OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Congress Parkway Bridge

Congress Parkway Bridge, also known as Ida B. Wells Drive Bridge and officially named the Wagner Memorial Bridge, is a seven-lane bascule bridge crossing the South Branch Chicago River, providing an expressway connection between Interstate 290 (Eisenhower Expressway) and Ida B. Wells Drive/Wacker Drive. The bridge is located immediately to the east of a highway tunnel in the Old Post Office.

## History

The bridge was first conceived by Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett in the 1909 Plan of Chicago. The plan proposed Congress Street to be the main east–west boulevard in downtown and the West Side. City planners eventually opted for a superhighway instead of a boulevard by the 1920s; Bennett advocated for the superhighway to travel along Congress Street rather than Monroe Street, as some planners suggested.
When the U.S. Post Office Department proposed an expansion of the Old Post Office in the late 1920s, the expansion would have physically blocked the proposed superhighway and the bridge approach. The Post Office Department eventually built a tunnel through the structure for the future superhighway after negotiating with Edward Bennett and the Chicago Plan Commission. The newly expanded building opened in 1932.
In the 1940 Comprehensive Superhighway Plan, the city of Chicago designated the superhighway as its highest priority due to high traffic volume on the West Side; land acquisition and construction on the highway right of way began in 1949. The bridge itself began construction in 1950 and opened to traffic in 1956 at the cost of $5 million (equivalent to $56 million in 2023).
On July 13, 1953, during the bridge's construction, the city council named the bridge in honor of the late 14th Ward Alderman Clarence P. Wagner, a powerful city politician who was killed in a car crash three days prior near International Falls, Minnesota.

### Reconstruction

The bridge was first rehabilitated in 1981 to replace the steel bridge deck and adding Jersey barrier in place of a curb on the median.
The bridge was rehabilitated for the second time from April 1, 2010, to May 15, 2012, as part of a $33 million project, which replaced the steel deck with a paved bridge surface and repaired the bridge structure.
# George McGee

George McGee (born October 7, 1935) is an American former professional football player who was a tackle with the Boston Patriots of the American Football League (AFL). He played college football for the Southern Jaguars.
# Nørager Municipality

Nørager Municipality is a former municipality (Danish, kommune) in Region Nordjylland on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark. The former Nørager municipality covered an area of 168 km², and had a total population of 5,565 (2005). Its last mayor was Poul Larsen, a member of the Conservative People's Party (Det Konservative Folkeparti) political party.
On 1 January 2007 Nørager municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with Skørping and Støvring municipalities to form the new Rebild Municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 628 km² and a total population of 28,457 (2005).

## Mayors of Nørager

| Name | Party | Time |
| Ernst Wadgaard | Venstre | 1970 - 1978 |
| Niels Juel Jensen | Venstre | 1978 - 1990 |
| Jens Ove Hansen | Venstre | 1990 - 1998 |
| Poul Larsen | Konservative | 1998 - 2007 |
# Committee for Justice and Peace in the Holy Land

The Committee for Justice and Peace in the Holy Land was an organization founded in February 1948 by Virginia Gildersleeve and Kermit Roosevelt Jr., for the purpose of lobbying the Truman administration to oppose the creation of the State of Israel and to lobby the United Nations to "reconsider its disastrous decision" to divide the land west of the Jordan River into two states: one Jewish and one Arab.

## History

Barnard College Dean Emerita Virginia Gildersleeve was Chairman, the Former President of the Union Theological Seminary Henry Sloane Coffin was Vice Chairman, and Kermit Roosevelt, grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt, was the Committee's Executive Director.
The Committee was later folded into the American Friends of the Middle East.

## Program

The Committee lobbied both the United States government and the United Nations to rescind the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which proposed the creation of two states in the Middle East, one Arab and one Jewish, in favor of leaving the entire area under Arab rule with no provision for a national home for the Jewish people.
Gildersleeve proposed that the large number of Jewish displaced persons living in European Displaced Persons camps be resettled elsewhere, with the United States admitting 200,000, and each member state of the new United Nations taking "its proportionate share." She accepted at face value the notion that "The Arab nations have already offered to accept their share."

## Political positions

According to Gildersleeve, "The Zionist plan was directly contrary to our national interests, military, strategic, and commercial, as well as to common justice." She blamed the Committee's failure to prevent the creation of the State of Israel on "the Zionist control of the media of communication."
On the other side, Martin Marty described the members of the Committee as, "the usual company of anti-Zionists," including under this description, in addition to Gildersleeve and Roosevelt, "an editor of The Christian Century," members of the American Council for Judaism, and Harry Emerson Fosdick. Once the State of Israel was established in 1948 and then won a war against a coalition of Arab forces, Gildersleeve saw her political influence dissipate alongside that of her anti-Zionist compatriots, a process that continued unabated for the rest of her life.
# Carsten Haurum

Carsten Haurum (born July 26, 1956, in Frederiksberg) is a former Danish handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics. He is the father of fellow handballplayer Christina Haurum.
He debuted for the national team in 1978 against West Germany. In 1980 he was part of the Danish team which finished ninth in the Olympic tournament. He played five matches and scored eight goals.
Four years later he finished fourth with the Danish team in the 1984 Olympic tournament. He played one match and scored three goals.
After finishing his education as Cand. Polit. he decided to end his playing career he worked as administrating director in the Culture- and leasure department in Copenhagen Municipality for 14 years, and he has been the chairperson of the Danish Cultural Institute.
# Bartosz Fraszko

Bartosz Fraszko (born 26 October 1995 in Toruń) is a Polish ice hockey player and a member of the Poland men's national ice hockey team.
His father, Adam, and his uncle, Robert, were also ice hockey players.

## Club career

* SMS PZHL Sosnowiec|SMS II Sosnowiec / SMS I Sosnowiec (2013-2014)
* MKS Sokoły Toruń (-2014)
* Cracovia (2014-2015)
* Nesta Mires Toruń (2015-2017)
* Tauron KH GKS Katowice (2017-2019)
* KH Energa Toruń (2019-2020)
* GKS Katowice (2020-)
Fraszko was raised in the MKS Sokoły Toruń club. He graduated from NLO SMS PZHL Sosnowiec in 2014. In June 2014, he joined Cracovia. In September 2015, he returned to his hometown club in Toruń. In May 2017, he joined GKS Katowice. After the 2018/2019 season, he left the club. In May 2019, he became a player of KH Energa Toruń. In 2020, he returned to GKS Katowice.

## International career

He represented Poland at the U18 World Championships in 2013 (Division I). He also played for Poland at the U20 World Championships in 2014 and 2015 (Division I). During the 2014 tournament in December 2013, he was named the best player in the match against Denmark (the winning team of the tournament). During the 2015 tournament in December 2014, he was named the best player in the match against Japan.
# 1868 United States elections

Elections were held on November 3, 1868, electing the members of the 41st United States Congress. The election took place during the Reconstruction Era, and many Southerners were barred from voting. However, Congress's various Reconstruction Acts required southern states to allow Black men to vote, and their voting power was significant to the elections results.
In the presidential election, Republican General Ulysses S. Grant defeated Democratic former governor Horatio Seymour of New York. Incumbent President Andrew Johnson sought the 1868 Democratic nomination, but Seymour took the nomination after twenty two ballots.
Democrats gained several seats in the House elections, but Republicans continued to maintain a commanding majority. In the Senate elections, Republicans and Democrats both won seats, but Republicans maintained a huge majority in the chamber.
# 2024 Portland State University pro-Palestinian campus occupation

In May 2024, students occupied the Branford Price Millar Library on the Portland State University campus, in Portland, Oregon. One man was detained after he drove towards protesters in a car and pepper sprayed several of them.

## Responses

The library was closed for repairs until September 2024.
# Frank Emmons

Franklin Boone Emmons (September 17, 1918 – November 5, 2005) was an American football fullback who played for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL) for one season in 1940. He played college football at Oregon before being selected by the Eagles in the fifth round of the 1940 NFL draft.
After playing for the Eagles as a rookie in 1940, the team moved to Pittsburgh in a series of transactions known as the Pennsylvania Polka and became the Pittsburgh Steelers. He did not play for the Steelers in 1941, however, and retired shortly after. He served in World War II for the United States Army Air Forces.
# Dan Marina

Muhammad ibn al-Sabbagh (fl. 1640), also known as Dan Marina, was a 17th-century Islamic scholar from Katsina. He is regarded as one of the three patron saints of Katsina, alongside Dan Masanih, and Dan Tukum. Even today, Muslims, primarily from Katsina, continue to pilgrimage to his tomb for ziyara. In the1820s, the Sokoto scholar Abd al-Qadir dan Tafa visited his tomb for ziyara while in his 1812 work Infaq al-maysur, Muhammad Bello, first Sultan of the Sokoto described him as al-ustadh ('the teacher'), al-mukashaf ('the one illuminated') and dihliz al-ilm ('the hall-way of learning'). His most well known work is his commentary of the book Ishriniyyat written by Abdul Rahman bn Yakhftan al-Fazazi.

## Life

Dan Marina's father, an Arab who migrated to Kano from 'the east', was hosted by a dyer named Kayaba. His mother was the daughter of Sarkin Katsina Mahmud.$^{:31}$
Little is known about Dan Marina's early life. According to a local legend in Katsina, his mother passed away during childbirth and was interred before his birth. After her burial, he was said to have 'emerged' from the grave. Several nights later, the owner of some dye pits in the area observed the indigo from his splattered around the ground for consecutive nights. Determined to apprehend the perpetrator, he stayed awake for one night and discovered it was a young Dan Marina playing around the pits before slipping away. Following the baby, the dyer found him sleeping beside his mother's grave in the graveyard. The dyer then took him in and raised him as part of his own family.$^{:57}$
During the mid 17th-century, a Muslim intelligentsia (mallamai) formed in Katsina which held considerable influence in Birnin Katsina and other urban centres. Among the influential mallamai was Dan Marina who lived in the Marina quarter of Birnin Katsina.$^{:27}$ He was an active scholar and produced a number of works, with his most important being his commentary of the Ishriniyyat of Abdul Rahman bn Yakhftan al-Fazazi. Another important work of his was a poem he composed to celebrate the victory of Bornu under the leadership of Mai Ali against Kwararafa.$^{:22}$$^{:132}$ This poem is one of the earliest pieces of Hausa literature composed in Arabic.$^{:308}$
The burial site of Dan Marina is one of Katsina state's most prominent graveyards, with many who revere him as a wali (saint) choosing to be buried close to him. Among those interred there are notable figures such as musicians, Islamic scholars, and politicians, including Umaru Yar'Adua, Nigeria's 13th President, alongside his brother General Shehu Yar'Adua, and their father Musa Yar'Adua.
# Charlotte De Bernier Taylor

Charlotte De Bernier Scarbrough Taylor (August 4, 1806 – November 26, 1865) was an American entomologist.

## Life

Born in Savannah, Georgia, in 1806, daughter of William Scarbrough and Julia (née Bernard), Taylor was educated at Madam Binze's School in New York, after which she made a tour of Europe. On her return to Georgia in 1829, she married James Taylor, a wealthy merchant, with whom she had two daughters and one son, lived in Savannah as a person of means, raised the family and became involved in social affairs, scientific studies and writing.
Just before the start of the American Civil War, Taylor went to England to write a book about plantation life, but died of tuberculosis on the Isle of Man in 1861.

## Works

During the 1830s, Taylor began to study insects seriously, publishing her findings in general literary magazines. She studied insects related to cotton growing for fifteen years before publishing in American magazines, notably Harper's New Monthly Magazine, in the 1850s. She also investigated insects related to wheat. She is thought to have published about 19 articles in all, including the following:
* "The Flea." Harper's New Monthly Magazine 19 (June–November 1859): 178-189 (This article as well as Taylor's earlier work published in this magazine is unsigned, which was true for all articles in this magazine until volume 20.)
Taylor also wrote and illustrated a book published by Saunders, Otley, & Co. in 1859 titled Scenes In Southern Plantation Life.
Taylor used powerful magnifying glasses to study insects and illustrated her articles with intricate drawings, in which endeavour she was assisted by her daughters. She published a study on the silkworm and wrote about the natural history and anatomy of spiders. On her journey to England she made microscopic studies of sea water.
Taylor is recognized as having produced significant and accurate work that is of high quality. This work may not have been recognized due to the fact that she published in popular magazines and wrote in entertaining literary style.
# James Atkins (baseball)

James Curtis Atkins (March 10, 1921 – February 28, 2009) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Boston Red Sox in the 1950 and 1952 seasons. Listed at 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and 205 pounds (93 kg), Atkins batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Birmingham, Alabama.
Atkins' pro career began in 1941 and was interrupted from 1942 to 1945 by his service as a United States Marine in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II.
In a two-season MLB career, Atkins posted a 0–1 record with a 3.60 ERA, two strikeouts, 15 hits allowed and 11 bases on balls in 15 innings of work in four appearances (one as a starter). In his lone start, on April 21, 1952, at Fenway Park against the Washington Senators, Atkins allowed three hits and two earned runs in 7+1⁄3 innings. He also went two for three as a batter. But he surrendered five bases on balls and was the losing pitcher in a 3–2 Washington victory.
Atkins won 145 games in the minor leagues, including one 19-win season (1951), and retired from baseball after the 1957 season. He died in Hanceville, Alabama, at the age of 87.
# Gilgal (Israeli settlement)

Gilgal (Hebrew: גלגל) is an Israeli settlement organized as a kibbutz in the West Bank. Located in the Jordan Valley around 16 kilometres north of Jericho with an area of 1,400 dunams, it falls under the jurisdiction of Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 229.
The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

## History

Gilgal was established in 1970 as a Nahal settlement, and was named for the ancient biblical site of Gilgal. It was converted to a civilian kibbutz in 1973.
According to ARIJ, in order to construct Gilgal, Israel confiscated land in 1970 from two Palestinian villages: 858 dunams from Fasayil, and 268 dunams from Al-Auja.

## Economy

Gilgal has invested millions of dollars in state-of-the-art water technology to boost its production of medjool dates. The system is based on the utilization of wastewater.

## Climate

Climate data for Gilgal (–255m) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) | 33.5 (92.3) | 40.5 (104.9) | 44.7 (112.5) | 46.5 (115.7) | 47.5 (117.5) | 48.1 (118.6) | 49.0 (120.2) | 45.7 (114.3) | 44.2 (111.6) | 37.9 (100.2) | 32.5 (90.5) | 49.0 (120.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) | 21.6 (70.9) | 25.6 (78.1) | 30.3 (86.5) | 35.6 (96.1) | 38.7 (101.7) | 40.4 (104.7) | 40.0 (104.0) | 37.7 (99.9) | 33.8 (92.8) | 27.7 (81.9) | 22.1 (71.8) | 31.1 (88.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) | 15.5 (59.9) | 18.7 (65.7) | 22.8 (73.0) | 27.3 (81.1) | 30.5 (86.9) | 32.4 (90.3) | 32.5 (90.5) | 30.5 (86.9) | 26.9 (80.4) | 21.1 (70.0) | 16.4 (61.5) | 24.1 (75.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.9 (48.0) | 9.4 (48.9) | 11.8 (53.2) | 15.3 (59.5) | 19.1 (66.4) | 22.3 (72.1) | 24.5 (76.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 23.2 (73.8) | 19.9 (67.8) | 14.4 (57.9) | 10.6 (51.1) | 17.0 (62.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | 0.0 (32.0) | 2.5 (36.5) | 3.0 (37.4) | 11.2 (52.2) | 15.2 (59.4) | 20.0 (68.0) | 19.5 (67.1) | 14.0 (57.2) | 12.1 (53.8) | 4.6 (40.3) | 0.2 (32.4) | 0.0 (32.0) |
| Source: Israel Meteorological Service ||||||||||||||
# Institute of Hotel Management, Lucknow

26°53′35″N 80°57′00″E﻿ / ﻿26.893°N 80.950°E﻿ / 26.893; 80.950
Institute of Hotel Management Catering Technology & Applied Nutrition, Lucknow is a hospitality management school located is located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in 1969, it is affiliated to National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology

## History

IHM Lucknow was established in year 1969 as a Food Craft Institute and upgraded to an Institute of Hotel Management in year 1980. The first batch of three-year diploma in hotel management students passed out from the institute in 1983 when the institute was located on Ashok Marg road in the heart of Lucknow. Until 1989, the institute remained small with around 20 diploma students each year. In the beginning of the academic year 1989, the institute moved to its present premises in Sector-G, Aliganj and batch size was increased to about 70 and more in later years. From 2009-12 batch college started semester system in place of year system as per study calendar changed by NCHM&CT.

## Courses

IHM Lucknow offers following courses-
* Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) in Hospitality and Hotel Administration
* Master of Science (M.Sc) in Hospitality and Hotel Administration

## Infrastructure

The university has separate hostel and gym for boys and girls. The institute has Bakery and Confectionery Lab, Computer Lab, Audio-Visual Lab.

## Option for Vegetarians

In 2016, a few of the IHMCTANs (Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Jaipur) started giving students the option to choose only vegetarian cooking. This decision to offer a vegetarian option by IHMCTANs may be the first amongst any of the hospitality training institutes of the world. It is expected that all IHMCTANs, including IHMCTAN Lucknow, will start offering a vegetarian cooking option from academic year 2018 onwards.
# Tweet of the Day

Tweet of the Day is a British radio programme that was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on weekdays at 05:58 from Monday to Friday. The original format of an episode is a short programme of 90 seconds, the original series featuring the song or sounds of a British bird, visitor, or bird chorus and a few facts about each bird described by a BBC wildlife presenter.
The first episode was broadcast on 6 May 2013 and featured the song of the male common cuckoo presented by David Attenborough. The series won the Broadcasting Press Guild's award for radio programme of the year in 2014. The series was scheduled across a year, by the end of which 266 different bird sounds had been featured. The original series was repeated before Series Two.
A follow-up series Tweet of the Day: World Birds, featured a mix of worldwide and British bird species. A third series features very little birdsong, but instead features a guest describing the effect a particular species' calls has had on them personally. The current broadcasts are two-week batches of repeats.
In March 2024 it was announced that the series would cease to be broadcast from Mondays to Fridays, and would only be broadcast at 8: 57 a.m. on Sundays.

## Presenters

The original series was presented by David Attenborough, Miranda Krestovnikoff, Steve Backshall, Michaela Strachan, Brett Westwood, Bill Oddie, Chris Packham, John Aitchison, Kate Humble, Liz Bonnin and Martin Hughes-Games.
The second series included the above presenters, as well as Michael Palin and others

## Sound recordists

* Original series - Chris Watson, Gary Moore, Geoff Sample, and Simon Elliott.
* Second series - Recordings sourced from various audio libraries worldwide.
# Lepidophyma lipetzi

Lepidophyma lipetzi, also known commonly as Lipetz's tropical night lizard and la lagartija nocturna del Ocote in Mexican Spanish, is a species of lizard in the family Xantusiidae. It is a small lizard which is native to Mexico.

## Etymology

The specific name, lipetzi, is in honor of American biochemist Milton L. Lipetz.$^{:159}$

## Geographic range

L. lipetzi is endemic to the Mexican state of Chiapas.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of L. lipetzi is forest, at altitudes around 600 m (2,000 ft).

## Reproduction

L. lipetzi is ovoviviparous.
# Stanisław Różankowski

Stanisław Różankowski (25 January 1925 in Myślenice – 1 July 2004 in Kraków) was a football player and one of Cracovia's most renowned forwards, the 1948 Champion of Poland together with Cracovia.
As a child, he went to an elementary school in Kraków and after classes used to play football in city parks. One day Różankowski was noticed by Cracovia's scout Ignacy Książek, who invited him to the youth team of the club. During the Second World War he lived in Myślenice, to return to Kraków in 1945.
His debut in Cracovia's team took place in the Holy War (Kraków) game vs. local rival Wisła Kraków on 21 October 1945. It was excellent, as Różankowski scored his side's lone goal, with a header. He was regarded as a first-class player in the air, winning most high balls. Out of 111 goals scored for Cracovia by him, 90 percent were headers. In 1948 Różankowski, together with his team, became the Champion of Poland. Soon afterwards he was sent back to Myślenice, as he was disliked by the Communist government for loudly criticizing it.
His last game in Cracovia's jersey was on 24 June 1951. During the six years of career, Różankowski played in 126 games, with the astounding score of 0.88 goals per match. After retiring, he coached Cracovia's youth teams, also was a member of Cracovia's Council of Seniors.
Source: "http://www.wikipasy.pl/Stanis%C5%82aw_R%C3%B3%C5%BCankowski"
# Karina Sumner-Smith

Karina Sumner-Smith is a Toronto-based fantasy author. Her short fiction appears in magazines such as Strange Horizons, Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet, and Fantasy, as well as various anthologies. Her story "An End to All Things" was a finalist for the 2006 Nebula Award. She is a graduate of both York University and the Clarion Writers Workshop (2001).

## Novels
### The Towers Trilogy

* Radiant (2014)
* Defiant (2015)
* Towers Fall (2015)