OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Willem George Frederik Derx

Willem George Frederik Derx (born 8 May 1813 – 10 December 1890) was a Dutch civil servant, who made a career in the administration on the Dutch Gold Coast.

## Biography

Derx was born in Nijmegen to Johan Henrich Derx, who was originally from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, contemporary Germany, and Maria Christina Lijtgen from Zaltbommel.
Derx joined the colonial administration of the Dutch Gold Coast in 1838, when the colony was reorganized in the wake of the Dutch–Ahanta War. He eventually became bookkeeper and officer of justice of the colony. During governor Anthony van der Eb's year-long leave to the Netherlands between 1846 and 1847, Derx was acting governor.
During this first period at the Gold Coast, Derx married Jacoba Araba Bartels, daughter of the Euro-African trader Carel Hendrik Bartels, with whom he had three sons. His second son Willem Jan Derx would become a vice admiral of the Royal Netherlands Navy. After Jacoba Araba died during childbirth in 1848, Derx fathered a son and a daughter with another, unknown woman while on the Gold Coast.
According to historian Larry Yarak, Derx was less fortunate in the trading business than his boss, governor Van der Eb, which tempted him to compensate his meagre salary by other means; he was frequently accused by the local rulers of Elmina of abusing his position of fiscal by demanding high fines. In one particular case in 1844, Derx ordered the King of Elmina to pay a fine of four ounces of gold for having sentenced the prominent Elmina trader Kweku Akwa for overcharging his customers. Eventually the local rulers of Elmina issued a petition of grievances about Derx' conduct to governor Van der Eb, but it is unsure what consequences this had.
Derx apparently left the Gold Coast in the late 1840s and married Anna Frederika Lamslag in the Netherlands, with whom he had three sons and three daughters.

### Return to the Gold Coast

The Dutch government decided in 1855 to resume the recruitment of soldiers for the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on the Gold Coast, and appointed Derx as the commissioner in charge. Apparently Derx was also interested in taking the position because he grew increasingly concerned about the management of the estate of his late father-in-law Carel Hendrik Bartels, who had died in 1850, by Bartels' son Carel Bartels. Derx arrived on 22 October 1856 in Cape Coast and was then escorted to Elmina. Since the previous governor Hero Schomerus had died a month earlier on 25 September, Derx was also to become governor of the Dutch Gold Coast. This proved controversial, both with the Dutch colonial administrators, who felt passed by, and with the local population of Elmina, who accused Derx of having handled a dispute between Elmina wards unadvisedly in 1846, during his previous stint as governor.
Both groups tried to prevent Derx from taking office, to no avail. Derx however wrote the Minister of Colonies that although he had taken the oath of office, he "stood alone" and was not able to fulfil his duties. Within half a year he was recalled to the Netherlands.
# Wells, Wisconsin

Wells is a town in Monroe County, Wisconsin. The population was 529 at the time of the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Farmers Valley is located partially in the town. The town was named for James Wells, a prominent early settler and the first town chair.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92.5 km$^2$), all of it land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 529 people, 180 households, and 149 families residing in the town. The population density was 14.8 people per square mile (5.7/km$^2$). There were 191 housing units at an average density of 5.3 per square mile (2.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 99.43% White, 0.19% Asian, and 0.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.89% of the population.
There were 180 households, out of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.9% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.2% were non-families. 13.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.19.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.5% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $37,614, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $26,339 versus $17,333 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,669. About 10.6% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
# Sebastiano Mazzoni

Sebastiano Mazzoni (c. 1611 - Venice, 22 April 1678) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period.
Born in Florence, he trained in that city during 1632-33 in the studio of Baccio del Bianco. He then moved to Venice in 1648, and stayed there till his death. He painted a somewhat unusual Annunciation with a hovering ghostly angel dominating the scene. In 1638 he joined the Accademia del Disegno in Florence. Andrea Celesti was one of his pupils; and it is said he influenced the style of Sebastiano Ricci and Ghislandi. Ultimately he has an enigmatic individual style with paintings of unresolved dynamism, depicted from awkward perspectives, in some fashion he resembles his contemporary Francesco Maffei or evokes the distortions of a Lorenzo Lotto of the prior century.

## Sources

* Grove Encyclopedia entry in Artnet.
* Web Gallery of Art entry.

## Partial anthology

* Death of Cleopatra
* Vulcan surprises Venus and Mars
# Aleksey Zhuravlyov

Aleksey Zhuravlyov may refer to:
* Aleksey Zhuravlyov (politician) (born 1962), Russian politician, head of Rodina (political party)
* Aleksey Zhuravlyov (footballer) (born 1980), Russian football player
# Alisol

An Alisol is a Reference Soil Group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB).
Alisols have an argic horizon, which has a high cation exchange capacity. In the subsoil, the base saturation is low.
There exist mixed forms, for example 'Stagnic Alisol', that are mainly Alisol, but also contain components that are found in Stagnosols.
Alisols occur in tropical and humid subtropical climates, but are also found in temperate regions. Compared to Lixisols, Acrisols and Ferralsols, Alisols have much higher-activity clays and are likely to be found on younger terrains or more geologically active regions such as Kyushu and Chugoku.

## Agricultural use

Alisols are acidic (increased by limited drainage) and therefore need liming, contain few nutrients and therefore need fertilizer, and do not have much surface coherence so are easily eroded.
Aluminium and manganese toxicity is a very serious problem in Alisols, because at the low pH of these soils such generally insoluble metals become soluble and can poison plants which are not tolerant of them. Encyclopædia Britannica mentions oil palm, cotton, and maize (corn) as crops suitable to be grown on Alisols, though most crops require very intensive fertilisation for long-term success.
# St Mary's Church, Llannerch-y-medd

St Mary's Church is a medieval church in the town of Llannerch-y-medd, Anglesey, Wales. St Mary's Church is dedicated to Saint Mary. The east doorway in the tower and other parts of the tower probably date to the 12th century. It was extensively rebuilt in 1850 by the architect Henry Kennedy of Bangor. It was designated a Grade II-listed building on 5 December 1970.
# Neutron embrittlement

Neutron embrittlement, sometimes more broadly radiation embrittlement, is the embrittlement of various materials due to the action of neutrons. This is primarily seen in nuclear reactors, where the release of high-energy neutrons causes the long-term degradation of the reactor materials. The embrittlement is caused by the microscopic movement of atoms that are hit by the neutrons; this same action also gives rise to neutron-induced swelling causing materials to grow in size, and the Wigner effect causing energy buildup in certain materials that can lead to sudden releases of energy.
Neutron embrittlement mechanisms include:
* Hardening and dislocation pinning due to nanometer features created by irradiation
* Generation of lattice defects in collision cascades via the high-energy recoil atoms produced in the process of neutron scattering.
* Diffusion of major defects, which leads to higher amounts of solute diffusion, as well as formation of nanoscale defect-solute cluster complexes, solute clusters, and distinct phases.

## Embrittlement in Nuclear Reactors

Neutron irradiation embrittlement limits the service life of reactor-pressure vessels (RPV) in nuclear power plants due to the degradation of reactor materials. In order to perform at high efficiency and safely contain coolant water at temperatures around 290°C and pressures of ~7 MPa (for boiling water reactors) to 14 MPa (for pressurized water reactors), the RPV must be heavy-section steel. Due to regulations, RPV failure probabilities must be very low. To achieve sufficient safety, the design of the reactor assumes large cracks and extreme loading conditions. Under such conditions, a probable failure mode is rapid, catastrophic fracture if the vessel steel is brittle. Tough RPV base metals that are typically used are A302B, A533B plates, or A508 forgings; these are quenched and tempered, low-alloy steels with primarily tempered bainitic microstructures. Over the past few decades, RPV embrittlement has been addressed by the use of tougher steels with lower trace impurity contents, the decrease of neutron flux that the vessel is subject to, and the elimination of beltline welds. However, embrittlement remains an issue for older reactors.
Pressurized water reactors are more susceptible to embrittlement than boiling water reactors. This is due to PWRs sustaining more neutron impacts. To counteract this, many PWRs have a specific core design that reduces the number of neutrons hitting the vessel wall. Moreover, PWR designs must be especially mindful of embrittlement because of pressurized thermal shock, an accident scenario that occurs when cold water enters a pressurized reactor vessel, introducing large thermal stress. This thermal stress may cause fracture if the reactor vessel is sufficiently brittle.
# Novelette (music)

A novelette is "a short piece of lyrical music, especially one for the piano".
The word was used by the composer Robert Schumann as a title for some piano pieces, a choice that reflected his literary background and interests. The music in question (op. 21, and op. 99 no. 9) is episodic, however, and does not especially resemble a narrative. The name may also allude to Clara Novello.
Schumann was followed by Niels Gade, Theodor Kirchner, Stephen Heller, Anatoly Lyadov, and much later, by Poulenc (Trois novelettes), Lutosławski ("Novelette for Orchestra"), Chaminade, Tcherepnin, Josef Tal, and George Gershwin ("Novelette in Fourths").
# Anu Välba

Anu Välba (born 14 May 1974) is an Estonian TV and radio host.
She graduated from Tallinn University in television directing in 1998 but has been working as a hostess instead. Her credits include the TV morning programme "Terevisioon", weekly "Paar", "Hommik Anuga" and daily "Ringvaade", all but one co-hosted with Marko Reikop. She was also involved with Eurovision Song Contest 2002 where she did off-screen editing for video postcards shown between the competing songs.
On the radio, she has co-worked for the programmes of Vikerraadio and Raadio 2.
# Blair Line

The Blair Line was surveyed in the early 19th century by James "Jimmy" Blair as a boundary between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation. A marker in Habersham County at the junction of Georgia Highways 115 and 105, states, "The historic Blair Line between the State of Georgia and the Cherokee Nation crossed this highway at this point. This line was surveyed by James Blair in the early 1800s. It ran from the forks of the Soque and the Chattahoochee Rivers in a direct Northerly line to the Tallulah River. It was the boundary line in 1817 for the purchase of all the lands East of the Chattahoochee River by the State of Georgia from the Cherokee Nation by the Treaty of 1818."
# Cevizli, Şavşat

Cevizli is a village in the Şavşat District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 440 (2021). The Tbeti Monastery is located in the center of the village.
# Modular Chemical Descriptor Language

The Modular Chemical Descriptor Language (MCDL) is a method for representing of molecular structures and pertinent molecular information using linear descriptors. MCDL files are designed for cross-platform transfer and manipulation of compound-specific chemical data. They consist of sets of unique information (fragments, connections) and nonunique information (coordinates, ID numbers, spectra, physical-chemical properties). The nonunique portion of the descriptor can be customized, thus providing end-user flexibility. Unique representation of atom and double bond stereochemistry is contrived as separate modules.

## Software implementation

Modular Chemical Descriptor Language is currently implemented in several software packages. A JAVA-based MCDL editor with intelligent generation of 2D coordinates is available as open source software under GPL. MCDL translator is also included in Open Babel starting from version 2.3.1.
# Stanbridge East

Stanbridge East is a municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec, located within the Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 873.

## History

The Township of Stanbridge was first surveyed by Jesse Pennoyer in the year 1792. It was subsequently opened for settlement, reversing the old policy of the day "no settlements along the frontier". In 1997 the township changed its form of government and became Stanbridge East. The village became the film location for the fictional setting of Three Pines, Quebec, in the 2013 made-for-television movie Still Life, based on Louise Penny's novel of the same title about Chief Inspector Armand Gamache.

## Demographics
### Population

Population trend:
| Census | Population | Change (%) |
| 2011 | 873 | 4.8% |
| 2006 | 833 | 8.3% |
| 2001 | 908 | 6.1% |
| 1996 | 856 | 0.5% |
| 1991 | 860 | N/A |

### Language

Mother tongue language (2006)
| Language | Population | Pct (%) |
| French only | 355 | 42.77% |
| English only | 410 | 49.40% |
| Both English and French | 45 | 5.42% |
| Other languages | 20 | 2.41% |
# Walther Braithwaite

Walther Braithwaite (18 November 1933 – 7 January 2018) was a Surinamese football manager and player who played as a midfielder and left-back in the Surinamese Hoofdklasse for Transvaal and Voorwaarts. He also managed the Suriname national team for the nation's 1978 and 1986 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaigns, finishing in eighth place in the finals in Mexico in the 1978 edition.
He was also a cricket player and winner of three gold medals, who played for cricket club Rood-Wit in the Netherlands.

## Football career
### Early career

Braithwaite was born and raised in the Nickerie District, Suriname where he joined local football club VV Robinhood (not to be confused with the club S.V. Robinhood from Paramaribo of the same name).

### Transvaal

At age 17 he moved to Paramaribo and joined Transvaal. Becoming a key player on the first team, he would go on to play for the team for six seasons, while winning the national championship in 1951, before opting to play for Voorwaarts instead.

### Voorwaarts

In 1956 Braithwaite joined Voorwaarts where he was moved from his usual midfield position to playing left-back. In 1957 he helped the club to its fourth national championship and his personal second in the league.

## Cricket career
### RKSV Rood-Wit

In 1966 Braithwaite joined RKSV Rood-Wit playing in the Topklasse, the top flight of cricket in the Netherlands.

## Managerial career

In 1976 Braithwaite took over the managerial position on the Suriname national team, with Ro Kolf as his assistant he would help the team to an eighth-place finish in the finals of the nations 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign. In 1985, he took over as manager of the national team once more, failing to qualify for the 1986 FIFA World Cup after being eliminated in the qualifying rounds by Honduras.

## Honours

Transvaal
* Hoofdklasse: 1951
Voorwaarts
* Hoofdklasse: 1957
# Head for the Shallow

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Head for the Shallow is the debut album from heavy metal/sludge metal band Big Business, released on January 25, 2005 by Hydra Head Records.

## Track listing

* "O.G." – 4:21
* "Focus Pocus" – 5:19
* "White Pizazz" – 4:38
* "Stareadactyl" – 2:59
* "Easter Romantic" – 5:09
* "Technically Electrified" – 3:47
* "Eis Hexe" – 4:05
* "Off Off Broadway" – 5:17
# Outer Isolation

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metal Storm | Vektor – Outer Isolation |
| Rock Hard | link |
Outer Isolation is the second full-length album recorded by the band Vektor. It was released in 2011 on Heavy Artillery Records, and Earache Records reissued the album in 2012. The final tracks of the album, "Fast Paced Society" and the title track, feature radio emissions of Saturn detected by Cassini.

## Personnel

* David DiSanto – guitar, vocals
* Erik Nelson – guitar
* Frank Chin – bass guitar
* Blake Anderson – drums
# Mohammed VII

Mohammed VII may refer to:
* Muhammed VII, Sultan of Granada (1370–1408)
* Muhammad VII of Bornu (1731–1747) of the Sayfawa dynasty
# Cevizlidere, Pazaryolu

Cevizlidere is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Pazaryolu, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 22 (2022).
# Moelleriopsis poppei

Moelleriopsis poppei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

## Distribution

This species is found in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica.

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 2.15 mm.

## Habitat

Minimum recorded depth is 2579 m. Maximum recorded depth is 2579 m.
# Nobuteru

Nobuteru (written: 伸晃, 信輝 or 亘輝) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Nobuteru Ishihara (石原 伸晃) (born 1957), Japanese politician
* Nobuteru Maeda (前田 亘輝) (born 1965), Japanese singer-songwriter
* Nobuteru Mori, Japanese businessman and politician
* Nobuteru Taniguchi (谷口 信輝) (born 1971), Japanese racing driver
* Nobuteru Yūki (結城 信輝) (born 1962), Japanese manga artist, illustrator and animator
# Nitro (video game)

Nitro is a top-down perspective racing video game for the Amiga and Atari ST. It was developed by Psygnosis and published in 1990.

## Gameplay

After choosing whether to play with one, two or three (via keyboard) players, the player(s) must select a car and buy accessories at the "pit stop" before proceeding to the race. Three vehicles are available; namely the racing car, sports car, and turbo buggy. Accessories include nitros, high speed, acceleration, traction, fix damage, a change of car, as well as fuel which is imperative to the racing campaign.
The game consists of 32 levels, but the game ends when the fuel is depleted. To prevent this, the player must finish in a high place on most races, which rewards the player with up to 600 gasoline units. In addition, power-ups float around in the levels as well as being placed on the track, but these may be picked up by any of the four cars.
There are four different environments. Starting on city roads, the player advance through forest and desert tracks before playing the last levels in a wasteland terrain. (Evidently, the Nitro story is that the apocalypse occurs, and the races go on. "The end of the world is nigh" is graffitied on the track.) Every four races there are night levels, which means that the screen is pitch-black save for the small area illuminated by headlights. Double headlights are available as a floating power-up.
Obstacles are a major game play element and can include cones and holes in the road, which slow the player, and (blue) oil spillage which causes the car to spin. The Nitro manual makes reference to pedestrians, and says that in some races extra points are given for hitting pedestrians—however During a replay only 1 of the 32 levels has a message prior to entering the race, mentioning : money awarded for hitting pedestrians.
Nitro was also available as part of the Psygnosis monster pack, volume I, along with the original Shadow of the Beast and Infestation. The "monsters" in the game may refer to the players—namely, the Man with No Name (Clint Eastwood) (P1—white), Rambo (Sylvester Stallone) (P2—yellow), and James Bond (Roger Moore) (P3—red).
# Parazoanthus darwini

Parazoanthus darwini is a species of macrocnemic zoanthid first found in the Galapagos. It can be distinguished by its association with sponges, by having about 24–30 tentacles and polyps embedded in a well-developed coenenchyme.
# Siege of Inverness

The siege of Inverness may refer to:
* Siege of Inverness (1429), part of the conflict between the Lord of the Isles and the Scottish crown
* Siege of Inverness (1562), part of the Mary, Queen of Scots civil war
* Siege of Inverness (1649), part of the Scottish civil war that formed part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
* Siege of Inverness (1650), part of the Scottish civil war that formed part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
* Siege of Inverness (1689), part of a feud between the Clan MacDonald of Keppoch and the city of Inverness
* Siege of Inverness (1715), part of the 1715 Jacobite rising
* Siege of Inverness (1746), part of the 1745 Jacobite rising
# National Orange Show

The National Orange Show Festival is an annual festival held in San Bernardino, California since 1911 to promote the citrus industry. At the height of its popularity between 1960 and the mid-1980s, the event ran a full two weeks during the month of March and featured displays from most counties in California. The show was cancelled for five years, from 1942 to 1946, due to World War II, and 2020-21 caused by COVID-19 pandemic concerns, although it went virtual. Due to a changing economic environment, the show has been downsized considerably with a local community emphasis, instead of a national or state one, and is now a weekend event.
# Cervical dislocation

Cervical dislocation is a common method of animal euthanasia. It refers to a technique used in physical euthanasia of small animals by applying pressure to the neck and dislocating the spinal column from the skull or brain. The aim is to quickly separate the spinal cord from the brain so as to provide the animal with a fast, painless, and easy death.

## Technique

Firm pressure is applied at the base of the skull, along with a sharp pinching and twisting of the thumb and forefinger. At the same time, the tail is pulled backward. This severs the spinal cord at the base of the brain or within the cervical spine area (the upper third of the neck). According to the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC), cervical dislocation is normally only conducted on small animals.

## Ethics

The University of Iowa and some veterinary associations consider the technique to be an ethically acceptable method for killing small rodents such as rats, mice, squirrels, etc.
# Seisla

Seisla is a municipality in the district Saale-Orla-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany.