OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hadamard space

In geometry, an Hadamard space, named after Jacques Hadamard, is a non-linear generalization of a Hilbert space. In the literature they are also equivalently defined as complete CAT(0) spaces.
A Hadamard space is defined to be a nonempty complete metric space such that, given any points $x$ and $y,$ there exists a point $m$ such that for every point $z,$ $d(z,m)^{2}+{d(x,y)^{2} \over 4}\leq {d(z,x)^{2}+d(z,y)^{2} \over 2}.$
The point $m$ is then the midpoint of $x$ and $y:$ $d(x,m)=d(y,m)=d(x,y)/2.$
In a Hilbert space, the above inequality is equality (with $m=(x+y)/2$), and in general an Hadamard space is said to be flat if the above inequality is equality. A flat Hadamard space is isomorphic to a closed convex subset of a Hilbert space. In particular, a normed space is an Hadamard space if and only if it is a Hilbert space.
The geometry of Hadamard spaces resembles that of Hilbert spaces, making it a natural setting for the study of rigidity theorems. In a Hadamard space, any two points can be joined by a unique geodesic between them; in particular, it is contractible. Quite generally, if $B$ is a bounded subset of a metric space, then the center of the closed ball of the minimum radius containing it is called the circumcenter of $B.$ Every bounded subset of a Hadamard space is contained in the smallest closed ball (which is the same as the closure of its convex hull). If $\Gamma$ is the group of isometries of a Hadamard space leaving invariant $B,$ then $\Gamma$ fixes the circumcenter of $B$ (Bruhat–Tits fixed point theorem).
The basic result for a non-positively curved manifold is the Cartan–Hadamard theorem. The analog holds for a Hadamard space: a complete, connected metric space which is locally isometric to a Hadamard space has an Hadamard space as its universal cover. Its variant applies for non-positively curved orbifolds. (cf. Lurie.)
Examples of Hadamard spaces are Hilbert spaces, the Poincaré disc, complete real trees (for example, complete Bruhat–Tits building), $(p,q)$-space with $p,q\geq 3$ and $2pq\geq p+q,$ and Hadamard manifolds, that is, complete simply-connected Riemannian manifolds of nonpositive sectional curvature. Important examples of Hadamard manifolds are simply connected nonpositively curved symmetric spaces.
Applications of Hadamard spaces are not restricted to geometry. In 1998, Dmitri Burago and Serge Ferleger used CAT(0) geometry to solve a problem in dynamical billiards: in a gas of hard balls, is there a uniform bound on the number of collisions? The solution begins by constructing a configuration space for the dynamical system, obtained by joining together copies of corresponding billiard table, which turns out to be a Hadamard space.
# West Allis Post Office

The West Allis Post Office is a historic U.S. Post Office built in West Allis, Wisconsin in 1939. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
The post office was built by the Public Works Administration of the New Deal from 1939-40. The style is Stripped Classical, combining the massing and symmetry of Neoclassical style with some of the simplicity and anonymity of Moderne style. The building is two stories, brown brick walls sitting on a granite base, with a minimal cornice and a low hip roof. The front door and window openings are large, two stories tall, and arranged symmetrically, to perhaps suggest the grand portico of a Greek temple. Centered above the door is a sculpted eagle surrounded by stars. Inside, the walls are finished in marble wainscot and plaster. The lobby floor is beige terrazzo tiles with a red terrazzo border.
In the lobby are two large murals painted by Frances Foy in 1942: Wisconsin Wild Flowers - Spring and Wisconsin Wild Flowers - Autumn. Foy painted the murals for the Section of Fine Arts, a New Deal project. One percent of the cost of the public building was reserved for art in the building, aiming to provide work for artists and to decorate the building with art that was locally relevant and that would raise the morale of the viewing public.
# The Picket

The Picket (1905) is an equestrian sculpture by Cyrus E. Dallin in Hanover, Pennsylvania. The work is also referred to by the titles Cavalryman and The Sentry. The sculpture is made of cast bronze and sits on a granite pedestal measuring twelve feet by eight feet. The total height of both the sculpture and the pedestal is twenty feet or about six meters.
The sculpture was erected on September 28, 1905, having been paid for by the state of Pennsylvania. It stood in a roundabout in the middle of Hanover’s Center Square until it was moved in 1968; since then, it has stood north of the square outside 30 Center Square, Hanover.
The sculpture commemorates the Battle of Hanover, which took place on June 30, 1863. The Picket does not represent a particular participant in the Battle of Hanover; instead, it commemorates all of the unnamed cavalrymen whose names have been lost to history.
# Adam Ciołkosz

Adam Ciołkosz (pronounced; January 5, 1901 – October 1, 1978) was a Polish scout, soldier, publicist and politician, who was one of the most important leaders of the Polish Socialist Party, both in the Second Polish Republic and in exile during and after World War II.

## Early life and education

Ciołkosz was born in Kraków, but a year later his family moved to Tarnów. His father, Kasper, was an active progressive and independence agitator. His mother, Maria Idzikowska, was the daughter of a veteran of the January Uprising. He graduated from a Gymnasium in Tarnów and later studied law at the Jagiellonian University. While a student, Ciołkosz became a member of the socialists movement.

## Scouting and fighting for independence

In Gymnasium, Ciołkosz joined 1st Scouts Squad, "Zawisza Czarny". Later, he was a founder and organizer of scouting in Zakopane. During World War I, he lived in Vienna and still was active. In October 1918, he and National Emergency Squads of the Polish Scouts, which he had formed and led with POWs, forced Austrian forces to surrender in Tarnów. In November, he was one of the young scouts who participated in battle for Lwów. In 1919, Ciołkosz was promoted to a junior lieutenant. He was also an organizer of Polish scouting movement in Warmia and Mazury and fought during Silesian Uprising.

## Political career

In 1928, he was elected a Sejm Member from the Polish Socialist Party. He was re-elected in 1930, but this time Sanacja authorities didn't allow him to take office as with many others of the opposition.
He was one of the most outspoken critics of the Sanacja regime and was tried and sentenced to three years in prison during Brest trials in 1931 for plotting anti-government coup. After the German invasion into Poland in 1939, Ciołkosz, his wife Lidia Kahan was of Jewish descent (also a prominent socialist from UJ), and son Andrzej Ciołkosz fled first to Romania, and later France and England. His son died at the age of 23 in 1952, having translated Herling a year earlier.
Ciołkosz was an active politician in exile and soon was elected as party leader. He led PPS in exile until his death in London. A strong anti-Stalinist, he opposed Soviet domination in the Eastern Europe after 1945. His wife died in 2002 at age of 99.
# Gravediggaz discography

Gravediggaz is an American hip hop group from New York notable for pioneering the horrorcore lyrical style.

## Albums
### Studio albums

| Year | Title | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions |
| Year | Title | U.S. | U.S. R&B | AUS | UK | GER | FRA | NL | FIN | SE | NZ |
| 1994 | 6 Feet Deep Released: August 9, 1994 Label: Gee Street | 36 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1997 | The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel Released: October 14, 1997 Label: Gee Street | 20 | 7 | 79 | 24 | 36 | 25 | 87 | 36 | 28 | 39 |
| 2002 | Nightmare in A-Minor Released: April 9, 2002 Label: Empire | – | 38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |

### EPs

| Year | Album | Chart positions |
| Year | Album | UK |
| 1995 | Six Feet Deep E.P. Released: 1995 Label: Gee Street | |
| 1995 | The Hell E.P. Released: March 9, 1995 Label: 4th & B'way | 12 |

### Compilations

| Year | Album |
| 2004 | 6 Feet Under Released: March 30, 2004 Label: Cleopatra |

## Singles

| Year | Single | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions | Album |
| Year | Single | U.S. Hot 100 | U.S. R&B | U.S. Rap | UK | Album |
| 1994 | "Diary of a Madman" | 82 | 57 | 8 | – | 6 Feet Deep |
| 1994 | "Nowhere to Run, Nowhere to Hide" | – | – | 32 | – | 6 Feet Deep |
| 1995 | "1-800 Suicide" | – | – | 46 | – | 6 Feet Deep |
| 1997 | "Dangerous Mindz" | – | – | – | – | The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel |
| 1997 | "The Night the Earth Cried" | – | – | – | 44 | The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel |
| 1998 | "Unexplained" | – | – | – | 48 | The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel |
| 2002 | "False Things Must Perish" | – | – | – | – | Nightmare in A-Minor |
# Kent Perkins

Kent Perkins (born November 19, 1994) is an American professional football offensive tackle who is currently a free agent. He most recently played for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

## College career

Perkins played college football for the Texas Longhorns.

## Professional career
### Cincinnati Bengals

Perkins signed with the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent on May 5, 2017. He was waived on September 2, 2017 and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 22, 2017. On September 1, 2018, Perkins was waived by the Bengals and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 28, 2018. On August 13, 2019, Perkins was waived by the Bengals after announcing his retirement.

### St. Louis BattleHawks

In October 2019, Perkins returned to football when he was drafted by the St. Louis BattleHawks in the 2020 XFL Draft. He had his contract terminated when the league suspended operations on April 10, 2020.

### The Spring League

Perkins was selected by the Alphas of The Spring League during its player selection draft on October 11, 2020.

### BC Lions

Perkins signed with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL) on December 29, 2020. After an injury to veteran offensive tackle Ryker Mathews, Perkins was thrust into the starting role. He thrived in his first season in the league, and was the club’s nominee for CFL Most Outstanding Lineman. Early in the 2022 season, on July 7, 2022, Perkins and the Lions agreed to a new two-year contract extension. He played and started in all 18 regular season games and all post-season games from 2022 to 2024. As a pending free agent, Perkins was released on January 18, 2025.
# Maher Bitar

Maher Bitar is an American government official who worked in the Obama and Biden Administrations.

## Early life

In 2006, Bitar graduated from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, where he was on the executive board of the school's Students for Justice in Palestine. Bitar has a master's degree from Oxford University, where he was a Marshall Scholar. He studied at Georgetown Law School. He has written about political organizing among Palestinian refugees. His family is of Palestinian origin.

## Career

Bitar worked at the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Malaysia and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) in Jerusalem.

### Obama Administration

Bitar is a career Department of State employee. At the State Department, Bihar developed a close relationship with Jake Sullivan. During the Obama Administration, Bitar worked at the National Security Council (NSC) as Director for Israel and Palestinian Affairs from 2013 to 2015. From 2015 to 2017, he was Deputy to U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations Samantha Power
In 2017, Bitar joined the House Intelligence Committee as general counsel for the Democrats, where he played a role in the first impeachment of Donald Trump. He was also legal counsel to U.S. Representative Adam Schiff.

### Biden Administration

At the beginning of the Biden Administration in January 2021, Bitar was appointed Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Intelligence Programs at the NSC, succeeding Michael Ellis. His appointment was praised by Rob Malley and Ziad Asali of the pro-Palestinian group American Task Force on Palestine.
In January 2024, National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan moved Bitar into a new role at the NSC as Deputy Assistant to the President and coordinator for intelligence and defense policy. Bitar is the highest-ranking official at the White House responsible for coordinating the U.S. government's intelligence and defense policy.
# Carlo Festuccia

Carlo Festuccia (born 20 June 1980) is an Italian rugby union footballer. He started playing for L'Aquila Rugby, then moved to Gran Rugby. With both teams he competed in the Super 10 in Italy. His usual position is at hooker.
Festuccia was born in L'Aquila. he has also played for the Italian national team. He made his debut for the national team in a 2003 match against Wales, and was that same year, included in Italy's squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia.
In 2007, he moved to France, signing with Top 14 side Racing Métro 92 and playing there for four seasons. Festuccia returned to Italy in 2011 to join the Pro12 side Aironi.
On 2 September 2013 it was announced that Festuccia would leave Zebre to join London Wasps in the Aviva Premiership.
Festuccia returned to Zebre 3 years later ahead of the 2016/17 season. On 23 January 2017, Festuccia resign with Wasps for the rest of 2016–17 season.
# Gave de Pau

The Gave de Pau (French pronunciation:) is a river of south-western France. It takes its name from the city of Pau, through which it flows. The river is 181.3 kilometres (112.7 mi) long (190.7 kilometres (118.5 mi) including the Gaves réunis), and although its source is considered to be on the Cirque de Gavarnie in the Pyrenees mountains waters feed it from the slopes of Monte Perdido in Spain. From the Lago Helado on the slopes of Perdido water works through a cave system to emerge from the Resurgence Brulle via the Grotte Devaux on the French side of the border. The Gave de Pau joins the Gave d'Oloron in Peyrehorade to form the about 9-kilometre (6 mi) long Gaves réunis (united Gaves), which is a left tributary of the Adour. The Gaves réunis is often considered to be part of the Gave de Pau.
Its main tributaries are the Béez, the Néez, the Ouzoum and the Ousse.
The Gave de Pau flows through the following départements and towns:
* Hautes-Pyrénées: Argelès-Gazost, Lourdes.
* Pyrénées-Atlantiques: Pau, Orthez.
* Landes: Peyrehorade.
# Offerton Park

Offerton Park is an estate and former civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England, south-east of Stockport town centre. The parish boundaries excluded the area of Offerton Green further to the east. At the 2001 census, it had a population of 3,762.

## Creation

The parish of Offerton Estate was created in 2001 from part of an unparished area. In 2006, the parish changed its name to Offerton Park.

## Abolition

In April 2010 Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council received two petitions from residents of the parish calling for its abolition. Under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 the council was obliged to carry out a community governance review. Consultation showed that about 75% of the area's population favoured abolition, and in a poll held in July 2010 votes chose to abolish the parish council by 275 votes to 139. Stockport Council duly made an order abolishing the parish with effect from 31 March 2011.
The parish council initiated a judicial review, with the High Court ruling in September 2011 that the borough council had acted unlawfully as fewer than 17% of electors had voted so that it could be claimed that "the majority of residents held no strong view either way..." and that there was no way to know whether "the public generally, as opposed to a section of it, wished to see the parish council, or the parish abolished."
The order abolishing the parish was therefore quashed, and Stockport Council was required to re-establish the parish council, with elections held on 8 December 2011. All ten seats on the parish council were won by the "No More Parish No More Bills" Group, who were pledged to abolish the parish.
The High Court ruling was subsequently overturned at the Court of Appeal in 2012, and Stockport Council's order abolishing the parish and its council with effect from 31 March 2011 was therefore reinstated.
# Malkoçoğlu family

The Malkoçoğlu family (Turkish: Malkoçoğulları, Malkoçoğlu ailesi) (Serbian: Malković) or Yahyali was one of the ghazi families of Serbian origin that led the akıncı corps in the Ottoman Empire between the 14th-16th centuries. They served mainly in the Balkan conquest of the empire. The members of the family usually served as beys, sanjak-beys, beylerbeys, pashas, and castle commanders. Later on, they joined the ranks of the Ottoman Army in various missions, and one of the descendants became a Grand Vizier.

## History

The Battle of Maritsa (1371) was a disaster for the Serbian Empire, which resulted in several Serbian and Bulgarian lords becoming Ottoman vassals. The Malkoçoğlu was a warrior family of Christian Serb origin, which became Muslim. Malkoç, the eponymous founder, is alleged to have been one of the commanders of Sultan Murad I and Bayezid I, fighting at Kosovo (1389) and at Nicopolis (1396).
The further Ottoman expansion to the European frontiers was shared with semi-independent warriors, with the most notable being the four families of Evrenosoğulları, Mihaloğulları, both of which were of Anatolian Christian origin, Turahanoğulları of Turkish origin, and the Malkoçoğulları. These four families made up the gazi (warrior) nobility. Unpaid they lived and operated as raiders on the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire, subsisting totally on plunder.

## Members
### Genealogy known

* Hamza
** Malkoçoğlu Yahya Paşa bin Hamza (died 1507), married to a daughter of Bayezid II.
*** Mehmed (fl. 1511), Rumelian commander, supported Selim I during the throne struggle.
** Balı (died 1514), commander, had two sons, Ali and Tur Ali, all three died at Chaldiran.
*** Ali (died 1514)
*** Tur Ali (died 1514)

### Genealogy unknown

* Balı bin Yahya Paşa (died 1548)
* Malkoçoğlu Bali Bey (1495–1554), gazi commander. Probably one of the commanders under Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha that participated in the Safavid Campaign (1554–55).
* Malkoč-beg (died 1565)
* Ahmed-paša Dugalić
* Malkoç-oğlu Bâlibey of Semendire
* Yavuz Ali Paşa, Grand Vizier from October 16, 1603 to July 26, 1604.

## Legacy

There is a Bosnian Muslim epic tradition about an Ottoman hero named Malkoč-bey.
* Malkoçoğlu Cem Sultan, 1969 Turkish action film
# Skøyen Line

The Skøyen Line (Norwegian: Skøyenlinjen/Skøyenlinja) is a tramway line running from Slottsparken to Skøyen in Oslo, Norway. It is served by line 13 of the Oslo Tramway. It connects the Briskeby Line at Slottsparken to the Lilleaker Line at Skøyen.
The line was built on 2 March 1894 from Slottsparken to Skarpsno, and extended to Skøyen in 1903, by Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei. At first a shuttle service was provided on the branch line, but by April a through service was offered to Østbanen. The Skillebekk Line was extended on 31 December 1894 to Nobels gate, to Thune in 1901 and to Skøyen on 21 June 1903. On 9 May 1919 the Lilleaker Line was built from Skøyen to Lilleaker, as a suburban line.
# Kandanissery

Kandanissery is a small village in the Indian state of Kerala.
Guruvayur, a well known Hindu pilgrimage centre, is very near to Kandanissery.
The etymology of 'Kandanissery' is unknown.

## History

Human settlement began in this area around bc 1000. The very fertile soil and plenty of water attracted human settlement. Paddy and Coconut were main crops.
We can see the remains of Jaina and Brahmin settlement here. Small caves known as 'munimada' still intact, kudakkallu an old burial site is in the border of kandnaissery. Some old temples are clear evidence of Brahmin settlement. In distant past small group of Brahmins dominate over Ezhavas by political power and money. By some unknown reason's a type of revolution began in Ezhava community and it leads to the crush of the Brahmin settlement. This is a real setback to Brahmins, they are refugees in their own land. They pass some of their properties and Goddess to a Nair family. Thus the ownership of 40% land went to the hand of Nair family. At that time some Ezhava families possess huge area of land. Some other families possess land by giving rent to the Chiralayam Raja family and Choondakathu Othalur Mana. After the retreat of Brahmin's some Ezhava families became exploiters of poor peasants. It ended after the Indian independence, by the bill of 'land reform' by the communist government in Kerala headed by E. M. S. Namboodiripad.
# Royal Navy Fleet Flagship

In the Royal Navy, the fleet flagship is, in practice, the warship designated as the fleet's most prestigious vessel, currently HMS Prince of Wales.
In the modern era, the fleet flagship has usually been an aircraft carrier, but that changed in 2010 with the assignment of HMS Albion. The flag was transferred to HMS Bulwark in 2011 and HMS Ocean in June 2015, then to HMS Albion in 2018. Finally, the flag reverted to an aircraft carrier when HMS Queen Elizabeth took up her position in January 2021. The position was rotated to HMS Prince of Wales on the 2 December 2024.

## Flagships in the Royal Navy

Technically, the fleet flagship would be the ship that would host the two-star maritime battlestaff headquarters (such as COMUKMARFOR, a Rear Admiral who normally is based ashore) for operations.
Generally, a flagship is a ship in which an Admiral (or a Commodore) flies his flag (or broad pennant). As, in the Royal Navy, shore establishments can be commissioned as warships, the term can also indicate that of shore establishments run by senior Royal Naval commanders. For example, in 1960, the Commanders-in-Chief of the Home Fleet and its successors the Western Fleet, and Commander-in-Chief Fleet, flew their flags ashore in HMS Warrior in Northwood, before the downgraded three-star Fleet Commander moved to Portsmouth in 2005. Since then the Fleet Commander has flown his flag from these headquarters at the shore establishment HMS Excellent. In addition, the First Sea Lord flies his flag in HMS Victory (permanently based at the National Museum of the Royal Navy, but still a commissioned warship), and she is thus referred to as the 'First Sea Lord's Flagship'.

## "National Flagship"

In 2021 the UK Government announced plans for a new "national flagship" crewed and run by the Royal Navy that despite this designation would not be a command ship but a replacement for the Royal Yacht Britannia. The plans were abandoned in November 2022.

## Historic flagships

| Ship | Dates |
| Elizabeth Bonaventure / Bonaventure | 1567–1626 |
| Ark Royal / Anne Royal | 1587–1636 |
| Naseby / HMS Royal Charles | 1655–1667 |
| HMS Iron Duke | 1914–1917 |
| HMS Queen Elizabeth | 1917–1919 |

## Modern fleet flagships

| Ship | Dates |
| HMS Invincible | 1993–2005 |
| HMS Ark Royal | 2005–2007 |
| HMS Illustrious | 2007–2009 |
| HMS Ark Royal | 2009 – 13 December 2010 |
| HMS Albion | 13 December 2010 – 11 October 2011 |
| HMS Bulwark | 11 October 2011 – 1 June 2015 |
| HMS Ocean | 1 June 2015 – 27 March 2018 |
| HMS Albion | 27 March 2018 - 27 January 2021 |
| HMS Queen Elizabeth | 27 January 2021 - 2 December 2024 |
| HMS Prince of Wales | 2 December 2024 - to date |
# Delturus angulicauda

Delturus angulicauda is a species of armored catfish found in the Mucuri River basin.