# Central, Paraguay

Central (Spanish pronunciation:) is a department in Paraguay. The capital is Areguá. With 1,883,927 inhabitants, it is the most populated of the 17 departments of Paraguay. It is also the smallest department, with a total area of 2,465 square kilometres (952 sq mi).

## Geography

The mountainous area of Altos and the bodies of water including the Paraguay and the Salado rivers, the lakes Ypacaraí and Ypoá, and the pond Cabral are part of the natural limits in Central. The potential resources of this region, along with other regions in the south section, contribute to diverse activities such as tourism and agriculture.

### Boundaries

* North: the departments of Cordillera and Presidente Hayes
* West: the Argentine province of Formosa separated by the Paraguay River, and the capital district, Asunción
* East: the department of Paraguarí
* South: the department of Ñeembucú

### Districts

The department is divided in 19 districts:
| District | km$^2$ | Population (2022) |
| Areguá | 114 | 70,298 |
| Capiatá | 88 | 236,999 |
| Fernando de la Mora | 20 | 110,255 |
| Guarambaré | 30 | 27,695 |
| Itá | 182 | 69,049 |
| Itauguá | 126 | 93,213 |
| Julián Augusto Saldívar | 32 | 60,162 |
| Lambaré | 27 | 127,150 |
| Limpio | 110 | 139,652 |
| Luque | 152 | 259,705 |
| Mariano Roque Alonso | 40 | 85,133 |
| Nueva Italia | 386 | 9,941 |
| Ñemby | 29 | 116,383 |
| San Antonio | 23 | 57,843 |
| San Lorenzo | 56 | 225,395 |
| Villa Elisa | 18 | 71,383 |
| Villeta | 868 | 35,941 |
| Ypacaraí | 111 | 21,030 |
| Ypané | 53 | 66,700 |

### Climate

The maximum temperatures are in the summer, reaching 40 °C and higher. In the winter, the minimum temperature is 0 °C. The annual average temperature is 22 °C. Rains vary approximately 1433 mm per year. The period between the months of January and February is the wettest, and the driest period is during the months of June and August.

### Hydrology

The department is mainly watered by the Paraguay River and its affluents: the Salado River, which is flowed by the Ypacaraí Lake and the streams Itay, Paray e Ytororó. The streams Yuquyry and Ñanduá drain into the Ypoá wetlands. The lakes Ypacaraí, Ypoá and the lagoon Cabral are situated in this region of the country.

### Orography

The spurs of the Ybytypanema, part of the Los Altos chain, are in this department. Its highest hills are Lambaré, Ñanduá and Arrua-í. Other, lower hills in the zone are the Ñemby and the Patiño.

## History

The Central Department, known as “Comarca Asuncena”, is historically the most populated region in the country. During the colonization of Paraguay, this region was the center from where new foundations were expanded, as well as refuge of settlers who were escaping from the attacks of the Guaicurú Indians.
The towns in this department have various origins. One of the main figures of these foundations was Domingo Martínez de Irala, who gave rise to the districts of Itá and Areguá. The town of Luque was established as a Spanish village. Villeta and Tapuá, nowadays called Mariano Roque Alonso were founded in order to establish military forts for defence.
Others tows like Capiatá and Itauguá were expanded around chapels used as evangelization centers. The towns in the department are bound, partly, due to the Chaqueños Indians’ resistance against the Spanish conquest of their lands, which forced the settlers to emigrate and take refuge in this part of the region. That was how villages including Guarambaré, Ypané and Ñemby were established.
The towns of Nueva Italia, Colonia Thompson and Villa Elisa had a different origin, established as agricultural colonies in the 19th century and beginnings of the 20th, and mainly settled by foreign immigrants.
By 1985, the last district in the Central Department, Juan Augusto Saldívar, had been established.

## Transportation
### Routes

By being part of the metropolitan area of the country's capital, this department has many routes. Most of the routes of the country leave from Asunción to the country towns.
National route PY01 links the capital city with southern Paraguay; PY02 connects the capital with eastern Paraguay, which borders Brazil; PY03 connects this metro area with the northern departments, while PY19 connects it primarily with western Ñeembucú.

### Airports

The main airport is the Silvio Pettirossi International Airport, located in the town of Luque, which links the department with the rest of the country and abroad.

### Waterway

The waterways in the Central Department are determined by the “Río Paraguay”, with its main affluents being those of Asunción and Villeta.

## Economy

Of the 3,049 industrial plants in the Paraguayan territory, 1,558 are found in the Central department. The department's industrial production includes food processing, furniture, clothing, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy, plastic, and ceramics. The city of Villeta is home to a large number of industries. Central is the second biggest economy of Paraguay, and occupies the second place in attraction of inversions from other countries. Only 62% of the population is considered economically active.

## Communications

There are a lot of AM radio stations. Some of them are Radio Cardinal, Radio Ñandutí, Radio Nanawa and Radio Libre. Frequency modulation transmitters are as follows: 1º de Marzo, Ñemby, Cardinal, Disney, Amor, Luque, Itaguá, Lambaré, Trinidad, San Lorenzo, Azul y Oro, Guarania, among others. There are also numerous television channels and cable transmission services.
In Areguá, located on the banks of the Lago Ypacaraí is situated the Satellite Station The Central Department has telephone exchanges capable of communicating with all the districts.

## Health

The department has numerous places where residents can receive health care, such as hospitals, health posts, and centers. The private sector takes part in this area as well, offering health services in every district of the department.

## Education

Central has one of the nation's highest enrollment rates (84%) for elementary and secondary education for children and youth from age 7 through age 18. More boys are enrolled compared to girls, by a margin of 6%. More students attend public schools (69.9%) compared to private schools (30.1%). The Central Department has around 750 elementary education institutions and close to 350 secondary education institutions. The city of San Lorenzo is home to two important educational institutions: the state-run Universidad Nacional de Asunción and the Regional Education Center Saturio Rios, which includes a teacher training college, secondary school, and primary schools that serve as “lab schools.”

## Tourist attractions

The Central Department has a large number of attractions for tourism. Among the most famous natural resources at an international level, is the Lago Ypacaraí, which is represented in the immortal play of Demetrio Ortíz, the beautiful guarania. This lake is a very important natural attraction, and the town of Areguá, the department's capital, is located on the banks of this lake.
There is a great variety of Museums, historical places and cultural centers in the districts. It can be seen parks and green places preserved for the practice of outdoors sports. The hotel industry is an important source of income for this department. Each district has its patronal feasts and celebrations which are part of the people culture.