OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford

Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford (c. 1368 – 4 July 1392) was the second son—but the senior surviving heir—of Hugh Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford and Philippa de Beauchamp, daughter of Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick. His elder brother, his father's heir, Sir Ralph Stafford, was murdered by Richard II's half-brother, the earl of Huntingdon whilst they were campaigning in Scotland in July 1385. As a result, Thomas became heir to the earldom of Stafford, and in 1390 he was knighted. He gained livery of his estates in 1391 and paid homage to the king for them on 20 October that year. He spent his short career campaigning in France alongside the duke of Gloucester.
Thomas Stafford married Anne, daughter of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester around 1390. He died on 4 July 1392 in Westminster, and was interred in Stone, with his father; his widow, Anne, with whom he had had no children, married his youngest brother Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford.
# Anterhynchium abdominale

Anterhynchium abdominale is a species of potter wasp in the family Vespidae. It is native to India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

## Taxonomy

This wasp was first described in 1802 by the German entomologist and zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger. There are two subspecies, A. a. abdominale and A. a. bengalensis. There are considerable differences in the colour patterns of the abdominal tergites of these subspecies, and further study is needed to determine their correct status as subspecies or full species. The potter wasps used to be considered a separate family, Eumenidae, but it is now considered to be a subfamily, Eumeninae, of the family Vespidae, the wasps.

## Ecology

Like most other potter wasps, Anterhynchium abdominale is a solitary species. The female excavates a nesting hole or uses a pre-existing cavity in which to nest. A single egg is laid in the nest, which is then provisioned by the female who forages for caterpillars and other insects, stinging them to paralyse them. The nest is then sealed, and the developing wasp larva feeds on the supplies, which are kept fresh by being alive. In one instance in Punjab, an old termite mound of Odontotermes obesus was used for nesting, with several individual wasp cells scattered across the surface. Egg-laying took place in January and the larvae pupated in June, emerging as adults in July and August.
# Heinrich Homann

Heinrich Homann (6 March 1911 – 4 May 1994) was a communist politician and former Wehrmacht officer who held a number of offices in the German Democratic Republic.

## Biography

Heinrich Homann was born the son of a shipping company director in Bremerhaven in 1905. He studied law at the universities of Tübingen, Jena, Göttingen, and Hamburg. In 1933, he joined the Nazi Party, and the following year entered the military. He eventually rose to the rank of Major in the Heer and fought on the Eastern Front in World War II. In 1943 he was taken prisoner by the Soviets at the Battle of Stalingrad. During his time as a prisoner of war, Homann became a member of the anti-Nazi National Committee for a Free Germany.
After the war, Homann returned to Soviet-occupied Germany and embarked on a political career. He joined the National Democratic Party (NDPD), which largely represented former members of the Nazi Party and helped bind them to the state ideology of the German Democratic Republic. He was first elected to the Volkskammer in 1949, where he served continuously throughout his career. In 1960, he became a Deputy Chairman in the State Council, and in 1972 he succeeded Lothar Bolz as Chairman of the NDPD. Homann's political career ended during the Peaceful Revolution of 1989. He was removed from the State Council in November 1989 and expelled from the NDPD the following month.
# Trimborn Farm

Trimborn Farm is a Victorian era estate located in Greendale, Wisconsin, United States, and owned by Milwaukee County. Spanning 7.5 acres (18.5 hectares) and nine buildings, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The farm is also a State Historic Site and designated Milwaukee County Landmark.

## History

Around 1846 Jeremiah O'Donnell built lime kilns at the farm. In 1851, Werner Trimborn and Jacob Kier purchased O'Donnell's lime-production business which covered ten acres (25 ha) on site. Kier left soon after, but Werner and his family continued on to become one of the largest producers of high quality lime in Wisconsin. At its height in the 1870s, the business held over 500 acres (1.2 km²; 1200 ha) of land and employed nearly 40 people.
With the 1900s came a drastic change in building materials, including the introduction of Portland cement. The estate was soon subdivided and sold off, with much of it going to the Theodore Vollmer family for use in dairy farming.
In 1919, the Froemming family purchased a large tract of land to build greenhouses on, a portion of which was later donated to Whitnall Park.
In 1935, the farm, along with 3,400 acres (8.4 km²; 8400 ha) of surrounding land, was purchased by the federal government as part of a planned agricultural community known as the Greendale Project. It is now the village of Greendale, Wisconsin.
After the Great Depression, the remaining farmland passed into private ownership, where it became home to crop dusters and a riding stable.

## Attractions

The nine historic buildings and land which remain are part of the Milwaukee County Parks System. With the assistance of the Milwaukee County Historical Society, a variety of community events and activities are scheduled year-round.
Property highlights include:
* Farmhouse — Constructed in Greek Revival style during the 1850s using Cream City brick, a distinctive, light colored brick made locally.
* Granary — Built in the 1850s using a technique on the interior called brick noggin to protect against air infiltration. This building functioned as a bunkhouse and granary.
* Lime Kilns — In the 1840s and 1850s four lime kilns were constructed to heat limestone taken from the nearby quarry and turn it in to lime powder.
* Stone Barn — Beginning in 1858 it was built in three phases, using limestone from the quarry. Two concrete silos were added in 1920.
* Threshing Barn — Built in 1858, using vertical board and batten siding. The barn was used to store grain and house animals.
Also part of the farm complex is the neighboring Jeremiah Curtin House, built in 1846, which is a unique stone house that was the boyhood home of noted American linguist and folklorist Jeremiah Curtin; it was later sold to the Trimborn family.
# Church of San Francisco, Ceuta

Iglesia de San Francisco is a church in the Spanish city of Ceuta, bordering northern Morocco. It stands at the side of the Plaza de los Reyes, and is a distinctive Baroque twin-towered yellow building. It was built in the early eighteenth century in honour of the Holy Cross and is noted for its Baroque altarpieces and images of the Virgin and Christ.
# Olivetti-Underwood Factory

The Olivetti-Underwood Factory was designed by architect Louis Kahn. Olivetti, an Italian company, commissioned Kahn in 1966 to design the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania building for the manufacture of their Underwood line of typewriters and related products. It was completed in 1970.
Joseph Rykwert, an architectural historian and critic, said that corporations don't usually hire famous architects to design their factory buildings, and those architects probably wouldn't be interested anyway because of the limited creative possibilities. Olivetti, however, "were then the most discerning patrons of industrial building - anywhere," according to Rykwert, and Kahn was happy to work for a client as sophisticated as Olivetti.
The key design limitation was that the factory floor needed to be as open as possible to enable rapid reconfiguration of equipment to meet changing market requirements. The easy way to meet this limitation would have been to build the factory as a steel frame structure, but Kahn didn't build any structures of that type after 1950, preferring the more monumental appearance he could achieve with materials like concrete and brick. Kahn, relying on the expertise of August Komendant, a structural engineer and Kahn's preferred collaborator, instead designed the building as a concrete structure. Komendant was an authority on techniques for greatly increasing the strength of concrete by prestressing it, making it possible to build structures that are more graceful than would be possible with ordinary concrete.
The Olivetti-Underwood Factory consists of 72 prestressed concrete units locked together in an 8x9 grid. Each unit looks something like a square dish with clipped corners perched on top of a relatively thin concrete column. The dish is a prismatic concrete shell 6 inches (15 cm) thick, 30 feet (9 m) above the factory floor and 60 feet (18 m) across, covering 3600 square feet (334 m²) of roof. Rain water drains from the roof down a pipe in the center of the column. Because the outer four corners of each unit are clipped, a void is left at the place where four units meet that allows natural light to reach the factory floor through a translucent skylight.
Kahn had been interested in structures of this type for some time, having designed a prototype Parasol House in 1944 for use as prefabricated housing in the post-war years. Never built, it featured a flat roof supported by a slender column and was designed to be used either as a stand-alone housing unit or in combination with other units to form a linear structure. A precedent was the "Great Workroom" in the Johnson Wax Headquarters, which was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and completed in 1939.
Renzo Piano, a young Italian architect with an established practice in Genoa, used his connections with the Olivetti company to gain the equivalent of an internship with Kahn for several months while the factory was being designed, working primarily on the roofing system. Piano went on to become a noted architect himself and in 2007 was chosen to design an additional building for the Kimbell Art Museum, one of Louis Kahn's masterpieces.
# Mount Izumi Katsuragi

Mount Izumi Katsuragi (和泉葛城山, Izumi Katsuragi-san) is a mountain in the Kongō Range straddling the border between Osaka and Wakayama Prefectures in Japan. Its peak elevation is 858 metres (2,815 ft).

## Location and naming

Mount Izumi Katsuragi is an 858 metres (2,815 ft) mountain located on the Kongō Range, straddling the prefectural boundary between Osaka and Wakayama in Japan. Parts of the mountain lie in Kishiwada and Kaizuka, Osaka, as well as in Kinokawa, Wakayama.
The Izumiyama Chain and the Kongō Range form a 120 kilometres (75 mi) long L-shaped range called the Kongō - Izumi Katsuragi Mountain Range (金剛・和泉葛城山系, Kongō - Izumi Katsuragi Sankei), extending along the border between Osaka, Nara, and Wakayama, including Mount Yamato Katsuragi. Mount Izumi Katsuragi has been known as the heart of the Katsuragi Mountains since ancient times.
The 9th sutra mound of the Katsuragi 28 Shuku is found on the summit of Mount Izumi Katsuragi.

### Environs

The north slope of Mount Izumi Katsuragi is covered in a wood of Japanese beech, which favor growing at elevations high enough to remain fairly cool. Harvesting the trees in this wood is forbidden by the association of Hachidairyūō shrines and temples, and this is the southernmost stand of Japanese beech on Honshū. The trees in the area were designated a national protected species in 1923, allowing them to continue to thrive in an area very close to suburban and urban growth.

## Access and amenities

Mount Izumi Katsuragi is easily accessible by car from three different directions, with all three roads meeting near the summit. There is also a Nankai Wing Bus which travels between the bus stop at Kishiwada Station and the Ushitakiyama (牛滝山) bus stop near the base of the mountain. From there, it takes about 60 minutes to hike to the summit.
There are no lodging, toilet, or food services at the summit.

## Gallery

* Hachidairyūō Shrine, near the base of the mountain
* Katsuragi Shrine, near the base of the mountain.
* Looking SE from viewing platform
* Looking NNW from viewing platform
* viewing platform
# Gothel

Gothel may refer to:
* Dame Gothel, a fictional character from the German fairy tale "Rapunzel"
* Gothel, a fictional character who appears in the animated movie Barbie as Rapunzel
* Mother Gothel, a fictional character who appears Disney animated film Tangled
# Gilbert Laurie

Gilbert Laurie of Polmont (1729–1809) was an 18th-century Scottish merchant and senior excise officer who twice served as Lord Provost of Edinburgh: from 1766 to 1768 and 1772 to 1774.

## Life

He was born in Polmont in 1729. He was Commissioner of Excise for edinburgh from around 1760. In 1766 he succeeded James Stuart of Binend as Lord Provost of Edinburgh. The construction of Edinburgh's New Town began during his term of office.
In 1774, he was living at Baxters Close off the Cowgate in Edinburgh. In 1784, he was still Commissioner of Excise but lived at Cowgatehead at the east end of the Grassmarket. In 1784/5, he built or remodelled Polmont House near Falkirk, as his main home.
He died at Polmont, on 10 September 1787, and is thought to be buried in Polmont Parish Churchyard.

## Artistic recognition

He was portrayed in office around 1768 by David Martin.

## Family

He married Katherine Erskine, daughter of the Hon Thomas Erskine, son of Henry Erskine, 3rd Lord Cardross.
His daughter, Katherine Laurie married Alexander Marjoribanks of Marjoribanks (1750-1830) in 1790.
# Theta Apodis

Theta Apodis (θ Apodis, θ Aps) is a variable star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It is a variable star with an apparent visual magnitude range of 4.65 to 6.20, which, according to the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, means it is a faint star but visible to the naked eye from dark suburban skies. The distance to Theta Apodis is approximately 350 light-years (110 parsecs), based upon parallax measurements made from the Gaia telescope. It is unusual in that it is a red star with a high proper motion (greater than 50 milliarcseconds a year).
Benjamin Apthorp Gould announced that Theta Apodis is a variable star, in 1879. It is a semiregular pulsating variable and its brightness changes over a range of 0.56 magnitudes with a period of 119 days. A longer period of around 1,000 days has also been detected.
This is an evolved red giant that is currently on the asymptotic giant branch, with a stellar classification of M7 III. It shines with a luminosity approximately 3879 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3,131 K. It is losing mass at the rate of 1.1 × 10$^{−7}$ times the mass of the Sun per year through its stellar wind. Dusty material ejected from this star is interacting with the surrounding interstellar medium, forming a bow shock as the star moves through the galaxy. The stand-off distance for this front is located at about 0.134 ly (0.041 pc) from Theta Apodis.
Theta Apodis has been identified as an astrometric binary, indicating that it has an orbiting companion that causes gravitational perturbation of the primary star.
# Koos van Ellinckhuijzen

Jacobus Johannes "Koos" van Ellinckhuijzen (20 September 1942 – 6 September 2016) was a Namibian visual artist. He was most noted for his work on Namibian and South-West African postage stamps.

## Biography

Van Ellinckhuijzen was born to Dutch parents on 20 September 1942 in Pretoria, the then administrative capital of the Union of South Africa. He pursued a military career but, after 11 years of service, became a game warden with the Department of Nature Conservation and Tourism in South-West Africa. Without any formal instructions in the arts he completed four paintings during that time. In 1979 he became a full-time artist.
Van Ellinckhuijzen was a surrealist exhibiting in both Namibia and the United States. His personal preference were surreal and metaphysical topics as well as three-dimensional astrophysical panoramas that he called "Stereoptic" creations. Of his stamps The solar system, Halley's comet and Satellites in orbit are well-known. The painting Nativity was awarded a first prize at a 3D arts exhibition in Rochester, NY in the United States. He is claimed to have been the first artist to manually produce stereo paintings. Adelheid Lilienthal, in Art in Namibia, noted the scientific accuracy of his designs, their clean lines and his use of watercolor techniques. Of his sources of inspiration, van Ellinckhuijzen wrote that "M. C. Escher, René Magritte and Albert Einstein [...] all left their legacies in Koos' soul".
Van Ellinckhuijzen died on 6 September 2016 in Swakopmund at the age of 73, a few days after suffering a stroke.
# Chen Jingrun

Chen Jingrun (Chinese: 陳景潤; 22 May 1933 – 19 March 1996), also known as Jing-Run Chen, was a Chinese mathematician who made significant contributions to number theory, including Chen's theorem and the Chen prime.

## Life and career

Chen was the third son in a large family from Fuzhou, Fujian, China. His father was a postal worker. Chen Jingrun graduated from the Mathematics Department of Xiamen University in 1953. His advisor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences was Hua Luogeng.
His work on the twin prime conjecture, Waring's problem, Goldbach's conjecture and Legendre's conjecture led to progress in analytic number theory. In a 1966 paper he proved what is now called Chen's theorem: every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of a prime and a semiprime (the product of two primes) – e.g., 100 = 23 + 7·11. Despite being persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, he expanded his proof in the 1970s.
After the end of the Cultural Revolution, Xu Chi wrote a biography of Chen entitled Goldbach's Conjecture (哥德巴赫猜想). First published in People's Literature in January 1978, it was reprinted on the People's Daily a month later and became a national sensation. Chen became a household name in China and received a sackful of love letters from all over the country within two months.
Chen died of complications of pneumonia on 19 March 1996, at the age of 62 years.

## Legacy

The asteroid 7681 Chenjingrun, discovered in 1996, was named after him.
In 1999, China issued an 80-cent postage stamp, titled The Best Result of Goldbach Conjecture, with a silhouette of Chen and the inequality:
    $P_{x}(1,2)\geq {\frac {0.67xC_{x}}{(\log x)^{2}}}.$
Several statues in China have been built in memory of Chen. At Xiamen University, the names of Chen and four other mathematicians — Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, Matti Jutila, Yuri Linnik, and Pan Chengdong — are inscribed in the marble slab behind Chen's statue (see image).

## Works

* J.-R. Chen, On the representation of a large even integer as the sum of a prime and a product of at most two primes, Sci. Sinica 16 (1973), 157–176.
* Chen, J.R, "On the representation of a large even integer as the sum of a prime and the product of at most two primes". [Chinese] J. Kexue Tongbao 17 (1966), 385–386.
* "Fundamental Number Theory"
# Gelifluction

Gelifluction, very similar to solifluction, is the seasonal freeze-thaw action upon waterlogging topsoils which induces downslope movement. Gelifluction is prominent in periglacial regions where snow falls during six to eight months of the year. In spring, the snow and ice melt, and the landscape is effectively inundated with half a year's worth of rainfall in the space of a couple of days. The top soil becomes waterlogged, and flows like a liquid. Because the wet soil behaves like a fluid, gelifluction is a form of mass movement that can occur on slopes with a slope angle of less than half a degree.

## Landforms

The most distinctive landforms created by gelifluction include gelifluction lobes and gelifluction benches. The former refer to tongue-shaped deposits of geliflucted material orientated downslope that tend to form on slopes of between 10° and 20°, whereas the latter refer to terrace-like deposits forming on gentler slopes with a long axis running parallel to the slope contour. Gelifluction lobes can be further subdivided into either stone-banked or turf-banked lobes depending on vegetation cover.
A lobe is usually measured in terms of its front (riser) and its length upslope (tread); gelifluction lobes typically have risers of up to 5 metres (16 ft) and treads of up to 50 metres (160 ft).
# Łęki, Brzesko County

Łęki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Borzęcin, within Brzesko County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Borzęcin, 7 km (4 mi) north-east of Brzesko, and 53 km (33 mi) east of the regional capital Kraków.
# Aleksander Läte

Aleksander Läte (12 January 1860, in Pikasilla, Aakre Parish, Kreis Dorpat – 8 September 1948, in Tartu) was an Estonian composer, conductor and music critic. He is also known as the first Estonian professional music critic. In 1895, he started his education at Dresden Conservatory and graduated it in choir composition speciality. On the initiative of Läte, the first Estonian symphony orchestra was founded in 1900 in Tartu. In 1900, Läte moved to Tartu, where there were more opportunities to practice music. In 1908, he was forced to withdraw from practical music work due to illness, but continued to work as a composer. In addition to composing, he wrote various scientific articles, was a music reviewer for Postimehe for a long time. Aleksander Läte can be considered the first Estonian professional music critic. Since 1932, he led the piano factory Sprenk-Läte, located in Tartu.Since 1945, he was a member of Estonian Composers' Union. He is buried in Rõngu cemetery . His grave is recognized as a cultural monument. His brother was the piano master Eugen Sprenk-Läte (1871–1932), who ran the J. Moritz piano factory in Tartu, but was later a business manager. Founded his own piano workshop in Tartu in 1926, where he made pianos. Aleksander Läte continued his brother's work after his death.

## Works

* Five Cantatas
* Kalevala (overture) (1901)
* Eesti tants (for symphony orchestra, 1904)
* Tempo di mazurka (for symphony orchestra, 1904)
# Łęki, Nowy Sącz County

Łęki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łososina Dolna, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Łososina Dolna, 17 km (11 mi) north of Nowy Sącz, and 59 km (37 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.
# Sarcina (bacterium)

Sarcina is a genus of gram-positive cocci bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. A synthesizer of microbial cellulose, various members of the genus are human flora and may be found in the skin and large intestine. The genus takes its name from the Latin word "sarcina," meaning pack or bundle, after the cuboidal (2x2x2) cellular associations they form during division along three planes.
The genus's type species is Sarcina ventriculi, a variety found on the surface of cereal seeds, in soil, mud, and in the stomachs of humans, rabbits, and guinea pigs.

## Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
| 16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024 | 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220 |
| Clostridium tarantellae Clostridium perfringens Sarcina S. maxima Lindner 1888 S. ventriculi | Sarcina Clostridium tarantellae (Udey, Young & Sallman 1977) Lawson & Rainey 2016 S. ventriculi Goodsir 1842 Clostridium perfringens (Veillon & Zuber 1898) Holland 1920 ex Hauduroy et al. 1937 "Clostridium massiliamazoniense" Dione et al. 2020 "Clostridium mediterraneense" Ndongo et al. 2017 |

## Species

* Sarcina aurantiaca
* Sarcina lutea has been reclassified to Micrococcus luteus
* Sarcina troglodytae is a chimpanzee pathogen