OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Center for AI Safety

The Center for AI Safety (CAIS) is a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, that promotes the safe development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI). CAIS's work encompasses research in technical AI safety and AI ethics, advocacy, and support to grow the AI safety research field. It was founded in 2022 by Dan Hendrycks and Oliver Zhang.
In May 2023, CAIS published a statement on AI risk of extinction signed by hundreds of professors of AI, leaders of major AI companies, and other public figures.

## Research

CAIS researchers published "An Overview of Catastrophic AI Risks", which details risk scenarios and risk mitigation strategies. Risks described include the use of AI in autonomous warfare or for engineering pandemics, as well as AI capabilities for deception and hacking. Another work, conducted in collaboration with researchers at Carnegie Mellon University, described an automated way to discover adversarial attacks of large language models that bypass safety measures, highlighting the inadequacy of current safety systems.

## Activities

Other initiatives include a compute cluster to support AI safety research, an online course titled "Intro to ML Safety", and a fellowship for philosophy professors to address conceptual problems.
The Center for AI Safety Action Fund is a sponsor of the California bill SB 1047, the Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier Artificial Intelligence Models Act.
In 2023, the cryptocurrency exchange FTX, which went bankrupt in November 2022, attempted to recoup $6.5 million that it had donated to CAIS earlier that year.
# Aminopropionitrile

Aminopropionitrile, also known as β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), is an organic compound with both amine and nitrile functional groups. It is a colourless liquid. The compound occurs naturally and is of interest in the biomedical community.

## Biochemical and medical occurrence

BAPN is the toxic constituent of peas from Lathyrus plants, e.g., Lathyrus odoratus. Lathyrism, a disease known for centuries, encompasses 2 distinct entities: a disorder of connective tissue, causing either bone deformity (osteolathyrism) or aortic aneurisms (angiolathyrim). BAPN causes osteolathyrism and angiolathyrism when ingested in large quantities." It can cause osteolathyrism, neurolathyrism, and/or angiolathyrism.
It is an antirheumatic agent in veterinary medicine.
It has attracted interest as an anticancer agent.

## Production

Aminopropionitrile is prepared by the reaction of ammonia with acrylonitrile.
# Wonseo-dong

Wonseo-dong (Korean: 원서동) is a dong (neighbourhood) of Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea. It is a legal dong (법정동 法定洞) administered under its administrative dong (행정동 行政洞), Gahoe-dong.

## Tourism

Wonseo-dong is located between Changdeokgung Palace and Bukchon Hanok Village, where traditional Korean houses called hanok are clustered. Some of these houses have been converted to cafes, restaurants, studios, workshops, and outlets of indie and designer brands. Its serene, traditional atmosphere made it a popular location for K-dramas to film. Wonseo-dong is also home to a Joseon-era laundry site, where maids would do their laundry.
The neighborhood is listed as one of the Bukchon 8 Views (북촌 8경; 北村八景), a tourist itinerary that is often used to visit eight scenic spots across the village.
# PD Note

Producer's Note or PD Note (Korean language: PD수첩) is an investigative journalism program on MBC in South Korea.

## Cases covered
### Hwang affair

PD Note investigated Hwang Woo-suk in 2005, while he was still a star researcher who presented himself as making breakthroughs in human cloning and stem cell research. They aired a program accusing Hwang of ethical lapses in the procuring of eggs for research and fraud in misrepresenting their findings. As Hwang was a Korean national hero at the time, the program caused a massive backlash against MBC, leading to protests, a withdrawal of all 15 advertisers on the program, and a temporary suspension of the show. Part two of the program was not aired on the date that it had been planned. Additionally, the lead journalist had used some ethically dubious methods himself as part of the investigation, such as misrepresenting to one scientist that he was under criminal investigation, but honest answers would potentially get him out of trouble. As time passed and it became more clear that the accusations were true, MBC aired the second part of the show regardless on December 15, 2005, and the boycott subsided.
# West Cogswell House

The West Cogswell House is a historic house at 5-9 Summer Street in Salem, Massachusetts. It is an example of the Greek Revival style of architecture that was common in 19th century Salem.
The house is a group of three brick Greek Revival rowhouses that were built in 1834 by Nathaniel West, one of Salem's leading sea captains and merchants. Each building is three window bays wide, with a recessed side entry framed by a wooden portico; the right two unit entries are adjacent, and sheltered by a single portico. The buildings were at one time the home of American Civil War general, and later Mayor of Salem William Cogswell.
The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is now operated as a hotel called the Salem Inn, which also owns the nearby John P. Peabody House.
# Bohera A.T. Secondary School

Bohera A.T. Secondary School (Bengali: বহেরা এ.টি. মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়, romanized: Bahērā ē.Ṭi. Mādhyamika bidyālaẏa) (EIIN - 118617) is one of the old schools of Debhata thana of Satkhira district. It was established in 1927. The school was named after two eminent persons named Azizul and Tosimuddin. The school is under Jessore Education Board.
# Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary, Nitra

The Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary (Slovak: Kostol Navštívenia Panny Márie) is a Roman Catholic church in Nitra, Slovakia.
It was first built as a Gothic church in the 14th century. It was rebuilt in the Renaissance style in the first third of the 17th century and was then changed again to the Gothic style in the 18th century.
In the interior there are Gothic architectonic details, Renaissance paintings (by Podmanicky), and a Baroque sculptural group from the cemetery chapel. In front of the church is the statue of the Virgin Mary.
48°18′44″N 18°05′09″E﻿ / ﻿48.3123°N 18.0858°E﻿ / 48.3123; 18.0858
* This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Slovakia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# 1991 in German television

This is a list of German television related events from 1991.

## Events

* 21 March - Atlantis 2000 are selected to represent Germany at the 1991 Eurovision Song Contest with their song "Dieser Traum darf niemals sterben". They are selected to be the thirty-sixth German Eurovision entry during Ein Lied für Rom held at the Friedrichstadt-Palast in Berlin.

## Debuts
### International

* 1 January - Mr. Bean (1990–1995) (SWR Fernsehen)
* 5 January - Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (1989–1990) (Das Erste)
* 5 January - Spiff and Hercules (1989–1991) (RTLplus)
* 7 January - / Beetlejuice (1989–1991) (Sat. 1)
* 23 February - The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! (1989) (RTL)
* 8 June - Garfield and Friends (1988–1994) (ZDF)
* 10 September - Twin Peaks (1990-91, 2017) (RTLplus)
* 13 September - The Simpsons (1989–present) (ZDF)
* 21 December - The Tom and Jerry Kids Show (1990–1993) (RTLplus)

### Armed Forces Network

* Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1990–1996)
* / Widget (1990–1991)
* Tiny Toon Adventures (1990–1992)
* / Bucky O'Hare and the Toad Wars (1991)
* Harry and the Hendersons (1991–1993)
* Clarissa Explains It All (1991–1994)
* The Simpsons (1989–present)

### BFBS

* 15 February - Five Children and It (1991)
* 22 February - Billy Webb's Amazing Stories (1991)
* 26 June - Finders Keepers (1991-1996, 2006)
* 27 June - The Real McCoy (1991–1996)
* 28 June - The Girl from Tomorrow (1990)
* 16 September - Victor and Hugo (1991–1992)
* 4 November - Time Riders (1991)
* 5 November - / Rupert (1991–1997)
* 7 November - The Legend of Prince Valiant (1991–1993)
* 16 November - Watt on Earth (1991–1992)
* 30 December - / Captain Zed and the Zee Zone (1991–1993)
* Grotbags (1991–1993)
* Forget Me Not Farm (1990–1991)
* Radio Roo (1991–1993)
* Gordon the Gopher (1991)
* Dodgem (1991)

## Television shows
### 1950s

* Tagesschau (1952–present)

### 1960s

* heute (1963-present)

### 1970s

* heute-journal (1978-present)
* Tagesthemen (1978-present)

### 1980s

* Wetten, dass..? (1981-2014)
* Lindenstraße (1985–2020)

## Changes of network affiliation
### Military broadcasting

| Title | Original Country | Former Network | New Network | Date |
| Tiny Toon Adventures | United States | Armed Forces Network | BFBS | 1991 |

## Networks and services
### Launches

| Network | Type | Launch date | Notes | Source |
| Premiere | Cable television | February | | |
| Fernsehen aus Berlin | Cable television | 1 February | | |

### Conversions and rebrandings

| Old network name | New network name | Type | Conversion Date | Notes | Source |
| | | Cable and satellite | | | |

### Closures

| Network | Type | End date | Notes | Sources |
| [] | Cable and satellite | | | |

## Deaths

* This German television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Chigwell Hall

Chigwell Hall is a Grade II listed house in Chigwell, Essex. It is situated on Roding Lane within 42 acres of grounds. It was designed by the English architect Richard Norman Shaw - his only house in Essex - for Alfred Savill, founder of the Savills estate agency, and built in 1876. The building and grounds have been owned by the Metropolitan Police Service since 1967 and is the current site of the force's sports and social club.
Chigwell Hall was built on the grounds to the south west of Chigwell Manor, a medieval building in Roding Lane which had belonged to the Branston family for two generations. In 1881 Savill decided to abandon the older house and moved into Chigwell Hall. It is located on High Road, Chigwell, near to the Kings Head, a 17th-century public house made famous by Charles Dickens who used it as a basis for The Maypole Inn, for his novel Barnaby Rudge. As well as being the residence of the Metropolitan Police's sports and social club, Chigwell Hall is also used for business functions, wedding ceremonies, and is the venue of a restaurant.
The Pevsner Architectural Guides describes the hall as "especially good, surprising in its freshness and looking as it might well [have been built] twenty-five years later".
# Étienne Gouy

Étienne Gouy (born 11 December 1973) is a French former skier. He competed in the Nordic combined event at the 1994 Winter Olympics.
# Aldo Tortorella

Aldo Tortorella (10 July 1926 – 5 February 2025) was an Italian journalist, politician and partisan. He was a historical member of the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI).

## Life and career

Tortorella was born in Naples, but spent his youth in Genoa and Milan. When he was a university student, he became a member of the Milanese resistance movement against fascism. He was imprisoned, but he was later able to escape to Genoa. After the liberation of Northern Italy, Tortorella became journalist (and eventually vice-director) for the Genoese edition of PCI's newspaper, L'Unità. In 1958–1962 he was vice-director of the Milanese edition and director of the national edition from 1970 to 1975.
Tortorella was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies for the first time in 1972, a position he held until 1994. A follower of national secretary Enrico Berlinguer, he was the party's responsible for culture. In the late 1970s he was against Berlinguer's move towards the so-called Historic Compromise (Compromesso storico), which aimed for a government alliance between PCI and the other Italian main party of the period, Democrazia Cristiana.
In 1989, Tortorella was one of the main opponents of the Svolta della Bolognina, the change of PCI's name supported by new secretary Achille Occhetto. However, when PCI became the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), he remained in the party as member of the left-current led by Giovanni Berlinguer. In 1999, at the outbreak of the Kosovo War, Tortorella abandoned the party in polemics with the then-prime minister and party leader, Massimo D'Alema, who had Italy take an active part in the conflict.
In 2000s, he contributed to a leftist magazine, Critica marxista, and organized cultural activities dealing with Enrico Berlinguer's figure and politics.
Tortorella died in Rome on 5 February 2025, at the age of 98.

## Electoral history

| Election | House | Constituency | Party | Votes | Result |
| 1972 | Chamber of Deputies | Milan–Pavia | PCI | 35,353 | Y Elected |
| 1976 | Chamber of Deputies | Milan–Pavia | PCI | 41,343 | Y Elected |
| 1979 | Chamber of Deputies | Milan–Pavia | PCI | 30,758 | Y Elected |
| 1983 | Chamber of Deputies | Milan–Pavia | PCI | 28,748 | Y Elected |
| 1987 | Chamber of Deputies | Milan–Pavia | PCI | 29,465 | Y Elected |
| 1992 | Chamber of Deputies | Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona | PDS | 14,041 | Y Elected |
# Toyota Porte

The Toyota Porte (Japanese: トヨタ・ポルテ, Hepburn: Toyota Porute) is a mini MPV produced by the Japanese automaker Toyota from 2004 to 2020 that features an electric-powered sliding door on the passenger side, similar in approach to the Isis. The driver's door is of the conventional swing-open type.

## First generation (AP10; 2004)

The Porte was introduced in July 2004, but is only available in Japan, so it is only produced with right-hand drive. The Porte is based on the first generation Vitz subcompact car and is made in 4-seater and 5-seater versions.
It comes with either a 1.3-litre or 1.5-litre gasoline engine, with automatic transmission only, and with either front-wheel drive or four-wheel drive. It is similar in concept to the 2002 Peugeot Sésame concept and the slightly smaller Peugeot 1007 which have electric-powered sliding doors on both sides. However, there is only a sliding door on the left, passenger side of the Porte.
* Rear view

## Second generation (XP140; 2012)

In July 2012, the Porte was redesigned and for this generation, it introduced the Toyota Spade (Japanese: トヨタ・スペイド, Hepburn: Toyota Supeido) twin model, which sported a different front and rear design, as well as a slightly different interior colour. The second generation Porte is sold at Toyota Store and Toyopet Store dealerships while the Spade is sold at Corolla Store and Netz dealerships across Japan, as well as Hong Kong and Macau, starting in August 2015.
Although, it still comes with the 1.3-litre 1NR-FE engine or an improved 1.5-litre 1NZ-FE engine, mated with the Super CVT-i (Continuously Variable Transmission-intelligent) automatic transmission, an available Smart Stop feature for the 1.5-litre variants has a fuel efficiency of 20.6 km/L (58 mpg$_{‑imp}$; 48 mpg$_{‑US}$) under the JC08 test cycle (equivalent to 113 g/km (6.4 oz/mi) of CO$_2$ emissions) of the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). The two different engine sizes gave Japanese drivers a choice as to which annual road tax obligation they were willing to pay; vehicles with the larger engine were equipped at a higher level than the lower trim level in compensation.
In July 2015, the 1.3-litre engine option was dropped and a newer 1.5-litre 2NR-FKE engine was used for front-wheel drive models. This version has a fuel efficiency of 22.2 km/L (63 mpg$_{‑imp}$; 52 mpg$_{‑US}$) under the JC08 test cycle.
Toyota stopped the production of the Porte and Spade in December 2020.
* Rear view
* Passenger side, with single sliding door
* Toyota Spade
* Toyota Spade
* Interior

## Sales

| Year | Japan | Japan |
| Year | Porte | Spade |
| 2004 | 34,867 | |
| 2005 | 45,470 | |
| 2006 | 39,935 | |
| 2007 | 36,777 | |
| 2008 | 32,961 | |
| 2009 | 24,483 | |
| 2010 | 18,582 | |
| 2011 | 12,810 | |
| 2012 | 25,752 | 26,539 |
| 2013 | 31,649 | 48,584 |
| 2014 | 26,648 | 38,733 |
| 2015 | 21,006 | 28,809 |
| 2016 | 16,687 | 19,954 |
| 2017 | 8,808 | 8,215 |
| 2018 | 6,205 | 4,552 |
| 2019 | 5,037 | 3,047 |
| 2020 | 3,732 | 1,886 |
| 2021 | 46 | 7 |
# White gum

White gum is a common name of a great many Eucalyptus species, all of which have smooth white bark.
Species that have "White gum" as a common name include:
* Corymbia aparrerinja (also known as ghost gum, desert white gum and Dallachy's Gum)
* Eucalyptus alba (also known as Timor white gum)
* Eucalyptus argophloia (also known as Chinchilla white gum, Queensland western white gum, Queensland white gum, and western white gum)
* Eucalyptus benthamii (Camden white gum, Dorrigo white gum)
* Eucalyptus bigalerita (Adelaide River white gum)
* Eucalyptus brevifolia (northern white gum, snappy white gum)
* Eucalyptus cupularis (Halls Creek white gum)
* Eucalyptus dalrympleana (also known as mountain white gum)
* Eucalyptus delegatensis (mountain white gum)
* Eucalyptus dorrigoensis (Dorrigo white gum)
* Eucalyptus dunnii (also known as Dunns white gum)
* Eucalyptus elata (river white gum)
* Eucalyptus haemastoma
* Eucalyptus houseana (Kimberley white gum, tropical white gum)
* Eucalyptus leucophloia (snappy white gum)
* Eucalyptus mooreana (mountain white gum)
* Eucalyptus ovata
* Eucalyptus papuana (also known as drooping white gum, Molloy white gum)
* Eucalyptus platyphylla
* Eucalyptus racemosa
* Eucalyptus rossii
* Eucalyptus rubida
* Eucalyptus scoparia (Wallangarra white gum)
* Eucalyptus signata (also known as peppermint-leaved white gum)
* Eucalyptus viminalis
* Eucalyptus wandoo (also known as wandoo)
# Rod Branch

Rod Branch (born April 14, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. During his eight seasons in the Central Hockey League (CHL), Branch posted 22 shutouts to retire as the CHL's all-time career shut-out leader.
Born in Fort St. John, British Columbia, Branch played four seasons (1992–1996) of major junior hockey in the Western Hockey League. He turned professional during the 1996–97 season, and went on to play ten seasons of pro hockey, including six seasons with the Tulsa Oilers of the Central Hockey League.

## Awards and honours

| Award | Year |
| Central Hockey League Career Shutout Leader (22) | 2003–04 |
# Edward Bowater

General Sir Edward Bowater KCH (13 July 1787 – 14 December 1861) was a British soldier and courtier.

## Background and education

Born in St James's Palace, Bowater descended from a Coventry family and was the only son of the Admiral Edward Bowater. His mother Louisa was the daughter of Thomas Lane and widow of George Edward Hawkins, who had served as serjeant surgeon to King George III. He was educated at Harrow School and went then to the University of Oxford, where he graduated with a Doctor of Civil Law.

## Military career

He entered the British Army in 1804 and was commissioned as ensign into the 3rd Foot Guards. Bowater was present in the Battle of Copenhagen (1807) and was then transferred with his regiment to Portugal. He joined the Taking of Porto and following the Battle of Talavera, where he was wounded, he purchased a lieutenancy in August 1809. In December he left for England, however returned to the Peninsular War after two years. He fought in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 and the Siege of Burgos in October. In the following year Bowater took part in the Battle of Vitoria in June and then was commanded to the Siege of San Sebastián until September 1813. A month later, he served in the Battle of the Bidassoa and in December was involved in the fightings of the Battle of the Nive.
Bowater was advanced to a captain and lieutenant-colonel in 1814, receiving command of a company, and when Napoleon returned from his exile in 1815, he led his men in the Battle of Quatre Bras. He was wounded again in the Battle of Waterloo in June. In 1826, Bowater was promoted to colonel and in 1837 to major-general, after which he was awarded a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order. He obtained the colonelship of the 49th Regiment of Foot in April 1846 and became lieutenant-general in November. In 1854 he was made a full general.

## At court

Bowater was nominated an equerry to King William IV in 1832, a position he held until the King's death six years later. In 1840 he was admitted to Prince Albert, who had shortly before arrived at the court, until 1846, when he was appointed Groom in Waiting in Ordinary to the latter's wife Queen Victoria.

## Personal life

In 1839, Bowater married Emilia Mary, the daughter of Colonel Michael Barne. Their only daughter Louisa became the wife of Rainald Knightley, 1st Baron Knightley. Bowater died after short illness in Cannes in 1861, on the same day as his former master the Prince Consort, while accompanying the latter's son Prince Leopold on a sojourn.
# Bosden Farm

Bosden Farm is a suburban housing estate with a population of around 3,000 on the edge of Offerton, bordering Marple and Hazel Grove, in Stockport, Greater Manchester, England, surrounded by land used for agricultural purposes.

## History

The estate takes its name from Bosden, which was a civil parish between 1878 and 1900 and which also included the eastern side of Hazel Grove. Although surrounded by the ancient parish of Stockport, Bosden was a detached part of the parish of Cheadle from at least the 13th century. Cheadle parish formed part of the Macclesfield Hundred of Cheshire, and was subdivided into three townships; Bosden formed part of the Handforth township, which was sometimes also known as 'Handforth-cum-Bosden'.
From the 17th century onwards, parishes were gradually given various civil functions under the poor laws, in addition to their original ecclesiastical functions. In some cases, including Cheadle, the civil functions were exercised by each township rather than the parish as a whole. In 1866, the legal definition of 'parish' was changed to be the areas used for administering the poor laws, and so Handforth-cum-Bosden became a civil parish. Handforth-cum-Bosden parish comprised two separate areas at Bosden and Handforth, which were 5 miles (8.0 km) apart; they were each made separate civil parishes in 1878.
When elected parish and district councils were established in 1894, Bosden was given a parish council and included in the Stockport Rural District. Shortly afterwards, Stockport Borough Council began campaigning to have the various small parishes just outside its southern boundaries incorporated into the County Borough of Stockport. The five parish councils of Bramhall, Bosden, Norbury, Offerton and Torkington collectively decided that they wished to resist being brought into Stockport, and therefore petitioned Cheshire County Council to create an urban district covering the combined area of their five parishes. The county council agreed, and the parish of Bosden was therefore abolished in September 1900, with the area becoming part of the new civil parish and urban district of Hazel Grove and Bramhall.
Hazel Grove and Bramhall Urban District was abolished in 1974 to become part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport in Greater Manchester.
Bosden Hall Road, Bosden Fold Road and Bosden Avenue are all street names in the part of Hazel Grove which was formerly in the parish of Bosden. The Bosden name was also used for the housing estate of Bosden Farm which was built to the north-east of Hazel Grove in the second half of the 20th century.

## Schools

As of 2004, there is only one primary school after the closure of St. Stephen's Church of England Primary School. This is Warren Wood Primary School which was built in 1981 just a few hundred metres away from the shopping precinct on Turnstone Road. It serves as an active part of the community, providing local education to the pupils in the area and also holding public events and gatherings in the main hall and grounds.

## Sports

Bosden Farm Football Club was established in 2022.