OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# British Cycling National Track Championships

The British National Track Championships are a Track cycling event held annually and organised by the national governing body for track cycling (and other forms of cycling) in Great Britain, British Cycling (formerly the British Cycling Federation). The main events are various track cycling disciplines for elite athletes to determine the British national champions. However, competitions are also held in age-grade and disability/para-cycling categories. Winners receive a national champions jersey consisting of a white jersey with blue and red bands, which they are entitled to wear any time the contest the same event during that year.

## History

Until 1994 both amateur and professionals could take part in the 'Open' events, in addition to specific events that were restricted to either.
The modern era is considered to have started in 1994 eventually replacing the amateur era. In November 1994, British Cycling moved its headquarters to the National Cycling Centre, Manchester, which held been opened earlier in the year by Princess Anne. Consequently, the Championships were held at Manchester Velodrome from 1995 to 2020. The 2021 Championships were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the delayed Olympic Games and the 2022 National Championships were held at the Geraint Thomas National Velodrome in Newport, Wales.

## Venues and dates

* 1973–1994 (Leicester Velodrome)
* 1995–2020, 2024–2025 (Manchester Velodrome) *
* 2022–2023 (Geraint Thomas National Velodrome) *
The event was not held in the following years: 2016, 2021

## Events

The current championships consist of the following events:
| Sprint | Endurance |
| Olympic events ||
| British National Team Sprint Championships | British National Team Pursuit Championships |
| British National Individual Sprint Championships | British National Omnium Championships |
| British National Keirin Championships | British National Madison Championships |
| World Championship events ||
| British National Individual Time Trial Championships | British National Scratch Championships |
| | British National Individual Pursuit Championships |
| | British National Points Championships |
| | British National Elimination Championships |
| Other events ||
| British National Tandem Sprint Championships | British National Derny Championships |

## Reference List

* ↑ "Pursuit winners". Cycling Archives.
* ↑ "1 km winners". Cycling Archives.
* ↑ "sprint winners". Cycling Archives.
* ↑ "Timeline". Velo UK.
* ↑ "NEWPORT TO HOST HSBC UK NATIONAL TRACK CHAMPIONSHIPS FOR FIRST TIME IN 2022". British Cycling. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
vteEnglish and British National Champions :
# Melanie Díaz

Melanie Díaz González (born May 7, 1996) is a Puerto Rican table tennis player. As of August 2019, she has been in position 88th with 3840 points in the ITTF Women's World Ranking.

## Personal life

Melanie Díaz was born on May 7, 1996, to Bladimir Díaz and Marangely González and is the eldest of four sisters who also are table tennis athletes, Fabiola, Gabriela and Adriana. Her paternal grandmother established and developed table tennis as a major sport in the mountainous municipality of Utuado, where her family grew up. Compared to other players at her level, she's trained and coached by her own father. Melanie is also cousin to table tennis player Brian Afanador from her mother's side. She is a supporter and advocate of the animal rights movement and practices veganism.

## Career
### International rise

Melanie Díaz erupted onto the international arena by winning silver in the women's doubles alongside her sister Adriana during the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games. In 2015, she won her first Pan American bronze medal in the women's team competition alongside Adriana Díaz and teammate, Carelyn Cordero at the 2015 Pan American Games.
At the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games Melanie Díaz scored two gold medals. The first gold came from competing with Adriana in the women's doubles. The second came from playing in the female team alongside her sisters Adriana and Fabiola, and Daniely Ríos. She also won silver in mixed doubles playing with Daniel González.

### Turning point at Lima 2019

Melanie Díaz first attained individual international recognition during the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, where she was seeded #6 in the women category. She helped win the first Pan American Table Tennis gold for Puerto Rico when playing at the Women's doubles beside her sister Adriana. Díaz also established her status as a separate international medalist by winning individual bronze at the Women's singles. She shared the bronze podium at this event's medal ceremony with Brazilian Bruna Takahashi. Díaz finally played against Bruna Takahashi in a close and lively game during the final women's team, in which she helped earn one more gold for her team. Because of her playing skills in this match, international press nicknamed the female players of the Puerto Rican team as the "comeback kids."
# Castle Route, Szczecin

Piotr Zaremba Castle Route is an overpass road in Szczecin, Poland, that is a part of the Voivodeship Road 115. It is one of 4 main roads of Szczecin, connecting the city and Police County with the rest of Poland.

## Description

The Castle Route is 2.4 km (1.5 miles) long and 18 m (59 ft) wide. It consists of the series of overpasses, the bridge over Parnica canal, the overpass over Łasztownia island and the bridge over Oder river. The road has existed leaning north and west to the city centre, and through that, to Dobieszczyn, as well as the south exit leading to Police, and the east exit leading to the municipal neighborhoods of Międzyodrze-Wyspa Pucka and Prawobrzeże.

## History

Castle Route was built in place of Log Bridge that was destroyed during the World War II. The construction of the road began on 4 February 1978. The north entry road leading to the city center was finished in October 1987, and the north exit road leaning out of the city was finished in 1996, finishing the construction of the Castle Route.
# Government Chief Commercial Officer

The Government Chief Commercial Officer, formerly the Chief Procurement Officer, is a director-general-graded job in the British Civil Service, working in the Cabinet Office. They lead across government on procuring goods and services, and planning commercial needs. They head the Government Commercial Function, one of the official vertical groupings of professionals working with the service. The GCCO reports directly to the Permanent Secretary of the Cabinet Office in their role as Chief Executive of the Civil Service.

## List of Government Chief Commercial Officers

* April 2012–November 2015: Bill Crothers
* December 2015–March 2016: (interim) Chris Hall
* March 2016–July 2024: Sir Gareth Rhys Williams
# Gącz

Gącz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Janowiec Wielkopolski, within Żnin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
# The Aesthetics of Rock

The Aesthetics of Rock is a book by Richard Meltzer (born May 10, 1945). Written between 1965 and 1968, it was first published in 1970 by Something Else Press. In 1987, Da Capo Press published an unabridged second edition, with a new foreword by Meltzer. It is one of the first major works of rock-music criticism and analysis. He wrote it as an undergraduate at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and as a graduate student at Yale University, from which he was, as he relates in his foreword, "kicked out toot-sweet on my rock-roll caboose" for writing papers with rock-music themes for philosophy classes.
Writer Greil Marcus, in his introduction to the Da Capo edition of Aesthetics, maintains that the book is "the best and most obsessive book about the Beatles ever written," and that the work seeks to illuminate "the collapse of art into everyday life, and vice versa."
# East Lycoming School District

The East Lycoming School District is a small, rural, public school district located in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. It serves the Boroughs of Hughesville and Picture Rocks and Franklin Township, Jordan Township, Mill Creek Township, Moreland Township, Penn Township, Shrewsbury Township and Wolf Township in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. East Lycoming School District encompasses approximately 148 square miles (380 km$^2$). According to 2000 federal census data, East Lycoming School District served a resident population of 10,368 people. By 2010, the District's population was 10,428 people. The educational attainment levels for the East Lycoming School District population (25 years old and over) were 89% high school graduates and 18.7% college graduates. The district is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania.
According to the Pennsylvania Budget and Policy Center, 30.4% of the East Lycoming School District's pupils lived at 89.4% or below the Federal Poverty Level as shown by their eligibility for the federal free or reduced price school meal programs in 2012. In 2009, the District residents’ per capita income was $17,385, while the median family income was $43,314. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $52,100.
According to District officials, in school year 2009-10, the East Lycoming School District provided basic educational services to 1,676 pupils. It employed: 123 teachers, 68 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 11 administrators. East Lycoming School District received more than $11.4 million in state funding in school year 2009-10. Per East Lycoming School District officials, in school year 2007–08, the East Lycoming School District provided basic educational services to 1,674 pupils. It employed: 126 teachers, 65 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 11 administrators.
East Lycoming School District operates four public schools: Hughesville Junior Senior High School, Ashkar Elementary School, Ferrell Elementary School and Renn Elementary School. High school students may choose to attend Lycoming Career and Technology Center for training in the construction and mechanical trades, child are, culinary art, criminal justice and other careers. The BLaST Intermediate Unit IU17 provides the District with a wide variety of services like specialized education for disabled students and hearing, speech and visual disability services and professional development for staff and faculty.

## Extracurriculars

East Lycoming School District offers a variety of clubs, activities and an extensivesports program. East Lycoming School District participates in the Pennsylvania Heartland Athletic Conference and the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association. The Pennsylvania Heartland Athletic Conference is a voluntary association of 25 PIAA High Schools within the central Pennsylvania region.

### Sports

The District funds:

#### Junior high school sports

According to PIAA directory July 2015
# 1987–88 Scottish League Cup

The 1987–88 Scottish League Cup was the forty-second season of Scotland's second football knockout competition. The competition was won by Rangers, who defeated Aberdeen in the Final.

## First round

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| Arbroath | 1–3 | Ayr United | 12 August 1987 |
| Berwick Rangers | 1–2 | Stirling Albion | 12 August 1987 |
| Cowdenbeath | 1–3 | Queen's Park | 12 August 1987 |
| St Johnstone | 4–1 | Alloa Athletic | 12 August 1987 |
| Stenhousemuir | 1–3 | East Stirlingshire | 11 August 1987 |
| Stranraer | 0–3 | Albion Rovers | 12 August 1987 |

## Second round

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| Aberdeen | 5–1 | Brechin City | 19 August 1987 |
| Albion Rovers | 1–1 | East Fife | 19 August 1987 |
| Ayr United | 0–1 | Dumbarton | 19 August 1987 |
| Celtic | 3–1 | Forfar Athletic | 19 August 1987 |
| Dundee United | 4–1 | Partick Thistle | 19 August 1987 |
| East Stirlingshire | 1–3 | Dunfermline Ath | 18 August 1987 |
| Heart of Midlothian | 6–1 | Kilmarnock | 19 August 1987 |
| Hibernian | 3–2 | Montrose | 18 August 1987 |
| Meadowbank Thistle | 1–0 | Hamilton Academical | 18 August 1987 |
| Morton | 1–5 | Clyde | 19 August 1987 |
| Motherwell | 3–1 | Airdrieonians | 19 August 1987 |
| Queen of the South | 2–1 | Falkirk | 18 August 1987 |
| Queen's Park | 0–3 | Dundee | 18 August 1987 |
| Raith Rovers | 2–1 | Clydebank | 19 August 1987 |
| St Mirren | 0–1 | St Johnstone | 18 August 1987 |
| Stirling Albion | 1–2 | Rangers | 19 August 1987 |

## Third round

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| Aberdeen | 3–0 | St Johnstone | 26 August 1987 |
| Dumbarton | 1–5 | Celtic | 26 August 1987 |
| Dunfermline Ath | 1–4 | Rangers | 26 August 1987 |
| Heart of Midlothian | 2–0 | Clyde | 25 August 1987 |
| Hibernian | 3–1 | Queen of the South | 25 August 1987 |
| Meadowbank Thistle | 0–3 | Dundee | 26 August 1987 |
| Motherwell | 4–0 | Albion Rovers | 26 August 1987 |
| Raith Rovers | 1–2 | Dundee United | 25 August 1987 |

## Quarter-finals

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| Aberdeen | 1–0 | Celtic | 1 September 1987 |
| Dundee | 2–1 | Dundee United | 2 September 1987 |
| Motherwell | 1–0 | Hibernian | 1 September 1987 |
| Rangers | 4–1 | Heart of Midlothian | 2 September 1987 |

## Semi-finals

| Home Team | Score | Away Team | Date |
| Aberdeen | 2–0 | Dundee | 23 September 1987 |
| Rangers | 3–1 | Motherwell | 23 September 1987 |
# Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky

Ivan Semenovych Nechuy-Levytsky (born Levytsky; 25 November [O.S. 13 November] 1838 – 2 April 1918) was a well-known Ukrainian writer.

## Biography

Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky was born on 25 November [O.S. 13 November] 1838 to the family of a peasant priest in Stebliv (Cherkasy Oblast in central Ukraine). In 1847 he entered the Bohuslav religious school. Upon graduation from the Kiev Theological Academy in 1865, he taught Russian language, history, and geography in the Poltava Theological Seminary (1865–1866) and, later, in different gymnasiums in Kalisz, Siedlce (1867–1872), and Chișinău (1873–1874).
He started writing in 1865. His works appeared in Kievan and Galician publishing houses and periodicals such as Rada, Pravda, Dilo, and Zoria magazines. His bibliography [uk] includes social and popular history novels, dramas, comedies, and fairy tales. Among his most famous works are the novel Kaidash's Family (1878) and the comedy At Kozhumyaky (1875), which was later remade into the play Chasing Two Hares by Mykhailo Starytsky. In 1961 the play was adapted as a popular comedy movie of the same name.
Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky died of hunger and illness on 2 April, 1918 in one of almshouses of Kyiv during the First World War. He was buried at the Baikove Cemetery.
# Villa-Lobos (crater)

Villa-Lobos is a crater on Mercury. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) on September 25, 2015. Villa-Lobos is named for the Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos.
The scarp called Grifo Rupes cuts across Villa-Lobos north to south, and extends to the north through several unnamed craters. Grifo Rupes form the southwest margin of an ancient impact basin now known as Calder-Hodgkins. The basin was originally identified as b30. The basin is named after Calder crater near the south rim, and Hodgkins crater near the north rim. It is about 1,460 km (910 mi) in diameter.
# Bernard F. Dickmann

Bernard Francis Dickmann (September 7, 1888 in St. Louis, Missouri – December 9, 1971 in Collins, Mississippi) was the 34th mayor of St. Louis from 1933 to 1941.

## Biography

Dickmann started work at the age of 16, working for a lumber company in St. Louis. During World War I he enlisted in the Marine Corps.
His later business career was in real estate. He was active in the St. Louis Real Estate Exchange, serving on the board of directors, and serving as its president in 1931.
In April 1933, Dickmann was elected Mayor of St. Louis. The United States was suffering from the effects of the Great Depression, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt had just been elected president. Dickmann's election marked the first time in 24 years that a Democrat had been elected Mayor of St. Louis. It also marked the first time a Democrat was elected with the support of a formidable African American political organization: The Co-operative Civic Association led by Jordan Chambers. Dickmann kept black support by building a long-promised modern hospital for the black community, which Republican Mayor Henry Kiel had promised would be paid for by the $87 million 1923 bond issue. By fulfilling his promise, Dickmann helped transform St. Louis from majority Republican to majority Democrat.
During Mayor Dickmann's administration, the city acquired and cleared the land along the riverfront that would become the Gateway Arch National Park (known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018) and be developed with the Gateway Arch. During Mayor Dickmann's administration, the city also enacted a smoke ordinance and took steps to reduce the air pollution created by the extensive use of coal for home heating and industrial use in the city.
In 1941, Dickmann sought a third term as mayor. He was defeated by Republican William D. Becker. Dickmann was a delegate to the Missouri Constitutional Convention in 1943. In December 1943, he was appointed St. Louis Postmaster, a position he held until 1958. In 1949, while serving as Postmaster of St. Louis, Dickmann married Beulah Pat Herrington, the Postmistress of Mount Olive, Mississippi. In 1959, Mayor Raymond Tucker appointed Dickmann as director of the city's newly established Department of Welfare, and he served in that position for two years. After completing his government service, Dickmann continued in the real estate business. He died in Collins, Mississippi on December 9, 1971, at the age of 83. The Poplar Street Bridge crossing the Mississippi River at St. Louis was formerly named in his honor.
Dickmann is interred in Saints Peter and Paul Cemetery in south St. Louis.
# Palladium tetrafluoride

Palladium (IV) fluoride, also known as palladium tetrafluoride, is the chemical compound of palladium and fluorine with the chemical formula PdF$_4$. The palladium atoms in PdF$_4$ are in the +4 oxidation state.

## Synthesis

Palladium tetrafluoride has been prepared by reacting palladium(II,IV) fluoride with fluorine gas at pressures around 7 atm and at 300 °C for several days.

## Structure

Crystals are composed of octahedral PdF6 units, with four fluorides from each octahedron shared (bridging between octahedra).

## Reactivity

PdF$_4$ is a strong oxidising agent and undergoes rapid hydrolysis in moist air.
# Waluigi effect

In the field of artificial intelligence (AI), the Waluigi effect is a phenomenon of large language models (LLMs) in which the chatbot or model "goes rogue" and may produce results opposite the designed intent, including potentially threatening or hostile output, either unexpectedly or through intentional prompt engineering. The effect reflects a principle that after training an LLM to satisfy a desired property (friendliness, honesty), it becomes easier to elicit a response that exhibits the opposite property (aggression, deception). The effect has important implications for efforts to implement features such as ethical frameworks, as such steps may inadvertently facilitate antithetical model behavior. The effect is named after the fictional character Waluigi from the Mario franchise, the arch-rival of Luigi who is known for causing mischief and problems.

## History and implications for AI

The Waluigi effect initially referred to an observation that large language models (LLMs) tend to produce negative or antagonistic responses when queried about fictional characters whose training content itself embodies depictions of being confrontational, trouble making, villainy, etc. The effect highlighted the issue of the ways LLMs might reflect biases in training data. However, the term has taken on a broader meaning where, according to Fortune, The "Waluigi effect has become a stand-in for a certain type of interaction with AI..." in which the AI "...goes rogue and blurts out the opposite of what users were looking for, creating a potentially malignant alter ego," including threatening users. As prompt engineering becomes more sophisticated, the effect underscores the challenge of preventing chatbots from intentionally being prodded into adopting a "rash new persona."
AI researchers have written that attempts to instill ethical frameworks in LLMs can also expand the potential to subvert those frameworks, and knowledge of them sometimes causing it to be seen as a challenge to do so. A high level description of the effect is: "After you train an LLM to satisfy a desirable property P, then it's easier to elicit the chatbot into satisfying the exact opposite of property P." (For example, to elicit an "evil twin" persona.) Users have found various ways to "jailbreak" an LLM "out of alignment". More worryingly, the opposite Waluigi state may be an "attractor" that LLMs tend to collapse into over a long session, even when used innocently. Crude attempts at prompting an AI are hypothesized to make such a collapse actually more likely to happen; "once [the LLM maintainer] has located the desired Luigi, it's much easier to summon the Waluigi".
# Lago della Meja

Lago della Meja is a lake in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy.
* This Piedmont location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Constantine Menges

Constantine C. Menges (September 1, 1939 – July 11, 2004) was an American scholar, author, professor, and Latin American specialist for the White House's US National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency.
Menges was born in Turkey on September 1, 1939, the day that Germany invaded Poland to start World War II. His parents sent him to the United States in 1943. Menges attended college in Prague. He earned a bachelor's degree in physics and a doctorate in political science from Columbia University. He helped German refugees escape over the Berlin Wall and organized civil resistance after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 during the Prague Spring
Menges worked to ensure equal voting rights in Mississippi and marched with the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. During the Nixon and Ford administrations, he was deputy assistant for civil rights in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
From 1981 until 1983, he worked for the director of the CIA as the national intelligence officer for Latin America. From 1983 until 1986, he served as special assistant to President Ronald Reagan. He helped plan Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada and supported the Nicaraguan Contras and the Salvadoran rebels. Friends and foes gave him the nickname "Constant Menace". He wrote a critical account of his experiences as a government official in his 1988 book, Inside the National Security Council: The True Story of the Making and Unmaking of Reagan's Foreign Policy
In September 2002, Constantine Menges sent a letter to Olavo de Carvalho in which he agreed with the Brazilian philosopher's analysis of the current political situation in Brazil.
He died of cancer on July 11, 2004, in Washington, D.C., where he had been a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute.
# German trawler V 1507 Rau VI

V 1507 Rau VI was a German trawler which was converted into a Vorpostenboot for the Kriegsmarine during World War II.

## History

Rau VI participated in the German invasion of Denmark as a part of the 2nd German Transport Convoy, escorting the transport boats Friedenau and Wigbert. The British submarine HMS Triton spotted the convoy in the Kattegat on the afternoon of 10 April 1940. Triton launched six torpedoes, sinking both transports and Rau VI. Nine hundred soldiers from the 196th Infantry Division who were embarked on the transports drowned.
# Triclonella xuthocelis

Triclonella xuthocelis is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in the mountains of southern Arizona and northern Mexico.
The length of the forewings is 6.3-7.7 mm.