OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# QuakeSim

QuakeSim is a NASA project for modeling earthquake fault systems. It was started in 2001 with NASA funding as a follow-up to the General Earthquake Models (GEM) initiative. The multi-scale nature of earthquakes requires integrating data types and models to fully simulate and understand the earthquake process. QuakeSim is a computational framework for modeling and understanding earthquake and tectonic processes.
QuakeSim focuses on modeling interseismic process though various boundary element, finite element, and analytical applications, which run on various platforms, including desktop and high-end computers. The QuakeTables database allows for modelers to access geological and geophysical data. A goal of QuakeSim is to develop significant improvements in earthquake forecast quality, thereby mitigating the danger from this natural hazard.

## QuakeSim Portal

The QuakeSim Portal allows for users to access and ingest data into models and simulations. It provides the computational infrastructure for the entire project. QuakeSim users can create an account and interact with different data and software through the portal. The QuakeSim Portal consists of portlets that include:
* Facilities for accessing real-time and archival GPS data
* Time series analysis tools, including ST_Filter and RDAHMM
* Mesh generation and viscoelastic finite element simulation tools (GeoFEST)
* Okada-based elastic fault modeling methods (Disloc, which is a forward model, and Simplex for inverting geodetic data).

## QuakeTables

QuakeTables is the database used to access information for QuakeSim. Information found in the QuakeTables includes:
* Paleoseismic fault data
* Global Positioning System (GPS) surface deformation data
* Seismicity data
* Processed Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Interferograms from existing satellites
This information plays a big role in the process of forecasting and damage mitigation. The information allows for the creation of simulations and data mining. This then improves the prediction for potential earthquakes. This, along with attenuation modeling and site effects, leads to a better understanding of probable ground motion, allowing for the opportunity to improve structural response.

## Developed Software

QuakeSim includes several applications. GeoFEST, PARK, and Virtual California are used to model different aspects of the earthquake cycle.

## QuakeSim-related NASA missions

QuakeSim utilizes GPS data from NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the US Geological Survey Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN). QuakeSim was also establishing the computational infrastructure for the planned NASA DESDynI (Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice) mission, which was cancelled in 2012. DESDynI (pronounced destiny) would fly InSAR and LIDAR instruments for studying hazards and global environmental change.

## Affiliates

* NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (lead)
* Brown University
* Indiana University
* NASA Ames
* University of California, Davis
* University of California, Irvine
* University of Southern California
# Quake (soundtrack)

Quake is the soundtrack album to the 1996 id Software video game of the same name, composed by Trent Reznor and his industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails. It was released on June 22, 1996. Originally pressed on the same disc as the game, Quake was otherwise commercially unavailable until its release on vinyl in September 2020. Reznor also provided sound effects for the game.

## Recording and release

The collaboration between Nine Inch Nails and id Software occurred strictly due to a mutual admiration for each other's work; Reznor provided his services to Quake completely free of charge.
A vinyl LP edition of the soundtrack was released in 2020.

## Composition and content

Aside from the first relatively driving track, Quake is a predominantly ambient soundtrack, and was Reznor's first experimentation with the genre. He would later go on to win an Academy Award for his ambient soundtrack work. The music on Quake has been described as dark, immersive, and intended to accentuate the game's oppressive tone. The music is often called "subtle", "disturbing", and "hair-raising". About the soundtrack, Reznor said, "it is not music, it's textures and ambiences and whirling machine noises and stuff. We tried to make the most sinister, depressive, scary, frightening kind of thing [...] It's been fun."

## Critical reception

The Quake official soundtrack received positive reception, with many appreciating how the music builds upon the game's atmosphere. In his 1996 review of the game for GameSpot, Trent Ward wrote, "Simply put, this is the best soundtrack ever created for a computer game." Ward went on to write about how the eerie sounds and unsettling background noises heighten the game's already tense atmosphere. Major Mike of GamePro said that "With harsh, rockin' guitar riffs, and creepy low-key synthesizers, the music goes perfectly with each level and thoroughly enhances the overall atmosphere." Writing for Destructoid, Peter Glagowski said, "Not only did it show that the industry was moving beyond being targeted solely at children, but it pushed the action of its game into overdrive."

## Track listing

All music written and performed by Nine Inch Nails.

### Vinyl release track listing

Notes
* Because the soundtrack is pressed onto the same disc as the game itself, track one is relegated to game data.
* Quake's original packaging provided no official song titles. Some fans came up with unofficial titles, most of the time linking the song to the name of the level in which it first appears. The titles seen above are taken from the 2020 vinyl re-issue, in which the official titles of the songs were finally revealed. The fourth side has no grooves, instead being etched with some of Quake's source code; the part of the source code being what triggers the game to play the CD audio tracks.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from the 2020 vinyl release.
* Trent Reznor – arranger, programming, producer
* Charlie Clouser, Robin Finck, Danny Lohner, Trent Reznor, Chris Vrenna – Nine Inch Nails (1996)
* Tom Baker – mastering
* John Crawford – art direction
* Corey Holms – design
* John Romero – war room photos
# Pieter Grobbelaar

General Pieter Grobbelaar, SSA DSO (16 September 1908 – 22 June 1988) was a South African military commander. He served as Army Chief of Staff from 1953 to 1958, and Commandant General of the South African Defence Force from 1961 to 1965.

## Military career

Grobbelaar joined the South African Army as a part-time Citizen Force soldier in 1929 and became a full-time Permanent Force member in 1933.$^{:92}$
During the Second World War, Grobbelaar commanded the 7th Reconnaissance Battalion as a lieutenant colonel, and was second-in-command of the 12th Motorised Brigade, 6th Armoured Division during the Italy.
After the war, Grobbelaar served as Officer Commanding Orange Free State Command, Northern Transvaal Command and the South African Military College.$^{:93}$
Grobbelaar served as Army Chief of Staff from 1953 to 1958, as Inspector-General from 1958 to 1959, as Deputy Commandant-General from 1959 to 1960, and as Commandant General of the South African Defence Force from 1961 to 1965.

## Awards and decorations

* Star of South Africa (1952) (SSA)
* Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
* Union Medal
* Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
* 1939–45 Star
* Africa Star
* Italy Star
* War Medal 1939 – 1945 (Mentioned in Dispatches) (MID)
* Defence Medal (United Kingdom)
* Africa Service Medal (WWII)
# Picea orientalis

Picea orientalis, commonly known as the Oriental spruce or Caucasian spruce, is a species of spruce native to the Caucasus and adjacent northeast Turkey.

## Description

It is a large coniferous evergreen tree growing to 30–45 m tall or 98–145 feet (exceptionally to 57 m), and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m (exceptionally up to 4 m). The Caucasian Spruce can also be found in Northern Iran, though its numbers have decreased due to deforestation.
The shoots are buff-brown and moderately pubescent (hairy). The leaves are needle-like, the shortest of any spruce, 6–8 mm long, rhombic in cross-section, dark green with inconspicuous stomatal lines. The cones are slender cylindric-conic, 5–9 cm long and 1.5 cm broad, red to purple when young, maturing dark brown 5–7 months after pollination, and have stiff, smoothly rounded scales.

## Cultivation

It is a popular ornamental tree in large gardens, valued in northern Europe and the USA for its attractive foliage and ability to grow on a wide range of soils. It is also grown to a small extent in forestry for Christmas trees, timber and paper production, though its slower growth compared to Norway spruce reduces its importance outside of its native range. P. orientalis and the cultivars 'Aurea' and ‘Skylands’ have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. A frequently seen ornamental cultivar is Picea orientalis 'Aureospicata', which has gold-coloured young foliage in the spring.
* Foliage
* Cones
* Male cones of var 'aurea'
# Pierson, Manitoba

Pierson is an unincorporated community recognized as a local urban district located in the Municipality of Two Borders in southwestern Manitoba, Canada. The Antler–Lyleton Border Crossing is located south of Pierson.
Pierson is home to the Carnival of Crafts which averages an attendance of 1,700 people. This event takes place at the Edward Sports Centre on the first Saturday in October.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Pierson had a population of 174 living in 85 of its 106 total private dwellings, a change of -8.4% from its 2016 population of 190. With a land area of 1.94 km$^2$ (0.75 sq mi), it had a population density of 89.7/km$^2$ (232.3/sq mi) in 2021.

## Climate

Pierson has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with great differences between summer and winter. The regime is typical of southern Manitoba, the northern edges of North Dakota and the surrounding border region.
Climate data for Pierson :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.9 (48.0) | 17.5 (63.5) | 23.9 (75.0) | 34.0 (93.2) | 39.4 (102.9) | 41.7 (107.1) | 42.8 (109.0) | 40.0 (104.0) | 37.2 (99.0) | 33.0 (91.4) | 22.8 (73.0) | 17.2 (63.0) | 42.8 (109.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −9 (16) | −5.7 (21.7) | 0.9 (33.6) | 12.1 (53.8) | 19.1 (66.4) | 23.6 (74.5) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.6 (79.9) | 20.2 (68.4) | 11.6 (52.9) | 0.5 (32.9) | −7 (19) | 10 (50) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −14.2 (6.4) | −11.0 (12.2) | −4.2 (24.4) | 5.3 (41.5) | 11.9 (53.4) | 16.8 (62.2) | 19.6 (67.3) | 18.9 (66.0) | 12.9 (55.2) | 5.1 (41.2) | −4.5 (23.9) | −11.9 (10.6) | 3.7 (38.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −19.5 (−3.1) | −16.2 (2.8) | −9.1 (15.6) | −1.6 (29.1) | 4.7 (40.5) | 10.1 (50.2) | 12.3 (54.1) | 11.2 (52.2) | 5.6 (42.1) | −1.4 (29.5) | −9.4 (15.1) | −16.8 (1.8) | −2.5 (27.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −44.4 (−47.9) | −47.8 (−54.0) | −45.0 (−49.0) | −26.1 (−15.0) | −12.2 (10.0) | −9.4 (15.1) | −2.2 (28.0) | −6.1 (21.0) | −12.2 (10.0) | −22.2 (−8.0) | −33.3 (−27.9) | −42.0 (−43.6) | −47.8 (−54.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 22.9 (0.90) | 13.9 (0.55) | 23.1 (0.91) | 27.5 (1.08) | 55.1 (2.17) | 77.7 (3.06) | 70.4 (2.77) | 51.6 (2.03) | 37.3 (1.47) | 33.2 (1.31) | 22.7 (0.89) | 21.9 (0.86) | 457.3 (18.00) |
| Source: Environment Canada ||||||||||||||
# Piekło, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Piekło is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Końskie, within Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Końskie and 31 km (19 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.
# Quakemaster

Quakemaster is a fictional supervillain in the DC Comics universe. He first appeared in DC Special #28 (June–July 1977) and was co-created by writer Bob Rozakis and artist John Calnan.

## Fictional character biography

Robert Coleman is an architect of some note in Gotham City. His reputation is irreparably damaged when an apartment complex he designed and built does not withstand a hurricane. Feeling that he has been wrongly branded, Coleman creates the alias of the Quakemaster and uses his super-charged jackhammer to create earthquakes in Gotham City. His scheme backfires and only his buildings are damaged in the quakes. Quakemaster is defeated and captured by Batman.
Quakemaster is later released and recruited by the Secret Society of Super Villains to be part of the team working with the Silver Ghost to kill the Freedom Fighters. This story was scheduled to appear in The Secret Society of Super-Villains #16-17, but the title was canceled before it could be published. It eventually appeared in issue #2 of Cancelled Comic Cavalcade, a limited series produced by DC Comics.
Quakemaster is part of a team of supervillains recruited by Lex Luthor and Brainiac during Crisis on Infinite Earths.
Quakemaster later takes to hanging out with other villains who have apparently fallen on hard times. This group includes Black Mass, Sonar, the original Blackrock and the Cavalier. The villains gather at a New York bar to play games of poker. In one such game, the villains lose most of their weapons and devices to civilian Wally Tortelloni. When the villains gang up to track Tortelloni down and retake their devices, they are apprehended by members of the Justice League International.
In The Adventures of Superman #608 (November 2002), Quakemaster is one of the numerous villains hired by Manchester Black to attack Superman's friends and family. He is once again defeated.
In Infinite Crisis, Quakemaster became a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains.

## Powers and abilities

Quakemaster has no inherent powers or abilities. He uses a power charged jackhammer of his own design. It projects pulse waves of energy capable of destroying concrete or smashing bone.

## Other versions

For a brief time, the name Quakemaster is used by fellow villain the Ventriloquist during the Gotham City disaster known as the Cataclysm.
Still later, another supervillain called Geomancer takes up Quakemaster's m.o., although seemingly without the aid of technical equipment.
In the first issue of the Hero Hotline miniseries, the titular team battled an exo-skeleton-wearing criminal who was using a super-powered jackhammer to tunnel under a building which had been erected over the hiding place for his loot while he was in prison. Although the character was identified as potentially being Quakemaster, his identity was never verified.
# Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne

Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne (June 6, 1703 – November 15, 1761) was a Canadian-born military officer and merchant. He was born at Fort Frontenac in what is now Kingston, Ontario, Canada, and began his career in the colonial regular troops as a second ensign in 1722 and was made full ensign five years later. He married in 1728 and began investing heavily in the commerce of the fur trade while continuing his military career. This was a common practice of the time. In the next few years both careers flourished. He received promotions to lieutenant and then captain six years later.
During King George's War, he had serious combat experience in Acadia for which he was awarded the cross of Saint Louis in May 1749 for his actions at the Battle of Grand Pre. During Father Le Loutre's War he was involved in other hostile military operations as well as organizing militias amongst new settlers in new territories (see Battle at Chignecto). In 1752, La Corne began a three-year appointment as the western commander of the poste de l’Ouest, (the French name for the posts started by Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye).
He succeeded Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre and set out in June 1753 with 57 men, leaving his brother Luc de la Corne to coordinate additional resources. He crossed paths with Saint-Pierre north of Lake Superior and was briefed on what he would find in the west. During his tenure in the west, La Corne appears to have been an active commander. He improved Fort Paskoya (Le Pas, Man.), built Fort Saint-Louis (Fort de la Corne, Saskatchewan) and explored the Carrot River valley. He was succeeded by Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye who was Commander of the West from 1756 to 1758. (Because of the Seven Years' War, La Vérendrye never actually came west but carried out the business through agents.)
By July 1755, La Corne was back east and was heavily involved in military matters for the next five years, patrolling the Montreal to Lake Ontario waterway with a large contingent of men. More military recognition for his role was recommended but never occurred. He was to be deported to France in 1761 and was one of the victims when the ship, Auguste sank off the coast of Cape Breton Island on November 15 of that year.
# Pigott baronets

The Pigott Baronetcy, of Knapton in the Queen's County, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 3 October 1808, for George Pigott. Pigott was the son of Thomas Pigott, a major general in the army and Member of Parliament.

## Pigott baronets, of Knapton (1808)

* Sir George Pigott, 1st Baronet (1766–1844)
* Sir Thomas Pigott, 2nd Baronet (1796–1847)
* Sir Charles Robert Pigott, 3rd Baronet (1835–1911)
* Sir Berkeley Pigott, 4th Baronet (1894–1982)
* Sir (Berkeley) Henry Sebastian Pigott, 5th Baronet (1925–2017)
* Sir David John Berkeley Pigott, 6th Baronet (born 1955). He succeeded his father in 2017, but the Official Roll marks the title vacant.
The heir presumptive is the current Baronet's brother Antony Charles Philip Pigott (born 1960).
# Pigou

Note: The surname Pigou forms part of the terms Pigou Club and Pigouvian tax, both derived from the name of the English economist Arthur Cecil Pigou.
Pigou is an English surname of Huguenot derivation.
The Pigou family originated from Amiens in France. The name was related to pique or pike, and the Pigou arms consist of three pike heads. Two sons of Lawrence Pigou of Amiens – Jacques and John – fled from persecution in France and settled with their families in England in about 1685. All branches of the Pigou family became involved in trade with India.

## Family of Jacques Pigou

The descendants of Jacques died out but there were two notable members of this family. The Gentleman's Magazine (January 1792) reprinted the letter of Captain Peter Pigou (1732–1783) describing his adventures in conveying a huge hydraulic organ from Madras to Aurengabad, for a speculative sale to the Nizam.
Thomas Pigou (1765–1796), the son of Peter Pigou was an officer in the British East India Company and a close friend of Francis Light. He succeeded Light as governor of Penang.

## Family of John Pigou

John’s grandson Anselm Frederick Pigou (1683–1749) was a successful merchant with dealings in America. His son Frederick Pigou (1711–1792) was a Director of the East India Company, and also had connections with the tea trade to America. He was also co-owner of the gunpowder factory at Dartford, Kent. Subsequent generations followed these threads, being typically Artillery officers and serving in the Indian Army. All existing members of the Pigou family descend from Frederick. Many have emigrated to Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The Pigou vineyards are near Marlborough, New Zealand.

## Pigou family members

* Arthur Cecil Pigou (1877–1959), English economist
* Elfrida Pigou (1911–1960), Canadian mountaineer
* William Harry Pigou (1818–1858), surgeon and pioneer photographer in India
* Major-General Arthur Comyn Pigou (1826–1903)
* Francis Pigou (1832–1916), dean of Bristol
* Louisa Pigou, married Henry Harford (1758–1834), last proprietor of Maryland
* Georgina Pigou, mother of English MP Hugo Francis Meynell Ingram (1822–1871)
* Catherine Pigou, mother of English playwright and MP Miles Peter Andrews ( –1814)
* Nina Pigou, wife of Alfred Inglis and mother in law of Air Marshal Victor Goddard (1897–1987)
# Queen Esther Marrow

Queen Esther Marrow (born February 12, 1941) is an American soul and gospel singer.

## Biography

Queen Esther Marrow was born in Newport News, Virginia. She began her career at the age of 22, when her vocal gifts were discovered by Duke Ellington and made her debut as a featured artist in his "Sacred Concert" world tour. Marrow and Ellington formed a long-life friendship during the next four years while touring together. Queen has since performed with such musicians as Lena Horne, Ella Fitzgerald, B.B. King, Ray Charles, Thelonious Monk, Chick Corea and Bob Dylan.
In 1965, Marrow became active in the civil rights movement when she performed in Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s World Crusade. There she met her lifetime idol Mahalia Jackson, with whom she would later share the stage. Other political activists on the crusade were Jesse Jackson, Sidney Poitier and Dr. Ralph Abernathy.
Marrow was also involved in musical theater, jazz, television and film. She played Auntie ‘Em on Broadway in The Wiz, and was featured in several other Broadway shows including Comin’ Uptown, Nice To Be Civilized, and she starred as her idol Mahalia Jackson in the national tour of Sing Mahalia Sing, directed by George Faison. Marrow was featured in Motown’s film The Last Dragon, produced by Berry Gordy. Her many television appearances have ranged from the serious to the comic. They include Duke Ellington: The Music Lives On, as Oscar the Grouch’s mother in Sesame Street on PBS and New York to Paris with The Harlem Gospel Singers, also on PBS. In 1990, a dream of Marrow’s came true when Truly Blessed, a musical about Mahalia Jackson written by and starring Queen Esther, was performed in San Francisco, Washington, D.C., and in New York City on Broadway. The musical received three Helen Hayes nominations including Best New Play.
Marrow has performed for Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton and done a command performance for the British Royal Family. She sang at the Vatican for Pope John Paul II several times.
Most recently she founded The Harlem Gospel Singers, an international touring gospel group. The group with their popularity at an all-time high made history on July 7, 1998, as the only gospel group ever to perform the Grand Evenement du Maurier (grand event) at the Montreal Jazz Festival, drawing over 100,000 audience members.
In 2015, Marrow was the only performer from the original 1965 performance of Duke Ellington’s Sacred Concert to also perform at the 50th anniversary performance at Grace Cathedral, San Francisco.

## Discography

* 1971: Newport News, Virginia
* 1972: Sister Woman
* 1994: Queen Esther Marrow & the Harlem Gospel Singers
* 1999: Live in Paris
* 2000: Harlem Gospel Singers with Queen Esther Marrow
* 2002: God Cares

## Awards

| Year | Award | City |
| 2006 | Ella Fitzgerald and Pearl Bailey Lifetime Achievement Award | Newport News, VA |
Queen Esther Marrow Helen Hayes Awards Nominations :
| Year | Award |
| 1989 | Outstanding Supporting Performer in a Non-Resident Production |
| 1990 | The Charles MacArthur Award for Outstanding New Play |
| 1990 | Outstanding Lead Actress in a Resident Musical |