# Nunation

Nunation (Arabic: تَنوِين, tanwīn), in some Semitic languages such as Literary Arabic, is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics (ḥarakāt) to a noun or adjective.
This is used to indicate the word ends in an alveolar nasal without the addition of the letter nūn. The noun phrase is fully declinable and syntactically unmarked for definiteness, identifiable in speech.

## Literary Arabic

When writing Literary Arabic in full diacritics, there are three nunation diacritics, which indicate the suffixes -un (IPA: /-un/) (nominative case), -in /-in/ (genitive), and -an /an/ (accusative). The orthographical rules for nunation with the fatḥah sign ـً‎ is by an additional ا‎ alif (اً‎, diacritic above alif; or ـًا‎, diacritic before alif; see below), above ةً‎ (tāʾ marbūṭah تاء مربوطة) or above ءً‎ (hamzah همزة).
In most dialects of spoken Arabic, nunation only exists in words and phrases borrowed from the literary language, especially those that are declined in the accusative (that is, with -an). It is still used in some Bedouin dialects in its genitive form -in, such as in Najdi Arabic.
Since Arabic has no indefinite article, nouns that are nunated (except for proper nouns) are indefinite, and so the absence of the definite article ʼal triggers nunation in all nouns and substantives except diptotes (that is, derivations with only two cases in the indefinite state, -u in the nominative and -a in the accusative and genitive). A given name, if it is not a diptote, is also nunated when declined, as in أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ الله (ashhadu anna Muḥammadan rasūlu l-lāh(i) /ʔaʃ.ha.du ʔan.na mu.ħam.ma.dan ra.suː.lul.laː(.hi)/ "I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."), in which the word محمد Muḥammad, a given name derived from the passive participle of حَمَّدَ ("to praise"), is nunated to مُحَمَّدًا Muḥammadan to signal that it is in the accusative case, as it is the grammatical subject of a sentence introduced by أنَّ ("that").
Nunation - tanwīn تَنْوِين :
| Symbol | ـٌ ‎ | ـٍ ‎ | ـً ‎ |
| Transliteration | -un | -in | -an |
| Case | Nom | Gen | Acc |
| Example on the word بيت bayt | بيتٌ‎ | بيتٍ‎ | بيتًا‎ |
| Transliteration | baytun | baytin | baytan |
| Example on the word دودة dūdah | دودةٌ ‎ | دودةٍ ‎ | دودةً ‎ |
| Transliteration | dūdatun | dūdatin | dūdatan |
| Example on the word هدوء hudūʼ | هدوءٌ ‎ | هدوءٍ ‎ | هدوءًا ‎ |
| Transliteration | hudūʼun | hudūʼin | hudūʼan |
In Levantine Arabic, it is standard to write fatḥatān on the alif, rather than on the previous letter: بيتاً - هدوءاً ‎

## Xiao'erjing

Xiao'erjing is a Perso-Arabic script adopted for writing of Sinitic languages such as Mandarin (especially the Lanyin, Zhongyuan and Northeastern dialects) or the Dungan language. This writing system is unique (compared to other Arabic-based writing systems) in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly marked at all times with Arabic diacritics. In this script, the three nunations are used extensively to represent the alveolar (front) nasal sounds ("-n"), and also sometimes to represent velar (back) nasal sounds ("-ng").
Nunation - tanwīn :
| Symbol | ـًا ‎ | ـٌ ‎ | ـٍ ‎ | ْـٍ ‎ |
| Transliteration | -an | -un | -en | -eng |
| Example on a word | بًا ‎ | جٌ ‎ | مٍ ‎ | مٍْ ‎ |
| Chinese Character | 半 | 准 | 们 | 梦 |
| Pinyin | bàn | zhǔn | mén | mèng |

## Akkadian language

Nunation may also refer to the -n ending of duals in Akkadian (until it was dropped in the Old Babylonian period).

## Character encodings

Character information :
| Preview | ً | ً | ٌ | ٌ | ٍ | ٍ | ࣰ | ࣰ | ࣱ | ࣱ | ࣲ | ࣲ |
| Unicode name | ARABIC FATHATAN | ARABIC FATHATAN | ARABIC DAMMATAN | ARABIC DAMMATAN | ARABIC KASRATAN | ARABIC KASRATAN | ARABIC OPEN FATHATAN | ARABIC OPEN FATHATAN | ARABIC OPEN DAMMATAN | ARABIC OPEN DAMMATAN | ARABIC OPEN KASRATAN | ARABIC OPEN KASRATAN |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 1611 | U+064B | 1612 | U+064C | 1613 | U+064D | 2288 | U+08F0 | 2289 | U+08F1 | 2290 | U+08F2 |
| UTF-8 | 217 139 | D9 8B | 217 140 | D9 8C | 217 141 | D9 8D | 224 163 176 | E0 A3 B0 | 224 163 177 | E0 A3 B1 | 224 163 178 | E0 A3 B2 |
| Numeric character reference | &#1611; | &#x64B; | &#1612; | &#x64C; | &#1613; | &#x64D; | &#2288; | &#x8F0; | &#2289; | &#x8F1; | &#2290; | &#x8F2; |