# Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra, also known as Khanty-Mansia (Khantia-Mansia), is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Tyumen Oblast). It has a population of 1,532,243 as of the 2010 Census. Its administrative center is located at Khanty-Mansiysk.
The peoples native to the region are the Khanty and the Mansi, known collectively as Ob-Ugric peoples, but today the two groups only constitute 2.5% of the region's population. The local languages, Khanty and Mansi, are part of the Ugric branch of the Finno-Ugric language family, and enjoy a special status in the autonomous okrug. Russian remains the only official language.
In 2012, the majority (51%) of the oil produced in Russia came from Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, giving the region great economic importance in Russia and the world. It borders Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug to the north, Komi Republic to the northwest, Sverdlovsk Oblast to the west, Tyumen Oblast to the south, Tomsk Oblast to the south and southeast and Krasnoyarsk Krai in the east.

## History

The okrug was established on December 10, 1930, as Ostyak-Vogul National Okrug (Остя́ко-Вогу́льский национа́льный о́круг). In October 1940, it was renamed the Khanty-Mansi National Okrug. In 1977, along with other national okrugs of the Russian SFSR, it became an autonomous okrug (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug). In 2003, the word "Yugra" was appended to the official name.

## Geography

The okrug occupies the central part of the West Siberian Plain.
Principal rivers include the Ob and its tributaries Irtysh and Vatinsky Yogan. There are numerous lakes in the okrug, the largest ones are Numto, Tormemtor, Leushinsky Tuman and Tursuntsky Tuman, among others.
The northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude traverses the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.

## Demographics

Population: 1,674,676 (2020); 1,532,243 (2010 Census); 1,432,817 (2002 Census); 1,268,439 (1989 Soviet census).
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug has an area of 523,100 km$^2$, but the area is sparsely populated. The administrative center is Khanty-Mansiysk, but the largest cities are Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, and Nefteyugansk.

### Settlements

Largest cities or towns in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug 2010 Russian Census :
| | Rank | | Administrative Division | Pop. |
| Surgut Nizhnevartovsk | 1 | Surgut | City of okrug significance of Surgut | 380,632 |
| Surgut Nizhnevartovsk | 2 | Nizhnevartovsk | City of okrug significance of Nizhnevartovsk | 277,668 |
| Surgut Nizhnevartovsk | 3 | Nefteyugansk | City of okrug significance of Nefteyugansk | 127,255 |
| Surgut Nizhnevartovsk | 4 | Khanty-Mansiysk | Town of okrug significance of Khanty-Mansiysk | 101,466 |
| Surgut Nizhnevartovsk | 5 | Kogalym | Town of okrug significance of Kogalym | 67,727 |
| Surgut Nizhnevartovsk | 6 | Nyagan | Town of okrug significance of Nyagan | 58,565 |
| Surgut Nizhnevartovsk | 7 | Megion | Town of okrug significance of Megion | 46,643 |
| Surgut Nizhnevartovsk | 8 | Langepas | Town of okrug significance of Langepas | 44,646 |
| Surgut Nizhnevartovsk | 9 | Raduzhny | Town of okrug significance of Raduzhny | 43,666 |
| Surgut Nizhnevartovsk | 10 | Pyt-Yakh | Town of okrug significance of Pyt-Yakh | 39,570 |

### Ethnic groups

The Indigenous population (Khanty, Mansi, Komi, and Nenets) is only 2.8% of the total population in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The exploitation of natural gas in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug has attracted immigrants from all over the former Soviet Union. The 2021 Census counted 17 ethnic groups of more than five thousand persons each. The ethnic composition is as follows:
Population of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug:
| Ethnic Group | Population | % |
| Russian | 888,660 | 70.3% |
| Tatar | 79,727 | 6.3% |
| Ukrainian | 41,596 | 3.3% |
| Bashkir | 29,717 | 2.4% |
| Tajik | 21,791 | 1.7% |
| Azeri | 21,259 | 1.7% |
| Khanty | 19,568 | 1.5% |
| Lezgin | 15,268 | 1.2% |
| Kumyk | 13,669 | 1.1% |
| Uzbek | 12,361 | 1.0% |
| Mansi | 11,065 | 0.9% |
| Nogai | 9,990 | 0.8% |
| Chuvash | 7,786 | 0.6% |
| Chechen | 7,085 | 0.6% |
| Belarusian | 6,156 | 0.5% |
| Kyrgyz | 5,562 | 0.4% |
| Moldovan | 5,297 | 0.4% |
| Other | 48,194 | 3.8% |
Historical population figures are shown below:
| Ethnic group | 1939 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census$^1$ | 2010 Census$^1$ | 2021 Census | 2021 Census |
| Ethnic group | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| Khanty | 12,238 | 13.1% | 11,435 | 9.2% | 12,222 | 4.5% | 11,219 | 2.0% | 11,892 | 0.9% | 17,128 | 1.2% | 19,068 | 1.3% | 19,568 | 1.6% |
| Mansi | 5,768 | 6.2% | 5,644 | 4.6% | 6,684 | 2.5% | 6,156 | 1.1% | 6,562 | 0.5% | 9,894 | 0.7% | 10,977 | 0.8% | 11,065 | 0.9% |
| Nenets | 852 | 0.9% | 815 | 0.7% | 940 | 0.3% | 1,003 | 0.2% | 1,144 | 0.1% | 1,290 | 0.1% | 1,438 | 0.1% | 1,381 | 0.1% |
| Komi | 2,436 | 2.6% | 2,803 | 2.3% | 3,150 | 1.2% | 3,105 | 0.5% | 3,000 | 0.2% | 3,081 | 0.2% | 2,364 | 0.2% | 2,618 | 0.2% |
| Russians | 67,616 | 72.5% | 89,813 | 72.5% | 208,500 | 76.9% | 423,792 | 74.3% | 850,297 | 66.3% | 946,590 | 66.1% | 973,978 | 68.1% | 888,660 | 70.3% |
| Ukrainians | 1,111 | 1.2% | 4,363 | 3.5% | 9,986 | 3.7% | 45,484 | 8.0% | 148,317 | 11.6% | 123,238 | 8.6% | 91,323 | 6.4% | 41,596 | 3.3% |
| Tatars | 2,227 | 2.4% | 2,938 | 2.4% | 14,046 | 5.2% | 36,898 | 6.5% | 97,689 | 7.6% | 107,637 | 7.5% | 108,899 | 7.6% | 79,727 | 6.3% |
| Others | 1,026 | 1.1% | 6,115 | 4.9% | 15,629 | 5.8% | 43,106 | 7.6% | 163,495 | 12.7% | 223,959 | 15.6% | 173,536 | 15.5% | 219,465 | 17.3% |
| $^1$ 102,138 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. |||||||||||||||||

### Vital statistics

Source:
| | Average population (× 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates |
| 1970 | 281 | 5 959 | 2 025 | 3 934 | 21.2 | 7.2 | 14.0 |
| 1975 | 415 | 9 450 | 2 572 | 6 878 | 22.8 | 6.2 | 16.6 |
| 1980 | 649 | 13 901 | 4 116 | 9 785 | 21.4 | 6.3 | 15.1 |
| 1985 | 1 041 | 25 130 | 4 863 | 20 267 | 24.1 | 4.7 | 19.5 |
| 1990 | 1 274 | 21 812 | 5 354 | 16 458 | 17.1 | 4.2 | 12.9 |
| 1991 | 1 276 | 19 060 | 5 884 | 13 176 | 14.9 | 4.6 | 10.3 |
| 1992 | 1 270 | 15 849 | 7 132 | 8 717 | 12.5 | 5.6 | 6.9 |
| 1993 | 1 274 | 14 531 | 9 401 | 5 130 | 11.4 | 7.4 | 4.0 | 1,59 |
| 1994 | 1 286 | 15 120 | 9 937 | 5 183 | 11.8 | 7.7 | 4.0 | 1,59 |
| 1995 | 1 298 | 14 418 | 10 041 | 4 377 | 11.1 | 7.7 | 3.4 | 1,46 |
| 1996 | 1 310 | 14 469 | 9 508 | 4 961 | 11.0 | 7.3 | 3.8 | 1,39 |
| 1997 | 1 330 | 14 640 | 8 497 | 6 143 | 11.0 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 1,34 |
| 1998 | 1 351 | 15 600 | 8 164 | 7 436 | 11.5 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 1,39 |
| 1999 | 1 359 | 14 728 | 8 476 | 6 252 | 10.8 | 6.2 | 4.6 | 1,29 |
| 2000 | 1 372 | 15 579 | 9 426 | 6 153 | 11.4 | 6.9 | 4.5 | 1,34 |
| 2001 | 1 398 | 17 130 | 9 863 | 7 267 | 12.3 | 7.1 | 5.2 | 1,43 |
| 2002 | 1 426 | 19 051 | 9 829 | 9 222 | 13.4 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 1,54 |
| 2003 | 1 445 | 19 883 | 10 000 | 9 883 | 13.8 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 1,58 |
| 2004 | 1 456 | 20 377 | 9 828 | 10 549 | 14.0 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 1,59 |
| 2005 | 1 466 | 19 958 | 10 415 | 9 543 | 13.6 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 1,54 |
| 2006 | 1 476 | 20 366 | 10 077 | 10 289 | 13.8 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 1,56 |
| 2007 | 1 487 | 21 887 | 10 093 | 11 794 | 14.7 | 6.8 | 7.9 | 1,66 |
| 2008 | 1 500 | 23 197 | 10 215 | 12 982 | 15.5 | 6.8 | 8.7 | 1,74 |
| 2009 | 1 513 | 23 840 | 10 107 | 13 733 | 15.8 | 6.7 | 9.1 | 1,77 |
| 2010 | 1 527 | 25 089 | 10 447 | 14 642 | 16.4 | 6.8 | 9.6 | 1,84 |
| 2011 | 1 543 | 25 335 | 10 072 | 14 642 | 16.4 | 6.5 | 9.9 | 1,86 |
| 2012 | 1 558 | 27 686 | 9 949 | 17 737 | 17.6 | 6.3 | 11.3 | 2,02 |

### Religion

Religion in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas) :
| Russian Orthodoxy | Russian Orthodoxy | 38.1% | 38.1% |
| Other Christians | Other Christians | 5.5% | 5.5% |
| Islam | Islam | 11% | 11% |
| Rodnovery and other native faiths | Rodnovery and other native faiths | 0.9% | 0.9% |
| Spiritual but not religious | Spiritual but not religious | 23.1% | 23.1% |
| Atheism and irreligion | Atheism and irreligion | 11% | 11% |
| Other and undeclared | Other and undeclared | 10.4% | 10.4% |
According to a 2012 survey 38.1% of the population of Yugra adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or to Khanty-Mansi native faith. Muslims (mostly Tatars) constitute 11% of the population. In addition, 23% of the population declares to be spiritual but not religious, 11% is atheist, and 10.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. According to recent reports Jehovah's Witnesses have been subjected to torture and detention in Surgut.

## Transport

In Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the primary transport of goods is by water and railway transport; 29% is transported by road, and 2% by aviation. The total length of railway tracks is 1,106 km. The length of roads is more than 18,000 km.