OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Capital & Regional

Capital & Regional plc was a large British manager of property assets - mainly shopping centres - for funds in which it has a significant stake, until it was acquired by NewRiver in December 2024.

## History

The company was founded in 1979 as Capital & Regional Properties. It was floated on the Unlisted Securities Market in 1986. In 1993 it acquired the Trinity Shopping Centre in Aberdeen and in 1994 the Eldon Garden Shopping Centre in Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1997 it went on to buy the Sauchiehall Shopping Centre in Glasgow and in 1998 the Pallasades Shopping Centre in Birmingham.
In 2001 it established the Mall Fund and the Junction Fund with Morley Fund Management and in 2008 the company commenced negotiations for extra funding for the Mall Fund.
In September 2024, the company accepted a takeover offer from NewRiver worth £147 million. The transaction was completed three months later.

## Structure

The company has two divisions:
* Earnings business - property management
* Assets business - fund investing
# Roubanis

Roubanis (in Greek: Ρουμπάνης) is a last name from Peloponnese. Notable people with the surname include:
* Aristeidis Roubanis (1932–2018), Greek basketball player and javelin thrower
* Georgios Roubanis (1929–2025), Greek Olympic pole vaulter
* Nick Roubanis, a Greek American music instructor, sometimes credited as the composer of "Misirlou"
# Watton's Green

Watton's Green or Wattons Green is a hamlet near the M25 motorway, in the Brentwood, in the county of Essex, England. It is located about 4 miles away from the town of Brentwood.
# Candidates in the 1991 Russian presidential election

This article contains the list of candidates associated with the 1991 Russian presidential election.

## Registered candidates

| Presidential candidate | Vice Presidential candidate | Party | Campaign |
| Vadim Bakatin | Ramazan Abdulatipov | Communist Party of the RSFSR (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) | (campaign) |
| Boris Yeltsin | Alexander Rutskoy | Independent Supported by Democratic Russia | (campaign) |
| Vladimir Zhirinovsky | Andrey Zavidiya | Liberal Democratic Party | (campaign) |
| Albert Makashov | Alexey Sergeyev | Communist Party of the RSFSR (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) | (campaign) |
| Nikolai Ryzhkov | Boris Gromov | Communist Party of the RSFSR (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) | (campaign) |
| Aman Tuleyev | Viktor Bocharov | Communist Party of the RSFSR (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) | (campaign) |

## Candidates that failed to register

* Boris Gromov -military veteran; ended his campaign and was instead registered as Ryzhkov's (who was nominated by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) vice-presidential candidate
* Roman Kalinin -co-head of the Moscow Gay & Lesbian Alliance
* V. Potemkin (nominated by League of Independent Scientists of the RSFSR)
* Aleksei Alekseyevich Sergeyev (nominated by Communists of Russia and the Initiative Congress of Russian Communists) -ended his campaign and was instead registered as Makashov's vice-presidential candidate
* Lev Ubozhko
* Vladimir Voronin -Minister of Internal Affairs (1988-1990)

## Possible candidates who did not run

* Ivan Polozkov -head of the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
# Al Eslah Society

The Al Eslah Society (Arabic: جمعية الإصلاح) is an Islamist organization in Bahrain . Its political wing is the Al-Menber Islamic Society.
The president and patron of the Al Eslah Society is Shaikh Isa bin Mohammed Al Khalifa, a member of the Al Khalifa royal family and former labor minister of Bahrain.
The name of the society is sometimes transliterated as "Al Islah Society".
# Al Fajr (Jerusalem)

Al Fajr (Arabic: الفجر, romanized: Al-Fajr, lit. 'The Dawn') was an East Jerusalem-based newspaper which was in circulation from 1972 to 1993. The paper functioned as an unofficial organ of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

## History and profile

Al Fajr was established by Yousef Nasri Nasser in East Jerusalem in 1972. Its first issue appeared on 7 April 1972. The paper came out weekly until 5 June 1974 when its frequency switched to daily. Yousef Nasri Nasser also edited the paper from the outset, until February 1974, when he went missing. Mohammad Batrawi edited Al Fajr until 1976, and then Bashir Al Barghouthi began to serve as its editor-in-chief. Paul Ajlouny was the publisher of the paper who took over it in 1974 after the disappearance of his brother-in-law, Yousef Nasri Nasser.
There was an English edition of the newspaper entitled Al Fajr English was appeared weekly in Jerusalem and Washington, D.C. between 23 April 1980 and 16 August 1993. Bishara Bahbah was the editor-in-chief of both Arabic and English editions of Al Fajr for one year between 1983 and 1984. The paper also had a monthly literary supplement.
Al Fajr was close to the PLO, and some of its contributors were the members of Fatah. Khaled Abu Toameh who is a Palestinian citizen of Israel journalist, and worked for the paper, argued in 2004 that it was strictly controlled by the PLO leader Yasser Arafat's office in Tunisia and that it was like one of the PLO's institutions. The paper was popular among younger people and was close to the Palestinian nationalist political party, Fatah faction within the PLO.
Like other Arabic-language publications in Israel, Al Fajr was subject to increased censorship following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Israel banned its distribution on the West Bank in July 1982.
Al Fajr folded in July 1993 due to financial problems. Its daily circulation was just 3,000 copies before its closure. Hanna Siniora was the last editor-in-chief of Al Fajr who had held the post since 1978.

## Archived copies

The issues of Al Fajr were archived by The Palestinian Museum. The Peace Education Center of Michigan State University archived its issues published between 28 June 1985 and 30 September 1991. The University of Chicago Library also has a partial archive of the paper.
# Léonin

Léonin (also Leoninus, Leonius, Leo; fl. 1135–1201) was the first known significant composer of polyphonic organum. He was probably French, probably lived and worked in Paris at the Notre-Dame Cathedral and was the earliest member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the ars antiqua style who is known by name. The name Léonin is derived from "Leoninus", which is the Latin diminutive of the name Leo; therefore it is likely that Léonin's given French name was Léo.

## Overview

All that is known about him comes from the writings of a later student at the cathedral known as Anonymous IV, an Englishman who left a treatise on theory and who mentions Léonin as the composer of the Magnus Liber, the "great book" of organum. Much of the Magnus Liber is devoted to clausulae—melismatic portions of Gregorian chant which were extracted into separate pieces where the original note values of the chant were greatly slowed down and a fast-moving upper part is superimposed. Léonin might have been the first composer to use the rhythmic modes, and may have invented a notation for them. According to W.G. Waite, writing in 1954: "It was Léonin's incomparable achievement to introduce a rational system of rhythm into polyphonic music for the first time, and, equally important, to create a method of notation expressive of this rhythm."
The Magnus Liber was intended for liturgical use. According to Anonymous IV, "Magister Leoninus (Léonin) was the finest composer of organum; he wrote the great book (Magnus Liber) for the gradual and antiphoner for the sacred service." All of the Magnus Liber is for two voices, although little is known about actual performance practice: the two voices were not necessarily soloists.
According to Anonymous IV, Léonin's work was improved and expanded by the later composer Pérotin. See also Medieval music.
The musicologist Craig M. Wright believes that Léonin may have been the same person as a contemporaneous Parisian poet, Leonius, after whom Leonine verse may have been named. This could make Léonin's use of meter even more significant.
# Talbieh Camp

Talbieh Camp (or Talbiyye or Talbiyeh) (Arabic: مخيم الطالبية) is one of the 10 officially recognized UNRWA Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan. It is located about 35 kilometres (22 miles) south of Amman, placing it within the main urban area of Al-Jeezah, immediately to the west of where Desert Highway passes through the town. The refugee camp is also slightly south of the more recently built Queen Alia International Airport.
The camp covers an area of 0.13 km$^2$ (0.050 sq mi), making it Jordan's largest refugee camp as far as the amount of state land used, the land was donated by three of Sheikh Mithqal Al-Fayez's sons: Akef, Trad, and Talal Al-Fayez. Other refugee camps in Jordan cover more land overall, such as Baqa'a on 1.4 km$^2$ (0.54 sq mi) and Zaatari on 5.2 km$^2$ (2.0 sq mi).

## History

The camp was one of six emergency refugee camps built in 1968 to accommodate approximately 5,000 Palestinians displaced from the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the Naksa after the Six-Day War. When the camp first opened, most of Talbieh's inhabitants were displaced persons as opposed to refugees, and the population consisted of mostly Bedouin. These two demographic factors made Talbieh different from other refugee camps in Jordan. The Red Lion and Sun Society of Iran donated the tents that originally made up the camp, and later installed concrete shelters. A 2013 study noted that 18 percent of households in Talbieh have a floor area of less than 8 square metres (86 sq ft) per person, with Talbieh's average household floor area per capita being 17 square metres (180 sq ft), the lowest of all Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan.$^{:56}$

## Demographics

As of 2016, UNWRA reported that Talbieh Camp has a population of over 8,000 UNRWA-registered refugees but its actual population may be larger. Even at the upper estimate of its population, it is the smallest Palestinian refugee camp in Jordan in terms of camp population and one of the least developed. The average household size was 5.3 people in 2012.$^{:43}$ As of 2013, Talbieh Camp was the only Palestinian refugee camp where young men outperformed young women in terms of completing post-secondary education.$^{:134–135}$

## Support facilities

The camp has four schools, including a school for boys and a school for girls, both run by UNRWA, as well as a government-run high school for girls. It also has a women's program center, a health center, and a community-based rehabilitation center. Camp volunteers assist in efforts to combat drug abuse in the community.
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 611

United Nations Security Council resolution 611, adopted on 25 April 1988, after recalling Resolution 573 (1985) and noting a complaint from Tunisia against Israel, the Council condemned an attack on Tunisia on 16 April 1988, in which Khalil al-Wazir, an affiliate of the Palestine Liberation Organization and founder of the Fatah political party, was assassinated.
The Council described the attack as a "flagrant violation of the Charter", and urged Member States to take measures to prevent such attacks occurring against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all States. It also confirmed its determination to take appropriate steps to implement the current resolution, requesting the Secretary-General to report urgently to the Council any new developments in the situation.
The resolution, which did not explicitly implicate Israel in the attack, was adopted by 14 votes to none, with one abstention from the United States.
# Ilyas Daudi

Iliyas Daudi (Russian: Ильяс Дильшатович Дауди; born January 29, 1967) is a former Soviet and Russian military serviceman, best known for being one of few veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War who was awarded the title Hero of Russian Federation.

## Early and family life

Iliyas Daudi was born in Aznakayevo, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. In 1984 he graduated from a secondary school No.2 and after that became a champion of local and federal boxing tournaments who won a title of Candidate for Master of Sport of the USSR.
Both of Iliyas Daudi's grandfathers - Misbakhetdin Safin and Ahmadullah Idrisov fought in the Second World War against Nazi Germany. During a breakthrough from the encirclement near Bryansk in 1942, grandfather Akhmadulla was seriously wounded by an artillery shell, his thigh was amputated. Exactly the same injury, 44 years later, in August 1986, in Afghanistan, his grandson, a military intelligence officer, Iliyas Daudi, who was blown up by an Italian anti-personnel mine.
In the same year he applied to study in Economical Department of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas and his application process was successful. Nevertheless, being a student of prestigious university he volunteered to military service in Soviet Army.

## Military service

In August 1985, after basic military training Daudi was assigned to military reconnaissance unit of 149th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment of Limited Contingent of Soviet forces in Afghanistan (official title of 40th Army).
His military career started from reconnaissance operations in the rank of senior scout, then he took a position of a squad-leader of surveillance section. Soviet Colonel General Alexander Skorodumov wrote in his memories that Iliyas Daudi was not only formal leader, but the informal one too. Moreover, sometimes Daudi faced accusations in not obeying the rules and even hooliganism Surprisingly, it wasn't an obstacle for him to become a deputy of platoon commander and join a Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
On 18 August 1986, I.Daudi participated in a large-scale Soviet operation Operation Trap on the Afghan-Iranian border in Herat province to capture the base fortified complex of the mujahideen Kokari-Sharshari of a prominent afghan warlord Ismail Khan. In battle, risking his life, he saved three comrades. A day later, 23 August in violent clashes with mujahideen, on a mission to supply his soldiers with ammunition, he stepped on an Italian antipersonnel mine. The explosion blew off his thigh and he received a severe concussion. According to the testimony of his army friends, he asked them to shoot him to get rid of the burden, but they managed to evacuate him from the combat zone In November 1986, he was decommissioned from the Soviet Army after spending a lot of time in rehabilitation in hospital.
Many years later his combat performance was investigated and evaluated as outstanding heroism. In December 2009 by the order of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev he was awarded with a Hero of Russian Federation.
# Roydon Hamlet

Roydon Hamlet is a hamlet in the Epping Forest district in the English county of Essex. Nearby settlements include the large town of Harlow and the village of Roydon, some three miles away.
# Afghanistan Meteorological Authority

The Afghanistan Meteorological Authority(Pashto: د افغانستان د هوا پېژندنې اداره), also referred to as the Afghanistan Meteorological Department, is located in Kabul, Afghanistan. The agency operates under the Afghanistan Civil Aviation Authority and is led by Abdul Qadeer.

## History

During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, the Afghanistan Meteorological Authority had one of the most advanced weather stations available at the time and a staff of 600.

### First Taliban Regime

In 1996, Taliban forces sacked its office because weather forecasting had been banned as it was considered to be sorcery. Equipment was ruined and over 100 years worth of weather records were destroyed. During that time, only real-time observers remained on staff. Because of the ban, farmers were harmed because drought information and forecasting could not take place. In 1998, an Ariana Afghan Airlines flight flew into unexpected weather, causing it to crash into a mountain, killing 45 people.

### Recovery

In 2003, France financed the installation of over a dozen simple weather stations around Afghanistan. The stations provide basic information such as temperature, barometric pressure, and rainfall. Also in 2003, the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva provided the Authority with copies of its lost records.
Canadian troops at Camp Julien assisted in collecting data by launching weather balloons twice a day. The data was primarily for NATO and the armies of the U.S. and Germany, but was shared with the AMA as well. In 2016, weather balloon launches at Kabul International Airport were done by contract and NATO meteorologists on the NATO side of the complex. NATO had a Combined Meteorological Unit staffed by a Romanian Officer in Charge, Czech Republic military, and U.S. and Turkish contractors. With the aim of providing full services while the Afghans were trained to take over operations.
# July 2024 Khan Yunis incursion

This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Israeli forces launched an incursion into Khan Yunis on 22 July 2024 as part of the ongoing Israel–Hamas war. It marked the return of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to the Khan Yunis area inside the Gaza Strip after a previous battle and siege which lasted from December 2023 to April 2024.

## Background
### First battle

The first battle between Israel and Hamas in Khan Yunis, part of the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, began on 1 December 2023 and evolved into a siege in late January 2024. It ended on 7 April 2024 with the withdrawal of the IDF from not only Khan Yunis but all of the southern Gaza Strip, a move which was partially reversed with the ongoing Rafah offensive beginning in May 2024.
The IDF had failed to dismantle Hamas in Khan Yunis, with the latter firing rockets at Israel hours after the withdrawal, and retaining "combat effectiveness" in the city.

### Evacuation order

The IDF issued an evacuation order to Palestinian civilians, a move which was seen as controversial by some for supposedly allowing Hamas commanders to escape with the civilians. The Palestinian Civil Defense said that the evacuation order would affect around 400,000 people. Israel downsized the humanitarian zone where 1.7 million Palestinians took refuge and adjusted its boundaries, reducing it from 65 sq km to 48 sq km.

## Battle

IDF troops under the command of Brigadier General Dan Goldfuss began a ground offensive into Khan Yunis on 22 July. The IDF claimed to have struck around 30 Hamas infrastructure targets with a mix of ground strikes and air strikes. Israeli tanks advanced into and attacked multiple small towns on the eastern fringe of Khan Yunis with air support. This included an Israeli attack on Bani Suheila, a town in the Khan Yunis area, which resulted in the deaths of 73 Palestinians and more than 270 injured.
Hamas targeted IDF tanks advancing in Bani Suheila with rocket-propelled grenades and explosively formed penetrators.
On 24 July, the IDF had confirmed that it had recovered the bodies of 5 Israelis, 2 civilians and 3 soldiers. They were killed during the Hamas-led 7 October attacks against Israel and their bodies were taken to the Gaza Strip by Hamas.
On 25 July, it was reported that Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades were clashing with the IDF within and around Khan Yunis. According to the IDF, Hamas attempted to fire several rockets into Israeli territory from Khan Yunis, but these failed and fell near an UNRWA-run school, injuring several people and killing two.
On 30 July, the IDF withdrew from Khan Yunis, and Palestinians began returning to their homes in the area.

## Aftermath

Days later on 9 August, the IDF invaded Khan Yunis a third time, and withdrew once more from the area on 30 August.
# Mar-Zutra II

Mar-Zutra II (Hebrew: מר זוטרא, ראש הגולה, romanized: Mer Zotra, Rosh Hagula) was a Jewish Exilarch who led a revolt against the Sasanian rulers in 495 CE and achieved seven years of political independence in Mahoza.
Mar-Zutra II became Exilarch of the Jewish community in Babylon at the age of fifteen in 483 CE, twelve years before the revolt. After King Kavadh I had denied Jews the right to organize their own militia, Mar-Zutra took advantage of the confusion into which Mazdak's communistic attempts had plunged Persia and led a successful military revolt that achieved political independence for the Jews of Mahoza.
The Jewish state lasted seven years, until 502 CE. Mar-Zutra II remained exarch until 520. He had a son named Mar-Zutra III. The latter did not attain to the office of Exilarch, but returned to the Land of Israel, where he became head of the Academy of Tiberias, under the title of "Resh Pirka" ('Aρχιφεκίτησ), several generations of his descendants succeeding him in this office.
Mar Zutra's successor, Mar Ahunai, did not dare to appear in public for almost thirty years following this episode and it is not known whether he ever truly assumed the full powers of Exilarch during Kavadh's reign, which ended in 531 CE.
# Siege of Al-Qarara

This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
The siege of Al-Qarara was a military engagement between invading Israeli forces and local Palestinian forces.

## Siege

On the 6th of December, Israeli forces invaded Al-Qarara, clashing with Palestinian forces. On the 11th of December, Israeli forces attacked the areas of al-Sureij and al-Qarara. On 31 December, it was reported that Israeli forces had moved troops into Al–Sureij, tightening the siege around Al-Qarara. On the 10th of January, Al Jazeera was able to access Al-Qarara following Israeli retreat where it documented massive destruction and large number of deaths.
On the 3rd of March, Israeli forces resumed operations in Al-Qarara. On the 9th of March IDF Bislamach Brigade clashed with Palestinian militants in Qarara. Hamas' Qarara Battalion remained combat effective. On the 16th of March, Israel made small advances in Al-Qarara. On March 21, Israeli 7th Brigade clashed with Palestinian forces who targeted their tanks with RPGs. On the 24th of March, Israel targeted a Hamas meeting in Qarara. On the 29th of March, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine separately claimed a series of attacks in Al-Qarara. On the 2nd of April, IDF 7th Brigade conducted an airstrike targeting Palestinian militants and weapon depots in Qarara. On the 3rd of April, IDF reported to have destroyed a rocket launcher inside an olive garden in Al-Qarara. On the 7th of April, 2024 Israeli forces withdrew from Al-Qarara and other areas in southern Gaza strip. They failed to find senior Hamas officials or hostages there despite intelligence indicating so.

## Aftermath

On 22 May 2024 Israeli announced a raid on Al-Qarara killing several Hamas fighters. On June 2, Israeli shelling of Al-Qarara was reported.
# Jason Hatfield

Jason Hatfield is an American actor and voice actor. He has voiced characters in anime series such as Blue Submarine No.6 (1999), Voogie's Angel (2000), and the television series You're Under Arrest! (2002–2003). He has also had roles in the films The Conspirator (2010), Little Red Wagon (2012), and the role of "Pittman" in the Showtime series Homeland (2011).

## Personal life

Hatfield is also a direct descendant from the Hatfield–McCoy feud, being the great-great-grandson of Valentine "Uncle Wall" Hatfield, "Devil Anse" Hatfield’s oldest brother.
Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Hatfield has one older sibling. He currently resides in Durham, North Carolina working as a middle school social studies teacher.
# Monteiro da Costa

António Henrique Monteiro da Costa (20 August 1928 – 2 August 1984) was a Portuguese footballer who played as a forward. He died on 2 August 1984, at the age of 55.