OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cash on cash return

In real estate investing, the cash-on-cash return is the ratio of annual before-tax cash flow to the total amount of cash invested, expressed as a percentage.
    ${\mbox{Cash-on-Cash Return}}={\frac {\mbox{Annual Before-Tax Cash Flow}}{\mbox{Total Cash Invested}}}$
The cash-on-cash return, or "cash yield", is often used to evaluate the cash flow from income-producing assets, such as a rental property.
Generally considered a napkin test to quickly determine if the asset qualifies for further review and analysis, cash on cash analyses are often used by investors looking for properties where cash flow is paramount, however, some use it to determine if a property is undervalued, indicating instant equity in a property.

## Example

Suppose an investor purchases a $1,200,000 apartment complex with a $300,000 down payment. Each month, the cash flow from rentals, less expenses, is $5,000. Over the course of a year, the before-tax income would be $5,000 × 12 = $60,000, so the NOI (Net Operating Income)-on-cash return would be
    ${\frac {\$\ {\mbox{60,000}}}{\$\ {\mbox{300,000}}}}=0.20=20\%$.
However, because the investor used debt to service a portion of the asset, they are required to make debt service payments and principal repayments in this scenario (I.E. mortgage payments). Because of this, the Cash-on-Cash return would be a lower figure which would be determined by dividing the NOI after all mortgage payment expenses were deducted from it, by the total cash invested.
For example: If the investor made total mortgage payments (principal+interest) of $2,000 a month in this scenario, then the Cash-on-Cash return on the investment would be as follows:
* $2,000 x 12 = $24,000
* $60,000 - $24,000 = $36,000
${\frac {\$\ {\mbox{36,000}}}{\$\ {\mbox{300,000}}}}=0.12=12\%$.

## Limitations

* Because the calculation is based solely on before-tax cash flow relative to the amount of cash invested, it cannot take into account an individual investor's tax situation, the particulars of which may influence the desirability of the investment. However the investor can usually deduct enough Capital Cost Allowance to defer the taxes for a long time.
* The formula does not take into account any appreciation or depreciation. When some cash is a return of capital (ROC) it will falsely indicate a higher return, because ROC is not income.
* It does not account for other risks associated with the underlying property.
* It is essentially a simple interest calculation and ignores the effect of compounding interest. The implication for investors is that an investment with a lower nominal rate of compound interest may be superior, in the long run, to an investment with a higher cash-on-cash return.
It is possible to perform an after-tax Cash on Cash calculation, but accurate depictions of your adjusted taxable income are needed to correctly address how much tax payment is being saved through depreciation and other losses.
# Bennet (band)

Bennet were a British alternative rock band formed in 1993. They released two albums on Roadrunner Records, achieving mild success on the independent circuit in the UK. They were best known for their 1997 single "Mum's Gone to Iceland", the title of which came from a British television advertisement for the supermarket chain, Iceland. The band split up in 1998.
In 2016 they reformed with a new single due to be released in the summer, as well as a B Sides compilation.

## Discography
### Albums

* Super Natural (1996)
* Street vs Science (1997)

### Singles and EPs

* "Curly Shirly" (1995)
* "If You Met Me, Then You'd Like Me" (1996)
* "Colossal Man" (1996)
* "Someone Always Gets There First" (1996) – UK #69
* "Mum's Gone to Iceland" (1997) – UK #34
* "I Like Rock" (1997) – UK #79
* "Horse's Mouth" (1998)
# Ahmad Suwaydani

Ahmad al-Suwaydani (1932–1994) was the Syrian Army's chief of staff in February 1966– February 1968. Before that he had been the chief of military intelligence in 1963–1965 and the head of the bureau of military personnel in 1965–1966. He was dismissed and imprisoned for suspicions of plotting a coup in 1968. In 1994 he was released and died shortly after.

## Early life

Ahmad was born in 1932 in Nawa. He belonged to the Bani Suwaydan, a Sunni Muslim clan of the Hauran. In the 17th century, before the town of Suwayda had become a predominantly Druze center, the headmen of the town often hailed from the Bani Suwaydan. Ahmad's father was a peasant, relatively better off than most of the peasants of Nawa and part of the village's notable class.

## Military career

Ahmad graduated from the Homs Military Academy and joined the Ba'ath Party. In 1963–1965, he served as the chief of military intelligence. head of the bureau of military personnel. During this time he helped finance and provide arms to the Palestinian armed movement Fatah, cooperating particularly with Yasser Arafat and Salah Khalaf (Abu Iyad).
In 1965 he also became head of the bureau of military personnel. He allied with Syria's military strongman Salah Jadid and participated in the 1966 Syrian coup d'etat which installed Nureddin al-Atassi as president. Ahmad was then appointed by Jadid as chief of staff. He held the office during Syria's defeat by Israel in the Six Day War of 1967. Suwaydani was accused of incomptence by Defense Minister Hafez al-Assad while Jadid suspected Suwaydani of attempting to overthrow him. Jadid consequently dismissed Suwaydani in February 1968.

## Arrest and imprisonment

During a flight he was taking from Baghdad to Cairo in July 1969, his plane was forced to take an emergency landing by the Syrian authorities in Damascus, whereupon he was arrested. Afterward, all his loyalists from the Hauran were dismissed from the officer corps. He remained imprisoned through the presidency of Hafez al-Assad until his release in February 1994. He died soon after during the same year.
# High Halden

High Halden is a village and civil parish in the Ashford District of Kent, England. The village is on the A28 road between Ashford and Tenterden, 3 miles (5 km) north of the latter town. The Tenterden suburb of St. Michaels is included.

## History

Fifty tons of oak was used to build the tower and spire of the 10th–14th-century church, St Mary the Virgin, in 1470–1490. The church was restored in 1835 through funds donated by Mrs. Amy Kynaston Sutton, widow of the former vicar Evelyn Levett Sutton and sister and sole heiress of her brother Sir John Roger Kynaston, Bart. The large pub The Chequers on the Green, circa 1620, is known to have been used by smugglers and the various gangs such as the "Hawkhurst and Cranbrook gangs" that were active in the mid-18th century. The parish is recorded in the Domesday Book and parts of a Norman manor house can be seen at Tiffenden Farm.

### St Mary's Church

This Grade 1 listed church was built before 1286 (this being the first date for which there is a recorded name of a priest at the church, Richard de Halyngleghe). Although the church has been extended over the years, its most remarkable feature is the timbered tower which was probably constructed in the late 13th Century. It consists of an octagonal ground floor and a square upper story above which rises an 80-foot octagonal shingle-clad spire. The whole structure is braced and strengthened by a system of massive oak pillars, beams and trusses. The 14th Century South porch has an entrance which is a natural arch made of two halves of a colossal oak trunk and inside the church there is a 13th Century font.

### RAF High Halden

RAF High Halden is a former Royal Air Force Advanced Landing Ground in Kent, England
# Saint Pierre, Mauritius

Saint Pierre is a village in the district of Moka in Mauritius. It is considered to be found in the heart of Mauritius.The climatic conditions is cold and ideal especially during summer with cold breeze.
The village has significantly changed over the years with a new shopping centre, namely Kendra, gyms, driving more traffic to the village. With a growing population, Saint-Pierre is gradually starting to look like a town. The bus station is situated within walking distance to the market, the Kendra shopping centre, the mosque, but a bit further from the local primary and secondary schools, which will require travellers to stop further or to get on another connecting bus.
Saint Pierre has three banks, a market, numerous shops, a primary and a secondary school, a church, a mosque, two petrol stations, a couple of gyms a big shopping centre and much more.

## Transport

It had a railway station until this was closed down in the 1960s.

## Education

Primary School:
* Saint Pierre Roman Catholic School
* Petit Verger Govt. School
Secondary Schools:
* Loreto College Saint-Pierre
* Nelson College
French international schools:
* Lycée des Mascareignes - Senior high/Sixth form
* École du Centre/Collège Pierre-Poivre - Primary and junior high school
# Christophe Kinet

Christophe Kinet (born 31 December 1974) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a midfielder. He played in the Belgian, British, French and Dutch league for, among others Millwall F.C., Sparta Rotterdam, RC Strasbourg, FC Brussels and RFC Liège.

## Career

Born in Huy, Belgium, Kinet started his youth training at R.S.C. Anderlecht. He quit Anderlecht for studies.
He joined Millwall F.C. in 2000, then playing in the second league and left Millwall again in 2002, only to be brought back shortly afterwards. One of his most memorable moments at Millwall was scoring a hat-trick against Northampton in the Football League Trophy.
In the 2004–05 winter transfer window Kinet transferred from FC Brussels to Sparta Rotterdam. During the 2005–06 season, he transferred to then third division club RFC de Liege, after Roeselare expressed initial interest.

## Personal life

Kinet left Millwall because his then-girlfriend was expecting a baby. Kinet returned to Belgium and became the father of a son, named Henrick.

## Honours

Germinal Ekeren
* Belgian Cup: 1996–97
# R. V. Jones Intelligence Award

The R. V. Jones Intelligence Award was created by the CIA in 1993 to honour those whose accomplishments mirror in substance and style those of R. V. Jones, to wit: "Scientific acumen applied with art in the cause of freedom". Jones thus became the first recipient.

## Recipients of the R. V. Jones Intelligence Award

* 1999 – William J. Perry, former US Secretary of Defense
* 1996 – Richard L. Garwin, scientist
* 1994 – Albert Wheelon, former deputy director for Science and Technology, CIA
* 1993 – R. V. Jones
# Nazar Qoli

Nazar Qoli (Persian: نظرقلي) is a village in Karasf Rural District of the Central District in Khodabandeh County, Zanjan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,043 in 233 households, when it was in Howmeh Rural District. The following census in 2011 counted 1,051 people in 280 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,028 people in 291 households.
In 2020, the Nazar Qoli was transferred to Karasf Rural District.
# Bartłomiej Wróblewski

Bartłomiej Piotr Wróblewski (born March 13, 1975, in Poznań) is a Polish politician, lecturer and lawyer. He is a member of the Sejm from Law and Justice.

## Education

In 2000 Wróblewski graduated in law from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. Later, he studied in the University of Bonn and the University of Bamberg. In 2009, he obtained his doctor's degree in law in his alma mater - Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. His academic specialization is: constitutional law, European law and human rights.

## Writing

He is an author of numerous papers and three books: “State Liability for Illegal Legislative Acts in Germany” (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2005), “Non-contractual liability of the European Community for its normative acts” (Wydawnictwo Instytutu Zachodniego, Poznań 2005) and “State Liability for Legislative Acts in the Context of General State Liability Rules. The Development of the Concepts and Institutions until the mid-20th century” (Wydawnictwo C. H. Beck, Warsaw 2011).

## Career

He worked for Western Institute and the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland. Now Wróblewski is an assistant professor in SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities (earlier he was a director of Law Institute).
In 2015 he was elected to the Sejm, getting 14,108 votes in 39 Poznań district with a number 11 ranking on the Law and Justice list. As a Member of Parliament Wróblewski is a chairman of Polish-German Parliamentary Group, Polish-Irish Parliamentary Group and a vice-chairman of Polish-English Parliamentary Group. He also presides over The Permanent Subcommittee of Election and Administrative Code Amendments. He filed a motion with the Constitutional Tribunal questioning whether Poland's laws against abortion covered abortion due to serious fetal defects, prompting criticism from pro-choice activists.
In March 2021 Wróblewski was nominated for the position of the Polish Ombudsman by Law and Justice. On April 15, 2021, the Polish Sejm chose him to become the Polish Ombudsman (240 MPs voted "for", 201 "against" and 11, including Wróblewski, "abstained"). However, on May 13, 2021, the Polish Senate rejected the nomination.

## Alpinism

Bartłomiej Wróblewski is also mountaineer. In 1998-2014 he reached the Seven Summits.
# Grégory Wathelet

Grégory Wathelet (born 10 September 1980 age 42) is a Belgian equestrian who competes in the sport of show jumping.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, he was a member of the Belgian team in the team jumping competition which his team, composed of Le Jeune, Demeersman and Lansink, finished in thirteenth place. At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, having finished 9th in the Individual jumping, he was a member of the Belgian team in the team jumping competition which his team, composed of Devos and Guery, finished in third place, giving Belgium its first equestrian medal since the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was the Belgian flag bearer in the closing ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics where he became 4th.

## International Championship Results

Results :
| Year | Event | Horse | Placing | Notes |
| 2001 | European Young Rider Championships | Firis de la Maine | 6th | Team |
| 2001 | European Young Rider Championships | Firis de la Maine | 26th | Individual |
| 2006 | World Equestrian Games | Loriot | 4th | Team |
| 2006 | World Equestrian Games | Loriot | 26th | Individual |
| 2007 | European Championships | Lantinus 3 | 9th | Team |
| 2007 | European Championships | Lantinus 3 | 40th | Individual |
| 2011 | European Championships | HH Copin van de Broy | 7th | Team |
| 2011 | European Championships | HH Copin van de Broy | 24th | Individual |
| 2012 | Olympic Games | Citzenguard Cadjanine Z | 13th | Team |
| 2012 | Olympic Games | Citzenguard Cadjanine Z | 29th | Individual |
| 2013 | World Young Horse Championships | Sothis D'Ouilly | 12th | 7 Year Olds |
| 2013 | World Young Horse Championships | Benito | 31st | 7 Year Olds |
| 2014 | World Equestrian Games | HH Conrad | 13th | Team |
| 2014 | World Equestrian Games | HH Conrad | 25th | Individual |
| 2015 | European Championships | HH Conrad | 11th | Team |
| 2015 | European Championships | HH Conrad | | Individual |
| 2016 | World Young Horse Championships | Picobello Jasmine | 14th | 7 Year Olds |
| 2017 | World Cup Final | Forlap | 7th | |
| 2017 | European Championships | Coree | 4th | Team |
| 2017 | European Championships | Coree | 18th | Individual |
| 2017 | World Young Horse Championships | Picobello Full House Ter Linden Z | 22nd | 7 Year Olds |
| 2019 | European Championships | MJT Nevados S | | Team |
| 2019 | European Championships | MJT Nevados S | 9th | Individual |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | MJT Nevados S | | Team |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | MJT Nevados S | 9th | Individual |
| EL = Eliminated; RET = Retired; WD = Withdrew |||||||||||
# Blaendare Road Halt railway station

Blaendare Road Halt railway station served Pontymoile and Cwmynyscoy to the south of Pontypool town centre in Torfaen, South Wales, UK.

## History

The station was opened by the Great Western Railway on 30 April 1928 on its line from Pontypool to Newport. The Halt lay between Pontypool Crane Street to the north and Coedygric Junction to the south. Passenger services were withdrawn and the station closed on 30 April 1962.
The trackbed has been redeveloped into a roadway, and proceeds north-west as a footpath.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Pontypool Crane Street Line and station closed | Great Western Railway Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company | Panteg Line and station closed |
# Littleton v. Prange

Littleton v. Prange, 9 S.W.3d 223 (1999), is a 1999 lawsuit that voided a marriage where one of the individuals was a transgender woman, Christie Lee Littleton. The Fourth Court of Appeals of Texas ruled that, for purposes of Texas law, Littleton is male, and that her marriage to a man was therefore invalid. Texas law did not recognize same-sex marriage at the time of the ruling.

## Background

Christie Lee Cavazos was assigned male at birth, in San Antonio, Texas in 1952. She dropped out of school at age 15 and began living as a woman. In 1977, Cavazos began taking female hormones and legally changed her first name. In 1980, she underwent surgical reassignment and had the requisite state-issued identification changed to female. In 1989 Cavazos married Jonathan Mark Littleton in Kentucky, later moving to San Antonio.

## Case

After Jonathan Littleton's death, Christie Littleton brought a medical malpractice suit against her husband's doctor, Mark Prange. The defense attorney argued that the marriage was invalid because Christie was a biological male. On appeal, Chief Justice Phil Hardberger relied on the fact that "Texas statutes do not allow same-sex marriages" and that "male chromosomes do not change with either hormonal treatment or sex reassignment surgery" in handing down his judgment that "Christie Littleton is a male. As a male, Christie cannot be married to another male. Her marriage to Jonathan was invalid, and she cannot bring a cause of action as his surviving spouse."
The decision made it legal for a cis woman to marry a trans woman who had undergone sex reassignment surgery and transitioned to female as long as the two partners were assigned opposite sexes at birth.

## In fiction

Littleton v. Prange is cited in the fictional 2010 Drop Dead Diva episode "Queen of Mean". In the episode, lawyers for a post-operative trans woman cite the case to prove that her marriage to a cis woman, entered into before she transitioned, was valid, allowing her to inherit her deceased wife's estate.
# Pabbajjā

Pabbajjā (Pali; Skt.: pravrajyā) literally means "to go forth" and refers to when a layperson leaves home to live the life of a Buddhist renunciate among a community of bhikkhus (fully ordained monks). This generally involves preliminary ordination as a novice (m. samanera, f. samaneri). It is sometimes referred to as "lower ordination". After a period or when the novice reaches 20 years of age, the novice can be considered for the upasampadā ordination (or "higher ordination") whereby the novice becomes a monk (bhikkhu) or nun (bhikkhuni).
In some traditional Theravada countries, such as Myanmar, boys undergo pabbajjā (Shinbyu) at the age of puberty. In Mahayana countries such as China and Japan, the pabbajjā is preceded by a probationary period.
# Botanical Gardens (Tirana)

The Botanical Gardens of Tirana is a botanical gardens complex located in southern Tirana, Albania. It is the only botanical gardens complex in Albania.

## History

Construction commenced in 1964, with the original site covering approximately 15 hectares. It was completed in 1971. It is situated in southern Tirana.
The Botanical Gardens of Tirana, which are part of the University of Tirana, have become institutionalised with international links with Canadian, Hungarian, Chinese and Romanian gardens.
The garden contains around 2,000 species of plants and is maintained by horticultural experts and scientists who also use the gardens for research. The gardens are part of Botanic Gardens Conservation International.
Areas of study include the ecology of introduced plant species and threatened endemic species. Other areas of study are concentrated in the phytosociological study of the black pine, oak and natural pasture lands.
# Eastern Sierra Unified School District

The Eastern Sierra Unified School District is a public school district in Mono County, California. The District is responsible for educating students within one of the largest geographical attendance areas of the 1,028 public schools in the state of California. The District has many school sites located throughout rural Mono County. It oversees public education in the central and northern part of the county, including the communities of:
* Benton
* Bridgeport
* Coleville
* June Lake
* Lee Vining

## Governance

The ESUSD Governance Team meets every third Wednesday of each month unless otherwise scheduled. Meeting Agenda can be found at each school site, the District Office, Community Post Offices and online.
Eastern Sierra Unified is governed by a five-member board of trustees.
* Penny Galvin 2022 - 2026 (Area 1)
* Steve Wright 2022 - 2024 (Area 2)
* Danielle Dublino 2020 - 2024 (Area 3)
* Ricky McCoy 2022 - 2026 (Area 4)
* Ann Aylesworth 2022 - 2026 (Area 5)

## Staff

The District Office is located in Bridgeport, CA.
The District Office Staff Includes:
* Heidi Torix - Superintendent
* Cetara Rohl- Business Manager
* Ashley Custer - Executive Secretary
* Shane Gleason - Director of Facilities and Maintenance
* Jon Blackburn - Director of IT
* Janina Santoyo - Counselor
- MISSION STATEMENT -
The mission of ESUSD, a community ascending from varied pasts toward future promise, is to ensure that each student achieves academic and personal excellence, through a unique educational system distinguished by:
* Student centered learning environments with no boundaries
* Devoted and passionate staff
* Engaged partnerships within our communities
* Technology that bridges the gaps with all communities and the world
* Innovative risk in a secure environment
# Treaty of Ankara (1926)

The Treaty of Ankara (1926), also known as the Frontier Treaty of 1926 (Turkish: Ankara Antlaşması), was signed on 5 June 1926 in Ankara by Turkey, the United Kingdom and Mandatory Iraq. The treaty aimed to solve the so-called "Mosul Question" by determining a mutually satisfactory border between Turkey and Iraq and to regulate their neighbourly relations. One important aspect of the treaty was that Turkey would have the right to engage in militarily conflict in the border region in the event of it being destabilised. This sphere of influence which is beyond Turkey's modern boundaries mainly covers the northern part of Iraq, notably the Mosul and Kirkuk region.

## Terms

* Mosul Province would belong to Iraq.
* The "Brussel Line", as adopted previously on 29 October 1924 the provisional border, would act as the border between Turkey and Iraq.
* 10% of the royalty due the Iraq government from oil revenues from Mosul would be given to Turkey for 25 years.
* Turkey had received the payment for 4 years and would give up on the remaining 21 years of payment in favour of a payment of £500,000 sterling from the United Kingdom.

## Aftermath

   "After the 1926 Treaty, relations between Turkey and Iraq gradually started to improve. In 1928, each side opened legations in the other's capitals and both countries presented their credentials. King Faisal and his ministers made a state visit to the Turkish capital in July 1931, and early in 1932, The Turco-Iraqi Treaties of Residence, Commerce, and Extradition was signed. Although, The Treaty of Bilateral Commerce and Friendship was signed between the Turkish and Iraqi governments in 1932, it was not approved by Britain, which shows the continuation of British control over Iraqi foreign policy after the mandate. In 1937, a non-aggression Treaty was signed with Iraq, called the Saadabad Pact."