# National Computational Infrastructure

The National Computational Infrastructure (also known as NCI or NCI Australia) is a high-performance computing and data services facility, located at the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The NCI is supported by the Australian Government's National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), with operational funding provided through a formal collaboration incorporating CSIRO, the Bureau of Meteorology, the Australian National University, Geoscience Australia, the Australian Research Council, and a number of research-intensive universities and medical research institutes.
Access to computational resources is provided to funding partners as well as researchers awarded grants under the National Computing Merit Allocation Scheme (NCMAS).
The current director is Sean Smith.

## Notable staff

* Lindsay Botten – former director
* Chris Pigram – former CEO of Geoscience Australia and acting director after the retirement of Lindsay Botten.
* Sean Smith – current director

## Facility

The NCI building is located on the ANU campus in Canberra and uses hot aisle containment and free cooling to cool their computers.

## Computer systems

As of June 2020, NCI operates two main high-performance computing installations, including:
* Gadi, meaning 'to search for' in the local Ngunnawal language. a 9.26 PetaFLOP high-performance distributed memory cluster consisting of:
** 145,152 cores (Intel Xeon Scalable 'Cascade Lake' processors) across 3024 nodes
** 160 nodes containing four Nvidia V100 GPUs
** 567 Terabytes of main memory
** 20 Petabytes of fast storage
** 47 Petabytes of storage for large data files
** 50 Petabytes of tape storage for archival
** HDR Mellanox Infiniband in Dragonfly+ topology (up to 200 Gbit/s transfer)
* Tenjin, a 67 TeraFLOP bespoke high-performance partner cloud, consisting of:
** 1600 Intel Xeon Sandy Bridge cores
** 25 Terabytes of main memory
** 160 Terabytes State Disk

## Data services and storage

NCI operates the fastest filesystems in the Southern Hemisphere. 20 Petabytes of storage is available for fast I/O, 47 Petabytes is available for large data and research files, and 50 Petabytes is available on tape for archival.

### Datasets

NCI hosts multiple data sets that can be used on their computation systems including:
* Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Data Archive (ATSIDA) which provides Australian Indigenous research data
* Australian Astronomy Optical Data Repository (ODR) including:
** Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) current and selected historical datasets
** Southern Sky Survey, using the ANU's robotic SkyMapper telescope at Mount Stromlo Observatory
* Australian National Geophysical Collection (300 TB in 2015) including:
** Airborne geophysics data
** Gravity data set
** Seismic survey
* High-resolution 'raw' Indian Ocean sea floor data was generated as part of the search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.

## Research

Research conducted or underway includes:
* Southern Sky Survey, using the ANU's robotic SkyMapper telescope at Mount Stromlo Observatory
* The Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS)
* COVID-19 mitigation research
* Medical and materials research

## History

NCI Australia is a direct descendant of the ANU Supercomputing Facility ANUSF, which existed from 1987 through to 1999. At the turn of the new millennium, the Australian Government pushed ahead with a process to form the Australian Partnership for Advanced Computing (APAC), the foundation of which would be built around a new national computational infrastructure. With its heritage in supercomputing, it was decided that the APAC National Facility would be located at The Australian National University, with the facility ultimately commissioned in 2001.
In 2007, APAC began its evolution into the present NCI collaboration.
The table below provides comprehensive history of supercomputer specifications present at the NCI and its antecedents.
| System specifications | System specifications | System specifications | System specifications | Performance | Performance | Years active | Years active | Initial Top500 Rank |
| Name | Processor | Memory | Storage | Peak | Sustained (SPEC) | Introduced | Retired | Initial Top500 Rank |
| Fujitsu VP100 | Vector | 64 MB | | 0.15 GFLOPS | | 1987 | 1992 | — |
| Fujitsu VP2200 | Vector | 512 MB | 27 GB | 1.25 GFLOPS | | 1992 | 1996 | — |
| Fujitsu VPP | Vector/Scalar | 14 GB | | 28 GFLOPS | | 1996 | 2001 | 59 |
| SGI Power Challenge XL | 20 MIPS R10000 | 2 GB | 77 GB | 6.4 GFLOPS | | | | — |
| Compaq/HP Alphaserver (sc) | 512 DEC Alpha | 0.5 TB | 12 TB | 1 TFLOPS | 2,000 | 2001 | 2005 | 31 |
| SGI Altix 3700 (ac) | 1,920 Intel Itanium | 5.5 TB | 100 TB | 14 TFLOPS | 21,000 | 2005 | 2009 | 26 |
| SGI Altix XE (xe) | 1,248 Intel Xeon (Nehalem) | 2.5 TB | 90 TB | 14 TFLOPS | 12,000 | 2009 | 2013 | — |
| Sun/Oracle Constellation (Vayu) | 11,936 Intel Xeon (Nehalem) | 37 TB | 800 TB | 140 TFLOPS | 240,000 | 2009 | 2013 | 35 |
| Fujitsu Primergy (Raijin) | 57,472 Intel Xeon (Sandy Bridge) | 160 TB | 12.5 PB | 1.195 PFLOPS | 1,600,000 | 2013 | 2019 | 24 |
| Fujitsu Primergy CX2570 (Gadi) | 145,152 Intel Xeon (Cascade Lake) | 576 TB | 20 PB | 9.26 PFLOPS | | 2020 | In use | 24 |

### Vayu

The Vayu computer cluster, the predecessor of Raijin, was based on a Sun Microsystems Sun Constellation System. The Vayu system was taken from Sun's code name for the compute blade within the system. Vayu is a Hindu god, the name meaning "wind". The cluster was officially launched on 2009-11-16 by the Government of Australia's Minister for Innovation, Industry, Science and Research, Senator Kim Carr, after provisional acceptance on 2009-09-18.
Vayu was first operated in September 2009 with one-eighth of the final computing power, with the full system commissioned in March 2010. Vayu had the following performance characteristics:
* Peak performance: 140 TFLOPS
* Sustained: 250K SPECfp rate
* Resources: 110M hrs p.a.
The system comprised:
* 11936 CPUs in 1,492 nodes in Sun X6275 blades, each containing
** two quad-core 2.93 GHz Intel Nehalem CPUs
** 24Gbyte DDR3-1333 memory
** 24 GB Flash DIMM for swap and job scratch
* total: 36.9 TB of RAM on compute nodes
* Dual socket, quad-core Sun X4170, X4270, X4275 servers for Lustre fileserving
* approx 835 TB of global user storage
The power consumption of the full 11936 CPU system was approx 605 kW, but all the power was intended to be from green energy sources.
System software for the Vayu cluster includes:
* CentOS 5.4 Linux distribution (based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4)
* the oneSIS cluster software management system
* the Lustre cluster file system
* the National Facility's variant of the OpenPBS batch queuing system
The national government has provided around A$26m to enable the building of the center and installation of Vayu. Other participating organizations included the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Australian National University, and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, cooperating using an integrated computational environment for the earth systems sciences, including investigating aspects of operational weather forecasting through to climate modelling and prediction. The ANU and CSIRO each subscribed about A$3m, thereby getting about a quarter of the machine. The ANU and CSIRO, with the support of the Australian Government, made plans for funding Vayu's replacement, in about 2011-2012, with a machine about 12 times more powerful.