OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arsjad Rasjid

Arsjad Rasjid (born 16 March 1970) is an Indonesian businessman who is president director of the mining and energy firm Indika Energy [id]. He also serves as commissioner in several other companies, and is currently chairman of the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry for the 2021–2026 term. In September 2023, he was appointed as chairman of the 2024 presidential bid of Ganjar Pranowo.

## Early life and education

Arsjad Rasjid was born on 16 March 1970 in Jakarta. His father H.M.N. Rasjid had served in the Indonesian Army and originated from Palembang, while his mother Suniawati was of mixed Sundanese-Chinese descent. He began studying abroad at the age of 9, when he began to study in Singapore. He later studied computer science at the University of Southern California, but later transferred received a bachelors in business administration from Pepperdine University in 1993. During his studies in California, he met Agus Lasmono Sudwikatmono [id].

## Business career

After returning from their studies in the US, Rasjid and Lasmono co-founded a multimedia company, PT Prabu Wahana, in 1995. The company later was renamed to Indika, shorthand for Industri Multimedia dan Informatika (Multimedia and Information Industry). During the Asian financial crisis, Rasjid helped restructure of the company owned by Lasmono's father Sudwikatmono [id]. Rasjid and Lasmono began showing an interest in the energy sector in 2002, initially intending to invest in power generation before discovering a strong demand from China for coal. The pair received funding from South Korean banks, and Indika Energy [id] began operations in 2005. Within Indika, Rasjid had become vice president director and president commissioner, but had primarily been president director, holding the position between 2007–2014 and since 2016. Outside Indika Energy and affiliated companies, Rasjid is also commissioner in several companies, including Grab Indonesia.
In July 2021, Rasjid was elected by acclamation as chairman of the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN) for the 2021–2026 term, replacing Rosan Roeslani. He took office on 7 July. He was the first KADIN chairman since 1994 to not have been affiliated with the Bakrie Group, with his primary competitor for the office being the group's CEO Anindya Bakrie.

## Political involvement

On 4 September 2023, Rasjid was appointed as chairman of Ganjar Pranowo's 2024 presidential campaign. Although Rasjid had previously indicated his intention to join the campaign team, he claimed that his appointment as chairman was done without prior communication and that he had found out about it from friends during an event who showed him online news articles about his appointment.
# Thothori Nyantsen

Lha Thothori gNyan bTsan (Tibetan: ལྷ་ཐོ་ཐོ་རི་གཉན་བཙན་, Wylie: lha tho tho ri gnyan btsan, Chinese: 佗土度) was the 28th King of Tibet according to the Tibetan legendary tradition. Lha "divine, pertaining to the gods of the sky" is an honorary title and not a part of his proper name.
He belonged to the Yarlung dynasty connected to the Yarlung district in Southern Tibet. Modern scholars believe that he was a historical ruler, as he is also mentioned in a Chinese source. They date his rule to the fifth century, because the 33rd king Songtsän Gampo died in 650; other calculations putting his birth at 173 or 254 are nowadays rejected. He did not rule over the whole of Tibet; his power was probably limited to the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon area.
According to an indigenous legend, Buddhist scriptures (among them the Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra) first arrived in Tibet in his time. The tale claims that this happened in a miraculous way (the volumes fell from the sky on the roof of the royal palace a motif which also happened to one of the royal personages of the name Indrabhuti), but there may be an historical background (arrival of Buddhist missionaries).

## Popular culture

In the ninth episode (numbered 2.002, the second episode of the second season) of the television show Twin Peaks, the character of Dale Cooper tells Agent Rosenfield that "the first Tibetan king to be touched by the Dharma was King Ha-tho-tho-ri gnyan-btsan. He and succeeding kings were collectively known as the Happy Generations." That spelling of the name (so spelled in the transcribed screenplay) differs from the spelling given in the DVD subtitles, "Hathatha Rignamputsan", but is almost identical to a spelling given above; so it is probably this King of Tibet to which Cooper's tale referred, especially since the reign of that King also corresponds to the legendary arrival of Buddhist scripture in Tibet.
# History of Spanish slavery in the Philippines

Spanish slavery was introduced to the Philippines through the encomienda system which was instituted throughout the Indies by Nicolás de Ovando, governor of the Indies from 1502 to 1509.
This system rewarded the Spanish conquerors with forced labor from the native peoples. A system of serfdom, the pre-colonial alipin system, already existed before the islands were colonized by the Spanish Empire in 1565, but it differed in that groups of native people were not obliged to render forced labor to superiors. Rather, the alipin rendered services and labor under a complex system of obligations; indeed the etymology indicates that they were originally war captives rendering ransom. After a Spanish clergyman and social reformer Bartolomé de las Casas wrote about the abuses of the encomienda system and of the native peoples in his book A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, public outcry and his lobbying in Spain caused the enaction of the New Laws in 1542.
According to his firsthand accounts, enslaved natives in the Indies were burned alive, starved, forced to work in mines, and the women stopped producing milk because of the hard labor they were forced into.' While no similarly graphic accounts exists of the abuses endured by the native Filipinos, several revolts occurred due to encomienda even after the passage of the new laws and continued abuse of the system was recorded.
From the late 16th century to the early 17th century, Spanish soldiers, officials, and settlers often acquired slaves through the preexisting native alipin system as a way to skirt around the New Laws. Many of these slaves were taken back to Nueva España (where they were called chinos) and Spain as personal servants or slaves of the Spanish crew and passengers of the Manila Galleons. In addition, many native Filipinos were also pressed into service as sailors for the galleons, often under harsh conditions. These practices and the indigenous alipin system were eventually stopped by the mid-1600s, after additional royal decrees which mandated harsh punishments for violations of the Laws of the Indies, as well as heavy taxes levied on personal servants brought aboard galleons.
Slavery of people who were not under Spanish jurisdiction, however, was not banned. Slaves purchased from other slave markets in Southeast Asia passed through Manila and onward to Mexico in the Manila Galleons. Native captives of Spain from the Spanish–Moro conflict were also enslaved in this way. Conversely, Filipinos who were subjects of Spain were often enslaved by Moro pirates and raiders. They were either integrated as slaves into the Moro Sultanates, ransomed to relatives, or sold further on to the Dutch East Indies (via the Sultanate of Gowa) and the Chinese.
# Allport's Scale

Allport's Scale of Prejudice and Discrimination is a measure of the manifestation of prejudice in a society. It was devised by psychologist Gordon Allport in 1954.

## The scale

Allport's Scale of Prejudice goes from 1 to 5.
* Antilocution: Antilocution occurs when an in-group freely purports negative images of an out-group. Hate speech is the extreme form of this stage. It is commonly seen as harmless by the majority. Antilocution itself may not be harmful, but it sets the stage for more severe outlets for prejudice (see also ethnic joke).
* Avoidance: Members of the in-group actively avoid people in the out-group. No direct harm may be intended, but psychological harm often results through isolation (see also social exclusion).
* Discrimination: The out-group is discriminated against by denying them opportunities and services, putting prejudice into action. Behaviors have the intention of disadvantaging the out-group by preventing them from achieving goals, getting education or jobs, etc. Examples include Jim Crow laws in the US, Apartheid in South Africa, the Nuremberg Laws in 1930s Germany, and Donald Trump's executive orders in 2025.
* Physical Attack: The in-group vandalizes, burns, or otherwise destroys out-group property and carries out violent attacks on individuals or groups. Physical harm is done to members of the out-group. Examples include pogroms against Jews in Europe, the lynchings of Black people in the US, ongoing violence against Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India.
* Extermination: The in-group seeks extermination or removal of the out-group. They attempt to eliminate either the entirety or a large fraction of the undesired group of people. Examples include the Cambodian genocide, the Final Solution in Nazi Germany, the Rwandan genocide, the Armenian genocide, and the genocide of the Hellenes.
This scale should not be confused with the Religious Orientation Scale of Allport and Ross (1967), which is a measure of the maturity of an individual's religious conviction.
# Elina Valtonen

Elina Maria Valtonen (formerly Lepomäki; born 23 October 1981) is a Finnish politician who has served as Minister for Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister Petteri Orpo since 2023. A member of the National Coalition Party (NCP), she has represented the constituency of Uusimaa in the Parliament of Finland since 2014. In the 2021 municipal election she collected the second-highest number of votes in Helsinki and was elected a member of its city council.

## Early life

As a child, Valtonen lived with her family in Bonn, West Germany; she completed A-levels (Reifeprüfung diploma) at the Deutsche Schule Helsinki.

## Education

Valtonen holds a master's degree in both technology and financial economics from the Helsinki University of Technology and Helsinki School of Economics. She is a shareholder in several technology start-ups; she chaired the board of the pro free-market think tank Libera from 2015 to 2021.

## Career

Prior to entering politics in 2014, Valtonen spent 10 years in investment banking, as a director at Royal Bank of Scotland and as a senior analyst at Nordea. She has developed a model for transforming the welfare state into a digital sharing economy, called the Life Account. In 2018, she participated in a Bilderberg Meeting in Turin.
In April 2016, Valtonen announced her candidacy for the leadership of the National Coalition Party. In the first round of the leadership election on 11 June 2016 she received 15% of the vote and thus failed to be elected. In September 2020, Valtonen was elected as a new deputy chair of the National Coalition Party.
In the parliamentary elections of 2023, Valtonen raised the largest election campaign budget, 179,000 euros. Her biggest funders were Chaim Poju Zabludowicz and Björn Wahlroos.

### Minister of Foreign Affairs

In June 2023, she was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Orpo Cabinet.
In January 2024, 79 Finnish diplomats signed a letter to Valtonen, criticising the official response to the Israeli attacks on Gaza.
Valtonen and her Nordic counterparts signed a joint letter in late October 2024 condemning Israel's planned bill that would seek to ban the UNRWA from operating in the country and in effect the Palestinian areas. Furthermore, they urged the Knesset to reconsider passing the bill.

## Writing

Valtonen has co-authored several reports on economics and the society such as "The Future of the Euro – The alternatives for Finland" (2014) and "The Life Account – A Social Security Reform" (2013). In 2018, she published her book Vapauden voitto (Victory of Freedom, Otava), on how to reform the Nordic welfare model and the European Union.

## Other activities

* European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member of the Council (since 2023)

## Personal life

In September 2020, Valtonen filed for divorce from Jukka Lepomäki; in April 2021 she announced that she had changed her surname back to her maiden name. Valtonen and Lepomäki had two children together.

## Honours

* Sweden: Royal Order of the Polar Star, Commander Grand Cross (23 April 2024)
# Geoff Miller (public servant)

Geoffrey Lee Miller AO (26 January 1942 – 10 October 2014) was a senior Australian public servant.

## Life and career

Geoff Miller was born in Grafton, New South Wales on 26 January 1942. For high school, he attended Farrer Memorial Agricultural High School in Tamworth, New South Wales. His university studies were at the University of New England where he completed a degree in agricultural economics with first class honours.
He began his career in a state agricultural department, before shifting to work for CSR Limited.
In 1986, Miller was appointed Secretary of the Department of Primary Industry. In July 1987 he became Associate Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, but was again appointed as a Secretary in 1988, this time of the Department of Primary Industries and Energy. During the period December 1991 to June 1993, Miller was concurrently Secretary to the Department of Primary Industries and Energy and the Department of Tourism.
As an associate secretary of the Department of Primary Industries and Energy, Miller bid for the position of Director-General of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation. He was defeated in a ballot for the position by 90 votes to 72 votes. The Australian Government spent more than $500,000 on the unsuccessful campaign to have Miller appointed to the position. Miller retired from the public service in February 1994.
Miller died on 10 October 2014.

## Awards

Miller was awarded Man of the Year in Australian Agriculture in 1978.
In June 1993, Miller was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for service to primary industry, particularly in the area of agricultural economics and to international relations.
# San Bernardino in Panisperna

San Bernardino in Panisperna or Panispermia or San Bernardino ai Monti or San Bernardino da Siena ai Monti is a small Roman Catholic church in Rome. It is found across from the church of Sant'Agata dei Goti on via Panisperna in the Rione Monti.
The church was built on the ruins of the monastery of Santa Veneranda. The church was consecrated in 1625. The Baroque interior is elliptical in shape, and the cupola was frescoed by Bernardino Gagliardi with a Glory of San Bernardino and other Franciscan Saints. Over the door to the sacristy is a canvas by Giovanni Baglione depicting Saints Francis, Clare, and Agatha. Since 2003, the church has ministered to a Chinese catholic community in Rome.

## Sources

* M. Armellini, Le chiese di Roma dal secolo IV al XIX, Roma 1891, p. 203
* Roma nell’anno MDCCCXXXVIII descritta da Antonio Nibby, Parte prima Moderna, Roma 1839, pp. 129–130
* C. Rendina, Le Chiese di Roma, Newton & Compton Editori, Roma 2000, p. 47 ISBN 978-88-541-1833-1
# Ford Cup

Ford Cup may refer to:
* Ford Cup (tennis)
* Ford Cup – Defensive, renamed the Telus Cup – Defensive
* Ford Cup – Offensive, renamed the Telus Cup – Offensive
# Connor Arendell

Connor Arendell (born March 30, 1990) is an American professional golfer. Arendell has played on the Challenge Tour, European Tour, and Korn Ferry Tour.

## Amateur career

Arendell was born in Cape Coral, Florida, he currently resides in Fort Myers, Florida. He played college golf at the University of Central Florida where he was first team All-Conference USA and member of three consecutive conference team championships for the Knights. In 2009, Connor qualified for and advanced to the final 16 of the U.S. Amateur at Southern Hills in Tulsa, Oklahoma where he lost, 2 and 1, to Peter Uihlein. In 2010, he once again advanced to the final 16 of the U.S. Amateur at Chambers Bay, University Place, Washington where he lost to Patrick Cantlay, 1 down.

## Professional career

Arendell qualified for the European Tour by playing in all three stages of Q-School in late 2013, finishing T-8th. He also had conditional status on the Web.com Tour in 2014 after competing in qualifying school. He played on the European Tour and Challenge Tour from 2014 to 2016. His best finish was tied for second at the 2014 Le Vaudreuil Golf Challenge. Since 2018, he has played on the Korn Ferry Tour. In 2019, he qualified for and played in the 2019 U.S. Open at Pebble Beach. On March 1, 2020, Arendell won the Yuengling Open at the Fort Myers Country Club in a playoff with a birdie on the second hole.

## Professional wins (2)

* 2021 Florida Open
* 2023 Florida Open
# Malay Union

The Malay Union (Malay: Kesatuan Melayu) was a political party in Singapore from 1926 to 1960.

## History

The party was established on 14 May 1926 as a religious and cultural organisation for the Malay community. Ishak bin Ahmad was one of the founding members of the party.
In 1954 the Malay Union, Democratic Labour Party and Singapore Socialist Party allied and formed the Labour Front. When a decision was made to merge into a single party, the Malay Union withdrew from the alliance and joined the Singapore Alliance alongside the United Malays National Organisation (whose Singaporean branch had been founded by the leaders of the Malay Union) and the Malayan Chinese Association.
In the 1955 general elections the party nominated a single candidate, Inche Sidik, in the Southern Islands constituency. He was elected with 50.6% of the vote.
The party fielded a candidate in the 1957 by-election in Cairnhill, receiving 17% of the vote. However, the party had previously agreed with the other Alliance members not to field a candidate, and was subsequently expelled from the Alliance for doing so.
After trying but failing to form an alliance with the Pan-Malayan Islamic Party and Parti Rakyat, the MU contested the 1959 general elections alone. By this time the party was led by Muda Muhamed Mahmud, as Sidik had left to join the UMNO. It nominated three candidates, but received only 0.5% of the voting, failing to win a seat.
After the Societies Ordinance came into force in 1960, it failed to re-register.
# Jason Pohl

Jason Pohl (born July 1, 1981) is a chopper designer who works at Orange County Choppers. He is most commonly known for his workplace being the subject of the American TV series American Chopper.

## History

Pohl's initial plan was to join the U.S. Marine Corps after finishing high school, however, he was awarded the August Holland Scholarship and decided to attend the Illinois Institute of Art, where he earned a bachelor's degree in Fine Arts.

## Career

Pohl joined Orange County Choppers as Senior Designer in early 2004. He started his career at Incredible Technologies, based in Arlington Heights, IL as an Artist/Animator of videogames, where he worked on a digital pinball prototype licensed by OCC and was responsible for the modelling and designing of all choppers featured in the game. Upon completion of the project, Paul Teutul Sr. was so impressed with his work, he approached Pohl to join the team. Since joining OCC, Pohl finds the most challenging part of his job to be taking two dimensional conceptual drawings and modelling and reshaping them into fully functional three dimensional parts.
# Gentrit Citaku

Gentrit Citaku (born 25 February 1996) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a midfielder for IK Sleipner.
He was born in Navestad which is an area in Norrkoping, Sweden.

## Career

Citaku made his Allsvenskan debut on 1 September 2013 in a game against pershendetje Syrianska FC where he came on as an 82nd minute sub.
He currently plays for IK Sleipner in Norrköping, Sweden, as a midfielder after formally joining from Assyriska 2020.

## International career

Citaku has represented both the Sweden men's national under-17 football team and Sweden men's national under-19 football team on several occasions. In September 2013 he was selected to be part of Sweden's squad for the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Even though he is representing Sweden at the youth level Citaku has said that he is open to playing for the Albania national football team in the future.

## Honours

Sweden U17
* FIFA U-17 World Cup Third place: 2013
# Carlo Vittorio Amedeo delle Lanze

Carlo Vittorio Amedeo Delle Lanze (1712–1784) was an Italian clergyman, a Roman Catholic cardinal. In his youth, Delle Lanze was supposed to be close to Jansenism, but in his late life he was a supporter of the Jesuits and part of the zelanti.

## Biography

He was born in 1712, the son of Carlo Francesco Agostino, conte di Sale e di Vinovo, the illegitimate son of Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy. In his youth, he became a soldier and started a military career in the army of the Kingdom of Sardinia, but in 1730 he decided to follow the ecclesiastic career, studying at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy.
Ordained as priest in 1736, he did his pastoral work in Turin as spiritual assistant of young people and university students. In 1743, he was named commendatory abbot of San Giusto di Susa, and then of the Lucedio Abbey. In 1747, he was named cardinal and archbishop of Nicosia; two years later, he received the commenda of the Abbey of Fruttuaria in northern Piedmont. He presided over the marriage between Victor Amadeus III of Savoy and Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain. In 1775, he was named secretary of the Congregation of the Council.
He died in the Abbey of Fruttuaria and was buried there.

### Papal elections

As a cardinal, Delle Lanze participated in 3 conclaves: 1758, 1769 and 1774. During the conclave of 1774, Delle Lanze was one of the pro-Jesuit cardinals, and in the first ballots he received the highest number of votes on 25 October, but, due to the opposition of the cardinals with strong ties with the European monarchies, he was not elected as pope.
# Karen Ramirez

Karen Ramirez (born 21 November 1971 in North London) is a British female dance music singer. At the age of six, Ramirez moved to Trinidad and Tobago and lived there for some time, before returning to London and entering university. In 1998, she had a No. 1 hit single on the U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart and a No. 8 hit on the UK Singles Chart with her cover version of Everything but the Girl's "I Didn't Know I Was Looking for Love", under the simpler title of "Looking for Love".
Her second album, entitled Bees in the Trees, was released exclusively on iTunes in May 2006.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Distant Dreams (20 July 1998), Manifesto - UK #45
* Distant Dreams (Japan release) (1998), Manifesto/Mercury (three extra tracks: two versions of "Troubled Girl", the Spanish version and the Boris Dlugosch & Michael Lange elusive club mix, and "Fever")
* Bees in the Trees (May 2006), self-released

### Remix albums

* Remixed Dreams (Japan only) (13 January 1999), Mercury

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Album |
| Title | Year | UK | AUS | IRL | Album |
| "Troubled Girl" | 1998 | 50 | — | — | Distant Dreams |
| "Looking for Love" | 1998 | 8 | 47 | 23 | Distant Dreams |
| "If We Try" | 1998 | 23 | — | — | Distant Dreams |
| "Lies" | 1999 | — | — | — | Distant Dreams |