OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Buchdahl's theorem

In general relativity, Buchdahl's theorem, named after Hans Adolf Buchdahl, makes more precise the notion that there is a maximal sustainable density for ordinary gravitating matter. It gives an inequality between the mass and radius that must be satisfied for static, spherically symmetric matter configurations under certain conditions. In particular, for areal radius $R$, the mass $M$ must satisfy
$M<{\frac {4Rc^{2}}{9G}}$
where $G$ is the gravitational constant and $c$ is the speed of light. This inequality is often referred to as Buchdahl's bound. The bound has historically also been called Schwarzschild's limit as it was first noted by Karl Schwarzschild to exist in the special case of a constant density fluid. However, this terminology should not be confused with the Schwarzschild radius which is notably smaller than the radius at the Buchdahl bound.

## Theorem

Given a static, spherically symmetric solution to the Einstein equations (without cosmological constant) with matter confined to a real radius $R$ that behaves as a perfect fluid with a density that does not increase outwards. (An areal radius $R$ corresponds to a sphere of surface area $4\pi R^{2}$. In curved spacetime the proper radius of such a sphere is not necessarily $R$.) Assumes in addition that the density and pressure cannot be negative. The mass of this solution must satisfy
$M<{\frac {4Rc^{2}}{9G}}$
For his proof of the theorem, Buchdahl uses the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equation.

## Significance

The Buchdahl theorem is useful when looking for alternatives to black holes. Such attempts are often inspired by the information paradox; a way to explain (part of) the dark matter; or to criticize that observations of black holes are based on excluding known astrophysical alternatives (such as neutron stars) rather than direct evidence. However, to provide a viable alternative it is sometimes needed that the object should be extremely compact and in particular violate the Buchdahl inequality. This implies that one of the assumptions of Buchdahl's theorem must be invalid. A classification scheme can be made based on which assumptions are violated.

## Special Cases
### Incompressible fluid

The special case of the incompressible fluid or constant density, $\rho (r)=\rho _{*}$ for $r<R$, is a historically important example as, in 1916, Schwarzschild noted for the first time that the mass could not exceed the value ${\frac {4Rc^{2}}{9G}}$ for a given radius $R$ or the central pressure would become infinite. It is also a particularly tractable example. Within the star one finds.
$m(r)={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}\rho _{*}$
and using the TOV-equation
$p(r)=\rho _{*}c^{2}{\frac {R{\sqrt {R-2GM/c^{2}}}-{\sqrt {R^{3}-2GMr^{2}/c^{2}}}}{{\sqrt {R^{3}-2GMr^{2}/c^{2}}}-3R{\sqrt {R-2GM/c^{2}}}}}$
such that the central pressure, $p(0)$, diverges as $R\to 9GM/4c^{2}$.

## Extensions

Extensions to Buchdahl's theorem generally either relax assumptions on the matter or on the symmetry of the problem. For instance, by introducing anisotropic matter or rotation. In addition one can also consider analogues of Buchdahl's theorem in other theories of gravity
# Daisuke Tsuda (YouTuber)

Daisuke Tsuda (津田 大介, Tsuda Daisuke, born November 15, 1973), is a Japanese YouTuber, political activist, social activist and writer originally from Kita, Tokyo. He graduated from the Social Sciences Department of Waseda University.
He launched the YouTube channel "POLITAS TV (ポリタスTV)" in 2020 and became a political opinion YouTuber.

## Writing

| Year | Japanese Title | Rough English translation | Publisher |
| 2003 | だからWinMXはやめられない "Dakara WinMX wa yamerarenai" | "That's why we can't stop WinMX" | Impress Co. |
| 2004 | ググる——検索エンジンGoogleを使ってネット上の情報を検索すること "Guguru -- Kensaku enjin Google wo tsukatte nettojō no jōhō wo kensaku suru" | "Google -- Using the search engine Google to search for information on the Internet" | Mainichi Communications |
| 2004 | だれが「音楽」を殺すのか？ "Dare ga 'ongaku' wo korosu no ka?" | "Who is killing 'music'?" | Shoeisha |
| 2006 | 仕事で差がつくすごいグーグル術 "Shigoto de sa ga tsuku sugoi gūguru" | | Seishun Publishing Co. (青春出版社) |
| 2007 | CONTENT'S FUTURE ポストYouTube時代のクリエイティビティ "CONTENT'S FUTURE Posuto YouTube Jidai no Kurieitibiti" | "CONTENT'S FUTURE: Creativity in a Post-YouTube Era" | Shoeisha |
# Mind on the Moon

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| JAM! Music | (mixed) |
Mind on the Moon is an album by Canadian reggae musician Snow, released in 2000. Despite being his fifth album, this was the first disc since his 1993 debut 12 Inches of Snow that Snow returned to the pop charts and received mainstream airplay on both radio and television.
The album's lead single, "Everybody Wants to Be Like You" received the most radio airplay, reaching #2 on Canada's Top Singles chart. The album's second single, "The Plumb Song", also received significant radio airplay and its music video received heavy rotation on MuchMusic. Three singles from the album ("Everybody Wants to Be Like You", "The Plumb Song" and "Joke Thing") were among the top 100 most played radio tracks in Canada in 2001.
The album was nominated for "Best Pop Album" at the Juno Awards of 2001.

## Track listing
### Notes

* "Scrub Off" features guest vocals from Shantall
* "Little Did They Know" features guest vocals from Greig Nori.
* "Funky Martini" features guest vocals from Mark Jackson.

## Personnel

Adapted from the liner notes of Mind on the Moon.

### Vocals

* Justin Gray – background vocals (track 8)
* Mark Jackson – background vocals (track 1)
* Shantall – background vocals (tracks 3, 5)
* Miranda Walsh – background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 8, 12)
* Karen Zilahi – background vocals (tracks 1, 5, 10)

### Production

* MC Shan – vocal production and engineering (tracks 2, 9)
* Michael Tucker – mixing
* Bob Ludwig – mastering at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine)
* Ed Krautner – assistant engineer
* Rob Gil – assistant engineer
* Joel Kazmi – assistant engineer

### Artwork

* Kent Howard – Snow logo
* Christopher Wahl – photography
* Darko – design, photography
# Dance Hall Days

"Dance Hall Days" is a song by the English new wave band Wang Chung. It was originally released as a single in 1982 when the band was called Huang Chung, then it was re-recorded and released a year later in 1983 for the studio album Points on the Curve. It was the band's only single to make the top 40 in the UK. In the US, it peaked at No. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and went to number one on the Dance Club Songs chart.

## Music videos

Two different music videos were made to promote the single. The first version of the video, directed by Derek Jarman, is a collection of home movies with the majority of the archive footage consisting of a stage show with swimmers and fountains, and other World War II-era material. Apparently, the footage is courtesy of the director's father, who was one of the first people to use a colour home movie camera. The toddler in the home movie footage is the director himself as a child. The home movies are interspersed amid footage of Jack, Nick, and Darren, lip-synching and playing the violin. The band are also dressed up as characters from The Wizard of Oz (1900) at the end of the video, with Jack Hues as the Tin Man, Nick Feldman as the Scarecrow, and Darren Costin as the Lion.
The second version of the video is a magical fantasy concept video set in the 1940s, the heyday of dance halls. The video begins in black and white, with Jack Hues stopping in front of a closed-down hall, setting down the suitcase he carries, and picking up a flyer. The scene shifts to colour, featuring the band performing in the packed hall with the backing of a big band as couples dance. Later, a disco ball descends to the floor and breaks open, allowing a mirror-covered dancer to emerge. The video ends in black and white, with Hues walking past the hall and down the street; he leaves his suitcase behind, but it sprouts legs and hurries off after him.
This version was nominated for Best New Artist at the 1984 MTV Video Music Awards, losing to "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" by Eurythmics.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United Kingdom (BPI) 2004 release | Silver | 200,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Kevin Schindler

Kevin Schindler (born 21 May 1988) is a German former professional footballer who played as a right winger. He works as assistant manager for Werder Bremen II.

## Club career

Schindler was born in Delmenhorst. While under contract with Bundesliga side Werder Bremen, he went on loan to Hansa Rostock, FC Augsburg and MSV Duisburg.
In July 2017, United Soccer League club FC Cincinnati signed Schindler. Following the end of the 2017 season, FC Cincinnati announced that Schindler's contract had expired and would not be renewed.
In 2020 he was player and assistant manager of Faroe Islands Premier League side Havnar Bóltfelag.
# Obidza

Obidza is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łącko, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Łącko, 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Nowy Sącz, and 74 km (46 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.
# Bonita Springs School

The Bonita Springs School (also known as the Bonita Springs Elementary School) is a historic school in Bonita Springs, Florida. It is located at 10701 Dean Street. The property is part of the Lee County Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.

## History

The Bonita Springs School consists of two buildings built in 1921 and 1927. The 1921 building is a masonry vernacular structure, while the 1927 unit features elements of the Mediterranean Revival style. The two buildings were joined in the 1940s with a short brick connector joining the main halls of the two school buildings.
On July 8, 1999, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. As of 2025, it still operates as a public school, commonly known as Bonita Springs Elementary School.

## Demolition controversy

In 2024, the School District of Lee County, which owns Bonita Springs School, announced plans to demolish the school and rebuild it. The school district stated they could not allocate an additional $10 million needed to preserve the facade of this building. These plans proved controversial when the Bonita Springs City Council and the Bonita Springs Historical Society raised objections and community members launched a petition in protest of the plans. Despite objections, the school district insists that the project is needed for safety reasons.
# List of British breads

This is a list of bread products made in or originating from Britain. British cuisine is the specific set of cooking traditions and practices associated with the United Kingdom. Bread prepared from mixed grains was introduced to Great Britain around 3700 BC.

## Savoury

* Griddle pancake
** Bannock
** Crumpet (also often served sweet; known as pikelets in some areas of England)
** Griddle scone
** Muffin
** Pikelet – name by which crumpets are known in the Midlands and some areas of Northern England; also, an alternative name in Australia and New Zealand for what are generally called drop scones there
** Scotch pancake, also called pikelet (Australia and New Zealand) or drop scone (some areas of Scotland; Australian and New Zealand)
** Staffordshire oatcake – called oat cakes by locals
* Bread
** Barley bread
** Cockle bread
** Granary bread – made from malted-grain flour (in the United Kingdom, Granary flour, a proprietary malted-grain flour, is a brand name, so bakeries may call these breads malthouse or malted-grain bread.) See: sprouted bread for similar.
** Rowie
* Loaf
** Cottage loaf
** Manchet
** Milk roll – also known as a 'Blackpool milk roll'.
** Pan loaf (tin loaf) - a loaf with a cut along the top is known as a split tin. The split can be accentuated by brushing with cold water.
** Plain loaf
** Bloomer – hand-shaped loaf with rounded ends, often with deep diagonal slashes made to the top before baking, tray baked
** Tiger bread
** Cottage loaf
** Batch loaf
** Cob – bread loaf of a roughly spherical shape, slightly flattened
* Bun
** Barm cake
** Scuffler
** Stottie cake
** Tattie scone
** Fadgie
** Lancashire oven bottom
** Bap
** Roll
** Sub
** Devonshire split (traditionally part of a cream tea, rather than scones)
* Flatbread
** Farl
** Tattie scone
** Potato cake
** Oatcake § England
*** Staffordshire oatcake
*** Derbyshire oatcake
*** Lancashire and Yorkshire oatcake, also known as Cumberland oatcake, havver cake or clapcake
** Oatcake § Scotland

## Sweet

* Bara brith
* Bath bun
* Chelsea bun
* Colston bun
* Dripping cake
* Hot cross bun
* Iced bun
* Iced finger
* Lemon bun
* Soul cake
* Bath bun
* Shropshire butter bun
* Dursley butter bun
* Hevva cake
* Rum baba
* Lancashire or Yorkshire tea bread
* Lardy cake
* London bun
* Saffron bun
* Scone (also often savoury)
* Fat rascal
* Doughnut
* Teacake
** Sally Lunn bun
* Welsh cake
# Elliot Käck

Elliot Käck (Swedish pronunciation:; born 18 September 1989) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a left back.

## Career

Käck started playing football with Djurgårdens IF when he was six years old and stayed with the club throughout his youth career. At the age of 18 he went on loan to fifth tier side Värtans IK and after leaving Djurgården the following year he played for fourth tier club Värmdö IF and then Hammarby Talang FF in the third tier Division 1. In 2012, he switched clubs in the third tier when he moved to IK Sirius where he helped the club win promotion to Superettan.
Käck joined Djurgården from IK Sirius after the 2014 season. He made his Allsvenskan debut on 9 April 2015 in the BK Häcken–Djurgårdens IF 1–1 draw. He spent most of the season being the backup for the left back position but toward the end he became a regular starter. He made his first Allsvenskan goal on 2 October 2016 in the IFK Norrköping–Djurgårdens IF 1–3 match.
On 8 December 2017 it was announced that Käck would leave Djurgården after three years at the club.
He signed for IK Start in the Eliteserien in December 2017.
In January 2019, Käck returned to Djurgården after one year in Start.

## Personal life

A Djurgården fan since childhood, as a youngster Käck attended all the club's home games and derbies and stood in the singing section. His father Leif Käck, an A&R man, lyricist and music-business executive since the 1980s, and noted for breaking Orup, is the founder of Roxy Recordings. Elliot has recording music as one of his hobbies.

## Honours
### Djurgårdens IF

* Allsvenskan: 2019
# Marseilles Trilogy

The Marseilles Trilogy may refer to
* The Trilogie marseillaise [fr; oc; ko] [Marseilles Trilogy], three plays and their film adaptations written by Marcel Pagnol
* Three neo-noir crime novels by Jean-Claude Izzo
# Bernard Waley-Cohen

Sir Bernard Nathaniel Waley-Cohen, 1st Baronet (29 May 1914 – 3 July 1991) was a British businessman. He was the 633rd Lord Mayor of London, elected in 1960.

## Biography

The son of Sir Robert Waley Cohen and Alice (née Beddington), Waley-Cohen was educated at Clifton College where he was a member of Polack's House. He was an Alderman City of London for Portsoken Ward, 1949–84; Sheriff of London, 1955–56; Lord Mayor of London, 1960–61; one of the Lieutenants, City of London, 1949–1991. He was a director of the Palestine Corporation, founded in 1922 by a number British businessmen to promote economic development in the British mandate of Palestine. Waley-Cohen was a member of the College Committee of University College London, 1953–80. He was Treasurer 1962–70, Vice-Chairman 1970 and Chairman, 1971–80. In former times, as Alderman, he sometimes sat as sole Justice in the Mansion House Justice Room.
He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1957 and made a Baronet of Honeymead in the County of Somerset, in 1961.
Waley-Cohen married the Hon. Joyce Constance Ina, daughter of Harry Nathan, 1st Baron Nathan (1920–2013). They had four children:
* Rosalind Burdon (married to businessman and former New Zealand politician and Cabinet Minister, Hon Philip Burdon)
* Sir Stephen Waley-Cohen
* Joanna Waley-Cohen
* Robert Waley-Cohen
Their grandson (son of Robert) is the amateur jockey Sam Waley-Cohen who won the 2022 Grand National riding Noble Yeats. A 50/1 odds outsider, it was described as a fairytale win.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Bernard Waley-Cohen :
* Crest1st a buck's head couped Argent attired Or holding in the mouth a rose slipped Gules the neck encircled by a wreath of oak Proper between four barrulets Gules (Cohen); 2nd out of a bush of fern a hind's head Proper in the mouth a rose Argent stalked and leaved also Proper (Waley).
* EscutcheonQuarterly: 1st & 4th Argent on a chevron Gules cottised Azure between in chief two roses of the second barbed and seeded Proper and in base a buck's head couped also Proper three annulets Or (Cohen); 2nd & 3rd Argent a chevron Azure cottised Sable between in chief two eagles displayed of the last and in base on a mount Vert a hind trippant Proper (Waley).
* MottoAll for the Best
# Ottaviano Nelli

Ottaviano Nelli (1375–1444?) was an Italian painter of the early Quattrocento. Nelli primarily painted frescoes, but also panel paintings. He had several pupils and two painters were influenced by him.

## Biography

He was born in Gubbio in Umbria to the painter Martino Nelli, and was active there and in Perugia (1400), Urbino, Assisi, and Foligno. Among his pupils was his brother Tommaso, Domenico Di Cecco di Baldi, Giovanni Pintali, Giacomo Di Bedo, and Ubaldo Di Matteo.
Nelli was "consul" (a local government representative) for the Sant'Andrea district of Gubbio in 1440 and during the same year, the priors of Perugia had him paint the coat of arms of the duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti with the help of Francesco d'Antonio and Christoforo di Nicoluccio from Perugia. In 1403, he painted Madonna del Belvedere at Gubbio and the Polyptych of Pietralunga. Nelli painted the frescoes of the Trinci Palace in Foligno in 1424. From 1428 to 1432, he was a part of the brotherhood of Santa Croce, Florence and worked on the painting Madonna Crowned by Angels for the church. In 1441, Domenico di Cecco became his pupil and sometime around that year he adopted a son named Mars. His wife Balda died sometime before 1458.
The painters Gentile da Fabriano and Giovanni Sanzio were influenced by Nelli. It is believed that Fabriano and Nelli worked together to decorate the church choir of Sant'Agostino, Gubbio.
Nelli and his workshop primarily painted frescoes, many of them churches in Gubbio and the nearby cities in Umbria. He painted some easel paintings on panel, but they are rare. One of his easel paintings can be found in the church of Sant'Agostino, Gubbio, but it has been almost entirely repainted. A second similar easel painting is at Montefalco. Austen Henry Layard wrote that Nelli's easel paintings were "far inferior to his works in fresco".

## Death

Nothing is recorded about Nelli after 1444, and it is presumed that he died during that year. Many local artists who were influenced by him did not become significant. The Gubbian school, which he was a part of, was taken over by the one which Perugino started at Perugia by the end of the 15th century.

## Works

* Madonna del Belvedere (1403), Church of Santa Maria Nuova, Gubbio.
* Life of the Virgin (1408 - 1413 circa), Fresco cycle, Church of San Francesco, Gubbio.
* Madonna del latte e angeli, Urbino, Oratorio dell'Umiltà.
* Life of the Virgin (1424), Fresco cycle, Foligno, Chapel of Palazzo Trinci.
* Madonna del latte (post 1427), Urbino, Oratory of Santa Croce.
* Panels from a polyptych, of before 1430, now divided (with at least one missing):
** Nativity of Christ, Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Mass.
** Saint Jerome, Musée du Petit Palais, Avignon
** Circumcision of Christ and Mystical Marriage of Saint Francis, Pinacoteca, Vatican
* Life of Saint Augustine, fresco cycle, c. 1430-40, Sant'Agostino, Gubbio
* Madonna della misericordia e santi, Urbino, Church of the Madonna dell'Homo
* Last Judgement, fresco, Church of Sant'Agostino, Gubbio.
* Madonna, fresco, Church of Santa Maria della Piaggiola, Gubbio
# Piazza Vittorio Emanuele

Piazza Vittorio Emanuele may refer to:
* Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II, in various cities
* Piazza Vittorio Emanuele I, Turin, now known as Piazza Vittorio Veneto
# Barnaba da Modena

Barnaba da Modena (c. 1328-c.1386) was a mid-14th-century Italian painter who painted in the style of Byzantine art. He is considered the first Lombard painter of note and was active in Lombardy, Piedmont, and Pisa in Tuscany.

## Life

As his name indicates, the artist was a native of Modena (Emilia). The first records regarding Barnaba date to 1361 and 1362 when he had already become a Genoese citizen and was hiring Tuscan assistants. His earliest dated paintings relate to his activities in Genoa. He produced paintings for the Palazzo Ducale in Genoa in 1364. His earliest known painting is a polyptych of the Virgin and Child with Saints (Palazzo Bianco, Genoa), which combines the Gothic style of Tuscan polyptychs with Emilian design. Another work, a Virgin and Child (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), shows the influence of Sienese painting in the rounded faces and the gold-striated highlights on Mary's mantle.
He was active in 1370 in Turin. A painting (1377) by Barnaba was documented by Tiraboschi in the church of San Francesco in Alba.
Barnaba likely spent time in Pisa around 1380.

## Work

Barnaba was a prolific artist who left about 50 works.
He was successful in Genoa thanks to his adherence to the older style of Byzantine painting that was still very popular in the city. This explains his compositional schemes and the use of gold highlights and golden backgrounds, which are typical of Byzantine painting.
An eclectic artist who did not follow the new trends that had developed in the 14th century, Barnaba was able to achieve a debt of feeling in his early works through his refined technique. Barnaba dominated painting in later 14th-century Genoa and possibly even in Pisa. His follower Nicolò da Voltri continued in his imagery and style in Liguria until c. 1420.
# St. Thomas Seminary (Denver)

The St. Thomas Seminary in southeast Denver, Colorado, United States was owned by the Vincentian order until it closed in 1995 due to falling enrollment.
Set on a 40-acre (16 ha) campus, the buildings were generally grouped around a quadrangle, the first of which was built in 1908. Future buildings were designed by architect Jules J.B. Benedict in the Mediterranean Revival style. The property is on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
# Darya Reznichenko

Darya Rustamovna Reznichenko (born 3 April 1991) is an Uzbekistani Olympic long jumper.
In June 2021 in Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) at the international competition for the prizes of the Olympic champion - Tatyana Kolpakova, she showed a result of 6.83 m, thus she managed to fulfill the standard of the Summer Olympic Games 2020 (6.82 m).
She took part in the Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's long jump.

## Doping

She received a four-year suspension from December 2015 after testing positive for testosterone and oxandrolone in an out of competition test in Spała, Poland.