OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Michel van Hulten

Michael Henricus Maria (Michel) van Hulten (born March 9, 1930, in Batavia) is a retired Dutch politician. As a member of the Political Party of Radicals (PPR) he was a member of the Dutch parliament and he was the undersecretary of the Minister of Transport in Joop den Uyl's cabinet.

## Career

Van Hulten trained as a human geographer and urban planner. He earned his PhD (Amsterdam University, 1962) with a thesis on Collectivization of Agriculture in the Polish People’s Republic, 1944-1960.
He was a member of the Dutch parliament Senate for the PPR. Eighteen months later he moved to the House. May 1973 he took office as the undersecretary of the Minister of Transport, under premier Den Uyl. In this role in 1974, he introduced legislation implementing use of the tachograph to better control truck driving and mandatory driver rest periods.
Van Hulten was a member of the Godebald-groep in the PPR and was in favor of cooperation of the PPR with the PvdA and D66 instead of cooperation with the Communist Party of the Netherlands. Van Hulten left the PPR in 1981.
Over the course of his political career he has been a member of KVP, PPR, D66, GroenLinks and PvdA.
From 1978 to 1996 he was employed by NGOs, the United Nations and the Dutch Government working in Mali, Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Malaysia, New York and Washington/The Hague. Dr. van Hulten was a researcher specializing on corruption and integrity in the New York Headquarters of UNDP in 1984–1986.
He was Professor Governance (2007-2015) at SAXION University of Applied Sciences, School of Governance, Law and Urban Development. He worked for the World Bank (Global Coalition for Africa (1991-1996) and with NGOs with an anti-corruption focus, among others in Slovenia 2000–2002.
The parliamentary elections in 1994 he was a candidate on behalf of D66, but he was not elected. In 1994/98 he was chairman of the program committee of D66.
Despite retirement, Van Hulten has remained active in public debate, as an enthusiastic advocate for free public transport in the Netherlands. He publishes regularly in the e-magazine www.civismundi.nl
Michel van Hulten is the father of Michiel van Hulten, Member of the European Parliament (1999-2004) who was the leader of the Labour Party (Dutch: Partij van de Arbeid) PvdA from December 2005 to April 2007.
# Michel parameters

The Michel parameters, usually denoted by $\rho ,\eta ,\xi$ and $\delta$, are four parameters used in describing the phase space distribution of leptonic decays of charged leptons, $l_{i}^{-}\rightarrow l_{j}^{-}\nu _{i}{\bar {\nu _{j}}}$. They are named after the physicist Louis Michel. Sometimes instead of $\delta$, the product $\xi \delta$ is quoted. Within the Standard Model of electroweak interactions, these parameters are expected to be
    $\rho ={3 \over 4},\quad \eta =0,\quad \xi =1,\quad \xi \delta ={3 \over 4}.$
Precise measurements of energy and angular distributions of the daughter leptons in decays of polarized muons and tau leptons are so far in good agreement with these predictions of the Standard Model.

## Muon decay

Consider the decay of the positive muon:
    $\mu ^{+}\to e^{+}+\nu _{e}+{\bar {\nu }}_{\mu }.$
In the muon rest frame, energy and angular distributions of the positrons emitted in the decay of a polarised muon expressed in terms of Michel parameters are the following, neglecting electron and neutrino masses and the radiative corrections:
    ${\frac {d^{2}\Gamma }{x^{2}dxd\cos \theta }}\sim (3-3x)+{\frac {2}{3}}\rho (4x-3)+P_{\mu }\xi \cos \theta [(1-x)+{\frac {2}{3}}\delta (4x-3)],$
where $P_{\mu }$ is muon polarisation, $x=E_{e}/E_{e}^{max}$, and $\theta$ is the angle between muon spin direction and positron momentum direction. For the decay of the negative muon, the sign of the term containing $\cos \theta$ should be inverted.
For the decay of the positive muon, the expected decay distribution for the Standard Model values of Michel parameters is
    ${\frac {d^{2}\Gamma }{dxd\cos \theta }}\sim x^{2}[(3-2x)-P_{\mu }\cos \theta (1-2x)].$
Integration of this expression over electron energy gives the angular distribution of the daughter positrons:
    ${\frac {d\Gamma }{d\cos \theta }}\sim 1+{\frac {1}{3}}P_{\mu }\cos \theta .$
The positron energy distribution integrated over the polar angle is
    ${\frac {d\Gamma }{dx}}\sim (3x^{2}-2x^{3}).$
# Marcos Komodromos

Marcos Komodromos (Greek: Μάρκος Κωμοδρόμος; born 13 August 1986) is a Greek-Cypriot author, university professor, TV and radio host, and an entrepreneur. He was born in Nicosia, Cyprus and studied in Geneva, Switzerland, European University Business School and Northcentral University in Arizona.
Komodromos is an associate professor and lectures at the University of Nicosia's Department of Communications. He is an Accredited Charter Instructor of Public Relations and Marketing Communications, a member of the Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR) in the UK, and a Chartered PR Practitioner accredited by the CIPR in London, UK.

## Books

* Organizational Justice During Strategic Change - The Employee's Perspective
* Employees' Perceptions of Trust, Fairness, and Management of Change Using an Organizational Justice Framework
# Sandbagging (law)

Sandbagging, in the field of mergers and acquisitions law, refers to the act of claiming a breach of a contractual representation or warranty despite having known at the time of the contract that it was untrue.

## Legal status of sandbagging
### United States

Delaware and New York law both generally permit sandbagging when a contract is silent on the point, whereas California law does not allow it unless the contract explicitly permits it. New York case law indicates that sandbagging is not allowed in cases where the information about the falsehood of the representation or warranty came directly from the seller.

### United Kingdom

English law provides that "purchaser's knowledge" precludes post-closing remedies for breach of warranty, but that a contract may allow sandbagging based on pre-closing constructive knowledge or imputed knowledge (as opposed to actual knowledge).

### Canada

Ontario case law has not dealt with default rules for sandbagging but has indicated that sandbagging may be permitted by contract. The civil code of Quebec imposes a requirement of good faith in the exercise of contractual rights which would likely preclude sandbagging.

### Japan

The Japanese Civil Code does not allow sandbagging unless the contract explicitly permits it.
# Michna (electronic artist)

Adrian Yin Michna is an American DJ and music producer, performing under the mononym Michna. He is currently based in Brooklyn and is signed to Ghostly International.

## Career

Michna started out his musical career as a trombonist, playing shows in New York at the Lion's Den and CBGB's. In the mid-1990s he founded the DJ collective Secret Frequency Crew, who released their music via mail-order. Michna signed with Ghostly International in early 2007 and in 2008 he released his debut album, "Magic Monday", which The Fader described as "genreless and timeless". In July 2009, Michna released "Eggstra EP". Then, in September 2012, Ghostly released the "Moving Mountains" EP. On February 3, 2015, Ghostly released Michna's sophomore LP "Thousand Thursday". In October of that year, the Museum of Modern Art hosted an exhibition of Michna's work along with sound artist Yuri Suzuki.

## Commissioned Work

Michna has created music for television, video games, and commercials.

### Television

In 2013, "Swiss Glide" was licensed to HBO for 2 episodes of Mike Judge's Silicon Valley: season 1 episode 3: "Articles of Incorporation" and season 1 episode 7: "Proof of Concept".

### Video games

In 2014, Michna was commissioned to write 3 original songs for Sony's Hohokum Soundtrack. They are "Emerald Plateaus", "The Best Way Out Is Through", and "Increasing Ambition".

### Commercials

In 2014 Michna was commissioned to compose original music for Nike's release of the Lebron 12 shoe. Michna's song "Triple Chrome Dipped" was used in 2014 for The Truth's TV Spot, "Response".

## Discography
### Albums

* "Magic Monday" (2008)
* "Thousand Thursday" (2015)

### EPs

* "Selections from Magic Monday" (2008)
* "Eggstra" (2009)
* "Moving Mountains" (2012)
# Sangeen Zadran

Mullah Sangeen Zadran (1976 or 1979 − 5 September 2013) was an Afghan militant and shadow governor of Paktika province. Zadran was an operational commander of the Haqqani network, an Islamist insurgent group. He was held responsible for the capture of American soldier Bowe Bergdahl. In 2011, he was added to the list of specially designated global terrorists by the United States of America. According to the U.S. military, Zadran was the leader of one of the most resilient militant groups based in Afghanistan. He was killed in a CIA drone strike on 5 September 2013. His younger brother, Bilal Zadran, was nominated as the new official commander of the Haqqani group. A photo of Sangeen's corpse was published on a jihadist forum in October 2013.
# Margaret Hill Morris

Margaret Hill Morris (November 2, 1737 – October 10, 1816) was a Colonial American Quaker medical practitioner and diarist. Her journal provides a first hand account of events of the American Revolutionary War in and around Burlington, New Jersey, including the 1776 Battle of Trenton.

## Life

Margaret Hill was born on November 2, 1737 in South River, Maryland. She was the daughter of Richard Hill, a Quaker doctor, merchant, amateur botanist, and slaveholder, and Deborah Moore, granddaughter of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Lloyd. She had eleven siblings, including poet Milcah Martha Moore.
In 1739, Hill's business ventures failed and he and his wife fled to Madeira to avoid creditors. They left Margaret and three of her siblings in Philadelphia with their eldest daughter, Hannah Hill Moore.
In 1758, she married William Morris, Jr., a Philadelphia dry goods merchant from a prominent Quaker family. He died in 1766, leaving her a widow with four children. In 1770, she relocated to Burlington, New Jersey near her sister, Sarah Hill Dillwyn, purchasing a house on the Delaware River formerly belonging to Governor William Franklin.
Though she had wealthy relations she could seek assistance from, Morris desired self-sufficiency and planned "getting into a little business", opening a medical and apothecary practice in 1779. She had a wealthy of knowledge to draw on as many of the women in her family were experienced healers and her father and brothers-in-law were physicians.
As pacifists Quakers, Morris and her family refused to participate in the Revolutionary War. In her journal, she lamented "What sad havoc will this dreadful war make in our land!" Morris treated soldiers on both sides of the conflict Morris' original journal is at Haverford College. Copies were published in 1836, and again in 1854 by her grandson, John Jay Smith.
After the war, Morris returned to Philadelphia. She treated patients during the 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic.
Margaret Hill Morris died in Burlington on October 10, 1816.

## Family

Margaret Hill Morris had six children, four of whom lived to adulthood:
* Richard Morris (September 28, 1759 – September 29, 1760) - Richard and John were twins, but Richard died at one year old.
* John Morris (September 28, 1759 – September 8, 1793) - became a physician and died of yellow fever.
* Deborah Morris Smith Collins (November 29, 1760 – March 15, 1822)
* Richard Hill Morris (September 5, 1762 – December 6, 1841)
* Mary Morris (June 19, 1764 – February 14, 1765)
* Gulielma Maria Morris Smith (August 18, 1766 – September 9, 1826)
# Péter Gothár

Péter Gothár (born 28 August 1947) is a Hungarian film director and screenwriter. He has directed 23 films since 1974. His film The Outpost was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival.

## Selected filmography

* Time Stands Still (1982)
* The Outpost (1995)
* Vaska Easoff (1996)
# Waradiwala

Waradiwala is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Mikayıllı, Jalilabad

Mikayıllı (also, Mikailly and Mikeyly) is a village and municipality in the Jalilabad Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,201.
# McKay's approximation for the coefficient of variation

In statistics, McKay's approximation of the coefficient of variation is a statistic based on a sample from a normally distributed population. It was introduced in 1932 by A. T. McKay. Statistical methods for the coefficient of variation often utilizes McKay's approximation.
Let $x_{i}$, $i=1,2,\ldots ,n$ be $n$ independent observations from a $N(\mu ,\sigma ^{2})$ normal distribution. The population coefficient of variation is $c_{v}=\sigma /\mu$. Let ${\bar {x}}$ and $s\,$ denote the sample mean and the sample standard deviation, respectively. Then ${\hat {c}}_{v}=s/{\bar {x}}$ is the sample coefficient of variation. McKay's approximation is
    $K=\left(1+{\frac {1}{c_{v}^{2}}}\right)\ {\frac {(n-1)\ {\hat {c}}_{v}^{2}}{1+(n-1)\ {\hat {c}}_{v}^{2}/n}}$
Note that in this expression, the first factor includes the population coefficient of variation, which is usually unknown. When $c_{v}$ is smaller than 1/3, then $K$ is approximately chi-square distributed with $n-1$ degrees of freedom. In the original article by McKay, the expression for $K$ looks slightly different, since McKay defined $\sigma ^{2}$ with denominator $n$ instead of $n-1$. McKay's approximation, $K$, for the coefficient of variation is approximately chi-square distributed, but exactly noncentral beta distributed .
# Porte-de-Savoie

Porte-de-Savoie (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It was established on 1 January 2019 by merger of the former communes of Les Marches (the seat) and Francin.
# Mariana Lewis

Mariana Lewis is an Anglo-Brazilian actress and director who is known for her work on productions like Doctor Faustus (2021) and Medea (2023).

## Career

In 2016, Lewis achieved recognition with her web series "O Encanto da Sereia," winning the Incentive for Digital Production at Rio WebFest. Since 2016 Lewis received 18 nominations and 11 festival wins across various categories. She secured the Best Actress title at Miami Web Fest (2019) and Rio Webfest [pt] (2018) for "Day Off," as well as the Best Actress in a Drama Award at Asia Web Awards (2021) for her role in "Doctor Faustus".
In 2019, she starred in and co-created the short-form series "Changes," inspired by David Bowie's song “Changes”. In 2020, Lewis showcased her directorial debut with "Doctor Faustus," a contemporary psychological thriller based on the Christopher Marlowe play of the same name.
Lewis joined Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 2021.
The year 2022 marked Lewis's venture into Medea, where her innovative approach included mobile phone recording, chroma key, and the use of Unreal Engine and CamtrackAR for 3D camera tracking. "Medea" won Best Special Effects at Hollywood Séries Awards 2023

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| 2015 | O Encanto da Sereia | Mari |
| 2018 | Magic of the Mermaid - A Rainy Day | Mari |
| 2018 | Day Off | As herself |
| 2018 | Rebecca | Anna |
| 2018 | Jesus | Menina Cega |
| 2019 | Mrs Sheila | Daughter |
| 2019 | Every Woman is a bit Monalisa | Hannah |
| 2019 | Macbeth King of the Favela | Lady Macbeth |
| 2019 | Jovem Aparencia | Renata |
| 2019 | 18,19... 30 | Mariana |
| 2019 | Pacified | Gretel |
| 2020 | Leme in Love | Mari |
| 2020 | Changes | Mariana |
| 2021 | Doctor Faustus | Doctor Faustus |
| 2023 | Medea | Medea |
| 2024 | Ivanov | Sasha |
# Microphotonics

Microphotonics is a branch of technology that deals with directing light on a microscopic scale and is used in optical networking. Particularly, it refers to the branch of technology that deals with wafer-level integrated devices and systems that emit, transmit, detect, and process light along with other forms of radiant energy with photon as the quantum unit.
Microphotonics employs at least two different materials with a large differential index of refraction to squeeze the light down to a small size. Generally speaking, virtually all of microphotonics relies on Fresnel reflection to guide the light. If the photons reside mainly in the higher index material, the confinement is due to total internal reflection. If the confinement is due many distributed Fresnel reflections, the device is termed a photonic crystal. There are many different types of geometries used in microphotonics including optical waveguides, optical microcavities, and Arrayed waveguide gratings.

## Photonic crystals

Photonic crystals are non-conducting materials that reflect various wavelengths of light almost perfectly. Such a crystal can be referred to as a perfect mirror. Other devices employed in microphotonics include micromirrors and photonic wire waveguides. These tools are used to "mold the flow of light", a famous phrase for describing the goal of microphotonics. The crystals serve as structures that allow the manipulation, confinement, and control of light in one, two, or three dimensions of space.

## Microdisks, microtoroids, and microspheres

An optical microdisk, optical microtoroid, or optical microsphere uses internal reflection in a circular geometry to hold on to the photons. This type of circularly symmetric optical resonance is called a Whispering gallery mode, after Lord Rayleigh coined the term.

## Application

Microphotonics has biological applications and these can be demonstrated in the case of the "biophotonic chips", which are developed to increase efficiency in terms of "photonic yield" or the collected luminescent signal emitted by fluorescent markers used in biological chips.
Currently, microphotonics technology is also being developed to replace electronics devices and bio-compatible intracellular devices. For instance, the long-standing goal of an all-optical router would eliminate electronic bottlenecks, speeding up the network. Perfect mirrors are being developed for use in fiber-optic cables.
# Lorne Taylor

Lorne Taylor (born 1944) is a former tenured professor and member of the provincial legislature of Alberta, Canada.

## Political career

Taylor was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 1993 Alberta general election. He defeated three other candidates including Al Strom of the Social Credit with a large plurality. He won his second term in office in the 1997 Alberta general election, with a larger plurality defeating three other candidates. In 1999 Taylor was appointed to the cabinet as Minister of Science and Innovation. He won his third term in office in the 2001 Alberta general election. This time Taylor won in a landslide defeating two other candidates. He was appointed to serve as Minister of the Environment and retired at dissolution of the Legislature in 2004.
# Ram Shahar, Barhara

Ram Shahar, also spelled Ramshahar, is a village in Barhara block of Bhojpur district in Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 4,337, in 601 households.
# Martin de Bervanger

Martin de Bervanger (May 15, 1795 – 1865) was a French priest, founder of charitable institutions including the Parisian Institution Saint-Nicolas. He was born in Sarrelouis, and died in Paris.

## Life

After being for some time assistant pastor in his native city, he took part, in 1822, in the foundation of the Association Royale de Saint-Joseph, and later of the Œuvre de Saint-Henri. These two institutions were destined to give to workingmen free instruction and professional training. To reach this end more effectively, he founded, in 1827, a boarding-school where, besides manual training, poor boys could receive intellectual, religious, and moral education. This is the Œuvre de Saint-Nicolas.
In the beginning only seven children were in the establishment, but it soon developed and was transferred from its poor quarters in the Faubourg Saint-Marceau [fr], to a better location in the Rue de Vaugirard. At the time of the July Revolution, the first two institutions disappeared, but the Institution Saint-Nicolas remained. It had many difficulties to overcome; the resources were insufficient; proper instructors could not always be found; suspicions of political intrigues were entertained by the Government, which led to various vexatious inquiries. De Bervanger succeeded in overcoming all obstacles, and the institution became more and more prosperous. Soon a branch establishment was founded at Issy.
In 1859, De Bervanger turned over the institution to François-Nicholas-Madeleine Morlot, Archbishop of Paris, who gave the direction of it to the Christian Brothers. It has since been enlarged. De Bervanger wrote the Règle de l'Œuvre de Saint Nicolas (1853).
# Martín Garrido

Martín Garrido Mayorga (born November 9, 1974, in Córdoba, Argentina) is an Argentine former professional road racing cyclist.

## Major results
### 1999

    2nd Overall Vuelta a Venezuela
       1st Stage 9

### 2000

    1st Stage 1 Vuelta a Galega

### 2001

    1st Stage 3 Vuelta a Murcia

### 2004

    1st Stage 3 GP Barbot
    1st Stage 3 Volta ao Algarve

### 2005

    Tour of Bulgaria
       1st Stages 3, 4, 8 & 9
    1st Prologue Tour de Normandie

### 2006

    1st Stage 6 Tour of Bulgaria
    1st Stage 3 Volta a Portugal

### 2007

    1st Prologue Volta a Portugal
    1st Stage 3 Volta ao Distrito de Santarém

### 2008

    1st Overall Tour de San Luis
       1st Prologue & Stage 3
    1st Overall Vuelta del Este Córdobes
    1st Stage 3 Boucles de la Mayenne
# Martín Gonzalo Reservoir

Martín Gonzalo Reservoir is a reservoir in Montoro, province of Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain.
# Louis, Duke of Vendôme

Louis de Bourbon (October 1612 – 6 August 1669), was Duke of Mercœur and later the second Duke of Vendôme, and the grandson of Henry IV of France and Gabrielle d'Estrées. He became Duke of Vendôme in 1665, after the death of his father.

## Biography

Louis was the son of César de Bourbon, Légitimé de France, Duke of Vendôme and Françoise de Lorraine (1592–1669), daughter of Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur (d. 1602). Louis had a military career and was Governor of Provence from 1653 to 1669. After the death of his wife in 1657, he entered the church and became a cardinal and legate of France. As a cardinal, he was styled as the cardinal de Vendôme.

## Marriage and issue

Louis married Laura Mancini, niece of Cardinal Mazarin, on 4 February 1651. Their children:
* Louis Joseph de Bourbon (1654–1712), Duke of Vendôme and Marshal of France; married Marie Anne de Bourbon no issue;
* Philippe de Bourbon (1655–1727), called le prieur de Vendôme, last Duke of Vendôme; never married; no issue.
* Jules César de Bourbon (1657–1660) died in infancy.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Louis, Duke of Vendôme :