# Park Nohae

Park Nohae (Korean: 박노해; born 1957) is a South Korean poet, photographer and activist.
At the age of twenty-seven, Park published his first collection of poems, titled Dawn of Labor, in 1984. Despite official bans, this collection sold nearly a million copies, and he became an intensely symbolic figure of resistance, often called the “Faceless Poet.”
In 1991 the scene of him smiling brightly while facing the death sentence still evokes a strong memory. After seven and a half years in prison, he was pardoned in 1998. Thereafter, he was reinstated as a contributor to the democratization movement, but he refused any state compensation, saying “I will not live today by selling the past.”
In 2003, right after the United States’ invasion of Iraq, he flew to the field of war. Since then, he often visits countries that are suffering from war and poverty in order to raise awareness about the situation through his photos and writings. In 2006, he established 〈Zaituna(Olive) Nanum Munhwa School〉 in Ain Al-Hilweh, the world’s largest Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon, and he has been supporting the school for 18 years.
In 2024, his first collection of poems, Dawn of labor published in United States.

## Early life

Park Nohae was born in 1957 in Hampyeong, South Jeolla Province, a southern province of South Korea, and grew up in a farming town, Beolgyo, Goheung. Both his father, a pansori singer, who had participated in Korea's independence and progressive movements, and his mother who was a devout Catholic, greatly influenced him from his childhood. Later, his brother became a priest and headed the Catholic Priests Association for Justice that took a leading role in the democratization of South Korea, and his younger sister became a nun. At the age of seven when his father suddenly died, his fate began to get on a wild journey, as his family became poor, and the family members had to be separated from each other. Such misfortune and solitude at his early age made him get immersed in reading and writing.
Park left his hometown and moved to Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. He worked during daytime and attended the night classes at Seollin Commercial High School. He began to build up a labor activist’s career while working in the fields of construction, textiles, chemicals, metals, and logistics. At that time, Korea was going through a dark period under the military dictatorship; night curfews were in place; freedom of the press, presidential elections, and labor’s primary rights were severely violated.

## 1980s, "the icon of Revolutionary" in South Korea

   There has never been an artistic event
   as shocking as ‘Dawn of Labor,’ before or since.
   Park Nohae is a history, a symbol, and a myth.
   All the way through the history of literature
   and society alike, we may never
   meet such a being again.
The 1980s, when the labor movement was at its most active in South Korea, was also the most active period for the creation of labor poetry. The poetry of this time, represented mainly by Park Nohae and Baek Mu-san. He then took the pseudonym Park Nohae(‘No’ means ‘labor,’ ‘Hae’ means ‘liberation’) and published his first collection of poems, Dawn of Labor, in 1984, under that name. Because it was almost the first collection of poems written by workers from the perspective of workers, it produced a huge shock wave not only in Korean society but also in the literary and intellectual communities. Korea was at that time under the military dictatorship of Chun Doo-hwan, with strict censorship. Despite official bans, this collection sold nearly a million copies and created intense interest. The unknown poet became an intensely symbolic figure of resistance.
   The rope of survival for my family of three is held by my boss, so he’s my heaven.
   When I am at the hospital cradling a hand crushed in the press, the doctor can patch me up or leave me crippled, so he’s my heaven.
   When we are dragged to the police for organizing a union after two months without pay, the officer who threatens to lock us up, though we’ve committed no crime, is always a frightening heaven.
   The judges and lawyers, who can turn us into criminals or set us free, are a dreadful heaven.
   The bureaucrats, sitting in government offices, who can make us or break us, are a fearsome heaven.
   People high up, people with power, people with money all appear to be heaven. No, they are indeed heaven, the heaven of darkness controlling our lives.
   Will I ever be heaven for someone somewhere? I have lived only at the bottom, powerless. But for one person, our insanely beautiful baby, who now begins to walk, I may be a small, unsteady heaven.
   We, too, want to become heaven. Not a dark clouded heaven that presses down, but a clear blue heaven over a world where we lift one another.

## 1990s, Demanded the death sentence, Sentenced to life imprisonment

For many years he was active underground, helping establish the South Korean Socialist Workers' Alliance in 1989. After spending seven years of his life hiding from the police, he was finally arrested in 1991. After twenty-four days of investigation, coupled with cruel, illegal torture, at his trial the state prosecutors even demanded the death sentence for him as an enemy of the state. He was finally sentenced to life imprisonment. Park Nohae said the following in his final statement in court: "Even if I disappear on the scaffold, I hope that more Park No-haes will appear and build a society where the working class is the master."
While he was in prison, a second poetry collection was published, True Beginning(1993) as well as a collection of essays, Only a Person is Hope(1997). He was finally freed in 1998 after being amnestied by President Kim Dae-Jung who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Withdrawing from his previous role, he helped establish a nonprofit social organization "Nanum Munhwa”(Culture of Sharing) with Koreans concerned with the great challenges confronting global humanity.
   A person full of hope is already hope.
   A person seeking the way is already a new way.
   A truly good person is already a good world.
   It’s within that person. It starts with that person.
   Once again: only a person is hope.

### 1999 NHK documentary ‘Park Nohae, Korea's New Hope - Only a Person is Hope’

On 3 May 1999, a documentary titled 'Park Nohae, Korea's New Hope - Only a Person is Hope', produced by Toshiro Kishi, Seoul Bureau Chief of NHK, was broadcast in Japan. He interviewed Park Nohae for seven months, filming more than 50 hours of footage and compressing it into one hour.

## 2000s, Global Peace Sharing as a photographer as well as an activist

In 2003, at the United States’ invasion of Iraq, he went to protect helpless civilians and promote peace. At that time, he undertook peace activities in Bagdad and in other Middle Eastern countries for 75 days. In 2006, he was in Lebanon on a similar peace-making mission and publicly opposed the dispatch of Korean combat troops to the Middle East. From the start, he combined poetry-writing and photography, as he went to many countries that were suffering from wars and poverty, such as Palestine, Kurdistan, Pakistan, Aceh(Indonesia), Burma, India, Ethiopia, Sudan, Peru and Bolivia. In 2010, he held his first exhibition of photos “Ra Wilderness,” and since then he has continued to hold exhibitions to draw public attention to global issues of poverty, human values, and warfare.
   My poetry is a transcript of words dictated by small and powerless people, and my photos are portrayals of
   their strong prayers of life, and their souls.
Also, in 2010, he finally published a large new collection of poems, So You Must Not Disappear, on themes such as resistance, spirituality, education, living, revolution and love.
   On our way to visit the village of the Q’ero tribe who live in the highest, deepest region of the perpetually snow-capped peaks of the Andes
   In the rarefied air we are panting after only ten steps, while kicked stones fall over dizzying precipices, breaking the primeval silence of the highlands in
   pitch-dark night.
   Has darkness ever been so heavy, dense, and fearful?
   Just as we are about to be seized with the fear of
   death, overwhelmed by cold and exhaustion
   Is that a mirage? Between the perpetually snow-capped peaks,
   a dim light gleams.
   We are safe.
   The kerosene lamp of a Q’ero youth
   calling us, after we have lost our way in the dark,
   Though night amidst the snow-capped peaks is vast
   and deep, that small, faint gleam is sufficient.
   Though today’s world is dark as pitch and our hopes grow weak, having lost their way, so long as there is just one chance glimmer of light we are not yet finished.
   I know there is a light in the world that darkness cannot understand.* I know there is a goodness that great evil cannot
   understand, a human spirit that barbarism cannot understand,
   a hope that defeat and despair can never understand,
   still glimmering,
   Even if such a powerful, tenacious spirit of evil rules,
   if there is one person who has not lost his soul and
   stands as a faint light, one last person who to the very end refuses to yield, no matter how powerless, in an age when no hope
   can be seen anywhere,
   Since one last person is one first person, if there is just one person, it is sufficient for hope. Although all the dark and evil in the world are mobilized, if there is one person alive who will not surrender, they have completely failed, they are defeated.
   Life is a miracle,
   Each human person is a mystery,
   Hope is imperishable.
   So long as you, one faint light, are still alive ….
   So you must not disappear.

### 2014 Raising the Spirit of the Times with the Topic of ‘Another Way’

The photo exhibition "Another Way" held in 2014 brought back the ‘Park No-hae Phenomenon’ by attracting over 35,000 visitors over 27 days. From Tibet, the land that is the roof of the human spirit, to Pakistan, which was once called heaven but is now called hell, to India with its two extreme faces, and further on to Burma, Indonesia, and Laos, a total of 140 carefully selected photos from 6 countries were exhibited.
   The rise of the Asian era is not simply a matter of shifting economic power, but rather an event in human history that presents us with the task of ‘civilizational transition.’ What will be left when a huge population community of more than half the world follows the Western path of ‘growth and progress’?
The Asia in Park No-hae’s photos is not a ‘land of tears’ or a mystified ‘Oriental’ Asia, but a land where the ‘last seeds’ remain. Through his photographs of ‘another way,’ he presented ‘the prototype of a good life’ and ‘a worldview of hope.’
   In our lives, there is something which each of us really wants.
   For me, certainly, I have my own way, different from others.
   I know that the one who is earnestly searching for a way
   already has one's own map of stars shining within one's heart. I believe that for the one who is searching for one's true self to go for a good life, certainly, there is another way.
   One step on another way, one step toward myself.
In 2024, 10th anniversary reissue of the photo essay Another Way was published.

### 2016-2017 Candlelight Revolution

When the citizens of Korea began to hold candlelight demonstrations in protest at the corruption of the Korean government under Park Geun-hae, he and the members of “Culture of Sharing” participated actively, then in 2017 published a large album book Candlelight Revolution for first anniversary of the 2016–17 South Korean candlight protests which contains historical records.

### 2012-Today

Since then, he continues, with the members of “Culture of Sharing,” to hold photo exhibitions in a dedicated gallery, the Ra Cafe and Gallery, in Seoul. The photo exhibitions are held under the general theme of ‘Questions about Life’, and a photo essay of the same name is published each time. such as One Day(2019), Simply, Firmly, Gracefully(2020), The Path(2020), My Dear Little Room(2021), Children Are Amazing(2022), and Beneath the Olive Tree(2023). All essay texts are in both Korean and English.

## 2020s, publishing books of various genres and writing books on thought

In 2021, he published a collection of aphorism, Reading While Walking Along which he has been writing every morning for seven years on social media.
   Now there are black shadows cast over the world and barriers rise between people. But humans are walking beings, meeting beings, and reading beings.
In 2022, he published a new collection of poems, the first in 12 years, Seeing Your Heaven.
   As you walk along a dark path do not despair and say, not one star is shining.
   It’s because the brightest star has not yet risen.
   It’s not because of clouds, nor because of bad luck.
   The stars you have seen hitherto are light that set out billions of light years ago.
   As you walk through the pathless dark, do not flop down, complaining that you do not have the stars’ guidance.
   The brightest star is even now hastening toward you at the speed of light as you desperately seek a path.
In 2024, he published a first collection of autobiographical essays, the first in 12 years, The Tear-flowering Boy: Childhood Stories.
   In the advanced ‘age of the individual’ standing on the plateau of liberal democracy and equality, the losses are as great and deep as the achievements; the noble human spirit and virtue have fallen to the ground, and the seeds of a hope that has existed for thousands of years are being lost and forgotten. (…) The reason I struggle to write like this again today is because there is an old spark of hope that I have harbored within me. It is because I must remember and pass on the world and times I experienced, the struggles and wonders of the people I met, in that one place and time on Earth, in a corner of the boundless universe. This is because I have my own experience and testimony that no one can replace, and there is a love and secret message that has been passed down to me.
In 2024, the 40th anniversary of Dawn of Labor, an English version was published in the United States.
   Among the works of poet Park Nohae, I wanted to introduce Dawn of Labor overseas first. I thought that there was no poetry as powerful as this, transcending time and borders. Park Nohae cannot be called just a poet. His life is like the history of an era, and his existence gives inspiration and hope to many people.
   This translation of Park Nohae’s first collection of poems, Dawn of Labor, could not arrive at a more propitious moment. For this “faceless poet,” this “enemy of the state,” whose writings earned him a death sentence and years in solitary confinement, is not only a legendary figure in Korean letters and society but a prophet of global liberation—a man dedicated to the proposition that a community of kindred poetic spirits can inspire social justice. If the plight of factory workers makes him “think about the eradication/ of the Korean language,” it also leads him to “dedicate these words, like a round of drinks, to [his] working brothers and sisters, who live and act diligently without losing hope and laughter.” These poems clarify what we most need to know, wherever we may find ourselves in the world.
Now, he is writing a book of reflexions, the only such book he has written during the thirty years since prison, “The Human Path in Space.” Dreaming of the Forest of True People, a life-community living “a graceful life with few possessions,” the poet is still planting and growing flowers and trees in his small garden, advancing along the path toward a new revolution.

## List of works
### Collections of Poems

* The Dawn of Labor (노동의 새벽) (First edition: Pulbit, 1984 / 30th anniversary Revised edition: Slow Walking, 2014) - His first book, sold nearly a million copies despite being banned
* True Beginning (참된 시작) (First edition: Changbi Publishers, 1993 / Revised edition: Slow Walking, 2016) - Prison writing, sold over a hundred thousand copies
* So You Must Not Disappear (그러니 그대 사라지지 말아라) (Slow Walking, 2010)
* Looking Up At Your Sky (너의 하늘을 보아) (Slow Walking, 2022)
* Dawn of Labor (English First edition: University of Hawai'i Press, 2024)

### Essay

* Only a Person is Hope (사람만이 희망이다) (First edition: Hainaim, 1997 / Revised edition: Slow Walking, 2015) - Prison writing
* Aceh’s Weeping for Too Long (아체는 너무 오래 울고 있다) (Slow Walking, 2005) - Reportage
* It Seems Like Nobody Exists Here (여기에는 아무도 없는 것만 같아요) (Slow Walking, 2007) - Reportage
* Another Way (다른 길) (Slow Walking, 2014) - Photographic essay
* Reading While Walking Along (걷는 독서) (Slow Walking, 2021)
* The Tear-Flowering Boy (눈물꽃 소년) (Slow Walking, 2024) - Autobiographical essays
* Another Way (다른 길) (Slow Walking, 2024) - Photographic essay, 10th anniversary revised edition

### Photobook

* Ra Wilderness (라 광야) (Slow Walking, 2010)
* Like Them, I am There (나 거기에 그들처럼) (Slow Walking, 2010) - Hardcover
* Another Way (다른 길) (Slow Walking, 2014) - Hardcover

### Supervised and Special Contribution

* Candlelight Revolution (촛불혁명) (Slow Walking, 2017)

### Photo Essay series

* 01 One Day (하루) (Slow Walking, 2019)
* 02 Simply, Firmly, Gracefully (단순하게 단단하게 단아하게) (Slow Walking, 2020)
* 03 The Path (길) (Slow Walking, 2020)
* 04 My Dear Little Room (내 작은 방) (Slow Walking, 2022)
* 05 Children are Amazing (아이들은 놀라워라) (Slow Walking, 2022)
* 06 Beneath the Olive Tree (올리브나무 아래) (Slow Walking, 2023)

### Poetry Picture Book

* The Blue Light Girl (푸른 빛의 소녀가) (Slow Walking, 2020)

## Exhibitions
### Ra Wilderness

(라 광야) (Gallery M, Seoul, Korea, 2010) - His first photo exhibition

### Like Them, I am There

(나 거기에 그들처럼) (Sejong Center for the Performing Arts, Seoul, Korea, 2010)

### Another Way

(다른 길) (Sejong Center for the Performing Arts, Seoul, Korea, 2014) - Photo exhibition on Asia (Pakistan, Laos, Burma, Indonesia, Tibet, India)

### Ra Cafe Gallery Permanent Exhibitions (since 2012)

* Photo Exhibition on Pakistan, “A Village Where Clouds Dwell” (April 16 – July 31, 2012)
* Photo Exhibition on Burma, “Singing Lake” (August 3 – October 31, 2012)
* Photo Exhibition on Tibet, “Bloom and Fall with Nothing Left” (November 2, 2012 – February 27, 2013)
* Photo Exhibition on Q’ero in the Andes, “Q’erotica” (March 1 – July 10, 2013)
* Photo Exhibition on Sudan “On the Shores of the Nile” (July 12 – November 13, 2013)
* Photo Exhibition on the Middle East “Ra wilderness” (November 15, 2013 – March 1, 2014) (Encore)
* Photo Exhibition on Ethiopia “Blooming Footsteps” (March 3 – July 23, 2014)
* Photo Exhibition on Latin America “Titicaca” (July 25 – November 19, 2014)
* Photo Exhibition on Peru “Gracias a la vida” (November 21, 2014 – March 18, 2015)
* Photo Exhibition on Aljazeera, titled “Like them beneath the Sun” (March 20, 2015 – July 15, 2015)
* Photo Exhibition on India “Dire Dire” (July 17, 2015 – January 13, 2016)
* Photo Exhibition on Kashmir, “Kashmir's Spring” (January 15 – June 29, 2016)
* Photo Exhibition on Indonesia, “The Caldera's Wind” (July 1, 2016 – December 28)
* Photo Exhibition on Kurds "Kurdistan” (December 30, 2016 – June 28, 2017)
* Photo Exhibition on Laos "Morning of Laos” (June 30, 2017 – February 28, 2018)
* Photo Exhibition on Palestine, “Dream of the Olive Tree” (March 2, 2018 – October 31)
* Photo Exhibition titled “Goodbye, and...” (November 2, 2018 – February 10, 2019)
* Photo Exhibition titled “One Day”(하루) (Jun 22, 2019 – Jan 10, 2020)
* Photo Exhibition titled “Simply, Firmly, Gracefully”(단순하게 단단하게 단아하게) (Jan 15, 2020 – Aug 30, 2020)
* Photo Exhibition titled “The Path”(길) (Sep 1, 2020 – Jun 6, 2021)
* Text&Photo Exhibition titled “Reading While Walking Along”(걷는 독서) (Jun 8, 2021 – Dec. 31, 2021)
* Photo Exhibition titled “My Dear Little Room”(내 작은 방) (Jan 4, 2022 – Sep 18, 2022)
* Photo Exhibition titled “Children are Amazing”(아이들은 놀라워라) (Sep 30, 2022 – Oct 1, 2023)
* Photo Exhibition titled “Beneath the Olive Tree”(올리브나무 아래) (Oct 4, 2023 – Aug 25, 2024)
* Photo Exhibition titled “A New Day”(다른 오늘) (Aug 30, 2024 – June 29, 2025)