# List of cocaine analogues

This is a list of cocaine analogues. A cocaine analogue is an (usually) artificial construct of a novel chemical compound from (often the starting point of natural) cocaine's molecular structure, with the result product sufficiently similar to cocaine to display similarity in, but alteration to, its chemical function. Within the scope of analogous compounds created from the structure of cocaine, so named "cocaine analogues" retain 3β-benzoyloxy or similar functionality (the term specifically used usually distinguishes from phenyltropanes, but in the broad sense generally, as a category, includes them) on a tropane skeleton, as compared to other stimulants of the kind. Many of the semi-synthetic cocaine analogues proper which have been made & studied have consisted of among the nine following classes of compounds:
* stereoisomers of cocaine
* 3β-phenyl ring substituted analogues
* 2β-substituted analogues
* N-modified analogues of cocaine
* 3β-carbamoyl analogues
* 3β-alkyl-3-benzyl tropanes
* 6/7-substituted cocaines
* 6-alkyl-3-benzyl tropanes
* piperidine homologues of cocaine
However strict analogues of cocaine would also include such other potential combinations as phenacyltropanes & other carbon branched replacements not listed above. The term may also be loosely used to refer to drugs manufactured from cocaine or having their basis as a total synthesis of cocaine, but modified to alter their effect & QSAR. These include both intracellular sodium channel blocker anaesthetics and stimulant dopamine reuptake inhibitor ligands (such as certain, namely tropane-bridged-excised, piperidines). Additionally, researchers have supported combinatorial approaches for taking the most promising analogues currently elucidated and mixing them to the end of discovering novel & efficacious compounds to optimize their utilization for differing distinct specified purposes.

## Analogs sensu stricto
### Cocaine Stereoisomers

| Stereoisomer | S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation | IC$_{50}$ (nM) [$^3$H]WIN 3542 inhibition to rat striatal membranes Mean error standard ≤5% in all cases | IUPAC nomenclature |
| R-cocaine (Erythroxyline) | | 102 | methyl(1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate |
| R-pseudococaine (Delcaine, Depsococaine, Dextrocaine, Isococaine, Psicaine.) | 172 | 15800 | methyl(1R,2S,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate |
| R-allococaine | 173 | 6160 | methyl(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate |
| R-allopseudococaine | 174 | 28500 | methyl(1R,2S,3R,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate |
| S-cocaine | 175 | 15800 | methyl(1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-(benzoyl)oxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-4-carboxylate |
| S-pseudococaine | 176 | 22500 | methyl(1S,3R,4S,5R)-3-(benzoyl)oxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-4-carboxylate |
| S-allococaine | 177 | 9820 | methyl(1S,3S,4R,5R)-3-(benzoyl)oxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-4-carboxylate |
| S-allopseudococaine | 178 | 67700 | methyl(1S,3S,4S,5R)-3-(benzoyl)oxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-4-carboxylate |
There are eight stereoisomers of cocaine (excluding mesomers and modifications to the internal portion of the tropane ring). Due to the presence of four asymmetric carbon atoms in the 1- & 5- to 8 (N) position bond bridge that could adopt R- & S- configurations, cocaine can be considered to have as many as sixteen stereoisomers. However, geometric constraints imparted by the bridgehead amine allow only eight to be created.
The natural isomerism of cocaine is unstable and prone to epimerization. For example, the end product of cocaine biosynthesis contains an axial C2-carbomethoxy moiety which readily undergoes epimerization to the equatorial position via saponification.
For any 2D structural diagrams where stereochemistry is not indicated, it should be assumed the analogue depicted shares the stereochemical conformation of R-cocaine unless noted otherwise.

### Arene benzene-ring 2′, 3′, 4′ (5′ & 6′) position (aryl) substitutions
#### para-substituted benzoylmethylecgonines

Carbon 4′-hydrogen Substitutions (benzene-4′ "para" substituted benzoyloxytropanes) $^{Data-setcongruentto,andaggregatewith,followingtablesIC50values}$ :
| Structure | S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | 4′=R | DAT [$^3$H]WIN 35428 | 5-HTT [$^3$H]Paroxetine | NET [$^3$H]Nisoxetine | Selectivity 5-HTT/DAT | Selectivity NET/DAT |
| | Cocaine | H | 249 ± 37 | 615 ± 120 | 2500 ± 70 | 2.5 | 10.0 |
| non-benzoyloxy analogue comparative ligands $_{non-tropaneanaloguecomparativeligands}$ | 11b (WIN 35428) $_{(nisoxetine)}$ $^{(fluoxetine)}$ | F $_—$ $^—$ | 24 ± 4 $_{775±20}$ $^{5200±1270}$ | 690 ± 14 $_{762±90}$ $^{15±3}$ | 258 ± 40 $_{135±21}$ $^{963±158}$ | 28.7 $_{1.0}$ $^{0.003}$ | 10.7 $_{0.2}$ $^{0.2}$ |
| | 183a | I | 2522 ± 4 | 1052 ± 23 | 18458 ± 1073 | 0.4 | 7.3 |
| | 183b | Ph | 486 ± 63 | - | - | - | - |
| | 183c | OAc | 144 ± 2 | - | - | - | - |
| | 183d | OH | 158 ± 8 | 3104 ± 148 | 601 ± 11 | 19.6 | 3.8 |
| | (4′-Fluorococaine) | F | - | - | - | - | - |
| | (para-Isothiocyanatobenzoylecgonine methyl ester) (p-Isococ) | NCS | - | - | - | - | - |
para-substituted benzoylmethylecgonines :
| 183a | 183b | 183c |
| 183d | 4'-Fluorococaine | P-ISOCOC |
The MAT binding pocket analogous to the lipophilic place on cocaine-like compounds, inclusive of the benzene ring, is approximate to 9 Å in length. Which is only slightly larger than a phenyl ring by itself.

#### meta-substituted benzoylmethylecgonines

Carbon 3′-hydrogen Substitutions (benzene-3′ "meta" substituted benzoyloxytropanes) $^{Data-setcongruentto,andaggregatewith,precedingandfollowingtablesIC50values}$ :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | 3′=R | DAT [$^3$H]WIN 35428 | 5-HTT [$^3$H]Paroxetine | NET [$^3$H]Nisoxetine | Selectivity 5-HTT/DAT | Selectivity NET/DAT |
| (cocaine) | H | 249 ± 37 | 615 ± 120 | 2500 ± 70 | 2.5 | 10.0 |
| 184a | I | 325$^ɑ$ | - | - | - | - |
| 184b | OH | 1183 ± 115 | 793 ± 33 | 3760 ± 589 | 0.7 | 3.2 |
| 191 | OBn | - | - | - | - | - |
| (m-Isococ) | NCS | - | - | - | - | - |
* $^ɑ$IC$_{50}$ value for displacement of [$^3$H]cocaine
meta-substituted benzoylmethylecgonines :
| 184a | 184b | m-ISOCOC | C3-Benzyloxycocaine |

#### ortho-substituted benzoylmethylecgonines

Carbon 2′-hydrogen Substitutions (benzene-2′ "ortho" substituted benzoyloxytropanes) $^{Data-setcongruentto,andaggregatewith,precedingandfollowingtablesIC50values}$ :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | 2′=R | DAT [$^3$H]WIN 35428 | 5-HTT [$^3$H]Paroxetine | NET [$^3$H]Nisoxetine | Selectivity 5-HTT/DAT | Selectivity NET/DAT |
| Cocaine | H | 249 ± 37 | 615 ± 120 | 2500 ± 70 | 2.5 | 10.0 |
| 185a | I | 350$^ɑ$ | - | - | - | - |
| 185b | F | 604 ± 67 | 1770 ± 309 | 1392 ± 173 | 2.9 | 2.3 |
| 185c (2′-Acetoxycocaine) | OAc | 70 ± 1 | 219 ± 20 | 72 ± 9 | 3.1 | 1.0 |
| 185d (2′-Hydroxycocaine) | OH | 25 ± 4 | 143 ± 21 | 48 ± 2 | 5.7 | 1.9 |
* $^ɑ$IC$_{50}$ value for displacement of [$^3$H]cocaine
ortho-substituted benzoylmethylecgonines :
| 185a | 185b | 185c | 185d |
The hydroxylated 2′-OH analogue exhibited a tenfold increase in potency over cocaine.

#### Manifold and termination benzoyloxy phenyl-substitutions

| Vanillylmethylecgonine | 186b |
Multi-substitutions (substitutions of substitutions; e.g. meta- & para-) or manifold ("many-fold") substituted analogues are analogues where more than one modification from the parent molecule takes place (having numerous intermediary constituents). These are created with often surprising structure–activity relationship results extrapolated therefrom. It is even a common case where two separate substitutions can each yield a weaker, lower affinity or even wholly non-efficacious compound respectively; but due to findings that oftentimes, when used together, such two mutually inferior changes being added in tandem to one analogue has the potential to make the resultant derivative display much greater efficacy, affinity, selectivity &/or strength than even the parent compound; which otherwise was compromised by either of those two alternations when made alone.
Manifold Compositions of Terminating Phenyl Ring Substitutions (Multiple benzene-2′,3′ & 4′ combined substituted benzoyloxytropanes) $^{Data-set(exceptinginstancedreferencesinsidetable)congruentto,andaggregatewith,precedingandfollowingtablesIC50values}$ :
| Structure | S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | ortho-2′=R | meta-3′=R | para-4′=R | DAT [$^3$H]WIN 35428 | 5-HTT [$^3$H]Paroxetine | NET [$^3$H]Nisoxetine | Selectivity 5-HTT/DAT | Selectivity NET/DAT |
| | 186 | HO | H | I | 215 ± 19 | 195 ± 10 | 1021 ± 75 | 0.9 | 4.7 |
| | (Vanillylmethylecgonine) | H | OCH$_3$ | OH | - | - | - | - | - |
Terminating Phenyl Carbon Ring Fusions & Alterations $^{Data-setcongruentto,andaggregatewith,precedingtableIC50values}$ :
| Structure | S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | C=R | DAT [$^3$H]Cocaine (IC$_{50}$) |
| | 187 | 1-naphthalene | 742 ± 48 |
| | 188 | 2-naphthalene | 327 ± 63 |

### Benzoyl and carbomethoxy branch modifications

* Benzoylthiomethylecgonine
A sulfur in place of the oxygen at the benzoyl ester single bond results in a lower electronegativity than that of cocaine.
* Cocaine reverse ester (REC)
REC is a cocaine analogue which contains a "reversed" C2 carbomethoxy moiety. In animal studies, REC lacked cocaine-like stimulant effects.

### C1-tropane-ring hydrogen—substitutions

C1 substitutions K$_i$ values for uptake inhibition obtained on HEK-293 heterologously expressed human monoamine transporter cells. :
| Trivial name | R (C1 moiety) | K$_i$ (nM) @ DAT | K$_i$ (nM) @ SERT | K$_i$ (nM) @ NET | σ$_1$ affinity K$_i$ | σ$_2$ affinity K$_i$ | IC$_{50}$ (μM) Na+ inhibition (Vertridine-Stimulated influx of sodium channels in Neocortical neurons)$^c$ | LogP (XLogP3 algorithm, Cheng et al., 2007) |
| (—)-Cocaine | H | 326 ± 106 | 513 ± 143 | 358 ± 69 | 6.7 ± 0.3 μM$^d$ | "significant" | 6.99 ± 2.43 | 2.30 |
| (—)-1-methyl-cocaine | Me | 163 ± 23 | 435 ± 77 | 488 ± 101 | "unappreciable" | 1.13 μM | 16.01 ± 1.90 | 2.67 |
| (—)-1-ethyl-cocaine | Et | 95.1 ± 17.0$^ɑ$ | 1,106 ± 112 | 598 ± 179 | — | — | — | 3.20 |
| (—)-1-n-propyl-cocaine | n-Pr | 871 ± 205$^ɑ$ | 2,949 ± 462$^b$ | 796 ± 195 | — | — | — | 3.56 |
| (—)-1-n-pentyl-cocaine | n-C$_5$H$_{11}$ | 1,272 ± 199$^b$ | 1,866 ± 400$^ɑ$ | 1,596 ± 21$^b$ | — | — | — | 4.64 |
| (—)-1-phenyl-cocaine | Ph | 32.3 ± 5.7$^b$ | 974 ± 308 | 1,980 ± 99$^b$ | 524 nM | 198 nM | 0.29 ± 0.07 | 3.77 |
* $^ɑ$, P < 0.05 compared with (—)-cocaine (one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test)
* $^b$, P < 0.01 compared with (—)-cocaine (one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test)
* $^c$Lidocaine was found to have a value of 39.6 ± 2.4, the weakest of all tested.
* $^d$Same reference gives 25.9 ± 2.4 μM for (+)-cocaine and 13.6 ± 1.3 μM for norcocaine. Comparably it gives 12.7 ± 1.5 μM for the sigmaergic affinity of (+)-amphetamine. Another reference gives 1.7-6.7 μM for (—)-cocaine. All values K$_i$.
* Using same data-set as above table, the following compounds were found to compare as:
** CFT @ DAT = 39.2 ± 7.1 (n = 5)
** fluoxetine @ SERT = 27.3 ± 9.2 (n = 3)
** desipramine @ NET = 2.74 ± 0.59 (n = 3)
Cocaine analogs substituting the C1-tropane ring position, requiring sulfinimine (N-sulfinyl-imine) chemistry (before the innovation of which were untenable) which bind unlike the typical configuration at DAT (open to out) as cocaine (with its terminal D79-Y156 distance of 6.03 Å), or in the atypical (closed to out) conformation of the benztropines (3.29 Å). Though closer to the open to out: (—)-1-methyl-cocaine = 4.40 Å & (—)-1-phenyl-cocaine = 4.89 Å, and exhibiting preferential interaction with outward facing DAT conformation, they appear to have the lack of behavioral stimulation as-like the closed to out type. Despite having non-stimulant behavior profiles, they still seem to have anti-depressant behavioral profiles.
The C1 phenyl analog is ten times stronger than cocaine as a dopamine reuptake pump ligand, and twenty four times stronger as a local anesthetic (voltage-dependent Na+ channel blocker), whereas the C1 methyl analog is 2.3 times less potent as a local anesthetic.
cf. hydroxytropacocaine for a natural alkaloid (lacking however, the 2-position carbmethoxy) that is a C1 substituent with a hydroxy group.

### 2β-substitutions

Direct 2β Substitutions $^{(IC50nMvalues)}$ :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | R | DAT [$^3$H]WIN 35428 | 5-HTT [$^3$H]Paroxetine | NET [$^3$H]Nisoxetine | Selectivity 5-HTT/DAT | Selectivity NET/DAT |
| (Cocaine) | Me | 89 ± 4.8 | 1045 ± 89 | 3298 ± 293 | 11.7 | 37.0 |
| 196a (Cocaethylene) | Et | 195 ± 45 | 5801 ± 493 | 10000 ± 751 | 29.7 | 51.3 |
| 196b | n-Pr | 196 ± 46 | 4517 ± 430 | 6124 ± 262 | 23.3 | 31.2 |
| 196c | i-Pr | 219 ± 48 | 25224 ± 1498 | 30384 ± 1685 | 115 | 139 |
| 196d | Ph | 112 ± 31 | 33666 ± 3330 | 31024 ± 1909 | 300 | 277 |
| 196e | Bn | 257 ± 14 | 302 ± 23 | 20794 ± 950 | 1.2 | 80.9 |
| 196f | β-phenethyl | 181 ± 10 | 615 ± 52 | 19944 ± 1026 | 3.4 | 110 |
| 196g | γ-phenylpropyl | 147 ± 19 | 374 ± 15 | 4893 ± 344 | 2.5 | 33.3 |
| 196h | cinnamyl | 371 ± 15 | 368 ± 6.3 | 68931 ± 3476 | 1.0 | 186 |
| 196i | p-NO$_2$-β-phenethyl | 601 ± 28 | - | - | - | - |
| 196j | p-Cl-β-phenethyl | 271 ± 12 | - | - | - | - |
| 196k | p-NH$_2$-β-phenethyl | 72 ± 7 | - | - | - | - |
| 196l | p-NCS-β-phenethyl | 196 ± 14 | - | - | - | - |
| 196m | p-azido-β-phenethyl | 227 ± 19 | - | - | - | - |
| 196n | (p-NHCOCH$_2$Br)β-phenethyl | 61 ± 6 | - | - | - | - |
| 196o | (p-NHCO(CH$_2$)$_2$CO$_2$Et)β-phenethyl | 86 ± 4 | - | - | - | - |
| 197a | NH$_2$ | 753 ± 41.3 | 13725 ± 1256 | 3981 ± 229 | 18.2 | 5.3 |
| 197b | -NMe$_2$ | 127 ± 6.36 | 143713 ± 8854 | 7329 ± 158 | 1131 | 57.7 |
| 197c | -N(OMe)Me | 60 ± 6.4 | 28162 ± 2565 | 3935 ± 266 | 469 | 65.6 |
| 197d | -NHMe | 2424 ± 118 | 44798 ± 2105 | 4213 ± 206 | 18.5 | 1.7 |
| 197e (Benzoylecgonine) | -OH | 195000 | - | - | - | - |
| 197f | HOCH$_2$- | 561 ± 149 | - | - | - | - |
| 197g (Tropacocaine) | H | 5180 ± 1160 | - | - | - | - |
2β-Substituted Analogue Structures :
| 196a (Cocaethylene) | 196b | 196c | 196d | 196e |
| 196f | 196g | 196h | 196i | 196j |
| 196k | 196l | 196m | 196n | 196o |
| 197a | 197b | 197c | 197d | 197e |
| 197f | 197g |
Compounds 196e-h possess greater SERT affinity than cocaine, but possess weaker NET/DAT affinities (with the exception of 196g at NET). Compounds 196k, 196n, 196o, and 197c all possess greater DAT affinity than cocaine. Compound 197b (dimethyl amide) displayed a 1,131-fold increased selectivity in affinity over the serotonin transporter, with only slight reductions in potency for the dopamine & norepinephrine transporters. Whereas 197c (Weinreb amide, N-methoxy-N-methyl amide) had a 469× increase at SERT, with greater affinity for DAT than cocaine and an equal NET affinity. 197b was 137×, and 196c 27× less potent at binding to the serotonin transporter, but both had a NET / DAT ratio that made for a better dopaminergic than cocaine. The consideration that large, bulky C2 substituents would alter the spatial conformation of the tropane ring system by distorting the piperidine portion of the system and thus hamper binding appears to be unfounded.
Benzoylecgonine (197e) is the inactive primary metabolite of cocaine generated through hydrolysis of the C2 methyl ester. In vitro binding studies indicate that benzoylecgonine is ~2,200x less potent than cocaine at the dopamine transporter, possibly due to zwitterion formation preventing strong DAT binding. In contrast to in vitro studies, the lack of activity observed in in vivo studies is likely the result of reduced blood–brain barrier penetration than formation of a zwitterion.

#### Bioisostere 2-position carbmethoxy-ester functional replacements

2β-isoxazole and isoxazoline ring containing analogues $^{IC50nMvalues}$ :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | R | [$^3$H]Mazindol | [$^3$H]DA | Selectivity Uptake/Binding |
| (Cocaine) | (H) | 580 ± 70 | 570 ± 180 | 1.0 |
| 198a | H | 520 ± 40 | 260 ± 70 | 0.5 |
| 198b | CO$_2$Et (5′-carboethoxy-) | 120 ± 10 | 290 ± 40 | 2.4 |
| 198c | BOC | 2230 ± 220 | 1820 ± 810 | 0.8 |
| 198d | Ph | 2000 ± 640 | 2920 ± 1620 | 1.5 |
| 198e | CH=CHCO$_2$Me | 3600 ± 400 | 3590 ± 1180 | 1.0 |
| 199a | β(or R)CO$_2$Et | 710 ± 150 | 1060 ± 340 | 1.5 |
| 199b | α(or S)CO$_2$Et | 5830 ± 630 | 8460 ± 620 | 1.4 |
| 200 | | 880 ± 350 | 400 ± 140 | 0.4 |
2β-isoxazole and isoxazoline ring containing analogues :
| 198a | 198b | 198c | 198d |
| 198e | 199a | 199b | 200 |

#### Vinylogous 2β-position carbmethoxy-ester functional replacements

vinylogous 2β analogues $^{Data-setcongruentto,andaggregatewith,precedingtableIC50nMvalues}$ :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation | R | [$^3$H]Mazindol | [$^3$H]DA | Selectivity Uptake/Binding |
| Cocaine | | 580 ± 70 | 570 ± 180 | 1 |
| 201a | H | 1730 ± 550 | 1120 ± 390 | 0.6 |
| 201b | Cl | 222 ± 49 | 368 ± 190 | 1.6 |
| 201c | CO$_2$Et | 50 ± 10 | 130 ± 10 | 2.6 |
| 201d | CH=CHCO$_2$Et | 1220 ± 100 | 870 ± 50 | 0.7 |
| 201e | PO(OEt)$_2$ | 4850 ± 470 | 5500 ± 70 | 1.1 |
Vinylogous 2β analogues :
| 201a | 201b | 201c | 201d | 201e |
Compounds 201b & 201c were significantly more potent than cocaine while compounds 201a, 201d & 201e were significantly less potent. This finding indicates that the presence of a hydrogen bond acceptor (i.e. carbomethoxy) at the 2β position is not absolutely necessary for the creation of high affinity cocaine analogues.
Miscellaneous 2β-substituted cocaine analogues :
| [$^2$H$_5$-phenyl]-cocaine | HPBE | [$^2$H$_3$-N-methyl]-cocaine | C2-ethyl-OSO$_2$CF$_2$ cocaine | 2-[(2-methoxy-2-oxoethoxy)methyl] cocaine |

### N-modifications

Nitrogen Substitutions Mazindol comparison table ($^ɑ$β-CFT comparison notation) :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | N8-R | [$^3$H]Mazindol binding | [$^3$H]DA uptake | Selectivity Uptake/Binding |
| 217 (Cocaine methiodide) | - | 10700 ± 1530$^ɑ$ | - | - |
| (Cocaine) | CH$_3$ | 280 ± 60 102$^ɑ$ | 320 ± 10 | 1.1 |
| 218 (Norcocaine) | H | 303 ± 59$^ɑ$ | - | - |
| 219a | Bn | 668 ± 67$^ɑ$ | - | - |
| 219b | Ac | 3370 ± 1080$^ɑ$ | - | - |
| 219c | CH$_2$CH$_2$OH | 700 ± 100 | 1600 ± 200 | 2.3 |
| 219d | CH$_2$CO$_2$CH$_3$ | 480 ± 40 | 1600 ± 100 | 3.3 |
| 219e | CH$_2$CO$_2$H | 380 ± 20 | 2100 ± 400 | 5.5 |
| 220a | SO$_2$CH$_3$ (Ms) | 1290 ± 80 | 1970 ± 70 | 1.5 |
| 220b | SO$_2$CF$_3$ (Tf) | 330 ± 30 | 760 ± 20 | 2.3 |
| 220c | SO$_2$NCO | 120 ± 10 | 160 ± 10 | 1.3 |
| 220d | SO$_2$Ph | 20800 ± 3500 | 61000 | 2.9 |
| 220e | SO$_2$C$_6$H$_4$-4-NO$_2$ (nosyl) | 5720 ± 1140 | 18800 ± 90 | 3.3 |
| 220f | SO$_2$C$_6$H$_4$-4-OCH$_3$ | 6820 ± 580 | 16400 ± 1400 | 2.4 |
| 221a | NO | 99500 ± 12300 | 231700 ± 39500 | 2.3 |
| 221b | NO$_2$ | 7500 ± 900 | 21200 ± 600 | 2.8 |
| 221c | NHCOCH$_3$ | >1000000 | >1000000 | - |
| 221d | NH$_2$ | - | - | - |
* $^ɑ$IC$_{50}$ (nM) for displacement of [$^3$H]WIN 35428
N-Modified Analogue Structures :
| Norcocaine (218) | 219a | 219b | 219c |
| 219d | 219e | 220a | 220b |
| 220c | 220d | 220e | 220f |
| 221a | 221b | 221c | 221d |
Miscellaneous N-modified cocaine analogues :
| N6 Regioisomer | N7 Regioisomer | ortho-Phenyl N7 Regioisomer | 8-Oxa cocaine (cf Meltzer with PTs) |

### Tricyclic cocaine analogues
#### 8 to 2 tethered analogues

Activity at monoamine transporters: Binding Affinities & MAT Inhibition of Bridged Phenyltropanes K$_i$ (nM) :
| Compound (S. Singh's #) | [$^3$H]Mazindol binding | [$^3$H]DA uptake | [$^3$H]5-HT uptake | [$^3$H]NE uptake | selectivity [$^3$H]5-HT/[$^3$H]DA |
| cocaine | 375 ± 68 | 423 ± 147 | 155 ± 40 | 83.3 ± 1.5 | 0.4 |
| (–)-128 | 54.3 ± 10.2 | 60.3 ± 0.4 | 1.76 ± 0.23 | 5.24 ± 0.07 | 0.03 |
| (+)-128 | 79 ± 19 | 114 ± 28 | 1.48 ± 0.07 | 4.62 ± 0.31 | 0.01 |
| (±)-128 | 61.7 ± 8.5 | 60.3 ± 0.4 | 2.32 ± 0.23 | 2.69 ± 0.12 | 0.04 |
| 129 | 6.86 ± 0.43 | 24.0 ± 1.3 | 1.77 ± 0.04 | 1.06 ± 0.03 | 0.07 |
| 130a | 17.2 ± 1.13 | 10.2 ± 1.4 | 78.9 ± 0.9 | 15.0 ± 0.4 | 7.8 |
| 131a | 4.00 ± 0.07 | 2.23 ± 0.12 | 14.0 ± 0.6 | 2.99 ± 0.17 | 6.3 |
| 131b | 3.61 ± 0.43 | 11.3 ± 1.1 | 25.7 ± 4.3 | 4.43 ± 0.01 | 2.3 |
| 132a | 13.7 ± 0.8 | 14.2 ± 0.1 | 618 ± 87 | 3.84 ± 0.35 | 43.5 |
| 133a | 149 ± 6 | 149 ± 2 | 810 ± 80 | 51.7 ± 12 | 5.4 |
See N-front & back bridged phenyltropanes.
Derivations upon fusions of the tropane's nitrogen bridge :
| Compound | S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation | [$^3$H]Mazindol | [$^3$H]DA | Selectivity Uptake/Binding |
| | 222 | 44900 ± 6200 | 115000 ± 15700 | 2.6 |
Back-bridged cocaine analogues are considered more akin to untethered cocaine analogs & phenyltropane derivatives (where the nitrogen lone pair is not fixed or constrained) and better mimics their affinities. This is due to when the eighth carbon tropane position is freely rotatable and unbound it preferably occupies the axial position as defining its least energy & most unhindered state. In front-bridged analogs the nitrogen lone pairings rigid fixity makes it reside in an equatorial placing for the piperidine ring-part of the tropane nucleus, pointing to the two-carbon & three methylene unit bridgehead; giving the attested front-bridged cocaine analogues preference for SERT over DAT.

#### 8 to 3 tethered analogues

Thiophene tricyclic tropane analogues :
| Compound | R | X | [$^3$H]DA Uptake | [$^3$H]5-HT Uptake | [$^3$H]NE Uptake | 5-HT/DA Selectivity | NE/DA Selectivity |
| Cocaine | | | 259 ± 19.9 | 155 ± 0.4 | 108 ± 3.5 | 0.60 | 0.42 |
| 5a | H | CO$_2$Me | 268 ± 16.6 | 2046 ± 42 | 26.4 ± 1.9 | 7.63 | 0.10 |
| 5b | Me | CO$_2$Me | 403 ± 20 | 179 ± 38 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 0.44 | 0.01 |
| 5c | I | CO$_2$Me | 368 ± 1.6 | 29 ± 1.6 | 5 ± 1.3 | 0.08 | 0.01 |
| 7 | H | CO$_2$iPr | 428 ± 45.7 | 1150 ± 1.6 | 52.3 ± 12.0 | 2.69 | 0.12 |
| 8 | H | CH$_2$OH | ~3000 | ~1000 | ~300 | ~0.33 | ~ 0.1 |
| 9 | H | CH$_2$OAc | 610 ± 53 | 1530 ± 150 | 283 ± 16 | 2.51 | 0.46 |
| 10 | H | CH$_2$OCOC(CH$_3$)$_3$ | 1020 ± 70 | 168 ± 53.5 | 1180 ± 130 | 0.16 | 1.16 |
| 11 | H | CH$_2$OCOPh | 1750 ± 140 | 1.53 ± 0.19 | 894 ± 126 | 0.0009 | 0.51 |
| 12 | H | CH$_2$OCO-2-naphthyl | 1678 ± 124 | 169 ± 16 | 1234 ± 166 | 0.10 | 0.74 |
| 13 | H | CH$_2$NHCOCH$_3$ | 6140 ± 50 | 13330 ± 3150 | 2430 ± 340 | 2.17 | 0.39 |
| 14 | H | CH$_2$NHCO$_2$C(CH$_3$)$_3$ | 2300 ± 380 | 2360 ± 30 | 1700 ± 60 | 1.03 | 0.74 |
Conformationally constrained tricyclic tropane analogues :
| Compound | R | X | [$^3$H]DA Uptake | [$^3$H]5-HT Uptake | [$^3$H]NE Uptake | DA/5-HT Selectivity | NE/DA Selectivity |
| Cocaine | | | 423 ± 147 | 155 ± 0.4 | 108 ± 3.5 | 2.7 | 0.26 |
| 8a | 4-F | CO$_2$Me | 6620 ± 460 | 335 ± 45 | 584 ± 163 | 2.7 | 0.26 |
| 8b | 4-Cl | CO$_2$Me | 853 ± 58 | 34.3 ± 2.9 | 208 ± 111 | 24.8 | 0.24 |
| 8c | 3-Cl | CO$_2$Me | 7780 ± 1580 | 53.6 ± 17.2 | 231 ± 44 | 145 | 0.03 |
| 8d | 4-Br | CO$_2$Me | 495 ± 13 | 11 ± 3 | 178 ± 9 | 45 | 0.36 |
| 8e | 4-I | CO$_2$Me | 764 ± 11 | 21.9 ± 0.3 | 213 ± 31 | 34.9 | 0.28 |
| 8f | 4-CF$_3$ | CO$_2$Me | N/T | 12.6 ± 0.5 | 1830 ± 211 | N/T | N/T |
| 8g | H | CO$_2$Me | 481 ± 11 | 1140 ± 70 | 53 ± 16 | 0.42 | 0.11 |
| 8h | 4-Me | CO$_2$Me | 649 ± 2 | 15 ± 0.4 | 146 ± 28 | 43.3 | 0.22 |
| 8i | 4-OCH$_3$ | CO$_2$Me | 3130 ± 160 | 56 ± 4 | 187 ± 5 | 55.9 | 0.06 |
| 8j | 4-iPr | CO$_2$Me | N/T | 10.2 ± 0.4 | 1110 ± 200 | N/T | N/T |
| 8k | 3,4-Cl$_2$ | CO$_2$Me | 1920 ± 260 | 20 ± 1 | 1000 ± 280 | 96 | 0.52 |
| 8l | 2,3-Cl$_2$ | CO$_2$Me | 950 ± 107 | 354 ± 188 | 1210 ± 358 | 2.4 | 1.42 |
| 8m | 3,5-Cl$_2$ | CO$_2$Me | 5600 ± 400 | 437 ± 0.3 | 4100 ± 500 | 12.8 | 0.73 |
| 8n | 3,4-F$_2$ | CO$_2$Me | 7440 ± 19 | 101 ± 8.7 | 394 ± 98 | 73.7 | 0.05 |
| 8o | 4-Br-3-Cl | CO$_2$Me | 5420 ± 940 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 459 ± 80 | 2360 | 0.08 |
| 8p | 3-Cl-4-I | CO$_2$Me | 3140 ± 450 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 272 ± 55 | 1740 | 0.09 |
| 8q | 2-Cl-4-I | CO$_2$Me | 6640 ± 2080 | 74 ± 12.2 | 508 ± 21 | 89.7 | 0.08 |
| 8r | 3-Cl-4-Me | CO$_2$Me | >10000 | 6.4 ± 1.3 | 198 ± 10 | >1560 | <0.02 |
| 8s | 3,4-Me$_2$ | CO$_2$Me | N/T | 10.1 ± 1.1 | 659 ± 128 | N/T | N/T |
| 8t | 1-Naphthyl | CO$_2$Me | 9720 ± 700 | 121 ± 3 | 5370 ± 580 | 80.3 | 0.55 |
| 8u | 2-Naphthyl | CO$_2$Me | 735 ± 235 | 21 ± 9.9 | 157 ± 13 | 35 | 0.21 |
| 8v | 1-Pyrenyl | CO$_2$Me | 9920 ± 906 | 860 ± 20.6 | N/T | 11.5 | N/T |
| 8w | 9-Phenanthryl | CO$_2$Me | 1640 ± 30 | 233 ± 44 | 13000 ± 1300 | 39.2 | 0.86 |
* "N/T" = "not tested"

### Tropane ring contraction (azabornane) analogues

7-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Derivatives :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | DAT [$^3$H]WIN 35428 K$_i$ (nM) |
| (Cocaine) | 89 ± 4.8 |
| 155a | 60400 ± 4800 |
| 155b | 96500 ± 42 |
| 155c | 5620 ± 390 |
| 155d | 18900 ± 1700 |

### 6/7 tropane position methoxycocaine & methoxypseudococaine analogues

Substitutions upon the 6 & 7 positions of the tropane :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | X | K$_i$ (nM) [$^3$H]Mazindol binding | K$_i$ (nM) [$^3$H]DA uptake | Selectivity Uptake/Binding |
| (Cocaine) | | 280 ± 60 | 320 ± 10 | 1.1 |
| (Pseudococaine) | | 10400 ± 300 | 13800 ± 1500 | 1.3 |
| 225a | 2β, 6β-OCH$_3$ | 98000 ± 12000 | 68000 ± 5000 | 0.7 |
| 225b | 2α, 6β-OCH$_3$ | 190000 ± 11000 | 510000 ± 110000 | 2.7 |
| 225c | 2β, 7β-OCH$_3$ | 4200 ± 100 | 6100 ± 200 | 1.4 |
| 225d | 2α, 7β-OCH$_3$ | 45000 ± 5000 | 110000 ± 4000 | 2.4 |
| 225e | 2α, 7α-OCH$_3$ | 54000 ± 3000 | 200000 ± 70000 | 3.7 |

### 3β-position 2′—(6′) & 2β-substitution combination analogues

4′-Iodococaine-2β-substituted analogues :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation | 2β-R | C2′-R | IC$_{50}$ (nM) (displacement of [$^3$H]WIN 35428) |
| 211a | CH$_2$OH | H | 6214 ± 1269 |
| 211b | CH$_2$OCOCH$_3$ | H | 2995 ± 223 |
| 211c | CONHCH$_3$ | H | >100000 |
| 211d | CO$_2$Et | H | 2031 ± 190 |
| 211e | CO$_2$-i-Pr | H | 1377 ± 10 |
| 211f | CO$_2$Ph | H | 2019 ± 253 |
| 211g | CO$_2$CH$_2$Ph | H | 4602 ± 325 |
| 211h | 3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole | H | 3459 ± 60 |
| 211i | CH=CH$_2$ | H | 2165 ± 253 |
| 211j | CH$_2$CH$_3$ | H | 2692 ± 486 |
| 212 | CO$_2$-i-Pr | HO | 663 ± 70 4507 ± 13$^ɑ$ 34838 ± 796$^b$ |
* $^ɑ$For displacement of [$^3$H]paroxetine (5-HTT & NET)
* $^b$For displacement of [$^3$H]nisoxetine (5-HTT & NET)
4′-Iodococaine-2β-substituted analogues :
| 211a | 211b | 211c | 211d | 211e |
| 211f | 211g | 211h | 211i | 211j |

### 3β-Carbamoyl analogues

3-position carbamoyl linkage substituting benzoyloxy analogues :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | X | IC$_{50}$ (nM) inhibition of [$^3$H]Cocaine binding (Rat Striatal Tissue) | IC$_{50}$ (nM) inhibition of [$^3$H]DA uptake (Rat Striatal Tissue) | Selectivity uptake/binding |
| (Cocaine) | (H) | 70 ± 10 | 210 ± 70 | 3.0 |
| 223a | H | 5600 ± 700 | 52600 ± 3000 | 9.4 |
| 223b | 4-NO$_2$ | 1090 ± 250 | 5700 ± 1200 | 5.2 |
| 223c | 4-NH$_2$ | 63300 ± 12200 | >100000 | - |
| 223d | 4-N$_3$ | 1000 ± 240 | 1180 ± 360 | 1.2 |
| 223e | 4-NCS | 260 ± 60 | 490 ± 80 | 1.9 |
| 223f | 3-NO$_2$ | 37 ± 10 | 178 ± 23 | 4.8 |
| 223g | 3-NH$_2$ | 2070 ± 340 | 23100 ± 900 | 11.1 |
| 223h | 3-N$_3$ | 630 ± 150 | 3900 ± 1590 | 6.2 |
| 223i | 3-NCS | 960 ± 210 | 4900 ± 420 | 5.1 |
3β-Carbamoyl analogues :
| 223a | 223b | 223c |
| 223d | 223e | 223f |
| 223g | 223h | 223i |

### Phenyl 3-position linkage substitutions

See: List of phenyltropanes (Many phenyltropanes are derived from cocaine metabolites, such as methylecgonidine, as precursors. Whereas fully synthetic methods have been devised from the starting material of vinylcarbenoids & pyrroles.)
The difference in the length of the benzoyloxy and the phenyl linkage contrasted between cocaine and phenyltropanes makes for a shorter distance between the centroid of the aromatic benzene and the bridge nitrogen of the tropane in the latter PTs. This distance being on a scale of 5.6 Å for phenyltropanes and 7.7 Å for cocaine or analogs with the benzoyloxy intact. This may account for PTs increased behavioral stimulation profile over cocaine. Differences in binding potency have also been explained considering solvation effects; cocaine containing 2β,3β-ester groups being calculated as more solvated than the WIN-type compounds (i.e. troparil). Higher pK$_ɑ$s of the tropane nitrogen (8.65 for cocaine, 9.55 for troparil & 11.95 for vinyl analogue 43a), decreased aqueous solvation & decreased conformational flexibility added to increased binding affinity.
Despite the observation of increased stimulation, phenyltropanes lack the local anesthetic sodium channel blocking effect that the benzoyloxy imparts to cocaine. Beside topical affect, this gives cocaine an affinity for binding to sites on the dopamine and serotonin sodium dependent transport areas that are distinct & specific to MAT in contrast to the general sodium channels; creating a separate mechanism of relational affinity to the transporters in addition to its inhibition of the reuptake for those transporters; this is unique to the local anesthetic value in cocaine & analogues with a similar substitute for the benzoyloxy that leaves the sodium channel blockage ability intact. Rendering such compounds as different functionally in their relation to MAT contrasted to phenyltropane analogues which have the local anesthetic bridge removed. (Requiring some of the sodium ions to be pumped from the axon via Na+/K+-ATPase). In addition, it even has been postulated that a crucial role regarding the electron energy imparted via voltage sensitization (and thus action potential blockage with a molecule capable of intersecting its specific channel, in the case of cocaine a sodium channel, that potentially serves in re-quantifying its charge) upon a receptor binding site may attenuate the mediating influence of the inhibitory regulation that autoreceptors play by their slowing neurotransmitter release when an efflux is created through an instance of agonism by a compound; allowing said efflux to be continued without the body's attempt to maintain homeostasis enacting in as readily responsive a manner to its conformational change.

### 3β-Alkylphenyltropane & 3β-Alkenyl analogues

3-position alkylphenyl linkage substituting benzoyloxy analogues :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | n | IC$_{50}$ (nM) [$^3$H]Cocaine binding | IC$_{50}$ (nM) [$^3$H]DA uptake | Selectivity uptake/binding |
| (Cocaine) | | 101 ± 26 | 209 ± 20 | 2.1 |
| 224a | $_1$ | 885 ± 18 | 1020 ± 52 | 1.1 |
| 224b | $_2$ | 9.9 ± 0.33 | 70.5 ± 1.0 | 7.1 |
| 224c | $_3$ | 344 ± 12 | 2680 ± 190 | 7.8 |
| 224d | | 71.6 ± 0.7 | 138 ± 9 | 1.9 |
| 224e | | 2.10 ± 0.04 | 5.88 ± 0.09 | 2.8 |
3β-Alkylphenyltropane & 3β-Alkenyl analogues :
| 224a | 224b | 224c | 224d | 224e |
The compound 224e, the 3β-styrene analogue, had the highest potency in its group. While 224b & 224c showed the most selectivity, with 224b having a ten-fold greater potency for the dopamine transporter than cocaine.

### 6-Alkyl-3-benzyltropane analogues

6-Alkyl-3-benzyl-2[(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]tropane analogues :
* Sub-category (S. Singh compound #)
* 2β,6α-isomers: (229a—f)
* 2α,6α-isomers: (230a—f)
* 2β,6β-isomers: (231a—f)
* 2α,6β-isomers: (232a—f)
6-Alkyl-3-benzyl-2[(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]tropane analogues :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name/WIN number) | R | K$_i$ (nM) [$^3$H]WIN 35428 binding | IC$_{50}$ (nM) [$^3$H]DA uptake | Selectivity uptake/binding |
| Cocaine | | 32 ± 5 338 ± 221 | 405 ± 91 405 ± 91 | 12.6 1.2 |
| WIN 35065-2 | | 33 ± 17 314 ± 222 | 373 ± 10 | 11.3 |
| (−)-229a | H | 33 ± 5 | 161 ± 100 | 4.9 |
| 229a | H | 91 ± 10 | 94 ± 26 | 1.0 |
| 229b | Me | 211 ± 23 | - | - |
| 229c | Et | 307 ± 28 | - | - |
| 229d | n-Pr | 4180 ± 418 | - | - |
| 229e | n-Bu | 8580 ± 249 | - | - |
| 229f | Bn | 3080 ± 277 | - | - |
| (+)-230a | H | 60 ± 6 | 208 ± 63 | 3.5 |
| 230a | H | 108 ± 14 | 457 ± 104 | 4.2 |
| 230b | Me | 561 ± 64 | - | - |
| 230c | Et | 1150 ± 135 | - | - |
| 230d | n-Pr | 7240 ± 376 | - | - |
| 230e | n-Bu | 19700 ± 350 | - | - |
| 230f | Bn | 7590 ± 53 | - | - |
| 231b | Me | 57 ± 5 | 107 ± 36 | 1.9 |
| 231c | Et | 3110 ± 187 | - | - |
| 231d | n-Pr | 5850 ± 702 | - | - |
| 231f | Bn | 1560 ± 63 | - | - |
| 232b | Me | 294 ± 29 | 532 ± 136 | 1.8 |
| 232c | Et | 6210 ± 435 | - | - |
| 232d | n-Pr | 57300 ± 3440 | - | - |
| 232f | Bn | 3080 ± 277 | - | - |
| 241 | Bn | 4830 ± 434 | - | - |
Benzylidene derivatives of 6-alkyl-3-benzyltropanes :
* Sub-category (S. Singh compound #)
* 6α-isomers: (237a—f)
* 6β-isomers (exo): (238a—f)
* 3β-benzyl derivatives: (239a—f)
* intermediate alkylidene esters: (240a—f)
N.B. The benzylidene derivatives serve as synthetic intermediates for 6-Alkyl-3-benzyltropanes and have not been assayed for biological activity. Compounds 237a and 238a are the same compound as both are the parent for either series with a hydrogen saturated in their respective substitution place.

### Direct 2,3-pyrimidino fused

cf. strobamine (at right) for a more efficacious compound as like the below.
2,3-direct fused "di-hetero-benzene" rigidified cocaine analogs. (Binding values @ biogenic amine transporters (BATs) for rigid and semi-rigid analogs) :
| alphanumeric assignation | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | hDAT IC$_{50}$ (nM) | hSERT IC$_{50}$ (nM) | hNET IC$_{50}$ (nM) |
| (−)-3a | H | C$_6$H$_5$ | 58,300 (20,200) | 6140 (3350) | NA |
| (+)-3a | H | C$_6$H$_5$ | 48,700 (20,100) | 6030 (3400) | NA |
| (−)-3b | H | NH$_2$ | NA | NA | NA |
| (+)-3b | H | NH$_2$ | NA | NA | NA |
| (−)-3c | H | CH$_3$ | NA | NA | NA |
| (+)-3c | H | CH$_3$ | NA | NA | NA |
| (−)-3d | H | H | NA | NA | NA |
| (+)-3d | H | H | NA | NA | NA |
| (+/—)-3e | C$_6$H$_5$ | C$_6$H$_5$ | 30,000 (11,200) | 3650 (1700) | NA |
* "NA" = "no affinity", e.g. unquantifiable.
Direct di-hetero-benzene (pyrimidino) 2,3-fused and thus rigidified cocaine analogs.

### Piperidine cocaine-homologues

Binding potency of piperidine homologues for displacement of [$^3$H]WIN 35428 :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | 2β-R | IC$_{50}$ (nM) |
| (Cocaine) | CO$_2$CH$_3$ (i.e. CO$_2$Me) | 249 ± 37 |
| 183a | CO$_2$CH$_3$ | 2522 ± 4 |
| 242 | H | 11589 ± 4 |
| 243 | CO$_2$CH$_3$ | 8064 ± 4 |
cf. phenyltropane piperidine-homologues for compounds with a more optimized conformation that yield higher affinities when binding to MAT.

### Cocaine hapten analogues

Cocaine analogs which elicit noncatalytic antibodies :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | 2β-R |
| 394 (GNC)$^ɑ$ | CO$_2$(CH$_2$)$_5$CO$_2$H |
| 395 (Succinyl Norcocaine) | CO$_2$CH$_3$ |
| GNE$^b$ including carrier proteins: GNE-FLiC GNE-KLH GNE-BSA | |
| 396 | CONH(CH$_2$)$_5$CO$_2$H |
* $^ɑ$6-(2R,3S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2-carbonyloxy-hexanoic acid
* $^b$6-(2R,3S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2-carboxamido-hexanoic acid
Cocaine transition state analogues (TSAs) which generate catalytic antibodies :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | R |
| 401a | CH$_3$ |
| 401b | (CH$_2$)$_5$CO$_2$H |
| 401c | CH$_2$CO$_2$H |
| 401d | COCH$_2$CH$_2$CO$_2$H |
| 401e | H |
| 401f | CH$_2$CH$_2$Br |
| 385g | (CH$_2$)$_2$NHCO(CH$_2$)$_2$CONH$_2$ |
| 402a | O(CH$_2$)$_4$NHCO(CH$_2$)$_2$CO$_2$N(CO$_2$)$_2$C$_6$H$_4$ |
| 402b | OH |
| 402c | O(CH$_2$)$_2$(p-NH$_2$C$_6$H$_4$) |
| 402d | NH(CH$_2$)$_5$CO$_2$H |
| 402e | O(CH$_2$)$_4$NHCO(CH$_2$)$_2$CONH$_2$ |
| 403a | NH$_2$ |
| 403b | NHCOCH$_2$Br |
| 403c | NHCO(CH$_2$)$_3$CO$_2$H |
| 403d | (CH$_2$)$_3$NHCO(CH$_2$)$_2$CONH$_2$ |
Cocaine haptens that create catalytic anti-bodies require transitional states as affected in vivo. Monoclonal antibodies generated against BSA-coupled 402e accelerated the rate of cocaine hydrolysis by ~23,000x and eliminated the reinforcing effects of cocaine administration in rats.
Anti-idiotypic & butyl-cholinesterase mediated immunopharmacotherapy cocaine analogs :
| K1-KLH/BSA | K2-KLH/BSA |

## Structural/Functional intermediate analogues
### Piperidine Analogues

* JZ-IV-10 (a "Modafinil hybrid" with nocaine. cf. List of modafinil analogues)
* Nocaine
A somewhat recent occurrence among tentative modern folklore which has traversed the circling of rumors mostly confined to the likes of universities and popular culture trivia has been that cocaine is one element, or molecule increment of weight or charge etc., away from the molecular structure of sugar. Though such a statement is false as a general pretense, there is a dextrose based super-structure that has a vaguely similar overlay with cocaine which is "benzoyl-beta-D-glucoside."
* Benzoyl-beta-D-glucoside

### Benztropine (3α-Diphenylmethoxy Tropane) Analogues

3α-Diphenylmethoxy tropanes (Benztropine analog affinities binding to DAT & DA uptake) :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | R | R′ | K$_i$ (nM) [$^3$H]WIN 35428 binding | IC$_{50}$ (nM) [$^3$H]DA uptake | Selectivity uptake/binding |
| (Cocaine) | | | 388 ± 47 | - | - |
| (GBR 12909) | | | 11.6 ± 31 | - | - |
| (Benztropine) | H | H | 118 ± 9 | 403 ± 115 | 3.4 |
| 249a | 4′-F | H | 32.2 ± 10 | 48 | 1.5 |
| 249b (AHN 1-055) | 4′-F | 4′-F | 11.8 ± 1 | 71 | 6.0 |
| 249c | 3′,4′-di-F | H | 27.9 ± 11 | 181 ± 45.7 | 6.5 |
| 249d | 4′-Cl | H | 30.0 ± 12 | 115 | 3.8 |
| 249e | 4′-Cl | 4′-Cl | 20.0 ± 14 | 75 | 3.8 |
| 249f | 3′,4′-di-Cl | H | 21.1 ± 19 | 47 | 2.2 |
| 249g | 3′,4′-di-Cl | F | 18.9 ± 14 | 24 | 1.3 |
| 249h | 4′-Br | H | 37.9 ± 7 | 29 | 0.8 |
| 249i | 4′-Br | 4′-Br | 91.6 | 34 | 0.4 |
| 249j | 4′-NO$_2$ | H | 197 ± 8 | 219 | 1.1 |
| 249k | 4′-CN | H | 196 ± 9 | 222 | 1.1 |
| 249l | 4′-CF$_3$ | H | 635 ± 10 | 2155 | 3.4 |
| 249m | 4′-OH | H | 297 ± 13 | 677 | 2.3 |
| 249n | 4′-OMe | H | 78.4 ± 8 | 468 | 6.0 |
| 249o | 4′-OMe | 4′-OMe | 2000 ± 7 | 2876 | 1.4 |
| 249p | 4′-Me | H | 187 ± 5 | 512 | 2.7 |
| 249q | 4′-Me | 4′-Me | 420 ± 7 | 2536 | 6.0 |
| 249r | 4′-Et | H | 520 ± 8 | 984 | 1.9 |
| 249s | 4′-t-Bu | H | 1918 | 4456 | 2.3 |
| 250a | 3′-F | H | 68.5 ± 12 | 250 ± 64.7 | 3.6 |
| 250b | 3′-F | 3′-F | 47.4 ± 1 | 407 ± 63.9 | 8.6 |
| 250c | 3′-Cl | H | 21.6 ± 7 | 228 ± 77.1 | 10.5 |
| 250d | 3′-CF$_3$ | H | 187 ± 5 | 457 ± 72.0 | 2.4 |
| 251a | 2′-F | H | 50.0 ± 12 | 140 ± 17.2 | 2.8 |
| 251b | 2′-Cl | H | 228 ± 9 | 997 ± 109 | 4.4 |
| 251c | 2′-Me | H | 309 ± 6 | 1200 ± 1.64 | 3.9 |
| 251d | 2′-NH$_2$ | H | 840 ± 8 | 373 ± 117 | 0.4 |
3α-Diphenylmethoxy-2β-carbomethoxybenztropine (Benztropine affinities to DAT & 5-HTT in cynomologous monkey caudate-putamen) :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | R | R′ | IC$_{50}$ (nM) DAT (Binding of [$^3$H]WIN 35428) | IC$_{50}$ (nM) 5-HTT (Binding of [$^3$H]Citalopram) | Selectivity 5-HTT/DAT |
| (benztropine) | | | 312 ± 1.1 | 24100 ± 14800 | 77.2 |
| (WIN 35428) | | | 12.9 ± 1.1 | 160 ± 20 | 12.4 |
| R-256 | | | 2040 ± 283 | 1460 ± 255 | 0.7 |
| S-257a | H | H | 33.5 ± 4.5 | 10100 ± 1740 | 301 |
| S-257b | H | F | 13.2 ± 1.9 | 4930 ± 1200 | 373 |
| S-257c (difluoropine) | F | F | 10.9 ± 1.2 | 3530 ± 1480 | 324 |
| S-257d | H | Cl | 15.8 ± 0.95 | 5960 ± 467 | 377 |
| S-257e | Cl | Cl | 91.4 ± 0.85 | 3360 ± 1480 | 36.8 |
| S-257f | H | Br | 24.0 ± 4.6 | 5770 ± 493 | 240 |
| S-257g | Br | Br | 72.0 ± 3.65 | 2430 ± 339 | 33.7 |
| S-257h | H | I | 55.9 ± 10.3 | 9280 ± 1640 | 166 |
| S-257i | Br | I | 389 ± 29.4 | 4930 ± 82 | 12.7 |
| S-257j | I | I | 909 ± 79 | 8550 ± 442 | 9.4 |
| S-257k | H | Me | 49.5 ± 6.0 | 13200 | 266 |
| S-257l | Me | Me | 240 ± 18.4 | 9800 ± 2680 | 40.8 |
N-Modified 2-carbomethoxybenztropines (Benztropine affinities to DAT & 5-HTT in cynomologous monkey caudate-putamen) :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | R | n | IC$_{50}$ (nM) DAT (Binding of [$^3$H]WIN 35428) | IC$_{50}$ (nM) 5-HTT (Binding of [$^3$H]Citalopram) | Selectivity 5-HTT/DAT |
| 258a | | | 20.3 ± 3.5 | - | - |
| 258b | H | $_1$ | 223 ± 53 | 4970 ± 700 | 22.3 |
| 258c | H | $_3$ | 22.0 ± 11.9 | 19.7 ± 3 | 0.9 |
| 258d | Br | $_3$ | 80.2 ± 8.8 | 234 ± 0.5 | 2.9 |
| 258e | I | $_3$ | 119 ± 11 | 2200 ± 1250 | 18.5 |
| 258f | H | $_5$ | 99.0 ± 28 | 550 ± 63 | 5.5 |
| 259 | | | 616 ± 88 | 55200 ± 20000 | 89.3 |
N-substituted 3α[bis(4′-fluorophenyl)methoxy]tropanes (Benztropine affinities to DAT & 5-HTT) :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | R | K$_i$ (nM) DAT (Binding of [$^3$H]WIN 35428) | IC$_{50}$ (nM) 5-HTT (Uptake of [$^3$H]DA) | Selectivity uptake/binding |
| 260 (AHN 2-003) | H | 11.2 ± 11 | 9.7 | 0.9 |
| 261a | 3-phenylpropyl | 41.9 ± 11 | 230 | 5.5 |
| 261b | indole-3-ethyl | 44.6 ± 11 | 1200 | 26.9 |
| 261c | 4-phenylbutyl | 8.51 ± 14 | 39 | 4.6 |
| 261d | 4-(4′-nitrophenyl)butyl | 20.2 ± 11 | 650 | 32.2 |
| 261e | 3-(4′-fluorophenyl)propyl | 60.7 ± 12 | - | - |
| 262a | n-butyl | 24.6 ± 8 | 370 | 15.0 |
| 262b | cyclopropylmethyl | 32.4 ± 9 | 180 | 5.5 |
| 262c | allyl | 29.9 ± 10 | 14 | 0.5 |
| 262d | benzyl | 82.2 ± 15 | 290 | 3.5 |
| 262e | 4-fluorobenzyl | 95.6 ± 10 | 200 | 2.1 |
| 262f | cinnanyl | 86.4 ± 12 | 180 | 2.1 |
| 262g | [bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl | 634 ± 23 | - | - |
| 262h | [(4-nitrophenyl)phenylmethoxy]ethyl | 57.0 ± 17 | - | - |
| 263 | acetyl | 2340 | 4600 | 2.0 |
| 264 | formyl | 2020 ± 13 | 5400 | 2.7 |
| 265a | tosyl | 0%$^ɑ$ | - | - |
| 265b | mesyl | 18%$^ɑ$ | - | - |
| (AHN 2-005) | CH$_2$CH=CH$_2$ | - | - | - |
| (JHW 007) | CH$_2$CH$_2$CH$_2$CH$_3$ | - | - | - |
| (GA 2-99) | CH$_2$CH$_2$NH$_2$ | - | - | - |
| (GA 103) | CH$_2$CH$_2$CH$_2$CH$_2$Ph | - | - | - |
| 266 | | 108 ± 12 | 130 | 1.2 |
$^ɑ$Inhibition at 10 μM
8-Oxa-2-carbomethoxy norbenztropines (8-Oxanortropane benztropine analog affinities to DAT & 5-HTT) :
| S. Singh's alphanumeric assignation (name) | | IC$_{50}$ (nM) DAT (Binding of [$^3$H]WIN 35428) | IC$_{50}$ (nM) 5-HTT (Binding of [$^3$H]Citalopram) |
| R/S-268 | 2β,3β | >10000 | >1660 |
| R/S-269 | 2α,3β | 20300 | >1660 |
| R/S-270 | 2α,3α | 22300 | >1660 |
| R/S-271 | 2β,3α | 520 | >1660 |
3α-Diphenylmethoxytropane Analogues of Cocaine :
| Benzatropine | Etybenzatropine | Difluoropine (O-620) | PG01053 | 276 | 277 |
| MFZ 4-86 | MFZ 2-71 | 3-CPMT | JHW 007-d9 | GA 103 | AHN 1-055 |
The binding of benztropine analogues to the DAT differs significantly from that of cocaine and the phenyltropanes. Benztropines are considered to be "atypical" DAT ligands because they stabilize the DAT in an inward-facing (closed-to-out) conformation, whereas cocaine and the phenyltropanes stabilize the DAT in an outward-facing (open-to-out) conformation. This difference in DAT binding may be responsible for the lack of cocaine-like behavioral effects observed in animal and human studies of the benztropine analogues and other “atypical” DAT inhibitors. Studies of the structure-activity relationships of benztropine have shown that DAT affinity and selectivity over other monoamine transporters is enhanced by 4′,4′-difluorination. Modification of the tropane n-substituent was found to mitigate the anticholinergic effects of benztropine analogues by reducing M1 affinity.

### Tropanyl Isoxazoline Analogues

Tropanyl-Δ$^2$-isoxazoline derivatives :
| 4a | 4c | 5a | 5c |
| 6a | 6b | 6c | 7a |
| 7b | 7c | 8a | 8b |
| 8c | 9a | 9b | 9c |
| 10a | 10b | 10c | 11a |
| 11b | 12a | 12b |
Compound 7a (3′-methoxy-8-methyl-spiro(8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-3,5′(4′H)-isoxazole) allosterically enhances SERT binding of other reuptake ligands. Compound 7a construed as a potentiating allosteric effect (by unveiling occluded configured serotonin uptake-area ligand-site on surface of transporter that allows for binding by exogenous ligand, when SERT is otherwise conformed in a transitional manner where a SERT ligand cannot bind, this effect with compound in question occurs) at concentrations of 10μM—30μM (wherein it acts by interconverting the conformational state of unexposed SERTs to ones exposing the SSRI binding site via a shift to the equilibrium of the MAT) while exerting an inhibitory orthosteric effect when concentrations reach >30μM and above. 7a is the only known compound to allosterically modulate SERT in such a way within in vitro conditions (tianeptine has been shown to do similar, but has only shown efficacy doing so in living in vivo tissue samples). Considering its noncompetitive inhibition of 5-HT transporters decreasing V$_{max}$ with small change in the Km for serotonin, putatively stabilizing the cytoplasm-facing conformation of SERT: in such respect it is considered to have the opposite effect profile of the anti-addiction drug ibogaine (save for the function by which its anti-addictive properties are thought to be mediated, i.e. α$_3$β$_4$ nicotinic channel blockage. cf. 18-Methoxycornaridine for such nicotinergic activity without the likewise SERT affinity). Compound 11a possesses similar effects, but acts on the DAT. Similarly, such peripheral DAT considerations (when, as often is, considered conformational rather than otherwise explained as being electrostatic) may constitute the difference in affinity, through allosertic occulsion, between cyclopentyl-ruthenium phenyltropane in its difference from the tricarbonyl-chromium

### Alicyclic Amine Analogues

| EXP-561 | Butyltolylquinuclidine |

### Dihydroimidazoles

See: List of Mazindol analogues
Mazindol is usually considered a non-habituating (in humans, and some other mammals, but is habituating for e.g. Beagles) tetracyclic dopamine reuptake inhibitor (of somewhat spurious classification in the former).
It is a loosely functional analog used in cocaine research; due in large part to N-Ethylmaleimide being able to inhibit approximately 95% of the specific binding of [$^3$H]Mazindol to the residues of the MAT binding site(s), however said effect of 10 mM N-Ethylmaleimide was prevented in its entirety by just 10 μM cocaine. Whereas neither 300 μM dopamine or D-amphetamine afforded sufficient protection to contrast the efficacy of cocaine.

## Local anesthetics (not usually CNS stimulants)

In animal studies, certain of the local anesthetics have displayed residual dopamine reuptake inhibitor properties, although not normally ones that are easily available. These are expected to be more cardiotoxic than phenyltropanes. For example, dimethocaine has behavioral stimulant effects (and therefore not here listed below) if a dose of it is taken that is 10 times the amount of cocaine. Dimethocaine is equipotent to cocaine in terms of its anesthetic equivalency. Intralipid "rescue" has been shown to reverse the cardiotoxic effects of sodium channel blockers and presumably those effects when from cocaine administered intravenously as well.
List of local anesthetics :
| Name | Other common names |
| Amylocaine | Stovaine |
| Articaine | Astracaine, Carticaine, Septanest, Septocaine, Ultracaine, Zorcaine |
| Benzocaine | Anbesol, Lanacane, Orajel |
| Bupivacaine | Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine |
| Butacaine | Butyn |
| Chloroprocaine | Nesacaine |
| Cinchocaine/Dibucaine | Cincain, Cinchocaine, Nupercainal, Nupercaine, Sovcaine |
| Cyclomethycaine | Surfacaine, Topocaine |
| Etidocaine | Duranest |
| Eucaine | α-eucaine, β-eucaine |
| Fomocaine | |
| Fotocaine | |
| Hexylcaine | Cyclaine, Osmocaine |
| Levobupivacaine | Chirocaine |
| Lidocaine/Lignocaine | Xylocaine, Betacaine |
| Mepivacaine | Carbocaine, Polocaine |
| Meprylcaine/Oracaine | Epirocain |
| Metabutoxycaine | Primacaine |
| Phenacaine/Holocaine | Holocaine |
| Piperocaine | Metycaine |
| Pramocaine/Pramoxine | Pramoxine |
| Prilocaine | Citanest |
| Propoxycaine/Ravocaine | Pravocaine, Ranocaine, Blockain |
| Procaine/Novocaine | Borocaine (Procaine Borate), Ethocaine |
| Proparacaine/Alcaine | Alcaine |
| Quinisocaine | Dimethisoquin |
| Risocaine | Propaesin, Propazyl, Propylcain |
| Ropivacaine | Naropin |
| Tetracaine/Amethocaine | Pontocaine, Dicaine |
| Trimecaine | Mesdicain, Mesocain, Mesokain |