OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bilqees Mukhtar

Bilqees Mukhtar is a Pakistani politician who had been a Member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh, from 2002 to May 2018.

## Early life and education

She was born on 23 May 1969 in Karachi.
She earned the degree of Bachelor of Arts from Abdullah Government College for Women.

## Political career

She was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) from Constituency PS-101 (Karachi-XIII) in 2002 Pakistani general election. She received 21,480 votes and defeated a candidate of Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal.
She was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of MQM on a reserved seat for women in 2008 Pakistani general election.
She was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of MQM on a reserved seat for women in 2013 Pakistani general election.
# Iftikhar Alam

Muhammad Iftikhar Alam is a Pakistani politician who has been member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh from 2013 to 2018. He was elected for another term in February 2024.

## Early life

Iftikhar Alam was born on 16 May 1972 in Karachi, Pakistan. His father is Muhammad Sardar Alam.

## Political career

In 2013, Iftikhar won PS-106 (Karachi-XVIII) on the seat of Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM).
In May 2016, Iftikhar left MQM and joined Anis Kaimkhani and Mustafa Kamal's newly formed party called Pak Sarzameen Party. In 2018, Iftikhar contested from PS-126 (Karachi Central 4) from Pak Sarzameen Party. However he received 6184 votes and couldn't win his seat in the Sindh Assembly.
In 2020, Iftikhar Alam was elected as senior joint secretary of Pak Sarzameen Party.
He was elected to the 16th Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan from constituency PS-126 Karachi Central-V in the 2024 Pakistani general election.
# Monte Santomarco Tunnel

Monte Santomarco is a railway tunnel in the Calabria region of Italy. The electrified (3 kV DC) line is 15,333 m long and was opened in 1987 replacing a standard-gauge rack railway line. It is a single track tunnel on the Paola-Cosenza line with a passing loop in the middle, about 800 metres long.

## History

In 1905 the Ferrovie dello Stato (Italian State Railways) looked into building a railway connection between Cosenza and Paola; to overcome the steep slopes (the southern coastal chain had to be crossed) the normal gauge was adopted with a rack railway and a maximum slope of 75 feet per thousand. Work began between 1907 and 1911, with the line opening on August 2, 1915. Steam locomotives equipped with a gear wheel were used. In 1937 the FS ALn 56 railcar, expressly designed for the cogwheel line, made it possible to reduce the travel of passenger trains to 90 minutes. However, already by the end of the 1930s the troublesome maintenance problems and the excessive travel time pushed the FS to design a new line, however the start of construction for the new track was delayed, in part by the Second World War. The Ministry of Public Works project envisaged a route with a tunnel of approximately 17km with maximum slopes of 18 feet per thousand and radii of curvatures of at least 300 meters, with a new station in Cosenza and electrification of the line. The planned expenditure for the work was around 20bn lire.
In March 1966 construction work began on the new line, and the excavation of the long tunnel. The closure of the railway operation on the old section took place on April 28, 1987 while the new section, electrified, opened for operation on May 31, 1987. The tunnel is Km 15+333 long, starting at km 1+679 (Paola side) and from km 0+514 (San Lucido side) and outlet at km 17+012 (Bivio Settimo side). The tunnel includes inside, at km 9+180, the Santomarco movement post exercised later in the DCO remote control for the crossing of trains.
The original project envisaged the insertion of the new track only from the north at the exit of Paola station and south to Castiglione Cosentino. Subsequently, during construction, the design variant was created with the connection to the south, on the Southern Tyrrhenian railway in the direction of the station of San Lucido and the connection with the Sibari-Cosenza railway to the north to reach the Jonica railway in Sibari and the important towns of Taranto and Bari.
# Feedback-controlled electromigration

Feedback-controlled electromigration (FCE) is an experimental technique to investigate the phenomenon known as electromigration. By controlling the voltage applied as the conductance varies it is possible to keep the voltage at a critical level for electromigration.

## Theory

FCE has been shown to be reversible, demonstrating the fact that the electrons are moving rather than thermomigration or sublimation. The migration occurs due to the electronic wind force experienced by the metallic adatom. The electromigration occurs at a critical power dissipation $P=I/G$ in the neck of the bridge. This leads to Electromigrated Nanogaps which hold immense potential for sensing applications, exploiting the quantum tunneling effect.

## Uses

FCE is often used in forming nanogaps in metallic bridges.

## Problems

Thermal runaway can occur when the neck is narrower than about 20 nm.

## References and external links

* ↑ H.Ishida (September 2000). "Driving force for adatom electromigration within mixed Cu/Al overlayers on Al(111)". Journal of Applied Physics. 89 (9): 4809–4814. Bibcode:2001JAP....89.4809R. doi:10.1063/1.1325385.
* ↑ D.R. Strachan; et al. (2006). "Clean Electromigrated Nanogaps Imaged by Transmission Electron Microscopy". Nano Letters. 6 (3): 441–444. Bibcode:2006NanoL...6..441S. doi:10.1021/nl052302a. PMID 16522038.
* ↑ Raja, Shyamprasad N.; Jain, Saumey; Kipen, Javier; Jaldén, Joakim; Stemme, Göran; Herland, Anna; Niklaus, Frank (17 July 2024). "Electromigrated Gold Nanogap Tunnel Junction Arrays: Fabrication and Electrical Behavior in Liquid and Gaseous Media". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 16 (28): 37131–37146. doi:10.1021/acsami.4c03282. ISSN 1944-8244. PMC 11261569. PMID 38954436.
* ↑ Raja, Shyamprasad N.; Jain, Saumey; Kipen, Javier; Jaldén, Joakim; Stemme, Göran; Herland, Anna; Niklaus, Frank (1 July 2024). "High-bandwidth low-current measurement system for automated and scalable probing of tunnel junctions in liquids". Review of Scientific Instruments. 95 (7). Bibcode:2024RScI...95g4710R. doi:10.1063/5.0204188. ISSN 0034-6748. PMID 39037302.
* ↑ M.Mahadevan and R.m. Bradley (1999). "Simulations and theory of electromigration-induced slit formation in unpassivated single-crystal metal lines". Physical Review B. 59 (16): 11037–11046. Bibcode:1999PhRvB..5911037M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.59.11037.
# Roderick Macdonald, Lord Uist

Roderick Francis Macdonald, Lord Uist (born 1 February 1951) is a Scottish retired judge. As a Senator of the College of Justice, he was a member of the Court of Session, Scotland's highest court.

## Early life

Macdonald was educated at St Mungo's Academy, a Roman Catholic state school in Glasgow, and at the University of Glasgow Faculty of Law. (LL.B. Hons.). He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1975.

## Legal career

Macdonald served as an Advocate Depute from 1987 to 1993, from 1990 as Home Advocate Depute. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1989. He was called to the Bar of England and Wales in 1997 (Inner Temple). From 1995 to 2001, he was Legal Chairman of the Pension Appeal Tribunals for Scotland, and from 1995 to 2000 was a member of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Board, and of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Appeals Panel from 1997 to 1999. He was appointed a Temporary Judge in 2001, and in 2006 was appointed a full-time judge of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary, Scotland's Supreme Courts, as a Senator of the College of Justice. He took the judicial title Lord Uist, sat in the Outer House, and retired on 1 February 2021.
Prominent cases Macdonald has presided over included the 2006 trial of three of the race hate murderers of Kriss Donald.
# Cave Springs Public Schools

Cave Springs Public Schools is a K–12 school district in rural, southwestern Adair County, Oklahoma. It was founded in 1926 by the consolidation of 3 K-8 schools and was originally named Union Grade School, often abbreviated as UG. In the late 1940s, the school's name was changed to Cave Springs, the mascot was changed from the Indians to the Hornets and the colors from red and white to green and white. Cave Springs is 2+1⁄2 miles north of Bunch, Oklahoma. The photograph at right is of the library, the oldest building on campus.
For the 2006–2007 school year, the Cave Springs School District had 216 students enrolled—99 elementary students and 117 high school students. Per the 2005 School Report Card issued by the Education Oversight Board, the high school had 12 teachers teaching a student body consisting of 88% American Indian and 12% White with a graduation rate of 88.2%. The elementary school had 10 teachers. The elementary students were 93% American Indian and 7% White, with 42.4% in special education.
# Pozuel de Ariza

Pozuel de Ariza is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 27 inhabitants.
# List of marae in Canterbury region

This is a list of marae (Māori meeting grounds) in Canterbury, New Zealand.
In October 2020, the Government committed $160,440 through the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade two marae in the region, with the intention of creating 30 jobs.

## Kaikoura District

| Marae name | Wharenui name | Iwi and hapū | Location |
| Takahanga | Maru Kaitatea | Ngāi Tahu (Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura) | Kaikōura |
| Mangamaunu | Hohepa | Ngāi Tahu (Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura) | Kaikōura |

## Waimakariri District

| Marae name | Wharenui name | Iwi and hapū | Location |
| Tuahiwi Marae | Māhunui II | Ngāi Tahu (Te Ngāi o Tūāhuriri Rūnanga) | Tuahiwi |

## Christchurch City

| Marae name | Wharenui name | Iwi and hapū | Location |
| Ōnuku | Karaweko | Ngāi Tahu (Ōnuku Rūnanga) | Akaroa |
| Rāpaki Marae / Te Wheke | Wheke | Ngāi Tahu (Te Hapū o Ngāti Wheke) | Te Rāpaki-o-Te Rakiwhakaputa |
| Koukourarata | Tūtehuarewa | Ngāi Tahu (Te Rūnanga o Koukourarata) | Port Levy |
| Wairewa | Te Mako | Ngāi Tahu (Wairewa Rūnanga) | Little River |
| Ngā Hau e Whā National Marae | Aoraki | All Nations (Te Rūnanga o Nga Maata Waka) | Wainoni |

## Selwyn District

| Marae name | Wharenui name | Iwi and hapū | Location |
| Ngāti Moki | Ngāti Moki | Ngāi Tahu (Te Taumutu Rūnanga) | Southbridge |

## Ashburton District

| Marae name | Wharenui name | Iwi and hapū | Location |
| Hakatere Marae | Hakatere | Ngāi Tahu | Fairton |

## Timaru District

| Marae name | Wharenui name | Iwi and hapū | Location |
| Arowhenua | Te Hapa o Niu Tireni | Ngāi Tahu (Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua) | Temuka |
| Te Aitarakihi | Te Whare Whakapiripiri Tuhono A Iwi | All Nations (Te Rūnanga o Nga Maata Waka) | Timaru |

## Waimate District

| Marae name | Wharenui name | Iwi and hapū | Location |
| Waihao | Waimate Centennial Memorial Hall | Ngāi Tahu (Te Rūnanga o Waihao) | Waimate |
# Elvyonn Bailey

Elvyonn Bailey (born 28 September 1991) is an American former sprinter specializing in the 400 metres and the 2016 World Athletics Indoor Championships gold medalist in the 4 × 400 m relay by virtue of running in the heats. Before that moment, Bailey was an All American runner for the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers in the relays and finished 3rd in the 400 m at the 2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships.

## Career

In 2011 and 2012, Bailey ran for the Arkansas Baptist Buffaloes track and field team (at the time part of the NJCAA). He qualified for the junior college national track and field championships seven times, including individually in the 100 m and 200 m.
Bailey transferred to the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers track and field team from 2013 to 2015. After failing to advance from the semifinals of the 4 × 100 m at the 2013 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships, Bailey became a two-time All American at the 2014 Championships, finishing 5th in the 4 × 100 m and 4th in the 4 × 400 m.
Bailey achieved his greatest success in 2016. Running 46.22 seconds, he placed 2nd in his heat and 3rd overall at the 2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships, behind only Vernon Norwood and Kyle Clemons to qualify himself for the 4 × 400 m at the 2016 Portland World Indoor Championships. With Bailey leading off, the U.S. team posted the fastest qualifier going into the finals. In the finals, Bailey and Patrick Feeney were replaced by Clemons and Norwood, and the United States won the gold medal.

## Personal life

Bailey was born on 28 September 1991 and grew up in Riverside, California attending Martin Luther King High School, where he played football as a running back. He first attended Arkansas Baptist College before transferring to Western Kentucky University.

## Statistics
### Personal best progression

400m progression :
| # | Mark | Pl. | Competition | Venue | Date |
| 1 | 47.76 | (Heat 3) | Sun Belt Indoor Track & Field Championships | Jonesboro, AR | 24 Feb 2013 |
| 2 | 47.44 | | Sun Belt Indoor Track & Field Championships | Jonesboro, AR | 24 Feb 2013 |
| 3 | 46.66 | | Hilltopper Relays | Bowling Green, KY | 12 Apr 2013 |
| 4 | 46.17 | (Heat 1) | Sun Belt Outdoor Track & Field Championships | Miramar, FL | 11 May 2013 |
| 5 | 45.52 | (Heat 2) | Sun Belt Conference Outdoor Track and Field Championships | San Marcos, TX | 9 May 2014 |
# Salon of 1767

The Salon of 1767 was an art exhibition held at the Louvre in Paris. It took place during the reign of Louis XV and was overseen by the Académie Royale. It was proceeded by the Salon of 1765 and followed by the Salon of 1769.
The Alsatian artist Philip James de Loutherbourg, widely praised at the previous two Salons, returned with Landscape with Animals. The critic Denis Diderot considered the artist's work to represent "beautiful nature". Hubert Robert, a painter of landscapes and capriccios, made his Salon debut in 1767. He exhibited A View of Ripetta, a veduta of Rome. Jean Siméon Chardin submitted a lair of still life paintings The Attributes of Civilian and Military Music. In portraiture Louis-Michel van Loo exhibited a Portrait of Denis Diderot, the influential art critic who wrote extensively about the Salon, as well as another featuring the wife of Joseph Vernet. Alexander Roslin displayed his Portrait of Jean-François Marmontel. The sculptor Christophe-Gabriel Allegrain submitted his Venus at the Bath. It was the final Salon at which Jean-Honoré Fragonard exhibited work despite his career continuing for several decades.

## Gallery

* Portrait of Denis Diderot by Louis-Michel van Loo
* Portrait of Jean-François Marmontel by Alexander Roslin
* A View of Ripetta by Hubert Robert
* Landscape with Animals by Philip James de Loutherbourg
* Allegory on the Death of the Dauphin by Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée
* Mercury, Herse and Aglaura by Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée
* Rinaldo and Armida by Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée
* Caesar Facing a Statue of Alexander by Joseph-Marie Vien
* Portrait of Madame Vernet by Louis-Michel van Loo
* Portrait of the Princess of Chimay by Louis-Michel van Loo
* Venus at the Bath by Christophe-Gabriel Allegrain
# The Autumn of the Patriarch

The Autumn of the Patriarch (original Spanish title: El otoño del patriarca) is a 1975 novel by Gabriel García Márquez.
A "poem on the solitude of power" according to the author, the novel is a flowing tract on the life of an eternal dictator. The book is divided into six sections, each retelling the same story of the infinite power held by the archetypical Caribbean tyrant.
García Márquez based his fictional dictator on a variety of real-life leaders, including Gustavo Rojas Pinilla of his Colombian homeland, Generalissimo Francisco Franco of Spain (the novel was written in Barcelona), François Duvalier of Haiti, and Venezuela's Juan Vicente Gómez. The product is a universal story of the disastrous effects created by the concentration of power into a single man.

## Plot introduction

The book is written in long paragraphs with extended sentences. The general's thoughts are relayed to the reader through winding sentences which convey his desperation and loneliness alongside the atrocities and ruthless behavior that keep him in power. The first three chapters begin with an omniscient and anonymous narrator finding the corpse of the General; the beginning of the third chapter reveals that the body belonged to Patricio Aragonés, whom, due to their uncanny resemblance, the general uses to fake his own death.
One of the book's most striking aspects is its focus on the God-like status held by the protagonist and the unfathomable awe and respect with which his people regard him. Dictators and strongmen such as Khamenei, Franco, Somoza, and Trujillo managed to hold sway over the populations of their nations despite internal political division. García Márquez symbolizes this with the discovery of the dictator's corpse in the presidential palace.

## Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science

García Márquez mocks the practice of conferring high military rank on the young heirs of autocrats and the overspending of their families and cronies. A frighteningly accurate portrait is drawn of the intelligence director who soon directs the general's every move and constructs an apparatus of terror and political repression.
This last portrait is one of the most compelling: "advisors" have often marked the corruption and descent into oppression of some of Latin America's most outstanding dictatorships. Trujillo's Dominican Republic carried out dozens of assassinations and terror campaigns against Dominican exiles under the direction of intelligence chief Johnny Abbes García.

## Popularity

According to a research from the Spanish Book Institute, The Autumn of the Patriarch was the most popular book sold in Spain in 1975.
# Drug policy of Germany

The drug policy of Germany is considered to be one of the most lenient among European Union (EU) countries. Policies vary depending on the state.

## History

In 1994, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that drug addiction and the possession of small quantities of narcotics for personal use were not crimes. In 2000, the German law on narcotics (Betäubungsmittelgesetz) was changed to allow supervised injection rooms.
In 2002, a pilot project was started in seven German cities to evaluate the effects of heroin-assisted treatment on addicts, compared to methadone-assisted treatment. In 2009, the positive results of the study led to heroin-assisted treatment becoming included in mandatory health insurance.
As of November 2010, the youth organisation of Alliance 90/The Greens, namely the Green Youth, support the decriminalisation of those who consume drugs and the regulated sale of drugs via specialist stores along with drug education.
In February 2021, authorities in Germany and Belgium seized more than 23 tonnes (23 long tons; 25 short tons) of cocaine, worth billions of euros, from shipments that originated in Paraguay and Panama. In an international operation that resulted in one arrest, a man from Vlaardingen, Netherlands, German and Belgian authorities seized the largest amount of cocaine in Europe.

## Cannabis policy

In 2017, Germany re-allowed medical cannabis. After the 2021 German federal election, the new government announced in their coalition agreement that they intend to legalise cannabis for all purposes (including recreational), and legislation to this effect was passed on 23 February 2024. The German cannabis control bill law went into effect on 1 April.
In March 2023, the health minister, Karl Lauterbach, reported a positive reaction from European Commission on the plan, and intended to bring a bill forward soon.
# Ejea de los Caballeros

Ejea de los Caballeros (Spanish:; Aragonese: Exeya d'os Caballers), commonly known simply as Ejea, is a town and municipality in the province of Zaragoza, part of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. It is one of the five main towns in the Comarca de las Cinco Villas (lit. 'Shire of the Five Villages'), along with Sos del Rey Católico, Uncastillo, Sádaba, and Tauste.
The town became part of the medieval Kingdom of Aragon in 1105 during the Spanish Reconquista, as Muslim rule in the region was receding.

## Main sights

The town retains many medieval buildings, including:
* The Romanesque church of Santa María de la Corona. It was renewed in 1649–1650.
* The church of San Salvador, of the Romanesque-Gothic transition style. It has a 16th-century portal with Romanesque sculptures.
* The church of our Lady the Virgin of the Olive (Nuestra Señora la Virgen de la Oliva), renovated in 1765 over a pre-existing medieval building.

## Villages

The municipality of Ejea de los Caballeros comprises nine different centres of population:
* Ejea de los Caballeros
* Bardenas
* El Bayo
* El Sabinar [es]
* Farasdués [es]
* Pinsoro
* Rivas
* Santa Anastasia
* Valareña
Rivas and Farasdués are two historic villages that have been dependencies of Ejea for decades. The other six centres were built in the 1950s and 1960s in order to settle inhabitants and farmers to grow irrigation crops, following the construction of the Yesa Reservoir and Bardenas irrigation channel that brought water to these villages, among others (Sádaba, Tauste, and others).

## Culture

The main local festival honours the Virgin of the Olive, the local saint. In June, there is also a medieval celebration for the patron saint, Saint John the Baptist.
Another local festival commemorates The Vote Day (January 14), an event during the Black Plague in which the townsfolk voted for the bringing of the Virgin of the Olive across the town to worship her. The plague is purported to have ended in the town that day.

## Notable people

* Alberto Zapater – footballer
* Alberto Soro – footballer who plays for Granada CF
* Artistas del Gremio – brass band

## Twin towns

* Marmande, France
* Portogruaro, Italy
# Paora (disambiguation)

Paora or Pāora may refer to:
* Paora (individual kiwi)
* Paora gusevae, a cricket species in the subfamily Nemobiinae
* Pāora Kaiwhata, tribal leader (died 1892)
* Pāora Winitana, basketball player
* Keith Paora Curry, nurse
* Ōtene Pāora, Māori leader
* Pāora Temuera, Anglican priest
* Pāora Taki, tribal leader (died 1897)
* Pāora Kīngi Delamere, carpenter
* Paora Tūhaere, Ngāti Whātua leader
* Roka Paora, Māori language pioneer
* Hato Paora College, boys' school in New Zealand
* Pāora Te Potangaroa, Māori prophet
# Tshekedi Khama II

Tshekedi Stanford Khama (born 9 June 1958) is a Botswana politician. He was MP for Serowe West from 2008 to 21 April 2023. He was automatically disqualified from the National Assembly after missing two consecutive sessions because of his self-imposed exile to South Africa.

## Biography

Khama is one of four children of the first President of Botswana, Seretse Khama and Ruth Williams Khama, and is the brother of former president Ian Khama.

### Political career

Khama was elected to the National Assembly in Serowe North West in a 2008 by-election as a Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) member. He was subsequently re-elected in 2009 and 2014. From 2012 until 2018 he was Minister of Environment, Conservation, Natural Resources and Tourism. In 2018, President Mokgweetsi Masisi made him Minister of Youth Empowerment, Sports and Culture Development.
Prior to the 2019 general elections, he left the BDP to join the new Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF), and was one of three BPF candidates elected.