OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eugene Stevens

Eugene S. (E. S.) Stevens (born Eugene S. Pysh; 29 December 1938 – 16 December 2024) was a Professor of Physical Chemistry at Binghamton University. He was best known for his research in biodegradable plastics. He was a quoted expert in articles published in the New York Times, Bloomberg Businessweek, and the International Herald Tribune.

## Education

Stevens received a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry from Yale University and his doctorate in Chemistry from the University of Chicago. Funded by a National Science Foundation Fellowship, he completed his postdoctoral work at Harvard University.

## Career

Stevens conducted research in the area of biopolymers for over 30 years. He was the author of ‘’Green Plastics: An Introduction to the New Science of Biodegradable Plastics’’ (Princeton University Press, 2002), the first general audience book about the research and development of biodegradable plastics made from plants. In 2012, the book inspired the invention of an edible LED lamp.
Stevens' research involved the use of abundant, renewable biopolymer resources, specifically polysaccharides—including starch, cellulose, and agar—for the production of degradable, biodegradable, and compostable products that conserve the use of fossil resources and divert waste plastics from landfills and incinerators. His research was supported by grants from funders such as the National Science Foundation.
His early career focused on studying the conformational behavior of biomolecules, a topic he explored through chiroptic methods.
Stevens joined the faculty of Binghamton University in 1977. In 2011, he received the Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Faculty Service.
Stevens served as a speaker for the American Chemical Society, reaching students and general audiences throughout the U.S.

## Publications

In addition to his book, Stevens wrote numerous articles that appeared in publications such as the Journal of Chemical Education and the Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy. He was also quoted in BusinessWeek regarding biotechnology advances.

## Memberships

Stevens was a member of the American Chemical Society and the American Society for Testing and Materials.

## Death

Stevens died 16 December 2024 in Binghamton, New York.
# Duluth Harbor North Pier Light

The Duluth Harbor North Pier Light is a lighthouse on the north breakwater of the Duluth Ship Canal in Duluth, Minnesota, United States.

## History

An 1896 project to improve harbor facilities resulted in the reconstruction of the sides of the Duluth Ship Canal, bracketing it in the two concrete piers which define its channel to the present. While the south pier had been equipped with a light from 1874, the north pier was unlit, and given the difficult approach (highlighted by the notorious wreck of the SS Mataafa in 1905), calls for aids were soon made. A 1908 Lighthouse Board report, in recommending the construction of a light on the north pier, noted that a private aid was already being placed on the pier. Appropriation was made in 1909, and a tower was erected and lit the following year. The design was based on that of the Peche Island Rear Range Light, featuring a short round tower built of steel plates. A fifth-order Fresnel lens from France was installed and lit with a 210-candlepower electric lamp powered from the city power grid. All the lights on the canal were maintained by the same keepers; the head keeper lived in a frame house constructed in 1874 with the Duluth South Breakwater Outer Light, while the assistants were given a brick duplex in 1913 after years of having to find boarding accommodations on their own.
The North Pier Light was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016 for its local significance in the themes of engineering, maritime history, and transportation. It was nominated for its association with federal efforts to establish nationwide navigational aids, and for being characteristic of early-20th-century pier and breakwater lights built around the Great Lakes.
In May 2021, the U.S. General Services Administration announced that the Coast Guard no longer needed the lighthouse and it was eligible to be transferred at no cost to another public agency or non-profit in accordance with the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act. In February 2022, the lighthouse was awarded to the Minnesota-based nonprofit Rethos, which is in the process of securing ownership of the lighthouse.
# Gollewar

The Gollawar (Golla) (also known as Gaur, Gaura, Gouda or Gowda) is a caste found mostly in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Telangana,Maharashtra and Odisha in India. Like the Kuruba, Kuruva and Kuruma, they are predominantly sheep, goat and cattle herders.
Hassan (1920) writes that the Golla have synonyms like Gollewar, Golar, Gollam, Gulla, Gullar, Gauvali and Dhangar.
# Lesbian rule

A Lesbian rule was historically a flexible mason's rule made of lead that could be bent to the curves of a molding, and used to measure or reproduce irregular curves. Lesbian rules were originally constructed of a pliable kind of lead found on the island of Lesbos. It is from the island that the ruler gets its name.

## Figurative allusions

The rule is alluded to by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics (book V, chapter 10) as a metaphor for the importance of flexibility in equitable justice:
   For what is itself indefinite can only be measured by an indefinite standard, like the leaden rule used by Lesbian builders; just as that rule is not rigid but can be bent to the shape of the stone, so a special ordinance is made to fit the circumstances of the case.
In the early modern period, the term was often used figuratively (as Aristotle had used it) to mean a pliant, flexible and accommodating principle of judgment – sometimes with overtones that were positive, but on other occasions in a more pejorative sense. In his famous letter to the Louvain theologian Martin Dorp, Thomas More referenced it when reproving Dorp for his attack on Erasmus' In Praise of Folly: "You praise Adriaan for being unbiased, yet you seem to suggest he is no more unbiased than a Lesbian rule, a rule made out of lead which, as Aristotle reminds us, is not always unbiased, since it bends to fit uneven shapes." Samuel Daniel in 1603 described equity as "that Lesbian square, that building fit, Plies to the worke, not forc'th the worke to it".
In the later 17th century, the antiquary John Aubrey used the metaphor to imply the distortion of evidence to fit a preconceived theory. He accused Inigo Jones, who had interpreted Stonehenge as a Roman monument, of having "made a Lesbians rule, which is conformed to the stone: that is, he framed the Monument to his own Hypothesis, which is much differing from the Thing it self".
In Giambattista Vico's 1708 oration De nostri temporis studiorum ratione, a contribution to the evolving public debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the early modern academic system compared to that of the classical period (the "Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns"), Vico invokes the notion of the Lesbian rule to describe what is lacking in the modern system's intense focus on the mechanistic precision of the developing natural sciences:
   Since, then, the course of action in life must consider the importance of the single events and their circumstances, it may happen that many of these circumstances are extraneous and trivial, some of them bad, some even contrary to one's goal. It is therefore impossible to assess human affairs by the inflexible standard of abstract right; we must rather gauge them by the pliant Lesbic rule, which does not conform bodies to itself, but adjusts itself to their contours.
In the 19th century, John Henry Newman invokes the Lesbian rule in the introduction to Part I of his Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1845).
# Kuradisild

Kuradisild (Devil's Bridge; originally Aleksandri sild, German: Alexander Brücke, Alexander's Bridge) is a dark concrete bridge located on Toomemägi in Tartu, Estonia, built to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Romanov Dynasty in 1913.
Kuradisild is one of the few remaining concrete bridges built in early 20th century. It is one of the symbols and landmarks of Tartu alongside Inglisild (Angel's Bridge) located on the other side of Toome Hill. The elegant bridge is supported by two arches. The massive parapet is decorated with ornamental panels and seating recesses.
The first bridge located in the place now occupied by Kuradisild was built in 1809. The Neogothic wooden bridge was based on designs by the University of Tartu architect Johann Wilhelm Krause. This bridge was later replaced by a single span wooden bridge designed by J. G. Köningsmann and built in 1842–1844. The current single span concrete bridge was built to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty after designs made by Tartu city architect Arved Eichhorn. The Toome Hill side of the bridge is decorated with the numbers 1613 and 1913, commemorating the jubilee; the Toome Valley side of the bridge bears a bronze relief of Alexander I of Russia (made by Constanze von Wetter-Rosenthal) and the words "Alexandro Primo".
The bridge is a protected heritage site.

## Origin of the name

The origin of the name of the Devil's Bridge is unclear. The name may have derived from the dark color of the bridge which stands in sharp contrast with the nearby, much lighter, Angel's Bridge. It has also been suggested that the name may have originated from the name of the supervisor of the construction of the bridge, Professor of Medicine and surgeon Werner Zoege von Manteuffel ("Teufel" – the German for "Devil"), from its similarity to the Teufelsbrücke on Reuss.
# Borlaug Global Rust Initiative

The Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI - originally named the Global Rust Initiative) was founded in response to recommendations of a committee of international experts who met to consider a response to the threat the global food supply posed by the Ug99 strain of wheat rust. The BGRI was renamed the Borlaug Global Rust initiative in honor of Green Revolution pioneer and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Dr. Norman Borlaug who worked to establish and lead the Global Rust Initiative.
The BGRI has the overarching objective of systematically reducing the world’s vulnerability to stem, yellow, and leaf rusts of wheat and advocating/facilitating the evolution of a sustainable international system to contain the threat of wheat rusts and continue the enhancements in productivity required to withstand future global threats to wheat.
The organization focuses on addressing global challenges to wheat security through a collaborative network of researchers, policymakers, and agricultural practitioners. Its key objectives include:
* Threat Reduction: Mitigating global vulnerabilities to wheat diseases.
* Productivity Increases: Improving wheat yields and resilience to global threats.
* International Collaboration: Establishing sustainable partnerships to combat wheat-related challenges.
* Farmer Engagement: Working directly with agricultural communities to promote wheat security.
* Capacity Building – Training the next generation of scientists and professionals in wheat research and food security.

## Executive committee

* Chair: Jeanie Borlaug Laube

### Permanent Members

* Ronnie Coffman, Cornell University, Vice Chairman of BGRI
* Bram Govaerts, Director General, CIMMYT,
* Himanshu Pathak, Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
* Aly Abousabaa Director General, ICARDA
* Rémi Nono Womdim, Deputy Director, Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO

### Rotating Members

* John Manners, Director, CSIRO Agriculture
* David Wall, Acting Director Research, Development and Technology, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
* Huajin Tang, VP for International Collaboration, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences
* Lene Lange, Director of Research, Aalborg University, Denmark
* Fentahun Mengistu, Director General, Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research
* Abd El Moneam El Banna, President, Egyptian Agricultural Research Center
* Eskander Zand, Deputy Minister and Head, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Iran
* Eliud Kireger, Director General, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization
* Masum Burak, Director General of the General Directorate of Agricultural Research, Turkey
* Iftikhar Ahmad, Chairman, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
* Jose Costa, Deputy Administrator, Crop Production and Protection, USDA-ARS
* Alvaro Roel, President, INIA, Uruguay
# Ian Murphy (artist)

Ian Murphy (b. 1963) is a British fine artist and art educator. He has been an Artist in Residence at multiple educational institutions in England and around the world.

## Personal life and education

Murphy attended Cardinal Newman RC High School, Wigan, England. He graduated from Sheffield Hallam University in 1985 with a BA(Hons) in Fine Art, Painting and Printmaking.

## Artwork

Murphy primarily works with drawing, painting and mixed media. He takes inspiration from locations around the world that he has visited, with a focus on architecture. He uses a limited, neutral palette. Exhibitions have included: Drumcroon, Wigan (1991), Parsons Walk, Wigan (1991), Crewe and Alsager College (2003) and Heseltine Gallery, Banbury (2003, 2007, 2009, 2012).

## Artist in Residence

In the 1980s and 1990s he was a member of the Artists in Wigan Schools Scheme. Established by Rod Taylor in 1984, the scheme placed an artist, with their own studio space, into every school in Wigan. From there they would work on their own art, exhibit and teach. The studio space Murphy used from 1986 to 1987 at the Tyldesley County Primary (TCP) School subsequently became the ‘Murphy Room’ - a permanent gallery space for artists to display their work. He was also AiR at Drumcroon, Wigan Education Art Centre from 1990 to 1991.
Since the 1990s Murphy has delivered Artist in Residence courses around the UK and internationally, including Dubai, Singapore, Hong Kong and Thailand.
* Biography portal
# Marcelle Maritz

Marcelle Frieda Maritz (died 4 October 2024) was a South African politician who served as a Member of the Limpopo Provincial Legislature sfrom 2019 until 2024. She was a member of the Freedom Front Plus (FF+) and the party's provincial leader. She served as a municipal councillor of the Mogalakwena Local Municipality prior to her appointment to provincial legislature. Maritz was a member of the Democratic Alliance (DA) until 2015, when she resigned from the party after allegations of racism. The DA soon laid criminal charges regarding racism against her in 2019.

## Political career

Maritz was a ward councillor of the Mogalakwena Local Municipality and a member of the DA until 2015, when the party accused her of racism. She denied these allegations, though the party's Provincial Disciplinary committee continued with their investigation of her breaching internal party rules. She resigned from the party in September 2015 amid the investigation taking place. She subsequently joined the FF+.
Her resignation as a party member of the DA caused her seat in the municipal council to become vacant. A municipal by-election was held in her ward on 18 November 2015, which Maritz contested as the FF+ candidate. The DA won the ward.
Maritz became a PR councillor in the Mogalakwena Local Municipality following the 2016 municipal election, as the FF+ had won one seat on the municipal council.
She soon became the provincial leader of the party and was the party's premier candidate for the 2019 general election. She was elected to the Limpopo Provincial Legislature and became the party's sole representative.

## Controversies

On 25 September 2019, the DA announced that it would be laying criminal charges of racism against Maritz after a video surfaced in which she described the Afrikaans Protestant Church as a "church without kaffirs". The term is seen as a racial slur in South Africa directed to the black majority. The FF+ responded with a media statement disputing the authenticity of the video and said that the video is from 2015, when Maritz was still a DA member. The DA investigated a claim in 2015, that Maritz had used the word and consequently dismissed her. Maritz has denied both times that she used the word. The DA's Beyers Smit and Geoffrey Tshibvumo opened the criminal case on 26 September 2019. The DA claims that the leaked video was recorded in 2017, two years after Maritz had resigned from the DA and became a member of the FF+. The ANC referred her to the legislature's Ethics Committee. Maritz's lawyers have advised her not to discuss the issue publicly. Soon after on 3 October 2019, the South African Human Rights Commission announced that it had taken Maritz to the Equality Court over the incident.

## Death

Maritz died on 4 October 2024. She was 59. She was buried at the Mokopane Cemetery on 11 October 2024.
# Trafford Rowing Club

Trafford Rowing Club is a rowing club on the Bridgewater Canal, based at Walton Park Sports Centre, Raglan Road, Sale, Greater Manchester.
The blade colours are black with a jade band; kit: black with a jade green stripe. Trafford RC is affiliated to the sports national governing body, British Rowing, is a Community Amateur Sports Club (CASC) and in February 2009 gained Clubmark accreditation.

## History

According to British Rowing's records, Trafford Rowing Club (TRC) was founded in 1957 by Russell Kerniham. At that time, the club was known as the MetroVicks Boat club (MVBC), a sports club created for the employees of the Metropolitan Vickers Engineering Company based in Trafford Park. The company also gave birth to other sports clubs in the area for its staff.
The MVBC started with just four members, however during the 1960s the club did grow and achieved success at a number of events in the north. MVBC was originally based further along the Bridgewater Canal at Dane Road. Originally the clubhouse was a grain warehouse that the council donated. Club night was established on a Wednesday evening where members would go down and repair the racks and the boats.
At some point (unknown) the old boathouse burnt down and the members relocated to the current boat house in Walton Park Sports Centre in the 1980s. At this point the name changed the name to Trafford Rowing Club. The former MVBC was resurrected in its present form as Trafford Rowing Club and its blade and kit colours became black and green.
The club was run by a small number of dedicated members including notable figures such as Ken Jolley and John Gill. In the early 1990s the club began to emerge from the difficult times of the previous decade. In 1990 the club had enough members to enter a crew at the Head of the River Race in London for the first time. Since then the club has grown stronger and now has more members than any time since 1957.
In 1997, the club received a £18,200 Foundation for Sport and the Arts grant.
In 2007, the club celebrated its 50th birthday.

### Events

The Head of the Bridgewater started in the late 1970/s early 1980s. The race originally started past the Bay Malton pub in Dunham Massey. The race was originally held in, November, however, given the impact of the weather conditions, the Head was moved to February. In the early 1990s the club resurrected itself and is now renamed Trafford Head and is typically held every year, apart as a result of weather conditions and most recently, COVID restrictions.

## Honours
### British champions

| Year | Winning crew/s |
| 2016 | Women J15 2x |
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 340

United Nations Security Council Resolution 340 was adopted on October 25, 1973, during the Yom Kippur War. It was passed after the Security Council was informed of the apparent failure of UNSCR 338 and UNSCR 339 to end the fighting.
In UNSCR 340, the Council demanded that the belligerent parties cease fire immediately and completely, and return to the positions occupied by them at 1650 GMT on 22 October 1973.
The Council also
* Requested the Secretary-General to increase the number of United Nations military observers on both sides of the cease-fire lines.
* Set up a United Nations Emergency Force to be composed of personnel drawn from UN member states except the permanent members of the Security Council.
* Requested the Secretary-General to report back within 24 hours on these two provisions.
* Requested the Secretary-General report back on a continuing basis on the implementation of this resolution, as well as 338 and 339, and requested all member states to co-operate fully in the implementation of these resolutions.
The resolution was adopted with 14 votes to none. The People's Republic of China did not vote or formally abstain.
# Pangutaran Sama language

Pangutaran Sama , also known as Siyama, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Sulu Archipelago of the Philippines. The language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages.

## Classification

Pangutaran Sama is classified by Karl Alexander Adelaar as a Sama-Bajaw languages, one of the groups of Western Malayo-Polynesian.
# Wilco Building

The Wilco Building is a high rise in downtown Midland, Texas. At 308 feet (94 m) tall and 22 floors, it is the second-tallest building in the city after the Bank of America Building. In 1985, the Wilco Building underwent some renovations. It is one of the iconic images of the Midland downtown skyline.
# Sugeng Efendi

Sugeng Efendi (born 31 August 1998) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Liga 2 club PSKC Cimahi.

## Club career
### Persela Lamongan

He was signed for Persela Lamongan to play in Liga 1 in the 2018 season. Sugeng made his first-team debut on 24 March 2018 in a match against Persipura Jayapura. Sugeng scored his first goal for Persela in the 60th minute against Persipura Jayapura.

### PSIM Yogyakarta

In 2021, Sugeng signed a contract with Indonesian Liga 2 club PSIM Yogyakarta. He made his league debut on 26 September in a 1–0 loss against PSCS Cilacap. On 19 October 2021, Sugeng scored his first goal for PSIM in the 86th minute against PSG Pati.

### Dewa United

Sugeng was signed for Dewa United to play in Liga 1 in the 2022–23 season. He made his league debut on 25 July 2022 in a match against Persis Solo at the Moch. Soebroto Stadium, Magelang.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of 13 September 2024
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Persela Lamongan | 2018 | Liga 1 | 27 | 1 | 2 | 1 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 29 | 2 |
| Persela Lamongan | 2019 | Liga 1 | 31 | 4 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 0 | 34 | 4 |
| Persela Lamongan | 2020 | Liga 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Persela Lamongan | Total | Total | 58 | 5 | 4 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 0 | 63 | 6 |
| PSIM Yogyakarta | 2021 | Liga 2 | 13 | 5 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 13 | 5 |
| Dewa United | 2022–23 | Liga 1 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 0 | 17 | 1 |
| PSKC Cimahi | 2023–24 | Liga 2 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 103 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 109 | 12 |

#### Notes

* ↑ Includes Piala Indonesia
* ↑ Appearances in Indonesia President's Cup