OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Phalaris arundinacea

Phalaris arundinacea, or reed canary grass, is a tall, perennial bunchgrass that commonly forms extensive single-species stands along the margins of lakes and streams and in wet open areas, with a wide distribution in Europe, Asia, northern Africa and North America. Other common names for the plant include gardener's-garters and ribbon grass in English, alpiste roseau in French, Rohrglanzgras in German, kusa-yoshi in Japanese, caniço-malhado in Portuguese, and hierba cinta and pasto cinto in Spanish.

## Description

The stems can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height. The leaf blades are usually green, but may be variegated. The panicles are up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long. The spikelets are light green, often streaked with darker green or purple. This is a perennial grass which spreads underground by its thick rhizomes.

## Uses

A number of cultivars of P. arundinacea have been selected for use as ornamental plants, including variegated (striped) cultivars – sometimes called ribbon grass – such as 'Castor' and 'Feesey'. The latter has a pink tinge to the leaves. When grown, although drought-tolerant, it likes abundant water and can even be grown as an aquatic plant.
Reed canary grass grows well on poor soil and contaminated industrial sites, and researchers at Teesside University's Contaminated Land & Water Centre have suggested it as the ideal candidate for phytoremediation in improving soil quality and biodiversity at brownfield sites.
The grass can also easily be turned into bricks or pellets for burning in biomass power stations. Furthermore, it provides fibers which find use in pulp and papermaking processes.
P. arundinacea is also planted as a hay crop or for forage.
This species of Phalaris may also be used as a source for the psychedelic drugs DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and 5-OH-DMT (bufotenin), as well as Hordenine and 5-MeO-NMT; however, N,N-DMT is considered most desirable. Although the concentrations of these compounds is lower than in other potential sources, such as Psychotria viridis and Mimosa tenuiflora, large enough quantities of the grass can be refined to make an ad hoc ayahuasca brew.

## Ecology

In many places, P. arundinacea is an invasive species in wetlands, particularly in disturbed areas. It has been reported as an invasive weed in floodplains, riverside meadows, and other wetland habitat types around the world. When P. arundinacea invades a wetland, it inhibits native vegetation and reduces biological diversity. It alters the entire ecosystem. The grass propagates by seed and rhizome, and once established, is difficult to eradicate.

## Distribution

P. arundinacea now has worldwide distribution. It is regarded as native to both North America and Eurasia, but this is debated and it appears that the populations in North America are made up of a mixture of cultivars of both those that were introduced from Europe and indigenous varieties.

## Chemical properties

Specimens contain varying levels of hordenine and gramine.
Leaves of P. arundinacea contain DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and related compounds. Levels of beta-carbolines and hordenine have also been reported.
# Ploom

Ploom is a brand of tobacco heating devices that integrates aspects of both traditional and electronic cigarettes. The device employs a technology that heats tobacco without combustion. It is marketed by Japan Tobacco Inc. (JTI).

## History
### Early Developments

Ploom was initially developed in California by James Monsees and Adam Bowen. The two friends were studying design at Stanford University. For their final thesis, they developed the design of an e-cigarette that would provide smokers with the nicotine they seek without the additional carcinogenic substances resulting from burning tobacco. Two years later, in 2007, they founded the company Ploom to distribute their e-cigarette. Unable to find support from financial institutions, Ploom relied on private investors like Nicholas J. Pritzker to launch their products.
In 2010, Ploom released a model called the Ploom Model One Vaporizer, designed like an oversize pen. The initial Ploom e-cigarette did not have commercial success.

### Partnership between JTI and Ploom

In 2011, Japan Tobacco International invested $10 million into the company. Ploom used this money to create the Pax, a vaporizer that resembled a stubby iPhone. Subsequently, Ploom released the ModelTwo. In 2015, JTI acquired the patents and trademarks. JTI retains the rights to manufacture and distribute the ModelTwo device and the pods product line.
While the product was invented to support smokers, cannabis users discovered that the Pax streamlined the cannabis experience. JTI asked to part ways with Ploom. Ploom retained their rights to the Pax product, while Ploom changed their name to Pax Labs and bought JTI out of their share.

### After the JTI Takeover

In 2016, Ploom was launched on the Japanese market and then in other countries, including France, Italy, South Korea and Switzerland. The initial launch in Fukuoka, Japan, was so popular that shipments were suspended after a week due to a supply shortage. According to JTI, Ploom would make it possible to inhale 99% of harmful constituents in less, compared to a cigarette that burns. But the owner also acknowledges that no toxicity studies have been conducted on Ploom.
In 2023, Romania is the tenth country where JTI is launching Ploom. JTI plans to invest $3 billion in the global expansion of Ploom and is targeting 24 countries in 2024.
# Hughes Systique Corporation

Hughes Systique Corporation, (HSC) is a provider of software R&D services. As part of its R&D services, HSC provides Technology Consulting, System Architecture design, Software development, Maintenance and Testing services to Multimedia, Consumer Devices, Telecom/Networking, Wireless/Broadband and Satellite equipment providers.
HSC is headquartered in Rockville, Maryland (US), a suburb of Washington D.C., with a development center in Gurgaon (India), a suburb of New Delhi also another operational center in Bangalore which is a technology hub. HSC is part of the HUGHES group of companies.
HSC is a CMMI Level 5 (development model), ISO 9001 and ISO 27001 certified company.

## Technologies

HSC claims to focus on the following key technology areas for its R&D services:
* Embedded Android/Linux
* Wireless engineering
* Consumer Electronics (CE) Application development
* Multiscreen/Second screen
* Media player development
* Web portal design
* IMS RCS VoLTE
* Enterprise SDK
* WebRTC
* Virtualization
* Cloud services
* Big data

## Industry Affiliations

* Federation of Korean Information Industries (FKII)
* Amazon Web Services Consulting Partner
* Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
* PCMM Level 3
* CMMi Level 5
* HTNG Industry Partner
* Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA) Member
# Infectious Disease Detection and Surveillance

The Infectious Disease Detection and Surveillance (IDDS) is a USAID project focused on preventing, detecting and monitoring infectious diseases. IDDS is run by ICF as well as other organizations such as FHI 360, PATH, Abt Associates, the African Society for Laboratory Medicine, the Association of Public Health Laboratories, Gryphon Scientific, the Mérieux Foundation, and Metabiota. The 120 million dollar agency will last only 5 years, being founded in May 2018 and shutting down in May 2023. The initiative operates in 20 countries, mostly African and Southeast Asian countries. The projects goals are to:
* Improve the detection of diseases of public health importance and identification of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in priority infectious diseases including Tuberculosis (TB) through an accessible, accurate, adaptable, timely, and integrated diagnostic network system.
* Improve the quality of real-time surveillance systems for pathogens of greatest public health concern, including AMR and zoonotic diseases.
* Generate evidence-based guidance and innovative solutions to strengthen in-country diagnostic networks and surveillance systems.
Tuberculosis was the main focus of IDDS, especially in Africa although they had pivoted somewhat to COVID-19 during the pandemic.
# John Williams (goldsmith)

John Williams was a Welsh-born goldsmith based in London who worked for the British royal family.

## Background

He was a son of William Coetmor, and is associated with the property Hafod Lwyfog in Nant Gwynant near Beddgelert. In 1610 he donated a silver chalice and paten-cover to the church in Beddgelert. Williams is said to have founded a chapel at Nanwhynen.

## Career

Williams was an apprentice of the London goldsmith and Mayor Richard Martin in 1584. Martin supplied silver plate to Queen Elizabeth. By November 1598, he was working at the Sign of the Cross Keys in Cheapside.
Williams worked for James VI and I and Prince Henry. He provided silver gilt plate, cups and dishes, gold chains, and medallions with the king's portrait, many of which were given to ambassadors visiting London. Recipients of plate and medals bought from Williams between 1603 and 1606 include the Venetian diplomats Nicolò Molin and Scaramelli, and other diplomats including Andrew Sinclair, Christian Barnekow, Steen Brahe, Peder Munk, and Henrik Ramel. Anne of Denmark gave John Florio a cup of his making at his grandchild's christening.
Williams supplied the gilt plate given by King James to Adam Newton, the tutor of Prince Henry, in June 1605 when he married Katherine Puckering.
Williams provided Anne of Denmark with a "fountain of silver gilt, well chased, containing one basin with two tops, one of them being three satyres or wild men, the other a woman with a sail or flag". The fountain had three taps or cocks decorated with mermaids. It was used at Somerset House. The wild men were heraldic supporters of the Danish royal arms.
In September 1609, the Lord Chamberlain, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk, asked him to provide £2000 worth of plate to the Count Vaudemont.
Michael Drayton mentioned his friend John Williams in a preface to Poly-Olbion (London, 1612), addressed "to my Friends the Cambro-Britans".
In 1614 he made gilt plate given to Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia at the baptism of her son Henry Frederick. He also made plate given to Jean Drummond on her marriage to Lord Roxburghe, to John Murray of the bedchamber, and Audrey Walsingham.
In September 1615, the Earl of Somerset sent plate to Williams to be exchanged and remade in expectation of the christening of his daughter Anne Carr. Somerset sent two Nuremberg basins and ewers as a pattern.
He loaned £5000 to King James in 1621 on the security of ten jewels from the royal collection.

## Family

Sources disagree about his family of children and grandchildren. A son, also John Williams (d. 1637) was a London goldsmith, who later settled at Minster Court, Thanet. Other children include Sir Edmund Williams (died 1644) of Marnhull (a royal manor formerly in the jointure lands of Catherine Parr), Dorset, who married Mary Beaumont, and the royal physician Morris Williams.
# 1300 Lafayette East Cooperative

The 1300 Lafayette East Cooperative is a large, 336 unit luxury housing cooperative in the Lafayette Park neighborhood of the near-east side of Detroit, Michigan. The building is notable for its address "1300" displayed in giant numerals on the North and South sides of the roof which are visible for miles in Detroit and Windsor.

## History

Constructed in 1961 and completed in 1964, 1300 Lafayette East stands at 30 floors. The building incorporates a ground floor with 2 story marble lobby, meeting rooms, conference room, and offices. A mezzanine houses a fitness center and commercial offices, and above it rise 28 residential floors. The building is constructed atop a two-floor underground parking garage. Apartments in the building have unobstructed views of the surrounding cityscape, downtown, the Detroit River and Windsor, Ontario. Designed by Gunnar Birkerts, the building incorporates a number of innovative and elegant construction and modern architectural design elements in its reinforced concrete construction.
Thirteen Hundred was originally designed as the first phase of a two building complex, with the second phase twin apartment building facing Larned Street at the corner of Rivard, immediately south of Lafayette Boulevard. However, market conditions existing at the time of completion resulted in the cancellation of the second project. Eventually this site was developed as the Carlton Apartments.
Thirteen Hundred has always had an impeccable reputation which has attracted a number of notable residents, among them the singer Diana Ross. The building's owners fell on hard times in the 1970s due to a declining city population and a mixture of extremely spacious studio to four bedroom apartments, which were not favorable in the rental market at the time. After a mortgage default by the owner, the building briefly became the property of the U.S. in an unusual manner - without the involvement of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, who had insured the mortgage. In 1979 the building was subsequently converted to co-op ownership - on the initiative of the tenants, who organized to avoid a sale to commercial interests or to the City of Detroit.

## Zoned schools

The community is zoned to Detroit Public Schools. Residents are zoned to Chrysler Elementary School, Duffield K-8 for middle school, and Martin Luther King High School.
# Phil Bolland

Philip Christopher Bolland (born 26 August 1976) is an English former footballer, who played as a centre back. He currently works as a physiotherapist for Liverpool.

## Career

Bolland enjoyed two spells at Chester City, having signed from Peterborough United in the summer of 2006 – just a few months after he'd moved in the opposite direction. Mark Wright has managed him at the four clubs he has been in charge of, namely Southport, Oxford, Chester and Peterborough. Bolland had earlier played in non-league football for clubs including Altrincham, Salford City, Trafford and Knowsley United.
Bolland struggled to stake a place in the first-team side at Chester under new manager Bobby Williamson in 2007–08, making just three appearances. He spent time on trial with Wrexham and it was announced in December 2007 he was no longer part of Chester's plans.
On 8 January 2008 it was announced Bolland had been released by Chester and he quickly agreed terms with Wrexham. He was released by Wrexham in May 2008 following the club's relegation to the Football Conference and signed for Cambridge United on 31 July 2008 where he would be reunited with former teammates Gary Brabin and Paul Carden, manager and assistant manager of the Conference side. He spent one season at Cambridge, before signing for Barrow AFC, also of the Conference National.
Bolland won the FA Trophy with Barrow in the 2009–10 season. In May 2011 he was offered a new contract by Barrow and became the club captain. He had a full further season at Barrow, but was released at the end of the 2011–12 season, having played over 100 league matches for the club. He then joined Droylsden.
In January 2013, it was announced that Bolland had joined Airbus UK. After helping Airbus qualify for the Europa League in his final two seasons, Bolland announced he was retiring from playing to concentrate on his physiotherapy career with Liverpool.

## Honours

Chester City
* Football Conference champions: 2003–04
Southport
* FA Trophy runners-up: 1997–98
Barrow AFC
* FA Trophy winners: 2009–10
# Bolwell Nagari

The Bolwell Nagari is a sports car produced by Bolwell in Australia. The original Mk VIII Nagari was built from 1970 to 1974 and the Mk X Nagari was launched in 2008.

## Mk VIII Nagari

Nagari is an aboriginal word meaning "flowing," and the Bolwell Nagari, also known as the Mk VIII, was the company's first full production sports car with 100 coupes and 18 Sports (roadster) made. It was manufactured from 1970 to 1974 and became the best known out of the 9 Bolwell car designs: the Mk I-VIII and Ikara. The Nagari featured a Ford 302 or 351 cubic inch V8 engine mounted in a 920 kg (2,028 lb), 2,280 mm (89.8 in) wheelbase body and backbone chassis. Other components came from Ford (suspension and dampers) and Austin 1800 (steering).
* Mk VIII Nagari Coupe rear.
* Mk VIII Nagari interior.
* Mk VIII Nagari Sports.

### Motorsport

The Nagari was a popular choice of production sports car in the early ‘70s, competing in the Australian Sports Car Championship (ASCC). Peter Warren won the 1975 Australian Tourist Trophy for Production Sports Cars driving a Bolwell Nagari.

## Mk X Nagari

In late 2006 it was announced that the Bolwell company intended to produce a new, carbon fibre-bodied car under the 'Nagari' name and the model was confirmed for production in 2008. The prototype debuted at the 2008 Melbourne International Motor Show and the 2008 Sydney International Motor Show. It is a mid-engined two-seater coupé with a carbon-fibre tub, front and rear subframes and a carbon-reinforced composite body. Power comes from a fettled 2GR-FE 3.5L V6 engine sourced from the Toyota Aurion, which is available either as naturally aspirated or fitted with an optional Sprintex supercharger. In N/A form the 2GR-FE produces 200–221 kW (268–296 hp) at 6200 rpm, with 336–353 N⋅m (248–260 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4700rpm. Initially the Nagari was available with only a 6-speed automatic (with or without paddle shifting), however a 6-speed manual transmission was later developed. DC5-model Honda Integra tail-lights are used in the exterior. Standard features are limited, with prices starting around $150,000 AUD for a basic model, and can range up to $260,000 for a top-spec model with the supercharged engine and manual transmission.
To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the original Mk VIII Nagari, Bolwell released a Mk X Nagari 500, powered by an LS3 6.2L V8 engine sourced from the Chevrolet Corvette Z06 producing 500 hp (370 kW) at 6600 rpm, with 425 lb⋅ft (576 N⋅m) of torque at 4600 rpm.
* Mk X Nagari rear.
* Mk X Nagari interior.
# Ramat Rachel shooting attack

The Ramat Rachel shooting attack was a mass shooting carried out by Jordanian Legion soldiers, on 23 September 1956, who opened fire across the Israel/Jordan border on a group of Israeli archaeologists working inside Israeli sovereign territory near Kibbutz Ramat Rachel. Four Israeli archaeologists were killed in the event and 16 others were wounded.

## The attack

On Sunday, 23 September 1956, a tour was held for a group of Israeli archaeologists at the archaeological excavations near Kibbutz Ramat Rachel. During the tour machine-gun fire was opened on the archaeologists from Jordanian positions at Mar Elias Monastery near the Jerusalem-Bethlehem road. The fire killed four people, including the archaeologist Jacob Pinkerfeld, and 16 others were wounded. Another person who was seriously injured in the shooting died eventually of his wounds five years later.

## Official reactions

* Jordan: Jordan expressed regret for the incident and blamed a single soldier who was "suddenly taken by madness".
* Israel: Israeli foreign ministry spokesman called Jordan's version completely unfounded, quoting witnesses at the event who stated that two submachine guns and three rifles were clearly seen firing from two Jordanian army outposts across the border at the archaeologists in Ramat Rachel.

## Aftermath

In response to the Ramat Rachel shooting attack, The Israeli Defence Forces carried out the Operation Lulav on 25 September 1956; the counterattack was held in the Arab village Husan, near Bethlehem.
# Chieveley services

Chieveley services is a UK motorway service station just off the M4 motorway at Chieveley near Newbury in Berkshire, England. It is owned by Moto. It is situated on the A34 between Oxford and Winchester just off Junction 13 of the M4 (so that there is just one service area and not twin services on each side of the motorway). Thus it is used by traffic on both roads.

## History

This service area was not originally signed along the M4 as it was not operating 24 hours a day. Since the upgrade of the motorway junction, it is now signed.
# Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway

Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway :
Legend :
The 26 miles (42 km) Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway (DNGR, DN&GR) was an Irish gauge (1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)) railway in Ireland. It was conceived as the Dundalk and Greenore Railway in the 1860s to provide a link between the towns in its title and the London and North Western Railway port at Greenore, from where a ferry service operated to Holyhead. It was opened between Greenore and Dundalk in 1873 and extended to Newry in 1876. The company operated a hotel at Greenore.

## Ownership

The London and North Western Railway owned the railway and at first provided its locomotives and rolling stock, with the locomotives coming from its Crewe Works. The railway passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 but an agreement was reached in 1933 for the line to be worked by the Great Northern Railway. Because the partition of Ireland placed an international frontier across the DN&G's Greenore – Newry line, it was not absorbed into either the Great Southern Railways in 1925 or the Ulster Transport Authority in 1948.

## Closure

The line was closed on 31 December 1951 and was dissolved in 1957 by the British Transport Commission Act 1957 (5 & 6 Eliz. 2. c. xxxiii). In recent years, much of the line has been restored as part of the Carlingford to Omeath Greenway between Newry and Carlingford.

## Preservation

One six-wheeled coach, DNGR No. 1 built in 1909, a composite with a coupé compartment, has been preserved at the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra.
Consideration was given to the preservation of locomotive No.1 Macrory but, in the end, no locomotives were preserved. It is believed that this was because of an ill-informed belief among those in charge of its fate that the locomotive was of a different track gauge to the rest of Ireland, due to the fact that it was built and owned by a British company, although this was not the case. All of the locomotive nameplates have been preserved.
However, a GNR 2-4-2T JT class locomotive, No. 93, which worked on the DNGR line under GNR operation, has also been preserved and is displayed with the DNGR coach in Cultra.
# Williamstown Pier railway station

Williamstown Pier was the original terminus of the Williamstown railway line, on the Melbourne suburban rail system. It was in the suburb of Williamstown, to the west of central Melbourne. The station existed primarily to serve the Williamstown docks precinct.

## History

Originally named Pier, it opened on 17 January 1859. It opened to passengers on 15 May 1881, and relocated to a new site on 8 January 1905.
The station contained a goods yard that was used for grain shipments, up until the 1960s.
By mid-1978, the station building was demolished and was replaced with two smaller brick structures. The last services terminated at the station on 25 March 1987, following a derailment on the sharply curved track leading to the station. All rails, sleepers, overhead wires and signals were removed by October 1988, with the platform track and overhead currently ending just under the Ann Street footbridge, at the down end of Williamstown station. The station was subsequently demolished, and replaced with a car park and a parkland.
Today little remains of Williamstown Pier remain mostly demolished aforementioned in the late 1980s until the early 1990s. A short section of disused tracks beyond Williamstown station is the only remains of the old line.But was then removed by 2021 when the Ferguson st level crossing was removed.
# Rhamnetin

Rhamnetin is an O-methylated flavonol, a type of chemical compound. It can be isolated from cloves.
The structure of the molecule was discovered by Austrian chemist Josef Herzig (1853–1924).

## Glycosides

Rhamnetin is the aglycone of xanthorhamnin.
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