OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Radio occultation

Radio occultation (RO) is a remote sensing technique used for measuring the physical properties of a planetary atmosphere or ring system. Satellites carrying onboard GNSS-Radio occultation instruments include CHAMP, GRACE and GRACE-FO, MetOp and the recently launched COSMIC-2.

## Atmospheric radio occultation

Atmospheric radio occultation relies on the detection of a change in a radio signal as it passes through a planet's atmosphere, i.e. as it is occulted by the atmosphere. When electromagnetic radiation passes through the atmosphere, it is refracted (or bent). The magnitude of the refraction depends on the gradient of refractivity normal to the path, which in turn depends on the density gradient. The effect is most pronounced when the radiation traverses a long atmospheric limb path. At radio frequencies the amount of bending cannot be measured directly; instead, the bending can be calculated using the Doppler shift of the signal given the geometry of the emitter and receiver. The amount of bending can be related to the refractive index by using an Abel transform on the formula relating bending angle to refractivity. In the case of the neutral atmosphere (below the ionosphere), information on the atmosphere's temperature, pressure and water vapor content can be derived, thus giving radio occultation data applications in meteorology.

## GNSS radio occultation

GNSS radio occultation (GNSS-RO), historically also known as GPS radio occultation (GPS-RO or GPSRO), is a type of radio occultation that relies on radio transmissions from GPS (Global Positioning System), or more generally from GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), satellites. This is a relatively new technique (first applied in 1995) for performing atmospheric measurements. It is used as a weather forecasting tool, and could also be harnessed in monitoring climate change. The technique involves a low-Earth-orbit satellite receiving a signal from a GNSS satellite. The signal has to pass through the atmosphere and gets refracted along the way. The magnitude of the refraction depends on the temperature and water vapor concentration in the atmosphere.
GNSS radio occultation amounts to an almost instantaneous depiction of the atmospheric state. The relative position between the GNSS satellite and the low-Earth-orbit satellite changes over time, allowing for a vertical scanning of successive layers of the atmosphere.
GNSS-RO observations can also be conducted from aircraft or on high mountaintops.

## Planetary satellite missions

Current missions include REX on New Horizons.

## Satellite missions

* CLARREO
* Microlab 1
* FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC
* FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2
* CHAMP
* GRACE
* Oceansat
* RO instrument onboard Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich
* GRAS instrument onboard MetOp satellites
* Spire LEMUR cubesats
* Yunyao 1
# Róbert Nagy (cyclist)

Róbert Nagy (born 4 November 1972 in Bratislava) is a Slovak former cyclist.

## Major results
### 1999

    1st Stage 4 Tour of Yugoslavia

### 2000

    1st Road race, National Road Championships

### 2001

    3rd Time trial, National Road Championships

### 2002

    1st Stage 2 Paths of King Nikola
    2nd Road race, National Road Championships
    3rd Overall Grand Prix Cycliste de Gemenc
       1st Stage 2

### 2003

    1st Time trial, National Road Championships

### 2004

    3rd Time trial, National Road Championships

### 2007

    1st Stage 3 Tour de Hongrie

### 2008

    2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
    3rd Völkermarkter Radsporttage

### 2010

    2nd Overall Paths of King Nikola
    3rd Time trial, National Road Championships

### 2011

    3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
    3rd Central European Tour Miskolc GP
# Caduca

Caduca is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

* Caduca albopunctata (Walker, 1858)
# Gabriela Isler

María Gabriela de Jesús Isler Morales (Spanish pronunciation:; born March 21, 1988) is a Venezuelan model, presenter, and former beauty queen who gained international recognition by winning the titles of Miss Venezuela 2012 and Miss Universe 2013.
She passed on her Miss Universe crown in early 2015. Following her reign, Isler accepted a proposal from Donald Trump to work with the Miss Universe Organization as the organization's business and export manager for two years.

## Early life

Isler was born in the city of Valencia, Venezuela, to a Venezuelan mother and a Swiss father of German ancestry. She moved to Maracay during her childhood. At age 14, she started modeling as a way to cheer her mother and grandmother up after her aunt died.
She graduated with a BA in Marketing Management from the Universidad Tecnológica del Centro.

## Career

As Miss Venezuela 2012, Isler represented the state of Guárico, where she won the title. She then went on to represent Venezuela in the Miss Universe 2013 pageant in Moscow, Russia, where she became the seventh Venezuelan to win the Miss Universe crown. During her reign, she traveled extensively and participated in numerous charity and promotional events.
In addition to her pageantry career, Isler has worked in media, hosting the Miss Venezuela 2014 pageant and serving as a spokesperson for various social campaigns.
Isler became the founder of the "Universe of Blessings Fund", a charity organization dedicated to helping educate adolescents in Venezuela.

## Personal life

She married Venezuelan businessman Alberto Figueroa in 2018, and the couple has a son, Joaquín Figueroa Isler, born in 2021.
# Silvio Longobucco

Silvio Longobucco (5 June 1951 – 2 April 2022) was an Italian professional footballer who played as a defender.

## Honours

Juventus
* Serie A: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75
# Charlie Butler

Charles Joseph Wells Butler (10 October 1897 – September 1963), sometimes known as Joe Butler, was an English professional footballer who played as a full back. After a brief spell with Manchester United in which he failed to break into the first-team, he played for Brentford and Gillingham between 1923 and 1928.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Gillingham | 1923–24 | Third Division South | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| Gillingham | 1924–25 | Third Division South | 21 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| Gillingham | 1925–26 | Third Division South | 36 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 38 | 0 |
| Gillingham | 1926–27 | Third Division South | 6 | 0 | — | — | 6 | 0 |
| Gillingham | Total | Total | 76 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 82 | 0 |
| Brentford | 1926–27 | Third Division South | 27 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 35 | 0 |
| Brentford | 1927–28 | Third Division South | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 0 |
| Brentford | Total | Total | 67 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 75 | 0 |
| Career Total | Career Total | Career Total | 143 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 157 | 0 |
# Bartholomew Fair

The Bartholomew Fair was one of London's pre-eminent summer charter fairs. A charter for the fair was granted by King Henry I to fund the Priory of St Bartholomew in 1133. It took place each year on 24 August within the precincts of the Priory at West Smithfield, London until 1855 when it was banned due to the unruly crowd and what was seen as inappropriate entertainment for Victorian London.

## Description

Granted by charter from King Henry I to Rahere to fund the Priory of St Bartholomew in 1133, the fair became London's most important fair, it took place each year on 24 August within the precincts of the Priory at West Smithfield, outside Aldersgate of the City of London. The site of Bartholomew Fair was the south-east side of Smithfield roundabout and was originally a cloth fair. Originally chartered as a three-day event, it would last a full two weeks in the 17th century; but in 1691, it was shortened to only four days. With a change in the calendar, the fair commenced on 3 September from 1753. A trading event for cloth and other goods as well as a pleasure fair, the event drew crowds from all classes of English society.
It was customary for the Lord Mayor of London to open the fair on St Bartholomew's Eve. The Mayor would stop at Newgate Prison to accept a cup of sack (fortified white wine) from the governor. The Merchant Taylors Guild processed to Cloth Fair to test the measures for cloth, using their standard silver yard, until 1854. The annual fair grew to become the chief cloth sale in the kingdom.
By 1641, the fair had achieved international importance. It had outgrown the former location along Cloth Fair, and around the Priory graveyard to now cover four parishes: Christ Church, Great and Little St Bartholomew’s and St Sepulchre’s. The fair featured sideshows, prize-fighters, musicians, wire-walkers, acrobats, puppets, freaks and wild animals.
The fair was suppressed in 1855 by the City authorities for encouraging debauchery and public disorder. The Newgate Calendar had denounced the fair as a "school of vice which has initiated more youth into the habits of villainy than Newgate itself."

## In literature and art

The Bartholomew Fair is the setting for Bartholomew Fair, a play by Ben Jonson. Samuel Pepys wrote about the fair in his diary. John Evelyn also refers in his diary to having visited "the celebrated follies of Bartholomew Fair" on 16 August 1648 . In Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders (1722) the heroine meets a well-dressed gentleman at the fair. In Wordsworth's The Prelude (1805) mention is made of the din and the Indians and dwarfs at the fair. The Bartholomew Fair of 1845 features as the primary location of The Wireless Theatre Company's "The Carnival Of Horrors", the second episode of "The Springheel Saga, Series Two: The Legend of Springheel'd Jack".
# Gabriel de Foigny

Gabriel de Foigny (ca. 1630–1692), born in Picardy, is the author of an important utopia, The Southern Land, Known, 1676.

## Life

All that is known about Foigny, including his identity (the book was printed without his name), is based exclusively on the second edition of Pierre Bayle's Dictionnaire historique et critique (1701, under "Sadeur"). He was born in Lorraine and became a Franciscan, but left the order. He moved near Geneva, now as a Protestant, and made a living as a tutor. The The Southern Land, Known was printed at Geneva, as if from Vannes.

## In English

* Gabriel de Foigny. The Southern Land, Known (La Terre Australe connue, 1676). Trans. and ed. David Fausett. Syracuse UP, 1993
# Shlomo Zalman Auerbach

Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Hebrew: שלמה זלמן אויערבאך; July 20, 1910 – February 20, 1995) was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi, posek, and rosh yeshiva of the Kol Torah yeshiva in Jerusalem. The Jerusalem neighborhood Ramat Shlomo is named after Auerbach.

## Biography

Auerbach was the first child to be born in the Sha'arei Hesed neighborhood of Jerusalem founded by his maternal grandfather, Shlomo Zalman Porush, after whom he was named. His father, Chaim Yehuda Leib Auerbach, was rosh yeshiva of Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva, and his mother was named Tzivia.
Following his marriage, he studied under Zvi Pesach Frank at Kollel Kerem Tzion.
His first major published work, Meorei Esh, was the first ever written on the subject of using electricity on Shabbat.
He was the brother-in-law of Rabbi Sholom Schwadron, who married his sister Leah.
Auerbach died on February 20, 1995. An estimated 300,000 - 500,000 people attended his funeral in 1995. He was interred on Har HaMenuchot.
Auerbach had seven sons, including rabbis Shmuel Auerbach and Ezriel Auerbach, and three daughters.

### Students

Rabbis who were his students include:
* Zalman Nechemia Goldberg, his son-in-law.
* Meir Kessler
* Avigdor Nebenzahl
* Yehoshua Neuwirth

## Works

Sefarim written by Auerbach include:
* Meorei Eish, a pioneering work concerning electricity in halacha, (1935)
* Ma'adanei Eretz, a two-volume book regarding agricultural halacha, (1946)
* Minchas Shlomo (responsa), first volume (1986), second volume (2003)
* Minchas Shlomo, a commentary on the Talmud
He also authored a commentary on Shev Shema'tata.
His rulings on medical matters and halacha were summarized and publicized by Yehoshua Neuwirth in his book Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchatah, Abraham S. Abraham in his Nishmat Avraham, and Avraham Steinberg in his Encyclopedia Hilchatit Refuit.
# Keith Adams (filmmaker)

Keith Flexmore Adams (8 September 1926 – 5 April 2012) was an Australian filmmaker and adventurer.
Adams was born in Scottsdale, Tasmania. In 1955, Adams filmed an amateur production tilted Northern Safari (1956), in which he, his wife Audrey, his sister Margaret, and Tiger, a Smooth Fox Terrier, travelled in a 1948 Buick from their home in Perth, Western Australia, across the Gibson Desert to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Adams predated several Australian adventurers by decades, such as Malcolm Douglas, the Leyland Brothers, Harry Butler, Les Hiddins (The Bush Tucker Man), Paul Hogan's fictional Crocodile Dundee and Steve Irwin. He presented his film throughout Australia and several overseas countries.
Adams' autobiography, Crocodile Safari Man: My Tasmanian Childhood in the Great Depression & 50 Years of Desert Safaris to the Gulf of Carpentaria 1949 – 1999 (ISBN 9781875998821), was published in 2000.
Adams died at age 85 on 5 April 2012 in the Perth suburb of Karrinyup.
# 2014 Mae Lao earthquake

The 2014 Mae Lao earthquake occurred at 18:08:43 Indochina Time on May 5. The epicenter was located at a point 9 km (6 mi) south of Mae Lao District, 27 km (17 mi) southwest of Chiang Rai, Thailand. One person was killed as a result.

## Effects

The earthquake was a recorded as having a maximum intensity of strong (MMI VI), shaking both northern Thailand and Myanmar in the evening. People in many northern provinces (including Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, and Lampang) sensed the quake. Windows, walls and roads as well as temples all suffered damage from the quake. Originally no casualties were reported, but later there were news reports of one death and several injuries. It was the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Thailand according to National Disaster Warning Center Director Somsak Khaosuwan.
Chiang Rai International Airport, located near the epicenter, immediately evacuated people from its terminal. Airport general manager Damrong Klongakara said the runway and flights had not been affected by the quake. Even so, the airport was closed for a while.
In Phan district of Chiang Rai, a road was split by serious cracks. A Buddha statue's head at the Udomwaree Temple fell off due to the quake and a residential building of the temple suffered exterior cracks and ceiling damage.
A Chiang Rai police officer reported that goods in shops were scattered, cracks appeared in buildings, and some provincial roads proved to have "large cracks".
In Bangkok, tall buildings swayed as the earthquake occurred. Tremors were felt as far away as in Yangon, Myanmar.
An economist estimated the damage of this earthquake to be 2 billion baht (US$61.8 million).
# Chinese Table Tennis Association

Chinese Table Tennis Association (Chinese: 中国乒乓球协会) is a national non-governmental, nonprofit sports organization in the People's Republic of China. It represents China in the International Table Tennis Federation and the Asian Table Tennis Union, as well as the table tennis sports in the All-China Sports Federation.
# Aayi Mandapam

Aayi Mandapam, also known as Park Monument (French: Monument du parc), is a white monument in Pondicherry, India, built during the time of Napoleon III, Emperor of France. It is situated in the center of Bharati Park. The monument commemorates the provision of water to the city during French colonial rule. It was named after a lady courtesan named Aayi, who destroyed her own house to erect a water reservoir to supply water for the city.
# Louay Khraish

Louay Khraish is a Lebanese-American screenwriter, producer, and film educator, He is known for the feature film, Arzé, Lebanon's submission to the 97th Academy Award.

## Early life

Louay Khraish was born in Ain Ebel, Lebanon.

## Education

He earned his doctoral degree from the University of Texas at Dallas in 2009.

## Career

Louay Khraish began his career in television, producing the Saudi weekly television magazine, Bayn El Wilayat, which was filmed in nine states, focusing on America's cultural heritage. He also developed content for the digital platforms at Baynounah Media Group in Abu Dhabi before moving back to New York City. In 2018, he produced for Film Independent the film education webseries, Film Arabi.
In 2019, he optioned Lolly Winston's Good Grief with Faissal Sam Shaib, and the script they wrote based on the novel was a finalist at the Austin Film Festival Script Competition.
He is known for Arzé the Lebanese feature film that he co-wrote and produced with Faissal Sam Shaib. The script was an Official Finalist in the First Time Screenwriter Competition at the 2018 Amsterdam Film Festival Van Gogh Awards. The film, which premiered at the 14th Beijing International Film Festival and had its North American premiere at Tribeca Festival, was a tribute to Lebanese women. The film was Lebanon's submission to the 97th Academy Award.
He has consulted on feature film scripts, such as Sophie Butros' Solitaire and Jonathan Keijser's Peace by Chocolate.
He has participated on juries at festivals, including the Guanajuato International Film Festival in Mexico, the Luxor African Film Festival in Egypt, and Image Nation's Arab Film Studio Awards. He has also moderated panels at festivals, such as the Cairo International Film Festival
He has written for online publications, such as Sukoon Magazine and Raseef22.
He has taught film and communication courses at the American University in Dubai, Manhattan College, and City College of New York, where he developed and taught a course on Contemporary Arab Cinema.
# Nene Way

The Nene Way is a waymarked long-distance footpath in England, running through the English counties of Northamptonshire, Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire. It generally follows the course of the River Nene.

## Distance

The Nene Way runs for 177 kilometres (110 mi).

## The route

The Nene Way broadly follows the course of the River Nene and starts in Badby, Northamptonshire, ending in Sutton Bridge, Lincolnshire, passing en route through Northampton town and the city of Peterborough, the market towns of Thrapston, Oundle and Whittlesey, and villages such as Fotheringhay.

## Attractions

The route permits walkers to explore bluebell woods in season, wildlife havens and follow in the footsteps of Mary, Queen of Scots and the poet H.E. Bates.
# Shmuel Auerbach

Shmuel Auerbach (Hebrew: שמואל אוירבך; September 21, 1931 – February 24, 2018) was a Haredi rabbi in Jerusalem. He was considered a leader in the non-Hasidic Haredi community in Israel. His followers formed a political organisation known as the Jerusalem Faction. In 2013, as the Israeli government launched a campaign to draft Ultra Orthodox men into the IDF, the organisation adopted a controversial policy of demonstrations and incitement against the draft.

## Biography

Auerbach was the eldest son of Shlomo Zalman Auerbach and his wife, Chaya Rivka Ruchamkin. He was born in the Jerusalem neighborhood of Sha'arei Hesed—as was his father—and resided there all his life. He married Rachel Paksher (d. 11 January 1990). They had no children. He named his musar sefer Ohel Rachel in her memory.

## Rabbinic career

Auerbach was the rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Maalot HaTorah and the Nasi (president) of Yeshivas Midrash Shmuel and Yeshivas Toras Simcha, both in Jerusalem. For a short time, he also served as one of the roshei yeshiva of Yeshivas Itri in Jerusalem. He was the head of the Bnei Torah [he] party (colloquially referred to as "Etz"), which he founded.
# Apricot dress of Jacqueline Kennedy

The apricot dress of US First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, accompanied by a matching coat, was designed by Oleg Cassini, in silk zibeline. It was first featured on a daytime boat ride on 17 March 1962 at Lake Pichola, Udaipur, during Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India.
Shortly after the trip, a replica of the apricot dress appeared in the catalogue of Sears, Roebuck and Co., and on a Barbie doll. It later featured in Hamish Bowles's exhibition that covered Kennedy's White House years.

## Design

Jacqueline Kennedy was a young first lady of the United States in the early 1960s, who was popular and set trends in fashion. She recruited Oleg Cassini to be her official fashion designer. Among other outfits, he designed a sleeveless apricot dress in silk zibeline, accompanied by a matching coat, for Kennedy. The fabric was picked for its robustness in hot weather. A bow was created at the waist. The neck was cut in a slight V shape.

## Goodwill tour 1962

Kennedy's apricot dress first featured on a daytime boat ride on 17 March 1962 at Lake Pichola during her goodwill tour of India. It was noted to shine, and kept its shape, despite India's heat. Her accessories included her signature white gloves and pearl necklace. According to Cassini, "she and I had discussed Moghul miniatures – marvelous pinks, apricot, green, and importantly, white. These colors would make an impact, and they were in keeping with the climate and the wonderful vivid beauty of the country." Its color was bright enough to be noticed from a distance. In Cassini's words: "there wasn't a sense of how carefully she thought about using color as a statement. I wanted to capture that Dorothy-ending-up-in-Oz feeling. She was absolutely thinking about being a pin dot of color wherever she went." The paleness of the apricot was reported by one French artist to have contrasted well against the pink reflections of Udaipur's palaces in the lake.
* Jacqueline Kennedy at Jag Mandir on Lake Pichola, Udaipur, India
* Kennedy takes a boat ride on Lake Pichola in Udaipur, India

## Later years

Shortly after her India tour, a replica of the apricot dress appeared in the catalogue of Sears, Roebuck and Co. The dress also featured on Mattel's doll Barbie in 1962. According to fashion historian Karan Feder, it is not clear whether Mattel influenced Sears or vice versa.
Hamish Bowles, in his exhibition titled "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years", described the dress and coat as having "brilliantly served Mrs. Kennedy's needs: The fabric was rigid enough to keep its composure in the heat of India, and its dazzling color and sheen were calculated to ensure that she would be instantly identifiable to the crowds on the distant shore".