OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Steven M. Stanley

Steven M. Stanley (born November 2, 1941) is an American paleontologist and evolutionary biologist at the Florida State University. He is best known for his empirical research documenting the evolutionary process of punctuated equilibrium in the fossil record.

## Biography

Stanley received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1968. For most of his career he taught geology at Johns Hopkins University (1969-2005). In 1977 Stanley was awarded the Paleontological Society's Charles Schuchert Award which is presented "to a person under 40 whose work reflects excellence and promise in the science of paleontology." In 2007 he was awarded the Society's Paleontological Society Medal, which is "awarded to a person whose eminence is based on advancement of knowledge in paleontology." In 2006 Stanley was awarded the Mary Clark Thompson Medal by the National Academy of Sciences and in 2008 the William H. Twenhofel Medal by the Society for Sedimentary Geology.
In 1972 Stanley developed the Predation Hypothesis to explain the evolution of novelties in the Cambrian explosion. Stanley proposed that predation stimulated prey animals to evolve defenses such as shells, rapid swimming, and burrowing. These strategies also opened new avenues of evolution through functional shifts. Hard shells allowed for filter feeding, and deep burrowing allowed animals to gain new access to food resources.
Stanley acted as a “personal editor” on several PNAS papers about the controversial Younger Dryas impact hypothesis, starting with the original 2007 paper and continuing even after revelations of misconduct by a key contributor. He admitted to a Nature reporter that “It has been very controversial… It’s my view that I should help to get this stuff published.” The hypothesis was comprehensively refuted in 2023.
# Aliya Hamza Malik

Aliya Hamza Malik (عالیہ حمزہ ملک) is a Pakistani politician and activist member of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). She was a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from August 2018 to 17 January 2023.

## Political career

She was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan as a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) on a reserved seat for women from Punjab in 2018 Pakistani general election.
On 27 September 2018, Prime Minister Imran Khan appointed her as Federal Parliamentary Secretary for Textile.
On 17 January 2023,, the Speaker of the National Assembly, Raja Pervez Ashraf, accepted Malik's resignation from the National Assembly. Subsequently, the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) de-notified her as a member of the National Assembly.
She ran as an independent candidate supported by PTI in the 2024 Pakistani general election from NA-118 Lahore-II, but was unsuccessful, receiving 100,984 votes. The seat was won by Hamza Shahbaz of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML(N)), who received 105,948 votes. In March 2024, she challenged Hamza's victory notification through an election petition.
She was appointed by founding chairman PTI Imran Khan as Chief Organizer of Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf Punjab on 27 January 2025.

## Arrest

On 10 May 2023, she was arrested in connection with the 2023 Pakistani protests.
In March 2024, following her release from Kot Lakhpat Jail on bail related to the Shadman police station attack case, she was re-arrested in connection with a new case related to the protests.
On 7 August 2024, she was released from Gujranwala Central Jail.
# Germana Caroli

Germana Caroli (born Germana Mazzetti, 18 August 1931 – 7 January 2024) was an Italian singer, mainly active in the 1950s.

## Life and career

Born in Bologna on 18 August 1931, Caroli was noted by the composer and conductor Giovanni Fenati [it] while she was performing a song in a night club of her hometown. After studying singing, diction and acting, Caroli was entered into the Orchestra Fenati as vocalist, and with them she got a large success with the song "Ehi, tu" (1954), which subsequently launched her solo career.
Caroli had the peak of her career between the late 1950s and the early 1960s, when she participated to the most important Italian musical events of the time, including Canzonissima, Festival di Napoli and the tenth edition of the Sanremo Music Festival.
Caroli died on 7 January 2024, at the age of 92.

## Discography

* 1958 – Magic Moments/Non partir (Durium, Ld A 6394)
* 1958 – La pioggia cadrà/Dors mon amour (Durium, Ld A 6395)
* 1958 – Parole alla luna/Femminilità (Durium, Ld A 6468)
* 1958 – Da te era bello restar/Ehi tu! (Durium, Ld A 6469)
* 1959 – Un bacio sulla bocca/Nessuno (Durium, Ld A 6476)
* 1959 – Ti prego, amore/Dance darling dance (Durium, Ld A 6510)
* 1959 – Petite fleur/D'improvviso (Durium, Ld A 6562)
* 1959 – D'improvviso/Venus (Durium, Ld A 6563)
* 1959 – Passiuncella/'O destino 'e ll'ate (Durium, Ld A 6570)
* 1959 – Rubare/Por dos besos (Durium, Ld A 6730)
* 1960 – Gridare di gioia/Amore senza sole (Durium, Ld A 6738)
* 1960 – Luna, Lina e brezzolina/Di' la tua (Durium, Ld A 6901)
* 1960 – Alle 10 della sera/Diavolo (Durium, Ld A 6953)
* 1961 – Le mille bolle blu/Che brivido ragazzi (Durium, Ld A 6976)
* 1966 – Sei poco intelligente/Un pezzetto di ghiaccio (Century, AM 006)
* 1967 – Forse/La colpa più grande (DKF Folklore, KF 30038)
* 1969 – È troppo tardi/Va via (Kansas, dm 1114)
* 1981 – Georgia on my mind/Temptation/Stardust (Manhattan Records Man, 45002)
# Kabixiana language

Kabixiana is an extinct Tupian language of the state of Rondônia, in the Amazon region of Brazil.

## Vocabulary

Cabixiana vocabulary :
| Cabixiana | English |
| uniaín | tooth |
| opopí | hand |
| ukibiei | leg |
| paí | Mauritia flexuosa |
| perá | macaw |
| bakeniéng | agouti |
| aminngkuni | jaguar |
# Cairnburgh Castle

Cairnburgh Castle is a ruined castle that is located on the islands of Cairn na Burgh Mòr and Cairn na Burgh Beag, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. These islands are at the northern extremity of the Treshnish Isles at the mouth of Loch Tuath, Mull north of Iona. 1991's The Changing Scottish Landscape characterizes it as "one of the most isolated fortifications in Britain...[and] also one of the strangest."

## Structure

An unusual feature of the castle its that its defences straddle both islands. Cairn na Burgh Mòr contains a barrack block, chapel, courtyard and guard-house and its smaller companion isle has another guard-house and a well.

## History
### 13th century

The castle, which may have begun its existence as a Viking fortress called Kiarnaborg, has been held by a variety of individuals since its first recorded appearance in 1249. It is mentioned in the 13th century Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar as the property of an island king of the family of Somerled, demanded of him by Alexander III of Scotland. The Gazetteer for Scotland reports that the castle's owner at least from 1249 to 1269 was Clan MacDougall, descendants of Somerled through his son Dubgall. When the MacDougall clan supported John de Balliol against Robert de Brus in the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Crown seized the castle. Temporarily occupied by Clan MacDonald, it at some point became the property of Clan MacLean.

### 15th century

In 1409, Hector Maclean, chief of Clan Maclean, received a charter from his uncle Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles for certain lands. In the charter Hector was described as Lord of Duart Castle and constable of the castle of Cairnburg.

### 16th century

While the property of Clan MacLean, the castle was the location of several conflicts, but it was extremely well defended by the cliffs that surrounded it. It was besieged in 1504 by James IV when the MacLeans rebelled in favor of Domhnall Dubh, chief of Clan Donald.

### 17th century

It was briefly taken in 1647 during the War of the Three Kingdoms by General David Leslie. In the next decade, it was torched by Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army. The fire likely caused the demise of a number of manuscripts that had been conveyed to the castle for safety from Iona after the 1561 Act calling for the destruction of "Monuments of Idolatry". In 1679, it stood against the Campbells, but did not stand when attacked again in 1692.

### 18th century

Twice during the Jacobite risings, in 1715 and 1745, the government used Cairnsburgh to house troops. In 1759 it was the birthplace of author Isabella Kelly.
# Temple (disambiguation)

A temple is a building used for religious practices and activities.
In the Abrahamic religions, The Temple usually refers to the Temple in Jerusalem, the destroyed holy site of biblical Israel.
Temple may also refer to:

## Other common meanings

* Temple (anatomy), a part of the head
* Temple (name), a list of people and fictional characters with the surname or given name

## Arts and entertainment
### Film and television

* Mandir (film) (The Temple), a 1937 Indian film
* Temple (film), a 2017 horror film
* Temple (TV series), a Sky One television series
* The Temple (film), a 2022 Canadian animated short film

### Literature

* Temple (novel), a 1999 novel by Matthew Reilly
* The Temple (novel), by Stephen Spender, written in 1928 and published in 1988
* "The Temple" (Lovecraft short story), by H.P. Lovecraft (1920)
* "The Temple" (Oates short story), by Joyce Carol Oates (1996)
* The Temple, the principle collection of poetry by George Herbert, published 1633

### Music

* Temple Records (disambiguation), several record labels
* Temples (band), an English psychedelic rock band from Kettering
* Temple (album), a 2020 album by Thao & the Get Down Stay Down
* "Temple" (Kings of Leon song)
* "Temple", a song by Tonight Alive from their album Underworld
* "The Temple", a song from the 1971 rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice
* Temple, a soloist project of guitarist Walter Giardino

### Painting

* The Temple (painting), a 1949 painting by Paul Delvaux

## Places
### Canada

* Temple, Calgary, a neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta
* Mount Temple (Alberta), a mountain

### France

* Temple (Paris Métro), a station of the Paris métro
* Square du Temple, a garden and former location of a fortress in Paris

### United Kingdom

* Temple, Cornwall, a village
* Temple, County Down, Northern Ireland, a village
* Temple, Glasgow, Scotland, a neighbourhood
* The Temple, Liverpool, an office building
* Temple, London, an area in the vicinity of Temple Church
** Temple tube station
* Temple, Midlothian, a village

### United States

* Temple, Georgia
* Temple, Indiana
* Temple, Maine
* Temple, Michigan
* Temple, New Hampshire
* Temple, North Dakota
* Temple, Oklahoma
* Temple, Pennsylvania
* Temple, Texas
* The Temple (Atlanta)
* The Temple (Old Orchard Beach, Maine)
* The Temple (Cleveland, Ohio)
* Temple Mountain (Idaho)
* Temple Mountain (New Hampshire)
* Temple (nightclub), a nightclub in San Francisco and Denver
* The Temple (Washington), a mountain in Washington state

## Schools in the United States

* Temple University, Pennsylvania
* Temple College, Texas
* Temple High School (disambiguation)

## Other uses

* Temple (weaving), a part of a weaving machine for spreading the cloth
* Side-pieces on a set of glasses
* Temple, a variety of tangor, a cross between an orange and a tangerine
* Temple Owls, the athletic program of Temple University
* Temple shipbuilders, Tyneside, late 18th and early 19th century
* Temple Hotels, a Canadian company that owns and manages Canadian hotels
* Rangers Ballpark in Arlington, Texas, nicknamed "The Temple"
* TempleOS, a computer operating system
# Nazeer Abbasi

Muhammad Nazeer Abbasi (Sindhi: محمد نذير عباسي‎) (b. 10 April 1953 — d. 9 August 1980) was the youngest member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Pakistan. He was tortured to death on 9 August 1980 in government of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq while in the custody of FIU Field Intelligence Unit of Pakistan Army. His family has accused former ISI operative Brigadier Imtiaz Ahmed Billa of torturing and killing Abbasi while in his custody, and Billa has admitted this in a TV interview.

## Early life

Abbasi was born to Jan Muhammad Abbasi and Qamar-ul-Nisa in Tando Allahyar, Sindh, Pakistan on 10 April 1953. After completing his intermediate education, he Started working at Municipal Committee Tando Allahyar and Organized a Union of Municipal Workers. He went on to study at the Sindh University where he got B.Sc. in Political science. He married Hameeda Ghanghro on 4 February 1978 and had a daughter, Zarqa Abbasi.

## Political career

He started politics during student life. He was first arrested as a member of Azad Marorra Students Federation in 1969, which was demanding the publication of the electoral voter lists in Sindhi language. In prison he met communists and leaders of National Students Federation. In jail he was influenced by fellow political prisoners belonging to Sindh National Students Federation, an organization which he joined, and later became leader of. Abbasi was arrested again in May 1978 by military during the dictatorship of Zia-ul-Haq charged with publication of clandestine monthly Halchal and was sent to notorious prison Quli Camp Quetta. During that period many of the members of Sindh National Students Federation and Sindh Hari Committee were arrested from all over Sindh. He was arrested again by the FIU Field Intelligence Unit of Pakistan Army's Brigadier Billa from Karachi on 30 July 1980, along with Professor Jamal Naqvi, Amarlal, Kamal Warsi and Shabbir Shar, who were later joined by Sohail Sangi, Badar Abro and others. Abbasi was arrested on 30 July 1980 with other party workers. He was killed while the rest of the group were tried in a military court in what came to be known as the Jam Saqi case.

## Death

Nazeer Abbasi was tortured to death on 9 August 1980.
# Narahari Tirtha

Narahari Tirtha (c. 1243 - c. 1333) was a Dvaita philosopher, scholar, statesman and one of the disciples of Madhvacharya. He is considered to be the progenitor of the Haridasa movement along with Sripadaraja. Though only two of his scholarly works are extant, they are characterised by their verbosity and lack of digressions. A few songs of his survive under the pen name Raghukulatilaka. As a minister of considerable influence to the Eastern Ganga rulers and later as the pontiff of the Madhvacharya matha, Narahari converted the Simhachalam temple into an educational establishment of renown and a religious centre for Vaishnavism.

## Life

Nothing is known about his early life except that he served as a minister in the Eastern Ganga Kingdom in Kalinga (modern day North Andhra and Odisha) and later as a regent in the stead of Narasimha Deva II before his ordination as a monk. Information about his life is derived from a hagiography called Narahariyatistotra, Narayana Pandita's Madhva Vijaya and inscriptions from the Srikurmam and Simhachalam temples, all of which attest to his regency. The inscriptions also allude to his expertise in scriptures and swordsmanship. Sharma conjectures from the presence and contents of the inscriptions that post 1281 C.E., he was "the virtual overlord of the country". At the height of his power, he built the Yogananda Narasimha Temple in Srikurmam and defended the city from attacks of vandals. There is also evidence that he was patronised by Bhanudeva I and his ward Narasimha Deva II and also that he disseminated the philosophy of Madhva throughout Kalinga. His mortal remains rest at Charkratirtha near Hampi.

## Works and legacy

Narahari's treatise on the Gita Bhashya of Madhva called Bhavaprakashika is considered to be an important work in the Dvaita canon, being referenced by Jayatirtha and Raghavendra Tirtha. Sharma notes that Narahari expands upon the obscure passages in the source text and directs polemical barbs against the commentaries by Sankara and Ramanuja. Though presumably not of Kannada origin, many of his works were in that language although only three of his compositions in Kannada survive. Narahari and Sripadaraja are considered to be the forerunners of the Haridasa movement by penning songs and hymns, mostly containing the teachings of Madhva in simplified terms and set to music in the vernacular Kannada language. Traditionally, Narahari is also considered to be the founder of Yakshagana and Bayalaata, a dance form which still flourishes in parts of Karnataka and Kasargod in present-day Kerala.
# Rawhide Mountains

The Rawhide Mountains are a mountain range of western Arizona, in the southwest of Mohave County. It is part of a block of mountain ranges on the north of an insular region called the Maria fold and thrust belt, containing mountain ranges, valleys, and plains. The Rawhide Mountains border the much smaller Artillery Mountains southeast, bordering on Alamo Lake State Park and the south-flowing Big Sandy River.
The border to the southwest are the Bill Williams Mountains, and the Poachie Range with the large Arrastra Mountain Wilderness is northeast and east.
The high point of the range is Aubrey Peak at 2,953 feet (900 m). Two other peaks lie at the southeast, Miller Peak at 2,793 feet (851 m) and Fools Peak at 2,939 feet (896 m).
The southern perimeter of the Rawhide Mountains is the west-flowing Bill Williams River. The river is part of the northern border of the Maria fold and thrust belt with the block of mountains north forming the border, and is also part of the southeast Mojave Desert, another de facto border.
South of the river is the northwestern Sonoran Desert. The major mountain block at the intersection of this region west in California is the Whipple Mountains of southeast California, in the northeast Colorado Desert (the northwestern Sonoran Desert). The Whipple Mountains cause the south-flowing Colorado River to traverse southeast, then back southwest around the Whipple Mountains massif. The Colorado then turns back to the south. (It makes another excursion south of the Trigo Mountains massif.)

## Rawhide Mountains and Aubrey Peak Wildernesses

Approximately half of the Rawhide Mountains contain wilderness areas.

### Aubrey Peak Wilderness

The northwest of the range consists of the Aubrey Peak Wilderness, of 15,400-acre (6,232 ha). It is accessed by unimproved dirt roads, which are on the southwest and southeast perimeter. Two geologic hikes are profiled in the region. The route starts at Wikieup and Hike 29 is in the southern Hualapai Mountains at a mountain saddle. The route is the access to Centennial Wash, Hike 30, where the wash is part of the southeast border of the Aubrey Peak Wilderness.

### Rawhide Mountains Wilderness

The Rawhide Mountains Wilderness is a large wilderness that is on both banks of the Bill Williams River, and the confluence of the Big Sandy River. It is in the northeast of the Buckskin Mountains, the southeast of the Rawhide's and forms the western border of Alamo Lake, at Alamo Lake State Park.
# Red Cliffs National Conservation Area

The Red Cliffs National Conservation Area is a 44,724-acre (180.99 km$^2$) National Conservation Area located in southwest Utah, north of St. George at the northeasternmost edge of the Mojave Desert. It is managed by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the National Landscape Conservation System, and was created as part of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009.
The Red Cliffs National Conservation Area (NCA) is part of the larger multi-jurisdictional Red Cliffs Desert Reserve, which was created in 1996 to protect the habitat and populations of the desert tortoise and other species. Part of the NCA was designated in 2009 as the Cottonwood Canyon and Red Mountain wilderness areas, which are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System.
The Pine Valley Mountains and Dixie National Forest are north of the NCA. The NCA is located within the watershed of the Virgin River, a tributary of the Colorado River. There are over 130 miles (210 km) of non-motorized trails in the NCA.

## Gallery

* Cottonwood Canyon
* St. George and the Red Cliffs
* Top of Yant Flat trail: spectacular cross-bedding in fossil sand dunes in the Navajo sandstone
* More geology & scenery along the Yant Flat trail, Red Cliffs NCA
# Richland Cemetery

Richland Cemetery is a historic African-American cemetery located at Greenville, South Carolina. It was established in 1884 by the City of Greenville as the first municipal "colored" cemetery. It is the final resting place for many of Greenville's most notable African-American educators, health practitioners, and community leaders. The total number of graves is estimated at over 1,400 and gravemarker types and materials range from natural stones to elaborate Victorian monuments.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
# Ridge Hill Memorial Park

Ridge Hill Memorial Park is a 100-acre (0.40 km$^2$) cemetery (60 of which are developed) located in Lorain County, Ohio. Started in 1929. It is non-sectarian and welcoming to all faiths and cultures. In 2023 Ridge Hill Memorial Park became the first and only cemetery in Lorain County, Ohio to offer glass front cremation niches and a cremation scattering garden.
Ridge Hill Memorial Park is governed by a board of directors, who are elected by and from the cemetery lot owners. Trust funds are utilized to ensure that the cemetery remains financially solvent in perpetuity.
Ridge Hill Memorial Park is considered the best maintained cemetery in the region, and offers superior value to all other local cemeteries. This is in stark contract to Resthaven Memory Gardens, a competing cemetery located in Avon, Ohio, which has become known for its poor maintenance. Due to the constant flooding, lack of care, inflated prices, and corporate bureaucracy that cloud Resthaven Memory Gardens, Ridge Hill Memorial Park has seen an increase in Avon residents pre-planning with Ridge Hill. The result is that Ridge Hill Memorial Park is now a preferred cemetery for residents of Avon, Ohio.

## Notable interments

* Henry Cooke 'Irish' McIlveen, baseball player
* William Knox Schroeder, Kent State University shooting victim
# Ridgeline Open Space

Ridgeline Open Space is a public park located within The Meadows neighborhood in Castle Rock, Colorado along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. It sits at an elevation of 6,607 feet (2,014 m) and consists of 370 acres (1.5 km$^2$) of public land that has been designated for conservation and recreational use. There are over 8 mi (13 km) of trails with panoramic views of the Rocky Mountains to the west and Castle Rock below.

## Wildlife and vegetation

* Mammals that can be found in this area include the American badger, American black bear, bobcat, coyote, Colorado chipmunk, gray fox, red fox, mountain cottontail rabbit, mountain lion, mule deer, pocket gopher, porcupine, and skunk.
* Birds that can be found in this area include the golden eagle, peregrine falcon, sharp-shinned hawk, black-billed magpie, red-tailed hawk, pinyon jay and western tanager.
* Trees that can be found in the area include the Gambel oak, ponderosa pine, and pinyon pine.

## Gallery

* Two mule deer grazing
* Red fox
* Red fox (during its black pelt color phase)