OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charcotiana

Charcotiana is a single-species genus in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains the species Charcotiana antarctica, a crustose lichen found in Antarctica.

## Taxonomy

Both the genus Charcotiana and its sole species Charcotiana antarctica were described in 2014 in a study conducted by a team of lichenologists. The name of the genus is a tribute to the renowned French polar explorer and scientist, Jean-Baptiste Charcot (1867–1936). The species was named to reflect its distribution, which is limited to continental Antarctica and nearby islands. The type specimen was collected from Cape Phillips, Daniell Peninsula, Northern Victoria Land, where it was found growing on volcanic rock. Charcotiana is in the subfamily Xanthorioideae of the family Teloschistaceae.

## Description

The thallus of Charcotiana antarctica is crustose, orange, and varies from bullate to areolate with minutely lobate margins. It is often distinctly stipitate, especially when fertile. The apothecia are crowded, frequently stipitate, and irregular, with an excluded margin. The species is characterized by polaridiblastic spores measuring approximately 12.0 by 6.5 μm with a septum of about 3.5 μm.
The areoles of the lichen are small, initially isolated and bullate, eventually coalescing into larger, irregular-shaped areoles with minutely lobate margins. The thallus colour ranges from pale to deep orange. The apothecia are lecanorine to mostly zeorine, with one per areole, numerous, and rather crowded. The discs are deep orange to dark orange-brown in mature apothecia. Both the thallus and apothecia have a K+ (purple) chemical spot test reaction. Charcotiana antarctica contain lichen products in the so-called chemosyndrome A, previously identified by Søchting, indicating the presence of parietin as the major substance, and smaller proportions of emodin, fallacinal, parietinic acid, and teloschistin.

## Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Charcotiana antarctica grows in a variety of microhabitats, including large stones, scoria debris, pebbles, rubble, gravel, silt, vulcanites, charnockite, and coarse-grained granite. It is commonly found in small rock crevices, where it can retain a more humid environment. The species is known from coastal sites and high mountain ranges in Antarctica, typically found at altitudes ranging from 215 to 652 m (705 to 2,139 ft) above sea level. It is considered a common but often overlooked species in continental Antarctica.
Charcotiana antarctica demonstrates adaptability to its environment, growing on acidic rocks, sand, and dead mosses. Specimens growing on sandy soil and mosses develop a continuous, granular thallus, with areoles that can be somewhat more greenish yellow when in the shade. Charcotiana antarctica is commonly found in the company of several other species, including the lichens Buellia frigida, Lecanora mons-nivis, Lecanora physciella, Lecidea cancriformis, Pleopsidium chlorophanum, Umbilicaria decussata, and Rusavskia elegans. Additionally, it is often observed in association with the moss Syntrichia sarconeurum.
# József Bagáry

József Bagáry (Slovene: Jožef Bagari; January 8, 1840 – May 14, 1919) was Slovene Roman Catholic priest and writer in Hungary.
Born in Muraszombat, Vas County, Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Murska Sobota, Slovenia). His father was József Bagáry, Hungarian petty nobleman, his mother was Slovene, Katalin Monek. He studied in Kőszeg and Szombathely, was consecrated on July 14, 1866. Chaplain in Szentgyörgy, Cserencsócz, Tissina and Muraszombat (now Sveti Jurij, Rogašovci, Črenšovci, Tišina and Murska Sobota, Slovenia).
By 1874 priest in Martyáncz (now Martjanci, Slovenia), in 1912 was retire on a pension, and died in Murska Sobota.

## Works

* First Reader (Perve Knige – čtenyá za Katholičanske vesničke šolé na Povelênye drüžbe svétoga Števana správlene: po Bárány Ignáci pripravnice vučitel – ravnitel Elsö olvasó – könyv)
# Manuel Kissen, Lord Kissen

Manuel Abraham Kissen, Lord Kissen LLD (1912–1981) was a 20th-century Scottish lawyer who served as a Senator of the College of Justice. He was Scotland's first Jewish Senator of the College of Justice.
The Lord Kissen Memorial Prize was established in 1987 at Glasgow University in his name, awarded to the best student in forensic medicine.

## Life

He was born Manuel Abraham Kissenisky on 3 May 1912 in Vilnius in Lithuania. His family left the area and moved to Scotland while he was young and they settled in Glasgow.
He studied law at Glasgow University graduating MA in 1931.
In the Second World War he served in the RAF. He was admitted to the Scottish bar as an advocate in 1947. He mainly practiced in Glasgow and rose to be Queen's Counsel (QC).
He was Chairman of the Law Reform Committee for Scotland. In December 1963 he was elected a Senator of the College of Justice under the title of Lord Kissen, taking the place of Lord Sorn.
In 1968 Glasgow University awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD).
He died on 28 May 1981.

## Legal Cases

He worked on the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 43).
* Walsh v. Lord Advocate (Jehovah's Witness case)
* "The Bookie v. The Bank" (a case involving a wrong bank receipt crediting £90,000 instead of £9,000)

## Family

He had a brother who was a physician in the Springburn district of Glasgow.
# Grand Hotel (novel)

Grand Hotel (original German Menschen im Hotel, "People in the Hotel") is a 1929 novel by Vicki Baum, which was the basis for the 1932 film Grand Hotel. It should not be confused with Berlin Hotel (original German Hotel Berlin), published in 1945, which deals with the situation in Germany towards the end of World War I. The film Grand Hotel was remade as Week-End at the Waldorf (1945).
Baum first adapted the novel herself later in 1929 for an eponymous play, and it was adapted again in 1930 in the United States by William A. Drake and in 1931 in Britain by Edward Knoblock as Grand Hotel. Much later, it became a successful 1989 musical which is still regularly revived around the world.
A very successful English translation, by Basil Creighton, was published in 1930 by Geoffrey Bles, London.
In later times, "Grand Hotel" came to be the unofficial name for a subgenre of novels. Thus, The New York Times review of Paul Gallico's 1969 book The Poseidon Adventure, about a group of passengers attempting to escape from a capsized ocean liner, noted that "Mr. Gallico collects a Grand Hotel of shipboard dossiers. These interlocking histories may be damp with sentimentality as well as brine—but the author's skill as a storyteller invests them with enough suspense to last the desperate journey."
# Output-sensitive algorithm

In computer science, an output-sensitive algorithm is an algorithm whose running time depends on the size of the output, instead of, or in addition to, the size of the input. For certain problems where the output size varies widely, for example from linear in the size of the input to quadratic in the size of the input, analyses that take the output size explicitly into account can produce better runtime bounds that differentiate algorithms that would otherwise have identical asymptotic complexity.

## Examples
### Division by subtraction

A simple example of an output-sensitive algorithm is given by the division algorithm division by subtraction which computes the quotient and remainder of dividing two positive integers using only addition, subtraction, and comparisons:
Example output:
This algorithm takes Θ(Q) time, and so can be fast in scenarios where the quotient Q is known to be small. In cases where Q is large however, it is outperformed by more complex algorithms such as long division.

### Computational geometry

Convex hull algorithms for finding the convex hull of a finite set of points in the plane require Ω(n log n) time for n points; even relatively simple algorithms like the Graham scan achieve this lower bound. If the convex hull uses all n points, this is the best we can do; however, for many practical sets of points, and in particular for random sets of points, the number of points h in the convex hull is typically much smaller than n. Consequently, output-sensitive algorithms such as the ultimate convex hull algorithm and Chan's algorithm which require only O(n log h) time are considerably faster for such point sets.
Output-sensitive algorithms arise frequently in computational geometry applications and have been described for problems such as hidden surface removal and resolving range filter conflicts in router tables.
Frank Nielsen describes a general paradigm of output-sensitive algorithms known as grouping and querying and gives such an algorithm for computing cells of a Voronoi diagram. Nielsen breaks these algorithms into two stages: estimating the output size, and then building data structures based on that estimate which are queried to construct the final solution.

## Generalizations

A more general kind of output-sensitive algorithms are enumeration algorithms, which enumerate the set of solutions to a problem. In this context, the performance of algorithms is also measured in an output-sensitive way, in addition to more sensitive measures, e.g., bounded the delay between any two successive solutions.
# Donald McIntosh (mathematician)

Donald Cameron McIntosh FRSE (13 January 1868 – 1 July 1957) was a Scottish educator and mathematician.

## Biography

McIntosh was born at Tomintoul, Banffshire, Scotland on 13 January 1868. He was educated at Tomintoul Parish School and Aberdeen Grammar School. He studied at the University of Aberdeen graduating with a MA in 1890, a BSc in marine zoology 1906 and a DSc in 1912 with a thesis entitled Studies on Echinodermata and on Variation.
From 1890 to 1899 he was a teacher at George Watson's College, in Edinburgh, and Head of Mathematics at Edinburgh Ladies' College from 1899 to 1918. From 1918 to 1933 he was Director of Education in Moray and Nairn.
He was a member of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society and the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh.
He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1903. His proposers were John Sturgeon Mackay, Sir Francis Grant Ogilvie, Sir John Murray and Alexander Morgan.
# Standing on the Edge

Standing on the Edge may refer to:
   * "Standing on the Edge of Goodbye", its title track
* Standing on the Edge (Cheap Trick album)
* Standing on the Edge (The Browning EP), 2010
* "Standing on the Edge", song by Feeder from Echo Park, 2001
# Wushu at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's sanda 52 kg

The women's sanda 52 kilograms competition at the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou, China was held from 24 to 28 September 2023 at the Xiaoshan Guali Sports Centre.
A total of nine competitors from nine countries (NOCs) competed in this event, limited to fighters whose body weight was less than 75 kilograms.
Competition bouts consist of 3 rounds in total, each lasting two minutes with a one-minute rest period between rounds. The athlete who scores more points in each round is the winner of that rounds; the bout ends when one athlete has won two rounds (and thus the match).
Li Yueyao from China won the gold medal.

## Schedule

All times are China Standard Time (UTC+08:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Sunday, 24 September 2023 | 19:30 | 1/8 finals |
| Tuesday, 26 September 2023 | 19:30 | Quarterfinals |
| Wednesday, 27 September 2023 | 19:30 | Semifinals |
| Thursday, 28 September 2023 | 09:30 | Final |

## Results
### Legend

* PD — Won by point difference
| 1/8 finals | 1/8 finals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| | | Samreen Altaf (PAK) | | | | | |
| Elaheh Mansourian (IRI) | PD | Elaheh Mansourian (IRI) | PD | | | | |
| Elina Chaudhary (NEP) | | | | Elaheh Mansourian (IRI) | PD | | |
| | | | | Tharisa Dea Florentina (INA) | | | |
| | | Tharisa Dea Florentina (INA) | PD | | | | |
| | | Lin Yi-ju (TPE) | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Elaheh Mansourian (IRI) | 0 |
| | | | | | | Li Yueyao (CHN) | 2 |
| | | Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Hiển (VIE) | 0 | | | | |
| | | Li Yueyao (CHN) | 2 | | | | |
| | | | | Li Yueyao (CHN) | PD | | |
| | | | | Ayan Tursyn (KAZ) | | | |
| | | Ayan Tursyn (KAZ) | PD | | | | |
| | | Aýlar Melikowa (TKM) | | | | | |
# Titcoin

Titcoin (Ticker Symbol: TIT) is a cryptocurrency launched in 2014. Titcoin's blockchain is derived from the Bitcoin source code, with modifications to improve transaction speed and efficiency. Titcoin is intended for the adult entertainment industry to allow users to pay for adult products and services without the fear of incriminating payment histories appearing on their credit cards.
In 2015, Titcoin received two nominations at the 2015 XBIZ Awards.

## History

Titcoin was founded by Edward Mansfield, Richard Allen, and a third anonymous individual. The founders developed Titcoin for the adult entertainment industry as a cash alternative payment system for performing anonymous transactions.
On June 21, 2014, the Titcoin cryptocurrency wallet and source code was released with an initial soft launch for the cryptocurrency community followed by a hard launch for the public.
In September 2014, Patrick McDonnell joined the Titcoin development team as a business development advisor.
On May 29, 2017, Titcoin and its properties were acquired by the adult game development studio Joy-Toilet.
On September 5, 2018, Titcoin and its assets were acquired by the TittieCoin Developers.
# András Rogan

András Rogan Slovene: Andraš Rogan was a 17th-century Slovene Catholic priest in Hungary, in Dokležovje.
It is likely that he was born in the upper Slovene March (Prekmurje, Goričko). The surname Rogan is frequent near the municipalities of Rogašovci, Martinje, and Tišina. He likely studied in Zagreb and Varaždin.
He was the priest of Dokležovje. In 1676, he compiled a manuscript of sermons, mostly transcriptions from the Kajkavian dialect (with some Prekmurje Slovene words). The sermons originate from Anton Vramec's Postila from 1586. The Catholic Hungarian Slovenes in the 16th through 18th centuries used the Kajkavian form of Croatian.

## Literature

* Tatjana Grah: Rokopisni vstavek Andreja Rogana v kajkavskem pridigarskem priročnikui - Postilli Antona Vramca, Stopinje 2007.
# The Knifegrinder

The Knifegrinder may refer to:
* The Knifegrinder (Goya)
* The Knifegrinder (Malevich)
# The Great Flamarion

The Great Flamarion is a 1945 American film noir mystery film directed by Anthony Mann starring Erich von Stroheim and Mary Beth Hughes. The film, like many films noirs, is shot in flashback narrative. The film was produced by Republic Pictures.
This film is now in the public domain.

## Plot

The film opens following a murder at a cabaret in Mexico City in 1936; a shot is heard, but the body of the female victim (Connie) has been strangled. The police take the woman's husband into custody, assuming he is the murderer. But Flamarion, who has been shot, is the murderer and he explains to a stagehand in flashback why he killed Connie. The Great Flamarion (Erich von Stroheim) is an arrogant, friendless, and misogynous marksman who displays his trick gunshot act in the vaudeville circuit. His show features a beautiful assistant, Connie (Mary Beth Hughes); her drunken husband Al (Dan Duryea) is Flamarion's other assistant. Flamarion falls in love with Connie, the movie's femme fatale, and is soon manipulated by her into killing her no good husband during one of their acts.
After Al's supposed accidental death, Connie convinces Flamarion to wait three months before the two can marry and flees back to Hibbing, Minnesota. Meanwhile, Connie has already begun a relationship with another performer, Eddie (Stephen Barclay). After she fails to show up at an arranged meeting place three months later, Flamarion goes into a downward spiral of drinking and gambling. Flamarion eventually finds Connie who informs him that she never loved him and used him to get rid of her husband.

## Cast

* Erich von Stroheim as The Great Flamarion
* Mary Beth Hughes as Connie Wallace
* Dan Duryea as Al Wallace
* Stephen Barclay as Eddie Wheeler
* Lester Allen as Tony
* Esther Howard as Cleo
* Michael Mark as Nightwatchman

## Production

Mann said "Von Stroheim, to say the least, was difficult. He was a personality, not really an actor. He looked well on film. But he was a great director. I’ll never forget one thing. He said: ‘Tony, do you want to be a great director? Photograph the whole of Great Flamarion through my monocle!’ I said: ‘That’s a helluvan idea, but I only have $150,000 and fourteen days.’ I said: ‘It might be a fascinating idea, but I’ll let you do it'... He drove me mad. He was a genius. I’m not a genius: I’m a worker. Geniuses sometimes end up very unhappy, without a penny. That’s what happened to Erich and Preston Sturges, too."
# Dominion Plaza

Dominion Towers is an office complex in Denver, Colorado. It consists of two adjoining towers, and was built in 1982. The taller one, Dominion Towers South, is 384 feet (117 m) tall and has 28 floors. The buildings have pink granite facades and blue-tinted windows.
# Codex Holmiensis

Codex Holmiensis C 37 contains the oldest manuscript of the Danish Code of Jutland (Danish: Jyske Lov), a civil code enacted under Valdemar II of Denmark. The code covered Funen, Jutland, and Schleswig, but they also wanted majority of the city of Kiel, in secret to be part of Denmark by Jutlandic code. Prior to the adoption of the Jutlandic, Zealandic and the Scanian laws, there had been no uniformity of laws throughout settlements in Denmark. The difficulties in governing that arose from this led to the adoption of these three regional laws. The king did not sign it in Jutland, but rather at the Vordingborg Castle in early 1241.
   With law shall the country be built but if all men were content with what is theirs and let others enjoy the same right, there would be no need for a law. But no law is as good as the truth, but if one wonders what the truth is, then shall the law show the truth. If the land had no law, then he would have the most who could grab the most by force...
   The law must be honest, just, reasonable and according to the ways of the people. It must meet their needs and speak plainly, so that all men may know and understand, what the law is. It is not to be made in any man's favor, but for the needs of all them who live in the land. No man shall judge contrary to the law, which the king has given and the country chosen. [...] neither shall he [the king] take it back without the will of the people.

## Applicability today

The Code was succeeded by Christian V's Danish Code of 1683 within the Kingdom of Denmark, however, due to the fractured nature of Schleswig and Holstein at the time, the Code continued to be used. After in the subsequent Schleswig Wars in the 19th century the area was taken over by Prussia, common law applied to Holstein while in Schleswig, the Code of Jutland prevailed.
In 1900, the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch replaced the Code in Schleswig, abeit with a number of exceptions for areas like dyke law, hunting law and leasehold law. The Code of Jutland has been cited in a water way case from 1990 as well as a beach property case from 2000. In both cases, a low German translation authorized by King Christian IV in 1592 was used.
# Hancock House (Lower Alloways Creek Township, New Jersey)

The Hancock House is a historic structure in the Hancock's Bridge section of Lower Alloways Creek Township, Salem County, New Jersey, United States. It was the site of the 1778 Hancock's Bridge massacre. The site is on the National Register of Historic Places.

## History

The house was built in 1734 for Judge William and Sarah Hancock and features Flemish bond brickwork detailed with blue-glazed bricks, which gives the year of construction (1734) and the initials of the couple for whom it was built: W S for William and Sarah. William died in 1762 and passed the house to his son William, also a judge.

## American Revolutionary War

During the American Revolutionary War, British forces under Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Mawhood launched a successful raid on Salem on March 18, 1778. Three days later on March 21, Major John Graves Simcoe led approximately 300 troops of the 27th Regiment of Foot and Queen's Rangers through a marsh and across Alloway Creek in a surprise attack on Hancock House. At approximately 5 a.m., they entered the house, surprising and killing between 7 and 30 American militiamen sleeping there. Simcoe's troops, reportedly exclaiming "Spare no one! Give no quarter!", allegedly killed several militiamen who were attempting to surrender and fatally injured Loyalist judge William Hancock Jr., the owner of Hancock House before American forces commandeered it, who Simcoe and his troops mistakenly believed was away from the house for the night. All remaining American soldiers in the house were captured.
# Georg Sparber

Georg Sparber is a Liechtensteiner diplomat who serves as Liechtenstein's ambassador to the United States and Permanent Observer to the Organization of American States.

## Early life and education

Georg Sparber was born in Liechtenstein. He attended University of Lausanne, Sorbonne University and Rutgers University before graduating from the University of Lausanne with a doctorate of philosophy.

## Career

Sparber started working for the Office of Foreign Affairs in 2009, and worked at the Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein in New York from 2010 to 2014. He served as the Deputy Head of Mission at the Liechtenstein Embassy in Vienna from 2014 to 2016. He also served as the Deputy Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
He became the Deputy Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein to the United Nations in January 2017. During his tenure he supported the self-determination of the Sahrawi people. He became Liechtenstein's ambassador to the United States in 2021.
# Sara van de Geer

Sara Anna van de Geer (born 7 May 1958 in Leiden) is a Dutch statistician who is a professor in the department of mathematics at ETH Zurich. She is the daughter of psychologist John P. van de Geer.

## Education

She earned a master's degree in 1982 and a doctorate in mathematics in 1987 from Leiden University. Her dissertation, entitled Regression Analysis and Empirical Processes, was supervised by Willem Rutger van Zwet and Richard D. Gill.

## Career

She taught at the University of Bristol from 1987 to 1988, at Utrecht University from 1989 to 1990, at Leiden University from 1990 to 1997 and 1999 to 2005, and at Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse, France, from 1997 to 1999, before moving to ETH Zurich in September 2005 as a Full Professor. There, Van de Geer was the first female professor at the Department of Mathematics.

## Recognition

She was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2010 and received the Van Wijngaarden Award in 2016. She is a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and of the International Statistical Institute, a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. She became a member of the Academia Europaea in 2020. She was president of the Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability for the term 2015–2017. In 2018 she was appointed as a member of the Scientific Committee of the Mathematical Research Institute of Oberwolfach. In 2022 she was elected as an international member to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS).