OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shielding effect

In chemistry, the shielding effect sometimes referred to as atomic shielding or electron shielding describes the attraction between an electron and the nucleus in any atom with more than one electron. The shielding effect can be defined as a reduction in the effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due to a difference in the attraction forces on the electrons in the atom. It is a special case of electric-field screening. This effect also has some significance in many projects in material sciences.

## Strength per electron shell or orbital

The wider the electron shells are in space, the weaker is the electric interaction between the electrons and the nucleus due to screening. Further, because of differences in orbital penetration, we can order the screening strength, S, that electrons in a given orbital (s, p, d, or f) provide to the rest of the electrons thus: $S(\mathrm {s} )>S(\mathrm {p} )>S(\mathrm {d} )>S(\mathrm {f} ).$

## Description

In hydrogen, or any other atom in group 1A of the periodic table (those with only one valence electron), the force on the electron is just as large as the electromagnetic attraction from the nucleus of the atom. However, when more electrons are involved, each electron (in the nth-shell) experiences not only the electromagnetic attraction from the positive nucleus, but also repulsion forces from other electrons in shells from 1 to n. This causes the net force on electrons in outer shells to be significantly smaller in magnitude; therefore, these electrons are not as strongly bonded to the nucleus as electrons closer to the nucleus. This phenomenon is often referred to as the orbital penetration effect. The shielding theory also contributes to the explanation of why valence-shell electrons are more easily removed from the atom.
Additionally, there is also a shielding effect that occurs between sublevels within the same principal energy level. An electron in the s-sublevel is capable of shielding electrons in the p-sublevel of the same principal energy level.
The size of the shielding effect is difficult to calculate precisely due to effects from quantum mechanics. As an approximation, we can estimate the effective nuclear charge on each electron by the following:
    $Z_{\mathrm {eff} }=Z-\sigma \,$
Where Z is the number of protons in the nucleus and $\sigma \,$ is the average number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question. $\sigma \,$can be found by using quantum chemistry and the Schrödinger equation, or by using Slater's empirical formulas.
In Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, the correction due to electron screening modifies the Coulomb repulsion between the incident ion and the target nucleus at large distances. It is the repulsion effect caused by the inner electron on the outer electron.
# Gayniggers from Outer Space

Gayniggers from Outer Space is a 1992 Danish English-language satirical science fiction short film, directed by Danish performance artist Morten Lindberg. The film is a parody of the science fiction and blaxploitation genres.

## Plot

The film follows a group of intergalactic homosexual black men from the planet Anus, who discover the presence of female creatures on planet Earth. Using rayguns, they proceed to eliminate females one by one from Earth, eliciting gratitude from the previously oppressed male population. Before leaving the planet, they leave behind a "Gay Ambassador" to educate the Earthlings about their new way of life.

## Cast

* Coco P. Dalbert as ArmInAss
* Sammy Saloman as Capt. B. Dick
* Gerald F. Hail as D. Ildo
* Gbatokai Dakinah as Sgt. Shaved Balls
* Konrad Fields as Mr. Schwul
* Johnny Conny Tony Thomas as The Gay Ambassador

## Reception

In the 2019 book It Came from Something Awful, Dale Beran described the film as a "queer-interest Dutch [sic] B movie in the hyper-transgressive tradition of John Waters" that appealed to an audience of "nerdy white boys" who liked the concept of blaxploitation. The film was used in a recruiting campaign by the internet troll group Gay Nigger Association of America in the 2000s.

## Production

The film begins in black-and-white and later turns to color, in a way similar to The Wizard of Oz. According to director Morten Lindberg, this was a "dramatic special effect" to illustrate "the world being freed from vicious women".
# Lynette Silver

Lynette Ramsay Silver, AM, MBE (born 1945) is an Australian historian and author. She has written a number of books dealing with Australian and military history.

## Career

Silver's first book, published in 1986, A Fool's Gold?, deals with the first discoveries of payable gold in Australia and was written after she discovered archival documents "lost" for 134 years. Her next book, The Battle of Vinegar Hill, first published in 1989, is the first (and only) full account of the Irish insurrection Castle Hill convict rebellion of 1804. Sandakan – A Conspiracy of Silence, published in 1998, uncovered the fate of 2428 Australian and British prisoners of war who died at the Sandakan POW Camp in Borneo or on one of the death marches, and investigated the coverup of a failed rescue mission Operation Kingfisher (World War II). 2004's The Bridge at Parit Sulong is an investigation into the massacre of allied prisoners by Japanese soldiers in Malaya in 1942. Further books, mainly related to military history, followed.
Silver was awarded an honorary Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in 2004 for "service to veterans and their families, particularly as an organiser of battlefield tours and commemorative services". She was advanced to Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2019 Australia Day Honours for "significant service to the community through historical battlefield tours and commemorative services", and appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2024 New Year Honours for services to British families of Second World War personnel.

## Personal life

Silver is married and has two children and three grandchildren.

## Books

* A Fool's Gold? (1986)
* The Battle of Vinegar Hill (1989)
* The Heroes of Rimau: Unravelling the Mystery of One of World War II's Most Daring Raids (1990)
* Krait; The fishing boat that went to war (1992)
* Pot Pourri and other Secrets from the Garden (1992)
* My Ballet Book (1992)
* Making...Friendship Bands (1994)
* Flowercraft (1995)
* Papercraft: Paper-Making & Paper-Mache (1995)
* Playing Skipping and Elastic Games (1995)
* Fabulous furphies; Ten great myths from Australia's past (1997)
* Sandakan: A Conspiracy of Silence (1998)
* On This Rock: The Church of St Peter Hornsby 1898–1998 (1998)
* Great Kids' Games (1999)
* The Bridge at Parit Sulong (2004)
* Marcel Caux – A Life Unravelled (2005)
* Deadly Secrets: The Singapore Raids 1943–45 (2010)
* Blood Brothers (2010)
* In The Mouth Of The Tiger (2014)
* Billy: My Life as a Teenage POW (2016)
# Solar Ship, Inc.

Solar Ship Inc. is a company based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada working to develop a hybrid aircraft to deliver critical cargo to cut-off places. The solarship gains lift from both buoyant gas and aerodynamics, and uses power from solar panels. The aircraft is a new concept of transport that does not rely on fossil fuels or ground infrastructure.

## History

The concept behind Solar Ship was based on airships and the Canadian bush plane, and was devised by Jay Godsall in 1983. In 2006, Solar Ship Inc. was officially established.

## Aircraft

The solarship's wing-ship design allows for extreme short takeoff and landing (XSTOL or eSTOL), such as in a soccer field. Its design provides a large surface area for solar electric power, allowing long, self- sufficient range. Solarships can also be powered by traditional combustion when solar energy is unavailable. However, the goal is to develop a new mode of transportation that does not depend on fossil fuels, roads, or runways. The solarship can access areas where planes, trucks, ships, and airships cannot, delivering cargo to the places that are currently cut off from the benefits of the connected world. Each solar plane is designed and built to the requirements of a mission. Currently, there are three initial missions with specific requirements: the Wolverine, the Caracal, and the Nanuq. Solar Ship's active mission, as of December 2015, is Mission Burundi.

## Incidents

On August 29, 2014, a prototype aircraft owned, designed, and operated by Solar Ship crashed during a test flight in a tobacco field near Brantford Airport, seriously injuring its two pilots, Mark Taylor and Mark Marshall. One of the pilots had to be cut out of the aircraft by rescuers. The incident resulted in the temporary closure of Brantford Airport.

## Gallery

* Side view
* Rear view
# Marcolini

The Marcolini family is old Italian noble family, whose members held the title of Count. In the 1752, one branch of the family, Marcolini-Ferretti, settled in the Electorate of Saxony and served there mostly as statesman, while members of the Italian Marcolini branch held significant ecclesiastical positions throughout history of Roman Catholic Church.
Marcolini is also an Italian surname.

## Notable people with the surname, including members of the nobility

* Count Camillo Marcolini (1739-1814), minister of the fine arts, in the Electorate of Saxony
* Eufrosina Marcolini Popescu (1821-1900), belongs to the 1st generation of Romanian stage actor
* Giovanni Marcolini O.F.M. (died 1465), Bishop of Nocera de' Pagani
* Leandro Marcolini Pedroso de Almeida, Hungarian footballer
* Lucas Marcolini Dantas Bertucci (born 1989), Brazilian midfielder player
* Marcantonio Marcolini (1721-1782), Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal
* Marietta Marcolini (1780-1855), Italian operatic contralto
* Michele Marcolini, Italian footballer
* Pierre Marcolini (born 1964), Belgian chocolatier
# Maldives TV

Maldives TV is the first International broadcasting TV channel of the Maldives launched in 2016.
This channel only shows Tourism-related content to promote Tourism in the Maldives.
# Takht Singh

Maharaja Takht Singh GCSI (6 June 1819 – 13 February 1873) was first the regent (1839–1841) and the final Maharaja of Ahmednagar (Himmatnagar) 1841–1843 as a result of an agreement with the British. Once he ceded Ahmednagar (Himmatnagar) to Idar, he was recognized as Maharaja of Jodhpur (1843–1873).
He was born in Ahmednagar (Himmatnagar), the second son of Maharaja Karan Singh and grandson of Maharaja Sangram Singh, the Maharaja of Ahmednagar (Himmatnagar) from 1798 to 1835. He had little prospect of ascending the throne, yet after the death of his elder brother, Maharaja Prithvi Singh in 1839, he became the regent over the whole state and served as such until the birth of his brother's son, Yuvraj Balwant Singh, who was proclaimed ruler at his birth. Takht Singh then became the new ruler's regent and served as such until the untimely death of his nephew on 23 September 1841, when he became the Maharaja of Ahmednagar (Himmatnagar).
However, two years into his reign in 1843, Maharaja Man Singh, the then ruler of the head seat of Rathores i.e Marwar (Jodhpur )died. He was persuaded by his widows to take the succession as he was a member of the Rathore Dynasty through his grandfather, Maharaja Sangram Singh, the Maharaja of Idar, who himself was the son of Maharaja Anand Singh, the first ruler of Idar and a younger son of Maharaja Ajit Singh, Maharaja of Jodhpur, however, he had to cede Ahmednagar (Himmatnagar) back to the state of Idar to be recognized in Jodhpur by the British authorities.
So, on 29 October 1843, he ascended the gadi at the Shringar Chowki in the majestic Mehrangarh Fort. Later in his life, he served the English East India Company at the time of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and in the year 1862 he received a sanad of adoption.
He married 30 wives. He died in the city of Jodhpur on 13 February 1873 and was cremated at Mandore. He was succeeded by his eldest son Maharaja Jaswant Singh II on the Marwar throne, while his third son, Pratap Singh would go on to become the Maharaja of Idar. His first-born daughter, Baiji Lal Chand Kanwarji, would be married in 1843 to Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II, the Maharaja of Jaipur(1835-1880) making her the Patrani (chief consort) of the Kachwaha ruler.
# Vempalle

Vempalle (వేంపల్లె) is a town located in Andhra Pradesh, India. It serves as the headquarters of the Vempalle Mandal in the YSR Kadapa district. It is a part of Pulivendula assembly constituency and located at a distance of 30 KMs from Pulivendula town. Vempalle is 45 KMs away from the district headquarter Kadapa. Spanning an area of about 10 square kilometers, Vempalle is scenically situated along the banks of the Papagni River. Notably, it is in close proximity to the YSR Ghat, the resting place of the beloved late Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy. Additionally, Vempalle is near the renowned Gandi Kshetram, further enhancing its cultural and historical significance. Next political party

## Geography

Vempalle is located at 14°22′00″N 78°28′00″E﻿ / ﻿14.3667°N 78.4667°E﻿ / 14.3667; 78.4667. It has an average elevation of 201 meters (662 feet).

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Indian Census, Vempalle has 8,577 households and 36,031 residents. The male population is 18,060 and the female population is 17,971. The literacy rate is 54.74%, with 11,160 of the male inhabitants and 8,563 of the female inhabitants being literate. Its census location code is 593459.
# Madeleine de Roybon d'Allonne

Madeleine de Roybon d'Allonne (1646, Montargis – 17 January 1718, Montréal) was an early settler of New France. She was the first European woman to own land in Ontario. There is a memorial plaque in her honour located in Lennox and Addington County.
D'Allonne was born in the commune of Montargis in the Loiret department to Jacques de Roybon d’Allonne a soldier and minor French nobleman. She likely landed in New France in search of a husband but never married. She has been researched by historians because of her relationship with René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, a French explorer. Archival records first mention d'Allone and LaSalle's relationship on August 24, 1681 when she donated 2141 livres to him for a voyage after living in LaSalle's settlement for two years. La Salle was later charged with seducing d'Allone and reports claimed that they were to marry. Madeleine protested against the claim until it was clear that it was false.
In 1683 La Salle granted d'Allone a seigneury in Fort Frontenac (Collins Bay, Ontario). On her lands at Tonequinion, at Cataraqui she built a house, outbuildings and a trading post, grew crops and raised cattle. Iroquois, angry at the French for their campaign against the Seneca people in 1686, destroyed the d'Allone's establishment in August 1687, and took her prisoner. Released the following year, she settled permanently in Rue Saint-Vincent, Montréal where she lived until her death in 1718 at the age of 72.
# Hahn Air Systems GmbH

Hahn Air Systems GmbH is a global consolidation service (GCS) that brings the content of transportation providers such as airlines, high-speed railway companies and tour operators into Global Distribution Systems (GDS), which travel agencies use to book and issue tickets.
The company was founded in 1994 at Frankfurt–Hahn Airport from which it derives its name. As of 2019, Hahn Air Systems operates a fleet of three Cessna planes and offers flights within Europe, including to Mallorca, Luxembourg, and Düsseldorf. According to Robert Silk of Travel Weekly, the company's business model revolved around membership in organisations such as the International Air Transport Association in order to fulfil niche operations which provide logistical challenges for bigger airlines.
# Abbey (given name)

Abbey is a unisex given name. Notable people with the given name include:

## Women

* Abbey Clancy (born 1986), English lingerie and catwalk model
* Abbey Green (born 1997), Australian footballer
* Abbey Holmes (born 1991), Australian women's footballer for Adelaide Crows
* Abbey Hsu (born 2001), American basketball player
* Abbey Lee Kershaw (born 1987), Australian fashion model
* Abbey Lincoln (1930–2010), African-American jazz vocalist
* Abbey-Leigh Stringer (born 1995), English footballer

## Men

* Abbey Altson (1866–1948), British artist
* Abbey Dhaira (1987–2016), Ugandan footballer
* Abbey Nkomo (1940–2021), South African politician and doctor
* Abbey Rader (born 1943), American avant-garde jazz drummer
* Abbey Silverstone, American computer executive
* Abbey Simon (1920–2019), American musician

## Fiction

* Abbey Bartlet, a fictional character played by Stockard Channing on the television serial drama, The West Wing
* Abbey Bominable, daughter of the Yeti, from Monster High
# WUKZ

WUKZ (1010 AM) is a broadcast radio station licensed to serve the community of Marion, Virginia, United States. The station broadcasts a classic hits format to Marion and Smyth County, Virginia. WUKZ is owned and operated by Lisa Nininger Bouldin, through licensee Bristol Broadcasting Company, Inc.

## History

The station was known as WMEV from its initial sign-on date of December 12, 1948, under the ownership of Mountain Empire Broadcasting Corporation, through the late 1982 sale to Summit Broadcasting, Inc., and the mid-1998 acquisition by Glenwood Communications Corporation. The call sign stood for Wonderful Mountain Empire of Virginia.
On November 20, 2010, the station dropped its longtime WMEV call sign to become WUKZ. Concurrent with this change, the station dropped its Southern Gospel format and rebranded itself as "Christmas 101.1" with an all-Christmas music format.
On January 1, 2011, WUKZ dropped Christmas music for Classic Hits and picked up the branding "KZ-101.1FM".
Effective January 1, 2017, Glenwood Communications sold WUKZ, sister station WMEV-FM, and translator W266BM to Bristol Broadcasting Company for $1.75 million.

## Translator

In addition to the main station, WUKZ is relayed by an FM translator to widen its broadcast area.
| Call sign | Frequency | City of license | FID | ERP (W) | HAAT | Class | FCC info |
| W286DG | 105.1 FM | Marion, Virginia | 201089 | 250 | 0 m (0 ft) | D | LMS |
# Beas Pind

Beas Pind (sometimes Bias Pind) is a village in Adampur Mandal in Jalandhar district in the north-western Indian state of Punjab. It is the largest village in the Doaba region.

## Demographics

As of the 2011 Census of India, the village has a population of 4,203.

## Geography

Beas Pind is situated on the Pathankot road, one of the many communities in Adampur Mandal. Beas Pind is approximately 14 kilometres from Jalandhar-West, and 134 kilometres from the state capital, Chandigarh. Nearby villages include Gopalpur (1 km), Jagrawan (1.8 km), Karari, Dolike Sunderpur (2.2 km), Sanghwal (2.6 km), Duhre (3.2 km), and Sikanderpur (4.1 km). Nearby towns include Adampur (6 km) and Bhogpur (12.3 km).

## Notable people

* Fauja Singh, British marathon runner
* Sondhi Sabb, Punjabi Singer (International)
# Junior Senior (2002 film)

Junior Senior is a 2002 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film, Produced by P.Loganathan, directed by J. Suresh starring Mammootty, Hamsavardhan and former Miss Malaysia Leena. The film was dubbed into Malayalam as Super in 2009.

## Cast

* Mammootty as Santhosh aka Senior
* Hamsavardhan as Shakthi aka Junior
* Leena as Indira
* Charulatha as Varsha
* Ramesh Khanna
* Charle
* Delhi Ganesh
* Pandu
* K. R. Vatsala

## Production

The film was shot entirely in Kuala Lumpur, in Malaysia, since the entire story plays there while also filmed at Singapore and Thailand. Leena, who plays the female lead, is a Malaysia-born Tamilian, who was seen by J. Suresh in Malaysia and eventually given the role of the heroine, Indira. She was brought into the cast after the original choice, Tejashree, had walked out.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack as well as the film score were composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, who teamed up with director J. Suresh for the second time after Velai. The soundtrack, which was released on 13 March 2002, features 5 tracks, whilst the lyrics were written by Pa. Vijay and V. Ilango.
| Track | Song | Singer(s) | Lyrics | Duration |
| 1 | "Anandham Pennukulle" | P. Unnikrishnan | V. Ilango | 4:20 |
| 2 | "Naan Oruvan" | Vijay Yesudas | Pa. Vijay | 1:48 |
| 3 | "Oh Shalalala Jamaai" | Yuvan Shankar Raja, Yugendran, Premji Amaran | Pa. Vijay | 4:18 |
| 4 | "Pudhusai Pudhusai" | Srinivas, Tippu | Pa. Vijay | 4:35 |
| 5 | "Singara Kanna" | Chitra Sivaraman | Pa. Vijay | 4:23 |
| 6 | "Thithippai" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha | Pa. Vijay | 3:36 |

## Reception

Chennai Online wrote "The director’s style is simple, the narration moves at a steady pace, the tale being told without melodrama. The director could have got a firmer grip on the script towards the latter half". Sify wrote "The director himself has no clue about the story. Absurd and haphazardly shot Junior Senior is one of the most insufferable movies in recent times and one wonders what made Mammootty, a great actor do this film!". The Hindu wrote ""Junior Senior" lacks cohesion completely with the link missing in most of the scenes. The director, obviously expects the viewer to make his inferences".
# Tembel hat

A tembel hat (Hebrew: kova tembel, כובע טמבל) is a hat which became an Israeli national symbol. The tembel hat was worn by Jews in Mandatory Palestine and later Israel from the beginning of the 20th century until the 1970s. It was associated with hard-working Zionist Israelis. It especially became associated with kibbutzim, tzabarim, and Israeli youth movements. In Israeli cartoons it is still used to symbolize the typical Israeli (e.g., the cartoon character Srulik). Tembel hats were most notably produced by the ATA textile company.

## Construction

A tembel hat is sewn from five pieces of fabric. Four of the pieces are in the shape of a circular sector and are sewn so that the tops of the four pieces touch each other and each shank of each sector is sewn to the shank of another sector. In this way, the sectors form a bowl-like structure. The fifth piece of fabric is in the shape of a ring. One end of the ring is sewn to the bases of the sectors that form the bowl structure so that the ring deepens the bowl structure.
A tembel hat has no visor and no brim. When the hat is worn, the tops of the sectors rest on the top of the head and the ring of fabric surrounds the head and rests on the forehead, ears, and nape. Its advantage is that it can be easily folded and put into a pocket, making it suitable for workers who work long hours in the sun. The tembel hat is cheap because it is easy to sew from a small amount of fabric scraps.

## Etymology

In Hebrew slang, tembel means silly, stupid, or fool. It is not known whether the slang term was named after the hat or the hat after the slang term. There is a theory that the tembel hat was originally the heavy-duty hat of the Templars Christian movement that was active in Israel at the end of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century. By this theory the hat's first name was "Templars' hat," but it was changed to "tembel hat" by the Arabs who could not pronounce the P and the correct vowels. However, it is more likely that the name "tembel hat" derives from the Turkish or Ottoman word "tembel" which means lazy. The Tembel's shape is the same as the pileus, the hat adopted by freed slaves in Greek and Roman antiquity and adopted as a symbol of freedom at the time of the French Revolution. The ancient pileus survived in Albania in the early 20th century and may have influenced the leaders of the Second Aliyah, who adopted the hat.