# Private Secretary to the Sovereign

The private secretary to the sovereign is the senior operational member of the Royal Household of the sovereign of the United Kingdom (as distinct from the great officers of the Household, whose duties are largely ceremonial). The private secretary is the principal channel of communication between the monarch and the governments in most of the Commonwealth realms. They also have responsibility for the official programme and correspondence of the sovereign. Through these roles the position wields considerable influence. This is one of the most senior positions within the Royal Household.
The office of private secretary was first established in 1805. As of 2024 the position has been held exclusively by men. One woman has served as both deputy and assistant private secretary and an additional two women have served as assistant private secretaries. The current private secretary position is held by Sir Clive Alderton.

## History

Colonel Herbert Taylor, who was appointed in 1805, is acknowledged as the first private secretary to the sovereign. However, the office was not formally established until 1867. Constitutionally there was some opposition on the part of ministers to the creation of an office which might grow to have considerable influence upon the sovereign. However, it was soon realised that the sovereign was in need of secretarial support, since his or her ministers had ceased to provide daily advice and support with the growth of ministerial government. Queen Victoria did not have a private secretary until she appointed General Charles Grey to the office in 1861; her husband Prince Albert had effectively been her secretary until his death.

## Functions

The principal functions of the office are:
* to act as a channel of communication between the sovereign and his or her governments, and to advise the sovereign on constitutional, political or governmental questions;
* to organise the official programme of the sovereign, and to ensure its acceptability to both the sovereign and the government; these duties including drafting speeches, maintaining connection with other households, the Royal Train, The King's Helicopter, No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron RAF, and the armed forces — the latter through the Defence Services Secretary; and
* to deal with the sovereign's official correspondence (including congratulatory messages), from members of the public, Royal Communications, and the Court Circular; and also to deal with the sovereign's private papers, the Royal Archives, and the monarchy's official website.
The position of private secretary is regarded as equivalent to that of the permanent secretary of a government department. The incumbent is always made a privy counsellor on appointment, and has customarily received a peerage upon retirement (a life peerage since 1972, although a small number have been given hereditary titles). Until 1965, peerages granted to Private Secretaries were hereditary baronies, with the exception of Lord Knollys, who was created a viscount in 1911. All private secretaries since the time of Lord Stamfordham have been created peers, with the exceptions of Sir Alexander Hardinge (inherited his father's barony in 1944), Sir Alan Lascelles (declined as he felt titles to be a show of self-importance) and Sir William Heseltine (who is an Australian).
Private secretaries to the sovereign are always appointed Knights Bachelor, or knights of one of the orders of chivalry, typically the Order of the Bath or the Royal Victorian Order. The same is true for Principal Private Secretaries to other members of the Royal Household, such as William, Prince of Wales.
The private secretary is head of only one of the several operational divisions of the Royal Household. However, he or she is involved in co-ordination between various parts of the household, and has direct control over royal communications, the Royal Archives, and the office of the Defence Services Secretary.
There are 57 people employed in the office of the monarch's private secretary.

### Liaison with the government

The private secretary is responsible for liaising with the Cabinet Secretary, the Privy Council Office (PCO), and the Ministry of Justice's Crown Office in relation to:
* appointments that are formally made by the sovereign;
* the scheduling of the meetings of the Privy Council; and
* the transmission of official documents that need to be signed by the sovereign.

### Security

Reporting to the private secretary is the role of director for security liaison which was established following a recommendation of the Security Commission in 2004. The post was first held by Brigadier Jeffrey Cook who was in office from 2004 to 2008. The private secretary has general oversight of security policy, though the master of the household is also involved, and the keeper of the Privy Purse has responsibility for the ceremonial bodyguards, such as the gentlemen at arms and the yeomen of the Guard.

## List of private secretaries to the sovereign since 1805

| Private Secretary | Term of office | Term of office | Peerage | Monarch (Reign) |
| Colonel Herbert Taylor | 1805 | 1811 | | George III (1760–1820; under regency from 1811) |
| Colonel Sir Sir John McMahon, 1st Baronet | 1811 | 1817 | | The Prince Regent, later George IV (1820–1830) |
| Lieutenant-General Sir Benjamin Bloomfield | 1817 | 1822 | Baron Bloomfield | The Prince Regent, later George IV (1820–1830) |
| Sir William Knighton | 1822 | 1830 | | The Prince Regent, later George IV (1820–1830) |
| Lieutenant-General Sir Herbert Taylor | 1830 | 1837 | | William IV (1830–1837) |
| William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (informally, while Prime Minister) | 1837 | 1840 | | Victoria (1837–1901) |
| Prince Albert (informally) | 1840 | 1861 | | Victoria (1837–1901) |
| Colonel Sir Charles Beaumont Phipps | 1861 | 1866 | | Victoria (1837–1901) |
| General Charles Grey | 1861 | 1870 | | Victoria (1837–1901) |
| Major-General Sir Henry Ponsonby | 1870 | 1895 | | Victoria (1837–1901) |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Arthur Bigge | 1895 | 1901 | Baron Stamfordham | Victoria (1837–1901) |
| Francis Knolyss, 1st Baron Knollys | 1901 | 1910 | Viscount Knollys | Edward VII (1901–1910) |
| Francis Knolyss, 1st Baron Knollys | 1910 | 1913 | Viscount Knollys | George V (1910–1936) |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham | 1910 | 1931 | | George V (1910–1936) |
| Colonel Clive Wigram, 1st Baron Wigram | 1931 | 1936 | | George V (1910–1936) |
| Major Sir Alec Hardinge | 1936 | 1936 | Baron Hardinge of Penshurst | Edward VIII (1936) |
| Major Sir Alec Hardinge | 1936 | 1943 | Baron Hardinge of Penshurst | George VI (1936–1952) |
| Captain Sir Alan Lascelles | 1943 | 6 February 1952 | | George VI (1936–1952) |
| Captain Sir Alan Lascelles | 6 February 1952 | 1953 | | Elizabeth II (1952–2022) |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Michael Adeane | 1 January 1954 | 1 April 1972 | Baron Adeane (for life) | Elizabeth II (1952–2022) |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Martin Charteris | 1 April 1972 | 12 November 1977 | Baron Charteris of Amisfield (for life) | Elizabeth II (1952–2022) |
| Sir Philip Moore | 12 November 1977 | 1 April 1986 | Baron Moore of Wolvercote (for life) | Elizabeth II (1952–2022) |
| Sir William Heseltine | 1 April 1986 | 19 October 1990 | | Elizabeth II (1952–2022) |
| Sir Robert Fellowes | 19 October 1990 | 4 February 1999 | Baron Fellowes (for life) | Elizabeth II (1952–2022) |
| Lieutenant Sir Robin Janvrin | 4 February 1999 | 8 September 2007 | Baron Janvrin (for life) | Elizabeth II (1952–2022) |
| Sir Christopher Geidt | 8 September 2007 | 17 October 2017 | Baron Geidt (for life) | Elizabeth II (1952–2022) |
| Sir Edward Young | 17 October 2017 | 8 September 2022 | Baron Young of Old Windsor (for life) | Elizabeth II (1952–2022) |
| Sir Edward Young | 8 September 2022 | 15 May 2023 | Baron Young of Old Windsor (for life) | Charles III (2022–present) |
| Sir Clive Alderton | 8 September 2022 | present | | Charles III (2022–present) |

### Deputy private secretaries to the sovereign since 1972

| Deputy Private Secretary | From | To |
| Sir Philip Moore | 1972 | 1977 |
| Sir William Heseltine | 1977 | 1986 |
| Sir Robert Fellowes | 1986 | 1990 |
| Sir Kenneth Scott | 1990 | 1996 |
| Sir Robin Janvrin | 1996 | 1999 |
| Mary Francis | February 1999 | June 1999 |
| Christopher Geidt | 2005 | 2007 |
| Edward Young | 2007 | 2017 |
| David Hogan-Hern | 2022 | 2022 |
| John Sorabji | 2022 | 2023 |
| Matthew Magee | 2022 | 2024 |
| Chris Fitzgerald | 2022 | 2024 |
| Theo Rycroft | 2024 | present |

### Assistant private secretaries to the sovereign since 1878

| Assistant Private Secretary | From | To |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Fleetwood Edwards | 1878 | 1895 |
| Colonel Sir Arthur Bigge | 1880 | 1895 |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Frederick Ponsonby | 1895 | 1914 |
| Colonel Sir Arthur Davidson | 1901 | 1910 |
| Colonel Sir Clive Wigram | 1910 | 1931 |
| Rowland Baring, 2nd Earl of Cromer | 1916 | 1920 |
| Major Sir Alexander Hardinge | 1920 | 1936 |
| Sir Frank Herbert Mitchell | 1931 | 1937 |
| Sir Alan Lascelles | 1935 | 1943 |
| Sir Godfrey Thomas | 1936 | 1936 |
| Major Sir Michael Adeane | 1936 | 1953 |
| Sir Eric Mieville | 1937 | 1945 |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Edward Ford | 1946 | 1967 |
| Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Martin Charteris | 1952 | 1972 |
| Philip Moore | 1966 | 1972 |
| William Heseltine | 1972 | 1977 |
| Robert Fellowes | 1977 | 1985 |
| Sir Kenneth Scott | 1985 | 1990 |
| Robin Janvrin | 1990 | 1995 |
| Mary Francis | 1996 | 1999 |
| Tim Hitchens | 1999 | 2002 |
| Kay Brock | 1999 | 2002 |
| Stuart Shilson | 2001 | 2004 |
| Christopher Geidt | 2002 | 2005 |
| Edward Young | 2004 | 2007 |
| Douglas King | 2007 | 2012 |
| Samantha Cohen | 2010 | 2018 |
| Tom Laing-Baker | 2018 | 2022 |
| Matthew Magee | 2018 | 2022 |
| Jennifer Jordan-Saifi | 2022 | 2023 |