# Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary

The ethno-linguistic composition of Austria-Hungary according to the census of 31 December 1910 was as follows:

## Population

| Area | Number | % |
| Cisleithania | 28,571,934 | 55.6 |
| Transleithania | 20,886,487 | 40.6 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium) | 1,931,802 | 3.8 |
| Total | 51,390,223 | 100.0 |

### Largest cities

Data: census in 1910
Austrian Empire :
| Rank | Current English name | Contemporary official name | Other | Present-day country | Population in 1910 | Present-day population |
| 1. | Vienna | Wien | Bécs, Beč, Dunaj | Austria | 2,031,498 (city without the suburb 1,481,970) | 1,840,573 (Metro: 2,600,000) |
| 2. | Prague | Prag, Praha | Prága | Czech Republic | 668,000 (city without the suburb 223,741) | 1,301,132 (Metro: 2,620,000) |
| 3. | Trieste | Triest | Trieszt, Trst | Italy | 229,510 | 204,420 |
| 4. | Lviv | Lemberg, Lwów | Ilyvó, Львів, Lvov, Львов | Ukraine | 206,113 | 728,545 |
| 5. | Kraków | Krakau, Kraków | Krakkó, Krakov | Poland | 151,886 | 762,508 |
| 6. | Graz | | Grác, Gradec | Austria | 151,781 | 328,276 |
| 7. | Brno | Brünn, Brno | Berén, Börön, Börénvásár | Czech Republic | 125,737 | 377,028 |
| 8. | Chernivtsi | Czernowitz | Csernyivci, Cernăuți, Чернівці | Ukraine | 87,128 | 242,300 |
| 9. | Plzeň | Pilsen, Plzeň | Pilzen | Czech Republic | 80,343 | 169,858 |
| 10. | Linz | | Linec | Austria | 67,817 | 200,841 |
Kingdom of Hungary :
| Rank | Current English name | Contemporary official name | Other | Present-day country | Population in 1910 | Present-day population |
| 1. | Budapest | | Budimpešta | Hungary | 1,232,026 (city without the suburb 880,371) | 1,735,711 (Metro: 3,303,786) |
| 2. | Szeged | | Szegedin, Segedin | Hungary | 118,328 | 170,285 |
| 3. | Subotica | Szabadka | Суботица | Serbia | 94,610 | 105,681 |
| 4. | Debrecen | | | Hungary | 92,729 | 208,016 |
| 5. | Zagreb | | Zágráb, Agram | Croatia | 79,038 | 803,000 (Metro: 1,228,941) |
| 6. | Bratislava | Pozsony | Pressburg, Prešporok | Slovakia | 78,223 | 425,167 |
| 7. | Timișoara | Temesvár | Temeswar | Romania | 72,555 | 319,279 |
| 8. | Kecskemét | | | Hungary | 66,834 | 111,411 |
| 9. | Oradea | Nagyvárad | Großwardein | Romania | 64,169 | 196,367 |
| 10. | Arad | Arad | | Romania | 63,166 | 159,074 |
| 11. | Hódmezővásárhely | | | Hungary | 62,445 | 46,047 |
| 12. | Cluj-Napoca | Kolozsvár | Klausenburg | Romania | 60,808 | 324,576 |
| 13. | Újpest | | | Hungary | 55,197 | 100,694 |
| 14. | Miskolc | | | Hungary | 51,459 | 157,177 |
| 15. | Pécs | | | Hungary | 49,852 | 145,347 |

## Languages

In the Austrian Empire (Cisleithania), the census of 1911 recorded Umgangssprache, everyday language. Jews and those using German in offices often stated German as their Umgangssprache, even when having a different Muttersprache. The Istro-Romanians were counted as Romanians.
In the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania), the 1910 census was based on mother tongue. According to the census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of Hungary were recorded to speak Hungarian as their native language. This number included the Jewish ethnic group (around 5% of the population) who were overwhelmingly Hungarian-speaking (the Jews tending to declare German as mother tongue due to the immigration of Jews of Yiddish/German mother tongue).
| Language | Number | % |
| German | 12,006,521 | 23.36 |
| Hungarian | 10,056,315 | 19.57 |
| Czech | 6,442,133 | 12.54 |
| Serbo-Croatian | 5,621,797 | 10.94 |
| Polish | 4,976,804 | 9.68 |
| Ruthenian | 3,997,831 | 7.78 |
| Romanian | 3,224,147 | 6.27 |
| Slovak | 1,967,970 | 3.83 |
| Slovene | 1,255,620 | 2.44 |
| Italian | 768,422 | 1.50 |
| Other | 1,072,663 | 2.09 |
| Total | 51,390,223 | 100.00 |

### Cisleithanian states (Austrian Empire)

| Land | Main language | Others (if more than 2%) |
| Bohemia | Czech (63.2%) | German (36.8%) |
| Dalmatia | Serbo-Croatian (94.6%) | Italian (2.8%) |
| Galicia | Polish (58.6%) | Ruthenian (40.2%) |
| Lower Austria | German (95.9%) | Czech (3.8%) |
| Upper Austria | German (99.7%) | |
| Bukovina | Ruthenian (38.4%) | Romanian (34.4%), German (21.2%), Polish (4.6%) |
| Carinthia | German (78.6%) | Slovenian (20.7%) |
| Carniola | Slovenian (94.4%) | German (4.9%) |
| Salzburg | German (99.7%) | |
| Austrian Silesia | German (43.9%) | Polish (31.7%), Czech (24.3%) |
| Styria | German (70.5%) | Slovenian (28.4%) |
| Moravia | Czech (71.8%) | German (27.6%) |
| County of Tyrol | German (57.3%) | Italian (42.1%) |
| Austrian Littoral | Italian (39.6%) | Slovenian (29.5%), Serbo-Croatian (18.8%), German (3.1%) |
| Vorarlberg | German (95.4%) | Italian (4.4%) |

### Transleithanian lands (Kingdom of Hungary)

| Land | Mother tongues (1910 census) |
| Kingdom of Hungary | Hungarian (54.4%), Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.7%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%), Croatian (1.8%) |
| Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia | Croatian (62.5%), Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%) |
| Land | Hungarian | Romanian | German | Slovak | Croatian | Serbian | Ruthenian | Other | Total |
| Danube Right Bank | 72% (2,221,295) | 0% (833) | 18% (555,694) | 0.6% (17,188) | 5.5% (168,436) | 0.5% (15,170) | 0% (232) | 3.4% (105,556) | 14.8% (3,084,404) |
| Danube Left Bank | 32.7% (711,654) | 0% (704) | 6.6% (144,395) | 58.8% (1,279,574) | 0.1% (2,294) | 0% (200) | 0% (393) | 1.7% (36,710) | 10.4% (2,175,924) |
| Danube-Tisza | 81.2% (3,061,066) | 0.1% (4,813) | 9.5% (357,822) | 2.1% (79,354) | 0.1% (4,866) | 4.1% (154,298) | 0.3% (11,121) | 4.1% (96,318) | 18% (3,769,658) |
| Tisza Right Bank | 53.5% (945,990) | 0.1% (1,910) | 5.6% (98,564) | 25% (441,776) | 0% (486) | 0% (247) | 14.3% (253,062) | 1.6% (27,646) | 8.5% (1,769,681) |
| Tisza Left Bank | 61.8% (1,603,924) | 24% (621,918) | 3.2% (83,229) | 3.1% (81,154) | 0% (327) | 0% (321) | 7.5% (194,504) | 0.3% (8,547) | 12.4% (2,594,924) |
| Tisza-Maros | 22.2% (474,988) | 39.5% (845,850) | 19.9% (427,253) | 2.1% (44,715) | 0.2% (4,950) | 13.6% (290,434) | 0.1% (3,188) | 2.4% (50,391) | 10.3% (2,141,769) |
| Transylvania | 34.3% (918,217) | 55% (1,472,021) | 8.7% (234,085) | 0.1% (2,404) | 0% (523) | 0% (421) | 0.1% (1,759) | 1.8% (48,937) | 12.8% (2,678,367) |
| Fiume | 13% (6,493) | 0.3% (137) | 4.6% (2,315) | 0.4% (192) | 26% (12,926) | 0.9% (425) | 0% (11) | 54.8 (27,307, mostly Italian) | 0.2% (49,806) |
| Croatia-Slavonia | 4% (105,948) | 0% (846) | 5.1% (134,078) | 0.8% (21,613) | 62.5% (1,638,354) | 24.6% (644,955) | 0.3% (8,317) | 2.6% (67,843) | 12.6% (2,621,954) |
| Total | 48.1% (10,050,575) | 14.1% (2,949,032) | 9.8% (2,037,435) | 9.4% (1,967,970) | 8.8% (1,833,162) | 5.3% (1,106,471) | 2.3% (472,587) | 2.2% (469,255) | 100% (20,886,487) |

#### Historical regions

| Region | Mother Tongues | Hungarian language | Other languages |
| Transylvania | Romanian – 2,819,467 (54%) | 1,658,045 (31.7%) | German – 550,964 (10.5%) |
| Upper Hungary | Slovak – 1,688,413 (57.9%) | 881,320 (30.2%) | German – 198,405 (6.8%) |
| Délvidék | Serbo-Croatian – 601,770 (39.8%) | 425,672 (28.1%) | German – 324,017 (21.4%) Romanian – 75,318 (5.0%) Slovak – 56,690 (3.7%) |
| Transcarpathia | Ruthenian – 330,010 (54.5%) | 185,433 (30.6%) | German – 64,257 (10.6%) |
| Fiume | Italian – 24,212 (48.6%) | 6,493 (13%) | Serbo-Croatian – 13,351 (26.8%) Slovene - 2,336 (4.7%) German - 2,315 (4.6%) |
| Őrvidék | German – 217,072 (74.4%) | 26,225 (9%) | Croatian – 43,633 (15%) |
| Muravidék | Slovene – 74,199 (80.4%) – in 1921 | 14,065 (15.2%) – in 1921 | German – 2,540 (2.8%) – in 1921 |
The Germans in Croatia were mainly living in the eastern parts of the country where they had been settled along the Drava and Danube rivers, and the former Military Frontier (Militärgrenze), after the Habsburg (re)conquest of the area from the Ottomans in 1687.

## Religions

| Religions/Confessions | in all of Austria-Hungary | Austrian part | Hungarian part | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Catholics | 76.6% | 90.9% | 61.8% | 22.9% |
| Protestants | 8.9% | 2.1% | 19% | 0.3% |
| Orthodox | 8.7% | 2.3% | 14.3% | 43.5% |
| Jews | 4.4% | 4.7% | 4.9% | 0.6% |
| Muslims | 1.3% | 0% | 0% | 32.7% |