# Quadrigyridae

Quadrigyridae is the only family within Gyracanthocephala, an order of parasitic worms of class Eoacanthocephala. This family contains two subfamilies, ten genera and about 92 species.

## Species

Species in Quadrigyridae are divided into two subfamilies: Pallisentinae Van Cleave, 1928 with five genera and Quadrigyrinae Van Cleave, 1920 with three.

### Pallisentinae Van Cleave, 1928
#### Acanthogyrus

Golvan in 1959 divided the genus Acanthogyrus Thapar, 1927 into two subgenera: Acanthogyrus and Acanthosentis based on the number of proboscis hooks; there are 18 (3 circles of 6 hooks each) in Acanthosentis and 24 (3 circles of 8 hooks each) in Acanthogyrus.
Acanthogyrus (Acanthogyrus) Thapar, 1927
* Acanthogyrus acanthogyrus Thapar, 1927
* Acanthogyrus tripathi Rai, 1967
Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) Verma and Datta, 1929
* Acanthogyrus acanthuri (Cable and Quick, 1954)
* Acanthogyrus adriaticus Amin, 2005
* Acanthogyrus alternatspinus Amin, 2005
* Acanthogyrus anguillae (Wang, 1981)
* Acanthogyrus antespinus (Verma and Datta, 1929)
* Acanthogyrus arii (Bilqees, 1971)
* Acanthogyrus bacailai (Verma, 1973)
* Acanthogyrus barmeshoori Amin, Gholami, Akhlaghi and Heckmann, 2013
* Acanthogyrus betwai (Tripathi, 1956)
* Acanthogyrus bilaspurensis (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1987)
* Acanthogyrus cameroni (Gupta and Kajaji, 1969)
* Acanthogyrus cheni Amin, 2005
* Acanthogyrus dattai (Podder, 1938)
* Acanthogyrus giuris (Soota and Sen, 1956)
* Acanthogyrus gobindi (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1987)
* Acanthogyrus golvani (Gupta and Jain, 1980)
* Acanthogyrus heterospinus (Khan and Bilqees, 1990)
* Acanthogyrus holospinus (Sen, 1937)
* Acanthogyrus indicus (Tripathi, 1959)
* Acanthogyrus intermedius (Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1941)
* Acanthogyrus lizae (Wang, 1986)
* Acanthogyrus malawiensis Amin and Hendrix, 1999
* Acanthogyrus maroccanus (Dollfus, 1951)
* Acanthogyrus multispinus Wang, 1966
* Acanthogyrus nigeriensis Dollfus and Golvan, 1956
* Acanthogyrus papilo Troncy and Vassiliades, 1974
* Acanthogyrus parareceptaclis Amin, 2005
* Acanthogyrus partispinus (Furtado, 1963)
* Acanthogyrus paucispinus Wang, 1966
* Acanthogyrus periophthalmi (Wang, 1980)
* Acanthogyrus phillipi (Mashego, 1988)
* Acanthogyrus putitorae (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1988)
* Acanthogyrus scomberomori (Wang, 1980)
* Acanthogyrus seenghalae (Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1988)
* Acanthogyrus shashiensis (Tso, Chen, and Chien, 1974)
* Acanthogyrus shuklai (Agrawal and Singh, 1982)
* Acanthogyrus siamensis (Farooqi and Sirikanchana, 1987)
* Acanthogyrus similis (Wang, 1980)
* Acanthogyrus sircari (Podder, 1941)
* Acanthogyrus thapari (Parasad, Sahay and Shambhunath, 1969)
* Acanthogyrus tilapiae (Baylis, 1948)
* Acanthogyrus vancleavei (Gupta and Fatma, 1986)
* Acanthogyrus vittatusi (Verma, 1973)

#### Hexaspiron

Hexaspiron Dollfus and Golvan, 1956 contains two species:
* Hexaspiron nigericum Dollfus and Golvan, 1956
* Hexaspiron spinibarbi Yu and Wang, 1977

#### Palliolisentis

Palliolisentis Machado-Filho, 1960 contains three species:
* Palliolisentis ornatus Machado-Filho, 1960
* Palliolisentis polyonca Schmidt and Hugghins, 1973
* Palliolisentis quinqueungulis Machado-Filho, 1960 (type species)

#### Pallisentis

Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 is divided into three subgenera: Brevitritospinus, Demidueterospinus, and Pallisentis with 26 species:
* Pallisentis channai Gupta, Maurya and Saxena, 2015
* Pallisentis vinodai Gupta, Maurya and Saxena, 2015
Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000
* Pallisentis allahabadii Agarwal, 1958
* Pallisentis cavasii Gupta and Verma, 1980
* Pallisentis croftoni Mital and Lal, 1981
* Pallisentis fasciati Gupta and Verma, 1980
* Pallisentis fotedari Gupta and Sinha, 1991
* Pallisentis guntei Sahay, Nath, and Sinha, 1967
* Pallisentis indica Mital and Lal, 1981
* Pallisentis mehrai Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* Pallisentis punctati Gupta, Gupta, and Singhal, 2015
* Pallisentis vietnamensis Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000
Pallisentis (Demidueterospinus) Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000
* Pallisentis basiri Farooqi, 1958
* Pallisentis ophiocephali (Thapar, 1931)
Pallisentis (Pallisentis) Van Cleave, 1928
* Pallisentis celatus (Van Cleave, 1928)
* Pallisentis cholodkowskyi (Kostylev, 1928)
* Pallisentis chongqingensis Liu and Zhang, 1993
* Pallisentis clupei Gupta and Gupta, 1980
* Pallisentis colisai Sarkar, 1956
* Pallisentis gaboes (Maccallum, 1918)
* Pallisentis garuai (Sahay, Sinha and Ghosh, 1971)
* Pallisentis gomtii Gupta and Verma, 1980
* Pallisentis guptai Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* Pallisentis jagani Koul, Raina, Bambroo and Koul, 1992
* Pallisentis kalriai Khan and Bilqees, 1985
* Pallisentis magnum Saeed and Bilgees, 1971
* Pallisentis nagpurensis' (Bhalerao, 1931)
* Pallisentis nandai Sarkar, 1953
* Pallisentis pesteri (Tadros, 1966)
* Pallisentis rexus Wongkham and Whitfield, 1999
* Pallisentis singaporensis Khan and Ip, 1988
* Pallisentis sindensis Khan and Bilqees, 1987
* Pallisentis umbellatus Van Cleave, 1928
* Pallisentis ussuriensis (Kostylev, 1941)

#### Pararaosentis

Pararaosentis Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000 contains only one species:
* Pararaosentis golvani (Troncy and Vassiliades, 1973)

#### Raosentis

Raosentis Datta, 1947 contains five species:
* Raosentis dattai Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* Raosentis godavarensis Vankara and Vijayalakshmi, 2009
* Raosentis ivaniosi George and Nadakal, 1978
* Raosentis podderi Datta, 1947
* Raosentis thapari Rai, 1967

#### Triaspiron

Triaspiron Smales, Aydogdu and Emre, 2012 contains only one species:
* Triaspiron aphanii Smales, Aydogdu and Emre, 2012

### Quadrigyrinae Van Cleave, 1920
#### Acanthodelta

Acanthodelta Diaz-Ungria and Gracia-Rodrigo, 1958 contains one species:
* Acanthodelta scorzai (Diaz-Ungria and Gracia-Rodrigo, 1957)

#### Machadosentis

Machadosentis Noronha, 1992 contains only one species:
* Machadosentis travassosi Noronha, 1992

#### Quadrigyrus

Quadrigyrus Van Cleave, 1920 contains 9 species:
* Quadrigyrus brasiliensis Machado-Filho, 1941
* Quadrigyrus chinensis Mao, 1979
* Quadrigyrus guptai Gupta and Gunjan-Sinh, 1992
* Quadrigyrus machadoi Fabio, 1983
* Quadrigyrus nickoli Schmidt and Hugghins, 1973
* Quadrigyrus polyspinosus Li, 1984
* Quadrigyrus rhodei Wang, 1980
* Quadrigyrus simhai Gupta and Fatma, 1986
* Quadrigyrus torquatus Van Cleave, 1920

## Hosts

Quadrigyridae species parasitize fish.
* Hosts for Quadrigyridae species
* The catla is a host of Acanthogyrus acanthogyrus