# Afro rock

Afro rock is a style of rock music that blends elements of Western rock with traditional African rhythms, melodies, and instrumentation. Emerging in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Afro rock reflects a dynamic interplay between the global popularity of rock music and the rich musical heritage of Africa. Prominent Afro rock bands and artists from this period include Osibisa, Assagai, and the Lafayette Afro Rock Band.

## Influences

Afro rock draws heavily from traditional African music styles and genres, including Afrobeat, Highlife, Juju, and Soukous. It is also influenced by Western musical styles such as psychedelic rock, funk, and blues. Prominent Western artists and bands like The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Santana, Jimi Hendrix, and La Fayette contributed to the development of Afro rock through their innovative approaches to rock music.
Fela Kuti, a pioneering musician, played a significant role in shaping Afro rock. His work in developing Afrobeat (a genre blending traditional African music with jazz and funk) served as a precursor to Afro rock.
The genre's socially conscious lyrics were influenced by political and social movements advocating for liberation and independence across Africa during the mid-20th century. These movements inspired Afro rock artists to address themes of social justice, freedom, and cultural identity in their music.

## Characteristics

Afro rock combines traditional African musical elements, such as indigenous rhythms, melodies, and instruments like the mbira and talking drums, with Western instruments including electric guitars, bass, drums, keyboards, and synthesizers. The genre is notably guitar-driven, with the electric guitar often serving as the lead instrument. Guitarists frequently use techniques such as riffing, improvisation, and layering to enhance the music's texture.
Afro rock is characterized by its rhythmic complexity, incorporating polyrhythms, irregular meter, and syncopated beats inspired by traditional African music and contemporary African genres such as highlife, soukous, and juju.
Lyrically, Afro rock often addresses social and political issues relevant to African nations, including poverty, colonialism, politics, inequality, and poor leadership. It also celebrates African heritage, resilience, and cultural identity, reflecting the continent's diverse cultural landscape.
Performances in Afro rock are typically dynamic and engaging. Artists deliver soulful and expressive performances, often singing in traditional African languages and English. They incorporate instrumental solos, jam sessions, and spontaneous arrangements, creating music that is both exciting and danceable.

## Instrumentation

In Afro rock, the electric guitar was the central instrument, driving both the melody and, at times, the rhythm. A defining feature of Afro rock was the use of the wah-wah pedal, an effects pedal that altered the guitar's timbre, creating a distinctive "wah-wah" sound reminiscent of a human voice.
The bass guitar provided the foundational groove and rhythm, often playing melodic lines and occasionally taking solo sections. The drums were essential to the rhythmic structure, with bands utilizing both Western drum kits and traditional African drums such as congas, bongos, djembe, and talking drums. Additional percussive instruments, including shekeres and tambourines, added depth to the rhythm section.
Horns, such as saxophones, trumpets, and trombones, were incorporated to bring expressive elements to the music, delivering powerful accents and bright solos. Keyboards and synthesizers were frequently used for melodic and harmonic accompaniment, as well as for creating atmospheric and psychedelic effects.
Traditional African instruments also played a significant role in Afro rock, adding cultural authenticity and depth. Instruments like the kora, balafon, kalimba, and mbira were incorporated, reflecting the diverse cultural influences of Afro rock bands and adding a unique dimension to the music.

## Style

The Afro rock style heavily incorporates rock string instruments, particularly the electric guitar and electric bass, often enhanced with guitar effects such as the wah-wah pedal. Songs typically feature a rock chordal structure and progression, complemented by a horn section and keyed instruments such as the electric piano, organ, and clavinet. The rhythmic elements of the music are drums and bass, but other characteristically African and Afro-Cuban elements are the percussion instruments including congas, bongos, claves, whistles and other Latin percussion. In the late 1960s, Super Eagles and Psychedelic Aliens were pioneers of the genre. Osibisa and Assagai were founded in England.

## Themes

Afro rock explores a wide range of themes reflecting the experiences, beliefs, and cultural contexts of both the artists and their audience. A recurring theme in Afro rock is social injustice and political activism. Artists leveraged the power of music to critique oppression, corruption, and poor governance, using their platform to advocate for social reform.
Afro rock also celebrates African heritage and cultural identity, promoting resilience and solidarity among communities. Drawing from traditional folklore, spiritual practices, and indigenous music, artists infused their work with a sense of pride in their roots.
The genre often served as a medium for expressing the longing for freedom and independence, with colonialism and its impacts frequently addressed in the lyrics. Some songs celebrated the struggle for independence, empowering listeners by highlighting the triumphs and resilience of African societies.

## Emergence of Afro Rock in Nigeria

The Afro rock genre emerged in the 1960s, providing a platform for youth to express resistance during periods of political unrest in Nigeria. Bands like The Hykkers exemplified this movement. Formed in the early 1960s by young students, The Hykkers initially played covers of British records but later gained critical acclaim for blending Nigerian and Western sounds. Supported by Fela Kuti, they rose to prominence. During the Nigerian Civil War, the band was captured by the Nigerian army, and their music was repurposed to boost morale and celebrate victories. Notable tracks include "I Wanna Break Thru."
Wrinkar Experience dominated the Afro rock scene in Nigeria, featuring members from Cameroon and Ghana. Their single, "Fuel for Love," became the highest-selling Nigerian single of its time. Touring West Africa, the band later disbanded in 1977. Another standout track by the group was "Ballad of a Sad Young Woman."
Ofege was another influential Afro rock band that emerged while its members were still in high school. Inspired by guitarists like Hendrix and Santana, their music fused Afrobeat rhythms with disco elements. Albums such as "Try and Love," "Higher Plane Breeze," "How Do You Feel," and "The Last of the Origins" showcased their distinct style.
The Lijadu Sisters, twin sisters Taiwo and Kehinde Lijadu, gained recognition in the late 1960s. Influenced by Miriam Makeba, Aretha Franklin, and their cousin Fela Kuti, they created a unique sound incorporating synthesizers, funk, Afrobeat rhythms, and psychedelic rock. Their music often carried political messages. They toured Nigeria, Western Europe, and the U.S., collaborating with Ginger Baker. Their albums include "Danger," "Horizon Unlimited," "Sunshine," and "Mother Africa."
The Strangers, formed in 1970 by guitarist and organist Bob Miga after the Nigerian Civil War, released three singles and a full album before disbanding. Their music featured funk-rock tunes driven by fuzz guitar and organ riffs.
Osayomore Joseph was a pioneer of Afro rock and a political activist, blending psychedelic rock and highlife. His music often addressed social and political themes.
Blo, founded in the early 1970s by Berkley "Ike" Peters and Mike Odumosu, gained acclaim for their debut album "Chapter One" (1973). Their fusion of funk, highlife, and rock was exemplified in tracks like "Preacher Man" and "Don't Take Her Away."
Monomono, led by Joni Haastrup, pushed the boundaries of Afro rock with albums such as "Give the Beggar a Chance" (1972) and "Dawn of Awareness" (1974). Their music incorporated jazz, blues, psychedelia, and traditional Yoruba elements, solidifying their place as pioneers in the genre.

## Afro Rock in Zambia: Zamrock

In Zambia, Afro rock developed as a unique subgenre known as Zamrock or Zambian rock. Emerging in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Zamrock combined traditional Zambian rhythms with Western rock influences. This musical movement coincided with Zambia's post-colonial era, a time of optimism and a collective effort to establish a distinct cultural identity.
A pivotal moment in Zamrock's rise occurred when Zambia's first president, Kenneth Kaunda, mandated that 95% of the music played on Zambian radio had to be of local origin. This policy spurred the growth of the country's music industry and encouraged artists to develop a sound that was both authentically Zambian and globally resonant.
WITCH (We Intend To Cause Havoc), formed in the early 1970s, became one of Zamrock's most iconic bands. Their albums, such as "Introduction" and "In the Past," showcased an innovative fusion of traditional rhythms with psychedelic rock, funk, soul, and blues. Their experimental approach and dynamic performances cemented their status as pioneers of the genre.
Amanaz, led by Isaac Mpofu, significantly contributed to Zamrock with their introspective lyrics and fuzzy guitar-driven sound. Their 1975 album "Africa" is regarded as a classic of the genre, blending socially conscious themes with grooves that continue to captivate audiences.
The Ngozi Family, spearheaded by Paul Ngozi, infused Zamrock with raw energy and a rebellious spirit. Known for their high-energy performances and memorable melodies, they produced tracks such as "Hi Babe" and "Day of Judgement," which remain celebrated within the genre.
Zamrock's legacy endures as a testament to the creativity and resilience of Zambian musicians, who crafted a sound that transcended borders while celebrating their cultural roots.

## Afro rock in Ghana

Afro rock in Ghana emerged during the 1960s and 1970s, influenced heavily by highlife, a popular West African music genre. Several pioneering artists and bands played a pivotal role in shaping and developing the genre by blending traditional Ghanaian rhythms with funk, rock, and Afrobeat influences.
Osibisa, one of the most renowned Afro-rock bands, was formed in London by Ghanaian musician Teddy Osei. The band achieved international fame with their unique fusion of Afrobeat, highlife, funk, and rock. Their self-titled debut album, released in 1971, included hits such as "Music for Gong Gong" and "Sunshine Day," which remain some of their most celebrated tracks. Osibisa's vibrant sound and dynamic performances helped bring Ghanaian Afro rock to a global audience.
Ebo Taylor, a Ghanaian guitarist, composer, and bandleader, also made significant contributions to the genre. Known for his mastery of blending highlife with funk and rock elements, Taylor's album "Ebo Taylor and the Pelikans" features standout tracks such as "Come Along" and "Mondo Soul Funky." His virtuosic guitar playing and catchy melodies have made him a central figure in Ghanaian music history.
The Psychedelic Aliens, also known as The Magic Aliens, brought an experimental edge to Ghanaian Afro rock. Led by guitarist and vocalist Ade "Witch" Rocha, the band captivated audiences with their electrifying performances and innovative sound. Notable tracks like "We're Laughing" and "Extraordinary Woman" highlight their adventurous approach to fusing rock with traditional African elements.
Ghanaian Afro rock's rich and dynamic evolution underscores the creativity and cultural pride of its artists, who successfully bridged local traditions with global musical trends.

## Afro rock now

Afro rock seemed very promising but unfortunately faded out over the years. The rebellious nature of rock promoted by mainstream media was frowned upon by most Africans because it went against collectivism. Currently, various artists continue to incorporate rock and African musical elements. Such artists include winners of the Best Artist, Duo or Group in African Rock at the yearly All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA); Dear Zim (Zimbabwe) – 2014, M'vula (Angola) – 2015 and 2016, Gilad (Kenya) – 2017, Maryam Saleh (Egypt) – 2018, Rash (Kenya) – 2021, Clayrocksu (Nigeria) – 2022. The 2022/23 winner, Clayrocksu, has gained international acclaim with features in New York Times, BBC News, and Reuters for her voracious consistency in blending traditional African sounds with contemporary rock, thereby creating a unique and captivating musical experience that resonates with diverse audiences worldwide. Her innovative Afro-rock approach, fusing Igbo language and local pidgin folk elements with punk rock, has established her as a pioneering figure in the global music scene. Toronto Star defines her as "Magnetic" for "her ability to fuse rock music with Afropop, the predominant contemporary sound in Lagos, Nigeria".
Another contemporary west African rock band is Dark Suburb from Ghana, built on a concept of the Alkebulanian masquerade culture and the skeleton. A distinguished and arguably the most decorated African rock band is Tinariwen, a collective of Tuareg musicians from the Sahara region of northern Mali. Considered pioneers of desert blues, the group's guitar-driven style combines traditional Tuareg and African music with Western rock music. They have released nine albums since their formation and have toured internationally.The group has been nominated for Grammy Awards three times, and their 2012 album Tassili won the award for Best World Music Album in 2012. NPR calls the group "music's true rebels", AllMusic deems the group's music "a grassroots voice of rebellion", and Slate calls the group "rock 'n' roll rebels whose rebellion, for once, wasn't just metaphorical".

## Afro rock musicians

* Osibisa
* Assagai
* Tinariwen
* Demon Fuzz
* Ofege
* Lijadu Sisters
* Arka'n Asrafokor
* Skinflint
* Crackdust
* Blo
* MATATA
* Ofo and the black company
* Clayrocksu
* Monomono
* Remi Kabaka, drummer
* Nova Twins