OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Löwenherz thread

The Löwenherz thread is a largely obsolete metric thread form designed in the late nineteenth century and frequently applied in precision instruments. It is named after Dr. Leopold Löwenherz, who was the director of the metrology institute Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Berlin.

## History

In 1888, the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure introduced a thread form that specified threads for diameters from sizes 6 millimeters in diameter to 40 millimeters in diameter. In 1892, at the Congress for Introduction of Standardized Threads for Fixing Screws in Fine Mechanics in Munich, it was decided that the thread form would be truncated. The final form was announced in Berlin in 1894, where the series of thread forms was expanded to include sizes as small as 1 millimeter in diameter.

## Description

The Löwenherz thread form is unique in having a thread pitch angle of 53° 8′ (53.1333°), which is a smaller angle than the ISO metric thread form but a larger angle than the Thury thread form. The unusual angle was chosen so that the pitch would be approximately equal to the thread's triangular height; however, the design was later truncated (flattened) at the roots and crests of the thread by a factor of one-eight the pitch, so the pitch is about 25% larger than the height, and the thread's depth is about 75% the length of its pitch. The Löwenherz fastener is specified for 31 diameters at irregular intervals ranging 1–40 mm, each with a single corresponding pitch. (This further differentiates the Löwenherz thread from the ISO metric thread, where screws must be specified by both their diameter and pitch because multiple pitches exist for a single diameter.) Löwenherz fasteners are assembled using standard metric wrenches or sockets, and often the hex size for bolt heads and nuts is repeated (so 17 mm wrenches can be used on both 9 mm and 10 mm Löwenherz hardware).

## Applications and competing thread forms

The Löwenherz thread was used extensively in measuring instruments (like micrometers, which achieve greater precision with finer thread pitches) and in shell manufacturing. It was also popular choice for use in optical instruments, especially in Germany. In addition to seeing its use in instruments designed in Germany, Austria and France, the Löwenhetz thread was once adopted by the Bureau of Standards in the United States as a solution to the lack of uniformity in the type of screws used in American-made instruments.
As a precision or scientific thread, the Löwenherz form was rivaled by two contemporary forms: Swiss-designed Thury thread and its derivative the British Association thread. In modern applications, the Löwenherz thread has been replaced with the DIN 13 standard for metric screws. ISO fasteners are available in many of the same pitches and diameters as Löwenherz fasteners; however, ISO and Löwenherz fasteners are not directly interchangeable because the difference in the thread geometry prevents proper mating of fastening components (so an M6x1.0 screw could not be safely installed in a hole tapped for a 6 mm Löwenherz screw, even though they share the same pitch and nominal diameter).
# Maurice Fatio

Maurice Fatio (1897–1943) was a Swiss-born American architect.

## Biography

Maurice Fatio was born in Geneva, Switzerland, on March 18th, 1897, originating from a prominent family.
He graduated from the Polytechnical School at the University of Zurich and studied under Swiss architect Karl Moser.
In 1920, he came to New York City, where he first worked for society architect Harrie T. Lindeberg. He soon branched out on his own in partnership with William A. Treanor who was twenty years his senior. In May 1923, the 26-year-old Fatio was voted the most popular architect in New York.
He moved to Palm Beach, Florida, in 1925 and opened an office there. In Palm Beach, he began designing harmonious Mediterranean-style houses and eventually branched out into everything from Georgian to contemporary. In 1929, he married Eleanor Chase (1901-1944), a prominent Palm Beach society girl and novelist, in New York City.
Fatio had two children with Chase, Alexandra (1932-2015) and Maurice Pierre "Petey"(1930-1961). Maurice Fatio died on December 2, 1943, of lung cancer at a Chicago hospital. His wife died the next year. Both were buried in the Fatio-family grave at the cemetery of Genthod.
James H. Clark bought the 40,000 square foot Il Palmetto in 1999. In December 2010 Casa Alva sold for $27.5 M.

## Notable buildings

* Residence of David Rockefeller. 146 East 65th Street, New York City. 1924.
* Buenos Recuerdos . Palm Beach. 1927. Henry G. Barkhausen.
* Ribault Inn Club, 1928 Fort George Island
* First National Bank of Palm Beach. 1928.
* Casa Della Porta. 195 Via Del Mar, Palm Beach. 1928. Mr. & Mrs. William J. McAneeny.
* Clubhouse - Indian Creek Country Club. Miami Beach. 1929.
* Casa Eleda. South Ocean Blvd., Palm Beach. 1929. Mortimer L. Schiff.
* Il Palmetto. 1520 South Ocean Blvd., Palm Beach. 1930. Joseph E. Widener.
* Eastover. 1100 South Ocean Boulevard, Manalapan, Florida. 1930. Mr. & Mrs. Harold S. Vanderbilt. On the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
* Villa Today. Palm Beach. 1932. Mrs. Audrey Berdeau.
* Casa Alva. Manalapan, FL. 1935. Colonel & Mrs. Jacques Balsan.
* Brazilian Court Hotel. Palm Beach. 1936. South wing added by Fatio.
* Society of the Four Arts, Library. Palm Beach. 1936.
* Crespi Estate. Dallas, Texas. 1939. Pio & Florence Crespi.
* Four Winds. Palm Beach. Mr. & Mrs. Edward F. Hutton.
* Manana Point. Palm Beach. Mr. & Mrs Grover Loening.
* Villa Oheka. Palm Beach. Mr. & Mrs. Otto H. Kahn.
* Alva Base. Fisher Island, Miami Beach. Mr. & Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt, Jr.
* Dickinson House. 1240 Cocoanut Road, Boca Raton. On the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
# Russula atropurpurea

Russula atropurpurea is an edible member of the genus Russula. It is dark vinaceous (red wine-coloured) or purple, and grows with deciduous, or occasionally coniferous trees. It is commonly called the blackish purple Russula, or the purple brittlegill.

## Taxonomy

Initially described as Agaricus atropurpureus by German naturalist Julius von Krombholz in 1845, and placed in Russula by his countryman Max Britzelmayr in 1893, the binomial name of this mushroom R. atropurpurea (Krombh.) Britzelm is accepted as being incorrect, and mycologists cannot agree on a suitable replacement.

## Distribution and habitat

Russula atropurpurea appears in late summer and autumn. It is common in the northern temperate zones, Europe, Asia, and Eastern North America, and is mycorrhizal with oak (Quercus), with which it prefers to live. Favouring acid soil, it is occasionally found with beech (Fagus), or pine (Pinus).

## Description

The cap is 4–10 cm (1.5–4 in) in diameter. It is dark reddish purple, with a dark; sometimes almost black centre. At first it is convex, but later flattens, and often has a shallow depression. It can also be lighter in colour, or mottled yellowish. The stem is firm, white, and turns grey with age. It measures 3–6 cm in length and 1–2 cm in diameter. The closely set and fairly broad gills are adnexed to almost free, and pale cream, giving a spore print of the same colour. The flesh is white; with a fruity smell, similar to apples. It tastes moderately hot.
The species R. brunneviolacea, and R. romellii are similar, though both have darker spore prints.
As the fruitbodies mature, the caps become concave to collect water during wet weather, and much of the color washes off the rim.

## Spores

The spore print is Whitish, and the subglobose to globose spores ornamented with warts and ridges measure 7-9 x 6-7 μm.

## Edibility

This mushroom is said to be the mildest of the hot-tasting Russula species. It is edible if cooked, although not recommended.
# Russell Skiba

Russell John Skiba is an American educational psychologist known for researching school discipline and school violence. He is a professor in the school psychology program at Indiana University, where he directs PBIS Indiana, a program aimed at developing a network of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports across Indiana. He also co-directs Indiana University's Equity Project, which aims to provide evidence regarding zero-tolerance policies, educational equity, and school violence to policymakers, and directs the Discipline Disparities Research to Practice Collaborative, a group aimed at bringing researchers together with policymakers to address disproportionality in school discipline. He has received the Push for Excellence Award from Rainbow/PUSH for his work on racial disproportionality in school suspensions.

## Education

Skiba received his M.A. and Ph.D. in educational psychology from the University of Minnesota in 1983 and 1987, respectively.

## Work

Skiba is known for his work on school discipline and how it is affected by student race. In 2002, for example, he published a study showing that black students tended to be disciplined for more subjective offenses than were white students. In 2008, Skiba was the lead author of a task force report on zero-tolerance policies in schools released by the American Psychological Association. The report concluded that these policies were not only ineffective, but also counterproductive, in that they increased the chances of future student misbehavior.
# Ruth Hall

Ruth Hall may refer to:
* Ruth Hall (novel), an 1854 roman à clef by Fanny Fern (pen name of Sara Payson Willis)
* Ruth Hall (actress) (1910–2003), American actress
* Ruth Hall (academic) (born 1973), South African political scientist
* Ruth Hall (activist), British campaigner against rape
* Ruth Hall (scientist) (born 1945), Australian microbiologist
# M61 and M63 stake mines

The M61 or Model 61 and M63 or Model 63 are French anti-personnel stake fragmentation stake mines the mines are sometimes called piquet (picket). The M61 is slightly larger than the M63, but otherwise the mines are similar in appearance and operation. The mines have plastic cases, and use the ALPR ID 59 fuze, which is also used in the MI AP DV 59 mine, it can also be fitted with a tripwire fuze. The mines can be fitted with a plastic detonator making the mine very difficult to detect.
The M63 has an anti-lifting device, attempting to pull the mine out of the ground will result in pressure on the stakes prongs, triggering the mine.
The mine has not been produced since 1982 and France has destroyed all operational stocks of this mine.

## Specifications

| | Model 61 | Model 63 |
| Diameter | 35 mm | 35 mm |
| Height | 270 mm | 270 mm |
| Weight | 125 g | 100 g |
| Explosive content | 57 g of TNT | 30 g of Tetryl |
| Operating pressure | 18 kg | 18 kg |
# Ruth Roberta de Souza

Ruth Roberta de Souza (3 October 1968 – 13 April 2021) was a Brazilian basketball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Souza died in Três Lagoas on 13 April 2021, at the age of 52, due to COVID-19, after she had been hospitalized in the intensive care unit for two weeks.
# Lévy Makani

Lévy Makani is a Congolese politician and doctor in sciences. Professor Makani was named Minister of National Education in the government of Ambroise Noumazalaye formed on April 26, 1966. Years later, Makani was First Vice-President of the Union for Democracy and the Republic (UDR-Mwinda), a political party led by André Milongo, from 1992 to 2007.
# Río Hondo, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico

Río Hondo is a barrio in the municipality of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 3640.

## History

Río Hondo was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the combined population of Río Hondo barrio and Malezas barrio was 1,072.

## Features

In 2018, over 65 acres of forest land in Río Hondo barrio were acquired by The Autonomous Municipality of Mayagüez in Puerto Rico, in partnership with a local, non-profit conservation group. The preservation of the Río Hondo Community Forest (Bosque Comunitario Río Hondo) is managed by the Proyecto Agro Eco Turístico del Barrio Rio Hondo Inc.
# Pyrus phaeocarpa

Pyrus phaeocarpa, the dusky pear or orange pear, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae, native to the Loess Plateau of northern China. A wide tree reaching at most 7–8 m (23–26 ft) in height, it is hardy to USDA zone 5, or perhaps even zone 4. Its small yellow to brown fruit are edible, and its Autumn foliage is bright orange to orange-red, giving it good potential as an ornamental. Its chloroplast genome shows that it is closely related to Pyrus pashia, the wild Himalayan pear, and it is suspected to be a hybrid of P. betulifolia, the birchleaf pear, P. pyrifolia, the apple pear, and P. ussuriensis, the Manchurian pear.
# Scissurella manawatawhia

Scissurella manawatawhia is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Scissurellidae.

## Description

The minute, thin, white shell grows to a height of 1 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off New Zealand
# Pustulatirus hemphilli

Pustulatirus hemphilli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.
# Milgithea rufiapicalis

Milgithea rufiapicalis is a species of snout moth in the genus Milgithea. It is found in Central America.
# Maria Chapdelaine (disambiguation)

Maria Chapdelaine is a 1913 novel set in Quebec by French writer Louis Hémon that served as the basis for films, plays, TV series, etc.
Maria Chapdelaine may also refer to:
* Maria Chapdelaine (1934 film), a French film directed by Julien Duvivier
* Maria Chapdelaine (1950 film), a French film directed by Marc Allégret
* Maria Chapdelaine (1983 film), a Canadian film directed by Gilles Carle
* Maria Chapdelaine (2021 film), a Canadian film directed by Sébastien Pilote
* Maria-Chapdelaine Regional County Municipality, a regional county municipality in Quebec
# Nana Yaw Edward Ofori-Kuragu

Nana Yaw Edward Ofori-Kaguru (born December 19, 1963) is a hotelier and Ghanaian politician of the Republic of Ghana. He was the Member of Parliament representing Besome-Freho constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana in the 4th and 5th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana. He was an independent member of the Parliament.

## Early life and education

Ofori-Kaguru was born on December 19, 1963. He hails from Tepaso, a town in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. He is a product of the University of East London, UK. He holds a Masters in Business Administration degree in Finance from the university. He acquired the degree in 1994.

## Career

Ofori-Kaguru is a hotelier and worked as the managing director of Cozy Lodge in Kumasi. He was also the managing director of Cozy Gardens and Restaurant in Kumasi.

## Political career

Ofori-Kaguru is an independent member in Ghanaian politics. He became a member of parliament from January 2005 after emerging winner in the General Election in December 2004. He run a second term and won. He was the MP for Besome-Freho constituency. He was elected as the member of parliament for this constituency in the fourth and fifth parliaments of the fourth Republic of Ghana. In 2012, He decided to contest for the office again under the membership of the New patriotic party but he lost the primaries to Kyei Frimpong, his opponent after which he decided to contest individually again but lost again in the General Elections gaining 4,767 votes which was not enough to beat Kyei Frimpong who polled 14,325 votes.

## Elections

Ofori-Kaguru was elected as the member of parliament for the Besome-Freho constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana for the first time in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections. He contested as an independent candidate. He was elected with 16,209 votes out of 19,796 total valid votes cast equivalent to 81.9% of total valid votes cast. He was elected over Kwame Adarkwa of the National Democratic Congress and Richmond Addai Agyare of the Convention People's Party. These obtained 17.3% and 0.8% respectively of total valid votes cast.
In 2008, he won the general elections for the same constituency. He was elected with 9,140 votes out of 19,462 total valid votes cast equivalent to 46.96% of total valid votes cast. He was elected over Kwadwo Kyei Frimpong of the National People’ Party, Asiedu Anthony Kennedy of the National Democratic Congress and Sebastian Sunnoma of the Democratic Freedom Party. These obtained 41.43%, 11.25% and 0.35% respectively of the total votes cast.

## Personal life

Ofori-Kaguru is a Catholic Christian. He is married with two children.
# Malmaddi

Malamaddi is a residential area in the city of Dharwad, in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located near the Dharwad city railway station. The area is mainly middle-class. It was developed for independent houses (bungalows) with a courtyard and kitchen garden. This type of layout led to friendship among dwellers and harmony, where people used to know not only neighbours, but the entire locality.
MaLa in Kannada means "place above normal level" and maddi in Kannada means "a hillock", a small hill. The two words together refer to the location of Malamaddi on a small hill above the normal elevations in Dharwad. Religious institutions such as Rayara Mutt and Uttaradi Mutt are located there.
Malmaddi is home to K.E. Board Primary and High School, as well as two hospitals: Chirayu Multi-Specialty Hospital and Prashanth Hospital and one Homeopathy Clinic: Asian Homeocare

## Educational centers

* Hindi Prachar Sabha
* Basel Mission English medium high school
* Basel Mission girls high school
* Rajiv Gandhi English medium high
school
* Rajiv Gandhi Vidyalaya (CBSE)
* KEBoard's English medium primary school
* KEBoard's Kannada & English medium school of State & CBSE
* Government primary school no. 11
* Smart school junior
* KPSE High School
* K Rubdi English medium Nursery & Kindergarten school
* Dr. Rudolf Steiner's Education and welfare society
* Nidhivani college of Commerce

## Health Care

The list of health care centers/hospitals located in Malmaddi is provided below
* Asian Homeocare-Homeopathy Clinic
* Tavergeri Nusring Home pvt Ltd
* Amruth Nursing home
* Chirayu Multi-speciality Hospital
* District Government Ayurvedic Hospital (South Malmaddi near Saraswatpur)
* Dr. R.V Deshpande Health Clinic
* ESI Hospital (Near Toll Naka)

## Temples and religious places

* Vanavasi Ram Mandir
* Shri Hanuman Temple
* Sita Ram Mandir
* Ulavi Basaveshwara Mandir
# Malmaison

Malmaison may refer to:
* Château de Malmaison, last residence of Napoleon, Rueil-Malmaison, a western suburb of Paris, France
* Greenwood LeFlore's home, Greenwood, Mississippi, USA
* Malmaison (hotel chain), a UK hotel chain
* Malmaison Prison in Romania, where enemies of the Communist regime such as Maria Antonescu and Silviu Craciunas were held
# Rose Toki-Brown

Vainetutai Rose Toki-Brown (born 7 December 1976) is a Cook Islands politician, and Cabinet Minister. In July 2016 she became the Cook Islands' first female Leader of the Opposition.

## Career

Toki-Brown was born in Areora on Atiu. She was a businesswoman and ran the 24 hours Super Brown Mega Store with her husband. She is the mother of fellow MP Te-Hani Brown.
Toki-Brown ran in the 2014 election as a candidate for the Cook Islands Party, defeating her uncle Norman George to win the Teenui–Mapumai seat. An election petition by George was subsequently dismissed. She was appointed Deputy Speaker in October 2014, following then-opposition leader Teina Bishop's conviction for corruption in September 2016 (she resigned as Deputy Speaker after she was unanimously elected leader of the Opposition). Toki-Brown was replaced as Deputy Speaker by Mona Ioane.
In June 2017 Toki-Brown rejoined the Cook Islands Party after being replaced by William (Smiley) Heather as leader of the opposition. While originally planning to run for the CIP in the 2018 election, she became an independent after pressure was put on her over her daughter running for the rival Cook Islands Democratic Party. She was elected, defeating both Democratic and Cook Islands Party candidates. Following the election she backed the Cook Islands Party government and was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Health, Justice, Parliamentary Services and Agriculture. In July 2019 she briefly served as Acting Prime Minister, the first woman to do so.
In the Cabinet reshuffle following the appointment of Mark Brown as Prime Minister she retained all of her Cabinet portfolios. A second reshuffle in June 2021 saw her switch her Justice portfolio for Internal Affairs.
She was re-elected at the 2022 Cook Islands general election and continued her support for Mark Brown.
# Martin Connolly (British politician)

Martin Henry Connolly (1874 – 8 August 1945) was a British politician and trade unionist.
Born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Connolly became an active trade unionist, and was elected to the General Council of the United Society of Boilermakers. He was also active in local politics, and served as a Labour Party member of Newcastle City Council.
Connolly stood for Labour in Middlesbrough East at the 1922 general election, and again in 1923, but failed to win the seat. However, at the 1924 general election, he switched to contest Newcastle-upon-Tyne East, winning the constituency. He lost the seat at the 1929 general election, and did not stand again.
# Río Indio

Río Indio may refer to:
* Indio River, river in Puerto Rico, United States
* Río Indio, Coclé, corregimiento in Panama
* Río Indio, Colón, corregimiento in Panama
# Rhadinaea omiltemana

Rhadinaea omiltemana, the Guerreran pine woods snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. It is found in Mexico.
# NOHA

Noha is a form of Arabic poetry, a lament for the death of Husayn ibn Ali in the Battle of Karbala.
Noha or NOHA may also refer to:
* Northern Ontario Hockey Association, ice hockey organisation in Canada
* NOHA (academic organisation), Network on Humanitarian Action, international group of universities
* Nominal Ocular Hazard Area in laser safety
* N-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA)

## People with the surname

* Mike Noha U.S. soccer forward

## People with the given name

* Noha Yossry (1992) Egyptian table tennis player
* Noha Radwan assistant professor of Arabic and comparative literature at the University of California, Davis
* Noha Eid (1987) Egyptian female volleyball player
* Noha Abd Rabo (1987) Egyptian taekwondo fighter
# Boeslunde

Boeslunde is a village on Zealand, in Slagelse Municipality, Region Zealand in Denmark. It is located 7 km north of Skælskør, 9 km east of Korsør and 14 km south of Slagelse.

## History

Boeslunde and the surrounding area has a history rich in archaeological finds, from the Nordic Bronze Age, the Viking Age and early medieval times. The area near the hill of Borgbjerg Banke was formerly the site of a defence fortress in the 14th century, and in the prehistoric times of the Nordic Bronze Age it was a holy place where votive offerings were made. Many large ceremonial gold rings from 1000-800 BC have been found here among the votive offerings, from the 1800s to the present. Archaeologists has classified them as "oath rings", even though such artefacts are usually associated with the much later Viking Age. In 2015, two thousand gold-spirals from 900-700 BC was excavated. It is a unique find, not seen before, and it is speculated that the spirals was part of a Bronze Age priest-king's ceremonial attire.
# Menegazzia kawesqarica

Menegazzia kawesqarica is a species of foliose lichen found in southern South America. It was formally described as a new species in 2001 by lichenologists Jarle Bjerke and Arve Elvebakk. The type specimen was collected by the second author in a depression of a volcanic rock outcrop in Morro Chico (Magallanes Province, Chile). The lichen contains atranorin, stictic acid, cryptostictic acid, menegazziaic acid, and constictic acid as lichen products.