OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Reilly's law of retail gravitation

In economics, Reilly's law of retail gravitation is a heuristic developed by William J. Reilly in 1931. According to Reilly's "law," customers are willing to travel longer distances to larger retail centers given the higher attraction they present to customers. In Reilly's formulation, the attractiveness of the retail center becomes the analogy for size (mass) in the physical law of gravity.
The law presumes the geography of the area is flat without any rivers, roads or mountains to alter a consumer's decision of where to travel to buy goods. It also assumes consumers are otherwise indifferent between the actual cities. In analogy with Newton's law of gravitation, the point of indifference is the point at which the "attractiveness" of the two retail centres (postulated to be proportional to their size and inversely proportional to the square of the distance to them) is equal:
    ${\frac {d_{A}}{d_{B}}}={\sqrt {\frac {P_{A}}{P_{B}}}}$
Where $d_{A}$ is the distance of the point of indifference from A, $d_{B}$ is its distance from B, and $P_{A}/P_{B}$ is the relative size of the two centres. If the customer is on the line connecting A and B, then if D is the distance between the centres, the point of indifference as measured from A on the line is
    $d={\frac {D}{1+{\sqrt {P_{B}/P_{A}}}}}$
As expected, for centres of the same size, d=D/2, and if A is larger than B, the point of indifference is closer to B. As the size of A becomes very large with respect to B, d tends to D, meaning the customer will always prefer the larger centre unless they're very close to the smaller one.

## Manuscripts that introduced Reilly's law of retail gravitation

William J. Reilly wrote Methods for the Study of Retail Relationships in 1929.
The manuscript compiled the following information of that time:
* Census data
* Consumer surveys
* Urban retail data
Two laters later, he published The Law of Retail Gravitation (1931). The latter publication goes into more mathematical detail.

## Antecedents

In addition to Newton's Law of Gravity in the physical sciences, there were other antecedents to Reilly's "law" of retail gravity. In particular, E.C. Young in 1924 described a formula for migration that was based on the physical law of gravity, and H.C. Carey had included a description of the tendency of humans to "gravitate" together in an 1858 summary of social science theory.

## Applications and Later Works

Reilly's law has many variations, and extensions and applications are numerous. Among these include:
* The "Huff" model, which allows for multiple attributes and retail centers;
* Converse's "Breaking Point" formula;
* Batty's generalisation of the breakpoint;
# Luguru

Luguru may refer to:
* the Luguru people
* the Luguru language
# Red Guard's March

"The Red Guards' March" (Finnish: "Punakaartin Marssi") is a Finnish working class song. It is one of the best known songs of the "Reds" during the Finnish Civil War in 1918, but was actually sung already before the war. Even though the lyrics for the march were written in Finnish, the melody has been taken from two Swedish and German folk songs. The writer of the lyrics is unknown.
| Original Finnish lyrics | English literal translation |
| Köyhä Suomen kansa katkoo kahleitansa kärsimysten malja se jo kukkuroillaan on. Raakaa sortovaltaa vastaan nostaa maasta armeijastaan jalon Kansan parhaat pojat taistohon. | The poor Finnish people is breaking its chains the chalice of suffering is filled to the brim Against the brutal oppression force It lifts from the country, from its army the best sons of the noble people to the battle. |
| Hallitus on vankka kätyrlauma sankka se kauhuntuskaa levittää yli onnettoman maan. Urhojansa kansanvalta työntää esiin kaikkialta elämästä, kuolemasta kamppaillaan. | The government is robust minion hordes numerous it spreads terror anguish over the hapless land. The democracy pushes its heroes forth everywhere we struggle of life, of death. |
| Virkavallan huolena vankilat ja tuonela tutkimatta hirttäminen, mestaus. Kumouksen sankari sydänveren antavi kallis ompi vapauden lunastus. | As the concerns of the bureaucracy [are] prisons and Tuonela hanging without trial, execution. Hero of the revolution gives his heartblood costly is the claiming of freedom. |
| Kiihtyy yhä taisto vapauden vaisto köyhälistön keskuudessa kasvaa vaan. Eipä auta hallitusta piinat kidutus ja tuska urhot kaatuu vapauden laulu huulillaan. | The struggle still intensifies the instinct of freedom keeps on growing amongst the poor. Torments torture and pain won't help the government heroes die with the song of freedom on their lips. |
| Kuinka kauan siellä teurastusta viellä kestää kunnes kansalla on vapaus. Ei nyt taiston tuoksinassa tiedä kumpi voittamassa vallankumous vaiko taantumus | How long does go on the slaughter there before the people have freedom. No one knows in the midst of battle who is winning revolution or reaction |
| Kumouksen myrskyt kapinat ja tyrskyt riehuu valtakunnan äärest äärehen. Siellä hirmuhenget saavat sydänverta janoavat särpiellä hurmejuomat kanssa korppien. | The storms of the revolution riots and outbreaks rage from the end to end of the realm There black spirits thirsting heartblood can slurp gore drinks with ravens. |
| Kylvömme kun tehdään kasvaa kerran tähkään sadoin kerroin kirkkahampi onnen aika uus. Silloin Suomen kansanvalta kiittää sankarpoikiansa ilonkyyneleitä palkaks' saapi sankaruus. | When we do our sowings will once grow a new age of happiness, hundreds of times brighter. Then the democracy of Finland thanks its hero sons heroism will be rewarded with tears of joy. |
# Rein Raamat

Rein Raamat (born 20 March 1931) is an Estonian animation film director, artist and screenwriter. He is the first internationally successful Estonian animator and along with Elbert Tuganov is regarded as the "Father of Estonian Animation". He has directed many short animated films since the early 1970s and also produced over 20 documentary films.

## Biography

Raamat was born in Türi, Järva County and graduated from the Estonian Art Institute in 1957 as a painter. Between 1957 and 1971 he worked as an artist and director of feature films based in Tallinn. In 1971, he founded his own animation studio, Joonisfilm, a division of the Tallinnfilm studio, and he started making his own films. From 1989 to 1995, he was the artistic director of Studio B, which he established, employing about 120 people.
One of his notable films is Põrgu (Hell), released in 1983, which he based on the art of fellow Estonian Eduard Wiiralt from the 1930s.
Since the early 1990s he has been involved with many documentaries in Estonia. In 1998, he worked with the journalist Martti Soosaar in producing the documentary Enn Põldroosi härrasmeeste seltskond.

## Selected filmography

* 1972: Vari ja tee (short)
* 1972: Veekandja (short)
* 1973: Lend (short)
* 1974: Kilplased (short)
* 1974: Värvilind (short)
* 1975: Rüblik (short)
* 1976: Kütt (short)
* 1977: Antennid jääs (short)
* 1978: Kas on ikka rasvane? (short)
* 1978: Põld (short)
* 1980: Suur Tõll (short)
* 1983: Põrgu (short)
* 1985: Kerjus (short)
* 2012: Tiiu Kirsipuu. Edu kood (short)
# Rudolf Eisenmenger

Rudolf Hermann Eisenmenger (7 August 1902 – 3 November 1994) was an Austrian artist.

## Life

Professor Eisenmenger belonged to the Danube Swabians of Transylvania. He was born in Piskitelep, until 1918 part of Austria-Hungary, afterwards belonging to Romania. Between 1918 and 1921 he had Romanian citizenship, from 1922 Austrian and after 1938 German.
In 1936 he won a silver medal in the art competitions of the Olympic Games for his "Läufer vor dem Ziel" ("Runners at the Finishing Line").
He is known for the mural, Homecoming of the Ostmark, which shows the proud and glorious return of Austria to the German Empire 1938 after the Anschluss Österreichs in two parts, both seven metres wide. It was exhibited at the Great German Art Exhibition (Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung; GDK) of 1941 in Munich. In a highly controversial decision Eisenmenger was selected to create a large-scale picture for the safety curtain of the Vienna State Opera in 1955.

## Decorations and awards

* 1923: Lampi-Preis (Akademie der Bildenden Künste)
* 1925: Kleber-Preis
* 1927: Meisterschulpreis
* 1929: Rompreis für das „Bildnis auf goldenem Grund” und den Tapisserieentwurf „Tageszeiten”
* 1933: Jubiläumspreis der Schützengilde (Wiener Künstlerhaus)
* 1936: Silberne Medaille im olympischen Kunstwettbewerb für das Bild „Läufer vor dem Ziel”
* 1936: Österreichisches Verdienstkreuz für Kunst und Wissenschaft
* 1936: Goldene Ehrenmedaille des Künstlerhauses Wien
* 1936: Preis der Stadt Wien für Malerei
* 1938: Anton-Waldvogel-Stiftungspreis (Wiener Künstlerhaus)
* 1938: Preis der Stadt Wien
* 1941: Künstlerhaus-Jubiläumspreis
* 1942: Albrecht-Dürer-Preis (Nürnberg)
* 1944: Schirach-Preis
* 1956: Silberne Mitgliedsnadel des Wiener Künstlerhauses
* 1957: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
* 1972: Goldener Lorbeer des Wiener Künstlerhauses
* 1973: Grand Silver Medal for Services to the Republic of Austria
# Luigi Bechi

Luigi Bechi (March 1830 – November 19, 1919) was an Italian genre painter; associated with the Macchiaioli.

## Life and work

He was born in Florence. He initially studied art at the Accademia di Belle Arti with Giuseppe Bezzuoli and Enrico Pollastrini. As an Italian patriot, he interrupted his education to join the Piedmontese Army as an artilleryman and fight in the Second Italian War of Independence, against the Austrians.
He made his public debut in 1861, at the Esposizione nazionale italiana [it], with his depiction of Michelangelo, watching over Urbino, his dying servant. In 1866, he once again fought for Italian independence, joining Garibaldi in Trentino. He was wounded and taken prisoner in the Battle of Bezzecca.
In 1870, he was able to obtain a position as Professor at the Accademia. While he cultivated historical paintings, he also painted landscapes, pastoral scenes, and genre paintings, which were his most popular. During his professorship, his works became more generic and conventional. Among his best known works are scenes of Hagar being banished by Abraham, and General Ettore de Sonnaz [it], being saved by the Marchese Fadini at the Battle of Montebello.
After his retirement, he spent his final years in solitude. He died in Florence; aged eighty-nine. His works continued to be popular with British and German collectors, long after he had been forgotten in Italy.
# Luigi Bellincioni

Luigi Bellincioni (January 1, 1842 – March 24, 1929) was an Italian architect and engineer.

## Biography

He was born in Pontedera and died in Florence. He trained in Istituto Tecnico di Firenze, and apprenticed under the architect Giuseppe Michelacci, once Royal Inspector for Florence. Bellincioni served as assistant engineer for the Tuscan railroads. He also practiced with the architect Felice Francolini till 1866. he joined the city council of Pontedera, and Provincial Council of Pisa. On December 17, 1882, he became correspondent professor of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Florence. In 1888, he became resident professor. In 1885, he was knighted into the Order of the Crown of Italy. In 1888, he formed part of the Commission for the conservation of monuments and antiquities in the province of Pisa. Much of his work has been in Pontedera.
He helped rebuild the Hospital, Casa Fezzi, Casa Cerrai, and Casa Chirici-Catelani. In Vicopisano, he helped refurbish the Villa Fehr-Schmole; in San Ruffino, the Villa Norci; the Church Pievania in Forcoli; the enlargement and redecoration of the Theater of Pontedera. He also helped build the Stabilimento industriale Ricci, Casa Balbiani in Pontedera; Villa Ciardi in Solajella; the Cemetery of Ponsacco; the Tombs and the Cemetery of Campiglia Marittima; the Cemetery and the Convent of Franciscans in Capannoli in the province of Pisa; the bell-tower of Marti, and the Stabilimento Industriale Bellincioni in Pontedera. Among his other works:
* Monumental Cemetery of Riparbella, (1894)
* Church of the Misericordia in Pontedera, (1883–1892)
* Palazzo Morini in Pontedera, (1880–1885)
* Palazzo Naldini in Pontedera, (1880)
* Palazzo Bruschi in Pontedera
* Palazzo Bellincioni in Pontedera, (1886)
* Palazzo Pitschen in Pontedera, (1883)
* Palazzo Ciompi in Pontedera, (1872)
* Palazzo Paoletti Zeppini in Pontedera, (1868–1870)
* Belltower of the parochial church of Sant’Andrea in Soiana, (1886–1897)
* Belltower of the church of San Pietro in Santo Pietro Belvedere (Capannoli)
* Belltower of the church of San Verano in Peccioli
* Belltower of the parochial church of San Giovanni in Pomarance, (1898)
* Belltower of the parochial church of Pieve di Santa Maria Novella (Marti)
# Reedy Lake (Frostproof, Florida)

Reedy Lake is a natural freshwater lake on the east side of Frostproof, Florida. Residences and citrus groves surround much of this lake. This lake has no public swimming areas. The city of Frostproof has a public fishing pier and it operates Henderson Field (a softball field) nearby. A public boat ramp also exists at Frostproof.
# Reformasi

Reformasi is both a Malay and Indonesian word for reform or reformation. It may refer to the:
* Reformasi (Indonesia), a movement to dethrone Suharto as President in May 1998 and the post-Suharto era in Indonesia that began immediately after
* Reformasi (Malaysia), which was initiated in September 1998 by former Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, immediately after he was sacked by former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
# Lundazi (constituency)

Lundazi is a constituency of the National Assembly of Zambia. It covers Chigona, Kaitondi and Lundazi in Eastern Province.

## List of MPs

| Election year | MP | Party |
| 1964 | Axon Soko | United National Independence Party |
| Seat abolished (split into Lundazi Central, Lundazi East and Lundazi South) |||
| 1973 | Axon Soko | United National Independence Party |
| 1978 | James Nyirongo | United National Independence Party |
| 1983 | James Nyirongo | United National Independence Party |
| 1988 | Dingiswago Banda | United National Independence Party |
| 1991 | Dingiswayo Banda | United National Independence Party |
| 1996 | Chrisford Ngulube | Movement for Multi-Party Democracy |
| 2001 | Mkhondo Lungu | United National Independence Party |
| 2006 | Mkhondo Lungu | United Democratic Alliance |
| 2011 | Mkhondo Lungu | Movement for Multi-Party Democracy |
| 2016 | Lawrence Nyirenda | Independent |
| 2021 | Brenda Nyirenda | Patriotic Front |
# Luis Terrazas

Luis Terrazas (20 July 1829 in Chihuahua, Mexico – 18 June 1923 in Chihuahua) was a Mexican politician, businessman, rancher, and soldier.

## Career

Terrazas was a pivotal figure in the history of the state of Chihuahua from the middle of the 19th century through the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution. He was a leader of the Cientificos during the regime of Porfirio Díaz and was the founder of the influential Creel-Terrazas family.
First elected Governor of Chihuahua in 1858, Terrazas was a host, political ally, and confidant of President Benito Juárez during the French Intervention, when Juarez was living with his cabinet in exile in Chihuahua City from 1864 through 1866. He served as governor for various terms of office between 1858 and 1904.
His ranches had once totalled more than seven million acres (28,000 km$^2$). He acquired his properties in a number of ways; one significant advantage was that, as governor of the state, Terrazas was able to move armed forces into and out of portions of the state, creating instability in prices and buy good rangeland where prices had decreased.
In 1902, he sold a ranch, Hacienda Humboldt at Julimes, near Delicias, Chihuahua, to a group of sponsors organized by President Theodore Roosevelt for a colony of South African Boer refugees. Roosevelt was represented by Edward Reeve Merritt and Marshall Latham Bond.
Terrazas was said to have faced-down his enemy Pancho Villa in a confrontation during the early days of the Revolution; he had suspected Villa of rustling his cattle and refused to have any dealings with him, leading to a mutual enmity between the two. Villa was also the leading suspect in the abduction of Terrazas' eldest son, Luis, during the Revolution. He died in 1923.
# Rugby union in Albania

Rugby union in Albania is a minor but growing team sport in the country, and progress is continuing with the aim of creating a federation for the sport once four teams become active.

## Teams

* Tirana Rugby Club (2013–)
* Ilirët Rugby Club (2016–)
# Rufous-fronted prinia

The rufous-fronted prinia (Prinia buchanani) is a species of bird in the family Cisticolidae. It is found in India and Pakistan. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forest.
The species was described by Edward Blyth on the basis of an illustration of the bird from Bengal in the collections of Buchanan Hamilton.

## Description

The rufous-fronted prinia is a small stocky bird, generally 12 cm long and weighing between 5 and 6 grams. The upper parts are sandy color. The lower parts are off-white. The legs and toes are pink. Remiges and tail feathers are also sandy color. The underside of the tail is creamy white. The head is olive brown, and the bird has a pale eyebrow and a thin red eye circle. The beak is a classic insectivore, thin and slightly curved, and the eyes are reddish-orange.

## Reroduction

The nest is made of strips of grass woven together. It is built at one or two meters from the ground. The female generally lays between two and four eggs.

## Habitat and behavior

The rufous-fronted prinia is located in India and Pakistan. The species inhabits subtropical or tropical dry forest. It is also present in rocky areas, artificial land areas and dry open areas with sparse vegetation, such as plains and hills. It sneaks into the vegetation.
It is an insectivorous bird which feeds in the foliage or on the ground. It is a discreet bird that lets itself be approached. It emits a repetitive song from an exposed perch by wagging its tail.
They are mainly resident, migration is limited to local movements in cold weather. Non-breeding birds may form small flocks.

## Conservation status

The population is stable, it is considered by the IUCN as "least concern".
# Lundgren and Maurer

Lundgren & Maurer was an Austin, Texas architecture firm active from 1950 until 1973. The firm was composed of principals Leonard J. Lundgren and Edward J. Maurer.
In 1954 the firm won an American Institute of Architects (AIA) merit award for the Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity House in Austin, Texas.
Job files, photographs, and personal papers of Lundgren and Maurer are included in the architectural archives of the Austin History Center. Materials in the collection cover Lundgren and Maurer's work from the period 1961 through 1985.

## Notable buildings

* Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity House, Austin, TX, 1954
* Adams Extract Headquarters and Plant (Demolished), Austin, TX, 1955
* Texas State Memorial, Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, MS, 1963
* Congregation Beth Israel Sanctuary Building, Austin, TX, 1967
* Holiday Inn Motor Hotel (Longbeach), Los Angeles, CA, 1967
* Holiday Inn Motor Hotel (Brentwood), Los Angeles, CA, 1969
* Holiday Inn Austin Town Lake, Austin, TX, 1967

## Residences

* Rubinett House, 3004 Belmont Cir., Austin, TX 1955
* Zidell House, 2015 W Lake Dr., Taylor, TX, 1953
* Sam Miller House, 6405 Shoal Creek Blvd., Austin, TX, 1955
* G.B. Guild House, 5817 Westslope Dr., Austin, TX, 1961
# Lundeen

Lundeen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bob Lundeen (born 1952), American ice hockey player
* Ernest Lundeen (1878–1940), American lawyer and politician
* Evelyn Lundeen (1900–1963), American nurse
* Paul Lundeen, American politician
# Luther Saxon

Luther Saxon (July 12, 1916 – September 12, 2017) was an American tenor who appeared in the role of Joe in the 1943 Broadway musical Carmen Jones. He was born in Fairfax, South Carolina. He also appeared in the original cast album (Decca DL 9021), recorded in 1955 as well as Susanna, Don't You Cry [Musical, Romance, Original] along with the Hall Johnson Choir during May 22, 1939 - May 27, 1939. During his career he toured around the world as a soloist with the de Paur’s Infantry Chorus. He died at the age of 101 in September 2017.
# Rule of Ming and Zhang

The Rule of Ming and Zhang (Chinese: 明章之治) refers to the reigns of Emperor Ming (r. 58–75) and Emperor Zhang (r. 75–88) of the Eastern Han dynasty, which was considered the golden age of that dynasty. Both Emperors Ming and Zhang were generally regarded as able administrators who cared about the welfare of the people and who promoted officials with integrity. After Emperor Zhang's death, the dynasty began to gradually decline.
# Renanthera coccinea

Renanthera coccinea is a species of orchid occurring from Hainan to Indochina. It is the type species of the genus Renanthera.
# Renanthera storiei

Renanthera storiei is a species of orchid endemic to the Philippines.
* This Vandeae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Reinhard

Reinhard is a German, Austrian, Danish, and to a lesser extent Norwegian and Swedish surname (from Germanic ragin, counsel, and hart, strong), and a spelling variant of Reinhardt.

## Persons with the given name

* Reinhard of Blankenburg (after 1107 – 1123), German bishop
* Reinhard Böhler (1945–1995), German sidecarcross racer
* Reinhard Bonnke (1940–2019), German evangelist
* Rainhard Fendrich (born 1955), Austrian singer-songwriter
* Reinhard Gehlen (1902–1979), German spymaster
* Reinhard Genzel (born 1952), German astrophysicist and Nobel Prize winner
* Reinhard Heydrich (1904–1942), German Nazi leader
* Reinhard Maack (1892–1969), German explorer
* Reinhard Mey (born 1942), German singer
* Reinhard Mohn (1921–2009), German media tycoon
* Reinhard Odendaal (born 1980), South African award-winning winemaker
* Reinhard Scheer (1863–1928), German admiral
* Reinhard Selten (1930–2016), German economist
* Reinhard Strohm (born 1942), German musicologist
* Reinhard Stupperich (born 1951), German classical archaeologist
* Reinhard Wendemuth (born 1948), German rower

## Persons with the surname

* Blaire Reinhard, American musician
* Bob Reinhard (1920–1996), American football player
* Charles-Frédéric Reinhard (1761–1837), French diplomat and politician
* Christopher Reinhard (born 1985), German football (soccer) player
* Franz Volkmar Reinhard (1753–1812), German theologian
* Johan Reinhard (born 1943), American mountaineer and archaeologist
* Kurt Reinhard (1914–1979), German ethnomusicologist and composer
* Kurt Reinhard, Austrian Righteous among the Nations
* Wilhelm Reinhard (pilot) (1891-1918), German flying ace
* Reinhardt family, sometimes spelled Reinhard, Austrian family of musicians that flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries

## Fictional characters

* Reinhard von Lohengramm, a character in the anime series Legend of the Galactic Heroes
* Reinhard van Astrea, a character in the light novel series Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World