OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ve (Arabic letter)

Ve (ڤ) is a letter of the Arabic-based Comoro, Kurdish, Swahili, and Wakhi alphabets. It is derived from the Arabic letter fāʾ (ف) with two additional dots. It represents the sound /v/ in the aforementioned uses. On the other hand, the letter Pa (ڤ) represents the sound /p/ in the Jawi (used for Malay) and Pegon (used for Javanese) alphabets.
Ve originated as one of the new letters added for the Perso-Arabic alphabet to write New Persian, and it was used for the sound /β/. This letter is no longer used in Persian, as the [β]-sound changed to [b], e.g. archaic زڤان /zaβɑn/ > زبان /zæbɒn/ 'language'
The letter ve is sometimes used in Arabic language to write names and loanwords with the phoneme /v/, such as ڤولڤو (Volvo), ڤيتنام (Vietnam), نوڤمبر (November) and ڤيينا viyenna (Vienna), but rather described, for example, in Egyptian Arabic, it is called fe be talat noʾaṭ (فه بتلات نقط, "Fa' with three dots").
The character ڤ is mapped in Unicode under position U+06A4.
| Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
| Glyph form: (Help) | ڤ‎ | ـڤ‎ | ـڤـ‎ | ڤـ‎ |
The character ڥ‎ is mapped in Unicode under position U+06A5. In Tunisia and Algeria the variant (ڥ‎) /v/ with three dots below is used instead to differentiate it from the letter (ڨ) /ɡ/. This usage might have been influenced by the Maghrebi archaic variant of fāʼ (ڢ) with a dot below.
| Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
| Glyph form: (Help) | ڥ‎ | ـڥ‎ | ـڥـ‎ | ڥـ‎ |

## ڨ

| Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
| Glyph form: (Help) | ڨ‎ | ـڨ‎ | ـڨـ‎ | ڨـ‎ |
In Tunisian and in Algerian, (ڨ, looks similar to ق but with three dots) is used for /ɡ/, such as in names of places or persons containing a voiced velar stop, as in Gafsa (in Tunisia) or Guelma (in Algeria). If the usage of that letter is not possible for technical restrictions, qāf (ق) is often used instead.
In Arabic script representations of the Chechen language, ڨ‎ is used to represent the uvular ejective /qʼ/, and /v/ in Hindko language, in Pakistan, called vaf.
# Saltmen

The Saltmen (Persian: مردان نمکی, mardān-e namakī) are the preserved remains of multiple human individuals that were discovered in the Chehrabad salt mines, located on the southern part of the Hamzehlu village, on the west side of the city of Zanjan, in the Zanjan Province in Iran. By 2010, the remains of six men had been discovered, most of them accidentally killed by the collapse of galleries in which they were working. The head and left foot of Salt Man 1 are on display at the National Museum of Iran in Tehran.

## Discovery

In the winter of 1993, miners came across a body with long hair, a beard and some artifacts. These included the remains of a body, a lower leg inside a leather boot, three iron knives, a woollen half trouser, a silver needle, a sling, parts of a leather rope, a grindstone, a walnut, some pottery shards, some patterned textile fragments, and a few broken bones. The body had been buried in the middle of a tunnel approximately 45 metres (148 ft) in length.
In 2004, another salt miner found the remains of a second man. During archaeological excavations in 2005, the remains of another two well-preserved men were found. In 2006, the Iranian Cultural Heritage News Agency partnered with the German Mining Museum in Bochum (Germany), and then in 2007 with the University of Oxford and the Swiss University of Zurich for thorough investigations. A scientific long-term project was started, supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and British funds. Four corpses, including a teenager and a woman, are kept at the Archeology Museum (Zolfaghari House) in Zanjan. A sixth corpse found in the excavation campaign 2010 was left in place at the salt mine. Three hundred pieces of fabric were found, some of which retained designs and dyes. In 2008, the Ministry of Industries and Mines canceled the mining permit.

## Research

After archaeological studies which included C14 dating of different samples of bones and textiles, the Salt Man was dated to about 1,700 years ago. By testing a sample of hair, the blood group B+ was determined.
* Egyptian archaeologists announce discovery of marble statue and 132 new sites
Three-dimensional scans which were modeled by a scientific team led by Jalal Jalal Shokouhi show fractures around the eye and other injuries which occurred before death, resulting from a hard blow. Visual characteristics included long hair and a beard; a golden earring in the left ear indicated that he was likely a person of rank or influence. The reason for his presence and death in the salt mine of Chehrabad remains a mystery.
Three of the saltmen are dated to the Parthian (247 BCE–224 CE) and Sassanid (224–651 CE) eras, and the remainder to the Achaemenid Dynasty (550–330 BCE).
In a 2012 research paper, it was reported that the 2200-year-old mummy of Chehrabad had tapeworm eggs from the genus Taenia in his intestine. This brings new information on ancient diet, indicating the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, and it also constitutes the earliest evidence of ancient intestinal parasites in Iran, adding to the knowledge of gastrointestinal pathogens in the Near East.
# Hipercor

Hipercor S.A. is an upscale chain of hypermarkets in Spain, belonging to the same group as El Corte Inglés. It has its head office in the El Corte Inglés head office building in Madrid.
Hipercor generally stocks a wide range of household and food products across large floorspaces (1 or 2 storeys) and are usually located as part of the same building complexes (styled as centro commercial) as the El Corte Inglés department store. The first Hipercor hypermarket was inaugurated on 5 September 1980 in Seville.
Other 'Cor' supermarkets include SuperCor (average sized units) and OpenCor, smaller convenience stores that open all year round from 07/08:00 and closing at 01/02:00 the following morning.
On 19 June 1987, a car bomb exploded in the underground car park of a Hipercor supermarket in Barcelona, killing 21 civilians and injuring 45, amongst them several small children. Santiago Arrospide, also known as Santi Potros, and Rafael Caride Simon were sentenced to 790 years in prison for their role in the attack. Both Arrospide and Simon were members of the Basque separatist group ETA.
# Joel Collier

Joel Collier (born December 25, 1963) is an American football executive who is a national scout for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He is the son of Joe Collier, a former defensive coordinator for the Denver Broncos and New England Patriots and head coach of the Buffalo Bills.

## Playing career

Collier attended the University of Northern Colorado, where he played football as a linebacker from 1984 to 1987. He was also an academic All-North Central Conference selection.

## Coaching career
### College

Under head coach Dick MacPherson, Collier began his coaching career as a graduate assistant at Syracuse University in 1988.

### NFL

After his two-year stint at Syracuse, Collier moved to the NFL for the 1990 season as an offensive assistant with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In 1991, he re-joined MacPherson, then head coach of the Patriots, as an assistant running backs and wide receivers coach until 1992. In 1993, he entered the Patriots' scouting department as a pro scout. From 1994 to 1997, Collier served as a defensive assistant for the Miami Dolphins. In 1998, he became the Dolphins' running backs coach, a position he held until 2004. Prior to the Patriots' 2005 season, he was hired as their secondary coach. He was not retained by the Patriots following their 2007 season. In February 2009, he was hired by Kansas City Chiefs general manager Scott Pioli, a former executive for the Patriots, as assistant general manager. He remained as the Chiefs assistant general manager until Andy Reid turned over most of the staff.

### Saint Thomas Aquinas High School

After being let go by Reid in the spring of 2013, Collier decided to volunteer at his son's high school for the 2013 season at Saint Thomas Aquinas High School in Overland Park, Kansas. Collier helped assist the defensive backs. The team went 3–7, including a 1st round loss in the playoffs. Collier shared that he intended to return to coaching in the NFL for the next year.

## Atlanta Falcons

From 2016 to 2018, Collier was the director of pro personnel for the Atlanta Falcons. In 2019, he was reassigned to the position of national scout.

## Personal Life

His father Joe Collier is a former NFL head coach.
# Natas (computer virus)

Natas (Satan spelled backwards) is a computer virus written by James Gentile, a then-18-year-old hacker from San Diego, California who went by the alias of "Little Loc" and later "Priest". The virus was made for a Mexican politician who wanted to win the Mexican elections by affecting all the Mexican Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) computers with a floppy disk.

## Description

Natas is a memory-resident stealth virus and is highly polymorphic, that affects master boot records, boot sectors of diskettes, files .COM and also .exe programs.

## History

The virus first appeared in Mexico City in May 1992, spread by a consultant using infected floppy disks. The virus became widespread in Mexico and the southwest United States. The virus also made its way to the other side of the US, infecting computers at the United States Secret Service knocking their network offline for approximately three days. This led to an investigation of Priest and incorrect suspicion that the virus specifically targeted government computers.
Natas also infected computers in Canada, England, Russian Federation, Venezuela and Brazil.
# Chrysoesthia drurella

Chrysoesthia drurella is a moth from the family Gelechiidae. It is found in most of Europe, Russia and North America.
The wingspan is 7–9 mm.
The host plants are Chenopodium and Atriplex species. Chrysoesthia drurella can mainly be found in agricultural areas. The moth has two generations in one year. The first in May and June and the second in August and September.
# Fernando (disambiguation)

Fernando is a Spanish and Portuguese given name.
Fernando may also refer to:

## Music

* Fernando (Handel opera), alternative title for the opera Sosarme
* Fernando (Schubert opera), Singspiel in one act, composed by Franz Schubert in 1815
* Fernando, opera by Carlo Arrigoni 1733
* "Fernando" (song), a song by ABBA in 1976

## Sports

* Fernando Gómez (footballer, born 1965), Spanish football manager and former attacking midfielder
* Fernando Sánchez (footballer), Spanish football manager and former left midfielder
* Fernando Santos (footballer, born 1980), Brazilian football centre-back
* Fernando (footballer, born 1931), Fernando Domingos de Souza, Brazilian football goalkeeper
* Fernando (footballer, born 1967), Fernando Henrique Mariano, Brazilian football midfielder
* Fernando (footballer, born 1974), Fernando Marcelo Campagnolo, Brazilian football defender
* Fernando (footballer, born 1978), Fernando Almeida de Oliveira, Brazilian football midfielder
* Fernando (footballer, born 1981), Fernando Domingos de Moura, Brazilian football forward
* Fernando (footballer, born 1984), Fernando de Jesus Ribeiro, Brazilian football goalkeeper
* Fernando (footballer, born May 1986), Fernando Gomes de Jesus, Brazilian football defensive midfielder
* Fernando (footballer, born July 1986), Fernando Ribeiro Fernandes, Brazilian football attacking midfielder
* Fernando (footballer, born November 1986), Fernando Augusto Azevedo Pedreira, Hong Kong football winger for Kitchee
* Fernando (footballer, born 1987), Fernando Francisco Reges, Brazilian football defensive midfielder for Sevilla
* Fernando (footballer, born 1992), Fernando Lucas Martins, Brazilian football defensive midfielder for Antalyaspor
* Fernando Neto (born 1993), Brazilian football midfielder for Operário
* Fernando (footballer, born March 1999), Fernando dos Santos Pedro, Brazilian football forward for Red Bull Salzburg
* Fernando (footballer, born September 1999), Fernando Augusto Pereira Bueno Júnior, Brazilian football left-back for Athletico Paranaense
* Fernando (footballer, born 2005), Luis Fernando Santos Oliveira, Brazilian football forward for Cruzeiro
* CD San Fernando, a Spanish football team
* Club San Fernando, an Argentine multi-sports club in San Fernando, Buenos Aires

## Other

* Fernando (Barcelona Metro), a former Barcelona metro station
* Fernando Andacht, a Uruguayan-born semiotician
* Fernando de Noronha, a Brazilian island in the Atlantic
* Fernando, Minnesota
* Cirque Fernando, a former Parisian circus
* E. Fernando, an Indian politician
* Fernet con coca, an Argentinian cocktail also known as a fernando
* Estación San Fernando, a railway station in San Fernando, Chile
* "Fernando's Hideaway", a recurring Saturday Night Live sketch with Billy Crystal satirizing Fernando Lamas
# Nashville City Center

Nashville City Center is a 27-story Class A office tower in Nashville with 480,000 square feet of commercial office space and 800 structured parking spaces. Designed by The Stubbins Associates, Inc., the building was completed in 1988. The logo for First Horizon Bank is at its peak.
The tower was purchased by Miami-based Parmenter Realty Partners for $84 million in 2008.
In March 2019, Texas-based real-estate investment firm CapRidge Partners purchased the tower for $105.3 million.
In November 2013, the tower was sold to Alliance Partners HSP LLC, an affiliate of Honolulu-based The Shidler Group for $103 million.
The 511 Group manages the property.

## Notable tenants

* First Horizon Bank
* Warner Music Group
* Waller Lansden Dortch & Davis, LLP
# Parklane Towers

The Parklane Towers complex is a pair of twin office buildings in Dearborn, Michigan, United States, known locally as the "salt and pepper shakers" or "washer and dryer".
Parklane Towers East is located at 1 Parklane Boulevard in Dearborn, Michigan. It was constructed in 1971 and stands at 15 stories. The older of the twin buildings is used for offices, retail, and other commercial space.
Parklane Towers West is located at 3 Parklane Boulevard in Dearborn, MI. The younger of the two buildings was constructed in 1973 and stands at 15 floors in height. Designed by Rossetti architects, the high-rise is used for offices and retail space. Rossetti architects designed both towers in the modern architectural style with concrete and glass as its main materials. Joseph Pasquali was the tile setter and mechanic for the towers.
# Gelignite

Gelignite (/ˈdʒɛlɪɡnaɪt/), also known as blasting gelatin or simply "jelly", is an explosive material consisting of collodion-cotton (a type of nitrocellulose or guncotton) dissolved in either nitroglycerine or nitroglycol and mixed with wood pulp and saltpetre (sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate).
It was invented in 1875 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, who also invented dynamite. It is more stable than dynamite, but can still suffer from "sweating" or leaching out nitroglycerine. Its composition makes it easily moldable and safe to handle without protection, as long as it is not near anything capable of detonating it.
One of the cheapest explosives, it burns slowly and cannot explode without a detonator, so it can be stored safely.
In the United Kingdom, an explosives certificate, issued by the local Chief Officer of Police, is required for possession of gelignite. Due to its widespread civilian use in quarries and mining, it has historically been used by rebel groups such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Ulster Volunteer Force who often used gelignite as a booster.

## Frangex

In the 1970s, Irish Industrial Explosives Limited produced 6,000 tonnes annually of Frangex, a commercial gelignite intended for use in mines and quarries. It was produced at Ireland's largest explosives factory in Enfield, County Meath. The Gardaí and the Irish Army patrolled the area, preventing the IRA from gaining direct access.
However, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) indirectly acquired amounts of the material. At the time of Patrick Magee's arrest on 22 June 1985, 3.5 kilograms (8 lb) was found in his possession, while 300 kilograms (660 lb) was discovered in a hijacked road tanker in January 1976. Gelignite material stolen by the IRA from quarries, farms and construction sites in the Republic was among the 48,000 lb (22,000 kg) of explosives detonated in Northern Ireland in the first six months of 1973 alone.
PIRA volunteer, later informer, Sean O'Callaghan estimated that planting 11 kg (25 lb) of Frangex would kill everyone within an 18-metre (60 ft) radius. The Real IRA (RIRA) also acquired Frangex, and, in December 2000, eighty sticks were discovered on a farm in Kilmacow, County Kilkenny, near Waterford.
In early 1982 the Irish National Liberation Army stole 450 kg (1,000 lb) of Frangex commercial explosives from the Tara mines in County Tipperary, enabling the organisation to intensify its bombing campaign. The INLA carried out its deadliest attack in December 1982 with the bombing of the Droppin' Well disco in Ballykelly, County Londonderry, which catered to British military personnel, in which 11 soldiers on leave and six civilians were killed. A bomb, estimated to be 2.5 to 4.5 kg (5 to 10 lb) of Frangex explosive, small enough to fit into a handbag, was left beside a support pillar and brought down the roof when it exploded.
# Corpora (journal)

Corpora is a three times yearly peer-reviewed linguistic academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews on corpus linguistics, with a focus on corpus construction and corpus technology. It is edited by Tony McEnery (Lancaster University).

## Aims and scope

The journal is concerned both with the construction of text corpora and their practical use across fields, disciplines and languages. Most emphasis is given to contributions devoted to corpus linguistic theories and methodologies.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is indexed in the following services:
* Australian Research Council ERA 2010 Ranked Journal List
* Bibliography of Linguistic Literature
* Directory of Lexicography Institutions
* EBSCO A-to-Z
* EBSCO Discovery Service
* EBSCO TOC Premier
* European Reference Index of Research Journals in the Humanities
* JournalTOCs
* Linguistics Abstracts
* Linguistics & Language Behavior Abstracts
* MLA International Bibliography
# Charles L. South

Charles Lacy South (July 22, 1892 – December 20, 1965) was an American educator, lawyer and politician who served four terms as a U.S. Representative from Texas from 1935 to 1943.

## Biography

Born on a farm near Damascus, Virginia. South moved with his parents to Callahan County, Texas, in 1898 and to Coleman County, Texas, in 1914. He attended the public schools and Simmons College at Abilene, Texas, in 1915 and 1916.

### Early career

He taught in the Coleman County, Texas, public schools from 1914 to 1920.
He served as superintendent of schools of Coleman County from 1921 to 1925. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1925. He served as county judge from 1925 to 1931 and as district attorney for the thirty-fifth judicial district from 1930 to 1934.

### Congress

South was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fourth and to the three succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1943). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in the first primary in 1942 and later withdrew.

### Later career and death

He engaged in the practice of law in Coleman, Texas. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1947 and 1948. He was a resident of Austin, Texas, from 1948 until his death there on December 20, 1965. He was interred in Coleman Cemetery, Coleman, Texas.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Charles L. South (id: S000683)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byDistrict created | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 21st congressional district 1935–1943 | Succeeded byO. C. Fisher |
# Blyvooruitzicht

Blyvooruitzicht (locally /ˈbleɪfʊəreɪtsəxt/ BLAY-foor-ayt-səkht; Afrikaans pronunciation:) is a gold mine and gold-mining village in Gauteng, South Africa. It is situated about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the centre of Carletonville and 80 kilometres (50 mi) westwards from Johannesburg.

## History of the village

The name of the village is of Dutch origin meaning "happy prospect". The farm Blyvooruitzicht was first farmed by Pieter Daniël Roux and the main road through the current village is named after him. Established in 1937, Blyvooruitzicht village was built to house the workers of the Blyvooruitzicht Gold Mine which was the first to mine the gold of the West Wits line. In the late 60's and early 70's it boasted having the highest earnings per capita in the world.

## History of the mine

Production started in 1942 under the ownership of Rand Mines. Later ownership passed to DRD (in 1997), then Village Main Reef and more recently Blyvoor Gold.

### Sinkholes

During the night of 3 August 1964, a sinkhole in the former mining village township of Westdene, Blyvooruitzight, buried the entire Oosthuizen family and their domestic worker, alive. Situated some 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) south of Carletonville, as one of four village townships at the Blyvooruitzight Gold Mine, Westdene, was consequently abandoned. The subsequent housing shortage was quickly normalised by extending the Southdene village township situated some 400 metres (1,300 ft) south of the sinkhole, with pre-fabricated asbestos housing. Unknown at the time, asbestos was since proclaimed and banned as a health hazard, but the houses are still occupied today.
An ancient sinkhole southwest of the village called the Hutgrot Cave was the shelter of the Batswana tribes during the Mzilikazi raids.

## Places of interest
### The Villagers

Blyvoor mine and village was the setting for a SABC TV soap opera filmed in the 1970s called "The Villagers (TV Series 1976)".

### Isidingo

The highest point in the village is a hill called "Isidingo", which is where the mine manager's house was built. The current soap opera "Isidingo" derives its name from it.

## Mining Operations
### Gold

Blyvooruitzicht Gold Mining Company Limited (Blyvoor), has underground and surface operations and is situated on the north-western edge of the Witwatersrand Basin. Established in 1937, it was the first mine on the West Wits line. Production started here in 1942.
Blyvoor has two main gold-bearing horizons: the Carbon Leader Reef (CLR), which is one of the principal ore bodies of the Carletonville goldfield; and the Middelvlei Reef, which is some 75 metres (246 ft) above the CLR horizon. At present mining is concentrated on No 5 shaft.

### Uranium

A pilot uranium extraction plant was put in operation at Blyvooruitzicht in October 1949 and by 1953 uranium production was done at large scale. Tailings from the slime dams created by gold mining operations were later reprocessed for both gold and uranium extraction.