# MRTC 3100 class

The MRTC 3100 class or CRRC Dalian 8MLB LRV is the class of second-generation uni-directional light rail vehicles built in China by CNR Dalian, now CRRC Dalian. Since its delivery, most of the trains are still being tested and undergoing final assessments, before being used on regular services on Line 3 of the Manila Metro Rail Transit System.
These trains are the first LRVs produced by CNR Dalian, which caused some controversy due to compatibility issues raised by MRTC.
The CRRC Dalian 8MLB LRVs are owned by the Philippine government and operated by the Department of Transportation (DOTr).

## Operational history
### Purchase

With the ridership of the Line 3 already peaking at almost half of its 350,000 original daily capacity, there have been calls to purchase additional trains as early as 2008. Initially, in February 2013, the government was looking at buying 52 second-hand trains from Madrid Metro and Inekon Trams to immediately augment the problem, but after evaluation, the plan was dropped in June due to less advantage and higher maintenance costs.
The first of three contracts of the Line 3 capacity expansion project, which involves the procurement of 48 light rail vehicles, was opened for bidding on February 22, 2013. Among the firms that bidded for the tender were CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive (later CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive) and CNR Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock (later CRRC Dalian). CSR Zhuzhou was disqualified by the Department of Transportation and Communications (later the Department of Transportation). CNR Dalian was the only firm left in the bidding; the firm was awarded the ₱3.8 billion contract on January 16, 2014.

### Production and commissioning

Production of the 3100 class trains began in 2014. The first prototype, LRV 3101, arrived at the Port of Manila on August 14, 2015, and was assembled at the LRT-1 Baclaran Depot on September 3. It was then hauled by an LRT-1 train along the railtracks of the LRT-1 until the prototype arrived at the MRT-3 North Avenue Depot on September 5. CNR Dalian delivered all 48 train vehicles from 2016 to 2017, with some trains assembled at the Taft Avenue station using a temporary track extension, and at the LRT-1 Baclaran Depot in Pasay.
The first train was scheduled to enter revenue service at the end of March 2016 but delays in its 5,000-kilometer (3,100 mi) test run had delayed its deployment for revenue service. Nevertheless, these were deployed for the first time on May 7, 2016.

### Limited deployment and later absence

However, these trains were quietly taken out of service a few months later. No in-service operations of the trains occurred in 2017, although a series of test runs were conducted that year. On October 27, 2018, the 3100 class trains officially entered service after numerous tests and audits, with the deployment of the first train on the same day for validation tests. The second trainset was deployed from December 11 to 23, 2018, and the third was deployed from January 23 to March 2019. The validation tests were conducted by the Philippine National Railways and Toshiba Infrastructure Systems.
The 3100 class trains were not seen in operations when the line's rehabilitation began on May 1, 2019. Under the rehabilitation and maintenance contract with the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and Sumitomo Corporation, the contract prohibits the use of the Dalian trains. If not, Sumitomo imposes penalties to the DOTr. After DOTr and Sumitomo signed a consent to deploy the trains, these were again deployed from October 15 to December 31, 2019, for trial runs. It was again deployed from June 1, 2020, to May 25, 2021. After a ten-month hiatus, one of the trainsets returned to revenue service on March 28, 2022, with a three-car trainset (configuration 3109-3132-3135) returning to service on the first day of the free ride program.
As of the present, none of the 3100 class trains are in operational service, primarily as a consequence of restrictions outlined in the maintenance contract established by Sumitomo. Additionally, a legal dispute involving the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and the Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC) has contributed to the non-operational status of these trains. It is noteworthy that the case filed by the MRTC against the DOTr due to its contract with CRRC Dalian had been pending; however, on October 17, 2022, the Supreme Court has ruled in favor of the DOTr, thereby permitting the utilization of the trains as per the existing contract.
Moreover, the remaining trainsets within the 3100 class are still pending deployment readiness tests. This delay is attributed to outstanding financial obligations and unresolved issues with CRRC Dalian. A 2022 report from the Commission on Audit (COA) highlights the unsettled status of these trains, revealing that some of the provisionally accepted train sets are plagued by outstanding issues that have adversely affected their operational viability. Consequently, these train sets have not been pursued for active usage.
In September 2024, The Department of Transportation (DOTr) said that it aims to deploy the China-made Dalian trains on the MRT-3 line by the middle of 2025 after years of being idle.

## Design
### Car body

The car body is made of stainless steel with a livery of sky blue and yellow fascia. Dimensions are nearly the same to the RT8D5M, which are also built for single-ended operations. It is connected by a Jacobs bogie and a gangway in each railcar section. The LRV design is a one-way eight-axle motorized car consisting of three articulated cars, which are connected to each other by the joint and the cover.
Each light rail vehicle has three roof-mounted air-conditioning units. In total, there are nine air-conditioning units in a three-car train set.
* 3100 class trains parked in November 2016.
* 3100 class trains parked in January 2017.

### Interior

Each railcar is provided with five double leaf, electronically operated, plug-sliding doors. The three center doors have an open width of 1,255 millimeters (4 ft 1.4 in) while the two end doors at 861 millimeters (2 ft 9.9 in).
Each train car has a capacity of 394 passengers. A 3-car trainset can accommodate 1,182 passengers. Two wheelchair-compatible spaces are provided beside the driver cab of each LRV, each provided with seatbelts to prevent the wheelchair from moving around while the train is in motion. The sides of the doors are equipped with fire extinguishers. The trains also have an equipped passenger emergency alarm button in case of an emergency.

### Mechanical

Each LRV has four bogies consisting of two motorized bogies at the ends of the LRV and two trailer bogies under the articulations. Unlike the RT8D5M trains, the bogies do not feature track brakes. Scharfenberg couplers manufactured by Voith are present in each vehicle.

### Traction

The control device is an IGBT–VVVF inverter control manufactured by Voith, and two controllers are installed per light rail vehicle. The traction motor is a three-phase induction motor (totally enclosed/self-ventilated type) manufactured by Traktionssysteme Austria, model TMR 36-28-4, and is combined with Voith quill drive unit. The traction motors have a power output of 120 kW (160 hp).
The traction equipment includes two Voith EmCon I1000-9AU traction inverters with 350 kVA continuous power in each that drives the traction motors, one auxiliary converter, and a VPort IO control unit.
The traction motor of the overhauled LRTA 1100 class trains are also manufactured by Voith, and both trains produces identical acceleration sounds.

## Train formation

Each unidirectional light rail vehicle consists of three articulated cars.
Cars of 3100 class :
| Car designation | Car designation | A-car | B-car | C-car |
| Control cab | Control cab | | | |
| Motor | Motor | | | |
| VVVF inverter | VVVF inverter | | | |
| Auxiliary converter | Auxiliary converter | | | |
| Pantograph | Pantograph | | | |
| Car length | m | 31.72 | 31.72 | 31.72 |
| Car length | ft in | 104 ft 13⁄16 in | 104 ft 13⁄16 in | 104 ft 13⁄16 in |
| Capacity | Seated | 74 | 74 | 74 |
| Capacity | Standing | 320 | 320 | 320 |
| Capacity | Total | 394 | 394 | 394 |

## Issues and controversies

The trains have been involved in controversies during procurement and the trains' compatibility with the existing infrastructure of the MRT Line 3. Due to the controversies, in September 2017, the DOTr planned to return these trains back to China to have the trains fixed.
The technical issues of the trains would later be resolved through numerous adjustments to the trains since August 2018. Due to the Dalian trains undergoing the said adjustments, they are now slowly being introduced into revenue runs since October 2018.

### Procurement issues and safety concerns

After the contract for the procurement of the 48 light rail vehicles was awarded to CNR Dalian in January 2014, controversies arose. A Regional Trial Court in Makati issued a temporary restraining order on January 30 after Metro Rail Transit Holdings (MRTH), the majority shareholder of the Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC), filed a case against the DOTC, citing violations with the build-lease-transfer agreement between the Department of Transportation and Communications (later the Department of Transportation) and the MRTC. Under the BLT agreement between the DOTC and MRTC, MRTC was obliged to buy new trains for the line, although the DOTC purchased the trains. The case however was dismissed on February 21 and favored DOTC. The MRTH however appealed its case to the Court of Appeals that also favored DOTC.
During the delivery of the 3100 class trains, in January 2016, the MRTC, through its chairman Robert Sobrepeña, claimed that the trains posed a safety risk to the line. He also said that the trains did not undergo a 5,000-kilometer (3,100 mi) test run in China before the shipment to the Philippines.

### Signalling issues

On March 15, 2017, a DOTr official said that the 3100 class trains would not be in use until 2018 due to lack of signalling equipment, while the signalling system for two trains were being installed and undergoing tests before certification by Bombardier Transportation. However, Transportation Undersecretary for Rails Cesar Chavez said on April 25 that the trains would not be for at least until 2019 or 2020 due to the same aforementioned reason. According to Chavez, as of February 2018, only 29 out of 48 trains were installed with on-board automatic train protection (ATP) system equipment.
Bombardier Transportation (later purchased by Alstom in 2021), the original equipment manufacturer for the signalling system of the MRT Line 3, has certified the onboard signalling systems of the trains.

### Weight issues

The tare weight of the trains exceeded the 46.3-tonne (102,000 lb) requirement by 3.4 tonnes (7,500 lb), weighing 49.7 tonnes (110,000 lb). Rolf Bieri, a consultant with former maintenance provider Comm Builders & Technology Philippines (CB&T), said in a Senate hearing on February 20, 2018, that the trains are within the allowable specifications set by the DOTr. Bieri explained that the 49.7-metric-ton (110,000 lb) weight of each light rail vehicle had to be divided by the eight axles. The axle load was later revealed at 9.4 metric tons (21,000 lb), which is within the allowed specifications between 8.5 and 10 metric tons (19,000 and 22,000 lb). An audit from TÜV Rheinland revealed that the weight of the trains under fully loaded condition complied with the specification limit.

## Incidents

* On December 16, 2020, at 7:20 PM, a 3100 class train arriving at Boni station stopped due to a technical glitch. Partial operations between North Avenue and Shaw Boulevard stations were implemented, and around 3,500 commuters were affected. Normal operations resumed the following day.