OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Operation Southern Focus

Operation Southern Focus was a period in the months leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq (called "Operation Iraqi Freedom" in the United States) in which the military responses to violations of the southern Iraqi no-fly zones were increased, with more intensive bombing of air defense artillery installations and other military complexes. It also marked a period of increased intelligence gathering. The operation lasted from June 2002 until the beginning of the invasion in March 2003. It was intended to be a "softening up" period prior to invasion, degrading Iraq's air defense and communication abilities. Lieutenant General T. Michael Moseley revealed the operation's existence in mid-2003.

## Operation

The operation was not publicly declared at the time, and was just said to be an intensification of the already-existing Operation Southern Watch. When it began, the United States Defense Department and CENTCOM stated that increasing numbers of bombings of Iraqi installations in the region were merely in response to more attacks by the air-defense forces of that country. The Iraqi no-fly zones had been patrolled continuously since the end of the 1991 Gulf War, and bombings by American and coalition fighter aircraft had taken place on a regular basis. However, Southern Focus saw many more engagements. Coalition forces responded to 651 attacks by dropping 606 bombs on 391 targets over the course of the operation.

## Bombs usage

The tonnage of bombs dropped increased from 0 in March 2002 and 0.3 in April 2002 to between 7 and 14 tons per month in May–August, reaching a pre-war peak of 54.6 tons in September – prior to Congress' 11 October authorisation of the invasion. The September attacks included a 5 September 100-aircraft attack on the main air defence site in western Iraq. According to New Statesman this was "Located at the furthest extreme of the southern no-fly zone, far away from the areas that needed to be patrolled to prevent attacks on the Shias, it was destroyed not because it was a threat to the patrols, but to allow allied special forces operating from Jordan to enter Iraq undetected."

## Success

Iraq's only success came on 23 December 2002, when a USAF RQ-1 Predator UAV was experimentally armed with AIM-92 Stingers and sent to patrol the no-fly zone in an attempt to bait Iraqi fighters into combat. It was spotted by two Iraqi MiG-23s and attacked, however both planes were unable to achieve a lock-on. A MiG-25 of the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was then scrambled to assist. Both aircraft fired missiles at each other, however, the Iraqi jet was outside of the range of the Stinger so the American missile fell short. The Iraqi missile hit the Predator, destroying it. This was the first time an unmanned aircraft had been used in air-to-air combat.
The first combat use of the U.S. Navy's new F/A-18E Super Hornet fighter-bomber occurred in November 2002 during Operation Southern Focus, when aircraft from Strike Fighter Squadron 115 (VFA-115) flying from the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) struck surface-to-air missile sites and command and control targets near Al Kut.
# 1951 Pulitzer Prize

The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1951.

## Journalism awards

* Public Service:
** The Miami Herald and the Brooklyn Eagle, for their reporting on organized crime during the year.
* Local Reporting:
** Edward S. Montgomery of the San Francisco Examiner, for his series of articles on tax frauds which culminated in an exposé within the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
* National Reporting:
** No award given.
* International Reporting:
** Keyes Beech (Chicago Daily News); Homer Bigart (New York Herald Tribune); Marguerite Higgins (New York Herald Tribune); Relman Morin (AP); Fred Sparks (Chicago Daily News); and Don Whitehead (AP), for their reporting of the Korean War.
* Editorial Writing:
** William Harry Fitzpatrick of the New Orleans States, for his series of editorials analyzing and clarifying a very important constitutional issue, which is described by the general heading of the series, "Government by Treaty".
* Editorial Cartooning:
** Reg Manning of The Arizona Republic, for "Hats".
* Photography:
** Max Desfor of the Associated Press, for his photographic coverage of the Korean War, an outstanding example of which is, "Flight of Refugees Across Wrecked Bridge in Korea".
* Special Citations:
** Cyrus L. Sulzberger of The New York Times, for his exclusive interview with Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac.
** Arthur Krock of The New York Times, for his exclusive interview with President Truman. As a member of the Advisory Board of the Pulitzer Prizes, Krock was ineligible for a prize, under the Board's policy. His interview was cited as the outstanding example of national reporting for the year, in lieu of awarding the National Reporting prize to anyone.

## Letters, Drama and Music Awards

* Fiction:
** The Town by Conrad Richter (Knopf).
* Drama:
** No award given.
* History:
** The Old Northwest, Pioneer Period 1815–1840 by R. Carlyle Buley (Indiana Univ. Press).
* Biography or Autobiography:
** John C. Calhoun: American Portrait by Margaret Coit (Houghton).
* Poetry:
** Complete Poems by Carl Sandburg (Harcourt).
* Music:
** Music in Giants in the Earth by Douglas Moore (Circle Blue), produced by Columbia Opera Workshop, March 28, 1951.
# Boettcher Estate

Boettcher Estate, also known as Kalama Beach Park, is a former beachfront estate in Kailua, Honolulu County, Hawaii, with a house designed by Vladimir Ossipoff and landscape designed by Richard Tongg.

## History

The original home was designed for the Boettcher family in 1937 by Vladimir Ossipoff soon after he opened his own firm in Honolulu. After the city assumed ownership, the house and its 4-acre (1.6 ha) lot were restored and redesigned in several phases by Mason Architects of Honolulu to serve as Kalama Beach Park.
The area called Kalama (which means "The Torch" in the Hawaiian language) was Kailua's first housing tract, developed in 1925 by Harold K.L. Castle, who named it after Queen Kalama, the wife of King Kamehameha III, who previously owned the land in the Kailua area.
Mae Bleakie Boettcher, the widow of the original owner and trustee of the Denver-based Boettcher Foundation, sold her estate to the City and County of Honolulu. She died in 2001.
It became a municipal park in 1978 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
# Buddhist mummy

Buddhist mummies, also called flesh body bodhisattvas, full body sariras, or living buddhas (Sokushinbutsu) refer to the bodies of Buddhist monks and nuns that remain incorrupt, without any traces of deliberate mummification by another party. Many were destroyed or lost to history. In 2015, the Hungarian Natural History Museum exhibited a Buddhist mummy hidden inside a statue of Buddha, during its first tour outside China.

## Methods

It is a common method in China. Some monks like Tao Wing (道榮) or Yuet Kai (月溪) practised to get this after death. Some covered the bodies with clay or salt. According to Victor H. Mair in the Discovery Channel series The Mystery of the Tibetan Mummy, the self-mummification of a Tibetan monk, who died ca. 1475 and whose body was retrieved relatively incorrupt in the 1990s, was achieved by the sophisticated practices of meditation, coupled with prolonged starvation and slow self-suffocation using a special belt that connected the neck with his knees in a lotus position. Some Shingon monks in Japan practiced Sokushinbutsu (即身仏), which caused their own death by adhering to a wood-eating diet consisting of salt, nuts, seeds, roots, pine bark, and urushi tea. They were then buried alive in a pine-wood box with the only opening being a tube for air, meditating in lotus position and occasionally ringing a bell to signal they were alive. When the bell stopped ringing, the box would be dug up and treated as a buddha, granting favor provided it was preserved. Japan banned unburying in 1879, and assisted suicide—including religious suicide—is now illegal.
# Dino Bardot

Dino Bardot (born 8 May 1972) is a Scottish musician. He is the guitarist for indie rock band Franz Ferdinand and previously played guitar for the indie bands 1990s, Stinky Munchkins, The Yummy Fur, V-Twin, and Wife Vs. Secretary.

## Early life and education

Bardot was born on 8 May 1972 in Glasgow, Scotland. He attended Duncan Of Jordanston College Of Art and Design in Dundee, Scotland and graduated in 1994. He later attended The Glasgow School of Art. Completing a Masters in Sound for the Moving Image in 2016.

## Career
### V-Twin

V-Twin were a rock band formed in 1997, comprising Jason MacPhail (vocals) and Michael McGaughrin (drums), with a number of lineups including other musicians, before bass player, Bobby Kildea, and guitarist, Bardot became permanent members. The band released a number of singles between 1998 and 2002, on the Domino Recording Company label, before their debut album, The Blues is a Minefield, was released 28 October 2002.

### Stinky Munchkins

In January 2007 Bardot (guitar, vocals), Daryl Doll (vocals, percussion), Charlie Milne (guitar), Matt Gallus (bass) and Bix Cosmo (drums) formed Stinky Munchkins. The band released a single, "Release the Lions" on 6 August 2007 on the Art Goes Pop label. "Release the Lions” and the B-side, "Bad Timing" were co-written by Bardot, Doll and Milne. Milne performed under the name Charlie Hong-Deen.

### 1990s

In late 2007 he joined the 1990s, replacing founding member and guitarist, Jamie McMorrow, played the bass on the Australian and North American legs of the band's world tour. In early 2008 he was confirmed as a permanent member of the band, joining Jackie McKeown (guitar, vocals) and Michael McGaughrin (drums). Bardot performed on 1990s' second album, Kicks, which was released in March 2009 on Rough Trade Records. He wrote two of the songs on the album, "Local Science" and "Sparks", and co-wrote "I Don't Even Know What That Is", "Balthazar" and "59", the later being released as a single. Over the winter of 2010/2011, the band recorded a third album, Nude Restaurant, which was released on 24 June 2022.

### Wife vs Secretary

In 2012 Bardot joined Charlie Milne (vocals, piano), Ally Batten (bass) and Mark O’ Donnell (drums) forming Wife vs Secretary. Though it was named after the Clark Gable film of the same name, the band vowed not to watch it.

### The Yummy Fur

In 2017 Bardot on bass joined a re-formed The Yummy Fur, with original member John McKeown (vocals, guitar) and Paul Thomson (drums).

### Franz Ferdinand

Bardot joined Franz Ferdinand in May 2017, replacing founding member Nick McCarthy. Whilst Bardot joined the band prior to the release of the band's fifth studio album, Always Ascending, in February 2018, it was after the recording sessions of the album had been completed.
# 2013–14 Palestine Cup

The 2013–14 Palestine Cup was the 2013–14 edition of the Palestine Cup. The cup winner qualified for the 2015 AFC Cup.
# Black Horse Tavern-Bellvue Hotel and Office

Black Horse Tavern-Bellvue Hotel and Office is a historic inn and tavern complex located at Hollins, Roanoke County, Virginia. The complex consists of the Black Horse Tavern (c. 1782), the Greek Revival style Bellvue Hotel (also known as Kyle's Hotel) (c. 1854) and the temple-fronted, Greek Revival style brick Office (c. 1840). Other contributing resources on the property include a spring house (c. 1900) and a shed (c. 1930). The Black Horse Tavern is a simple, one story, three-bay log structure. The Bellvue Hotel is a two-story, five-bay, brick structure with a central-passage, double-pile plan. The office is a simple, one-story, one-bay brick structure. It features a wide frieze band and a front portico with a pedimented gable supported by squared Doric order columns. The buildings housed a school for physically and mentally handicapped children and the property became known as Bellevue School during the mid-20th century. The school closed in 1976, and the buildings house a single family residence.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.
# Orders, decorations, and medals of Israel

Israeli military decorations are the decorations awarded to soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces who exhibit extraordinary bravery and courage. Its decorations consist of the Medal of Valor (the highest decoration in the IDF), the Medal of Courage, and the Medal of Distinguished Service. It also includes the Citations (Tzalash), which are awarded in four classes.
Two soldiers share the title of being the most decorated soldier of the IDF: Captain Nechemya Cohen (1943–1967), and General Ehud Barak (formerly Chief of Staff, later Prime Minister).

## Decorations

* Medal of Valor (The highest decoration)
* Medal of Courage
* Medal of Distinguished Service
* Hero of Israel Ribbon (1948) (obsolete)

## Citations (Tzalash)

Citations are worn on the campaign ribbon when awarded in times of war.
* Chief of Staff (Ramatkal) Citation
* Head of Regional Command (Aluf) Citation
* Divisional Commander Citation
* Brigade Commander Citation

## Campaign ribbons, medal and Badge

According to Israel Ministry of Defence, "'Campaign ribbons' are ribbons commemorating a person's participation in war, campaign and combat from the establishment of the State of Israel up to the present day. These ribbons are awarded by authorisation of government, the IDF decorations Act and regulations set up by the Minister of Defense."
* War of Independence Ribbon
* Sinai War Ribbon
* Six-Day War Ribbon
* War of Attrition Ribbon
* Yom Kippur War Ribbon
* First Lebanon War Ribbon
* Security Zone in Lebanon Ribbon
* Second Lebanon War Ribbon
* Protective Edge Ribbon
* Defence of Jerusalem Badge
* Katamon Medal (1948) (obsolete)

## Awards for military service

According to Israel Ministry of Defence, "'Awards for military contribution towards the establishment of the State of Israel' and decorations are awarded by authorisation of government and a ministerial committee for symbols and ceremonies, with the exception of the Nazi Fighter Ribbon which is awarded according to the 'Yad Vashem' regulation in the Remembrance and Holocaust Act, and in addition by the 'status of the Second World War II' Act of 2000."
* Hashomer Ribbon
* Nili Ribbon
* The Volunteer Ribbon
* Haganah Ribbon
* Mishmar Ribbon
* Etzel Ribbon
* Fighters against Nazis Medal
* Lehi Ribbon

## Other medals, awards and ribbons

* Eliyahu Golomb Israel Security Award (right side decoration (highest possible award)
* Mandate Prisoners Decoration (right side decoration)
* IDF Chief of Staff Medal of Appreciation
* Service in Israel Medal
* Decoration of State Warriors (ribbon device)
# Flight of Refugees Across Wrecked Bridge in Korea

Flight of Refugees Across Wrecked Bridge in Korea is a Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph by Associated Press photographer Max Desfor, taken on December 4, 1950, at the destroyed Taedong Bridge over the Taedong River near Pyongyang, North Korea. Desfor was covering the Korean War at the time.

## Background

During the Korean War, the Battle of Inchon turned the tide against the Korean People's Army (NKPA) for the Americans who were fighting under the United Nations Command. The U.S. Eighth Army, which made up most of the United Nations forces, then raced to the Chinese border but were defeated in the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River after the entry of large numbers of Chinese troops on the North Korean side. United Nations forces were sent in retreat back down the Korean peninsula, and the 120 mi (190 km) retreat was the longest in U.S. military history.

## Taking the photo

Desfor, a photographer for the Associated Press, traveled with front line troops, even taking part in a parachute jump with the 187th Infantry Regiment. After American troops started fleeing south, Desfor was able to commandeer a Jeep with two other reporters and an army signal corpsman headed south. They crossed the Taedong River at a United Nations pontoon bridge. While driving along the river's southern shore they observed Korean refugees crossing the river on foot where it was iced over, and using small boats where the river was open. Further down the southern shore they came across a destroyed bridge where they saw thousands of Koreans trying to cross the shattered girders of the bridge. It was December 4, 1950, at the beginning of winter, and Desfor had trouble working his camera because of the freezing temperatures.

## Desfor's 2010 visit to Korea

In June 2010, Desfor returned to Korea for the 60th anniversary of the war and he shared some of his thoughts. "I ask anyone who'll listen – why do they celebrate the start of the war? They celebrate the start, of course, because it's never ending – it's still going on." Desfor also talked about his time on the front line with the troops and, while proud of his Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph, believes that he took better photos during the war. Regarding the war itself he says, "The Korean War is labelled 'the Forgotten War', and the main reason is [American GIs] never got a parade when they got back, they never got relief, they never were cited for their effort for the work that was done. They were just completely forgotten."
# Fakin' Pop

Fakin' Pop is the seventh original studio album by Japanese singer Ken Hirai. It was released on March 8, 2008 on the Defstar Records label (Sony Music Entertainment).

## Background

Fakin' Pop was Ken Hirai's first original album in nearly three and a half years since his previous original album, Sentimentalovers, and two years and three months since the release of his compilation album Ken Hirai 10th Anniversary Complete Single Collection '95-'05 Uta Baka.

## Reception

In a review for AllMusic, Adam Greenberg writes that "Ken Hirai shows some versatility in Fakin' Pop, bouncing around with his astoundingly clear voice from upbeat dance tracks to more emotional balladry with only minor hitches in the transitions." Greenberg characterizes most of the songs on the album as "well within the realm of basic J-pop", while arguing that "the ones that stand out have something special within them".

## Track list

* Pop Star (4:40)
** Written and composed by Ken Hirai. Arranged by Kameda Seiji.
    Was featured on a Japanese TV drama (October to December 2005).
* Kimi wa Su・Te・Ki♥ (君はス・テ・キ♥; You are Beau・ti・ful♥)
** Written and composed by Ken Hirai. Arranged by Akira
    Was the commercial song for Lipton tea.
* Kimi no Suki na Koto (君の好きなとこ; Why I Love You) (5:25)
** Written and Composed by Ken Hirai. Arranged by Kameda Seiji.
    Featured on a Japanese TV drama (January to March 2007).
* Canvas (キャンバス) (5:52)
** Written and composed by Ken Hirai. Arranged by Tomita Keiichi.
    Featured on a Japanese TV drama (January to March 2008)
* Pain (4:23)
** Written by Ken Hirai. Composed by Ken Hirai and Suzuki Dai. Arranged by Kameda Seiji.
* fake star (3:41)
** Written and Composed by Ken Hirai. Arranged by Uru.
    Was the commercial song for "Fran", a food product of Meiji Seika Ltd.
* UPSET (3:08)
** Written by Ken Hirai and Lisa Shirato. Composed by Ken Hirai. Arranged by Tanaka Choko.
    Was the commercial song for Docomo's Foma L705IX.
* Utsukushii Hito (美しい人; Beautiful One) (5:05)
** Written and composed by Ken Hirai. Arranged by Nakanishi Yasuharu.
    Was a commercial song for Shiseido Co. Ltd.
* Elegy (哀歌(エレジー)) (5:18).
** Written and composed by Ken Hirai. Arranged by Kameda Seiji
    Was the theme song of the movie, "愛の流刑地" (Ai no Rukeichi)
* Twenty! Twenty! Twenty! (4:48)
** Written, composed, and arranged by Kan.
    J-Wave 20th Anniversary Song.
* By My Melody (バイマイメロディー) (5:12)
** Written and composed by Ken Hirai. Arranged by Honma Akimitsu.
    Was au's LISMO commercial song.
* Itsuka Hanareru Hi ga Kite mo (いつか離れる日が来ても; The Day May Come When Someday We Shall Part)(6:30)
** Written and composed by Ken Hirai. Arranged by Takeba Satoshi.
    Theme song for film, あの空をおぼえてる (Ano Sora o Oboeteru, Remembering That Sky).
* Shashin (写真; Photographs) (4:47)
** Written and composed by Ken Hirai. Arranged by Akihasa Matzura.
    JRA's image song for 2008.

## Charts
### Oricon sales chart (Japan)

| Release | Chart | Peak position |
| March 12, 2008 | Oricon Daily Albums Chart | 2 |
| March 12, 2008 | Oricon Weekly Albums Chart | 2 |
| March 12, 2008 | Oricon Yearly Albums Chart | 28 |
# Cesare Braico

Cesare Braico (24 October 1816, in Brindisi – 25 July 1887, in Rome) was an Italian patriot, doctor and politician who took part in the Enterprise of the Thousand (Garibaldi's army). He was later appointed Deputy of Brindisi.

## Biography

Braico graduated in medicine at the University of Naples and was also an active member of the 1848 Revolution. He joined the up and took part in the Battle of Solferino, as a soldier and doctor.
In 1860 he took part in The Expedition of the Thousand for which he was awarded a medal in recognition of his heroic services by Nino Bixio. After the Unity of Italy, he was elected Deputy in the first Italian Parliament. He took part in the III war of independence. Within the general context of his political activity he was Chairman of the Board of Health. When he retired he was suddenly taken ill and died in a Roman hospital . His native town was Brindisi, the town has dedicated a street and a park in his name in remembrance of this extraordinary citizen.

## Novels

* Ricordi di galera, (Memories of prison) with an introduction and notes by Alberto Del Sordo, a Neapolitan Count;
# Black Jack (Red Oak, North Carolina)

Black Jack, also known as John Hilliard House, is a historic plantation house located near Red Oak, Nash County, North Carolina. It was built about 1800, and is a two-story, three bay by two bay, Late Georgian / Federal style frame dwelling with one-story rear additions. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
The residence was sheathed in weatherboard and has a gable roof. It features double-shoulder, brick exterior end chimneys.
# Organization for Tropical Studies

The Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS)/Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET), founded in 1963, is a non-profit consortium of over 50 universities and research institutions based in the United States, Latin America, and South Africa. OTS manages a network of ecological research stations in Costa Rica and South Africa. The North American Office is located on the Duke University campus in Durham, North Carolina. OTS offers a variety of courses in Spanish and English for high school, university, graduate students and professionals. Most of the coursework and research conducted at OTS stations focuses on tropical ecology, and the three research stations in Costa Rica are located in distinct ecoregions. OTS provides housing and a cafeteria for students researchers, and sometime ecotourists. OTS is involved in the policy related to tropical biology through courses, hosting meetings and conferences and managing conservation related projects
Along with Cocha Cashu Biological Station and the Manu Learning Centre in Peru, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute on Barro Colorado Island in Panama, the OTS research stations in general (and La Selva in particular) provide some of the most important and productive sites of original research on neotropical ecology.
OTS research stations in Costa Rica:
· La Selva Biological Station: lowland tropical rainforest on the Caribbean lowlands
· Palo Verde Biological Station: tropical dry forest and seasonal freshwater wetlands on north western
· Las Cruces Biological Station: montane rainforest (including higher elevation cloud forest) and site of the Wilson Botanical Garden
OTS research station in South Africa:
· Skukuza Science Leadership Centre: Kruger National Park