# Idlib

Idlib (Arabic: إِدْلِب, romanized: ʾIdlib, pronounced; also spelt Idleb or Edlib) is a city in northwestern Syria, and is the capital of the Idlib Governorate. It has an elevation of nearly 500 meters (1,600 ft) above sea level, and is 59 kilometers (37 mi) southwest of Aleppo.

## History
### Classical Antiquity

Idlib, along with the rest of Syria, was conquered by the Armenian king Tigranes the Great and incorporated in the Armenian Empire, only to be later conquered by the Roman Pompey the Great around 64 BC. The city was never of much significance, belonging to the province of Roman Syria under the Roman Empire and later to the Eastern Roman province of Syria Secunda before being conquered by the Arabs around the middle of the seventh century. Not much remains from the city's Roman and Byzantine times, except in its museum. North of the city are the Dead Cities, a collection of important archaeological sites from the Byzantine era.

### Ottoman era

During early Ottoman rule in Syria, beginning in 1516, Idlib was a small timar (fief). The village of Idlib was founded by Fadil Ahmed Pasha, the son of Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (r. 1656–1661) who appointed him governor of Damascus Eyalet. In later years, it developed as a town with markets, bathhouses and caravanserais, including Khan Abi Ali and Khan al-Ruz.
From the Köprülü period, Idlib was a center of olive production. which in turn gave way to a prosperous olive-based soap industry. Although the major markets for Idlib's soap were at Aleppo, Antioch, and Hama, the product was exported as far as the Ottoman capital of Istanbul. Idlib was also a major producer of cotton fabrics. Western traveler Josias Leslie Porter noted that Idlib was "encompassed in olive groves, rare in this bleak region", and remarked that its olive groves were larger than those of Damascus, Beirut, or Gaza. In the mid-19th century, the town had an estimated population of 8,000, including 500 Christians. In the late 19th century, Idlib was "flourishing" and still contained several Christian families, according to German orientalist Albert Socin.

### Syrian civil war and HTS takeover

During the uprising since 2011, Idlib was the focus of protests and fighting in the early phase of the Syrian war. As the uprising descended into armed conflict, Idlib became the focus of a rebel campaign, which temporarily captured the city and the governorate before a government offensive in April 2012. After this, government forces retook the city and the rebel-controlled province after a month of fighting before the attempted enforcement of the ceasefire proposed by Kofi Annan. After the 2015 Idlib offensive in March, the rebel alliance Army of Conquest, led by the al-Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham, succeeded in the Second Battle of Idlib and captured the city, as well as besieging the Shi'a-majority towns of Al-Fu'ah and Kafriya to the north of Idlib city. In April 2015, the interim seat of the Syrian opposition's Syrian Interim Government was proposed to be Idlib, in Idlib Governorate. On 23 July 2017, Tahrir al-Sham, the successor to the al-Nusra Front, expelled the remaining forces of Ahrar al-Sham from Idlib, capturing the entire city.
On 17 September 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan announced an agreement to establish a demilitarized buffer zone in Syria's Idlib province, intended to separate Syrian government forces from rebel factions. Under the agreement, Turkish and Russian troops would patrol the zone to ensure compliance. Putin stated that all heavy weaponry would be removed from the area and that radical rebel groups, such as the Nusra Front, must withdraw. The buffer zone was set to be operational by October 15, 2018.

## Climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa). Summers are hot and rainless, while winters are rainy and cool.
The all-time record high temperature was 44 °C (111 °F) on June 16, 2012.
Climate data for Idlib, elevation 451 m (1,480 ft) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.0 (50.0) | 12.1 (53.8) | 16.7 (62.1) | 21.8 (71.2) | 27.2 (81.0) | 31.0 (87.8) | 32.5 (90.5) | 33.5 (92.3) | 31.1 (88.0) | 26.2 (79.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 12.1 (53.8) | 22.8 (73.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) | 7.9 (46.2) | 11.3 (52.3) | 16.2 (61.2) | 20.8 (69.4) | 25.0 (77.0) | 26.7 (80.1) | 27.5 (81.5) | 25.1 (77.2) | 20.5 (68.9) | 13.8 (56.8) | 8.3 (46.9) | 17.5 (63.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) | 3.5 (38.3) | 6.6 (43.9) | 10.6 (51.1) | 14.5 (58.1) | 19.0 (66.2) | 21.0 (69.8) | 21.5 (70.7) | 19.2 (66.6) | 14.8 (58.6) | 8.6 (47.5) | 4.5 (40.1) | 12.2 (54.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 100 (3.9) | 92 (3.6) | 59 (2.3) | 43 (1.7) | 16 (0.6) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0) | 5 (0.2) | 23 (0.9) | 39 (1.5) | 97 (3.8) | 479 (18.7) |
| Source: FAO ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

In the 2004 census by the Central Bureau of Statistics of Syria, Idlib had a population of 98,791 and in 2010 the population was around 165,000. The inhabitants are mostly Sunni Muslim, although there was previously a significant Christian minority, but by 2022 there was only a single elderly Christian man left in the city. Idlib is divided into six main districts: Ashrafiyah (the most populous), Hittin, Hejaz, Downtown, Hurriyah, and al-Qusour.

## Economy

Idlib is a major production center for olives, cotton, wheat and fruits, particularly cherries. Other principal crops include almonds, sesame seeds, figs, grapes and tomatoes. In 1995 there were roughly 300 hectares planted with various citrus crop. Olive oil pressing and textiles are some of the city's local industries. The nearby city of Aleppo has an important economic presence in Idlib.
Idlib is a major agricultural center in Syria. It is also historically significant, containing many "dead cities" and tells.
Because of the rapidly declining value of the Syrian pound, the Turkish lira became widespread in Idlib and was adopted as legal tender in the city on 15 June 2020.

## Culture

The Idlib Regional Museum in the city contains over 17,000 of the Ebla tablets and serves as Idlib's main tourist attraction, excluding the nearby ancient site of Ebla itself. Under the Technical and Financial Cooperation Agreement between the governments of Italy and Syria, the museum was to undergo a restoration and renovation project starting in 2010.

## Sports

Omayya SC, founded in 1972, is the most popular football team in the city. The club played in the Syrian Premier League for the 2011-2012 season. Idlib Municipal Stadium is the main football venue in the city. 35°56′N 36°38′E﻿ / ﻿35.933°N 36.633°E﻿ / 35.933; 36.633
Refugee and parathlete Dima Aktaa is from the city.