OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# In Tune

In Tune may refer to:
* In Tune (film), a 1914 American silent film
* In Tune Monthly, an American music magazine
* In Tune (album), a 1971 jazz album by The Oscar Peterson Trio and The Singers Unlimited
* In Tune (radio programme), a BBC Radio 3 music magazine programme
* Microsoft Intune, a data management software
# Lysogen

A lysogen or lysogenic bacteria is a bacterial cell that can produce and transfer the ability to produce a phage. A prophage is either integrated into the host bacteria's chromosome or more rarely exists as a stable plasmid within the host cell. The prophage expresses gene(s) that repress the phage's lytic action, until this repression is disrupted (see lytic cycle). Currently a variety of studies are being conducted to see whether other genes are active during lysogeny, examples of which include phage-encoded tRNA and virulence genes.

## History

Theories about Lysogeny dominated the field of microbiology between 1920 and 1929. However, lysogenic bacteria were first brought to light by studies conducted in 1921 that explored the mechanisms between phages and bacteria.

## Lysogenic Conversion

Lysogenic conversion is a process that occurs between a bacterium and a phage that is often beneficial for the bacteria. In lysogenic conversion, the phage inserts specific characteristics into the bacterial genes causing the bacteria to have better survival. Lysogenic conversion has been known to convert non-pathogenic bacteria into pathogenic bacteria that is capable of producing harmful toxins.

## Types

* Lambda phage
# Kenichi Shimokawa

Kenichi Shimokawa (下川 健一, Shimokawa Kenichi, born May 14, 1970) is a former Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team.

## Club career

Shimokawa was born in Gifu on May 14, 1970. After graduating from high school, he joined Furukawa Electric (later JEF United Ichihara) in 1989. From first season, he played as regular goalkeeper over 10 seasons. In 2000, his opportunity to play decreased behind Ryo Kushino. He moved to Yokohama F. Marinos in 2001. However, there were few opportunities to play in the match. His only match in the J1 League at Yokohama F. Marinos is last game in 2003 season. In this match, he played instead Tetsuya Enomoto was shown a red card in the 15th minute. Marinos won this match and won the J1 League champions in this season. He retired end of 2006 season.

## National team career

On June 10, 1995, Shimokawa debuted for Japan national team against Sweden. He played in all match at 1996 Asian Cup. He played 9 games for Japan until 1997.

## Club statistics

| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | Japan | Japan | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | J.League Cup | J.League Cup | Total | Total |
| 1989/90 | Furukawa Electric | JSL Division 1 | 20 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| 1990/91 | Furukawa Electric | JSL Division 1 | 21 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 |
| 1991/92 | Furukawa Electric | JSL Division 1 | 16 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| 1992 | JEF United Ichihara | J1 League | - | - | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| 1993 | JEF United Ichihara | J1 League | 14 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 |
| 1994 | JEF United Ichihara | J1 League | 43 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 47 | 0 |
| 1995 | JEF United Ichihara | J1 League | 44 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 45 | 0 |
| 1996 | JEF United Ichihara | J1 League | 30 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 45 | 0 |
| 1997 | JEF United Ichihara | J1 League | 15 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| 1998 | JEF United Ichihara | J1 League | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 36 | 0 |
| 1999 | JEF United Ichihara | J1 League | 30 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 0 |
| 2000 | JEF United Ichihara | J1 League | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| 2001 | Yokohama F. Marinos | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2002 | Yokohama F. Marinos | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2003 | Yokohama F. Marinos | J1 League | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 2004 | Yokohama F. Marinos | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 2005 | Yokohama F. Marinos | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2006 | Yokohama F. Marinos | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | Total | 277 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 323 | 0 |

## National team statistics

Japan national team :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 1995 | 1 | 0 |
| 1996 | 7 | 0 |
| 1997 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 9 | 0 |
* 1996 Asian Cup
# Prempensua

The prempensua is a large lamellophone used in the music of Ghana, similar to the marímbula or rumba box. The word prempensua is in the Akan language, although similar instruments are played by other ethnolinguistic groups in Ghana. It is also known as the "kono" by the Kassena people, "animgbo" by the Dagomba people, and the "gyilgo" by the Gonja people.
# Medea hypothesis

The Medea hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward for a hypothesis that contests the Gaian hypothesis and proposes that multicellular life, understood as a superorganism, may be self-destructive or suicidal. The metaphor refers to the mythological Medea (representing the Earth), who kills her own children (multicellular life).
In this view, microbial-triggered mass extinctions result in returns to the microbial-dominated state Earth has been in for most of its history.

## Examples

Possible examples of extinction events induced entirely or partially by biotic activities include:
* The Great Oxidation Event, 2.45 billion years ago, believed to be responsible for the mass poisoning of anaerobic microbes to which oxygen was toxic, and for the Huronian glaciation that resulted from the reaction of methane with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (a less potent greenhouse gas than methane) and subsequent depletion of atmospheric carbon dioxide by aerobic photosynthesisers
* The Sturtian and Marinoan Snowball Earth glaciations, 715 to 680 and 650 to 632.3 million years ago, respectively, resulting from the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide during the Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event
* The Late Ordovician Mass Extinction (LOME), 445.2 million years ago to 443.8 million years ago, suggested by some studies to have been caused by glaciation resulting from carbon dioxide depletion driven by the radiation of land plants
* Euxinic events, such as during the Great Dying, 251.9 million years ago, and the aforementioned LOME, caused by sulphur-reducing prokaryotes that produce hydrogen sulphide
The list excludes the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, since this was, at least partially, externally induced by a meteor impact.

## Current status and future extinctions

Peter Ward proposes that the current man-made climate change and mass extinction event may be considered to be the most recent Medean event. As these events are anthropogenic, he postulates that Medean events are not necessarily caused by microbes, but by intelligent life as well and that the final mass extinction of complex life, roughly about 500–900 million years in the future, can also be considered a Medean event: "Plant life that still exists then will be forced to adapt to a warming and expanding Sun, causing them to remove even more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (which in turn will have already been lowered due to the increasing heat from the Sun gradually speeding up the weathering process that removes these molecules from the atmosphere), and ultimately accelerating the complete extinction of complex life by making carbon dioxide levels drop down to just 10 ppm, below which plants can no longer survive." However, Ward simultaneously argues that intelligent life such as humans may not necessarily just trigger future Medean events, but may eventually prevent them from occurring.
# Jaramana Camp

Jaramana Camp (Arabic: مخيم جرمانا) is a 0.03-square-kilometer (7.4-acre) Palestinian refugee camp in the outskirts of the city of Damascus. It is located southeast of the center of Damascus, near the airport road leading to the Damascus International Airport. The camp is a neighborhood in Jaramana.
The camp was initially populated by refugees from the Nakba, and later by Palestinian refugees who had moved to the Golan Heights and were forced from their homes in the 1967 Palestinian exodus. During the Syrian civil war, the population of the camp rose from 18,000 to 49,000 due to an influx of internally displaced Palestinian refugees from other parts of Syria, including the Yarmouk Camp.
# Fred Nidd

George Frederick Nidd (9 January 1870 – September 1956) was an English professional footballer, who played for a large number of clubs in the Football League and Southern League in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His primary position was full back, but he had spells in goal for Grimsby Town and Watford.

## Personal life

Nidd was born in Kirton and as of 1891 he was working as a clerk in Walton. In 1911, his occupation was listed as a manufacturer in St Pancras. After retiring from football, Nidd returned to live in Watford and he served the final months of the First World War in the Royal Air Force.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Preston North End | 1893–94 | First Division | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Southport Central | 1895–96 | Lancashire League | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Lincoln City | 1897–98 | Second Division | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| Watford | 1900–01 | Southern League First Division | 27 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
| Watford | 1901–02 | Southern League First Division | 28 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
| Watford | Total | Total | 55 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 60 | 0 |
| Brentford | 1902–03 | Southern League First Division | 25 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 33 | 0 |
| Fulham | 1903–04 | Southern League First Division | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 84 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
# Johnny Cash Sings Hank Williams

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
Sings Hank Williams is a compilation album by American singer-songwriter Johnny Cash. It was released on September 5, 1960, by Sun Records after Cash had left the label and signed with Columbia Records. Despite the title, the album does not exclusively cover Hank Williams material, but is also made up of songs that Cash recorded for Sun prior to leaving the label. The album was re-issued in 2003 by Varèse Sarabande with five bonus tracks, two of them being alternate recordings of songs already available on the album.
Only the first four of the twelve tracks on the album were written by Williams, with most of the others being written by Cash. (Additional songs composed by Williams are included in the 2003 reissue.) About half of the songs on the album had previously been issued on LP by Sun. Making their album debut are the tracks "Straight A's in Love", "Come In Stranger", "Give My Love to Rose", "Mean-Eyed Cat" and "I Love You Because".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Johnny Cash, except where indicated

## Charts

Singles - Billboard (North America)
| Year | Single | Chart | Position |
| 1959 | "Straight A's in Love" | Country Singles | 16 |
| 1959 | "Straight A's in Love" | Pop Singles | 84 |
| 1959 | "I Love You Because" | Country Singles | 20 |
| 1960 | "Give My Love to Rose" | Country Singles | 13 |
| 1960 | "Come In Stranger" | Country Singles | 6 |
| 1960 | "Come In Stranger" | Pop Singles | 66 |
| 1960 | "Mean Eyed Cat" | Country Singles | 30 |
# Voras Mountains

The Voras Mountains (Greek: Όρος Βόρας; also Boras), also known as Nidže (Macedonian: Ниџе, Turkish: Nice Dağı) are a mountain range situated on the border between Greece and North Macedonia. It separates the Pella regional unit on the Greek side in the south from the Mariovo region on the North Macedonia side in the north. The tallest peak in the range is Kaimakchalan at 2,524 m (8,281 ft). Adjacent peaks are Starkov grob (1,876 m) and Dobro Pole (1,700 m).
The mountain range hosts a ski resort and the hot springs at Loutra Loutrakiou (Pozar) on the Greek side.
The mountain can be reached from the town of Bitola and nearby villages on the North Macedonia side.
# Maude Granger

Maude Granger (1849-August 17, 1928) was a popular American stage actress of the latter part of the 19th century, and early 20th century.

## Biography

Granger was born Anna Brainard in Middletown, Connecticut. She made her Broadway debut in A Woman's Heart at the Union Square Theatre. She took over the lead part in Led Astray when Rose Eytinge became ill. She also appeared in The Two Orphans, Two Nights in Rome, The Planter's Wife, Broken Hearts, and My Partner. Later she took on more Shakespearean roles, and also appeared in more Broadway hits such as The First Year (1920) and Pigs (1924). While playing in Pigs in Chicago she fell ill, and had to retire after failing to fully recover from surgery. She retired after a 55-year stage career.
Historian David S. Shields has written that Granger competed with Clara Morris for "the title of the most gripping actress of the American stage during the third quarter of the 19th century." Her talent led many New York theatre managers to vie for her, with associations with Augustin Daly, Lester Wallack, and the Union Square company. She also "had a particular interest in elevating the anguish of contemporary women to the status of classical tragedy".
In 1885, the book New National Theater, Washington DC: A record of Fifty Years by Alexander Hunter said of Granger: " The statuesque Maude made by far the most beautiful Mlle. Gautier that the audience had ever seen, for she had a figure that Rubens would have loved to paint — a Byron describe — large, full, sensuous. On a pose in a tableau Miss Granger was a success, but as an actress in such a character as “Camille" she was an insolvent in the dramatic bank, and more people went to see her out of curiosity than with a desire to be entertained."

## Personal

Though late 19th century newspapers report other marriages, her obituaries simply noted that Granger married Alfred Calmer of Chicago in 1888, and that he soon after died and she never remarried.

## Films

* The Runaway Wife (1915)*short
* The White Pearl (1915)
* Zaza (1915)
* The Slave Auction (1918)
# Associação Desportiva Senador Guiomard

Associação Desportiva Senador Guiomard, commonly known as ADESG, is a Brazilian association football club based in Senador Guiomard, Acre. The club competes in the Campeonato Acreano, the top flight of the Acre state football league.
The team's home kit is a black and white vertical striped shirt, black shorts and black socks. ADESG's mascot is a lion and they play their home games at the Estádio Naborzão which has a capacity of 2,000.

## History

Associação Desportiva Senador Guiomard was founded on January 26, 1982. The club won the Campeonato Acriano in 2006, after winning both stages of the competition.

## Honours

* Campeonato Acreano
** Winners (1): 2006
** Runners-up (2): 1993, 2005
* Campeonato Acreano Segunda Divisão
** Winners (1): 2017
** Runners-up (2): 2015, 2016
* Torneio Início do Acre
** Winners (1): 2005
# Valence Gale

Valence Gale (1850-1909) was a Barbadian newspaperman and the founder and editor of the Barbados Advocate.

## Early life and education

Born in 1850, Gale was orphaned when he was 4, when both his parents died in the cholera epidemic of 1854, and he was raised by his aunt. He attended St Michael's Parochial School, Barbados.

## Journalism career

Aged 16, Gale got a job as an apprentice at the Barbados Agricultural Reporter, at the time, the country's leading newspaper. The paper's editor took a shine to him and gave him numerous opportunities. When fellow reporter and friend, Conrad Reeves, resigned to study law, Gale took his place as legal reporter covering the House of Assembly. Reeves would later become the country's Attorney-General and Chief Justice.
Nine years after he started working at the Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Gale became the paper's leader-writer. He became honorary secretary of the Defence Association, opposed to proposals by Governor John Pope-Hennessy to federate Barbados and the Windward Islands.
In 1888, Louis de Souza, a young barrister in British Guiana was imprisoned for six months for contempt of court for publicly criticising judicial decisions. De Souza contracted tuberculosis while in jail and died shortly after his release. His imprisonment was reported across the West Indies and his death elicited outrage. Gale in particular wrote passionately about the events leading up De Souza's death. One of his articles is credited with paving the way for the passage of Barbados' Contempt of Court Act 1891.

## Founder and editor of the Barbados Advocate

Gale established the Barbados Advocate in 1895 and served as its editor for 13 years until his death in 1908. When he died, he left controlling interest in the paper to his wife, Clara. Gale's brother-in-law, Charles Chenery, who had been assistant editor, took over as the paper's editor.

## Personal life and death

In 1890, Gale married Clara Alsop Chenery, cousin of Thomas Chenery the editor of the Times newspaper (London). The couple had one daughter and two sons. The couple's eldest son, Valence C. Gale, also served as manager from 1919 and later managing director of the Barbados Advocate. Son, C. A. Louis Gale, served as the paper's editor for 30 years from his uncle's death in 1925 until his own death in 1955.
Valence Gale died on 16 October 1908 at his home in Bridgetown. He was 58.

## Publications

* Article - Christmas in the West Indies, Greater Britian (London, England) Monday, 15 December 1890, Page 19
* Pamphlet - In Memoriam (Louis de Souza), 1899
* Pamphlet - Sketch of the Life and Career of the late Sir Conrad Reeves, 1902, which was the basis for the Dictionary of National Biography entry on Reeves.
# Elin Bakkerud

Elin Bakkerud, née Hopland (born 14 September 1973) is a retired Norwegian football defender.
She started her career in Valestrand. In 1995 she was recruited by then-second-tier team Bjørnar. She played well enough to earn a transfer to first-tier teamn IL Sandviken. Team captain Gro Espeseth praised Bakkerud's pace, tackling, passing and tactical skills. Bakkerud was selected for the Norway women's national football team to face Slovakia in the autumn of 1996, and made her debut in that match. She was also selected for the squad that faced Australia in 1997, but did not play.
She married footballer Lars Bakkerud in the summer of 1996.
In December 1998 her husband signed for Panionios GSS in Greece. The couple moved to Greece together, meaning that Bakkerud left Sandviken. Already in the summer of 1999, though, her husband moved from Panionios to Helsingborgs IF in Sweden. The couple found residence in Helsingør in Denmark, with Elin Bakkerud commencing a nursing education there. Ahead of the 2000 Toppserien, she was contracted by newly promoted club FK Larvik. She would commute from Denmark to Larvik to play matches, while planning to conduct her training sessions with Danish club Hillerød G&I. She played 18 league games and 2 cup games for FK Larvik, scoring 1 cup goal.
# Probabilistic encryption

Probabilistic encryption is the use of randomness in an encryption algorithm, so that when encrypting the same message several times it will, in general, yield different ciphertexts. The term "probabilistic encryption" is typically used in reference to public key encryption algorithms; however various symmetric key encryption algorithms achieve a similar property (e.g., block ciphers when used in a chaining mode such as CBC), and stream ciphers such as Freestyle which are inherently random. To be semantically secure, that is, to hide even partial information about the plaintext, an encryption algorithm must be probabilistic.

## History

The first provably-secure probabilistic public-key encryption scheme was proposed by Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali, based on the hardness of the quadratic residuosity problem and had a message expansion factor equal to the public key size. More efficient probabilistic encryption algorithms include Elgamal, Paillier, and various constructions under the random oracle model, including OAEP.

## Security

Probabilistic encryption is particularly important when using public key cryptography. Suppose that the adversary observes a ciphertext, and suspects that the plaintext is either "YES" or "NO", or has a hunch that the plaintext might be "ATTACK AT CALAIS". When a deterministic encryption algorithm is used, the adversary can simply try encrypting each of their guesses under the recipient's public key, and compare each result to the target ciphertext. To combat this attack, public key encryption schemes must incorporate an element of randomness, ensuring that each plaintext maps into one of a large number of possible ciphertexts.
An intuitive approach to converting a deterministic encryption scheme into a probabilistic one is to simply pad the plaintext with a random string before encrypting with the deterministic algorithm. Conversely, decryption involves applying a deterministic algorithm and ignoring the random padding. However, early schemes which applied this naive approach were broken due to limitations in some deterministic encryption schemes. Techniques such as Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) integrate random padding in a manner that is secure using any trapdoor permutation.

## Examples

Example of probabilistic encryption using any trapdoor permutation:
* x - single bit plaintext
* f - trapdoor permutation (deterministic encryption algorithm)
* b - hard core predicate of f
* r - random string
${\rm {Enc}}(x)=(f(r),x\oplus b(r))$
${\rm {Dec}}(y,z)=b(f^{-1}(y))\oplus z$
This is inefficient because only a single bit is encrypted. In other words, the message expansion factor is equal to the public key size.
Example of probabilistic encryption in the random oracle model:
* x - plaintext
* f - trapdoor permutation (deterministic encryption algorithm)
* h - random oracle (typically implemented using a publicly specified hash function)
* r - random string
${\rm {Enc}}(x)=(f(r),x\oplus h(r))$
${\rm {Dec}}(y,z)=h(f^{-1}(y))\oplus z$
# Khatun Kandi

Khatun Kandi (Persian: خاتون كندي) is a village in Qoltuq Rural District of the Central District in Zanjan County, Zanjan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 821 in 202 households. The following census in 2011 counted 728 people in 226 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 589 people in 234 households.
# French Polynesia at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships

French Polynesia is competing at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Spain between 19 July and 4 August 2013.

## Swimming
### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Anthony Clark | 50 m freestyle | 23.47 | =47 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Anthony Clark | 100 m freestyle | 52.87 | 58 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Anthony Clark | 50 m butterfly | 25.81 | 51 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Anthony Clark | 100 m butterfly | 56.50 | 48 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |