OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Napoléon Louis Bonaparte

Napoléon-Louis Bonaparte (11 October 1804 – 17 March 1831) was King of Holland for less than two weeks in July 1810 as Louis II (Dutch: Lodewijk II). He was a son of Louis Bonaparte (King Louis I) and Queen Hortense. His father was the younger brother of Napoleon I of France who ruled the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland from 1806 to 1810. His mother was the daughter of Josephine de Beauharnais, Napoleon's first wife. His younger brother, Louis-Napoléon, became Emperor of the French in 1852 as Napoleon III.

## Biography

Napoléon Louis's brother, Napoléon Charles, died in 1807 at the age of four. On his death, Napoléon Louis became Prince Royal of Holland. It also made Napoléon Louis the second eldest nephew of Emperor Napoléon I, who at the time had no legitimate children, and he was his uncle's likely eventual successor. He lost this presumptive status on 20 March 1811 when his uncle's second wife, Marie Louise, gave birth to a son, Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte, who was styled the King of Rome and later the Duke of Reichstadt.
In 1809, Napoléon I appointed him as Grand Duke of Berg, a status he kept until 1813.
On 1 July 1810, Louis I of Holland abdicated his throne in favour of Napoléon Louis. For the nine days between his father's abdication and the fall of Holland to the invading French army in July 1810, Napoléon Louis reigned as Lodewijk II, King of Holland.
When Napoléon I was deposed in 1815 after the Battle of Waterloo, the House of Bourbon was restored to the throne of France. Napoléon Louis fled into exile, but the Bonapartes never abandoned the thought of restoring the Napoleonic Empire.
On 23 July 1826 Napoléon Louis married his first cousin, Charlotte, who was the daughter of Joseph Bonaparte, eldest brother of Napoléon I. He and his younger brother Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte settled in Italy, where they espoused liberal politics and became involved with the Carbonari, an organization fighting Austria's domination of northern Italy.
On 17 March 1831, while fleeing Italy due to a crackdown on revolutionary activity by Papal and Austrian troops, Napoléon Louis, suffering from measles, died in Forlì. Eventually, the French Empire would be restored by Napoléon-Louis's younger brother, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who became Napoléon III in 1852.
Napoléon Louis is buried at Saint-Leu-la-Forêt, Île-de-France.

## Gallery

* Portrait by François Kinson, c. 1810
* With family and Emperor Alexander I of Russia at Château de Malmaison
* Portrait with his father, Louis Bonaparte, by Jean-Baptiste Wicar
* Posthumous portrait, 1858
* Coat of arms of Napoleon Louis Bonaparte as Grand Duke of Cleves and Berg
* Coat of arms of Napoleon Louis Bonaparte as King of Holland
# The Legitimation of Power

The Legitimation of Power by David Beetham is a book on political theory. The book examines the legitimation of power as an essential issue for social scientists to take into account, looking at both relationships between legitimacy and the variety of contemporary political systems.

## Notability

It has been praised by David Held in the Times Higher Education Supplement as an "admirable text", "far reaching in its scope" and "extraordinary in the clarity with which it covers a wide range of material". It has also been praised by Zygmunt Bauman in the journal Sociology who argues that it is "a study bound to revolutionize sociological thinking and teaching."

## Structure

The book is divided into two sections. The first looks at the criteria for legitimacy, outlining the social-scientific concept of legitimacy, power and its need of legitimation, the intellectual structure of legitimacy generally and the social science and the social construction of legitimacy in particular. The second part of the book examines the legitimacy of the contemporary states, outlining the dimensions of state legitimacy, the tendencies of political systems to have crisis and various modes of non-legitimate power. This part concludes with a look at legitimacy in both political science and political philosophy.
A problem with "legitimacy" that this work, according to Steffek, clearly emphasizes is that the term is used both prescriptively and descriptively. From the prescriptive point of view social scientists should be able to suggest when governance deserves to be described as legitimate. From the descriptive point of view social scientists should be able to suggest why those subjected to governance agree to accept and support, or reject, it. As for the first project, there is a well-established strand of normative research that discusses a prescriptive version of legitimacy.
# RNA extraction

RNA extraction is the purification of RNA from biological samples. This procedure is complicated by the ubiquitous presence of ribonuclease enzymes in cells and tissues, which can rapidly degrade RNA. Several methods are used in molecular biology to isolate RNA from samples, the most common of these is guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Usually, the phenol-chloroform solution used for RNA extraction has lower pH, this aids in separating DNA from RNA and leads to a more pure RNA preparation. The filter paper based lysis and elution method features high throughput capacity.
RNA extraction in liquid nitrogen, commonly using a mortar and pestle (or specialized steel devices known as tissue pulverizers) is also useful in preventing ribonuclease activity.

## RNase contamination

The extraction of RNA in molecular biology experiments is greatly complicated by the presence of ubiquitous and hardy RNases that degrade RNA samples. Certain RNases can be extremely hardy and inactivating them is difficult compared to neutralizing DNases. In addition to the cellular RNases that are released there are several RNases that are present in the environment. RNases have evolved to have many extracellular functions in various organisms. For example, RNase 7, a member of the RNase A superfamily, is secreted by human skin and serves as a potent antipathogen defence. For these secreted RNases, enzymatic activity may not even be necessary for the RNase's exapted function. For example, immune RNases act by destabilizing the cell membranes of bacteria.
To counter this, equipment used for RNA extraction is usually cleaned thoroughly, kept separate from common lab equipment and treated with various harsh chemicals that destroy RNases. For the same reason, experimenters take special care not to let their bare skin touch the equipment. Broad RNAse inhibitors are also commercially available and sometimes added to in vitro transcription (RNA synthesis) reactions.
# Ossówka, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Ossówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koneck, within Aleksandrów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
# Society of Painters in Tempera

The Society of Painters in Tempera was founded in 1901 by Christiana Herringham (1852–1929) and a group of British painters who were interested in reviving the art of tempera painting. Lady Herringham was an expert copyist of the Italian Old Masters and had translated Il Libro dell' Arte o Trattato della Pittura, Cennino Cennini's fifteenth-century handbook on fresco and tempera. The artist John Dickson Batten (1860–1932) was the Society's principal organiser and also its Honorary Secretary.
In 1904, members of the Society were: Edwin Austin Abbey, Robert Bateman, John Dickson Batten, his wife Mary Batten, Robert Anning Bell, Lota Bowen, John Cooke, Walter Crane, Louis Davis, Mary Sargant Florence and Roger Fry. Other notable members included Bernard Sleigh, Joseph Southall and Estella Canziani.
The Society, which was also referred to as the Society of Mural Decorators and Painters in Tempera, published a number of papers on the subject of tempera painting which have been edited in three volumes.
After going into decline, the Society was revived in 1997 as the Society of Tempera Painters and is now established in the United States of America and the United Kingdom.
# Masumi Mishina

Masumi Mishina (三科 真澄, Mishina Masumi) (born 12 March 1982 in Kanagawa) is a Japanese softball player who won the gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
# Podatkówek

Podatkówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pacyna, within Gostynin County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# Myrichthys maculosus

Myrichthys maculosus, commonly known as the tiger snake eel, the ocellate snake eel or the spotted snake eel, is a species of fish in the family Ophichthidae, native to the Indo-Pacific. It is occasionally encountered in the aquarium trade. It grows to a length of 1 m (40 in).

## Description

An elongated, snake-like fish, Myrichthys maculosus can grow to a length of 1 m (40 in), but a more common size is 50 cm (20 in). The head is small with a short snout and long tubular nostrils pointing downwards. There are two rows of teeth on each jaw and two more rows on the palate. The dorsal fin has its origin just behind the head while the anal fin starts midway along the body; both run to near the tip of the tail. There are no pelvic or caudal fins, and the pectoral fins are small. This fish is cream or yellow, with large, brown or black, circular or oval spots. Young fish have a single longitudinal row of spots while large individuals have three rows.

## Distribution and habitat

M. maculosus is found in the tropical and warm temperate Indo-Pacific region. Its range extends from East Africa and the Red Sea to French Polynesia and the Galápagos Islands, and from Japan to eastern Australia. It is not present in Hawaii, where it is replaced by the magnificent snake eel (Myrichthys magnificus). It inhabits lagoons, reef flats, seagrass beds and sandy plains, at depths down to about 260 m (850 ft).

## Ecology

This species is mainly nocturnal but can sometimes be seen during the daytime swimming over sandy or vegetated areas. It generally spends the daytime buried in sand, digging itself in tail first. It has a well-developed sense of smell which it uses to locate its prey, which include crustaceans, banded snake eels and other small fish, while they are buried in the sediment. At night, it sometimes aggregates in large numbers at locations where there is artificial lighting. Little is known about the reproduction of this species; the sexes are separate and the larvae are leaf-shaped and known as leptocephali.
# Kwai Chung

Kwai Chung is an urban area within Tsuen Wan New Town in the New Territories of Hong Kong. Together with Tsing Yi Island, it is part of the Kwai Tsing District of Hong Kong. It is also part of Tsuen Wan New Town.
In 2000, it had a population of 287,000. Its area is 9.93 km$^2$. Areas within Kwai Chung include: Kwai Fong, Kwai Hing, Lai King, Tai Wo Hau. Kwai Chung is the site of part of the container port of Hong Kong.

## Origin of the name

In earlier times Kwai Chung was called Kwai Chung Tsai (葵涌子). Kwai Chung was a stream (Chung) that emptied into Gin Drinkers Bay (葵涌澳). The whole bay was reclaimed for land and the stream is no longer visible.

## Divisions

Traditionally, Kwai Chung is divided into Sheung Kwai Chung (上葵涌; 'Upper Kwai Chung'), and Ha Kwai Chung (下葵涌; 'Lower Kwai Chung'). Administratively, the former is called North Kwai Chung, and the latter South Kwai Chung.
Sheung Kwai Chung, Chung Kwai Chung Village (中葵涌村) and Ha Kwai Chung Village (下葵涌村) are recognized villages under the New Territories Small House Policy.

## Economy

Kwai Chung is the home of the principal commercial cargo handling area of Hong Kong, the Kwai Chung Container Terminal, one of the largest and busiest port facilities in the world. The main commercial port was relocated here from Yau Ma Tei in the 1980s, in preparation for the West Kowloon Reclamation, which has left the original waterfront of Yau Ma Tei almost half a mile inland.
The area has the head office of Kerry Logistics.

## Education

* Lutheran School for the Deaf is in Kwai Chung.
* S.T.F.A. Lee Shau Kee College
Sheung Kwai Chung and Chung Kwai Chung (Upper and Central Kwai Chung) are in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 64, which includes multiple aided schools (schools operated independently of the government but funded with government money); none of the schools in the net are government schools.
Ha Kwai Chung (Lower Kwai Chung) is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 65, which includes multiple aided schools; none of the schools in the net are government schools.
# Bellinga Castle

Bellinga Castle (Swedish: Bellinga slott) is situated in Ystad Municipality, Scania, Sweden. The mansion was built in Italian Renaissance style in the 1860s, by Amelie Elisabet Charlotta Piper (1836–1921) and her husband Member of Parliament and Foreign Minister, Carl Fredrik Hochschild (1831-1898).
# Alien Olympics 2044 AD

Alien Olympics 2044 AD is a futuristic sports video game published by Ocean Software in 1994.

## Summary

In this video game, extraterrestrials perform unorthodox Olympic-like events in the year 2044. The player gets to control one of these extraterrestrials; the player can choose up to eight different species. For example, there is a caterpillar-like alien that is very good at shooting events but terrible at racing events.
Lighter gravity allows the athletes to perform better than they would on the planet Earth. The list of possible events include: 100 Qbits Sprint, Laser Leaping, Big Bounce, Laser Skeet, 200 Qbits Splurge, Lunge Leap Splat, Toxophilly, Flob Flop, Sabre Sling, Survival, Alien Hurl, Laser Skeet 2, Jetpack Tag, Lizard Leap, and Wall Jumping.
This game is simply known as Alien Olympics in Europe. The Game Boy version explains the event to the player prior to being allowed to play it. When the game is over, the final score is displayed (at least in the Game Boy version).
# Magnus Julius De la Gardie

Magnus Julius De la Gardie (14 April 1668 – 28 April 1741), son of Axel Julius De la Gardie, was a Swedish general and statesman, member of the Swedish Hats Party.
Magnus Julius De la Gardie was born in 1668 in Stockholm. He started his military career in the French army, where he fought for the French in the War of the Spanish Succession. After the Battle of Malplaquet in 1709, he became a Swedish Colonel at the Royal Dalarna Regiment, which he led in the Battle of Gadebusch in 1712. After the successful battle, he was appointed Swedish Major General, and in 1717 he became a Lieutenant General.
After the dramatic death of King Charles XII in 1718, Magnus Julius De la Gardie became a member of the Privy Council of Sweden. The newly appointed Privy Councillor commissioned architect Joseph Gabriel Destain to design Tullgarn Palace. In 1719 he was appointed President of the Kommerskollegium, and in 1727 he became a Marshal.
Magnus Julius De la Gardie was a vocal friend of the French kingdom. When the Riksdag of the Estates was summoned in 1734, he proposed closer ties between Sweden and France. Inspired by French customs, he arranged political salons, a novelty never heard of in Sweden at the beginning of the 18th century. It is believed that the Swedish Hats Party was founded at one of these receptions.
He was married to Hedvig Catharina Lilje and became the father of Pontus Fredrik De la Gardie, Eva Ekeblad and Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie. He died in Stockholm in 1741.
# Ravernet

Ravarnet (from Irish Ráth Bhearnait, meaning 'ringfort of the gap') is a village and townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is on the Ravarnet River, about 3 km south of Lisburn and about 3 km northeast of Hillsborough. Nearby is Sprucefield and the M1 motorway. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 559.

## 2001 Census

Ravernet is classified as a small village or hamlet by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 500 and 1,000 people). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 559 people living in Ravernet. Of these:
* 28.6% were aged under 16 years and 8.2% were aged 60 and over
* 50.8% of the population were male and 49.2% were female
* 4.7% were from a Catholic background and 90.1% were from a Protestant background
* 2.6% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed
# Eighter Island

Eighter Island (Irish: An tÍochtar) is a small island and a townland off the coast of County Donegal, Ireland. The closest town on the mainland is Burtonport.

## Geography

The island is located around one km east of Arranmore and North-West of Inishcoo, another small island divided by narrow channels from Rutland and the mainland. A footbridge connects the two islets, both known for pleasant sandbeaches. The inner part of Eighter Island is mainly rocky and the most convenient landing sites are in the southern part of it.

## History

A small community used to live on Eighter Island in the first part of the 20th century, but today the island is uninhabited. Some of the old houses are used as holiday homes, mostly concentrated in the south-eastern part of the island.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1841 | 59 | — |
| 1851 | 57 | −3.4% |
| 1861 | 39 | −31.6% |
| 1871 | 29 | −25.6% |
| 1881 | 34 | +17.2% |
| 1891 | 35 | +2.9% |
| 1901 | 43 | +22.9% |
| 1911 | 40 | −7.0% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1926 | 24 | −40.0% |
| 1936 | 17 | −29.2% |
| 1946 | 15 | −11.8% |
| 1951 | 14 | −6.7% |
| 1956 | 17 | +21.4% |
| 1961 | 5 | −70.6% |
| 1966 | 0 | −100.0% |
| 1971 | 0 | 0.00% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1979 | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1981 | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1986 | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1991 | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1996 | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2002 | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2006 | 0 | 0.00% |
Source: Central Statistics Office. "CNA17: Population by Off Shore Island, Sex and Year". CSO.ie. Retrieved 12 October 2016. :
# Yōsuke Kondō

Yōsuke Kondō (近藤 洋介, Kondō Yōsuke, born May 19, 1965) is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). Kondō, the son of former Minister of Labor Tetsuo Kondo, was born in Washington, D.C., but grew up in Yamagata Prefecture. A graduate of Keio University, he joined the national newspaper Nihon Keizai Shimbun in 1988, which he left in 1999. He was elected for the first time in 2003 after an unsuccessful run in 2000.
On 15 December 2022, he announced that he would run for the mayorship of Yonezawa. He was elected to a four-year term of office beginning December 22, 2023.
# Viderup Castle

Viderup Castle (Swedish: Viderups slott) is a manor house in Eslöv Municipality, Scania, Sweden. The main building has two floors together with two one-storey wings, surrounds a courtyard that is open to the north.

## History

Viderup manor (former spelling Hviderup) was built in Renaissance style during the early 17th century by Anne Brahe (1576-1635), widow of Steen Maltesen Sehested (1553-1611), Danish Marshal of the Realm (rigsmarsk) and commander of Froste Herred in Scania.
# Magheramason

Magheramason (from Irish Machaire Measáin) is a small village and townland in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The village sits near the County Londonderry/County Tyrone border, 5 miles (8.0 km) from the city of Derry and 9 miles (14 km) from the town of Strabane. In the 2001 census, it had a population of 393 people. It lies within the Derry City and Strabane District Council area.

## Religion

In the 1870s, Presbyterians living in the Magheramason area began a campaign to have their own congregation. In August 1877, work began on a meeting house at Magheramason on a site granted by the Duke of Abercorn. The opening service in the new church took place on 17 November 1878, and the following year the Reverend Thomas Boyd was ordained its first minister.
# Tosterup Castle

Tosterup Castle (Swedish: Tosterups slott) is a castle in Tomelilla Municipality, Scania, in southern Sweden. It is situated approximately 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north-east of Ystad.

## Owners

List of owners of Tosterup Castle:
* Early 1300s – Axel Eskildsen Mule
* 1300s – His daughter Barbara's husband Torkild Nielsen Brahe
          Anders Jacobsen Grim
          Dennes son Jens Andersen Grim
          Peder Torkildsen Brahe
          Their son Axel Pedersen Brahe
          His son Peder Axelsen Brahe
* 1441–1487 – His son Axel Pedersen Brahe, married to Maren Tygesdatter Lunge
* 1487–1523 – Their son Tyge Axelsen Brahe, married first time to Magdalene Krognos, second time to Sophie Rud
* 1523–1565 – His son Jörgen Tygesen Brahe, married to Inger Oxe
* 1565–1571 – His brother Otte Tygesen Brahe, married to Beate Bille
* 1571–1601 – Their son Jörgen Ottesen Brahe, married to Ingeborg Parsberg
* 1601–1611 – Their son Tönne Jörgensen Brahe
* 1611–1615 – His uncle Knud Ottesen Brahe, married to Margrete Eriksdatter Lange
* 1615–1616 – His brother Axel Ottesen Brahe, married first time to Mette Gjöe, second time to Kirsten Hardenberg
* 1616–1640 – His son Tyge Axelsen Brahe, married to Birgitte Brock
* 1640–1656 – Through purchase Otte Tagesen Thott, married first time to Jytte Gyldenstierne, second time to Dorte Rosencrantz
* 1656–1688 – His daughter Jytte Thott, married to Jörgen Krabbe (d. 1678)
* 1688–1688 – Her brother-in-law Just Hög
* 1688–1693 – Through purchase Rutger von Ascheberg, married to Maria Eleonora von Busseck, genannt München
* 1693–1722 – Their son Christian Ludwig von Ascheberg
* 1722–1753 – His sister Margareta von Ascheberg, married to Kjell Christoffer Barnekow
* 1753–1772 – Their son Rutger Barnekow, married to Mariana Lovisa Maclean
* 1772–1782 – Their daughters Margareta Lovisa, married to Jacob Wilhelm Bennet, and Eleonora Mariana, married to Anders Reinhold Wrangel
* 1782–1783 – Through purchase Eric Ruuth
* 1783–1791 – Through purchase Johan Sparre, married to Alexandrine de Cheusses
* 1791–1810 – His widow Alexandrine de Cheusses
* 1810–1832 – Through purchase her son-in-law Isaac Lars Silfversparre, married to Sophie Sparre, who was the widow of Carl August Ehrensvärd
* 1832–1858 – By inheritance and purchase by the latter's son Gustaf Ehrensvärd, married to Henrietta Virginia Sofia Catharina Adlercreutz
* 1858–1901 – Their son Albert Ehrensvärd, married to Ingeborg Hedvig (Hedda) Vogt
* 1901–1904 – His widow Hedda Ehrensvärd and their seven children
* 1904–1944 – Their son Carl August Ehrensvärd along with his siblings and until 1912 his son Augustin Ehrensvärd
* 1944–1947 – Carl August Ehrensvärd and four cousins
* 1947–1957 – Carl August Ehrensvärd, married first time to Gisele Dorotée Anna-Luise Marianne Lilla von Bassewitz, second time to Svea Elisabeth Lachman
* 1957–???? – His son Gustaf Jörgen* Ehrensvärd, married to Ebba Gunilla* Banér
* 1992–present – Jan Ehrensvärd
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 341

United Nations Security Council Resolution 341, adopted on October 27, 1973, after the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of Resolution 340, the Council decided that the Peacekeeping Force would be established for a six-month period and would be continued thereafter if the Council wished it to do so.
The resolution was adopted with 14 votes to none, with the People's Republic of China not participating in the vote.