OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Serenade No. 5 (Mozart)

The Serenade No. 5 in D major, K. 204/213a was written on 5 August 1775 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart for ceremonies at the University of Salzburg. The work is very similar to the serenade K. 203, composed for Salzburg the previous summer.

## Structure

The serenade is scored for two oboes (doubling flutes), bassoon, two horns in D, A, and G, two trumpets in D, and strings. There are seven movements:
* Allegro assai, 4/4
* Andante moderato in A major, 3/4
* Allegro in A major, 2/2
* Menuetto & Trio, 3/4
* [Andante] in G major, 2/4
* Menuetto and Trio, 3/4
* Andantino Grazioso, 2/4 – Allegro, 3/8
The March in D, K. 215/213b, was used as an introduction or exit for this work.
The second, third and fourth movements all feature the solo violin prominently, forming a three-movement violin concerto within the serenade. This is similar to the K. 203 serenade from the previous year. Mozart probably played the solo violin part himself.
Like most of his orchestral serenades, a symphony was arranged from a subset of the serenade's movements. The "Serenade Symphony" for this work consists of movements one, five, six and seven (the non-concerto movements).
# Mahmudabad, Khafr

Mahmudabad (Persian: محموداباد) is a village in Aliabad Rural District of the Central District of Khafr County, Fars province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 512 in 128 households, when it was in the former Khafr District of Jahrom County. The following census in 2011 counted 461 people in 132 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 388 people in 128 households.
In 2019, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Khafr County, and the rural district was transferred to the new Central District.
# The Modern Jewish Girl's Guide to Guilt

The Modern Jewish Girl's Guide to Guilt is an anthology featuring work by authors including Aimee Bender.
It won a National Jewish Book Award in 2005 in Women's Studies. Ms. Ellenson and her father, Rabbi David Ellenson, won the National Jewish Book Award in the same year, 2005—the only father and daughter to do so since Abraham Joshua Heschel and Susannah Heschel.
The book has been chosen by Hadassah as a 2007 book group selection.
# Thos Hunt

Thomas Aaron Hunt is an Australian-born former English cricketer who is the grandson of John Hunt, Baron Hunt. He made four first-class appearances during a career that saw him appear for Middlesex and Somerset County Cricket Clubs. The highlight of this was playing in the victorious Middlesex side that beat the touring Australian test team at Lords in 2001, Middlesex being the only side that tour to beat Australia. In 2004, batting at number 11 with John Francis, his four runs helped set a new record tenth wicket partnership for Somerset in Twenty20 cricket.
His career was held back by a consistent cartilage knee injury which forced his to retire at 22. He followed a distinguished junior career playing for England U-14/15/16 prior to injury set backs.
# Henry Padwick

Henry Padwick (1805–1879) was an English solicitor and figure of the horse racing world, known also as a moneylender, gambler and speculator.

## Life

He was the son of William Padwick (died 1834) of Cosham House, Hampshire. He retired from the legal profession in 1855. He became a magistrate in Middlesex and Deputy-Keeper of Holyrood Palace.
As a solicitor in Horsham, Padwick was involved as electoral agent to William Vesey-FitzGerald in canvassing, the subject of an electoral corruption case for an 1848 by-election for Horsham. In the 1857 general election Padwick stood unsuccessfully as a Conservative candidate at Bridgwater.

## Racing

Padwick employed the trainer John Barham Day from 1845 to 1855, when he was sacked after a scandal involving the Two Thousand Guineas. From 1849 Padwick used "Mr. Howard" as his nom de course. In 1854 he won £80,000 on his horse Virago, losing the sum in stock market speculation. In 1854, also, Padwick was co-owner with John Gully of Andover, winner of the Epsom Derby.
In the aftermath of the 1855 departure from the United Kingdom of the Member of Parliament Francis Child Villiers, known as Frank, Padwick became involved in trying to clear up his heavy unpaid betting debts. To this end he was an adviser to George Child Villiers, 5th Earl of Jersey, Frank's father, and worked with Benjamin Disraeli.
In the 1868 Derby, won by Blue Gown, after the favourite Lady Elizabeth owned by the 4th Marquess of Hastings performed badly, Padwick and the bookmaker Harry Hill were implicated in the scratching from the race of the Marquess's other horse, The Earl. The Marquess owed Padwick money.

## Family

Padwick married in 1825 Susan Chasemore, daughter of Philip Chasemore of Horsham. They had one son, Henry.
# Jonathan Galassi

Jonathan Galassi (born 1949 in Seattle, Washington) has served as the president and publisher of Farrar, Straus and Giroux and is currently the Chairman and Executive Editor.

## Early life

Galassi was born in Seattle (his father worked as an attorney for the Justice Department), but he grew up in Plympton, Massachusetts. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy, where he became interested in poetry, writing and literature. He attended Harvard College, where he studied English with instructors including Robert Lowell and Elizabeth Bishop, and served as an editor of the Harvard Lampoon and the president of the Harvard Advocate. He graduated in 1971, then became a Marshall Scholar at Christ's College, Cambridge. He realized while attending Christ’s College that he wanted a career in book publishing.

## Career

Galassi began his publishing career as an editorial intern at Houghton Mifflin in Boston in 1973. He moved to Random House in New York, and then in 1986 to Farrar, Straus & Giroux (FSG), after being fired from Random House. Two years later, he was named editor-in-chief, and served as the president and publisher at FSG until 2018. He was succeeded as Publisher by Mitzi Angel in 2018, and Angel was named President in 2021. Galassi is currently the Chairman and Executive Editor.
Galassi is also a translator of poetry and a poet himself. He has translated and published the poetic works of the Italian poets Giacomo Leopardi and Eugenio Montale. His honors as a poet include a 1989 Guggenheim Fellowship, and his activities include having been poetry editor for The Paris Review for ten years, and being an honorary chairman of the Academy of American Poets. He has published poems in literary journals and magazines including Threepenny Review, The New Yorker, The Nation and the Poetry Foundation website.
He is also a trustee at his alma mater Exeter.

## Personal life

Galassi lives in Brooklyn. He was married to Susan Grace, with whom he has two daughters. The couple divorced in late 2011. He is gay. His brother is Peter Galassi.
# Ruth M. Leverton

Ruth M. Leverton (March 23, 1908 – September 14, 1982) was an American home economist, known for her groundbreaking research on protein metabolism. She was a pioneer in using human subjects for controlled feeding studies, where participants lived in university live-in facilities alongside nonparticipants to study nutrient interactions.
# Veteran of the 1941–1945 War" Badge

"Veteran of the 1941–1945 War" Badge is a commemorative badge of a unified sample established in honor of the 55th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945.

## Law on Approval

* "In honor of the 55th Anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945"
* Decision on the Commemorative Badge of a Unified Sample "Veteran of the 1941–1945 War"

### Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan

* The decision "On the Commemorative Badge of a Unified Sample 'Veteran of the 1941–1945 War' in Honor of the 55th Anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945," signed in Yalta on October 8, 1999, is hereby approved.
# Psammetichus IV

Psammetichus IV or Psamtik IV is a proposed ancient Egyptian ruler who lived during the First Persian Period (the 27th Dynasty).

## Attestations

There are several artifacts, as well as Greek sources, supporting the existence of an Egyptian ruler with this name during the Persian period. The archaeological findings bearing this name consists in a sistrum handle, which also give a throne name Amasis (Ahmose), a scarab with the throne name Nb-k3-n-Rˁ, an ushabti, and a Demotic document from Diospolis Parva (papyrus Straßburg 2), dating to a regnal year 2, while Greek authors give several times the name of this ruler. However, the difference of both dating and naming of these attestations makes their attributions to an individual ruler virtually impossible.

## Identification

In 1980, the American Egyptologist Eugene Cruz-Uribe first proposed that the aforementioned papyrus Straßburg 2 from Diospolis Parva, traditionally attributed to Psammetichus III, is in fact more recent and refers to a ruler with the same name who he called “Psammetichus IV”. According to Cruz-Uribe, this ruler most likely reigned over part of Egypt around the 480s BCE: within this decade it is known through Herodotus that a revolt occurred in Egypt in conjunction with the last years of Darius I and the rise of Xerxes I, who, once crowned, promptly suppressed the rebels.
Anthony Spalinger believed that Cruz-Uribe's attribution was “too tentative”, and agreed that Psammetichus IV was the same person as Inaros II's father, mentioned by Herodotus as a Libyan. According to Greek sources, Inaros was a “king of the Libyans” who led a large, well-known revolt against the Persians in the 460s BCE. Assuming that this identification is correct, it appears that this Psammetichus did not have enough authority to claim the Egyptian throne. For this reason, Spalinger believes that the aforementioned archaeological findings may rather belong to a subsequent ruler with the same name: the Athenian historian Philochorus reports that a Psammetichus (V) – who probably was a great-grandson of Psammetichus IV for likely being the son of Thannyros, himself son of Inaros II – shipped grains to Athens in 445/4 BCE. Finally, Diodorus Siculus mentions a Psammetichus (VI) as a king of Egypt in 400 BCE, saying that he was a “descendant of the famous Psammetichus”. However, the name of this Psammetichus VI is sometimes considered a mistake for Amyrtaeus, the pharaoh of the 28th Dynasty who ruled from 404 to 399 BCE.
# Alexander S. Hoare

Alexander S. Hoare is a British banker. He served as the chief executive of C. Hoare & Co from 2001 to 2009.

## Life and career

Hoare received a Bachelor of Commerce in marketing from the University of Edinburgh. He then worked as a marketing consultant for PA Consulting Group.
In 1987, he joined his family's bank, C. Hoare & Co. He was its chief executive from 2001 to 2009, and he has been on its board as a managing partner since 2009.
Hoare formerly served as the president of the Groupement Européen de Banques. He was also on the board of directors of the Jupiter Green Investment Trust. He is an Associate of the Chartered Institute of Bankers (ACIB).

## Not for profit & philanthropic organisations

He has served on the boards of trustees of organisations like the Royal Trinity Hospice, and job training charity Training for Life (which went into voluntary administration in 2012).
Hoare was also a member of the Finance and advisory council of Westminster Abbey.
# Alfred Chalk

Alfred Ernest Chalk (27 November 1874 – 25 June 1954) was a British Railway clerk and footballer who competed in the 1900 Olympic Games.
He was well known in London football circles at the turn of the century. He played for Ilford, Barking Woodville, and Essex County, and was right-half for Upton Park when they won the gold medal in the 1900 Olympics. According to the limited reports which reached London from Paris, Chalk was one of the Olympic side's outstanding players. He was one of 18 children of a railway station manager and followed in his father's profession by becoming a railway clerk.
# Ticarcillin

Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin. It can be sold and used in combination with clavulanate as ticarcillin/clavulanic acid. Because it is a penicillin, it also falls within the larger class of β-lactam antibiotics. Its main clinical use is as an injectable antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. It is also one of the few antibiotics capable of treating Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections.
It is provided as a white or pale-yellow powder. It is highly soluble in water, but should be dissolved only immediately before use to prevent degradation.
It was patented in 1963.

## Mechanism of action

Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death.
Ticarcillin, like penicillin, contains a β-lactam ring that can be cleaved by β-lactamases, resulting in inactivation of the antibiotic. Those bacteria that can express β-lactamases are, therefore, resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Due at least in part to the common β-lactam ring, ticarcillin can cause reactions in patients allergic to penicillin. Ticarcillin is also often paired with a β-lactamase inhibitor such as clavulanic acid (co-ticarclav).

## Other uses

In molecular biology, ticarcillin is used to as an alternative to ampicillin to test the uptake of marker genes into bacteria. It prevents the appearance of satellite colonies that occur when ampicillin breaks down in the medium. It is also used in plant molecular biology to kill Agrobacterium, which is used to deliver genes to plant cells.

## Dosing and administration

Ticarcillin is not absorbed orally, so must be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection.

## Trade names and preparations

* Ticarcillin: Ticar was formerly marketed by Beecham, then SmithKline Beecham until 1999, when it merged with Glaxo to form GlaxoSmithKline; it is no longer available in the UK. US distribution ceased in 2004. Ticar was replaced by Timentin.
However Timentin contains clavulanate unlike Ticar
* Ticarcillin/clavulanate: Timentin, in Australia, the UK, and the US, was marketed by Beecham, then GlaxoSmithKline.
* Available in India as TICANTROL (TICARCILLIN/ clavulanate) marketed by SCUTONIX LIFESCIENCES, Bombay

## Synthesis

Carbenicillin is used in the clinic primarily because of its low toxicity and its utility in treating urinary tract infections due to susceptible Pseudomonas species. Its low potency, low oral activity, and susceptibility to bacterial beta-lactamases make it vulnerable to replacement by agents without these deficits. One contender in this race is ticaricillin. Its origin depended on the well-known fact that a divalent sulfur is roughly equivalent to a vinyl group (cf methiopropamine, sufentanil, pizotyline etc.).
One synthesis began by making the monobenzyl ester of 3-Thienylmalonic acid, converting this to the acid chloride with SOCl2, and condensing it with 6-Aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). Hydrogenolysis (Pd/C) completed the synthesis of ticarcillin.
# Alvis Firebird

The Alvis Firebird was a British touring car made between 1935 and 1939 by Alvis Ltd in Coventry.
Developed from the Alvis Firefly, 449 Firebirds were produced, as a two-door Tourer, a 2+2 sports tourer, a two-door drophead Coupé, and a four-door Saloon.
Powered by an 1842 cc 4-cylinder overhead-valve Alvis engine, it had an aluminium body on an ash wood frame. As with other Alvis cars, the Firebird was built as a rolling chassis then sent to the coachbuilders Cross & Ellis, to be finished to the customer's requirements, so all Alvis Firebirds are different. The Firebird had an all-synchromesh gearbox, and the chassis was lubricated by grease nipples under the bonnet.
In 1939 World War II halted Alvis car production to make aircraft engines, and a German Luftwaffe bomb destroyed the Alvis car factory in 1940.
# Marikit

"Marikit" (English: Beautiful) is the debut song by Filipino hip hop artists Juan Caoile and Kyle Caplis. It was released on May 21, 2020 and produced by Since1999.
It is a pop record blend with a touch of rap. Produced by Since1999 and written by Juan Caoile, the song which does not only have an upbeat and addictive tone to the listener has also become an ode of appreciation to all women.
The song, which is in Tagalog, was initially written by Juan Caoile for his girlfriend, Elyn Sebastian in 2019, who he said inspired him. Caoile and childhood friend Kyle Caplis finally came up with a collaboration for "Marikit", combining different musical beats, hip-hop with the song in lyrical, old Tagalog tone. The song became a top trending hit globally, garnering 15 million views as of July 19 and hitting number one in the Top Hits Philippines on Spotify. It also had a staggering 250 million views on TikTok.
There have been many versions of the song, including the acoustic version released on July 24, 2020.

## Music video

The official music video was released and posted on YouTube on June 28, 2020. However, earlier versions had been released since May, including the lyrics video which hit 81 million views on YouTube. Denise Julia played one of the main love interests in the music video.
# Gabriel Ramos (politician)

Gabriel Ramos is an American politician and businessman who serves as a member of the New Mexico Senate. Ramos represents the 28th district, which includes Socorro, Glenwood, and Silver City.

## Education

Ramos earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business and public administration from Western New Mexico University.

## Career

Prior to serving in the New Mexico Senate, Ramos served as Grant County Commissioner. He also worked as an insurance agent at State Farm and established a company, 1st Choice Satellite, Internet, And Home Security.

### New Mexico Senate

Ramos took office on January 15, 2019, appointed to fill the seat left vacant by Howie Morales, who was elected Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico.
Ramos had been criticized for voting with Republicans against his party on several issues. He voted to oppose a minimum-wage increase and voted against legislation aimed at reducing gun violence. Ramos also backed the controversial billion-dollar Gila River diversion as a Grant County commissioner.
In the 2020 Democratic primary, Ramos was defeated for re-election by school psychologist Siah Correa Hemphill.
Following Hemphill's retirement in the 2024 elections, Ramos announced that he would switch parties and run as a Republican for his former seat. Ramos won the seat as a Republican, defeating Democratic Grant County commissioner Chris Ponce.
# Estadio Yaquis

The Estadio Yaquis is a stadium in Ciudad Obregón, Mexico. It is primarily used for baseball and serves as the home stadium for Yaquis de Obregón. It holds 16,000 people. The construction of the venue started in 2014, and it opened in 2016.
The project and the design were carried out by Gómez Vázquez International (GVI), a company led by architect Jose Manuel Gomez Vazquez Aldana, while the construction was made by Dynfra, Infraestructura Inteligente.
It was inaugurated on 12 October 2016, by then-governor of Sonora, Claudia Pavlovich Arellano.
# FC Nordstern Basel

FC Nordstern Basel is a football team from Basel, Switzerland. Currently playing in the Swiss 8th division, FC Nordstern Basel has spent 35 seasons in the Swiss top flight, last in 1982. They were runners-up in the Swiss league in 1924, 1927, and 1928.

## History

Nordstern Basel was founded in 1901.
In the 1970s, the club experienced a revival after hiring player-coach Zvezdan Cebinac. Cebinac led Nordstern back to the Nationalliga A for the first time since the 1940s.
# Cicchetti

Cicchetti (Italian:; sg.: cicchetto; from the Latin ciccus, meaning 'small quantity'), also sometimes spelled cichetti or called cicheti in Venetian language, are small snacks or side dishes, typically served in traditional bacari (pron. bàcari; sg.: bacaro, pron. bàcaro; cicchetti bars or osterie) in Venice, Italy. Common cicchetti include tiny sandwiches, plates of olives or other vegetables, halved hard-boiled eggs, small servings of a combination of one or more of seafood, meat and vegetable ingredients laid on top of a slice of bread or polenta, and very small servings of typical full-course plates. Like Spanish tapas, one can also make a meal of cicchetti by ordering multiple plates. Normally not a part of home cooking, the cicchetti's importance lies not just in the food itself, but also in how, when and where they are eaten: with fingers and toothpicks, usually standing up, hanging around the counter where they are displayed in numerous bars, osterie and bacari that offer them virtually all day long. Venice's many cicchetti bars are quite active during the day, as Venetians (and tourists) typically eat cicchetti in the late morning, for lunch, or as afternoon snacks. Cicchetti are usually accompanied by a small glass of local white wine, which the locals refer to as an ombra (lit. 'shadow').
One of the most enjoyable aspects of Venetian social life is contained in the phrase "Let's go to drink a shadow" (Venetian: Andémo béver un'ombra). This is an invitation to go for a drink, and more exactly a small glass of wine (a "shadow"). It is a souvenir of the period in which wines were unloaded in the "Riva degli Schiavoni" and then sold in shaded stands located at the base of the Bell Tower of Saint Mark's Cathedral; as the sun changed position, the stands were moved so they could continue to stay in the shade (ombra).
# Kolbenturnier

The Kolbenturnier (or mace tournament) was a type of tournament in the fifteenth century in which competitors would try to batter each other and knock crests off of the helmets of their opponents. They were fought between small groups in limited fenced-in areas using only Kolben, or maces.

## Gear

The Kolben was a type of polygonally-cut mace made of hard wood, about 80 centimeters in length. They swelled along the shaft to end in an obtuse point, and had a rounded iron pommel as well as a short grip.
The helmets used, known as Kolbenturnierhelms, were huge, rounded forms of the bascinet, attached to the cuirass in both the back and front. The face was covered in metal bars, and the interior was heavily padded to avoid blunt-force injury. The helmet bars formed an iron framework covered in canvas and gesso impressed with floral and heraldic designs.
The crests used were fancifully designed, and were made of light and fragile materials. They were fixed in position on the helmets using an iron bar or brooch.

## Phases

In the fifteenth century in central Europe, the Kolbenturnier was a carefully-orchestrated sociopolitical event as well as a martial competition, and it had distinct phases.
First was the Helmschau, or the helmet inspection phase, in which helmets were placed on display, their crests were tested for accuracy, and the ancestry and chivalric history of the competitors was evaluated.
After the Helmschau, the Kolbenturnier proper took place, in which competitors wore their heavily padded helmets to protect from the blunt-force trauma of the competition. During the Kolbenturnier, any competitor deemed to have committed chivalric misconduct in the Helmschau phase could be punished by being attacked by all other competitors simultaneously.
When the Kolbenturnier phase was over, there was sometimes a third phase called the Schrankensetzen. This was a punishment reserved for competitors who had been found to have lied about their lineage in order to participate in the Kolbenturnier. Their saddle was mounted on the fence surrounding the combat enclosure, and they were made to sit on it without a helmet for the rest of the tournament. Both competitors and spectators were expected to insult and berate the liar.
Finally, the Nachturnier, or end tournament phase, took place in which competitors attempted to destroy their opponents' crests with their weapons, sometimes while on horseback. This was a literal and symbolic deconstruction of the opening Helmschau phase, and put the tournament to an end.