OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Trunk deck ship

A trunk deck ship is a type of merchant ship with a hull that was stepped inward in order to obtain more favourable treatment under canal toll rules then in effect. As those tolls were set by net tonnage, a measure of volume, and as the tonnage rules did not account for all of the cargo space of such vessels, trunk deck ships incurred lower tolls than more conventional ships of equivalent capacity. When the measurement rules were changed, this ship type was no longer built.

## Background and design

Trunk deck ships were influenced by (and allegedly copied from) turret deck ships. In 1892, the Sunderland, England firm of William Doxford and Sons Ltd. built its first turret deck ship. Inspired by U.S. whalebacks, one of which had recently visited Liverpool, Doxford built a ship which had a curved hull form which was stepped in above the waterline. The narrow part of the hull, called a turret, was part of the hold.
Four years after the first turret deck ship, the first trunk deck ship appeared. SS Trunkby, completed in 1896, was built by Robert Ropner at his shipyard at Stockton-on-Tees. This vessel was of "three-island" construction with a forecastle, bridge house, and quarterdeck, extending to the full width of a low-freeboard hull. A distinctive feature was a long "trunk" along the centerline, with a breadth of about half the vessel's beam, which connected the three elements of the superstructure. This trunk was stepped inward from the sides of the hull. That trunk was not a deckhouse or superstructure, but was part of the hull, and contained cargo space.
In hull form, trunk ships resembled turret deck vessels, differing mainly in eliminating the curves and joining the above-water horizontal part of the hull with the vertical strakes and sides of the trunk by right angles. The similarity was such that Doxford, builder and operator of the turret decks, sued Ropners for patent infringement.

## Advantages and disadvantages

As with turret deck ships, the design of the trunk deck ships was said to maximize strength while reducing the amount of steel needed for construction. Disadvantages included the narrow hatches atop the trunk, which inhibited efficient loading and unloading. The low freeboard meant smaller waves could board the ship, and the bridge and superstructure therefore had to be stronger to resist wave action.
Trunk deck ships had a low net tonnage (an approximate measure of cargo space) in comparison to their deadweight tonnage capacity (weight of cargo). Net tonnage is a computation of volume, and the method of measurement used at the Suez Canal to determine tolls was based on a measure of net tonnage which excluded the cargo spaces in the trunks of these unconventional hulls. Trunk deck ships therefore paid less in tolls. In 1911 the toll measure changed at Suez, and construction of the type ceased.
# Cashmore

Cashmore may refer to:

## People

* Adrian Cashmore (born 1973), New Zealand rugby player
* Anthony Cashmore (born 1941), New Zealand scientist
* Arthur Cashmore (1893–1969), English footballer
* Bill Cashmore (politician), New Zealand politician
* Bill Cashmore (actor) (1961–2017), English actor, playwright, and political candidate
* Claire Cashmore (born 1988), British Paralympian swimmer
* Denis William Cashmore (1907–1982), English footballer
* Jennifer Cashmore (1937–2024), Australian politician
* John Cashmore (1895–1961), American politician
* Michael Cashmore (businessman) (1815–1886), Australian pioneer
* Michael Cashmore, British composer
* Pete Cashmore (born 1985), British new media expert
* Roger Cashmore (born 1944), British physicist
* Thomas Cashmore (1892–1984), British bishop

## Places

* Cashmore, Victoria, Australia

## Business

* John Cashmore Ltd, former scrapping company of Newport, South Wales
# Umei

Umei is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Daiki Umei (born 1989), Japanese footballer
* Taisei Umei (born 1998), Japanese kickboxer
# Brachypnoea tristis

Brachypnoea tristis is a species of leaf beetle. It is found in the Eastern United States.
# Serge Geoffrion

Serge Geoffrion (born May 2, 1955) is a Quebec politician and journalist. He served as the member for La Prairie in the Quebec National Assembly as a member of the Parti Québécois from 1998 until 2003.

## Biography

Geoffrion attended the Université Laval, where he obtained a bachelor's degree in political science and minored in journalism. He worked at the Centre de formation des journalistes in Paris and then at the newspaper Le Quotidien de Paris in 1980. He returned to Canada as a journalist for Le Peuple de Lévis and worked as an assistant lecturer in the Department of Journalism at Université Laval in 1983. Geoffrion then became editor of Les Nouvelles de Saint-Laurent in 1986 and 1987, and subsequently editor-in-chief of the newspaper L'Événement de Saint-Constant from 1988 until 1989.

## Political career

Geoffrion worked as Director of Communications for the Parti Québécois de Lévis in 1985. He was responsible for communications for the no committee in La Prairie during the 1992 referendum on the Charlottetown Accord and for the yes committee in La Prairie for the 1995 Quebec Referendum. He then worked as Director of Communications for the Parti Quebecois in La Prairie for two elections.
During this time Geoffrion was an aide to Denis Lazure and then his successor Monique Simard. Simard did not run for re-election in 1998. Geoffrion ran as her successor 1998, and won easily. He sought re-election in 2003 and lost his seat to Liberal Jean Dubuc by 937 votes.
Since his departure from office he has worked as an aide to Maka Kotto as both a Member of Parliament and a Member of the National Assembly.
# Second economy of the Soviet Union

The second economy of the Soviet Union was the black market or the informal sector of the economy of the Soviet Union. The term was suggested by Gregory Grossman in his seminal article, "The Second Economy of the USSR" (1977). Economist Gerard Roland noted that as Grossman anticipated, "the logic of the second economy tended over time to undermine the logic of the command system and to lead to expanding black markets". This prediction was corroborated by the long-term analysis of the economies of Russia and Ukraine (1965–1989) by Treml and Alexeev. To a varying degree, the second economy influenced all Eastern Bloc economies.
Grossman defines the concept of second economy with a two-prong test, which is the set of economic activities which satisfy at least one of the two conditions: "(a) being directly for private gain (b) being in some significant respect in knowing contravention of existing law." Studies of second, shadow, gray and so on economies are difficult because unlike official economies there are no direct statistics, therefore indirect methods are required. Treml and Alexeev studied the relationships between per capita legal money income and such income-dependent variables as per capita savings and purchases of various goods and services. The study indicated that the disparity between legal income and legal spending gradually grew during 1965–1989 and by the end of the period the correlation between the two almost disappeared, indicating the rapid growth of the second economy. The proliferation of the second economy was impossible without widespread corruption.
A significant impact on the economy of the Soviet Union was the system of blat, a network of favors, which allowed people to procure all kinds of goods and services, operating within both official and second Soviet economies and continued to operate in post-Soviet Russia. Since the early days of the Soviet Union, some authors claim that there has been a tradition to exaggerate the blame of the "black market" for consumer goods shortages, thus effectively shifting the blame off state bureaucrats with their inadequate planning.
During the era of perestroika, the 500 Days program of economic transition mentioned the shadow economy would be an important factor in reforms and predicted that at least 90% of it was to be absorbed by the opening free market.
# Oceanian Shooting Championships

The Oceanian Shooting Championships are governed by the Oceanian Shooting Confederation. Oceanian Shooting Championships began in 1988.

## Oceanian Shooting Championships

| # | Year | Venue | Date |
| 1 | 1988 | Christchurch, New Zealand | |
| 2 | 1991 | Adelaide, Australia | |
| 3 | 1993 | Auckland, New Zealand | |
| 4 | 1995 | Auckland, New Zealand | |
| 5 | 1997 | Adelaide, Australia | |
| 6 | 1999 | Sydney, Australia | |
| 7 | 2001 | Auckland, New Zealand | |
| 8 | 2003 | Auckland, New Zealand | November 15–22 |
| 9 | 2005 | Brisbane, Australia | |
| 10 | 2007 | Sydney, Australia | October 27 – November 4 |
| 11 | 2009 | Sydney, Australia | |
| 12 | 2011 | Sydney, Australia | November 27 – December 4 |
| 13 | 2013 | Sydney, Australia | |
| 14 | 2015 | Sydney, Australia | November 27 – December 2 |
| 15 | 2017 | Gold Coast, Australia | |
| 16 | 2019 | Sydney, Australia | November 1–9 |
| 17 | 2023 | Brisbane, Australia | October 30 – November 6 |
# Mohammedia (disambiguation)

Mohammedia is a region of Casablanca in Morocco.
Mohammedia, Mohammadia, or a variant thereof, may also refer to:

## Places
### Algeria

* Mohammedia, Algiers, a suburb of capital Algiers
* Mohammadia, Mascara, a town in Mascara Province, site of Ancient Castra Nova (Mauretania), now a Latin Catholic titular see
* Mohammedia District, Mascara Province

### Tunisia

* Mohamedia, Tunisia, a town

## Sports

* SA Mohammadia, a football club based in Mohammadia, Mascara, Algeria
* SCC Mohammédia, a football club based in Mohammedia, Morocco
# Aravin

Aravin is a surname of Russian origin.
Notable people with the surname include:
* Aleksandr Aravin (1958-2021), Russian director
* Aleksei Aravin (born 1986), Russian footballer
* Pytor Aravin [ru] (1908-1979), Russian historian
* Yuri Aravin [ru] (born 1941), Kazakh musicologist
# Muhammad Saleh Thattvi

Muhammad Saleh Thattvi (also spelled Muhammad Salih Tatah-wi and Muhammad Salih Tatawi) was a 17th-century Mughal craftsman known for making seamless celestial globes and astrolabes.

## Celestial globe

In 1659, Tatah-wi made a 21 cm diameter celestial globe. As no seams are visible in a photograph of it, it was likely made by the cire perdue method.
# Wamfie

Wamfie is a town located in the Bono Region of Ghana. It is the capital of Dormaa East District. The town is known for the Mansen Commercial Day Senior High School. The school is a second cycle institution. It is located at an elevation of 289 meters above sea level and its population amounts to 41,345. Its coordinates are 7°18'0" N and 2°42'0" W.
Nana Kwasi Ansu is the former chief of Wamfie.
# Newkirk, Pennsylvania

Newkirk is an unincorporated community and coal town in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, United States, 1.4 miles south of Tamaqua.
# Chanes

Chanes may refer to:
* Chanés, an ethnic group of South America
* Chânes, a commune in eastern France
* Galileo Chanes, Uruguayan footballer
# Salzmannia

Salzmannia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rubiaceae.
It is native to northern Venezuela and Brazil.
The genus name of Salzmannia is in honour of Philipp Salzmann (1781–1851), a German doctor, botanist and entomologist. It was first described and published in Prodr. Vol.4 on page 617 in 1830.

## Known species

According to Kew:
* Salzmannia arborea J.G.Jardim
* Salzmannia naiguatensis (Steyerm.) Paudyal & Delprete
* Salzmannia nitida DC.
* Salzmannia plowmanii (Delprete) Paudyal & Delprete
# Trondheim Tramway Museum

Trondheim Tramway Museum (Sporveismuseet i Trondheim) is a tram museum located in Trondheim, Norway. The museum offers in addition to a display of the tramway history of Trondheim also heritage trips with old trams on the sole remains of the tramway in Trondheim, Gråkallbanen. The museum has many heritage trams on display, several in working condition. The museum society was founded in 1979 and moved to its present location at the tramway depot at Munkvoll Station after the Trondheim Tramway was closed in 1988. The museum was opened in 1995, but is only open in the summer.
# Mohammedan Sporting Ground

Mohammedan Sporting Ground (also known as Mohammedan Sporting–Howrah Union Ground) is a multi-use stadium in Kolkata, West Bengal. It is used mostly for football matches and is mainly the home stadium of Mohammedan. The ground has a natural grass turf. Having facilities such as commentary boxes for radio and TV, press box and air conditioned changing rooms, the stadium holds 15,000 people. It is also the home ground of Howrah Union, which it shares with Mohammedan.

## About

The stadium has galleries on three sides and a rampart on the fourth side. The north side gallery is the member's gallery. The east side and south side galleries are still made of a temporary iron structure and are designated for non-member supporters. The playing pitch is about 100 x 60 meters. The club tent and main office are located adjacent to the stadium. The club tent consists of a maintained lawn, with benches.

## Upgrade work

In July 2023 second phase upgrade and improvement works started.
* Installing floodlight
* electronic scoreboard
* increase seating capacity from 15,000 to 25,000
* upgrade member gallery with White-Black (club's home colour) bucket chairs
* air conditioned press room
* ultra-modern gymnasium
# Washington Olympics

The Olympic Club of Washington, D.C., or Washington Olympics in modern nomenclature, was an early professional baseball team.
When the National Association of Base Ball Players permitted openly professional clubs for the 1869 season, the Olympics were one of twelve to go pro. Two years later they were a founding member of the first professional sports league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP or NA, for short). The Olympics played home games at Olympics Grounds in Washington. They were founded by Nicholas Young, an outfielder who continued as non-playing business and field manager after 1870.
For 1871, the Olympics hired five players from the famous Cincinnati Red Stockings. The new Boston Red Stockings hired the other half including manager Harry Wright and his selection. With the name "Red Stockings" taken, local writers dubbed the Olympic club the "Blue Stockings". The Boston club lost a close pennant race while the Olympics were only mediocre. During their two league seasons they won 17 games and lost 22 for a winning percentage of .436.
# Aravena

Aravena is a surname that may refer to:
* Alejandro Aravena, (born 1967), Chilean architect
* Boris Aravena (born 1982), Chilean footballer
* Claudia Aravena (born 1968), Chilean artist, filmmaker, and professor
* Jorge Aravena (born 1969), Peruvian-Venezuelan actor
* Jorge Aravena Llanca (born 1936), Chilean photographer, writer, researcher and singer-songwriter
* Jorge Orlando Aravena Plaza (born 1958), Chilean footballer
* Manuel Aravena (born 1954), Chilean cyclist
* Mario Aravena (born 1985), Chilean footballer
* Orlando Aravena (born 1942), Chilean footballer and manager
* Víctor Aravena (born 1990), Chilean athlete
# Walter Underwood & Partners

Walter Underwood & Partners were a Glasgow-based firm of architects that operated from 1960 to 1991.

## History

Walter Underwood & Partners was formed in May 1960 by Walter Underwood after leaving Wylie, Shanks & Underwood with colleagues Michael Beale and T George Low. In 1964, three further colleagues were made partners; David J Leslie, James M Paton and William McLean. Peter Williams remained with Wyllie Shanks Architects although continued to do work for both practices.
Underwood died in April 1988, and the partnership was wound up in 1991 when some partners retired.

## Projects

* Fulton Building, University of Dundee, 1962
* Queen Margaret Union, University of Glasgow, 1968
* Bruce Hotel, East Kilbride Shopping Centre, 1969
* Bank of England Branch Treasury, Glasgow, 1970s
* Martyrs Church of Scotland, Townhead, 1975
* Food Science Building, University of Strathclyde, 1981
* Fountain House, Clydesdale Bank, Glasgow, 1982
# Mecubúri District

Mecubúri District is a district of Nampula Province in north-eastern Mozambique. The principal town is Mecubúri.
# Norman Dorsen

Norman Dorsen (September 4, 1930 – July 1, 2017) was the Frederick I. and Grace A. Stokes Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Arthur Garfield Hays Civil Liberties Program at the New York University School of Law, where he specialized in Constitutional Law, Civil Liberties, and Comparative Constitutional Law. Previously, he was president of the American Civil Liberties Union, 1976–1991. He was also president of the Society of American Law Teachers, 1972–1973, and president of the U.S. Association of Constitutional Law in 2000.
Dorsen successfully argued the case of In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967), before the U.S. Supreme Court which held that juveniles accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be afforded many of the same due process rights as adults.
He argued numerous cases before the Supreme Court, including Levy v. Louisiana (1968), ensuring equal protection for out-of-wedlock children, and United States v. Vuitch (1971), the first abortion case to reach the Court.
Dorsen sat on the Council on Foreign Relations, and was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

## Background

A 1950 graduate of Columbia College and 1953 graduate of Harvard Law School, Dorsen performed military service in the office of the Secretary of the Army fighting against McCarthyism in the Army-McCarthy Hearings. Dorsen clerked for Chief Judge Calvert Magruder of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and then Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan II in the 1957 Term.

## Authorship

Dorsen authored numerous books, including Comparative Constitutionalism (2003 ISBN 0-314-24248-1), Our Endangered Rights (1984 ISBN 0-394-72229-9), and Frontiers of Civil Liberties (1968). His papers related to multiple aspects of the American civil liberties movement from the 1950s to the 1980s are housed in the Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University.

## Recognition

Among other honors, he received the Medal of Liberty from the French Minister of Justice in 1983 and the Eleanor Roosevelt Medal for contributions to human rights from Bill Clinton in 2000. In 2007, the Association of American Law Schools presented him with its first triennial award for "lifetime contributions to the law and to legal education."
In 2013, the ACLU established a new award in Norman Dorsen's honor, the Dorsen Presidential Prize, to be "presented bienially to a full-time academic for outstanding lifetime contributions to civil liberties."

## Personal life and death

Dorsen met his future wife, Harriette Koffler, at NYU and the couple married in 1965. They had three daughters, Jennifer Dorsen (an educator in Boston, MA), Caroline Dorsen (a professor at NYU) and Annie Dorsen (a writer and director). Harriette died in 2011. Dorsen owned a home in Cornwall, Connecticut.
Dorsen died at his Manhattan home on July 1, 2017, at age 86, of complications from a stroke.
# Secondary stability

Secondary stability, also known as reserve stability, is a boat or ship's ability to right itself at large angles of heel (lateral tilt), as opposed to primary or initial stability, the boat's tendency to stay laterally upright when tilted to low (<10°) angles.
The study of initial and secondary stability are part of naval architecture as applied to small watercraft (as distinct from the study of ship stability concerning large ships).
A greater lateral width (beam) and more initial stability decrease the secondary stability- once tilted more than a certain angle the boat is conversely harder to restore to its stable upright position.

## Other types of ship stability

* Primary stability
* Tertiary stability (also called inverse stability): Tertiary stability is undesirable as it causes a vessel to remain upside-down. Self-righting watercraft have negative tertiary stability, and no limit of positive stability. For kayak rolling, the stability of an upside-down kayak is also important; lower tertiary stability makes rolling up easier.
# Sintian

Sintian may refer to:
* The Sintians, an ancient Thracian people
* Sindian, Xindian, in Taiwan, and Sintian Mountain in Taiwan
# Water Conservation Area 3

Water Conservation Area 3 (WCA-3) is the largest existing WCA covering a total of 915 square miles within Western Dade and Broward Counties. Lying southwest of WCA-2 and just north of Everglades National Park, WCA-3 is used primarily as an area to receive flood waters from adjacent areas and store them for beneficial municipal, urban, and agricultural uses. It was subdivided into WCA-3A and WCA-3B by way of the L-67 canal and levees as a safeguard against seepage into the aquifer.

## WCA-3A

WCA-3A makes up 786 square miles of the whole area and is responsible for delivering water to both Everglades National Park and Miami-Dade County. It is the only WCA that is not fully enclosed by levees. A gap left in the mid western side allows for overland flow into Big Cypress National Preserve.It is also the home of multiple recreational and hunting lodges or camps.

## WCA-3B

WCA-3B is the remaining 128 square miles located in the southeast corner of WCA-3. Its primary function is listed as recharging and maintaining groundwater levels in coastal areas to the east. Florida Department of Environmental Protection currently rates the water quality found there as POOR due to the introduction of nutrient-rich water from the northern end. The overwhelming presence of phosphorus in this water has resulted in the degradation of native sawgrass by invasive cattails. Once present, cattails prove to be quick to spread and difficult to eradicate.
On May 11,1996, ValuJet Flight 592 crashed into WCA-3B, killing everyone on board.
# Outime

Outime, subtitled "a role playing game of alternate times", is a role-playing game published by Valhalla Simulation Games in 1983.

## Description

Outime is a time-travel system with adventures on alternate Earths. The rules cover skills, combat, psionics, equipment, and a sample miniscenario.

## Publication history

Outime was designed by Marc W. D. Tyrrell, and published by Valhalla Simulation Games in 1983 as a 16-page book with an outer folder.
# San Miguel de Aguayo, Spain

San Miguel de Aguayo is a municipality located in the autonomous community of Cantabria, Spain.

## Localities

Its 153 inhabitants (INE, 2008) are distributed in the villages of:
* San Miguel de Aguayo (Capital), 97 hab.
* Santa María de Aguayo, 56 hab.
* Santa Olalla de Aguayo, 7 hab.
# Maçanet

Maçanet may refer to the following places in Catalonia, Spain:
* Maçanet de Cabrenys, municipality in the comarca of Vallès Oriental
* Maçanet de la Selva, municipality in the comarca of Selva
# Aleksey Svirin

Aleksey Svirin (born 15 December 1978 in Moscow) is a Russian rower. He won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the men's quadruple sculls, with Igor Kravtsov, Sergey Fedorovtsev and Nikolay Spinyov. He also competed at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics.
At European level, he is a two-time European champion, also in the quadruple sculls.