OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tetraphenylmethane

Tetraphenylmethane is an organic compound consisting of a methane core with four phenyl substituents. It was first synthesized by Moses Gomberg in 1898.

## Synthesis

Gomberg's classical organic synthesis shown below starts by reacting triphenylmethyl bromide 1 with phenylhydrazine 2 to the hydrazine 3. Oxidation with nitrous acid then produces the azo compound 4 from which on heating above the melting point, nitrogen gas evolves with formation of tetraphenylmethane 5.
Gomberg was able to distinguish this compound from triphenylmethane (elemental analysis was not an option given the small differences in the hydrogen fractions of 6.29% and 6.60%) by nitration of 5 with nitric acid to 6. A strong base would be able to abstract the methine proton of the nitrated triphenylmethyl compound if present, forming a strongly colored compound.
He obtained further evidence for the formation of tetraphenylmethane by reducing the nitro groups to amino groups with zinc dust in acetic acid to the leuco dye 7, which on exposure to hydrochloric acid eliminates aniline to the known compound pararosaniline 8.
Gomberg's success in synthesizing tetraphenylmethane set him on the attempt to prepare the next homologue hexaphenylethane, which led him to the discovery of the triphenylmethyl radical.
# John VII Sarigta

John VII Sarigta (Yōḥannān Sərīğteh) was the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 965 until his death in 985.

## Biography

John was elected Syriac Orthodox Patriarch on 9 July 965. Between then and 968, he received an invitation (likely in form of a chrysobull, which has not survived) from the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas to move with his fellow Syriacs to the newly reconquered territories around Melitene in order to repopulate the region. In return, Nikephoros promised to grant them religious freedom and protection from the Byzantine state church. John, taking the emperor at his word, decided to do so and started building the monastery of Bārid close to Melitene in 968, which became the seat of the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch.
Nevertheless, under pressure from the pugnacious Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople, Polyeuctos, Nikephoros invited John Sarigta for theological disputations to the capital. John started his journey in winter 969 took with him six companions, including the Syriac bishops of Apamea, Tzamandos, Zubatra and Germanicea. In Constantinople, John and his companions were detained and only set free after the death of Nikephoros II and Polyeuctos by Nikephoros' successor John I Tzimiskes in early 970. Upon return, John lived again in Barid which he continued to expand and where he was buried upon his death in 985.
# V with curl

ⱴ (lowercase only) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the phonetic transcription of African languages to represent a labiodental flap. Although not an approved symbol of the International Phonetic Alphabet, it had been widely used to represent this sound. In 2005, the symbol right-hook v, ⱱ, was added to the IPA to represent the sound.

## Computer encoding

Character information :
| Preview | ⱴ | ⱴ |
| Unicode name | LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH CURL | LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH CURL |
| Encodings | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 11380 | U+2C74 |
| UTF-8 | 226 177 180 | E2 B1 B4 |
| Numeric character reference | &#11380; | &#x2C74; |
IPA acurly labiodental fricative consonant.
# Adah Jenkins

Adah Louise Killion Jenkins (April 23, 1901 – May 8, 1973) was a civil rights activist, musician, teacher, and a music critic for the Afro-American newspaper.

## Early life

Adah Louise Killion was born and raised in Baltimore, Maryland, the daughter of Dr, Thomas A. Killion and Mollie L. Trusty Killion. Her father was a doctor who died when Adah was only two years old. Her mother's sister, Lillian Handy Trusty, was a longtime teacher in Baltimore, and a member of the NAACP. Adah Killion attended the Teachers Training College, now Coppin State University.

## Career
### Teaching

Jenkins taught in Baltimore City Public Schools, where she became the first Black supervisor of music, and the Coppin Teacher Training College. Jenkins became a professor of music at Morgan State University. She was on the founding executive committee of the Maryland State Music Teachers Association. Her piano students included singer and music educator Bill Myers, and organist and music professor Hansonia Mitchell.

### The Baltimore Civil Rights Movement

During the Civil Rights Movement, Jenkins was involved with many activist groups. She helped to organize the Baltimore Interracial Fellowship and she was a charter member and vice-chair of the Baltimore chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). The Baltimore CORE participated in a number of protests, but at times its members suffered from lack of focus. Jenkins felt that some factions within the group were more interested in actions (picketing) than in meetings and negotiations, writing to the national organization there "seems to be more interest in new places to picket than in trying to finish some of the jobs already begun." Jenkins also felt that some of the black members of the chapter shied away from activism for fear of offending the white members.
Ms. Jenkins was also a key organizer and picketer in the organized protests to integrate Ford's Theater in Baltimore. Jenkins served as music critic for the Afro-American for 23 years. She was also active in the work of Fellowship House, a program of the Baltimore Interracial Fellowship. Baltimore activist A. Robert Kaufman considered Jenkins his "mentor".

## Personal life

Adah Killion married James Logan Jenkins Jr. She was a widow when she died at the age of 72 on May 8, 1973. Two of her children, Rebekah Jenkins Bain and Thomas Killion Jenkins, survived her. A concert tribute to Jenkins was presented in 1975, and a scholarship in the Morgan State University department of music was named in her memory.
# Bulgaria–Romania border

The Bulgaria–Romania border (Bulgarian: Граница между България и Румъния, romanized: Granitsa mezhdu Bŭlgariya i Rumŭniya, Romanian: Frontiera între Bulgaria și România) is the state border between Bulgaria and Romania.
For most of its length, the border follows the course of the lower Danube, up until the town of Silistra. From Silistra, the river continues north into the Romanian territory. East of that point, the land border passes through the historical region of Dobruja, dividing it into Northern Dobruja in Romania and Southern Dobruja in Bulgaria. The land border was first set in Article XLVI of the Treaty of San Stefano (signed in Berlin on July 13, 1878), as "a line starting from the east of Silistra and terminating on the Black Sea, south of Mangalia."$^{:6}$ It was subsequently revised in several treaties, and eventually confirmed at the Paris Peace Treaties on February 10, 1947.$^{:7}$
The Bulgaria–Romania border is an internal border of the European Union and both countries are part of the Schengen Area.

## Border crossings

* Vidin–Calafat (New Europe Bridge): road, railway
* Oryahovo-Bechet: ferry
* Nikopol-Turnu Măgurele: ferry
* Svishtov-Zimnicea: ferry
* Ruse–Giurgiu (Danube Bridge): road, railway
* Silistra–Ostrov: road
* Kaynardzha–Lipnița: road
* Krushari–Dobromir: road
* Kardam–Negru Vodă: road, railway
* Durankulak–Vama Veche: road

## Maps

* Bulgarian-Romanian border in Dobruja (in red)
* Border changes in Dobruja since 1878
# Sir George Jackson, 1st Baronet, of Fort Hill

Sir George Jackson, 1st Baronet (1770 – 1846) was an Anglo-Irish politician.
Jackson was the Member of Parliament for Coleraine in the Irish House of Commons between 1789 and 1796, before representing Randalstown from 1797 until the seat's disenfranchisement under the Acts of Union 1800. On 21 April 1813, he was created a baronet of Forkhill, Co Armagh in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. The title became extinct upon his death in 1846.
# Bhuban

Bhuban is a town and a NAC, located in the subdivision of Kamakhyanagar, Dhenkanal district in the state of Odisha, India.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Bhuban had a population of 22,200. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Bhuban has an average literacy rate of 75%, just higher than the national average of 74%; with male literacy of 80.6% and female literacy of 69%. 10.22% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Geography

Bhuban is located at 20°53′N 85°50′E﻿ / ﻿20.88°N 85.83°E﻿ / 20.88; 85.83. It has an average elevation of 64 metres (209 feet). Bhuban is around 90 km from all the leading power plants, Kaniha NTPC and Talcher NTPC, and the industrial hub of Angul.

## Notable people

* Baji Rout (born in 1925, martyred 10 October 1938), "the youngest martyr" of India.
# Jean-Marie Cadieu

Jean-Marie Cadieu (born 16 October 1963 in Tulle) is a former French rugby union player. He played as a lock.
Cadieu played for Stade Toulousain from 1982/83 to 1992/93, where he won 3 titles of the French Championship, in 1984/85, 1985/86 and 1988/89, and a Cup of France, in 1983/84. He then moved to RC Narbonne, where he developed from 1993/94 to 2005/06, when he finished his career.
Cadieu had 12 caps for France, from 1991 to 1992, scoring 1 try, 4 points in aggregate. He played 4 games at the 1991 Rugby World Cup. He had 2 matches at the Five Nations Championship in 1992.
# Union Township, McPherson County, Kansas

Union Township is a township in McPherson County, Kansas, United States.

## History

Union Township was organized in 1874.
# Duckett baronets

The Jackson, later Duckett Baronetcy, of Hartham House in the County of Wiltshire, was a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain. It was created on 21 June 1791 for the naval administrator and politician George Jackson. He married as his second wife Grace Duckett, daughter of George Duckett, a landowner seated at Hartham. In 1797 he assumed by Royal licence the surname of Duckett in lieu of Jackson according to the will of Grace's uncle, Thomas Duckett. He was succeeded by his son by his second wife, the second Baronet, who represented Lymington and Plympton Erle in Parliament. The title became extinct on the death of the third Baronet in 1902, also named George, who made a career as an army officer, antiquarian and lexicographer.

## Jackson, later Duckett baronets, of Hartham House (1791)

* Sir George Duckett, 1st Baronet (1725–1822)
* Sir George Duckett, 2nd Baronet (1777–1856)
* Sir George Floyd Duckett, 3rd Baronet (1811–1902)
# Elio Juárez

Elio Juárez (born 18 April 1942) is a former Uruguayan cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit event at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# Grégoire Yachvili

Grégoire Yachvili (born 30 May 1977, in Brive) is a former French rugby union player and a current coach. He played as a flanker. He was born in France to a Georgian father and an Armenian mother. His father, Michel Yachvili and brother Dimitri Yachvili, were also international players for their adopted country.

## Club career

Yachvili played for La Teste-de-Buch, Union Bordeaux-Bègles, Racing 92 (2002/03), Stade Bordelais (2003/04-2005/06), after the fusion with this team he played for Union Bordeaux-Bègles (2006/07-2008/09), Libourne (2009/10-2010/11) and Lormont (2011/12-2012/13).

## International career

He was invited to adopt Georgian citizenship, due to his father, so that he could play for Georgia. He accepted the invitation. He had 12 caps for Georgia, from 2001 to 2003, scoring 2 tries, 10 points on aggregate. He was called for the 2003 Rugby World Cup, playing in three games but without scoring.

## Coach career

He has been the head coach of Lormont, at the Fédérale 2, since 2014.
# Halcyon (Best Of)

Halcyon (Best of) is a compilation album by the British electronica duo Orbital featuring a selection of singles from their career together, it was released in 2005.

## The album

Though the group's "official" greatest hits album Work 1989-2002 had been released three years earlier, in 2005 the band's parent label Warner decided to release a Platinum series of "Best of" albums. Some Warner artist albums were dropped to permanent low prices but most had an album specifically created for this series. The album was specifically created for and released in the North American market; Orbital's official website Loopz even goes so far as to dub the album "USA Best of".
Some retailers also list the album as Halcyon: The Platinum Collection.

## Track listing

* The Moebius – 7:04
* Chime – 3:14
* Belfast – 8:08
* Halcyon – 3:54
* Nothing Left – 3:43
* Frenetic – 4:07
* Fahrenheit 303 – 8:27
* The Box, Pt. 2 – 6:00
* Philosophy by Numbers – 6:41
* Oi – 5:06
* Doctor? – 5:32
# Bryan Nauleau

Bryan Nauleau (born 13 March 1988 in Les Sables-d'Olonne) is a French cyclist, who currently rides for French amateur team Les Sables Vendée Cyclisme. Nauleau rode professionally between 2013 and 2019, entirely for Team Europcar and its later iterations. He was named in the start list for the 2015 Tour de France.

## Major results
### 2006

    2nd Team pursuit, UEC European Junior Track Championships

### 2008

    8th Chrono des Nations U23

### 2009

    1st Team pursuit, National Track Championships

### 2011

    3rd Grand Prix Cristal Energie

### 2013

    6th Overall Tour de Bretagne

### 2015

    9th Boucles de l'Aulne

### 2016

    7th Overall Tour de Savoie Mont-Blanc
    8th Overall La Tropicale Amissa Bongo

### Grand Tour general classification results timeline

| Grand Tour | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
| Giro d'Italia | — | — | — |
| Tour de France | — | 157 | — |
| Vuelta a España | DNF | — | 146 |
Legend :
| — | Did not compete |
| DNF | Did not finish |
# Ito (footballer, born 1994)

Mario Manuel de Oliveira (born 29 November 1994), better known as just Ito, is an Angolan footballer who plays as a defender for Lebanese Premier League club Ahed.
# Mary Clubwala Jadhav

Mary Jadhav MBE (née Patel); 1909–1975) also known as Mary Clubwala Jadhav was an Indian philanthropist.
She founded many NGOs in Chennai and across India, and is often credited with setting up the oldest organized social-work bodies in the country. Her organization Guild of Service operates more than a dozen units related to orphanages, female literacy, the care and rehabilitation of disabled people, etc.

## Early life

Mary was born in 1909 in Ootacamund in the then Madras Presidency to Rustom Patel and Allamai, member of the 300-strong Parsi community of Madras city. She was schooled in Madras and married Nogi Clubwala at the age of 18. They had a son, Khusro, in 1930. Nogi Clubwala died due to an illness in 1935. After this she devoted herself to social work. She later remarried to Major Chandrakant K Jadhav, an Indian army officer who was also working in the same areas of social work.

## Activities

In 1942, with World War II raging, Clubwala founded the Indian Hospitality Committee with helpers drawn mostly from the Guild of Service. A large number of Indian troops were stationed in and around Madras and they had very few amenities. Mrs. Clubwala persuaded women from all communities and walks of life to join in the effort to organise mobile canteens, hospital visits, diversional therapy and entertainment programmes. The public donated generously to the War Fund started by the Hospitality Committee which continued its efforts after the War by helping ex-servicemen and their families rehabilitate themselves. The victorious 14th Army presented Mary a Japanese sword in appreciation of her tremendous efforts. Mrs. Clubwala was called "the Darling of the Army" by General Cariappa. She started Madras School of Social work in 1952, the first school of social work in South India and second in India (after Tata Institute of Social Sciences- Mumbai).
She was appointed Sheriff of Madras in succession to Mr. R. E. Castell for one year in 1956. She also honored the Duke of Edinburgh on his visit to Madras (now Chennai) in 1961.

## Awards

* Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) (1941 New Year Honours)
* Padma Shri (1955)
* Padma Bhushan (1968)
* Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian honor of India (1975).
# Pierre Bourgarit

Pierre Bourgarit (born 12 September 1997) is a French rugby union player. His position is hooker and he currently plays for Stade Rochelais in the Top 14.

## International career
### International tries

International tries :
| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1 | 2 July 2022 | Toyota Stadium, Toyota, Japan | Japan | 16–40 | 23–42 | 2022 Japan test series |

## Honours
### Club

La Rochelle
* European Rugby Champions Cup: 2021–2022
# Sayed Al-Wadaei (footballer)

Sayed Ahmed Alaa Ahmed Al-Wadaei (Arabic: سيد الوادعي; born 8 July 2008) is a Bahraini footballer who plays as a forward for Villarreal.

## Early life

Al-Wadaei was born on 8 July 2008. Born in Manama, Bahrain, he is the son of Amina Al-Asfour.

## Club career

Al-Wadaei joined the youth academy of Bahraini side Manama at the age of seven. Following his stint there, he joined the youth academy of Spanish La Liga side Villarreal, helping the under-16 team win the 2024 Villarreal Academy Cup and achieve second place at the 2024 Yellow Yellow Cup, where he was the top scorer.

## International career

Al-Wadaei is a Bahrain international. On 28 December 2024, he debuted for the Bahrain national football team during a 1-2 loss to the Yemen national football team in the Gulf Cup. Eventually, Bahrain won the 26th Arabian Gulf Cup.

## Honours

Bahrain
* Arabian Gulf Cup: 2024–25
# Nobby Nunatak

Nobby Nunatak (63°25′S 56°59′W﻿ / ﻿63.417°S 56.983°W﻿ / -63.417; -56.983) is a nunatak, 270 m, standing 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) south of Lake Boeckella and 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) east of Mount Flora, at the northeast end of Antarctic Peninsula.
This area was first explored by a party under J. Gunnar Andersson of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04. Nobby Nunatak was first charted and named by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1945. The name is descriptive.

## Antonio Moro Refuge

Refuge Antonio Moro (63°25′14″S 56°59′47″W﻿ / ﻿63.420457°S 56.996363°W﻿ / -63.420457; -56.996363), is an Antarctic refuge in Antarctica, located at the Nobby Nunatak on the Tabarin Peninsula in the Trinity Peninsula, administered by the Argentine Army. It was inaugurated on 20 August 1955, renamed Islas Malvinas on 26 August 1971 and rebuilt in 1988.
The original name of the refuge paid homage to Antonio Moro, an Italian immigrant who participated in the construction of the San Martín base in 1951 and who built shelters in the Esperanza area in 1954, including the one that bears his name.
The hut is on a rocky promontory from which one sees the nearby glacier, Mount Flora and the Weddell Sea. Trekking of small groups of tourists to the refuge were proposed from Esperanza in 1985, including a tour from the base to the refuges. The refuge has a capacity for four people, food, fuel, gas for up to 15 days.
# Sorting (sediment)

Sorting describes the distribution of grain size of sediments, either in unconsolidated deposits or in sedimentary rocks. The degree of sorting is determined by the range of grain sizes in a sediment deposit and is the result of various transport processes (rivers, debris flow, wind, glaciers, etc.). This should not be confused with crystallite size, which refers to the individual size of a crystal in a solid. Crystallite is the building block of a grain.

## Sorting parameters

The terms describing sorting in sediments – very poorly sorted, poorly sorted, moderately sorted, well sorted, very well sorted – have technical definitions and semi-quantitatively describe the amount of variance seen in particle sizes.Very poorly sorted indicates that the sediment sizes are mixed (large variance); whereas well sorted indicates that the sediment sizes are similar (low variance). In the field, sedimentologists use graphical charts to accurately describe the sorting of a sediment using one of these terms.
Tangential sorting is the result of sediment being deposited in same direction as flow. Normal tangential sorting results in a gradient of sediment sizes deposited from largest to finest as they travel downstream. When sediments are deposited from smallest to largest as they travel downstream, this is referred to as reverse sorting.
Rocks derived from well sorted sediments are commonly both porous and permeable, while poorly sorted rocks have low porosity and low permeability, particularly when fine grained.

## Processes involved in sorting

Sediment sorting is influenced by: grain sizes of sediment, processes involved in grain transport, deposition, and post-deposition processes such as winnowing. As a result, studying the degree of sorting in deposits of sediment can give insight into the energy, rate, and/or duration of deposition, as well as the transport process responsible for laying down the sediment.

### Aeolian processes

In reference to windblown sediment, a wide range of conditions such as distance and height of transport and varying wind patterns at the sediment source can affect grain size, rate of transport and distribution of sediment. Windblown sediment travels one of three ways--rolling, saltation or suspension in the air.
Loess that is reworked by fluvial processes tends to have more poorly sorted sediment as compared to sediment sorted by only Aeolian processes because loess particles become mixed with preexisting sediment of varying grain sizes within bodies of water.
# Dana Strong

Dana Strong (born July 1970) is an American business executive, the CEO of Sky Group, a British media and telecommunications conglomerate. Previously, she was president of consumer services at Comcast Cable (now Xfinity) and held various roles at Liberty Global. Strong became group chief executive of Sky in 2021.

## Early life

Strong was born in Ohio in July 1970. She earned a dual degree from the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelor of science in economics from the Wharton School of Business and a bachelor of arts in history from the College of Arts & Sciences.

## Career

Strong joined Australian telecommunications firm Austar in 1999, and was appointed chief operating officer in 2002.
In January 2011, it was announced that Strong was to join UPC Ireland as CEO from May 2011.
Strong joined Virgin Media as COO in June 2013, and moved on to parent company Liberty Global as a senior vice-president and chief transformation officer in January 2015. Strong joined Comcast Cable in January 2018 as president of consumer services. Strong succeeded Jeremy Darroch as chief executive of Sky in January 2021.
# 2007 Johan Cruyff Shield

The twelfth edition of the Johan Cruyff Shield (Dutch: Johan Cruijff Schaal) was held on 11 August 2007 between 2006–07 Eredivisie champions PSV Eindhoven and 2006–07 KNVB Cup winners Ajax. Ajax won the match 1–0.

## Match details

| Ajax | PSV Eindhoven |
Maarten Stekelenburg :
| RB | 2 | John Heitinga | 83' |
| CB | 3 | Jaap Stam (c) | | 46' |
| CB | 31 | Jürgen Colin |
| LB | 4 | Thomas Vermaelen |
| DM | 18 | Gabri |
| RM | 20 | George Ogăraru | | 25' |
| CM | 5 | Urby Emanuelson |
| LM | 7 | Kennedy Bakırcıoğlu | | 81' |
| SS | 19 | Dennis Rommedahl |
| CF | 9 | Klaas-Jan Huntelaar |
| Substitutes: ||||
| GK | 30 | Dennis Gentenaar |
| DF | 25 | Gregory van der Wiel | | 25' |
| MF | 6 | Hedwiges Maduro | | 81' |
| MF | 24 | Mitchell Donald | 77' | 46' |
| MF | 26 | Jeffrey Sarpong |
| MF | 27 | Vurnon Anita |
| MF | 34 | John Goossens |
| Manager: ||||
| Henk ten Cate ||||
Heurelho Gomes :
| RB | 2 | Jan Kromkamp | | 46' |
| CB | 18 | Eric Addo |
| CB | 3 | Carlos Salcido |
| LB | 5 | Mike Zonneveld |
| DM | 6 | Timmy Simons (c) |
| RM | 16 | Ismaïl Aissati | 83' |
| CM | 28 | Otman Bakkal |
| CM | 20 | Ibrahim Afellay |
| LM | 8 | Édison Méndez | | 59' |
| CF | 19 | Jonathan Reis | | 73' |
| Substitutes: ||||
| GK | 21 | Bas Roorda |
| DF | 4 | Manuel da Costa |
| DF | 13 | Alcides | | 46' |
| MF | 15 | Jason Culina | | 59' |
| MF | 25 | John de Jong |
| MF | 26 | Tommie van der Leegte |
| FW | 29 | Género Zeefuik | | 73' |
| Manager: ||||
| Ronald Koeman ||||
* Match officials:
* Assistant referees:
* Adriaan Inia
* Hans Olde Olthof
* Fourth official:
* Pol van Boekel
* Man of the Match:
* Gabri (Ajax)
vte2007–08 in Dutch football :
« 2006–07 2008–09 » :