# 1985 Portuguese legislative election

The 1985 Portuguese legislative election took place on 6 October. The election renewed all 250 members of the Assembly of the Republic.
In June of the same year, the then incumbent Prime Minister, Mário Soares, resigned from the job due to the lack of parliamentary support, the government was composed by a coalition of the two major parties, the center-right Social Democratic and the center-left Socialist, in what was called the Central Bloc, however this was an unstable balance of forces and several members of each party opposed such alliance.
The new leader of the Social Democratic Party, Cavaco Silva, elected in May, was among those that never supported such alliance, and short after being elected leader of the party made the coalition fall in July. Mário Soares didn't run again and resigned as party leader, as he decided to run for the 1986 Presidential elections. The PS nominated Almeida Santos, minister of state in Soares government, as intern leader and as the party candidate for Prime Minister.
A new election was called by the President and the Social Democrats won with a short majority and Cavaco became the Prime-Minister. The election was the first of three consecutive election victories for the Social Democratic Party. Meanwhile, a new party had been founded by supporters of the President Ramalho Eanes, the Democratic Renewal Party, led by Hermínio Martinho and which the main figure of the party's campaign was First lady Manuela Ramalho Eanes, that surprisingly gained 45 MPs and more than one million votes in the election, becoming the parliamentary support of the Cavaco's government until 1987, when it removed its support, making Cavaco fall.
The Communists and the Socialists lost votes and MPs, and the left would only return to the government ten years later, in 1995.

## Background
### Government fall

The unpopularity of the Central Bloc government was creating deep rifts between PS and PSD and also within both parties, as growing poverty, budget cuts and unemployment, due to the International Monetary Fund bailout policies, were leading to massive protests. In February 1985, Carlos Mota Pinto resigned from the PSD leadership and planned to contest the next party congress. However, he died before the congress and Cavaco Silva was elected as leader. Shortly after his election, Cavaco Silva withdraw his party from the government and Soares Central Bloc government fell.

### Leadership changes and challenges
#### PSD 1985 leadership election

By 1985, deep divisions were consuming the PSD regarding their role in the Central Bloc government with the PS. Then deputy Prime Minister and PSD leader Carlos Mota Pinto, resigned from the government and the party's leadership and a snap party congress was called. But, Mota Pinto, who was expected to run for the leadership in the snap congress, died suddenly just 10 days before the start of the congress in Figueira da Foz. João Salgueiro, the candidate from "Mota Pinto's wing" was expected to win easily, but former finance minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva surprised the party by announcing a late candidacy, in what is now known as the "Running-in of Cavaco's new Citroën". Cavaco Silva had the support of the wings against the Central Bloc, and against all odds he defeated Salgueiro by just 57 votes. The results were the following:
Ballot: 19 May 1985 :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 422 | 53.6 |
| | João Salgueiro | 365 | 46.4 |
| Turnout | Turnout | 787 | |
| Source: Results ||||

#### PS 1985 nomination selection

After the fall of the Central Bloc government, Mário Soares was acclaimed as the PS candidate for the 1986 Presidential election, and shortly after, António Almeida Santos was unanimously selected as the party's candidate for Prime Minister in the 1985 general elections.
Ballot: 3 September 1985 :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | António Almeida Santos | Voice vote | Voice vote |
| Turnout | Turnout | | 100.0 |
| Source: ||||

## Electoral system

The Assembly of the Republic has 250 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 126 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.
The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude. The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.
For these elections, and compared with the 1983 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:
| District | Number of MPs | Map |
| Lisbon | 56 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Porto$^{(+1)}$ | 39 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Setúbal | 17 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Braga | 16 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Aveiro | 15 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Santarém | 12 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Leiria and Coimbra | 11 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Viseu | 10 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Faro | 9 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Castelo Branco, Viana do Castelo and Vila Real | 6 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Azores, Beja, Évora, Guarda and Madeira | 5 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Bragança | 4 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Portalegre$^{(–1)}$ | 3 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |
| Europe and Outside Europe | 2 | 16 6 39 6 4 15 10 5 11 6 11 12 56 3 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2 |

## Parties

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 3rd legislature (1983–1985) and that also partook in the election:
| Name | Name | Name | Ideology | Political position | Leader | 1983 result | 1983 result |
| Name | Name | Name | Ideology | Political position | Leader | % | Seats |
| | PS | Socialist Party Partido Socialista | Social democracy | Centre-left | Almeida Santos | 36.1% | 94 / 250 |
| | UEDS | Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy União da Esquerda para a Democracia Socialista | Democratic Socialism Workers' self-management | Left-wing | António Lopes Cardoso | 36.1% | 4 / 250 |
| | ASDI | Independent Social-Democratic Action Acção Social Democrata Independente | Democratic Socialism Social democracy | Centre-left | António de Sousa Franco | 36.1% | 3 / 250 |
| | PPD/PSD | Social Democratic Party Partido Social Democrata | Liberal conservatism | Centre-right | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 27.2% | 75 / 250 |
| | PCP | Portuguese Communist Party Partido Comunista Português | Communism Marxism–Leninism | Far-left | Álvaro Cunhal | 18.1% | 41 / 250 |
| | MDP/CDE | Portuguese Democratic Movement Movimento Democrático Português | Left-wing nationalism Democratic socialism | Left-wing | José Manuel Tengarrinha | 18.1% | 3 / 250 |
| | CDS | Democratic and Social Centre Centro Democrático e Social | Christian democracy | Centre-right to right-wing | Francisco Lucas Pires | 12.6% | 30 / 250 |

## Campaign period
### Party slogans

| Party or alliance | Original slogan | English translation |
| PS | « O que prometo, faço. Vamos a isto. » | "What I promise, I do. Let's do this." |
| PSD | « Retomar a esperança » | "Resuming hope" |
| APU | « Vitória da APU para salvar o país » | "Victory for APU to save the country" |
| CDS | « Confiança, razão, força para Portugal » | "Trust, reason, strength for Portugal" |
| PRD | « Mais Portugal » | "More Portugal" |

### Candidates' debates

1985 Portuguese legislative election debates :
| Date | Organisers | Moderator(s) | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee |
| Date | Organisers | Moderator(s) | PS Santos | PSD Cavaco | APU Cunhal | CDS Pires | Refs |
| 3 Sep | RTP1 | | P | A | P | P | |
| 5 Sep | RTP1 | | N | A | P | P | |
| 10 Sep | RTP1 | | P | P | N | P | |
| 12 Sep | RTP1 | | P | P | P | N | |
| Candidate viewed as "most convincing" in each debate ||||||||||
| Date | Organisers | Polling firm/Link |
| Date | Organisers | Polling firm/Link | PS | PSD | APU | CDS | Notes |
| 3 Sep | RTP1 | Expresso | 36 | — | 23 | 25 | 16% Neither |

## Opinion polling

The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1983 and 1985 for reference.
Exit poll
| Date Released | Polling Firm | PS | | | | | Others | Lead |
| 6 Oct 1985 | Leg. election | 20.8 57 | 29.9 88 | 15.5 38 | 10.0 22 | 17.9 45 | 5.9 0 | 9.1 |
| 6 Oct 1985 (22:50) | RTP1 | 22.0–26.9 | 26.8–29.7 | 15.0–18.1 | 9.3–10.8 | 14.5–16.5 | – | 2.8 4.8 |
| 6 Oct 1985 (21:10) | RTP1 | 23.8–26.9 | 28.0–29.8 | 17.3–18.1 | 9.8–10.7 | 11.1–14.9 | – | 2.9 6.0 |
| 6 Oct 1985 | Rádio Comercial | 19.0–22.0 | 29.0–31.0 | 14.0–16.0 | 8.0–16.0 | 18.0–22.0 | – | 9.0 10.0 |
| 4 Oct 1985 | Expresso | 28.0–32.0 | 27.0–31.0 | 15.0–17.0 | 9.0–12.0 | 8.0–11.0 | – | 1.0 |
| 29 Apr 1985 | Norma | 24.7 | 16.4 | 18.4 | 17.1 | 8.4 | 15.0 | 6.3 |
| Mar 1985 | Norma | 21.1 | 18.4 | 20.0 | 19.2 | 5.5 | 15.8 | 1.1 |
| Feb 1985 | Marktest | 15.0 | 21.3 | 15.0 | 17.1 | 28.6 | 3.0 | 7.3 |
| 25 Feb 1985 | Norma | 20.7 | 21.6 | 17.8 | 17.6 | 10.0 | 12.3 | 0.9 |
| 21 Jan 1985 | Norma | 21.3 | 22.9 | 20.3 | 16.2 | — | 19.3 | 1.6 |
| Dec 1984 | Marktest | 18.6 | 23.0 | 14.3 | 16.2 | 25.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 |
| Dec 1984 | Norma | 23.5 | 25.2 | 23.4 | 13.2 | — | 14.7 | 1.7 |
| Nov 1984 | Marktest | 19.8 | 24.0 | 15.5 | 14.9 | 23.3 | 2.5 | 0.7 |
| Nov 1984 | Norma | 20.7 | 22.7 | 22.4 | 17.5 | — | 16.7 | 0.3 |
| Oct 1984 | Marktest | 20.6 | 23.4 | 15.8 | 13.4 | 25.0 | 1.8 | 4.0 |
| 15 Oct 1984 | Norma | 23.9 | 24.8 | 23.1 | 14.7 | — | 13.5 | 0.9 |
| Sep 1984 | Marktest | 18.8 | 22.6 | 15.2 | 15.7 | 26.6 | 1.1 | 4.0 |
| Aug 1984 | Marktest | 19.2 | 22.8 | 13.8 | 15.6 | 26.9 | 1.7 | 4.1 |
| Jul 1984 | Marktest | 17.9 | 20.6 | 16.9 | 13.4 | 29.0 | 2.2 | 7.7 |
| Jul 1984 | Norma | 21.5 | 23.6 | 20.3 | 15.4 | — | 19.2 | 2.1 |
| Jun 1984 | Marktest | 19.8 | 16.7 | 16.6 | 16.9 | 27.5 | 2.5 | 7.7 |
| Jun 1984 | Norma | 24.2 | 21.5 | 22.1 | 17.0 | — | 15.2 | 2.1 |
| May 1984 | Marktest | 25.4 | 19.8 | 13.9 | 14.6 | 24.6 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
| Apr 1984 | Marktest | 28.7 | 19.5 | 15.2 | 10.8 | 17.7 | 8.1 | 9.2 |
| Apr 1984 | Norma | 21.9 | 26.0 | 21.4 | 15.7 | — | 15.0 | 4.1 |
| Mar 1984 | Marktest | 22.6 | 16.6 | 14.1 | 12.7 | 15.0 | 19.0 | 6.0 |
| Feb 1984 | Marktest | 18.3 | 15.9 | 12.4 | 10.3 | 20.8 | 22.3 | 2.5 |
| Jan 1984 | Marktest | 19.9 | 15.4 | 12.5 | 7.3 | 22.7 | 22.2 | 2.8 |
| Jan 1984 | Norma | 31.8 | 22.8 | 21.2 | 13.3 | — | 10.9 | 9.0 |
| 25 Apr 1983 | Leg. election | 36.1 101 | 27.2 75 | 18.1 44 | 12.6 30 | Did not exist | 6.0 0 | 8.9 |

## National summary of votes and seats

Summary of the 6 October 1985 Assembly of the Republic elections results :
| Parties | Parties | Votes | % | ± | MPs | MPs | MPs | MPs | MPs | MPs %/ votes % |
| Parties | Parties | Votes | % | ± | 1983 | 1985 | ± | % | ± | MPs %/ votes % |
| | Social Democratic | 1,732,288 | 29.87 | 2.7 | 75 | 88 | 13 | 35.20 | 5.2 | 1.18 |
| | Socialist | 1,204,321 | 20.77 | 15.3 | 101 | 57 | 44 | 22.80 | 17.6 | 1.10 |
| | Democratic Renewal | 1,038,893 | 17.92 | — | — | 45 | — | 18.00 | — | 1.00 |
| | United People Alliance | 898,281 | 15.49 | 2.6 | 44 | 38 | 6 | 15.20 | 2.4 | 0.98 |
| | Democratic and Social Centre | 577,580 | 9.96 | 2.6 | 30 | 22 | 8 | 8.80 | 3.2 | 0.88 |
| | People's Democratic Union | 73,401 | 1.27 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Christian Democratic | 41,831 | 0.72 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Revolutionary Socialist | 35,238 | 0.61 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Portuguese Workers' Communist | 19,943 | 0.34 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Workers Party of Socialist Unity | 19,085 | 0.33 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Communist Party (Reconstructed) | 12,749 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Total valid | Total valid | 5,653,610 | 97.49 | 0.1 | 250 | 250 | 0 | 100.00 | 0.0 | — |
| Blank ballots | Blank ballots | 48,709 | 0.84 | 0.1 | | | | | | |
| Invalid ballots | Invalid ballots | 96,610 | 1.67 | 0.1 | | | | | | |
| Total | Total | 5,798,929 | 100.00 | | | | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 7,818,981 | 74.16 | 3.6 | | | | | | |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||||||||||
Vote share
PSD
29.87%
PS
20.77%
PRD
17.92%
APU
15.49%
CDS
9.96%
UDP
1.27%
PDC
0.72%
PSR
0.61%
Others
0.89%
Blank/Invalid
2.51% :
Parliamentary seats
PSD
35.20%
PS
22.80%
PRD
18.00%
APU
15.20%
CDS
8.80% :

### Distribution by constituency

Results of the 1985 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic by constituency :
| Constituency | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | Total S |
| Constituency | PSD | PSD | PS | PS | PRD | PRD | APU | APU | CDS | CDS | | Total S |
| Azores | 48.3 | 3 | 20.1 | 1 | 15.2 | 1 | 4.4 | - | 6.5 | - | 5 |
| Aveiro | 38.4 | 6 | 23.0 | 4 | 13.4 | 2 | 6.5 | 1 | 13.5 | 2 | 15 |
| Beja | 13.7 | 1 | 20.1 | 1 | 11.6 | - | 44.9 | 3 | 2.2 | - | 5 |
| Braga | 32.8 | 6 | 21.8 | 4 | 16.8 | 3 | 8.5 | 1 | 14.0 | 2 | 16 |
| Bragança | 39.2 | 2 | 22.7 | 1 | 6.9 | - | 5.3 | - | 17.1 | 1 | 4 |
| Castelo Branco | 31.2 | 3 | 18.5 | 1 | 24.4 | 2 | 8.9 | - | 9.6 | - | 6 |
| Coimbra | 29.5 | 4 | 28.5 | 3 | 16.9 | 2 | 10.1 | 1 | 8.6 | 1 | 11 |
| Évora | 19.1 | 1 | 14.3 | 1 | 15.8 | 1 | 41.2 | 2 | 3.3 | - | 5 |
| Faro | 28.4 | 3 | 22.3 | 2 | 20.5 | 2 | 15.4 | 2 | 6.1 | - | 9 |
| Guarda | 33.6 | 2 | 23.3 | 2 | 10.9 | - | 5.2 | - | 19.5 | 1 | 5 |
| Leiria | 38.6 | 5 | 19.6 | 2 | 15.3 | 2 | 7.9 | 1 | 12.2 | 1 | 11 |
| Lisbon | 25.6 | 15 | 19.8 | 12 | 21.3 | 13 | 20.1 | 12 | 8.1 | 4 | 56 |
| Madeira | 56.8 | 4 | 13.2 | 1 | 9.7 | - | 3.2 | - | 7.8 | - | 5 |
| Portalegre | 20.9 | 1 | 23.7 | 1 | 18.9 | - | 25.2 | 1 | 4.9 | - | 3 |
| Porto | 29.3 | 12 | 23.6 | 10 | 20.5 | 8 | 12.1 | 5 | 9.8 | 4 | 39 |
| Santarém | 27.8 | 4 | 18.6 | 2 | 23.8 | 3 | 16.4 | 2 | 7.7 | 1 | 12 |
| Setúbal | 15.4 | 3 | 16.5 | 3 | 20.4 | 4 | 38.2 | 7 | 3.8 | - | 17 |
| Viana do Castelo | 33.5 | 3 | 18.4 | 1 | 16.2 | 1 | 8.2 | - | 16.6 | 1 | 6 |
| Vila Real | 42.2 | 3 | 23.0 | 2 | 8.6 | - | 5.9 | - | 12.5 | 1 | 6 |
| Viseu | 37.7 | 5 | 20.0 | 2 | 10.9 | 1 | 5.0 | - | 19.9 | 2 | 10 |
| Europe | 24.3 | 1 | 24.2 | 1 | 7.1 | - | 18.8 | - | 17.3 | - | 2 |
| Outside Europe | 40.5 | 1 | 7.8 | - | 3.3 | - | 2.6 | - | 37.9 | 1 | 2 |
| Total | 29.9 | 88 | 20.8 | 57 | 17.9 | 45 | 15.5 | 38 | 10.0 | 22 | 250 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições ||||||||||||

### Maps

* Winner and seats by constituency.
* Most voted political force by municipality.

## Aftermath
### Fall of the government

In early 1987, a trip of a Portuguese parliamentary delegation to the Soviet Union created a diplomatic issue as the delegation also traveled to Estonia, a territory that wasn't recognized by the Portuguese State as a Soviet controlled territory. Because of this incident, Opposition parties accused Cavaco Silva of disallowing Parliament and, shortly after, the Democratic Renewal Party proposed a motion of no confidence against the Government, and the party's leader, Hermínio Martinho, communicated to President Mário Soares their intentions. At first, the Socialists weren't supportive of the PRD's motion, but, last minute negotiations led the PS to also support the motion. On 3 April 1987, the motion passes by a 134 to 108 vote and the government falls:
Motion of no confidence Aníbal Cavaco Silva (PSD) :
| Ballot → | Ballot → | 3 April 1987 |
| Required majority → | Required majority → | 126 out of 250 Y |
| | No • PSD (86) • CDS (21) • Ind. Rui Oliveira e Costa (1) | 108 / 250 |
| | Yes • PS (55) • PRD (43) • PCP (34) • MDP/CDE (1) • Ind. Maria Santos (1) | 134 / 250 |
| | Abstentions • Ind. Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles (1) | 1 / 250 |
| | Absentees • PRD (2) • PSD (1) • PS (1) • PCP (1) • CDS (1) • MDP/CDE (1) | 7 / 250 |
| Sources ||||
Mário Soares was in an official trip to Brazil when he was informed, which unpleased the President, and he then returned to Lisbon to meet with parties. The PS, PRD and PCP proposed an alternative government to the PSD minority, but Soares rejected and called a snap general election for 19 July 1987, which resulted in a landslide PSD majority government.