OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paul Colin (journalist)

Paul Colin (1895 – 8 April 1943) was a Belgian journalist, famous as the leading journalist and editor of the Rexist collaborationist newspapers "Le Nouveau Journal" and "Cassandre".

## Biography

His father was an important businessman who died when Colin was two. In 1914, Colin started university studies in History and Art History, but had to interrupt them because of the First World War. After the war, he became a journalist and art critic, and then the manager of the Giroux art gallery, located on the avenue des Arts in Brussels. He wrote a number of books on painting, on Belgian and European painting, Romanticism and Édouard Manet.
Colin founded a literary magazine entitled L’Art libre in Brussels in 1919 and edited it until 1922.

## 1930s

In the 1930s, Colin became fascinated by extreme-right movements, both fascism and nazism. In September 1939, Colin, along with Robert Poulet, Pierre Daye and ten other journalists (most of them fascists, but including some left-wing pacifists) signed a pro-German manifesto calling for Belgian neutrality in the war. This manifesto has often been claimed to be the starting-point of French-speaking journalistic collaboration in Belgium, though another version claims Paul-Henri Spaak, a socialist minister at the time, was the secret sponsor of the manifesto.

## 1940s

In 1940, after Belgium was occupied by Nazi Germany, Colin founded the Nazi propaganda newspaper Le Nouveau Journal. The first edition appeared on 1 October of that year. One of Colin's associates, Robert Poulet, had in the meantime secretly met King Leopold III's private secretary, Count Capelle, and obtained a tentative royal approval for the project.
However, as the war dragged on, German victory became less certain and food rations decreased, more and more Belgians joined the ranks of those who criticized the "New Order". In 1943, various members of the Belgian Resistance, led by Marcel Demonceau, hatched the plan to kill both Colin and the Rexist leader Léon Degrelle. Colin was shot dead by a member of this Resistance group, 19-year-old Arnaud Fraiteur. The attempt on the life of Degrelle failed because Demonceau was arrested at his hiding-place in Ixelles together with many associates, British airmen and members of the Belgian London-based Intelligence Service.
It later transpired that the group had been infiltrated by a Belgian collaborator posing as "Captain Jackson", who claimed to be a Canadian airman; the infiltrator's real name was Prosper Dezitter. He might have helped plan the slaying of Colin in order to gain Demonceau's confidence and thus net as many Resistance and other people in hiding as possible. Fraiteur, Demonceau and many fellow members of the Resistance were later executed by the Germans at Breendonk. After the war, Dezitter was arrested in Germany, extradited, condemned to death, and shot by a firing squad at Ixelles on 17 September 1948.
# List of ship decommissionings in 1908

The list of ship decommissionings in 1908 includes a chronological list of ships decommissioned in 1908. In cases where no official decommissioning ceremony was held, the date of withdrawal from service may be used instead.
| Date | Operator | Ship | Class and type | Fate and other notes |
| April 21 | United States Navy | Porpoise (Submarine Torpedo Boat No. 7) | Plunger-class submarine | at New York Navy Yard for disassembly and shipment to the Philippines |
| June 25 | Royal Danish Navy | Absalon | training schooner | |
| September 19 | United States Navy | Shark (Submarine Torpedo Boat No. 8) | Plunger-class submarine | at New York Navy Yard for disassembly and shipment to the Philippines |
# Poulsson

Poulsson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Annar Poulsson (1911–1996), Norwegian businessperson in the insurance industry
* Emilie Poulsson (1853–1939), American children's author, campaigner for early childhood education
* Erik Ø. Poulsson (1904–1987), Norwegian businessperson in the insurance industry
* Jens-Anton Poulsson DSO, (1918–2010), Norwegian military officer
* Magnus Poulsson (1881–1958), Norwegian architect
# Port Andrew, Wisconsin

Port Andrew is an unincorporated community in the town of Richwood, Richland County, Wisconsin, United States.

## Images

* Sign for Port Andrew on WIS60
* Wisconsin Highway 60
# Port Anne, Newfoundland and Labrador

Port Anne is a settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador.
47°22′59″N 54°43′05″W﻿ / ﻿47.383°N 54.718°W﻿ / 47.383; -54.718
Port Anne was located on Burnt island and was once a settlement of approximately 125 people . As part of the Newfoundland Government resettlement program, residents mostly left Port Ann in the mid to late 1960’s.,
* This Newfoundland and Labrador location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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* This Canadian ghost town-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Paul E. Watson

Paul E. Watson (died September 18, 1943) was a pioneer researcher in the development of radar. Born in Bangor, Maine, Watson was a civilian engineer employed by the U.S. Army Signal Corps from the late 1920s. In 1936, he was named Chief Engineer of a Signal Corps research group at Camp Evans in Fort Monmouth, New Jersey tasked with developing a workable long-range radar for coast defense. By 1937 Watson's team had developed a proto-type "Search Light Control Radar" (SCR-270) apparatus and successfully demonstrated it to the Secretary of War at Fort Monmouth. Watson's team then became the "Radio Position Finding Section", and worked with the Westinghouse Corporation over the following year to develop an Early Warning Radar, which was successfully deployed at Highlands, New Jersey in August, 1938, and was capable of detecting incoming bombers at a range of 78 miles. A second system was deployed in Meriden, Connecticut in June, 1939, with an operational range of 138 miles.
Watson's prototypes were adopted by the Army in 1940 and Westinghouse delivered 112 sets prior to the American entry into World War II. This was the first radar system to be deployed by the United States military. Six of these sets were made operational in Hawaii by December 1941, and one, at Opana Point, detected the incoming Japanese air assault on Pearl Harbor on the morning of December 7.
Watson was made a U.S. Army major with the outbreak of the war in 1941, and had risen to the rank of colonel by his death of a cerebral hemorrhage on September 18, 1943, at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. His laboratory at Camp Evans was named "Watson Laboratories" after his death, and continued to be the chief Army electronics lab until absorbed by the new U.S. Air Force into the current Rome Laboratory.
Ironically, in the 1990s the U.S. Air Force would control the world's most powerful radar, designed to cover the entire Atlantic Ocean from Europe to Africa, from a headquarters in Watson's home town of Bangor, Maine.
# Portugal–Venezuela relations

Portugal–Venezuela relations are the bilateral relations between Portugal and Venezuela. Portugal has an embassy in Caracas. Venezuela has an embassy in Lisbon and a Consulate-General in Funchal.

## History

Portugal and Venezuela meet regularly in the Ibero-American Summit and the Venezuela-Portugal Mixed Commission of Bilateral Monitoring created in 2008. Economic, diplomatic and friendship ties between Venezuela and Portugal developed significantly during Chávez presidency. Chávez also acknowledged the importance of the large Portuguese community in Venezuela. During his term, he made four official visits at Portugal. In 2018, Portugal and Venezuela signed 22 bilateral agreements with each other, Venezuela's Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza described Portugal as a fundamental ally in support of the Bolivarian government during the "economic siege that the United States has waged against Venezuela".
In February 2019, Portugal recognised opposition leader Juan Guaidó as interim president of Venezuela. Portugal joined other European Union countries such as Spain, the UK and Sweden, who had already recognised Guaidó as interim president.
In February 2020, Venezuela suspended TAP Air Portugal flights into and out of the country for 90 days, accusing the carrier of allowing opposition leader Juan Guaido’s uncle to bring explosives onto a flight to Caracas. Guaido returned to Venezuela’s main airport on a TAP flight after a three-week international tour aimed at drumming up support for his campaign to oust socialist President Nicolas Maduro. Authorities then detained Guaido’s uncle, who was traveling with him on the flight from Portugal, accusing him of bringing explosive material into the country. Guaido dismissed those allegations as baseless.
# Portugees-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap

The Portugees-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap (PIK) (Portuguese Israelite Religious Community) is the community for Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands. Sephardic Jews have been living in the Netherlands since the 16th century with the forced relocation of Spanish but above all Portuguese Jews Jews from their home countries due to the Inquisition. Some 270 families are connected to the PIK, also sometimes called PIG, (Portugees-Israëlitische Gemeente meaning "Portuguese Israelite Congregation").
It holds services in the monumental Esnoga synagogue or Snoge in downtown Amsterdam near Waterlooplein. There is also a small PIG-Sephardic synagogue in Amstelveen with weekly activities. Almost all community members live in Amsterdam and surroundings.

## History

The PIK was founded in 1814 under the reign of Willem I, although the first steps towards a central organization of Jewish communities in the Netherlands were already taken in 1808, under command of the Napoleonic king, Louis Bonaparte. Both the Ashkenazi as well as the Sephardic communities were included. This lasted until 1871, when the PIK (founded in 1870 by dissatisfied Sephardic Jews after arguments about where the central organization which represented all Jews in the Netherlands was to be settled and after the wish to remove itself from their Ashkenazi co-religionists) removed itself from the Ashkenazi community and became a fully independent segment within Dutch Judaism.
Center of Sephardic life in the Netherlands was Amsterdam, although throughout time, communities also existed in places like The Hague, Rotterdam (twice, in the 17th and in the 19th century), Middelburg and Naarden. At the eve of The Holocaust, some 4,300 Sephardic Jews were living in the Netherlands, the majority of them in Amsterdam. Most of them were killed; at the end of the war, an estimated 800 were still alive.

## Cemeteries

Several Sephardic Jewish cemeteries have been founded since the first Jews settled in the Netherlands in the 16th century. Some of them have grown to be huge monuments of a once lively community. On the most well-known is Beth Haim in Ouderkerk aan de Amstel. Jews have been buried there since the year 1614 (making it the oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands); until 1642, several Ashkenazi Jews were also buried at the cemetery, before buying their own piece of land to bury their dead near the village of Muiderberg. Throughout history, some 28,000 Sephardic Jews were buried at Beth Haim, making it one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in the Netherlands. Among the ones buried at this monumental site are rabbi Menasseh ben Israel, diplomat Samuel Pallache and the parents of philosopher Baruch Spinoza.
Other Sephardic cemeteries are found in Middelburg, Amersfoort, Rotterdam and The Hague.
# Pountney

Pountney is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Budge Pountney (born 1973), British rugby union player and coach
* Charmaine Pountney, New Zealand educator
* Christine Pountney (born 1971), Canadian author
* Dave Pountney (born 1939), English footballer
* David Pountney (born 1947), British-Polish theatre and opera director
* Graham Pountney (born 1953), British actor
* Culture Shock (musician), born James Pountney, British DJ and record producer
# Poupas

Poupas is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
# Liddle Burnt Mound

Liddle Burnt Mound is a Bronze Age site on the island of South Ronaldsay, Orkney. The site consists of the remains of a building and a mound that surrounds it on three sides. The purpose of the site is controversial, but most investigators believe burnt mounds hosted a "domestic function", perhaps related to cooking.

## Description

The Liddle Burnt Mound is located on Liddle Farm; the farmer, Ronald Simison, had been using the mound as a quarry for road metal until he came across stone structures in 1972. He alerted Colin Renfrew who was excavating at Quanterness. John Hedges, a member of his team, investigated the site and recognized the remains of a stone building at the centre of the mound. The building is oval with thick external walls. From these, interior walls project into the main room creating compartments, one of which houses a hearth. In the centre of the structure is a large recessed, stone tank, lined with flagstones and rendered waterproof by the surrounding clay. The capacity of the tank is nearly one thousand litres and it was found half filled with stones that were shattered and "fired" by intense heat. Hedges originally thought that the building represented a house, but he was troubled by the distribution of features; for example, there is no obvious place to sleep.
The surrounding mound still rises to a height of 2 metres (6.6 ft) in places, and calculations suggest an original volume of at least 200 cubic metres (7,100 cu ft). It consists primarily of shattered stone, charcoal, and ash. Artifacts recovered from the mound include hammerstones, pot lids and pottery. These items, combined with the tank and hearth found in the building, suggest that the site was used for cooking. Burnt bones of goat and sheep support this interpretation, which was put to the test with an experiment in Orkney where a leg of lamb was cooked in a stone tank heated by a peat fire.
Dating of materials excavated from the mound indicate that the site was in use between 1200 and 500 BC.

## Alternate interpretations

There are more than 200 known burnt mounds in Orkney and almost as many known in Shetland. They are also found throughout the British Isles. O'Kelly suggested that burnt mounds represent temporary hunting camps used for cooking joints of meat. However, bone is only occasionally reported from burnt mound sites, as at Liddle, which might seem unusual for a cooking site. This has been explained by the soils being too acidic for the bone to be preserved, but it would seem unlikely that all of the soils relating to burnt mounds were so acidic that no bone survived, particularly as the pH of the soil will vary considerably from site to site. There are examples of burnt mounds on neutral or basic soils, without bone being apparent. It has also been suggested that burnt mounds were saunas or used in salt or leather preparation.

## Isbister Chambered Cairn

Liddle Farm is also the site of Isbister Chambered Cairn, popularly known as the Tomb of the Eagles.
# Liberty Cap Glacier

The Liberty Cap Glacier is a small glacier located near the summit of Mount Rainier, Washington. True to its name, the glacier does start at the 14,100 feet (4,300 m) Liberty Cap above the steep and rocky Sunset Amphitheater and the Mowich Face. Since the topography of Mount Rainier is very jagged and uneven, the glacier is warped and twisted during its descent northward down to its terminus at about 11,000 feet (3,400 m). From there, the glacier ice falls off the cliff and tumbles down the steep Mowich Face; eventually, this ice contributes to the large North Mowich Glacier at an elevation of 10,100 ft (3,100 m).

## Climate

Liberty Cap has an ice cap climate (Köppen EF).
Climate data for Liberty Cap 46.8598 N, 121.7749 W, Elevation: 13,146 ft (4,007 m) (1991–2020 normals) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 12.2 (−11.0) | 11.4 (−11.4) | 12.1 (−11.1) | 15.9 (−8.9) | 24.7 (−4.1) | 31.1 (−0.5) | 41.1 (5.1) | 41.4 (5.2) | 36.9 (2.7) | 27.1 (−2.7) | 15.5 (−9.2) | 11.1 (−11.6) | 23.4 (−4.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 6.3 (−14.3) | 4.1 (−15.5) | 3.8 (−15.7) | 6.6 (−14.1) | 14.4 (−9.8) | 20.2 (−6.6) | 28.8 (−1.8) | 29.3 (−1.5) | 25.5 (−3.6) | 17.7 (−7.9) | 9.2 (−12.7) | 5.5 (−14.7) | 14.3 (−9.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 0.4 (−17.6) | −3.1 (−19.5) | −4.4 (−20.2) | −2.7 (−19.3) | 4.1 (−15.5) | 9.3 (−12.6) | 16.6 (−8.6) | 17.2 (−8.2) | 14.1 (−9.9) | 8.2 (−13.2) | 2.8 (−16.2) | −0.2 (−17.9) | 5.2 (−14.9) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 14.46 (367) | 11.52 (293) | 11.40 (290) | 6.55 (166) | 4.21 (107) | 3.31 (84) | 1.27 (32) | 1.27 (32) | 3.26 (83) | 7.92 (201) | 13.04 (331) | 14.06 (357) | 92.27 (2,343) |
| Source: PRISM Climate Group ||||||||||||||
# Postage stamps and postal history of the Federated States of Micronesia

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM).
The Federated States of Micronesia are located in the Caroline Islands in the western Pacific Ocean and consist of over 600 islands.

## Pre-independence

The islands first used stamps of Germany for the Caroline Islands and then stamps of Japan from 1914 to 1946. The islands then became part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific and used American stamps from 1946.

## Independence

The first stamps of independent Micronesia were issued in 1984 and depicted the four federated states that make up the country, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae, in a se-tenant design.
The FSM Postal Service delivers to and picks up mail from retail customers. As part of the special relationship with the United States, the United States Postal Service transports mail between the constituent states of the FSM and between the United States and the FSM. The FSM is also part of the United States ZIP code system, with the same postal rates charged.
# Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Women's 48 kg

The women's 48 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 1 September at ExCeL London.

## Records

Prior to the competition, the existing world and Paralympic records were as follows.
| World record | 130.0 kg | Lucy Ejike (NGR) | Beijing, China | 10 September 2008 |
| Paralympic record | 130.0 kg | Lucy Ejike (NGR) | Beijing, China | 10 September 2008 |

## Results

| Rank | Name | Body weight (kg) | Attempts (kg) | Attempts (kg) | Attempts (kg) | Attempts (kg) | Result (kg) |
| Rank | Name | Body weight (kg) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Result (kg) |
| | Esther Oyema (NGR) | 47.05 | 130.0 | 132.0 | 135.0 | 140.0 | 135.0 WR |
| | Olesya Lafina (RUS) | 47.10 | 115.0 | 117.0 | 120.0 | – | 120.0 |
| | Shi Shanshan (CHN) | 47.60 | 110.0 | 113.0 | 114.0 | – | 114.0 |
| 4 | Yasemin Ceylan (TUR) | 47.78 | 111.0 | 114.0 | 115.0 | – | 114.0 |
| 5 | Loida Zabala Ollero (ESP) | 47.62 | 95.0 | 98.0 | 100.0 | – | 98.0 |
| 6 | Rayisa Toporkova (UKR) | 47.41 | 95.0 | 98.0 | 98.0 | – | 95.0 |
| 7 | Greta Vardanyan (ARM) | 44.23 | 77.0 | 82.0 | 84.0 | – | 82.0 |
| - | Jeong Hee Shin (KOR) | 47.27 | 68.0 | 68.0 | 68.0 | – | NMR |
# Pavappettaval

Pavappettaval is a 1967 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by P. A. Thomas. The film stars Sathyan, Kamaladevi, Sukumari and Adoor Bhasi. The film had musical score by B. A. Chidambaranath. It is a remake of the 1941 Telugu film Devatha.

## Plot

After completing his Bar-at-Law degree in England, Gopi returns to his native village in India. His family, including his mother Bhavani Amma and sister Radha, are overjoyed. Gopi becomes infatuated with Lakshmi, the daughter of their family servant Venkaiah. He takes advantage of her vulnerability and promises to marry her before leaving for the city to stay with his uncle Balaramaiah. In the city, Gopi marries Balaramaiah's daughter, Vimala. However, complications arise when Bhavani Amma and Radha bring a pregnant Lakshmi to the city to confront Gopi. He denies responsibility and offers Lakshmi money instead. Later when Lakshmi's father attempts to arrange a marriage for her, Lakshmi refuses it and leaves her house. She ultimately seeks refuge with a nun and gives birth to a child. Amidst these challenges, Vimala runs away with her boyfriend, leaving Gopi's family in turmoil. In a desperate attempt to restore stability, Bhavani Amma sends Gopi to bring Lakshmi back into their lives.

## Cast

* Sathyan as Gopi
* Kamaladevi as Lakshmi
* Sukumari
* Adoor Bhasi as Balaramaiah
* Hari
* Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai as a marriage broker
* O. Ramdas as Venkaiah
* Sreelatha Namboothiri as Padma
* Aranmula Ponnamma as Bhavani Amma, mother of Gopi and Radha
* C. I. Paul
* Khadeeja
* Kumari Rajam
* Miss Kerala (Rani Chandra)
* N. Govindankutty
* S. P. Pillai as Pappu
* Vidhubala as Radha, sister of Gopi

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by B. A. Chidambaranath with lyrics by P. Bhaskaran, Kedamangalam Sadanandan and M. K. R. Paattyath.
| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics |
| 1 | "Ambili Maama" | P. Leela | P. Bhaskaran |
| 2 | "Daivam Njangalkkenthinu" | Renuka | Kedamangalam Sadanandan |
| 3 | "Jeevithamennathu" | B. Vasantha | M. K. R. Paattyath |
| 4 | "Ninmukham Kandappol" | B. Vasantha | P. Bhaskaran |
| 5 | "Ormavenam" | | P. Bhaskaran |
| 6 | "Sharanamayyappaa Sharanamayyappaa" | P. Leela, B. Vasantha, Latha Raju, B. Savithri | P. Bhaskaran |
| 7 | "Vrindaavaniyil" | K. J. Yesudas, P. Leela | P. Bhaskaran |

## Reception

The film was a critical and commercial failure; historian B. Vijayakumar believes this was due to its lack of "artistic and technical brilliance" and miscasting.
# Pavapuri

Pavapuri may refer to:
* Pawapuri, a Jain pilgrimage in Nalanda, Bihar
* Shree Pavapuri Tirth Dham, a Jain pilgrimage in Rajasthan
# Reliant

Reliant may also refer to:
* Reliant Energy, an energy corporation from Houston, Texas, United States
* Reliant Motors, a defunct British car manufacturer
* Reliant Pharmaceuticals, now owned by GlaxoSmithKline
* Stinson Reliant, a utility and trainer aircraft
* Hipp's Superbirds Reliant, an ultralight aircraft
* Hipp's Superbirds Reliant SX, an ultralight aircraft
* Plymouth Reliant, a North American car
* The Reliant UNIX, ex. SINIX
* Reliant (YT-803), a US Navy Valiant-class tugboat
# Polytechnic University of the Philippines (disambiguation)

The Polytechnic University of the Philippines is a state university in the Philippines.

## Branches and Campuses
### Central Luzon

* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Bataan
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Cabiao
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Pulilan
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Santa Maria

### Southern Luzon

* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Bansud
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Biñan
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Calauan
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, General Luna
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Lopez
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Maragondon
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Mulanay
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Ragay
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sablayan
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, San Pedro
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Santa Rosa
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Santo Tomas
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Unisan

### Metro Manila

* Polytechnic University of the Philippines (Mabini, M.H. del Pilar, and NDC Campuses)
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Parañaque
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Quezon City
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, San Juan
* Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Taguig

## Other unrelated institutions with "University of the Philippines" on their titles

* Adventist University of the Philippines, a private coeducational Christian university
* Technological University of the Philippines, the flagship technology education university of the Philippines
* University of the Philippines, the national university of the Philippines (see disambiguation page)