OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Leslie, Lord Newton

Sir John Leslie, Lord Newton of Birkhill and Newton (c.1595–1651) was a 17th-century Scottish landowner, judge, soldier and Senator of the College of Justice.
He was killed during the Siege of Dundee (1651) alongside his eldest son, whilst fighting for his cousin General Leslie against the English army under General Monck.

## Life

He was the son of Andrew Leslie, 5th Earl of Rothes by his third wife, Janet Durie, and was born at Rothes Castle. John was half brother of Patrick Leslie, 1st Lord Lindores. He inherited Newton Castle near Blairgowrie, north of Dundee on the death of his elder brother George Leslie in 1614. The castle (more correctly a fortified house) was built around 1550 by his grandfather.
John trained as a lawyer and became an advocate around 1625, probably operating in Dundee. In November 1641 he was elected a Senator of the College of Justice in Edinburgh and took the title Lord Newton. In 1645 he was made a Commissioner of the Exchequer in Scotland.
Around 1646 he became a Lt Colonel in the King's Horse Guards, fighting in the Royalist army against Cromwell. This position placed him at the head of the cavalry under his cousin General David Leslie. There similar names causes a slight confusion. In 1648 he assisted in the "rescue" of King Charles I of England from Carisbrooke Castle.
He was deprived of office in the College of Justice in 1649 due to the Act of Classes which stipulated which professions could be a judge. He thereafter concentrated on soldiering, which was a necessary task during the then Civil War. He was probably at the Battle of Dunbar (1650).
He was killed on 1 September 1651 fighting alongside his son (who was also killed) defending the city of Dundee against the English army in the closing months of the English Civil War. The lowest estimates of deaths on the side of Dundee is around 500. This was the final battle of the Civil War. Due to the circumstances of his death he is thought to be buried in a mass grave in Dundee.

## Family

He was married to Elizabeth Gray, daughter of Patrick Gray, 6th Lord Gray.
His eldest son John Leslie was killed alongside him in the Siege of Dundee (1651). His second son Andrew Leslie (d.1669) became later known as Andrew Leslie of Quarter (in Burntisland).
# Valerie Adler

Valerie Adler is a South African-born painter and designer.

## Biography

Valerie Adler was born 1938 in South Africa and moved to England at the age of seventeen to study interior design at the Inchbald School of Design. In 1977, after twelve years in Britain, Adler moved to Israel. There she studied the history of art at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She also took drawing lessons from Asher Rodnitsky. In 1982 Adler returned to London to study at the Chelsea School of Art. She returned to Israel in the early 1990s.
Adler had her first solo exhibition at the Galleria Spazia Nuovo in Venice during 1986. The following year she had an exhibition at the Soloman Gallery in London and in 1989 she had exhibitions at both the Julius Gottlieb Gallery and at Carmel College in Wellingford. The Artspace Gallery in Jerusalem hosted an exhibition of Adler's work in 1995. The Ben Uri Gallery in London holds examples of her work.
# David Ricardo (footballer)

David Ricardo Loiola da Silva (born 21 December 2002), known as David Ricardo, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Botafogo. Mainly a centre-back, he can also play as a left-back.

## Career
### Fluminense-PI

Born in Teresina, Piauí, David Ricardo played for local schools in his hometown before joining the youth sides of Altos. He later moved to Fluminense-PI, and made his first team debut during the 2021 Campeonato Piauiense.

### Ceará

In March 2022, David Ricardo moved to Ceará on loan, being initially assigned to the under-20 squad. He made his first team debut for Vozão on 11 May, coming on as a second-half substitute for Gabriel Lacerda in a 2–0 home win over Tombense, for the year's Copa do Brasil.
David Ricardo made his Série A debut on 5 October 2022, replacing Lucas Ribeiro in a 1–1 home draw against Goiás. On 30 December, Fluminense confirmed his permanent transfer to Ceará, after the club paid R$ 400,000 for 50% of his economic rights.
David Ricardo began the 2023 season as a starter, and scored his first goal for the club on 31 January of that year, netting the opener in a 1–1 Campeonato Cearense away draw against Ferroviário. On 9 April 2024, after becoming an undisputed first-choice, the club bought a further 40% of his economic rights.

### Botafogo

On 5 February 2025, Botafogo announced the signing of David Ricardo on a four-year contract.

## Career statistics

    As of 5 February 2025
| Club | Season | League | League | League | State League | State League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Fluminense-PI | 2021 | Piauiense | — | — | 7 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1 |
| Fluminense-PI | 2022 | Série D | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Fluminense-PI | Total | Total | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1 |
| Ceará | 2022 | Série A | 5 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 6 | 0 |
| Ceará | 2023 | Série B | 30 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 9 | 1 | 47 | 3 |
| Ceará | 2024 | Série B | 33 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 6 | 1 | 46 | 3 |
| Ceará | Total | Total | 68 | 2 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 2 | 99 | 6 |
| Botafogo | 2025 | Série A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 68 | 2 | 21 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 3 | 109 | 7 |
* 1 2 3 Appearance(s) in Copa do Nordeste

## Honours

Fluminense-PI
* Campeonato Piauiense: 2022
Ceará
* Copa do Nordeste: 2023
* Campeonato Cearense: 2024
# Paschalococos

Paschalococos disperta, the Rapa Nui palm or Easter Island palm, formerly Jubaea disperta, was the native coccoid palm species of Easter Island. It disappeared from the pollen record circa AD 1650.

## Taxonomy

It is not known whether the species is distinct from Jubaea, but there is no evidence that it was Jubaea either, as the soft tissues used for the identification of cocoid genera have not been preserved. All that remain are pollen from lake beds, hollow endocarps (nuts) found in a cave, and casts of root bosses. Partly to avoid giving credence to the common but speculative assumption that the palms were Jubaea chilensis and used as rollers to move the moai statues of Easter Island, John Dransfield assigned the species to a new genus. The assignment is not accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, which does not list the genus Paschalococos, nor by The Plant List which regards the name as "unresolved".

## Usage and extinction

The over-harvesting of wood, as well as the rats brought by human settlers, led to the extinction of the Rapa Nui palm between 1250 and 1500. Hogan believes loss of the Rapa Nui palm along with other biota contributed to the collapse of society on Easter Island. Dransfield suggests that the trees became extinct as they were cut down for the edible palm hearts as food supplies ran out due to overpopulation. It is also likely that many palms were cut down to build canoes for fishing. Another possibility is the Polynesian rat, brought in by settlers arriving between AD 800 and 1000, consumed the nuts of the palm, leaving insufficient numbers to reseed the island.
Despite the extinction of the tree, this palm appears to have been represented two hundred years later in the Rongorongo script of Easter Island with the glyph .
# Dagpo Tashi Namgyal

Dakpo Tashi Namgyal (Dakpo Paṇchen Tashi Namgyel; Tibetan: དྭགས་པོ་པཎ་ཆེན་བཀྲ་ཤིས་རྣམ་རྒྱལ, Wylie: dwags po paN chen bkra shis rnam rgyal, THL: dak po pen chen tra shi nam gyel) (1511, 1512, or 1513–1587) was a lineage holder of the Dagpo Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. He was also trained in the Sakya lineage, and "was renowned as both a scholar and yogi."
He should not be confused with his namesake, also known as Kunkyen Tashi Namgyal, (1399–1458), who helped establish Penpo Nalendra Monastery in 1425 with Sakya master Rongton Sheja Kunrig (1367–1449). Later in life he served as chief abbot of the Kagyu Daklha Gampo Monastery in southern Tibet.
His "most famous works" were two Mahamudra texts, Moonlight of Mahamudra and Clarifying the Natural State. The latter is a meditation manual which
   "sketches the path of meditation from the initial steps of the general and specific preliminaries ...," focusing on "the establishment and stabilisation of mindfulness and calm, through shamatha practice, and developing analytical understanding through vipashyana techniques."
As of 2012, some of his works were available in Tibetan in the "Rigpa Dorje Practice Series."
"Much of what we know about Tashi Namgyal and his reincarnations has come from an account written down by Lama Trinle Choedak, the personal tutor of the 6th Zimwock Rinpoche."
He was one of the teachers of Mikyö Dorje, the 8th Karmapa Lama.

## Works
### Translated into English

* Dakpo Tashi Namgyal; Elizabeth Callahan (2019). Moonbeams of Mahamudra (Tsadra) (1st ed.). Boulder, CO, USA: Snow Lion. ISBN 978-1559394802.
* Dakpo Tashi Namgyal; Traleg Kyabgon (2016). Moonbeams of Mahamudra: The Classic Meditation Manual (1st ed.). Ballarat, Victoria, Australia: Shogam Publications. ISBN 978-0980502237.
* Bkra-shis-rnam-rgyal; Peter Alan Roberts (2010). "Light Rays from the Jewel of the Excellent Teaching: A General Presentation on the Points of Secret Mantra". Mahāmudrā and Related Instructions: Core Teachings of the Kagyü Schools. Somerville, MA, USA: Wisdom Publications. pp. 401–620.
* Dakpo Tashi Namgyal; Lobsang P. Lhalungpa (2006). Mahāmudrā - the Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation (2nd ed.). Somerville, MA, USA: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-299-4.
* Bkra-śis-rnam-rgyal; Erik Pema Kunsang (2001). Clarifying the natural state: a principal guidance manual for Mahamudra. Boulder, CO, USA: Rangjung Yeshe. ISBN 9627341452.

### In Tibetan

* Bkra-shis-rnam-rgyal (2015). dpal kye rdo rje zhes bya ba'i rgyud kyi rgyal po 'grel pa legs sgad nyi ma'i 'od zer (དཔལ་ཀྱེའི་་རྡོ་རྗེ་ཞེས་བྱ་བའི་རྒྱུད་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་པོ་འགྲེལ་པལེགས་བཤད་ཉི་མའི་འོད་ཟེར་) (in Tibetan). སི་ཁྲོན་མི་རིགས་དཔེ་སྐྲུན་ཁང་. ISBN 978-7-5409-5920-3.
# Kano Omata

Kano Omata (小俣 夏乃, Omata Kano, born 24 July 1996) is a Japanese competitor in synchronized swimming.
She won 2 bronze medals at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships. She also won 1 gold and 2 silvers at the 2014 FINA World Junior Synchronised Swimming Championships, and a silver at the 2012 FINA World Junior Synchronised Swimming Championships.
# Waybury Inn

The Waybury Inn is an inn at 457 East Main Street in Middlebury, Vermont, United States. The inn was built in 1810, and is one of the oldest operating traveler's accommodations in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is well known for its use in exterior shots of the Newhart television series.

## Description

The Waybury Inn is located on the north side of East Main Street (Vermont Route 125), near the eastern end of East Middlebury village. It is set near the westernmost end of one of the major routes across the Green Mountains in central Vermont. It consists of a 2+1⁄2-story gable-roofed main block, from which a two-story block extends to the rear. A single-story porch, covered by a hip roof, extends across the front and around to one side. The interior is arranged in a central hall plan, with large rooms, extending the full depth of the main block, on either side of the main staircase.

## History

The inn was built in 1810 by John Foot (or Foote). The pass to the east had opened as a toll road (turnpike) in 1808, and Foot sought to capitalize on the traffic it would bring. However, the turnpike never brought a high volume of traffic, and efforts to develop a glassworks in the village also cramped growth in the area. Moderate growth in the village by 1850 prompted its second proprietor, Royal Farr, to expand the premises in 1867 by adding the ell to the rear. This included a ballroom, and Farr added other amenities to make the inn a local site for social events. The inn was variously known as the Glen House and Green Mountain House before being given its present name in the 20th century. The only period of time in which the inn was closed was during World War II.
The inn maintains a tradition in which, in room 9, there is an antique desk with a secret drawer. Following the lead of a couple who found the drawer in 1987, guests often put notes in the drawer.
The Waybury Inn was also used as a location for exterior shots on the Bob Newhart television series, Newhart, from 1982 to 1990. Featured as the Stratford Inn, the Waybury Inn was painted white for the show. After the show went off the air in 1990, the inn was repainted green to match the nearby Green Mountains.
# George Auchinleck, Lord Balmanno

Sir George Auchinleck, Lord Balmanno MP (c.1560–c.1640) was a 16th/17th century Scottish politician, judge and Senator of the College of Justice.

## Life

He was the son of William Auchinleck, Laird of Balmanno Castle, son of George Auchinleck, and his wife, Elizabeth. George senior acquired the estate of Alexander Balmanno and built the castle around 1570. In 1574 he also inherited the estate of Polgony, from a childless uncle.
On the death of his father in 1596, George (as eldest son) inherited both estates.
In 1617 he sat as the Shire Commissioner representing Perthshire in the Parliament of Scotland and sat on the Committee for Revising Laws. He was admitted as an Ordinary Lord in the Scottish courts in the same year.
In February 1626 he was elected a Senator of the College of Justice (Lord of Session) in place of Viscount Lauderdale who was forced to stand down following a ban on "noblemen" in this role.
In September 1631 he was elected as a Burgess of Dundee.
He retired due to infirmity in 1638 and died prior to March 1639.

## Family

He married his first wife, Isabel Melville, in 1588. She died in 1593.
He secondly married Elizabeth Wemyss. They had one daughter Jean Auchinleck who married James Lockart 9th Laird of Lee and was grandmother to the courtier James Lockhart of Lee.
It is unclear if Sir William Auchinkleck (d.1648) was his younger brother or son, but William inherited the Balmanno estate. given the timescales involved Elizabeth Wemyss must have married him in 1593 or 1594 but was dead by 1597, and there was little time for two children.
In 1597 George married a third time, this time to Sarah Douglas, widow of Robert Strachan of Thornton, and daughter of William Douglas, 9th Earl of Angus. They had one daughter Margaret Auchinleck.

## Publications

* Practiques and Decisiones of the Lords of Session (c.1636)
# Deportivo Madryn

Club Social y Deportivo Madryn (usually called simply Deportivo Madryn) is an Argentine sports club. Its home town is Puerto Madryn, in the Chubut Province. Although other sports are practised there, the club is mostly known for both its football and basketball teams.

## Football

Deportivo Madryn currently plays in the 2nd level of Argentine football league system, the Primera Nacional.

## Basketball

The basketball squad plays in the regional Liga Patagónica de Básquetbol. Madryn played three seasons in the Liga Nacional de Básquetbol (first division), but sold its spot at the end of the 2006–07 season for economic reasons.
# Moelven IL

Moelven Idrettslag is a Norwegian multi-sports club located in Moelv, Hedmark, founded on 25 June 1918 as Fotballgruppa Trygg. It has sections for athletics, handball, football, skiing and gymnastics.
The men's football team currently plays in the Third Division, the fourth tier of Norwegian football.
Among the prominent members of the athletics section are Jan Langøy and Mauritz Kåshagen.
# Nymark IL

Nymark Idrettslag is a Norwegian sports club from Årstad, Bergen. It has sections for association football, cycling and athletics.
It was founded on 21 April 1921, and was a member of Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund until that association ceased to exist. The football fields Nymarksbanene were established near Brann stadion in the 1960s, and are now the club's home fields.
The women's football team won the Norwegian First Division Championship in 1985, but was relegated already in 1986, and now plays in the Second Division (third tier). The men's football team currently plays in the Fourth Division (fifth tier). It has been playing as high as in the Third Division (fourth tier). Their team colors are black and white.
# Alfred Lagerheim

Carl Herman Theodor Alfred Lagerheim (4 October 1843 – 23 May 1924) was a Swedish politician and diplomat. Lagerheim was born in Copenhagen, Denmark and was a student in Uppsala in 1859 and graduated in 1861. He became an attaché in Paris in 1862, second secretary at the Foreign Ministry in 1865, legation secretary in Saint Petersburg in 1870 and head of the Foreign Ministry's political department in 1871. He was the Minister for Foreign Affairs between 1899 and 1904.
# SK Snøgg

Sportsklubben Snøgg is a Norwegian multi-sports club from Notodden. It was founded on 5 March 1905.
The men's football team played in the highest league for the 1951–52 season. After the 1999 season, the team merged with Heddal IL's men's team to form Notodden FK. Notodden FK is a second-tier club.
Snøgg is now a decent athletics club. Their first medal in the Norwegian athletics championships, a gold medal, was taken by Jonas Lie in 1908. He won the javelin throw with both hands in 1908 and 1910, and the discus throw with both hands in 1909. In addition, he won four silver medals and two bronze medals. Next, Halvor Øien won the javelin event in 1917 and 1918, and also took two silver and three bronze. Since then, the club has had two Norwegian champions, Grete Etholm in the discus throw (first time 2001) and Christian Settemsli Mogstad in the sprints (first time 2008). High jumper Olav Aarnes did not win any national medals, but was a 1912 Olympian.
Two Olympic wrestlers have represented the club; silver medalist in 1948 Aage Eriksen (also participated in 1952) and Håkon Olsen (participated in 1952).
# K2 (tax scheme)

K2 was an offshore wealth management scheme in which salaries of individuals in the United Kingdom were channelled through shell corporations in Jersey, Channel Islands. In June 2012, media reporting of people using K2 for the purposes of tax avoidance was followed by the United Kingdom's Prime Minister David Cameron characterising the scheme as "morally wrong". Later that year the UK government began to introduce legislation to deter people from using such schemes.

## Operation

The K2 scheme was promoted by a Kirkcaldy-based accounting firm, Peak Performance. The scheme involved companies having their main operations in the UK and shell companies offshore. An employee of the UK company would quit their job and then be rehired by the offshore company to the UK. The offshore company would pay a lower salary than the person was originally on but would additionally loan them a large sum of money. Those loans would then be written down as tax liabilities to reduce the amount of tax payable.

## Controversy

On 19 June 2012, The Times published an investigation into individual tax avoidance, estimating that around 1,100 people had been using the K2 scheme to avoid making tax payments totalling around £168 million. The Times report named comedian Jimmy Carr as the K2 scheme client who was the largest beneficiary of these arrangements, claiming that he was sheltering £3.3 million per year and only paid 1% tax through using the scheme. That evening, Carr was challenged on the matter at a show in Royal Tunbridge Wells. When an audience member told him he didn't pay tax, Carr responded with "I pay what I have to and not a penny more." Speaking to ITV News, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the time, David Cameron, called the scheme "morally wrong". Carr responded and issued a series of statements on his Twitter account; he apologised for using the scheme, stating it was a "terrible error of judgement" and that he had ceased using the K2 scheme. The Herald reported that the accounting firm promoting the scheme may have taken around 15% in commission. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS) said they would investigate the K2 scheme and Peak Performance.

## HMRC crackdown

HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) viewed K2 as a scheme for aggressive tax avoidance. In 2012, HMRC stated that they would be investigating how to challenge the scheme, stating if it worked technically, they would challenge it in court. In December 2012, the UK Government introduced the 2013 Finance Bill, which included a General Anti-Abuse Rule (GAAR) and a residency test, measures to deter people from using schemes like K2. In October 2013, Cameron announced an intention to publish a register of the owners of shell companies. In January 2014, having stopped using the K2 scheme, analysis of the accounts of Carr's company FN Good Limited suggested that corporation tax payments of around £500,000 were now being made. In March 2016, The Herald reported that firms running schemes like K2 had disappeared.
# FBK Voss

Fotballklubben Voss is a Norwegian association football club from Vossevangen, Hordaland.
It was founded on 26 September 1921.
The women's football team currently plays in the First Division, the second tier of Norwegian football. The men's football team currently plays in the Third Division, the fourth tier of Norwegian football. In 2005 it contested a playoff to win promotion to the Second Division, but lost to Askøy FK. In 2010 it once more won its section of the Third Division, but again failed to win promotion, losing in the play-offs against Austevoll.
As the last round of 2013 finished, FBK Voss Men fell down to the Fourth Division.

## Recent history
### Women's team

    Season Pos. Pl. W D L GS GA P Cup Notes 2001 1st round 2002 2nd round 2003 1st round 2004 2. Division 5 18657 324223 2nd round 2005 2. Division 3 181143 501637 1st round 2006 2. Division 2 181503 521945 2nd round 2007 2. Division 1 181422 631644 2nd round Promoted to 1. Division 2008 1. Division 7 18558 142620 2nd round 2009 1. Division 10 225512 253820 2nd round 2010 1. Division 7 22778 283228 1st round 2011 1. Division 8 20479 163419 3rd round 2012 1. Division 12 222119 8607 2nd round The team ended at the bottom of the table, but avoided relegation as several other teams withdrew from the league. 2013 (in progress) 1. Division 11 181413 13507 2nd round

### Men's team

    Season Pos. Pl. W D L GS GA P Cup Notes 2001 4. divisjon ↑ 2 221624 733050 Promoted to the 3. divisjon 2002 3. divisjon 7 22877 434231 2003 3. divisjon 7 22877 464131 Second qualifying round 2004 3. divisjon 7 229310 465030 First qualifying round 2005 3. divisjon 1 221381 522647 First round Lost playoffs for promotion 2006 3. divisjon 3 221435 603045 Second round 2007 3. divisjon 2 221714 823452 Second qualifying round 2008 3. divisjon 2 221615 703549 First round 2009 3. divisjon 5 22949 453531 First qualifying round 2010 3. divisjon 1 221633 602351 First round Lost playoffs for promotion 2011 3. divisjon 3 261358 563644 Second qualifying round 2012 3. divisjon 4 2614210 686144 First round 2013 3. divisjon in progress Second qualifying round
# Årstad Idrettslag

Årstad Idrettslag is a Norwegian sports team and former association football club based in Årstad, Bergen.
It participated at the highest level of Norwegian football, Hovedserien, for several seasons, attracting average attendances of about 5,000.
The club also has handball and orienteering divisions. At present, most of the club's funds are directed towards handball, and the men's senior football team is defunct.
# Knausgård (disambiguation)

Knausgård may refer to :
* Karl Ove Knausgård (born 1968), Norwergian author
* Linda Boström Knausgård (born 1972), Swedish author and poet