OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# North Western Reform Synagogue

The North Western Reform Synagogue, commonly known as Alyth, is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at Temple Fortune, Golders Green, in the Borough of Barnet, north-west London, England, in the United Kingdom.

## Overview

The congregation was founded in 1933. Its building, designed by the architect Fritz Landauer, was built in Alyth Gardens in 1936, on land carved out from the West London Synagogue’s cemetery in Hoop Lane. In 1942, the congregation became a founding member of Associated British Synagogue, now known as the Movement for Reform Judaism. With approximately 2,500 adult and 1,000 child members, the congregation is one of the largest Reform synagogues in the United Kingdom.
In 2021 its members approved a £6 million upgrade to the synagogue building, which is scheduled to be completed in 2024.

## Clergy

The following individuals have served as rabbi of the congregation:
| No. | Rabbi | Term start | Term end | Notes |
| 1 | Solomon Starrels | 1933 | 1938 | |
| 2 | Maurice Perlzweig | 1938 | 1942 | Also chair of the World Union of Jewish Students in 1933 and had helped to create the World Jewish Congress |
| − | Vivian Simmons | 1942 | 1943 | Acting, on secondment from West London Synagogue |
| 3 | Dr Werner van der Zyl | 1943 | 1958 | Also founder and president of Leo Baeck College |
| 4 | Philip Cohen | 1958 | 1972 |
| 5 | Dow Marmur | 1972 | 1983 |
| 6 | Charles Emanuel | 1983 | 2003 |
| 7 | Laura Janner-Klausner | 2003 | 2011 | Became Senior Rabbi at the Movement for Reform Judaism in 2011 |
| 8 | Mark Goldsmith | 2006 | 2019 | Became Senior Rabbi at Edgware & Hendon Reform Synagogue in 2019 |
| 9 | Josh Levy | 2008 | 2023 | Emeritus; became Chief Executive of the Movement for Reform Judaism in 2023 |
| 10 | Colin Eimer | 2015 | incumbent |
| 11 | Hannah Kingston | 2017 | incumbent |
| 12 | Elliott Karstadt | 2020 | incumbent |
| 13 | Golan Ben-Chorin | 2024 | incumbent |

## Notable members

* Leo Baeck, a German rabbi, scholar and theologian who served as president of the congregation from 1947 to 1956
* Norman Bentwich, a barrister and legal academic, who served as president of the congregation from 1958 to 1971
* Richard Hermer, Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland since July 2024
# Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis

Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis is a non-fiction book by American historian Robert N. Proctor, published in 1988 by Harvard University Press. The author explores the German scientific community's role in forming and implementing the racial policies of Nazi Germany. In his study, Proctor analyzes how Nationalsozialistische Rassenhygiene, National Socialist racial hygiene or “Eugenics” was used to justify racial programs and traces the progression of eugenic methods, such as involuntary euthanasia, within Germany. Racial Hygiene generally received positive reviews for its analysis of medical practitioners’ complicity in Nazi racial doctrine.

## Summary

Racial Hygiene discusses the complicity within the German scientific community in formulating racial policies and the National Socialists’ censorship of medical journals, thereby ensuring that “racial hygiene” became considered “normal science”. According to an article in the Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, the book “destroys the argument that the German scientific community was coerced into participating in Nazi programs”.
Proctor traces the history of eugenics prior to the Nazi Party's rise to power and analyzes how the Nazis incorporated eugenic ideas into their ideology. He demonstrates how theories of racial science imbibed by the Nazis, and the adoption by scientists in turn of Nazi ideology led to large-scale forced sterilization, involuntary euthanasia, and even mass murder. Proctor examines eugenics in the United States, highlighting its sterilization of the mentally ill for espousing a significant influence on racial hygiene in Germany.
The book addresses other aspects of science in Nazi Germany, including efforts to increase the birth rate of ethnic Germans, the preoccupation with health behavior, and resistance within the medical community. Proctor concludes from his research how, in general, Nazism “appealed to academics and intellects”, offering them financial benefits and academic legitimacy.

## Reception

A review in Kirkus Reviews noted that the book “revises the idea of Nazis as insane fanatics who perverted science to their devious ends and makes the far more frightening proposition that they were rational, even eminent men, and that Nazi science was deeply rooted in ‘normal’ science”. Professor William E. Seidelman in Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences comments Racial Hygiene is distinct from other works covering the subject because of the book's “broad overview of racial hygiene within the context of prevailing scientific/political values and beliefs”. Commenting on Proctor's “provocative research,” Mary Nolan in The New York Times praises how the book “forces us to reassess the dynamics of Nazism but also challenges pervasive notions about the political neutrality and objective value of science and the moral innocence of scientists”.
# Tecophilaea violiflora

Tecophilaea violiflora is a perennial, tuberous herb in the family Tecophilaeaceae native to Peru and Chile.

## Description
### Vegetative characteristics

Tecophilaea violiflora is a perennial, tuberous herb with 1–3 lanceolate, 8–20cm long, and 8–13mm wide leaves.

### Generative characteristics

The capsule fruit bears small black seeds.

## Taxonomy

It was validly published by Luigi Aloysius Colla in 1836 based on previous work by Carlo Luigi Giuseppe Bertero. The type specimen was collected by Carlo L.G. Bertero. It is the type species of its genus.

### Etymology

The specific epithet violiflora is derived from the genus Viola and from the Latin flos or floris meaning flower, referring to flowers that resemble those of Viola.

## Ecology
### Habitat

In Chile, it occurs in relict coastal forests and temperate forests.
# Seasons (film)

Seasons (French: Les Saisons) is a 2015 French-German nature documentary film directed, produced, co-written, and narrated by Jacques Perrin, with Jacques Cluzaud as co-director. In Japanese, the film was narrated by Fumino Kimura and Shōfukutei Tsurube II.
# First Cabinet of Selim Hoss

The cabinet led by Prime Minister Selim Hoss was the first government under the presidency of Elias Hrawi. It was also the first government headed by Selim Hoss. The cabinet was inaugurated on 9 December 1976 and replaced the cabinet of Rashid Karami. The term of the cabinet lasted until 2 July 1979, and it was replaced by the second cabinet of Salim Hoss.

## Background

Elias Hrawi was elected as the President of Lebanon and appointed Selim Hoss to form the cabinet. The cabinet was established as an interim government for six months to reestablished the order in the country. However, later its duration was extended, and the cabinet served until 2 July 1979. Thus, the cabinet served during the civil war. President Hrawi asked Hoss to establish a national unity in spring 1978 which was not materialized.

## Cabinet members

The cabinet included eight members, four Muslims and four Christians. They were technocrats and had no political party affiliation or ministerial experience. Most of the ministers held more than one portfolio.
The members of the cabinet are as follows:
* Prime Minister; Minister of Economy; Minister of Industry; Minister of Petroleum; Minister of Information Salim Hoss (Sunni Muslim)
* Deputy Prime Minister; Minister of Foreign Affairs; Minister of Defense Fouad Boutros (Greek Orthodox)
* Minister of Agriculture Michel Doumet (Maronite Christian)
* Minister of Finance; Minister of Justice; Minister of Posts and Telegraphs Farid Raphaël (Maronite Christian)
* Minister of Social Affairs and Labour; Minister Education Assad Rizk (Greek Catholic)
* Minister of Health; Minister of Hydraulic and Electricity Resources Ibrahim Cheito (Shia Muslim)
* Minister of Interior; Minister of Housing and Co-operatives Salah Salman (Druze)
* Minister of Public Works and Transport; Minister of Tourism Amin Bizri (Sunni Muslim)
Prime Minister Selim Hoss left the posts of minister of petroleum and minister of industry on 28 December 1978, and Assad Rizk was named as the minister of oil and industry.
# Pullur Kodavalam inscription

The Pullur Kodavalam inscription (dated to c. 1020 AD) is an early 11th century stone inscription from Pullur, near Kanhangad in Kerala, south India. The old Malayalam inscription in Vattezhuthu script (with additional Grantha characters) is engraved on a single stone slab in the courtyard of the Pullur Kodavalam Vishnu Temple [14 lines, obverse side only].
The inscription relates to the rule of medieval Chera king Bhaskara Ravi "Manukuladitya" (r. c. 959/60 – c.1025/26 AD, revised chronology) in Kasaragodu. It is the geographically northernmost available epigraphical record mentioning a medieval Chera king of Kerala. The analysis of the inscription (1969) also identified king "Manukuladitya" with king Bhaskara Ravi.
* The record falls under the A-series inscriptions of king Bhaskara Ravi (dated to 58th [A-series] regnal year). Initially, the regnal year was misunderstood as 55th (ARIE, 1967).
* The record says that the uralar (proprietors) of Kudavalam village installed the inscribed stone showing three "kazhanju" (weight used as a standard) of gold as the amount of annual dues ("attaikkol") fixed by royal order to be paid to the king (from that village).
* It also helps in the dating of Sanskrit philosopher-poet Sarvajnatma (author of Vedantic "Samkshapasaririka" and disciple of certain Devesvara) and Sanskrit Yamaka poet Narayana.
* King "Manukuladitya" was formerly identified with Chalukya ruler Vikramaditya II (R. G. Bhandarkar) or Chola ruler Aditya I (S. V. Venkatesvara Ayyar and K. V. Krishna Ayyar)
# Tammiku, Vinni Parish

Tammiku is a village in Vinni Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.

## Name

Tammiku was attested in written sources as Pamicus in 1241, Pammekule in 1345, and Tamyckass in 1545. According to the historian Paul Johansen [de; et], the initial P in the earliest attestations should be read as a T. In the 17th century, the village disappeared and Tammik manor was built, and then in 1765 the surrounding area became a village again. Assuming that the earliest attestations actually began with T, the name (in the genitive case) comes from the common noun tammik 'oak forest', referring to the local vegetation.
# Aaron River Reservoir

Aaron River Reservoir is a 136-acre (0.55 km$^2$) reservoir mostly in Cohasset, Massachusetts, with small stretches extending into Hingham and Scituate. The outflow of the pond is Aaron River. Most of the reservoir is in the eastern side of Wompatuck State Park. The village of Beechwood lies to the east of the reservoir. The reservoir is a Class A water supply source used as a backup source for the Town of Cohasset. The water quality is impaired due to mercury contamination, although the source of the mercury is unknown.
# Albania national football team results (2000–2019)

This list of the Albania national football team results from 2000 to 2019.
# Rhythm City Casino Resort

Rhythm City Casino Resort is a casino and resort located in Davenport, Iowa. The property features over 32,000 square feet of gaming space, including 1,000 slot machines, 25 table games, and the Elite Sports Book. The resort also offers a hotel, three restaurants, a full service spa and an event center. Conveniently situated near the intersection of I-80 and I-74, the casino is part of Elite Casino Resorts, which also owns Riverside Casino & Golf Resort in Riverside, IA and Grand Falls Casino Resort located in Lyon County, IA.

## History

The casino began as a riverboat casino named The President in 1991 shortly after the legalization of gambling in Iowa. It later became the Rhythm City Casino, but the casino moved to a land-based site in the Northern part of Davenport in 2016. The former boat was still parked on the river in Davenport until late 2016. When the property moved additional outlets were added to the property including three restaurants, Ruthie's Steak & Seafood, Draft Day Sports Lounge, and Robert's Buffet. As well as a full service spa. Rhythm City's Event Center has brought several big acts through the Quad Cities including legendary acts like The Charlie Daniels Band, Eddie Money, Wayne Newton and Trace Adkins. Others who have performed since the opening in 2016 is Sara Evans, Gary Allan, Chris Janson, and Josh Turner. Several comedians have performed there also including Carlos Mencia, Frank Caliendo, and Craig Ferguson.

## Property information

Rhythm City currently has over 32,000 square feet of gaming space with 1,000 slot machines, 25 table games, the Elite Sports Book, a hotel, three restaurants, a full service spa and an event center.
# Sedecion of Byzantium

Sedecion of Byzantium (Greek: Σεδεκίων; died 114) was a bishop of Byzantium. He succeeded bishop Plutarch of Byzantium in 105, and served in that office for nine years until 114. He was in office during Roman emperor Trajan's persecution of the Christians.
# Waiting for the Summer

"Waiting for the Summer" is a song written and recorded by UK outfit Delirious?. The song was the first radio single released in support of the band's 2001 studio album, Audio Lessonover?. The song also appears on the United States version of the album, entitled Touch, but is a different version than its UK counterpart. The single peaked at #26 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listing

CD1
* "Waiting for the Summer" (Radio Edit)
* "Show Me Heaven"
* "Waiting for the Summer" (Stu Garage Re:mix)
CD2
* "Waiting for the Summer" (Album Version)
* "Waiting for the Summer" (The dba Mix)
* "Waiting for the Summer" CD-ROM Music Video

## Chart performance

| Chart (2001) | Peak Position |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 26 |
# Skórzewo, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Skórzewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szubin, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Szubin, 19 km (12 mi) south-east of Nakło nad Notecią, and 15 km (9 mi) south-west of Bydgoszcz.
# All We Got (Chance the Rapper song)

"All We Got" is a song by American rapper Chance the Rapper featuring Kanye West and Chicago Children's Choir, from Chance's third mixtape Coloring Book (2016). It contains vocals from Francis Starlite, Grace Weber, Isaiah Robinson, Jack Red, Sima Cunningham, Teddy Jackson and Vasil Garvanliev. A remix was shared by SBTRKT in March 2018.

## Background

Chance didn't originally plan for the song to be the kickoff track on the mixtape. SBTRKT shared a remix of it on March 22, 2018.

## Creation

"Music is all we got" is a West lyric and Chance revealed that "All We Got" was a perfect record because it wasn't the first one they made for the lyric. He also elaborated on how West added his touch to the song sonically.

## Commercial performance

The song debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 and spend a total of two weeks on the chart. It debuted at number 45 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in the same week as this.

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak position |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) | 2 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 45 |
| US On-Demand Songs (Billboard) | 36 |

## Certifications

Certifications for "All We Got" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | Gold | 15,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# 1984 in Turkey

These are the following events which occurred in the year 1984 in Turkey.

## Parliament

* 17th Parliament of Turkey

## Incumbents

* President – Kenan Evren
* Prime Minister – Turgut Özal
* Leader of the opposition – Necdet Calp

## Ruling party and the main opposition

* Ruling party – Motherland Party (ANAP)
* Main opposition – People’s Party (HP)

## Cabinet

* 45th government of Turkey (from 21 September)

## Events
### February

* 18 February – Nazlı Deniz Kuruoğlu wins Miss Europe.

### March

* 13 March – President Li Xiannian of China visits Turkey.

### May

* 1 May – The first issue of weekly magazine Yeni Gündem appears
* 2 May – Turkey and West Germany sign a nuclear energy agreement.
* 9 May – Novelist Yaşar Kemal wins Légion d'honneur.
* 17 May – Trabzonspor wins the championship

### June

* 20 June – Turkey diplomat Erdoğan Özen assassinated by Armenian terrorists in Vienna.

### November

* 11 November – Melek Gürkan wins Miss Asia Pacific International.
* 19 November – Turkish diplomat Enver Ergun was assassinated by Armenian terrorists in Vienna.
* 25 November – Professor Muzaffer Aksoy shares the Ramazzini award with Prof. Enrico C. Vigliani.

### December

* 25 December – Soviet premier Nikolai Tikhonov arrives in Ankara for official visit.

## Births

* 9 February – Şebnem Schaefer, model
* 19 February – Onur Tuncer, footballer
* 26 February – Beren Saat, actress
* 1 March – İbrahim Şahin, footballer
* 31 July – İpek Yaylacıoğlu, actress and photographer
* 13 August – Ayça Naz İhtiyaroğlu, volleyball player
* 25 August – Kenan Sofuoğlu, motorcycle racer
* 2 November – Berrak Tüzünataç, actress
* 18 November – Melikshah Soyturk, modern Turkish topographic painter
* 10 December – Şenol Akın, footballer

## Deaths

* 14 January – Fazıl Küçük (born in 1906) former leader of the Turkish Cypriots
* 25 February – Hasan Hüseyin Korkmazgil (born in 1927), folk poet
* 19 March – Kerime Nadir (born in 1917), writer
* 28 September – Cihat Baban (born in 1911), former government minister
* 4 October - Muazzez Tahsin Berkand (born in 1899), writer
* 4 November – Ümit Yaşar Oğuzcan (born in 1926), poet
* 8 December – Semih Sancar (born in 1911), former chief of staff

## Gallery

* Kenan Evren
* Turgut Özal
* Onur Tuncer
* Ayça Naz İhtiyaroğlu
* Kenan Sofuoğlu
* Berrak Tüzünataç
* Fazıl Küçük
# Walnut elimia

The Walnut elimia (Elimia bellula) is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pleuroceridae. This species is endemic to the United States, and is named after the Walnut River, in Kansas.
# Smolniki, Brodnica County

Smolniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bobrowo, within Brodnica County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
# Ailill mac Fáeláin

Ailill mac Fáeláin was a King of Osraige in the south-east of Gaelic Ireland. Ailill was of the Dál Birn dynasty. Osraige was located in modern County Kilkenny, Ireland.
Ailill's year of accession is unknown, but it was after the reigns of both Cú Cherca mac Fáeláin, who died in 712, and Fland mac Congaile, whose reign is undated. The end of Ailill's reign is also unknown, but Cellach mac Fáelchair is recorded as king by 728.
Ailill is recorded in the king lists of the Book of Leinster, the synchronism's of Thurneysen, Boyle, and the Annals of Clonmacnoise. He is recorded as "Oillill" in the Annals of Clonmacnoise.
Ailill does not appear in the MS Rawlinson B 502 genealogies, but it is presumed that this Ailill was the son of Fáelán mac Crundmaíl (died 660) and the brother of Cú Cherca mac Fáeláin (died 712), who were both Kings of Osraige.

## Lineage

The Dál Birn (Old Irish: "the assembly" or "portion" of "Birn") is a tribal epithet found in Irish sources that refers to the descendants of Loegaire Birn Buadach, the hereditary ruling lineage of the Osraige in Ireland.
For a two-hundred year period beginning in the late fifth century, the native Dál Birn kings were temporarily displaced by an allied Corcu Loígde dynasty, which ruled Osraige until being overthrown. Several Corcu Loígde kings are recorded as being periodically slain by the native inhabitants of Osraige until the re-establishment of the Dál Birn.
Dál Birn descendants remained in control of parts of Osraige even after the Norman Invasion of Ireland, with the continuation of the Mac Giolla Phádraig lordship in Upper Ossory. This senior Dál Birn lineage historically remained the most visible and possessed an original portion of Osraige through the death of Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown in 1937.
# Protornis

Protornis (Greek for "original bird") is an extinct genus of prehistoric coraciiform bird. It contains one species, P. glarniensis from the Early Oligocene-aged Matt Formation of Canton Glarus, Switzerland. It is known from a partially complete but poorly-preserved fossil skeleton knwon from the famous "Glarus Fish Slates". Its name derives from the fact that at the time of discovery, it was considered one of the oldest fossil birds, as the rocks in which it was found were thought to date to the Cretaceous, although they are now known to date to only the Early Oligocene.
It was initially described as a passeriform by von Meyer (1844) due to its small size, but Olson (1976) reclassified it as an early motmot, noting several close similarities of its skeleton to extant Momotidae, including its rather flattened bill. However, more recent studies have noted that it as some traits not present in motmots either, so it is now considered an indeterminate coraciiform.
Protornis was a small-sized bird, only slightly larger than the modern tody motmot. A second partial fossil bird specimen from the same deposits was previously thought to be a second Protornis specimen, but later analyses found it to be too large and to have significant morphological differences from Protornis. This bird is now considered an indeterminate trogon.
The genus name "Protornis", despite being preoccupied by this genus, was also used for an ichnogenus of animal tracks that was interpreted as representing early bird footprints, such as Protornis bavarica from the Jurassic of Germany, thought to represent Archaeopteryx footprints. However, these tracks are now known to have actually been made by horseshoe crabs, and are now assigned to the genus Kouphichnium.
# Craig Wright (rugby union)

Craig Wright (born 31 May 2004) is an English rugby union player who plays as a hooker for Premiership Rugby club Northampton Saints.

## Early life

He was born in Chelmsford and was initially a keen footballer before transitioning to rugby union in his teens. He attended Felsted School and played club rugby for Braintree Rugby Club.

## Club career

Wright made his Northampton Saints during the 2023-2024 season, starting in the Premiership Rugby Cup at Ealing Trailfinders. He also spent time on loan at Rugby Championship side Bedford Blues that season.

## International career

He played for the England U20 side at the 2023 World Rugby U20 Championship, scoring a try in the 3rd/4th play off. He was a member of the England U20 side which won the 2024 Six Nations Under 20s Championship and the 2024 World Rugby U20 Championship.

## Honours
### England U20

* World Rugby Under 20 Championship
** Champion (1): 2024
# Squall (disambiguation)

A squall is a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed.
Squall or The Squall may also refer to:
* The Squall, a 1929 film by Alexander Korda
* "Squall" (NCIS), an episode of the American television series NCIS
* "Squall", a 1980 studio album released by Japanese singer Seiko Matsuda
* "Squall" (song), a Japanese song by Masaharu Fukuyama also covered by Eiko Matsumoto
* "Squall" (song), a single released by Japanese band D'espairsRay
* "Squall" (song), a Japanese song by Kiyosuke Himuro
* Squall Leonhart, the main hero of the role-playing game Final Fantasy VIII
* USS Squall (PC-7), a Cyclone-class patrol ship
* "Back to Squall" a parody sketch of the film Back to School from the sketch show Tim and Eric Awesome Show: Great Job!
* Squall line, a type of thunderstorm
* Squall Meusel, a villain in the light novel, manga, and anime Infinite Stratos