# Sheila Oliver

Sheila Yvette Oliver (July 14, 1952 – August 1, 2023) was an American politician who served as the second lieutenant governor of New Jersey from 2018 until her death in 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, Oliver was the first Black woman to serve as lieutenant governor of New Jersey and was the first woman of color elected to statewide office in New Jersey.
In the 1990s, Oliver served on the Board of Education of the East Orange School District, ultimately serving as the district's president. Oliver represented the 34th legislative district in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2004 to 2018, serving as speaker of the body from 2010 to 2014. Oliver was the first Black woman to serve as speaker of the General Assembly and the second Black woman in the history of the United States to lead a state legislative body. She ran for U.S. Senate in a 2013 special election, finishing fourth in a Democratic primary that was won by Cory Booker.
In the 2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Oliver was chosen as the running mate of Democrat Phil Murphy. After the Murphy/Oliver ticket won the election, Oliver was sworn in as lieutenant governor on January 16, 2018. During her tenure as lieutenant governor, Oliver also served as the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs. Murphy and Oliver were re-elected to their respective posts in 2021. On July 31, 2023, Oliver suffered a medical event; she died the following day.

## Early life and education

Sheila Yvette Oliver was born in Newark, New Jersey on July 14, 1952. Raised in Newark, she graduated from Weequahic High School in 1970.
Oliver graduated cum laude with a B.A. in sociology from Lincoln University in 1974 and was awarded an MSW from Columbia University in community organization, planning and administration in 1976.
On May 6, 2018, Oliver received the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Lincoln University.

## Early career

Oliver worked in both the public and private sectors. She was the executive director of The Leaguers, Inc., a northern New Jersey non-profit social services organization. Oliver also taught at the college level, serving as an adjunct faculty member at Essex County College and Caldwell University.
Oliver served on the Board of Education of the East Orange School District from 1994 to 2000, and was chosen by her peers to serve as its vice president from 1998 to 1999 and as its president from 1999 to 2000. She served on the Essex County Board of Chosen Freeholders from District Three for one term from 1996 to 1999, but was defeated for a second term on the board in the June 1999 Democratic primary election. In 1997, Oliver ran for mayor of the City of East Orange, narrowly losing the Democratic primary election to Robert L. Bowser.

## New Jersey State Assembly (2004–2018)

As a part of intra-party deal making in 2003, Oliver and incumbent Assemblyman Peter C. Eagler were chosen to be the party-backed candidates in the June 2003 primary election for General Assembly from the 34th district. Incumbent Assemblyman Willis Edwards was dropped from the ticket as a result, and Oliver and Eagler won their Democratic primary.
Prior to her initial run for lieutenant governor, Oliver was re-elected to the Assembly six consecutive times following her first election victory in 2003.

### Tenure as Speaker (2010–2014)

On November 23, 2009, Oliver was elected unanimously by Assembly Democrats to become the 169th Speaker of the Assembly. Her election made her the first Black woman to serve as speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly, the second woman in New Jersey history to serve as Assembly speaker (the first being Marion West Higgins, who served in 1965), and the second African American to hold the post (the first being S. Howard Woodson, who first held the post in 1974). Nationwide, she became the second African American woman to lead a state legislature after Karen Bass of California.
As Speaker, Oliver backed Governor Chris Christie's reforms to public workers' pensions and benefits. Police and fire unions were furious with the Speaker, claiming that she told them the issue was still under consideration before announcing the bill would be introduced later that same day. Then-Assemblyman Joseph Cryan was unsuccessful in his efforts to convince his fellow Democrats to stage a coup against reappointing Oliver as Speaker. Oliver was elected in 2011 for a second term as Speaker under the terms of a deal made with Senator Nicholas Sacco, Essex County Executive Joseph N. DiVincenzo Jr., and South Jersey political boss George Norcross in which she agreed to move legislation forward only with the advance support of 41 Assembly Democrats.
Oliver served in the Assembly on the Commerce and Economic Development Committee, the Transportation and Independent Authorities Committee, the Joint Committee on Economic Justice and Equal Employment Opportunity, and the Joint Committee on the Public Schools. In November 2013, Assembly Democrats chose Vincent Prieto to succeed Oliver as speaker, which he did in January 2014. In the 2014–2015 Assembly term, Oliver was designated speaker emeritus of the Assembly.

## 2013 U.S. Senate special election

On June 10, 2013, Oliver formally announced that she would run in the special election for the United States Senate seat which had been previously held by the late Frank Lautenberg. As a candidate, she advocated for immigration reform and for federal investment in industrial areas. In the August 13 special Democratic primary, Cory Booker prevailed; Oliver came in fourth place out of four candidates, winning four percent of the vote.

## Lieutenant governor of New Jersey (2018–2023)
### 2017 election

In July 2017, Democratic gubernatorial nominee Phil Murphy announced that he had chosen Oliver as his running mate in the 2017 election for governor of New Jersey. Murphy and Oliver defeated the Republican ticket of Lieutenant Governor Kim Guadagno and Mayor Carlos Rendo of Woodcliff Lake. Murphy announced he would also appoint Oliver to serve as commissioner of the Department of Community Affairs, a cabinet position, made under a provision of the New Jersey Constitution that allows the governor to appoint his lieutenant governor to a cabinet post without requiring the approval of the New Jersey Senate.
New Jersey law allows a candidate to run for two elective offices simultaneously, but does not allow one person to hold two offices simultaneously. Oliver, in addition to being elected Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, also won re-election to her legislative seat in the General Assembly in 2017. When Carlos Rendo, during their one televised debate, challenged her decision to run for both seats, Oliver had said that she had filed to run for re-election before she was chosen by Murphy as his running mate and would resign from her Assembly seat if she and Murphy were elected. Oliver resigned her Assembly seat on January 9, 2018 and was succeeded by Britnee Timberlake.

### Tenure and reelection

Oliver was sworn in as lieutenant governor on January 16, 2018. She was the second lieutenant governor in the history of the state. Oliver was also the first black woman to serve as lieutenant governor of New Jersey and the first woman of color elected to statewide office in New Jersey. Oliver served as the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs during her tenure as lieutenant governor.
As commissioner, Oliver focused on policies that supported housing programs and municipal government services, while also providing support to revitalization projects. During her time as acting governor, Oliver signed legislation related to several areas, including aid for caregivers of the elderly and disabled, financial literacy education in schools, wage protections, and restorative juvenile justice.
In 2021, Oliver ran for re-election to the post of lieutenant governor as Murphy's running mate. She debated Diane Allen, the Republican candidate for lieutenant governor, on October 5, 2021. On November 2, 2021, Murphy and Oliver were re-elected, defeating the Republican ticket of Jack Ciattarelli and Diane Allen by a 51%–48% margin. Prior to her death, Oliver was viewed as a potential candidate to succeed Murphy as governor in the 2025 election.

## Death and funeral

On July 28, 2023, Oliver assumed the role of acting governor while Governor Murphy was out of state on vacation in Italy. However, on July 31, she suffered a medical event and was hospitalized at Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center in Livingston. Nicholas Scutari, the New Jersey Senate president, served as acting governor in her place. Oliver died the following day, August 1, 2023, at age 71.
Following Oliver's death, Murphy returned to New Jersey early before ordering flags at state facilities to fly at half-staff for one month, through September 4, as a sign of respect. Murphy's office also announced that Oliver would lie in state in the rotunda of the New Jersey State House and in the Essex County Historic Courthouse in the days preceding her public funeral at the Cathedral Basilica of the Sacred Heart on August 12.
A number of Democratic and Republican politicians paid tribute to Oliver, with Representative Frank Pallone describing her as a "trailblazer in every sense of the word" who "always fought for what was right". In a statement, Governor Murphy said that Oliver was "the ideal partner" to help him lead New Jersey; he added that selecting Oliver as a running mate was the best decision he had ever made.

## Electoral history

2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Phil Murphy/Sheila Oliver | 1,203,110 | 56.03% | +17.84% |
| | Republican | Kim Guadagno/Carlos Rendo | 899,583 | 41.89% | −18.41% |
| | Independent | Gina Genovese | 12,294 | 0.57% | N/A |
| | Libertarian | Peter J. Rohrman | 10,531 | 0.49% | −0.08% |
| | Green | Seth Kaper-Dale | 10,053 | 0.47% | +0.08% |
| | Constitution | Matthew Riccardi | 6,864 | 0.32% | N/A |
| | Independent | Vincent Ross | 4,980 | 0.29% | N/A |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 2,147,415 | 100.00% | N/A |
| | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican |
2021 New Jersey gubernatorial election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Phil Murphy (incumbent)/Sheila Oliver (incumbent) | 1,339,471 | 51.22% | |
| | Republican | Jack Ciattarelli/Diane Allen | 1,255,185 | 48.00 | |
| | Green | Madelyn R. Hoffman | 8,450 | 0.32 | |
| | Libertarian | Gregg Mele | 7,768 | 0.30 | |
| | Socialist Workers | Joanne Kuniansky | 4,012 | 0.15 | |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 2,614,886 | 100.00% | N/A |