is located on Market Street, in Manchester city centre, England. It opened on 27 April 1992 as part of Phase 1 of Metrolink's expansion.
Originally the stop in Market Street had one platform and handled only northbound trams to Bury, with High Street tram stop a short distance away handling southbound trams from Bury. When Market Street was pedestrianised, High Street stop was closed, and Market Street was rebuilt as an island platform to handle trams in both directions. The rebuilt stop opened on 10 August 1998. It was rebuilt once again in 2015 with a new canopy. The stop is one of the most used on the Metrolink network.

## Services

Services run every twelve minutes on each route at most operating times.
| Preceding station | Manchester Metrolink | Following station |
| Piccadilly Gardenstowards Piccadilly | Piccadilly–Bury | Shudehilltowards Bury |
| St Peter's Squaretowards Altrincham | Altrincham–Bury (peak only) | Shudehilltowards Bury |
| St Peter's Squaretowards Manchester Airport | Manchester Airport–Victoria | Shudehilltowards Victoria |

## Gallery

* The stop in 1992 in its original configuration as a one way stop.
* Map of the original layout of Market Street (northbound) and High Street (southbound) tram stops in 1992
* In 2013, seen from the south.
* Market Street tram stop in December 2015
# Sadko (submarine)

Sadko is a civilian submarine launched in 1997. She was designed by the Rubin Design Bureau, which had previously designed nuclear submarines for the Soviet and Russian navies. Capable of holding 40 passengers and diving to 40 metres (130 ft) depth Sadko is intended for use as a tourist excursion vessel. She operated initially in Saint Lucia but since 2001 has been based in Cyprus where she operates out of Larnaca.

## Design

Sadko was designed by the Rubin Design Bureau, which had previously designed two-thirds of the Russian and Soviet Navy's nuclear submarines. Rubin had started to design civilian submarines, intended for use on tourist excursions, in 1988. Its first design Neptun was launched in 1991. Sadko was designed in 1994 as a development of the Neptun. The project was an example of military technology being turned to civilian use and the vessel was named after Sadko, a Slavic fairytale character who had adventures on the seafloor.
Sadko measures 30 metres (98 ft) in length, holds 40 passengers and has 22 portholes for underwater viewing. She is propelled by an all-electric drive and has no hydraulic systems, minimising the risk to the environment from fluid spills. She was designed to dive up to 40 metres (130 ft) underwater and can remain there for three days. Her speed is 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). It was hoped that she would be leased for use by a tourism operator in the Caribbean, Mediterranean or Malaysia and Rubin had plans for further vessels of a similar design.
Sadko was built by Petrozavod in St Petersburg. Her construction was hampered by the period of hyperinflation and economic crisis of 1994–95 but was completed in 1997. Sadko was blessed by a Russian Orthodox priest in a ceremony on 19 June 1997 and was launched at 4 a.m. on 26 June. She was transported by road from the shipyard to the dock. With the water too shallow for her to be safely launched she was transported by barge to deeper waters.

## Service

Sadko operated firstly in Saint Lucia in the Caribbean but since 2001 has operated in Cyprus in the Mediterranean. Based out of Larnaca she is Russian-owned and operated, under the Larnaca Napa Sea Cruises brand. She makes trips that offer tourists views of marine life only normally visible to scuba divers. To attract fish to the vicinity the submarine is accompanied by a scuba diver who distributes chum as bait. This practice has been criticised for distorting the natural food chain. Sadko has also made trips to a number of shipwrecks in Cyprus such as HMS Cricket and the ferry Zenobia, as well as a sunken helicopter and armoured car.
# Masatoshi Kawahara

Masatoshi Kawahara (川原 正敏, Kawahara Masatoshi, born 17 August 1960 in Mihara, Hiroshima) is a Japanese manga artist. He is best known as the author of the long-running series Shura no Mon and its prequel Shura no Toki, for which he won the Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen in 1989.
# Mouhammadou

Mouhammadou is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Mouhammadou Jaiteh (born 1994), French basketball player
* Seydina Mouhammadou Limamou Laye (1843–1909), founder of the Layene Sufi order