OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Salama

Salama or Salamah may refer to:

## People
### Given name

* Umm Salama (circa 596–680), wife of Muhammad
* Salama Abu Hashim, one of the companions of Muhammad
* Umm Salama bint Ya'qub al-Makhzumi, Arab nobility and principal wife of Arab caliph al-Saffah (r. 750–754).
* Salamah ibn al-Akwa (died c. 757 or 781), one of the companions of Muhammad
* Salamah ibn Dinar al-Madani (died c. 757 or 781), Persian Muslim ascetic, jurist and narrator of hadith
* Salama bint Said, later Emily Ruete (1844–1924), daughter of Sultan Sayyid Said of Zanzibar and Oman
* Salama Moussa (1887–1958), notable Egyptian journalist and reformer
* Salama al-Khufaji, member of the Interim Iraq Governing Council (2003–2004)

#### Royalty

* Aba Salama or Frumentius (died c. 360), bishop of Aksum
* Salama II (Aksum) or Minas of Aksum (6th century), bishop of Aksum
* Sallamah Umm Abdallah (714–775), mother of Abbasīd caliph al-Mansur
* Abuna Salama II (r. 1348–1388)
* Abuna Salama III (r. 1841–1867)
* Salama bint Hamdan Al Nahyan, Emirati royal

### Surname

* Amine Salama (born 2000), French footballer
* Fathy Salama (born 1969), Egyptian musician
* Hasan Salama (1913–1948), commander of the Palestinian Holy War Army
* Hannu Salama (born 1936), Finnish author
* Kareem Salama (fl. 2006–pres.), American country singer of Egyptian descent
* Mohamed Salamah (1899–1982), Egyptian Quran reciter
* Mohamed Yousri Salama (1974–2013), Egyptian politician
* Peter Salama (1968–2020), Australian epidemiologist

## Places

* Salama, Jaffa, a depopulated Palestinian Arab village
* Salamah, Saudi Arabia
* Salamah, Syria
* Salamá, Guatemala
* Salamá, Olancho, Honduras
* Sallama, Israel
* Dayr Abu Salama, a depopulated Palestinian village
* Dor Salamah (Sabah), Yemen

## Transportation

* Al Salamah, a motor yacht
* Fulk al Salamah (ship), Omani transport ship
* Fulk Al Salamah (2016 yacht)
* SS Salama, a Finnish 1874 steam schooner, now museum ship

## Other uses

* Salama (company), common name for Islamic Arab Insurance Company, in Dubai
* Salama (roller coaster), at Linnanmäki Park, Finland
* Salama, a character in Amagi Brilliant Park
* Salamah College, in Chester Hill, New South Wales, Australia
# Commonwealth Building (Pittsburgh)

The Commonwealth Building, originally known as the Commonwealth Trust Bank, is a 300 feet (91 m) tall skyscraper in Pittsburgh. It was completed in 1906 and has 21 floors. It is tied with The Carlyle and Washington Plaza for 26th tallest building in the city.

## History

The building was built in 1906 for the Commonwealth Trust Company, with construction underway by June 1906. Work was briefly halted on August 3, 1906 when workers went on strike, over wages of $1.75 a day, compared to union workers on the nearby Union National Bank Building, who were earning $2.00 a day. By August 5, 1906 the dispute had been settled and the building's framework had been completed up to the twelfth floor. The building was completed in 1907, with the Commonwealth Trust Company moving in by April 1, vacating their previous residence at 327-329 Fourth Avenue. The building included five Plunger-type elevators, built by the Otis Elevator Company to service the structure's twenty floors.
On November 1, 1927, Andrew J Kelley Jr, then president of the Commonwealth Trust Company and the Commonwealth Real Estate Company, died suddenly in his office in the Commonwealth Building. The building also served as the offices for the Steel Workers Organizing Committee, and later the United Steelworkers. On June 1, 1954, first assistant county solicitor Edward G. Bothwell was shot three times and critically wounded by George E Linn in his office on the fourth floor of the Commonwealth Building, after losing a 10-year court case previously.
In January 2019, it was announced that the then long-vacant building would be renovated into an apartment complex featuring 150 apartments and ground level retail.
# RAF Nordhorn

Royal Air Force Nordhorn, more commonly known as RAF Nordhorn, is a former military aviation bombing and gunnery range to the east of nearby Nordhorn, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The range was used by the British Royal Air Force (RAF), the German Luftwaffe, and other NATO air forces and aviation arms of their other branches (such as the Army Air Corps, and the Fleet Air Arm). For decades it was part of RAF Germany.
The first use for gunnery purposes was by the Wehrmacht in 1933, when the heaths to the east of the town of Nordhorn were used for artillery target practice. The RAF took over the range in 1945. The station played host to several Polish units, No. 302 Polish Fighter Squadron, No. 308 Polish Fighter Squadron, No. 317 Polish Fighter Squadron, and No. 662 Squadron RAF for short periods in April 1945. Also resident for a time was No. 131 Wing RAF, the First Polish Fighter Wing.
During the Cold War, the daily flights over the town of Nordhorn were a constant reminder to the local townspeople of the ongoing struggle with the Soviets, despite the great distance to the border with communist East Germany.
Despite the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the base remained as one of the few military facilities used by British Armed Forces in Germany. In 1996, as British forces were withdrawn from the rest of Germany, the Nordhorn aerodrome was expanded. Also in 1996, the UK Ministry of Defence decided to hand control of the base to the German government within a timeframe of ten years. It was transferred back to the German Bundeswehr in March 2001 and the RAF left the site.
# Lalla Vandervelde

Lalla Vandervelde (1870–1965), was a British-Belgian socialite and patron of the arts. She was married to Émile Vandervelde, the former minister d'etat of Belgium, and had close relationships with several influential artists and writers of the early twentieth century, including Roger Fry.

## Early life

Lalla Vandervelde was born Charlotte Helen Frederica Maria Speyer in Camberwell, England in 1870. Her father, Edward Speyer (1839–1934), was a wealthy businessman and patron of music. Her grandfather, Wilhelm Speyer (1790–1878), was a German-Jewish composer.
Vandervelde's mother, Helen Franziska Forsboom of Frankfurt, Germany, died in 1882, when Vandervelde was twelve years old. In 1885, Edward Speyer remarried to Antonia Kufferath, the daughter of German composer Hubert Ferdinand Kufferath.
Vandervelde lived in Brussels for much of her adult life until the outbreak of World War I.

## Marriage

Vandervelde's first husband was Ferdinand Kufferath, the brother of her father's second wife and a Belgian civil engineer, whom she married on 19 January 1891 and divorced on 3 January 1901. The socialite then married Émile Vandervelde, a Belgian socialist politician. Lalla and Émile Vandervelde reportedly had a contentious relationship, with Emile omitting Lalla from his autobiography, Souvenirs d'un militant socialiste. The couple had no children.
During World War I, Vandervelde embarked on a speaking tour throughout the United States with the goal of obtaining money for Belgian Relief.

## Artistic patronage and social influence

Vandervelde was acquainted with many of the most influential artists and writers of her day, especially members of the Bloomsbury Group. Her social circle included W.B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Virginia Woolf, Aldous Huxley, Edward Elger, William Rothenstein, Venessa Bell, Roger Fry, and Arnold Bennett. In a 1917 letter, Bennett referred to Vandervelde as "a brilliant, cosmopolitan woman." Woolf and Huxley apparently disliked Vandervelde, with Woolf referring to her in one letter as a "Damned old Jewess" and Huxley calling her "La Grosse Lalla" in another.
In 1916, Vandervelde commissioned Roger Fry and the Omega Workshops to decorate her apartment in Chelsea, London.
Vandervelde also acted as a muse for several influential British artists of the early twentieth-century. William Rothenstein and Roger Fry painted portraits of her in 1916 and 1917, respectively. George Bernard Shaw reportedly wrote the play Augustus Does His Bit especially for Vandervelde, with Vandervelde performing the role of The Lady at the Royal Court Theatre in 1917.

## Later life

Vandervelde reportedly took up the hobby of automobile racing in her sixties. She died in 1965 at the age of 94.
# Migdal Eder (biblical location)

Migdal Eder (Hebrew: מגדל־עדר Miḡdal ‘Êḏer, "Tower of Eder") is a tower mentioned in the biblical book of Genesis 35:21, in the context of the death of Jacob's wife, Rachel. The biblical record locates it near the present-day city of Bethlehem.
   So Rachel died, and she was buried on the way to Ephrath (that is, Bethlehem), and Jacob set up a pillar at her grave; it is the pillar of Rachel's tomb, which is there to this day. Israel [Jacob] journeyed on, and pitched his tent beyond the tower of Eder. (Gen 35:19-21 NRSV)
Many have attempted to identify the exact location of the tower, but early sources differ on the location.

## Connection to the Birth of the Jewish Messiah

One scholar, Alfred Edersheim, interpreted Micah 4:8, the only other biblical reference to the tower, as a prophecy indicating that the Messiah would be revealed from the "tower of the flock" (Migdal Eder) which he claimed is connected with the town of Bethlehem, southeast of Jerusalem. However, this interpretation is not shared by most modern scholars. The parallelism of Hebrew poetry seems to point in another direction: "The appositional structure of the terms 'watchtower' and 'Zion' seems to negate the possibility that the 'watchtower of the flock' was a tower in the vicinity of Bethlehem (Genesis 35:19-21)." Instead, the thought is that this verse communicates an image of God watching over his people from Mount Zion as a shepherd watches over his flock:
   [I]t shares the symbolism of the flock and I AM's kingship, but it advances the argument by predicting that Mount Zion, to which the flock has been regathered, will become a tower guaranteeing its security and survival as it did in David's epoch. The picture of the flock in 4:6-7A fades into that of the tower, Mount Zion, in 4:7A-8. From his watchtower a shepherd overlooked his flock and protected it against violent animals and vile thieves.
To support his view, Edersheim cited Mishnah Shekalim 7.4 and said it "leads to the conclusion, that the flocks, which pastured there, were destined for Temple-sacrifices, and, accordingly, that the shepherds, who watched over them, were not ordinary shepherds." Shekalim 7 is about how to deal with found items and, 7.4 reads:
   An animal that was found between Jerusalem and Migdal Eder, or a similar distance in any direction, the males are [considered] burnt offerings. The females are [considered] peace offerings. Rabbi Yehuda says, those which are fitting as a Pesach offering are [considered] Pesach offerings if it is thirty days before the festival.
It referred to Migdal Eder as a distance marker to make a radius around Jerusalem, dictating how lost sheep within this radius could be used as offerings. It does not say that sheep were pastured at the tower.
# Erdal Çelik

Erdal Çelik (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish-German former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

## Personal life

After his retirement as a professional player, Çelik played for VfL Vichttal. He also worked as a youth trainer at his club, VfL Vichttal.
# Levant, Kansas

Levant is a census-designated place (CDP) in Thomas County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 68. It is located approximately 7.5 miles (12.1 km) west of Colby.

## History

Levant has a post office with ZIP code 67743. The post office in Levant was established in 1888.

## Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Levant has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

## Demographics

The 2020 United States census counted 68 people, 22 households, and 14 families in Levant. The population density was 67.4 per square mile (26.0/km$^2$). There were 32 housing units at an average density of 31.7 per square mile (12.2/km$^2$). The racial makeup was 91.18% (62) white or European American (91.18% non-Hispanic white), 1.47% (1) black or African-American, 0.0% (0) Native American or Alaska Native, 0.0% (0) Asian, 0.0% (0) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian, 2.94% (2) from other races, and 4.41% (3) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 1.47% (1) of the population.
Of the 22 households, 9.1% had children under the age of 18; 59.1% were married couples living together; 13.6% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 27.3% of households consisted of individuals and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.8 and the average family size was 2.2. The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 0.0% of the population.
27.9% of the population was under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 96.0 males.

## Education

The community is served by Colby USD 315 public school district.
Levant High School was closed through school unification. The Levant High School mascot was Tigers.
# Nation and Justice Party

The Nation and Justice Party (Turkish: Millet ve Adalet Partisi, abbreviated MİLAD) was a political party in Turkey founded by former Interior Minister İdris Naim Şahin on 19 November 2014. The party was the second to break away from the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), the first being the Democratic Progress Party (DGP). Şahin resigned from the AKP following the 2013 government corruption scandal, accusing then Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of undermining the rule of law and threatening national unity. He remained the party's only Member of Parliament, representing the Province of Ordu.
The party's establishment has been referred to as a 'new era' for Turkish politics by co-founder Mehmet Bozdemir, who stressed the importance of a sound justice system and national unity. The party's abbreviation, MİLAD, is an Arabic or Persian name usually representing a celebration or birth. The party has criticised the deep political polarisation within the country, blaming it on the government's handling of the corruption investigations. It is unknown whether the party had any links with exiled cleric Fethullah Gülen, who the government accused of orchestrating the corruption investigations to launch a judicial coup against the AKP.
The party's logo has been criticised by the Islamist newspaper MİLAT, who claimed that it resembled their paper's logo and criticised MİLAD Party politicians for defecting from the AKP. DGP founder İdris Bal has accused the party of being established by the AKP to divide the opposition.
It was announced that the MİLAD Party was planning to contest the June 2015 general election under the banner of the Felicity Party. İdris Naim Şahin was to become a parliamentary candidate from İzmir's 1st electoral district. However, the alliance broke off at the last minute, and İdris Naim Şahin did not become a candidate. Since MİLAD Party did not submit a separate candidate list before the deadline (as they planned to join the alliance), they could not participate in the elections.
On 17 April 2015, the party's co-leader and only MP İdris Naim Şahin resigned from the party.
On 14 January 2017, the juridical entity of the party was dissolved.
# NGC 958

NGC 958 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cetus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 5505 ± 17 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 81.20 ± 5.69 Mpc (~265 million light-years). However, 19 non-redshift measurements give a distance of 58.93 ± 12.91 Mpc (~192 million light-years). The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 20 September 1784.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC 958 as a Seyfert II Galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nuclei with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable. The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) lists NGC 958 as a luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG).

## Supernovae

Three supernovae have been observed in NGC 958:
* SN 2005A (type Ia, mag. 17.1) was discovered by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) on 5 January 2005.
* SN 2022ao (type Ic, mag. 18) was discovered by ATLAS on 5 January 2022.
* SN 2022acbu (type II, mag. 20.34) was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 30 November 2022.
# Bolognese Republic

The Bolognese Republic was created in 1796 in the Central Italian city of Bologna. It merged the existing provinces of Bologna and Ferrara into one.

## History

The Bolognese Republic was a French client republic established when Papal authorities escaped from the city of Bologna in June 1796. It was annexed by the Cispadane Republic on 16 October 1796.
It was given the first Jacobin Constitution written in Italy. It had a government consisting of nine consuls and its head of state was the Presidente del Magistrato, i.e. Chief magistrate, a presiding office held for four months by one of the consuls.
# Connecticut Financial Center

The Connecticut Financial Center is the tallest building in New Haven, Connecticut, and the sixth tallest building in the state. The 383 foot postmodern skyscraper was designed by the Toronto architectural firm Crang and Boake and completed in 1990. It is adjacent to New Haven City Hall facing the New Haven Green in Downtown New Haven. Among the current tenants of the building are United Illuminating, Bank of America, Merrill Lynch, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, U.S. Bankruptcy Court, and the Social Security Administration’s Office of Hearings and Appeals. The CFC stands on the former site of the Powell Building, which was New Haven's first skyscraper.
# RAF Brenzett

Royal Air Force Brenzett or more simply RAF Brenzett was a Royal Air Force advanced landing ground close to the village of Brenzett near Romney Marsh in Kent during the Second World War. It was used as an airfield in 1944 for the Mustang Wing which comprised three squadrons including two Polish squadrons in exile and operated patrols against V-1 flying bombs.

## History

The site was chosen for an advanced landing ground in July 1942 and construction work on the 300-acre (1.2 km$^2$) site of flat marshland commenced in 1943, it was due to open on 1 March 1943 but was not ready for occupation until September and the airfield opened as RAF Brenzett as part of RAF Fighter Command on 14 September 1943 with two Sommerfeld Tracking runways. The locals referred to the airfield as Ivychurch after the nearest village. The airfield eventually had five blister hangars for the aircraft but most of the personnel were housed in a tented camp.
The first unit to use the airfield was No. 122 Squadron RAF with Supermarine Spitfires in August 1943 who used it relieve pressure on their home airfield of RAF Kingsnorth five miles (8 km) to the north. The airfield was not used to support the D-Day landings but in July 1944 No. 133 Wing RAF, with Polish-flown North American Mustangs, three squadrons strong, was based there, mainly on anti-flying bomb patrols.
The United States Army Air Corps designated the airfield Station Number 438. The main American unit was Battery C, 635 AAA (Anti-aircraft Artillery), Automatic Weapons Bn, IX Air Defence Command.
The Mustang wing left in October 1944 and the airfield was no longer needed, and closed on 13 December 1944, returning to agricultural use. In 1972 the Brenzett Aeronautical Museum, a military and aviation museum, was opened near the site in buildings formerly occupied by the Women's Land Army.

## Units and aircraft

| Unit | Dates | Aircraft | Notes |
| No. 122 (Bombay) Squadron RAF | 1943 | Supermarine Spitfire IX | Detachments from RAF Kingsnorth |
| No. 129 (Mysore) Squadron RAF | 1944 | North American Mustang III | Part of No. 133 Wing RAF |
| No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadron | 1944 | North American Mustang III | Part of No. 133 Wing RAF |
| No. 315 Polish Fighter Squadron | 1944 | North American Mustang III | Part of No. 133 Wing RAF |
# Philippe Delaye

Philippe Delaye (born 26 June 1975) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Montpellier, among other teams.

## Personal life

Delaye is the father of Sacha Delaye, who is also a professional footballer and plays for Montpellier.

## Honours

Montpellier
* UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1999
# Pomiany, Mogilno County

Pomiany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jeziora Wielkie, within Mogilno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Jeziora Wielkie, 22 km (14 mi) south-east of Mogilno, 62 km (39 mi) south-west of Toruń, and 66 km (41 mi) south of Bydgoszcz.
# R. Stephen Humphreys

R. Stephen Humphreys is an American historian specializing in the history of Southwest Asia and North Africa. He was the 'Abd al-Aziz al-Sa'ud Professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara and is now an emeritus professor at that institution.
Humphreys received a PhD from the University of Michigan in 1969.
Humphreys' Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age has been widely reviewed and cited as a good introductory work on the region. He has also written a history of the Ayyubids, From Saladin to the Mongols (1977), and a biography of the first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya I, Mu'awiya ibn abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire (2006).
A festschrift was published in Humphreys' honor by the Darwin Press based on lectures given at a conference at the College of St. Benedict in Minnesota.

## Citations

* ↑ Rubin, Barry (2016). "Book Review: R. Stephen Humphreys, Between Memory and Desire : The Middle East in a Troubled Age (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999, 272 pp., $29.95 hbk.)". Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 28 (3): 785–787. doi:10.1177/03058298990280030438.
* ↑ "Historical Dimensions of Islam". Darwin Press. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017.
* ↑ Lindsay, James E.; Armajani, Jon, eds. (2009). Historical Dimensions of Islam: Pre-modern and Modern Periods. Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-190-8.
# Conrad Indianapolis

Conrad Indianapolis is a high-rise luxury hotel in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was completed in 2006 and has 23 floors. The building includes street-level retail, 247 hotel rooms, and 18 residential condominiums. Conrad Hotels is one of the luxury brands of Hilton Hotels & Resorts, and Conrad Indianapolis is one of nine Conrad Hotels in the United States, the other eight being located in Chicago, Fort Lauderdale, New York City (two hotels), Washington, DC, Nashville, Tennessee, Los Angeles, California, and Las Vegas, Nevada. In 2007 and 2008, Conde Nast Traveler ranked Conrad Indianapolis in the top 100 in the world and Expedia Insiders’ 2009 Select list of the world's best hotels named Conrad as number one in the United States.
The Conrad Indianapolis is connected to the downtown skywalk system via the Indianapolis Artsgarden.
According to the Indianapolis Business Journal, the Conrad Indianapolis has 150 full-time employees and was last renovated in 2015. As of 2020, one dining option was located in the hotel, The Capital Grille.