OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jongsong Peak

Jongsong Peak is a mountain in the Janak section of the Himalayas. At 7,462 metres (24,482 ft) it is the 57th highest peak in the world, although it is dominated by the 3rd highest, Kangchenjunga, 20 km (12 mi) to the south. Jongsong's summit is on tripoint of India, Nepal and China.

## History

The first ascent was made on 2 June 1930 by Hermann Hoerlin [de] and Erwin Schneider [de], members of an international expedition which included climbers from Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the UK and was led by Gunther Dyhrenfurth. Until the first ascent of Kamet on 21 June 1931 by Frank Smythe (who was also a member of this 1930 expedition), Jongsong was the highest climbed peak in the world. Several members of the Jongsong Peak first ascent team were also members of the international mountaineering organisation The Himalayan Club.
On 30 September 2012, a team from the Kolkata section of the Himalayan Club (Pradeep Sahoo (Leader) with Ang Dorji Sherpa and Phurba Sherpa), ascended the Jongsong peak's east summit (named Domo by Dyhrenfurth) on a new route via the eastern ridge of the Jongsong peak from a col between the Jongsong massif and an adjoining peak called Dome Kang. The previous day, another team from the same expedition scaled Dome Kang (Rajib Mondal and Dawa Sherpa) from the common col along its east face (New route first ascent / second ascent overall). They had approached the mountains from the Jongsong glacier, Sikkim.
# Soběšín

Soběšín is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Soběšín consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Soběšín (114)
* Otryby (66)
# Athos

Athos may refer to:

## Fictional or mythical characters

* Athos (character), one of the title characters in the novel The Three Musketeers (1844) by Alexandre Dumas père
* Athos (mythology), one of the Gigantes in Greek mythology
* Athos Fadigati, the protagonist of the novel The Gold-Rimmed Spectacles (1954) by Giorgio Bassani and of its film adaptation The Gold Rimmed Glasses (1987)
* Athos Magnani, father and son protagonists of Bertolucci's film The Spider's Stratagem (1970)
* Athos Roussos, in the novel Fugitive Pieces (1996) by Anne Michaels
* Athos, in the video game Fire Emblem (2003)

## People

* Armand d'Athos (1615–1643), Gascon black musketeer of the Maison du Roi in 17th century France
* Athos Bulcão (1918–2008), Brazilian painter and sculptor
* Athos Chrysostomou (born 1981), Cypriot football goalkeeper
* Athos de Oliveira (born 1943), Brazilian swimmer
* Athos Dimoulas (1921–1985), Greek poet
* Athos Fava (1925–2016), Argentine communist
* Athos Pisoni (1937–2025), Brazilian sports shooter
* Athos Schwantes (born 1985), Brazilian fencer
* Athos Solomou (born 1985), Cypriot footballer
* Athos Tanzini (1913–2008), Italian fencer
* Athos Valsecchi (1919–1985), Italian politician

## Places

* Mount Athos, a mountain in Greece
* Athos Range, a mountain range in Antarctica
* Athos, a village in France, part of the commune Athos-Aspis

## Ships

* SS Athos, a 1915 French cargo-passenger ship sunk by a U-boat in World War I
* Athos 1, a tanker from which spilled crude oil into the Delaware River in 2004

## Arts and entertainment

* Athos, a fictional planet in the 1986 science fiction novel Ethan of Athos by Lois McMaster Bujold
* Athos (Stargate), a fictional planet in the TV series Stargate Atlantis
* Athos (album), a 1994 album by Stephan Micus
# Working Saturday

In some countries which have a five-day workweek with Saturday and Sunday being days off, on some occasions some Saturdays may be declared working Saturdays.

## Transferred working day

In the Soviet Union, modern Russia, and Hungary, the Friday following a public holiday that falls on Thursday and the Monday before one that falls on Tuesday are transferred to Saturdays to make longer runs of consecutive nonworking days. In this case the "bridge" Monday or Friday is treated as a Saturday in terms of time tables and working hours and the related "working Saturday" is treated as a normal work day. Over the two work weeks concerned, work is done on nine days with one work week running for six days and the other one for three. Employees always have the option of taking a day from their personal vacation allowance and using it to avoid working on the "working Saturday". Some employers and many education institutions treat the working Saturday as a regular one (giving a "free" day off in the former case).
For example in 2007 Russia held working Sundays on 28 April, 9 June, and 29 December in lieu of 30 April, 11 June, and 31 December, respectively.

## Romania

In Romania, there was a six-day workweek until 1990. Initially there were an average of 48 working hours a week, but in 1982 and 1985 the communist government formally reduced the working hours to 46, and subsequently 45. In some areas a reduced workweek (săptămână redusă de lucru) was permitted, involving 1-2 extra work hours from Monday to Friday in exchange for a free Saturday, but this was only about flexibility of working program, not a real process of switching to a 5-day workweek. Unions in Romania were not independent, but obeyed the Communist Party, so they were not interested in fighting for workers rights. More than that, the censorship banned any information about the 5-day workweek (even this measure was implemented in USSR since 1967).
The process of transition to 5-day workweek started on 19 March 1990 with 2 free days a month, usually Saturdays. The same law stated that the term for finalizing the transition is the end of 3rd trimester (i.e. 30 September 1990).
# Tranquilandia

Tranquilandia ('Tranquility Land') was the name of the large cocaine processing laboratory located in the jungles of Caquetá, Colombia. Tranquilandia was constructed for the Medellín Cartel by José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha, also known as the Mexican. Until its destruction in 1984 by the Colombian National Police assisted by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the complex consisted of 19 laboratories, an independent water (Yari River) and electrical system along with dormitories for the laboratory workers. Processing supplies were flown in, and processed cocaine was flown out via any one of eight airstrips, constructed by the cartel, for that specific purpose.

## Raid

In 1983, the DEA placed satellite tracking devices on tanks of ether (a major chemical in cocaine processing) purchased through the export company Arbron Miami International Distributor Inc, from an American chemical company located in Phillipsburg, New Jersey. The DEA followed the ether into the jungles of Caqueta, Colombia, and their ultimate destination, Tranquilandia.
According to the judgment of the United States District Court Southern District of Florida, case # 85-396-CR-KEHOE dated 29 August 1985, the company Arbron International Distributor Inc. and its president Francisco Javier Torres-Sierra were never connected with the Medellin Cartel, as the Miami Herald published without foundation in December 2007.
On 10 March 1984, units of the Colombian National Police, assisted by the DEA, raided the complex. The operation concluded with the destruction of the complex and 13.8 metric tons of cocaine valued at US$1.2 billion.

## Popular depiction

* In the 2006 movie-based game Scarface: The World Is Yours, near the end of the game, the main character was asked by his partner to liberate a vast drug facility in an island offshore Bahamas (the Islands in the game) for him. It was named Tranquilandia just as Medellín Cartel's facility.
* In the 2012 telenovela Pablo Escobar: The Drug Lord, Tranquilandia is portrayed by name, with the 12th episode showing the tracking device and the raid.
# Ernest Sachs Jr.

Ernest Sachs Jr. (October 2, 1916 – December 3, 2001) was an American neurosurgeon. The great-grandson of Goldman Sachs's founder, he was a neurosurgeon at Dartmouth College's Hitchcock Medical Center for 30 years. He promoted the use of the seat belt from the early 1960s onward. He researched the cause of schizophrenia as well as Ramsay Hunt syndrome, brain tumors and head injuries.

## Early life

Ernest Sachs Jr. was born on October 2, 1916, in St. Louis, Missouri. His father, Ernest Sachs, was a neurosurgeon. His mother, Mary Sachs, was a playwright and poet. His brother, Dr. Thomas Dudley Sachs, was a PhD and a professor of physics at the University of Vermont. He also had a sister, Mary, who died in 1927. Sachs's great-grandfather, Marcus Goldman, was the founder of Goldman Sachs.
Sachs was educated at the St. Louis Country Day School in St. Louis. He graduated from Harvard University in 1938, and he received a medical degree from the Harvard Medical School in 1942. He was an intern under the supervisions of Drs Barney Brooks and Cobb Pilcher at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
Sachs joined the United States Army by the end of World War II, landing in Normandy in June 1944. He served in the Battle of the Bulge, and he was present at the liberation of the Buchenwald concentration camp. He was the recipient of the Bronze Star Medal for his service.

## Career

Sachs started his career as assistant professor of Neurosurgery and Neurology at Tulane University. One year later, he became a neurosurgeon at the Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center on the campus of Dartmouth College in 1950. He subsequently served as the chair of the Department of Neurosurgery at Dartmouth College. He was a visiting professor of neurology at Ankara University in Turkey in the Spring semester of 1966. He served as a physician at the 1980 Winter Olympics.
Sachs researched the cause of schizophrenia. He also studied the Ramsay Hunt syndrome and its impact on the geniculate ganglion. Additionally, he studied the presence of the acetylcholine in the cerebrospinal fluid, and he "discovered serotonin in cases of brain tumors". Moreover, after seeing many cases of head injuries due to ski falls, Sachs researched materials to create protective helmets and reduce the risks of injuries.
Sachs supported the use of the seat belt in cars as early as 1963. By 1972, he was appointed to the New Hampshire Traffic Safety Commission. Additionally, he served as the president of the New England Neurosurgical Society. He was a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons.

## Personal life and death

Sachs married Jeanne O'Sullivan in 1943. They had four sons (Ernest Sachs, Christopher Sachs, James Sachs, and Robert D. Sachs) and two daughters (Ann Sachs and Patricia Sachs). They resided in Hanover, New Hampshire from 1950 to his death. Sachs was a member of the Harvard Club of New Hampshire, the Norford Lake Club, the Adirondack Forty-Sixers, and the Mars Society.
Sachs died on December 3, 2001. His funeral was held at the Rollins Chapel in Hanover, New Hampshire on December 8, 2001.
# Thor Pedersen

Thor Pedersen (born 14 June 1945) is former member of Folketinget. He was representing the Liberal party, Venstre. He was Finance Minister from 27 November 2001 to 23 November 2007 as part of the Cabinets of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I and II. He was a Member of Parliament (Folketinget) from 1985 to 2011 and served as Speaker from 28 November 2007 until 15 September 2011.
He was Minister of Housing from 12 March 1986 to 9 September 1987, Minister of the Interior from 10 September 1987 to 25 January 1993, Minister for Nordic Cooperation from 3 June 1988 to 18 November 1992 and Minister of Economic Affairs from 19 November 1992 to 25 January 1993.
He was a member of Helsinge Municipal Council from 1974 to 1986, where he was also mayor from 1978 to 1986.

## Education

Matriculated in mathematics, Frederiksborg State Upper Secondary School, 1964
Sergeant in the Royal Danish Life Guards, 1964–1966
Master of Science in Economics, University of Copenhagen, 1978

## Other work

Thor Pedersen has worked extensively in private business, both in investment companies and as a board member of several Danish companies.
# Rhytidosporum inconspicuum

Rhytidosporum inconspicuum (common name alpine appleberry) is an inconspicuous, rhizomatous specios of shrub in the pittosporum family, Pittosporaceae. The species is found in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.
The species was first formally described in 1999 by Lindy Cayzer, Michael Crisp and Ian Telford, when they published a revision of the genus, Rhytidosporum. The species epithet, inconspicuum, was given because the plant is inconspicuous when not in flower or fruit.

## Conservation status

It has been declared an "endangered species" under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 but has not been listed under the Commonwealth EPBC Act.
However, in New South Wales, it is said to be "common" in the one locality where it occurs.
# Atanasio Ndongo Miyone

Atanasio Ndongo Miyone (1928 – March 26, 1969) was an Equatoguinean musician, writer, and Fang political figure. He wrote the lyrics to Equatorial Guinea's national anthem. He was executed in 1969 following a failed coup d'état to depose president Francisco Macías Nguema.

## Political career

In the period leading up to Equatorial Guinea's independence from Spain, Ndongo led one of the country's major political parties, the National Liberation Movement of Equatorial Guinea (MONALIGE). He established the party in 1959 while living in Gabon; as MONALIGE was an African nationalist party that campaigned for Equatoguinean independence, he led the party from abroad due to Spanish suppression of independence movements at the time. After Spain granted Equatorial Guinea independence in 1968, he was defeated by Macías in the country's first elections; though he became the nation's foreign minister, he remained discontent with the outcome. In March of the following year, Ndongo was framed by Macías as involved in a fake coup against him, as an excuse that led to Ndongo's execution on March 26, 1969.

## Equatorial Guinea's national anthem

Ndongo wrote the lyrics for Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, "Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad" ("Let Us Tread the Path of our Immense Happiness"), in 1968. The music was composed by Ramiro Sanchez Lopes, who was a Spanish lieutenant and the deputy director of music at the army headquarters located in Madrid; he received 25,000 pesetas for his efforts. Ndongo's anthem was first played on October 12, 1968, Equatorial Guinea's independence day, and was well-received by his countrymen.
The lyrics of the anthem were influenced by the end of Equatorial Guinea's colonization, with de-colonization being a main theme.
# Raquel Urtasun

Raquel Urtasun OOnt (born 30 January 1976) is a professor at the University of Toronto. Urtasun uses artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning, to make vehicles and other machines perceive the world more accurately and efficiently.

## Education

Urtasun received her bachelor's degree in Telecommunication Engineering from the Universidad Publica de Navarra in 2000 and her Ph.D. degree from the Computer Science department at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 2006. Afterward, she was a postdoctoral scholar with Trevor Darrell, initially at MIT (2006–2008) and then, following Darrell's move to the International Computer Science Institute, at UC Berkeley (2008–2009).

## Career

Professor Urtasun's area of research is machine perception for self-driving cars. This work includes machine learning, computer vision, robotics and remote sensing. She was previously an assistant professor at the Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago (TTIC) (2009–2014) and a visiting professor at ETH Zurich (2010).
In May 2017, Uber hired Urtasun to lead a Toronto-based research team on self-driving cars. There, she led a research group in Uber's Advanced Technologies Group. Uber hired dozens of researchers and also made a multi-year, multi-million dollar commitment to Toronto's Vector Institute, which Urtasun co-founded. She worked for the University of Toronto one day per week and for Uber four days per week. She brought eight students with her.
In 2021, Urtasun left Uber and launched Waabi Innovation, focused on developing self-driving cars.

## Awards and honours

Among Urtasun's awards are an NSERC E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship, an NVIDIA Pioneers of AI Award, a Ministry of Education and Innovation Early Researcher Award. She is the recipient of Faculty Research Awards from both Amazon and Google, the latter three times. She served as Program Chair of CVPR 2018, and is an editor of the International Journal in Computer Vision (IJCV). She has also served as Area Chair of several machine learning and vision conferences including NeurIPS, UAI, ICML, ICLR, CVPR, and ECCV. She was selected as one of the Chatelaine Women of the Year 2018. In January 2024, she was appointed to the Order of Ontario.
# Maqsood Hussain (cricketer)

Syed Maqsood Hussain (born September 29, 1981) is a Pakistani-born cricketer who played for the Oman national cricket team in List A cricket.
# Arjundhara Municipality

Arjundhara (Nepali: अर्जुनधारा) is a municipality in Jhapa District of Province No. 1 in Eastern Nepal. It was formed in 2014 by merging the former village development committees Arjundhara, Shanischare, and Khudunabari. It was named Shani-Arjun initially but was changed to Arjundhara again in January 2017. It is named after a holy place situated here, Arjundhara Temple. At the time of the 2021 Nepal census it had a population of 84,018 people living in 20,935 individual households.

## History

The ancient temple, steeped in the lore of the Mahabharata, bears witness to a brief yet profound moment in history. Within its sacred confines lies a pond, a testament to a pivotal event from the epic tale. Legend has it that during the exile of the Pandavas, as they traversed the unforgiving wilderness, Arjuna, moved by the plight of a parched cow, unleashed an arrow that struck the earth, conjuring forth a spring of life-giving water. This oasis became known as Arjundhara, a name immortalizing the selfless act of the noble warrior.
In more recent times, the villages of Arjundhara and Sanischare converged to form the Arjundhara Municipality in 2017, marking a new chapter in their shared history.
Sanischare/Arjundhara served as the initial home for the Dhakal family when they relocated from the nearby hills, particularly Namsaling in Ilam, to the plains. Jaya Prasad Dhakal, the son of Abhinarayan Dhakal, emerged as a prominent figure in this area. In his later years, he dedicated a significant portion of his time to writing and critically analyzing Nepali literature. Notably, he adhered to a pragmatic approach and drew inspiration from Postmodern literature in his work.
Furthermore, it's worth mentioning that Sanischare, now known as Arjundhara, held a distinct honor as the first location in all of Nepal to establish a fruit canning factory during the 1960s. This pioneering venture was owned by Jaya Prasad Dhakal, who later spearheaded rubber plantation initiatives in Nepal.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Sanischare enjoyed a reputation as an industrious hub. However, challenges such as inflation and natural disasters, particularly flooding, briefly dampened its aspirations for growth and development.
Presently, Sanischare is experiencing a steady increase in population, particularly as it merges with Arjundhara, and strives to evolve into a progressive municipality, both in terms of politics and socio-economic reforms. Current mayor of Arjundhara Municipality is Baldev Singh Gomden Tamang.
# Violet Hensley

Violet Hensley (born October 21, 1916) is an American luthier and musician who makes and plays the fiddle.

## Early life

Violet Hensley was born in Mount Ida, Arkansas, to George Washington and Nora Brumley. George was also a musician. She had two sisters. In 1935, she married Adren Hensley and had nine or ten children with him in total, after which she ceased to make fiddles for several decades. The couple moved to Yellville, Arkansas, in 1968, where she has lived ever since. Adren died in 1997.

## Public attention

Hensley's expertise on fiddles gave her national attention in the form of being featured on the magazine National Geographic in 1970. She was also invited to television shows such as The Beverly Hillbillies, The Art Linkletter Show, Captain Kangaroo, The Bob Braun Show, Live with Regis and Kathy Lee, and CBS Evening News.
In 1974, Hensley (along with her family) released the first of three albums called Old Time Fiddle Tunes. Nine and forty years later respectively, she released two more albums.

## Later life

In 2014, Hensley published her autobiography Whittlin' and Fiddlin' My Own Way: The Violet Hensley Story. It was co-authored by the American actor and musician Randall Franks. She turned 100 years old on 21 October 2016, making her a centenarian. At the age of 105, she contracted COVID-19, although her symptoms were mild. As of February 2024, she was 107 years old.

## Awards

In 2004, Arkansas Art Council honoured Hensley as the state's living treasure. In 2018, at the age of 101, she became an inductee in the National Fiddler Hall of Fame. She has also received other local awards.
# Coptomma

Coptomma is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Cerambycidae. he species of this genus are found in New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

The genus was first described in 1840, British entomologist Edward Newman, who chose Coptomma virgatum as the type species for the genus. In 1843, German entomologist Ernst Dieffenbach synonymised Callidium variegatum with Coptomma virgatum, making Coptomma variegatum the type species.

## List of species

As of 2021, the list of included species is:
* Coptomma douei (Lucas, 1862)
* Coptomma lineatum (Fabricius, 1775)
* Coptomma marrisi Song & Wang, 2003
* Coptomma sticticum (Broun, 1893)
* Coptomma sulcatum (Fabricius, 1775)
* Coptomma variegatum (Fabricius, 1775)