OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Misogi

Misogi (禊) is a Japanese Shinto practice of ritual purification by washing the entire body. Misogi is related to another Shinto purification ritual, harae. Thus, both are collectively referred to as misogiharae (禊祓).

## Background

Every year, many people take pilgrimages to sacred waterfalls, lakes and rivers, either alone or in small groups, to perform misogi. Mount Ontake, the Kii mountain range and Mount Yoshino are but a few examples of ancient and well known areas for misogi in Japan. In Kyoto, people douse themselves under Kiyomizu Temple's Otowa no taki (Sound-of-Wings) waterfall, although the majority of visitors drink from the waters rather than plunging into them. In the United States, misogi was performed at the Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America at the Konryu Myojin no Taki waterfall each morning in the years prior to its closure in 2023.
Before encountering misogi, members generally undergo some sort of preliminary purification. Such things as prayers, fasting, or some sort of physical activity is common. Generally, women put on a special white kimono and men put on a fundoshi (loincloth), with both genders also wearing headbands. They then begin furitama (降り魂) or "spirit shaking" by clenching their hands in front of the stomach and shaking them up and down, vibrating the upper torso. The purpose of this is to become aware of/unified with the spirit's presence within. Following this is a "warm-up" or calisthenics (tori-fune (鳥船) or "bird boat" rowing). These two aforementioned practices are sometimes accompanied by special prayers or incantations. After, the leader begins to speak out invocations/prayers that are said to activate the spirit. The followers generally speak along with them, thus affirming the potential for realizing one's own spirit, and thus unifying them with the kami around them.
The above exercises make participants raise their metabolism, and some groups accompany that with deep breathing. The exercises may be sprinkled with purifying salt and may be given sake to spit into the waterfall in three mouthfuls. Sometimes the participants are given salt to throw into the waterfall as they enter. In some groups, the leader counts to nine, cuts the air, and shouts the word "yei!" to dispel this impurity. The participants then enter the waterfall while continuously chanting the phrase harai tamae kiyome tamae rokkon shōjō (祓い給え清め給え六根清浄). This phrase asks the kami to wash away the impurity from the six elements that make up the human being, the five senses and the mind. The practice of this varies from group to group, each having their own traditions or methods.
Misogi is also used in some forms of martial arts, especially aikido, to prepare the mind for training and to learn how to develop one's Dantian, or centre. The founder of aikido, Morihei Ueshiba, regularly used this form of meditation to complement his training and search for perfection. The Sen Shin tei Misogi Well at Ki Society Headquarters in Japan is a well-known place for people performing misogi with cold water before sunrise.
# N7001U

N7001U is the first production Boeing 727-22 to be built by Boeing in 1962. It was delivered to United Airlines in 1964, and spent its entire service career with the airline until its retirement in 1991.

## History
### Construction and rollout

On November 27, 1962, N7001U was rolled out of the Boeing factory in Renton, Washington. It bore a lemon yellow and copper-brown paint scheme, reminiscent of the Boeing 367-80 prototype of 1954.

### Maiden flight and service

N7001U took to the skies for the first time on February 9, 1963. After completing the flight test and certification program, it was delivered to United Air Lines on October 6, 1964. United operated N7001U for 27 years, accumulating 64,495 flight hours and executing 48,060 takeoffs and landings during its time in service. In 1991, United Air Lines donated the aircraft to The Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington. Over its years of service, N7001U carried approximately three million passengers.

### Final flight and legacy

On March 2, 2016, after extensive restoration, N7001U made its final flight from Paine Field near Everett, Washington to the museum's facility at Boeing Field. The aircraft was a notable exception to Boeing's practice of retaining first production examples of its jet airliners for testing and development; not until the Boeing 777 of the 1990s would such an aircraft see regular airline service.
# Tim Norman

Tim Norman (21 March 1944 – 30 August 2023) was an English jockey known for his victory in the 1966 Grand National on the horse Anglo, which had odds of 50–1.

## Biography

Born in Ashcombe to a farmer from Devon, Norman's introduction to horse racing occurred when Lambourn trainer George Spann identified his potential at age 16.
By 1961, Norman marked his first win at Fontwell. He subsequently won the George Duller Hurdle at the 1964 Cheltenham Festival and had a total of 28 victories in the 1965–66 season, including the Grand National and the Welsh Grand National.
In 1967, Anglo's performance at the National was less successful, and the horse retired from racing shortly after. Prior to the 1966 Grand National, Anglo had limited successes that year, and even Fred Winter, the horse's trainer, expressed reservations about Anglo's chances. Complicating matters, Norman had been involved in a traffic incident a day before the race.
The 1966 Grand National was notable for several reasons. Anticipation surrounded the event due to concerns that it might be the last Grand National because of financial challenges faced by the owner, Mirabel Topham. The race also saw political involvement with figures such as Prime Minister Harold Wilson alluding to the importance of the event. Of the 109 horses entered for the race, only 47 started. The horse Freddie, known for placing second behind Arkle, was among the favorites. During the race, several horses faced challenges, particularly at the chair fence. Ultimately, Anglo secured a 20-length lead and won.
After a series of races, Norman retired in 1974 with 210 career wins. Post-retirement, he worked in construction, specifically for Lambourn trainers.
# Paolo Mereghetti

Paolo Mereghetti (born 28 September 1949) is an Italian film critic.
Born in Milan, Mereghetti graduated in philosophy with a thesis about Orson Welles. Currently the film critic of the newspaper Corriere della Sera, he collaborated with various magazines, including Positif, Linus, SegnoCinema, Ombre Rosse.
Mereghetti is best known for the book collection of film reviews Il Mereghetti, he published in various editions starting from 1993. In 2001 he was awarded a Flaiano Prize for film criticism.
# Hideyuki Nagashima

Hideyuki Nagashima (長島 偉之, Nagashima Hideyuki, born 27 May 1953) is a Japanese former wrestler who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# Bacha Pathak

Bacha Pathak was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Bansdih in the 1969, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1991, 1993 and 1996 election as a member of the Indian National Congress. In 1997, he was forming member of Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress along with Jagdambika Pal, Naresh Agrawal, Rajeev Shukla and Shyam Sunder Sharma and Hari Shankar Tiwari. Bacha Pathak remained Cabinet minister thrice in Uttar Pradesh Government and on various senior positions in the organisation and discharged his duty with responsibility and dedication. He was the Vice President of Indian National Congress Uttar Pradesh unit.
# Oliva Blanchette

Oliva Blanchette (6 May 1929 – 25 June 2021) was an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at Boston College. He was a former president of the Metaphysical Society of America (1999).
Blanchette won the J.N. Findlay Award of the Metaphysical Society of America in 2007 for Philosophy of Being (2002). He is also known for having translated works of Maurice Blondel into English.

## Bibliography (partial)

* For a Fundamental Social Ethic: A Philosophy of Social Change. Philosophical Library. 1973. ISBN 9780802221131.
* Philosophy of Being: A Reconstructive Essay in Metaphysics. Catholic University of America Press. 2002. ISBN 9780813210964.
# Nihat Özdemir

Nihat Özdemir (born 5 April 1950) is a Turkish business man, owner of Limak holding and former president of the Turkish Football Federation. He was the Deputy President and Press Spokesman for Turkish Süper Lig football club Fenerbahçe SK.
Limak Holding was launched in 1976 by Özdemir and Sezai Bacaksız, with Özdemir focussing on cement and energy while Bacaksız focussed on airports and tourism. In 2011, Özdemir and Bacaksız were listed as billionaires by Forbes.
# Missouri Historical Review

The Missouri Historical Review is an academic journal of history established 1906, published by the State Historical Society of Missouri and concerning the history and history related topics of the State of Missouri. It also published reviews of books on or relating to Missouri history.
# Nick Bierbrodt

Nicholas Raymond Bierbrodt (born May 16, 1978) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He spent four seasons from 2001 to 2004 in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Arizona Diamondbacks, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Cleveland Indians and Texas Rangers.

## Career

He was a first round pick for the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 1996 MLB draft, becoming the first player ever drafted by the franchise. He had compiled a minor league record of 28-28 from 1996 to 2001, when in 2001 he was promoted to the Major League team and added to the Diamondbacks rotation. He made 5 starts for the Diamondbacks before being traded to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for Albie Lopez and Mike DiFelice. Between Arizona and Tampa Bay, Bierbrodt finished with a record of 5–6 with a 5.55 ERA in 16 starts.
Bierbrodt was shot three times in the arm and chest in a taxi cab in Charleston, South Carolina in June 2002. He missed the entire 2002 season while recovering.
In 2003, Bierbrodt made the Opening Day roster. His return to the Majors was short lived, as in 13 games for the Devil Rays, he had a 9.14 ERA and was later claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Indians In 2004, he signed as a free agent with the Texas Rangers, appearing in 4 starts for them that year.
In 2005, Bierbrodt signed with the Somerset Patriots, an independent league team. He would remain with the Patriots for two years before signing with the Bridgeport Bluefish. After playing for the Brother Elephants of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in 2007, he returned to the United States the next year, joining the Long Beach Armada of the independent Golden Baseball League.
In 2010, Bierbrodt signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies. In 2011, the Baltimore Orioles signed Bierbrodt to a minor league deal. He spent 2011 in the Orioles farm system before retiring.
# Harpesaurus tricinctus

Harpesaurus tricinctus, the Java nose-horned lizard, is a species of agamid lizard. It is endemic to Indonesia.
A single desiccated specimen of the species is known, collected some years before the species' description in 1851. Since then, the species has not been sighted again, and as such is possibly extinct. Although the sole specimen was recorded as being collected in Java, this could not be confirmed as no date or collector name is associated with the specimen. As such, its collection from any of the other Sunda Islands could not be ruled out.
The holotype, i.e., the sole known specimen is around 25 cm long, and allegedly a male. Like other in the genus Harpesaurus, it sported a long horn like scale on the tip of its snout.
# Top of climb

In aviation, the top of climb, also referred to as the TOC or T/C, is the computed transition from the climb phase of a flight to the cruise phase, the point at which the planned climb to cruise altitude is completed. The top of climb is usually calculated by an on-board flight management system and is designed to provide the most economical climb to cruise altitude or to meet some other objective (fastest climb, greatest range, etc.). The top of climb may be calculated manually with considerable effort.
Alternatively, when manual planning and monitoring a VFR flight, TOC is an elegant and efficient way for a pilot to eliminate all the vaguery and variability of departing any airport (the turns assigned, changes of runway the pilot cannot control). TOC establishes a "starting gate" for the en route portion of a flight to allow timing and tracking along the course. A clearly determined TOC is predicated in planning along the intended route of flight far enough from the departure so that the aircraft is at altitude, on course, trimmed up in cruise flight. The variability of departure is now over and accurate tracking and monitoring of progress are beginning.
Once past TOC (and by definition stabilized on course) a pilot can efficiently ascertain whether the wind and weather are "as forecast" and the groundspeed attained will allow for the safe completion of the flight "as planned" or within an acceptable margin for safety. If the forecast headwind along the route is more than was forecast and planned on the ground it should immediately be obvious and an alternate fuel stop planned to accommodate the added time aloft. Unlike when driving a motor vehicle, the aircraft's progress over the earth (groundspeed) is in every instance unique and surprising. Despite planning from forecast data, it is essential to immediately determine this in flight and adjust for variability to assure a safe outcome. Similarly, changes in visibility en route from the flight planned forecasts must be accommodated and adjusted in visual flight.
Pilots of small airplanes need to do a flight plan to compute fuel usage and time of the trip because they often don't have a flight management system. Because climbing to cruise altitude burns fuel quicker, the takeoff to cruise altitude is calculated separately. The airplane's Pilot Operating Handbook has a table of fuel burned, time, and distance to reach a given altitude from sea level. To calculate the values for airport at 900 m (3,000 ft), you subtract the values for sea level to 900 m (3,000 ft) from the sea level to cruise altitude.
# Alexander Dunlop

Alexander Dunlop may refer to:
* Alexander Dunlop (scholar) (1684–1747), professor of Greek at the University of Glasgow
* Alexander Dunlop (politician) (1809–1852), member of the Victorian Legislative Council from 1851
* Alexander Francis Dunlop (1842–1923), Canadian architect
* Alexander Rankin Dunlop (1868–1944), British Resident in Tawau of North Borneo
# Hugh Grant (business executive)

Hugh Grant (born 23 March 1958) is a Scottish business executive, who was the last CEO of Monsanto until its acquisition by Bayer.

## Early life

Grant was born in Larkhall, Scotland. He received a bachelor's degree in agricultural zoology and molecular biology from the University of Glasgow, a postgraduate degree in agriculture from the University of Edinburgh, and an MBA from the International Management Centre in Buckingham, England.

## Career

He worked in Scotland from 1981 to 1991 for the then US-based Monsanto company and then was appointed global strategy director in the agriculture division, based in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1995, he became managing director for the company's Asia-Pacific region and in 1998, co-president of the agriculture division.
The 20th-century Monsanto Company, in the midst of a roughly five-year series of mergers and spin-offs (which had the effect of reducing its focus on chemicals in favor of biotechnology), legally ceased to exist in 2000. A new Monsanto Company was created and Grant became executive vice president and chief operating officer of this new Monsanto. In 2003, he became president and chief executive officer and joined the board of directors.
In March 2009, Grant was named one of the world's 30 most respected CEOs on Barron's annual list. He was named 2010 CEO of the Year by Chief Executive magazine. In 2009, Grant earned a total compensation of $10,803,757, which included a base salary of $1,391,356, a cash bonus of $1,070,382, stocks granted of $1,875,766, options granted of $5,902,039, and other compensation of $564,214.
He became a director of the Harris Distillery in 2014.
In March 2018, Grant announced that after Monsanto was acquired by Bayer, he would leave the company and he received a pay-off of approximately $77m post-sale.
# Anillaco, Catamarca

Anillaco (Catamarca) is a village and municipality in Catamarca Province in northwestern Argentina.
# Volagi Cycles

Volagi Cycles was an American company that manufactured bicycles and related components. Founded in 2010 by two bicycle industry designers, Robert Choi and Barley Forsman, Volagi had six international distributors, as well as eighty bicycle dealers in the United States.

## History

Originally based in Cotati, California, Volagi was founded in 2010 by Robert Choi and Barley Forsman, both former employees of Specialized Bicycle Components and CamelBak.
In 2012 the company was sued by Specialized Bicycle Components, for theft of trade secrets and breach of employment contract, as well as other charges. Of Specialized's nine claims, eight were thrown out of court, and the jury awarded Specialized one dollar in damages on the remaining count (breach of employment contract) that went to trial. It was estimated by Choi and Forsman's attorney, Tyler Paetkau, that Specialized incurred more than $2M in legal fees to practice "competition by litigation."
In September 2016, Volagi announced that it would close its doors after a founding member was injured in a bicycle accident involving an automobile.
Volagi sponsored athletes such as Chris Ragsdale, compete in ultra-cycling events such as Race Across America.
# Amur meadow steppe

The Amur meadow steppe ecoregion (WWF ID: PA0901) is spread over two sections of the middle Amur River valley in the Russian Far East. The terrain is one of flat floodplains on alluvial soil. Due to high water table and frequent flooding, the area has remained relatively forest-free, and is today characterized by extensive wetlands of bogs and grasslands. The area remained ice-free during the Pleistocene glaciation, creating a refuge for many plant and animal species. It has an area of 123,283 square kilometres (47,600 sq mi).

## Location and description

The northern section stretches about 300 km in a northwest-to-southeast direction on the Russian side of the south-flowing Amur River. it is roughly centered on the city of Blagoveshchensk in Amur Oblast, Russia. This section is mostly surrounded by higher ground in the Manchurian mixed forests ecoregion. Separated by 150 km, the southern section is about 100 km longer, and straddles the Amur as it turns northeast between Heilongjiang province in China, and Khabarovsk Krai in Russia. Most of this section is in China. To the north and east of this section is the Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion, and to the south is the Suiphun-Khanka meadows and forest meadows ecoregion. The Amur has meandered and shifted over the long term, leaving flat, alluvial soils that support rich wildlife, as well as competing agriculture.

## Climate

The region has a Humid continental climate - cool summer subtype (Koppen classification Dwb). This climate is characterized by high variation in temperature, both daily and seasonally; with long, cold winters and short, cool summers with no averaging over 22 °C (72 °F). Mean precipitation is about 604 mm/year. The mean temperature at the center of the ecoregion is −24.9 °C (−12.8 °F) in January, and 20.3 °C (68.5 °F) in July.

## Flora and fauna

In the wet meadows on the lowest levels and terraces, the dominant plants are reed grasses (Calamagrostis). The extensive meadows of the ecoregion support many species of Apiaceae (umbellifers of the Parsley family) that are often tall, flowering herbs, of Spiraea, hardy deciduous-leaved shrubs of the family Rosaceae.

## Protections

There are two significant nationally protected areas in the ecoregion:
* Khingan Nature Reserve, in the north section, and
* Bolshekhekhtsirsky Nature Reserve in the southern section.
# Nevada's 17th Senate district

Nevada's 17th Senate district is one of 21 districts in the Nevada Senate. It has been represented by Republican Robin Titus since 2022, succeeding fellow Republican James Settelmeyer.

## Geography

District 17 covers all of Churchill, Douglas, Lyon, and Storey Counties, including the communities of Fallon, East Valley, Gardnerville, Gardnerville Ranchos, Indian Hills, Johnson Lane, Kingsbury, Minden, Ruhenstroth, Topaz Ranch Estates, Fernley, Yerington, Dayton, Silver Springs, Smith Valley, Stagecoach, Stateline, and Virginia City.
The district overlaps with Nevada's 2nd and 4th congressional districts, and with the 38th and 39th districts of the Nevada Assembly. It borders the state of California.

## Recent election results

Nevada Senators are elected to staggered four-year terms; since 2012 redistricting, the 17th district has held elections in midterm years.

### 2022

2022 Nevada State Senate election, District 17 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Robin Titus | 53,823 | 100 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 53,823 | 100 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

## Historical election results
### 2018

2018 Nevada State Senate election, District 17 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | James Settelmeyer (incumbent) | 41,774 | 71.8 |
| | Democratic | Curtis Cannon | 16,384 | 28.2 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 58,158 | 100 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2014

2014 Nevada State Senate election, District 17 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | James Settelmeyer (incumbent) | 35,979 | 100 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 35,979 | 100 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2010

2010 Nevada State Senate election, District 17 :
| Primary election |||||
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | James Settelmeyer | 12,067 | 83.7 |
| | Republican | Steve Yeater | 2,344 | 16.3 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 14,411 | 100 |
| | Republican | James Settelmeyer | 26,466 | 65.9 |
| | Democratic | Kevin R. Ranft | 11,705 | 29.1 |
| | Independent | Cody J. Quirk | 1,999 | 5.0 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 40,170 | 100 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### Federal and statewide results

| Year | Office | Results |
| 2020 | President | Trump 67.1 – 29.9% |
| 2018 | Senate | Heller 67.1 – 28.1% |
| 2018 | Governor | Laxalt 67.2 – 26.9% |
| 2016 | President | Trump 65.8 – 27.0% |
| 2012 | President | Romney 63.5 – 34.2% |
| 2012 | Senate | Heller 65.2 – 25.3% |
# Miron Akimovich Ljubovsky

Miron Akimovich Ljubovsky (1876–1952) was a Russian Empire and Soviet medical doctor and one of the organizers of health care in Tver Oblast.
He earned a medical degree from Kharkov University in 1952. Ljubovsky received his training as a surgeon. He was the main organizer of the establishment of the Tver School for Nurses. The school was opened in 1920 with Ljubovsky as its head.
He served as a military surgeon in World War I and World War II He was chief surgeon of military hospitals during World War II. Miron Ljubovsky earned the award Honoured Physician of the RSFSR.
He died on June 1, 1952, and is buried in Pervomayskoe graveyard in Tver near his wife Maria Antonovna Ljubovsky.