OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Directorate General Defence Purchase (Pakistan)

The Directorate General of Defense Purchase (DGDP) is a department under the Ministry of Defense Production responsible for procurement and disposal of defense stores established in 1970 when it was separated from the Directorate General of Munitions Production. Its headquarters are located in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

## History

DGDP was initially established in 1953 as the Defense Purchase Directorate. In 1967 it was merged with the Directorate General Munitions Production and then separated in 1970 and was given the dual responsibility of procurement of defense stores/equipment in the country and their local production.
After the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, it was split into the Directorate General of Defence Purchase.

### Recent developments

In November 2017, DGDP renewed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (PNSC). They have been in working relationship for more than two decades.
In June 2019, the federal government sanctioned an additional fund of Rs 410 million for the upkeep and repair of two VVIP Gulfstream planes.
# Bousillage

Bousillage (bouzillage, bousille, bouzille) is a mixture of clay and grass or other fibrous substances used as the infill (chinking) between the timbers of a half-timbered building. This material was commonly used by 18th-century French colonial settlers in the historical New France region of the United States and is similar to the material cob and adobe. In French torchis has the same meaning or the meaning of a loaf of this material.

## Discussion

Bousillage in south Louisiana is a mixture of clay earth and retted Spanish moss, but in the Upper Mississippi River Valley and Canada contains straw, grass or hair, used to fill in the panels in poteaux-sur-sol, poteaux-en-terre, and half-timbered framing (called colombage in French). This was a technique used in French Louisiana by colonists from the 18th to 19th centuries. In France the framing was typically in-filled between the post with brick (briquette-entre-poteaux), stone and mud (pierrotage) or bousillage. There was no stone in south Louisiana, and bricks were not being made during early colonial times. The colonist picked up on a technique that the Native Americans were using to build their wattle and daub structures, and that was heavy clay soil and retted Spanish moss as the binder. Split sticks or staves, known as barreaux, rabbits or batons were used as rungs between the upright post. They were shaped to fit at an angle and hammered into place without the use of nails.
Bousillage is made by layering a taché (hole in the ground) with mud and moss and adding water. Then tacherons (barefoot men) worked the mixture into a mortar. Torchis (bousillage shaped like a bread dough loaf) are hung over the barreaux being compacted, one placed next to another. The finished wall would have been either lime washed or covered with lime plaster. The plaster contains animal hair as a binder.

## Gallery of structures using bousillage

* La Maison de Guibourd Historic House in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri is an example of poteaux-sur-solle construction.
* A model of the Maison Bolduc showing poteaux-sur-solle construction.
* Maison Bolduc is an example of poteaux-sur-solle construction.
* The Durand Cabin is an example of poteaux-sur-solle construction.
* An example of bousillage in the Amoureux House in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri
* Kent Plantation House in Alexandria, Louisiana, constructed in 1800, is built partly of bousillage.
# Clube Atlético Monte Líbano (basketball)

Clube Atlético Monte Líbano, abbreviated as C.A. Monte Líbano and CAML, is a Brazilian men's professional basketball club that is based in São Paulo, Brazil.

## History

C.A. Monte Líbano won the regional São Paulo State Championship three times, and the national Brazilian Championship title 5 times. They also won the South American Club Championship twice.

## Honors and titles
### Worldwide

* FIBA Intercontinental Cup
** Runners-up (1): 1985

### Continental

* South American Club Championship
** Champions (2): 1985, 1986
** Runners-up (2): 1983, 1987

### National

* Brazilian Championship
** Champions (5): 1982, 1985, 1986 (I), 1986 (II), 1987

### Regional

* São Paulo State Championship
** Champions (3): 1982, 1984, 1986
** Runners-up (3): 1981, 1985, 1987

## Notable players

Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.
* Criteria
* To appear in this section a player must have either:
* Set a club record or won an individual award while at the club
* Played at least one official international match for their national team at any time
* Played at least one official NBA match at any time.
* Eduardo Agra
* Israel Andrade
* Marcel de Souza
* Maury de Souza
* Rolando Ferreira
* Jorge Guerra
* Ricardo Guimarães
* André Stoffel
* João Vianna
* Gerson Victalino
* Paulinho Villas Boas
* Fefo Ruiz
* Rocky Smith
* Ray Townsend

## Head coaches

* Amaury Pasos
* Edvar Simões
# Fountain of the Esedra

The fountain of the Esedra is the largest fountain in Naples, Italy, in the vast architectural complex of the Mostra d'Oltremare.

## History

The fountain was designed in 1938 by two architects, Carlo Cocchia and Luigi Piccinato, and inaugurated in 1940. It was commissioned by the fascist regime, as it was to celebrate the Italian colonial policy. The inauguration was spectacular: the symphony "Fontane d'Oltremare" (composed by Guido Pannain) was performed and the water jets were synchronized with the music.
On May 23, 2006, after about 30 years of almost total abandonment and two and a half years of work that cost about six million euros, the fountain was restored and inaugurated again.

## Features

The structure, inspired by the eighteenth-century models of the fountain of the Royal Palace of Caserta, with its extension of 900 square metres (9,700 sq ft), it contains 4,000 cubic metres (140,000 cu ft) of water and emit jets up to 40 metres (130 ft) high. Around it is surrounded by 800 tall trees, especially pines and holm oaks. Currently the fountain counts 76 exedra basins, 1,300 nozzles made of brass and bronze, 12 cascading fountains and as many electric pumps. Thanks to about 800 projectors that emit lights of various colors and an audio system, the fountain is able to offer very suggestive shows. The decoration of the fountain, made in ceramic, is the work of Giuseppe Macedonio.

## Gallery

* View of all the park
* More zoomed mosaics
* View of the river of the fountain
# Pott's puffy tumor

Pott's puffy tumor, first described by Sir Percivall Pott in 1760, is a rare clinical entity characterized by subperiosteal abscess associated with osteomyelitis. It is characterized by an osteomyelitis of the frontal bone, either direct or through haematogenic spread. This results in a swelling on the forehead, hence the name. The infection can also spread inwards, leading to an intracranial abscess. Pott's puffy tumor can be associated with cortical vein thrombosis, epidural abscess, subdural empyema, and brain abscess.
The cause of vein thrombosis is explained by venous drainage of the frontal sinus, which occurs through diploic veins, which communicate with the dural venous plexus; septic thrombi can potentially evolve from foci within the frontal sinus and propagate through this venous system. This type of chronic osteomyelitis of the frontal bone is confused with acute sub-periosteal abscess of the frontal bone, which presents as a discrete collection over the frontal sinus.
Although it can affect all ages, it is mostly found among teenagers and adolescents. It is usually seen as a complication of frontal sinusitis or trauma. Medical imaging can be of use in the diagnosis and evaluation of the underlying cause and extent of the condition. Ultrasound is able to identify frontal bone osteomyelitis, while computed tomography (CT) can evaluate bony erosion, and along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can better appreciate the underlying cause and extent of possible intra-cranial extension/involvement.

## Cause

* Frontal sinusitis, acute or chronic.
* Frontal trauma, usually blunt.
* Some cases have been seen in a context of intranasal substance abuse (cocaine, methamphetamine).
* Post-surgical: after frontal sinus reconstruction

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is suspected clinically and is confirmed using cross sectional imaging of the sinuses and brain. The patient typically presents with a headache overlying the frontal sinuses and an associated forehead swelling. This is often preceded by a history of chronic rhinosinusitis.
Plain X Rays can be used to demonstrate the location of this swelling, but the gold standard for diagnosis is a cross sectional CT scan of the sinuses and brain, aided by contrast to delineate the abscess itself.
* Picture demonstrating associated forehead swelling in patient with Pott’s puffy tumor.

## Treatment

The patient requires admission for intravenous anti-microbial treatment. Definitively, the abscess is drained via a combination of open and/or endoscopic approaches by an otolaryngologist, with the exact approach dependent on surgical skill set. At the very least, the abscess is trephined externally as an emergency. Any associated frontal sinus table fracture can be managed electively. Intracranial extension requires referral to the neurosurgery.
# Lazarus El Anthony

Father Lazarus El Anthony (Arabic: لعازر الانطوني; Coptic: ⲗⲁⲍⲁⲣ Ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓ; Syriac: ܠܥܙܪ ܐܢܛܘܢܝܣ) is an Australian-Egyptian Coptic Orthodox Christian contemplative monk and hermit. He has appeared in various documentaries, most notably the BBC series Extreme Pilgrim.
Fr. Lazarus has been the primary subject of two documentary films, The Last Anchorite, which took Best Documentary Transmitter Award winner at the Crystal Palace International Film Festival 2010, and Desert Foreigners, released in 2018. In addition, there are numerous short videos arranged in several series of videos on the Coptic Youth Channel on YouTube.

## Biography

Lazarus El Anthony was born into a Protestant Christian family in Tasmania, Australia, where he attended Methodist and Roman Catholic church services as a child. He became an atheist when he was a teenager. He taught philosophy at a university in Tasmania. He was married to Ruby and held a teaching position at Ballarat University in the late eighties. After his mother died he had a personal crisis left his wife and become a monk at the St. Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery near Geelong in Australia and then at Mount Athos in Greece. After he met Pope Shenouda III, Lazarus El Anthony moved to Egypt to become a hermit on Mount Colzim near the Monastery of Saint Anthony in Red Sea Governorate, eastern Egypt. There, he currently lives an ascetic life in the footsteps of Saint Anthony the Great and the other Desert Fathers.

## Media

Lazarus El Anthony has been extensively interviewed on the Coptic Youth Channel. He has also been featured in a full-length episode of the BBC's Extreme Pilgrim, and in The Last Anchorite, a documentary film by filmmaker Remigiusz Sowa. Another documentary film about Lazarus El Anthony is Desert Foreigners.
# Oseetah Lake

Oseetah Lake is an 826-acre (3.34 km$^2$) lake with a mean depth of three feet (0.91 m). It is in New York State's Adirondack Park, two and a half miles (4.0 km) south of the village of Saranac Lake on the Saranac River. It is located mostly in the town of Harrietstown, but its easternmost portion extends into the town of North Elba.

## Description

The Saranac River departs the lower locks below Lower Saranac Lake and flows northeast into Oseetah Lake. The river exits Oseetah at the north end of the lake and flows northeast to Lake Flower and Saranac Lake. Oseetah is also fed by Kiwassa Lake. Principal islands in Oseetah Lake are Wayotah, Wapiti, Watch, Haven of Rest, Papoose and Birch. Its shoreline is mostly privately held.
It is part of the route of the Adirondack Canoe Classic, also known as the Ninety-miler, along with the 740-mile (1,190 km) Northern Forest Canoe Trail that runs from Old Forge, New York to Fort Kent, Maine.

## History

According to legend, Oseetah was an Indian Princess. Upon learning the Indian chief she loved (Wayotah) was betrothed to another, she threw herself off a cliff into a lake and was magically transformed into a water lily. In the Huron language Oseetah means "Water Lily".
Originally named Miller Pond, Oseetah Lake was formed when the dam across the Saranac River at Saranac Lake, that also forms Lake Flower, was raised to generate electric power by the Saranac Light and Power Company in 1894 (purchased by Paul Smith in 1904). At that time, as shown by maps of the period, a smaller pond, Ray Pond, also became part of the new, larger Oseetah - in what is now the eastern portion of the lake near the Essex County line.
# Jipang (food)

Jipang is a traditional snack made out of rice or glutinous rice. This traditional snack is also sometimes called bipang or berondong beras.

## History

The word bipang is taken from Hokkien bí-phang (米芳; pinyin Mandarin = mǐ fāng) which means "rice which is fragrant or aromatic", which refers to it being a confection. Jipang is one of the most popular traditional snacks from China. Chinese immigrants introduced and sold jipang in Indonesia as a snack. A few of these traditional jipang businesses are still active, one of these is Toko Bipang Jangkar in Pasuruan, East Java which has operated continuously since 1940.

## Making process

The process of making jipang varies from place to place, and even from family to family because jipang is such a widespread snack. Adding onto that, the processes used in large scale production of jipang vary largely from the traditional way of making it.
The main ingredients in making jipang is rice and sugar. The best rice for making jipang comes from unhulled rice which has been stored for 3-4 days. According to major jipang producers, jipang is most sought after in the monsoon seasons instead of summer where sales drop. The reason for this is that people tend to avoid snacks that make them thirsty in the summer months.
The making of jipang in major factories usually utilizes highly specified equipment where the rice is roasted over a high-pressure gas stove or gas burner. Next the rice is popped and mixed with caramelized sugar to give it the sweet flavor traditional jipang has. Before it hardens, the mixture is laid on a table and cut to size for packaging.
In Lahat, South Sumatra, jipang is popular in the lebaran season where the making process of the jipang differs from the methods used in major factories. The jipang from Lahat is made manually from glutinous rice. This unique jipang is also washed, submerged, covered with brown sugar, dried under the sun, before it finally gets fried.
# Arthur W. Barton

Arthur Willoughby Barton (14 September 1899 – 24 August 1976) was a headmaster, academic author and association football referee.

## Early life and education

Barton's father was Edwin H Barton, professor of physics at University College, Nottingham. He was educated at Nottingham High School and then Trinity College, Cambridge, after military service with the Royal Engineers.
He read natural sciences (physics) taking Firsts in Parts I and II; in 1922, he was awarded first-Class honours in physics in the London BSc examination. From 1922 to 1925 he was a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory in Lord Rutherford's group.

## Career

Barton was Chief Physics Master at Repton School from 1926 until 1939, when Geoffrey Fisher, later Archbishop of Canterbury, was headmaster. While at Repton he was awarded a doctorate from the University of London for a thesis on radioactive decay (the measurement of the half-period of radium C).
In 1939, he was appointed headmaster of King Edward VII School, Sheffield (photo). From 1950 to 1965 he was headmaster of the City of London School.

## Publications

Barton was the author of textbooks on heat and light, for example A Text Book on Heat (ASIN B000HIO678).

## Sport

Barton was a football referee. He refereed the semi-final between Austria and Poland in the 1936 Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, and was linesman in the 1936 FA Cup Final between Arsenal and Sheffield United.

## Personal life

In 1935 he married Alison Mary, second daughter of Colin Read Shaw.
# Libnan (Lydia Canaan song)

Libnan (Arabic: لبنان, romanized: Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation:; transl. "Lebanon") is an English language song by Lydia Canaan, who wrote and recorded the track in 1993 as an impassioned tribute to her country, Lebanon. In 1997, she was awarded the Lebanese International Success Award by the Lebanese Ministry of Tourism. In 2004, the song became the soundtrack of the advertisement "Rediscover Lebanon", produced and broadcast by CNN to over one-billion viewers and commissioned by the Lebanon Ministry of Economy and Trade to promote Lebanon as a tourist destination.
# George, Duke of Brunswick

George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (17 February 1582, in Celle – 12 April 1641, in Hildesheim), ruled as Prince of Calenberg from 1635. He was a member of the House of Welf, a prominent German noble family. George was part of a cadet branch of the family known as the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, which held territories in what is now Lower Saxony in Germany.
George was the sixth son of William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1535–1592) and Dorothea of Denmark (1546–1617). His mother was the daughter to King Christian III of Denmark and Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg. She acted as a regent during the early years of his reign, keeping power from the Councillors who had mismanaged the estates during his father's fits of insanity.
In the 1635 re-division of the territories of the House of Welf, after the death of Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, he received the Principality of Calenberg, which included the former Principality of Göttingen, since 1495, while his elder brother, Augustus the Elder, retained the Principality of Lüneburg. George was the first duke to move his residence to Hanover, where he built the Leineschloss as his residence in 1636, a palace situated by the river Leine. After his death, he was succeeded by his son, Christian Louis.

## Children

George married Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and Magdalene of Brandenburg, in 1617. They had the following known children:
* Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1622–1665), Prince of Calenberg from 1641-1648, and Prince of Lüneburg from 1648-1665.
* George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1624–1705), Prince of Calenberg from 1648-1665, and Prince of Lüneburg from 1665-1705. He was the father of Sophia Dorothea of Celle, wife of the future King George I of Great Britain.
* John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1625–1679), Prince of Calenberg from 1665-1679.
* Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1628–1685), who married King Frederick III of Denmark.
* Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover (1629–1698), Prince of Calenberg from 1679-1698, husband of Electress Sophia, and father of King George I of Great Britain.

## Ancestry

George's Paternal Great-grandmother Ursula of Brandenburg and Maternal Great-grandmother Anna of Brandenburg were sisters. This meant his parents were second cousins, giving George an inbreeding coefficient of 0.015625.

## Descendants

See List of members of the House of Hanover.

## Popular culture

He is a character in the Eric Flint series of science fiction novels, The Ring of Fire as the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a moderate conservative member of the Crown Loyalist faction, and commander of a division in the Army of the United States of Europe.
# Field marshal (Sri Lanka)

Field marshal (FM) is the five-star rank of the Sri Lanka Army and ranks immediately above general. the rank has been awarded only once, to Sarath Fonseka as an honorary rank. It is equivalent to admiral of the fleet and marshal of the Sri Lanka Air Force.

## Privileges

A field marshal remains a serving officer on the active list of the Sri Lankan Army for life. It is a honorary position with no command or administrative responsibilities, and the officer is not subject to the Army Act. Therefore, a field marshal is permitted to engage in political activities and take up political appointments. In the order of precedence, the rank holder is equivalent to a cabinet minister. He can participate in uniform to all ceremonial occasions. An officer of this rank is entitled to an office maintained by the Army along with an aide-de-camp and personal staff; as well as all privileges entitled to a serving General for life. This includes pay, an official residence, transport and a security detail. Furthermore, such an officer is entitled to receive a guard of honor composed of four officers and 150 other ranks and a military funeral on his death with a 21-gun salute. The widow of such an officer is entitled to the pay, allowances and residence given to her husband for life.

## Insignia of rank

A field marshal's insignia consists of the National emblem over a crossed batons in a lotus blossom wreath. Field marshals are awarded a Gold-tipped baton (which they may carry on formal occasions), five stars insignia (vehicle star plate) and a personal flag.
The Sri Lanka Army Dress Regulations, lays out the field marshal's uniform. It is in line with the uniform of a general officer (with underling parent regimental traditions) with a few unique variations. These include the gorget patches of the field marshal pattern of gold/silver oak leaf chain of two oak leave, five gold/silver stars on scarlet background with a gold/silver button; worn on Dress No 2A, 4, 5, 5A, 6, 6A, 6B, 7 and 8; and special epaulettes for Dress No 2 and 2A.

## List of field marshals

Sarath Fonseka was the first and, to date, only Sri Lankan Army officer to be promoted to the rank. He was promoted on 22 March 2015.