OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# SBS 1425+606

SBS 1425+606 also known as HS 1425+6039 and QSO B1425+606, is a quasar located in the constellation Ursa Major. Its redshift is 3.197157, putting the object at a light travel time distance of 11.4 billion light years.

## Observational history

SBS 1425+606 was first discovered in 1996 via a spectroscopy study which a team of astronomers from the Second Byurakan Survey, found there are 76 quasars; among them is SBS 1425+606, a hundred subdwarf stars and a BL Lac object.

## Characteristics

SBS 1425+606 is one of the most energetic quasars observed in the universe at redshift >3. It has an absolute magnitude of -31.5 or 10$^{41}$ watts which the intense luminosity is caused by its accretion disk. The supermassive black hole in SBS 1425+606 propels matter in the speed of light, given the speed of gases and friction between atoms, reaches up to high temperature affecting ionization of gas and increasing its luminosity.
SBS 1425+606 is classified as a broad absorption line quasar. It shows an ultraviolet absorption that is hundreds of km s$^{−1}$ wide, with a redshifted trough extending up to a velocity of v ≃ 12 000 km s$^{−1}$. These large widths are mainly the cause by its own accretion process. Broad absorption line quasars such as SBS 1425+606, tend to show a unique morphology which they have gas clouds absorbing fluxes at wavelengths of common quasar spectral features, although their blueshifted velocities exceeds up to 0.1c. BAL features are interesting as they provide signatures of significant feedback, but also compromise cosmological studies with quasars by their impact on accurate redshifts and measurements of the matter density distribution which is traced by the Lyman-alpha forest.
According to observations by researchers, they noted there is a strong existence of a moderately strong damped Lyα absorption system in SBS 1425+606, located at redshift 2.83. This is tentatively identified a possible broad absorption line, in the discovery spectrum. Voigt profiles superposed on the data suggests the column density the "Lyα disk" is N(HI)~2.5x10$^{20}$cm$^{−2}$. Further observations by 4 m class telescopes from ESO in Chile and Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in Spain, found out there is presence of nitrogen lines of the N I λ1134 and λ1200 multiplets, offering a considerable range in oscillator strengths and the possibility of disentangling Lyα interlopers.
SBS 1425+606 is shown to have an extended Lyman-α emission around its bright nucleus, which its total Ly-α luminosities corresponds to ~0.5% of the luminosities from its broad Lyα emission lines making an order of magnitude smaller as compared to those in radio-loud spectrum quasars. By studying SBS 1425+606, it is an important factor in determining the formation of high redshift massive galaxies, which they form stars through large amounts of gas, that falls in to feed the quasar. By balancing the evolution of massive galaxies between infall and feedback mechanisms, both are equally important for galaxy formation.
# Classic Head

The Classic Head was a coin design issued by the United States Mint in the early 19th century. It was introduced for copper coinage in 1808 by engraver John Reich and later redesigned by Chief Engraver William Kneass.

## Dates minted

* (John Reich) Half cents: 1809 to 1836
* (John Reich) Large cents: 1808 until 1815
* (William Kneass) Quarter eagle: 1834 to 1839
* (William Kneass) Half eagle: 1834 to 1837

## Description

The short-lived Classic Head (or as some collectors called it, "Turban Head") interpretation of Liberty was designed by John Reich for use on the half cent and the large cent; however, the design used on the silver and gold coins was developed by William Kneass. The Classic Head depicted Liberty with long, curly hair. The reverse designed by John Reich depicted the coin's denomination and value inside a wreath.
Kneass's design, however, scaled down the design so it would fit on smaller coins and then added a heraldic eagle on the reverse, substituting the simple design by John Reich. A similar design on gold coinage kept the name "Classic Head", but only retained the curly hair. The head was completely redesigned by William Kneass, and featured a traditional maiden with a ribbon binding her long, curly hair.
This variety omitted "E pluribus unum" from the reverse of the coin. In 1840, a smaller head was designed to conform with the appearance of the larger gold coins, therefore making the Classic Head design obsolete. The new Classic Head design was produced from 1834 to 1839.
The Classic Head variety was usually preceded by the Draped Bust design and followed by the Matron Head liberty on copper coinage.

## Usage

The design was used for the following coins:
* Half cent
* Large cent
* Quarter eagle
* Half eagle
# HMS Triumph

Ten ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Triumph. Another was planned, but renamed before being launched:
* English ship Triumph (1562) was a 68-gun galleon built in 1561. She was rebuilt in 1596, and sold in 1618.
* English ship Triumph (1623) was a 44-gun ship launched in 1623 and broken up in 1687.
* HMS Triumph (1698) was a 90-gun second-rate ship of the line launched in 1698. She was renamed HMS Prince in 1714, rebuilt in 1750 and broken up in 1773.
* HMS Triumph (1739) was an 18-gun sloop, formerly the Spanish San Cristóbal (1735), (alias Triunfo). She was captured in 1739 and foundered in 1740.
* HMS Triumph (1764) was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line launched in 1764. She was used for harbour service from 1813 and was broken up in 1850.
* HMS Triumph was to have been a 91-gun screw propelled Bulwark-class second rate. She was renamed HMS Prince Consort (1862) before her launch in 1862 as a Prince Consort-class armoured frigate.
* HMS Triumph (1870) was a Swiftsure-class battleship launched in 1870. She was renamed HMS Tenedos in 1904, being used as a depot ship, and then a training ship. She was renamed HMS Indus IV in 1912, and HMS Algiers in 1915. She was sold in 1921.
* HMS Triumph (1903) was a Swiftsure-class battleship launched in 1903 and sunk by U-21 in 1915.
* HMS Triumph (N18) was a T-class submarine launched in 1938 and sunk in 1942.
* HMS Triumph (R16) was a Colossus-class light fleet aircraft carrier launched in 1944. She was converted to a heavy repair ship in 1964 and was scrapped in 1981.
* HMS Triumph (S93) is a Trafalgar-class fleet submarine launched in 1990 in service until 2024.

## Battle honours

* Armada, 1588
* Dover, 1652
* Kentish Knock, 1652
* Portland, 1653
* Gabbard, 1653
* Scheveningen, 1653
* Lowestoft, 1665
* Four Days' Battle, 1666
* Orfordness, 1666
* Sole Bay, 1672
* Schooneveld, 1673
* Texel, 1673
* Cornwallis's Retreat, 1795
* Camperdown, 1797
* Dardanelles, 1915
* Malta Convoys, 1941
* Mediterranean, 1941
* Korea, 1950
# Christopher Slade

Sir Christopher John Slade (2 June 1927–7 February 2022) was a British judge who served as a Lord Justice of Appeal of England and Wales from 1982 to 1991.

## Biography

The eldest son of George Penkivil Slade KC (a kinsman of Sir Benjamin Slade, although not in remainder to the baronetcy) and Mary Carnegie, he had two younger brothers, Julian (the composer) and Adrian (President of the Liberal Party), as well as a sister, Pauline (who married David Hamilton-Russell, a grandson of the 8th Viscount Boyne).
Slade was educated at Eton before going up to New College, Oxford, where he was awarded the Eldon Scholarship. Taking silk in 1965, he served as Master of the Ironmongers' Company (for 1973/74), before being sworn of the Privy Council in 1982.
Married in 1958 to Jane Buckley, daughter of the Rt Hon. Sir Denys Buckley MBE, Sir Christopher and Lady Slade had four children, Lucinda now Tite (born 1959), Victoria now Henderson-Cleland (born 1962), Richard (born 1963) and Amelia now Jackson (born 1966).
Sir Christopher Slade died on 7 February 2022, at the age of 94.

## Judicial decisions

Important judicial decisions of Lord Justice Slade include:
* Re Bond Worth Ltd
* Reckitt & Colman Products Ltd v Borden Inc
* Adams v Cape Industries plc
* Street v Mountford
* Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA v Aboody
* Rolled Steel Products (Holdings) Ltd v British Steel Corp
* Phillips Products Ltd v Hyland and Hamstead Plant Hire Co Ltd
* Aveling Barford Ltd v Perion Ltd
* Mikeover Ltd v Brady
* Powell v McFarlane
* Winkworth v Christie Manson and Woods Ltd
# Prarthana Samaj

Prarthana Samaj or "Prayer Society" in Sanskrit, was a movement for religious and social reform in Bombay, India, based on earlier reform movements. Prarthana Samaj was founded by Atmaram Pandurang in 31 March 1867 when Keshub Chandra Sen visited Maharashtra, with an aim to make people believe in one God and worship only one God. It became popular after Mahadev Govind Ranade joined. The main reformers were the intellectuals who advocated reforms of the social system of the Hindus. It was spread to southern India by noted Telugu reformer and writer, Kandukuri Veeresalingam.

## History

The movement was started as a movement for religious and social reform.. The precursor of the Prarthana Samaj in Mumbai was the Paramahamsa Sabha, a secret society for the furtherance of liberal ideas by Ram Balkrishna Jaykar and others in Mumbai. It was secret in order to avoid the wrath of the powerful and conservative elements.
The Prarthana Samaj members were followers of the great religious tradition of the Marathi Sant Mat like Namdev and Tukaram. Although the adherents of Prarthana Samaj were devoted theists, they also worshipped formless god. They drew their nourishment from the Hindu scriptures such as Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads and used the hymns of the old Marathi "poet-saints" in their prayers. Their ideas trace back to the devotional poems of the Vitthalas as part of the Vaishnava bhakti devotional movements of the thirteenth century in southern Maharashtra. The Marathi poets had inspired a movement of resistance to the Mughals. But, beyond religious concerns, the primary focus of the Prarthana Samaj was on social and cultural reform.

## Social reforms

Prarthana Samaj critically examined the relations between contemporary social and cultural systems and religious beliefs and gave priority to social reform as compared with the political changes already initiated by the British government. Their comprehensive reform movement has led many impressive projects of cultural change and social reform in India, such as the improvement of the lot of women and depressed classes, an end to the caste system, abolition of child marriages and infanticide, educational opportunities for women, and remarriage of widows. Its success was guided by R. G. Bhandarkar, a noted Sanskrit scholar, Atmaram Pandurang, Narayan Chandavarkar, and Mahadev Govind Ranade. Ranade emphasized that "the reformer must attempt to deal with the whole man and not to carry out reform on one side only".
# Absolutely No Alternative

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal | 7/10 |
| Rock Hard | 9.0/10 |
Absolutely No Alternative is the eighth studio album by Canadian heavy metal band Anvil, released in 1997. It is the first release with Glenn "Five" Gyorffy on bass replacing Michael Duncan.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Steve "Lips" Kudlow; all music is composed by Anvil

## Personnel
### Anvil

* Steve "Lips" Kudlow – vocals, lead guitar
* Ivan Hurd – lead guitar
* Glenn Gyorffy – bass
* Robb Reiner – drums

### Production

* Daryn Barry – engineer, mixing at Phase One Studios, Toronto
* Paul Lachapelle – assistant engineer
# The Gentry (band)

The Gentry is an American band from Portland, Oregon, formed in 2003 by DJ/producer Gino Mari. The band is most commonly classified in the electronic, alternative rock and rock music genres.

## History
### 2003-2007: the early years

The Gentry released its first single "The Demons // Tongue In Chic" in 2004, followed by another single "We Want More" in 2005. In 2006, The Gentry released "Sweet Gossip TV", an 8-song EP made up of new material and songs from the band's first two singles. Willamette Week wrote ""Frontman Gino Mari's voice adds a sexiness that all those glam-rock bands brought us. Their flamboyant sound is quite appealing." The following year, in 2007, The Gentry released a new single, "The Latent Stranger". Portland's Local Cut wrote, “Driven by a New Waver’s sensibility for electronic hooks and spiked with ragged guitar licks covered in grime and Pop Rocks, the quartet’s latest packs a wallop.” In 2008 Portland Pop Tomorrow wrote "The Gentry cut a divergent path across genres and movements. Pieces of glam, punk, new wave, electro, soul, psychedelia, industrial, hip hop and rock & roll are sewn together with a pop sense of pomp and precision. The Gentry is a well-bred machine of musical brilliance. In an intricate combination, all five members provide an essential role in making the band a magnificent electrical symphony”.

### 2009-2014: touring, "Sex By The Unit"

In 2009 the band put out "Sex By The Unit", a 7-song EP made up of new material and toured the U.S. in support of the release. The Portland Tribune wrote "The Gentry manages to easily bridge the gap between experimental and accessible." in a review of one of their shows that year. The Gentry has performed with The Presets, Nitzer Ebb, Freezepop, Logan Lynn, Chi Chi LaRue, Frenchie Davis, Covenant, Apoptygma Berzerk, Birthday Massacre and many others. In 2012 The Gentry announced on their social media that they were working on a new record, tentatively set for a 2014 release.

### Collaboration with Logan Lynn

The band toured in support of The Dandy Warhols protégé Logan Lynn from 2009 to 2010. As a launching-pad project for The Country Club studios, Gino Mari produced two singles for Lynn, as well as Logan Lynn's hit record "Tramp Stamps and Birthmarks" from 2012. In July 2013 Gino Mari again toured with Logan Lynn and is featured on Lynn's "Live From Seattle" album, released in August 2013. That same month, Lynn released a cover of We Can't Stop by Miley Cyrus which was co-written and produced by Mari. In September 2014, Gino Mari produced another two-song single for Logan Lynn titled "We Will Overcome", in advance of a full-length album “ADIEU.” which was released in September 2016.

### The Country Club Studios

In 2011 Gino Mari launched The Country Club recording studios in Hillsboro, Oregon. Logan Lynn's "Tramp Stamps and Birthmarks" was the first major album release out of the studio in December 2012.
# Cabañas de Ebro

Cabañas de Ebro is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 522 inhabitants.
# TU Muscae

TU Muscae, also known as HD100213, is an eclipsing binary star in the constellation Musca. Its apparent magnitude ranges from 8.17 to 8.75 over around 1.4 days.

## Physical description

TU Muscae is a remote binary star system made up of two hot luminous blue main sequence stars of spectral types O7.5V and O9.5V, with masses 23 and 15 times that of the Sun. The stars are so close that they are in contact with each other (overcontact binary) and are classed as a Beta Lyrae variable as their light varies from earth as they eclipse each other. The spectra indicate they are hot stars, with surface temperatures of roughly 37200 and 34700 K respectively. They are both still on the main sequence of star evolution, burning their core hydrogen. Astronomers Laura Penny and Cynthia Ouszt proposed the two were originally more equal in size but as they became close enough so that material from the less massive star began transferring to the more massive star via Roche-lobe overflow. However they concede that figuring out the evolution of interacting massive binary systems is "a little like trying to unspill milk". The system is thought to be around 4.8 kiloparsecs (~15500 light-years) distant.
The period of the magnitude change is increasing, and has been calculated as lengthening by 3.46 seconds a century. This could be due to material from the less massive star being transferred to the more massive one, or there could be a third or fourth as yet undetected star in the multiple star system influencing the orbit. These stars have not been seen as they are much less luminous than the two main stars.

## Discovery

TU Muscae was discovered by Dutch astronomer Pieter Oosterhoff in 1928. Initially thought to have a spectrum of B3, later observations in the 1960s and early 1970s indicated it was a hotter star than previously thought—with the spectrum lying in the uncommon O-region.
# Surat Singh of Bikaner

Maharaja Surat Singh was the ruler of the Kingdom of Bikaner between 1787 and 1828. It was during his reign that the Kingdom of Bikaner became a Princely State of the imperial British Empire.

## Biography

Surat Singh was born in 1765. His father was Gaj Singh, who ruled as Maharaja between 1746 and 1787. Upon Gaj Singh's death, his eldest surviving son Raj Singh ascended the throne, only to die a few days later. Raj Singh's son Pratap Singh, a boy of six, was crowned, with Surat Singh being appointed as the regent.

### Regency

Pratap Singh survived his father for a short while, but died soon after. The Khiyat ascribes his death to smallpox, but it is agreed upon by historians that he was, in all probability, murdered by Surat Singh.

### Reign

Faced with a Thakur rebellion, Surat Singh decided to seek British assistance. He sent an emissary to Delhi in order to negotiate a treaty with Charles Metcalfe. On 9 March 1818, the treaty was signed, which stated that the rulers of Bikaner were bound to act in “subordinate co-operation” to the British, in exchange for protection and British assistance in quelling any rebellions.

### Death

Surat Singh died in 1828, and was cremated, with his final rites being performed by his son Ratan Singh. Ratan Singh succeeded him as Maharaja.
# Fabara

Fabara (Spanish:) or Favara de Matarranya (Catalan:) is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,195 inhabitants. This town is located in La Franja, the local dialect is a variant of Catalan.
There is a Roman mausoleum in this town, as well as important archaeological sites close by.
# Cimballa

Cimballa is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain, on the river Piedra. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 143 inhabitants.
# Warning: Her Majesty's Government Can Seriously Damage Your Health

Warning: Her Majesty's Government Can Seriously Damage Your Health is the sixth EP by hardcore punk band Discharge, released in 1983 by Clay Records.

## Track listing

* "Warning"
* "Where There Is a Will There Is a Way"
* "In Defense of Our Future"
* "Anger Burning"
# Ebrahimabad-e Zarduiyeh

Ebrahimabad-e Zarduiyeh (Persian: ابراهيم ابادزردوئيه) is a village in Zeydabad Rural District of Zeydabad District, Sirjan County, Kerman province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 185 in 54 households, when it was in the Central District. The following census in 2011 counted 141 people in 40 households, by which time the rural district had been separated from the district in the formation of Zeydabad District. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 649 people in 191 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Construction foreman

A construction foreman is the worker or skilled tradesperson who is in charge of a construction crew. This role is generally assumed by a senior worker who is seasoned and competent in their field, but also capable of project leadership (oversight and control over subordinate laborers). In a military context, a foreman is a non-commissioned officer.

## Duties and functions

Normally the foreman is a construction worker with many years of experience in a particular trade who is charged with organizing the overall construction of a particular project for a particular general contractor. Typically the foreman is a person with specialist knowledge of a given trade who has moved into the position and is now focused on an overall management of their trade on the job site. They are responsible for providing proper documentation to their workers so they can proceed with tasks.
Specifically, a foreman may train employees under their supervision, ensure appropriate use of equipment by employees, communicate progress on the project to a supervisor and maintain the employee schedule. Foremen may also arrange for materials to be at the construction site and evaluate plans for each construction job.
This job is not to be confused with a project manager.
# Arctic Small Tool tradition

The Arctic Small Tool tradition (ASTt) was a broad cultural entity that developed along the Alaska Peninsula, around Bristol Bay, and on the eastern shores of the Bering Strait around 2500 BC. ASTt groups were the first human occupants of Arctic Canada and Greenland. This was a terrestrial entity that had a highly distinctive toolkit based on microblade technology. Typically tool types include scrapers, burins and side and end blades used in composite arrows or spears made of other materials, such as bone or antler. Many researchers also assume that it was Arctic Small Tool populations who first introduced the bow and arrow to the Arctic, that eventually became the Eskimo archery material culture. ASTt camps are often found along coasts and streams, to take advantage of seal or salmon populations. While some of the groups were fairly nomadic, more permanent, sod-roofed homes have also been identified from Arctic Small Tool tradition sites.
The concept of the Arctic Small Tool tradition was first employed by William Irving as a culture group including a number of smaller, diversified cultures including the Denbigh Flint Complex in Alaska, the Pre-Dorset culture in Arctic Canada, Independence I culture in the High Arctic and Saqqaq culture in southern Greenland. The ASTt was followed by the Norton tradition in Alaska and the Dorset culture in Arctic Canada.

## Siberian connections

According to Pavel Flegontov, the ASTt may have originated in East Siberia about 5,000 years ago, a view supported by an ancient DNA study:
    "Paleo-Eskimo archeological cultures are grouped under the Arctic Small Tool tradition (ASTt), and include the Denbigh, Choris, Norton, and Ipiutak cultures in Alaska, and the Saqqaq, Independence, Pre-Dorset, and Dorset cultures in the Canadian Arctic and Greenland. The ASTt source has been argued to lie in the Syalakh-Bel’kachi-Ymyakhtakh culture sequence of East Siberia, dated to 6,500 – 2,800 calBP."
The earliest form of the Norton tradition of Alaska is known as the Choris Stage (ca. 1600—500 BC). The sites are mostly coastal and contain pottery similar to that of Siberia. This culture expanded as far as the Mackenzie River Delta and Banks Island.