OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thomas Elder (Lord Provost of Edinburgh)

Thomas Elder of Forneth (1737–29 May 1799), was a Scottish wine merchant who served as Lord Provost of Edinburgh from 1788 to 1790.

## Life

Elder was the eldest son of Elizabeth (née Man) and William Elder of Loaning. The exact date of his birth is not known, but he was baptised on 7 October 1737 (Parochial Registers, county of Perth, Clunie).
Elder held the office of chief magistrate of Edinburgh (where he carried on business as a wine merchant and grocer) for three different periods, viz. 1788–90, 1792–1794, and 1796–8. During his second term of office he took an active part in suppressing the meetings of the Friends of the People, and without any military aid he broke up the meeting of the British Convention held at Edinburgh on 5 December 1793, and took ten or twelve of the principal members prisoners.
In Edinburgh his shop was on the Royal Mile opposite the Tron Kirk and his house was at 5 Princes Street. His house was demolished around 1900.
In December 1793/January 1794, in his dual capacity as Chief Magistrate, he was involved in the trial of Maurice Margarot.
On the formation of the Royal Edinburgh Volunteers (militia) in the summer of 1794 he became their first Colonel in Chief, and on 9 September 1794 was voted a piece of silver plate by the town council "for his spirited and prudent conduct while in office, and especially during the late commotions".
From 1796 until 1799 Elder was Deputy Postmaster General for Scotland.
Through his exertions the scheme for rebuilding the University's Old College was successfully matured. The foundation-stone of the new buildings was laid during his first mayoralty on 16 Nov. 1789, but they were not completed until after his death. In Edinburgh in later life he lived in a then new townhouse at 85 Princes Street in Edinburgh's First Town.
He died at Forneth House, in the parish of Clunie in northern Perthshire, on 29 May 1799, aged 66. He was buried in the old churchyard in Clunie on 2 June.

## Family

In 1765 Elder married Emilia Husband, the eldest daughter of Paul Husband of Logie, an Edinburgh merchant. They had four daughters and one son. His eldest daughter, Isabella, married George Husband Baird on 9 August 1792, who later became the Principal of the University of Edinburgh.

## Artistic recognition

Elder's portrait, by Henry Raeburn, which was painted in 1797 at the request of the principal and professors of the university, is preserved in the court room of the university, It has been engraved by Richard Earlom. A duplicate of this portrait was exhibited at the Raebum exhibition in Edinburgh in 1876 (Catalogue, No. 210). Two etchings of Elder by Kay will be found in Kay's 'Original Portraits' (Nos. 144 and 310).
His cameo, by James Tassie, is in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh.
# Kirat Chuli

Kirat Chuli or Tent Peak is a mountain in the Himalayas. It lies on the border between Nepal and India.

## Location

The peak is located at 7,365 m (24,163 ft) above sea level n the extreme northeast of Nepal and northwest of Sikkim. It is approximately 2km northeast of Nepal Peak.

## Climbing history

The first ascent to the summit was made by Ernst Grob, Herbert Paidar, and Ludwig Schmaderer in 1939.
# Aruba at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships

Aruba is competing at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Spain from 19 July to 4 August 2013.

## Swimming

Aruba qualified 5 quota places for the following diving events:

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Jemal Le Grand | 100 m freestyle | 52.07 | 49 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Jemal Le Grand | 200 m freestyle | 1:55.08 | 52 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Allyson Ponson | 50 m freestyle | 26.27 | 38 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Allyson Ponson | 100 m freestyle | 58.61 | 53 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Gabrielle Ponson | 200 m freestyle | 2:13.01 | 40 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

## Synchronized swimming

Aruba qualified 3 quota places for the following synchronized swimming events.
| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | Preliminaries | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Anouk Eman | Solo technical routine | 71.500 | 26 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Anouk Eman Kyra Hoevertsz | Duet technical routine | 69.600 | 27 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Anouk Eman Kyra Hoevertsz | Duet free routine | 72.260 | 24 | did not advance | did not advance |
# Arusha–Holili–Taveta–Voi Road

Arusha–Holili–Taveta–Voi Road (A23) is a road in Tanzania and Kenya, connecting the towns of Arusha, Moshi, and Holili in Tanzania with Taveta and Voi in Kenya.

## Location

The western end of the A23 road is in Arusha, Tanzania at its junction with the A104 road. The A23 road connects eastward with Moshi and the border town of Holili. Further east in Kenya, the A23 road connects with Taveta and has its eastern terminus in Voi at the intersection with the A109 Nairobi–Mombasa Road. The A23 road from end to end measures approximately 230 kilometres (140 mi).

## Upgrades and reconstruction

The A23 road forms an important link in the Voi–Dodoma / Singida corridor (consisting of the A23, A104, B141, and B143 roads).
The African Development Bank is lending US$232.5 million towards upgrading the A23 road, constituting 89.1 percent of the budgeted total cost. Kenya is contributing US$15.6 million, while Tanzania is contributing US$12.3 million.
Construction of the A23 double carriage way between Arusha and Tengeru, Tanzania began in July 2013. The contractor is Hanil-Jiangsu JV, a South Korean construction company, The Cheil Engineering Company, also from South Korea, is the consulting engineer. Phase 2 of the project includes the upgrade to double carriage way of the road between Tengeru and Usa River, Tanzania. This work should be completed by December 2018. Reconstructing the two-lane road connecting Usa River, Moshi, and Holili was part of Phase 2 originally. A lack of funds, however, means that the reconstruction "is not in the immediate implementation plan" except that realigning the approaches to the Kikafu River bridge is still planned. The design for a replacement bridge has been completed.
Work on the Kenyan side of the A23 road commenced in May 2014, with Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete and Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta officially launching the project in September 2015. Completion was scheduled for May 2017.
# Leduck Island

Leduck Island is an island in the United States Virgin Islands, also spelled LeDuck Island, which is located 0.5 miles east of Sabbat Point in Johns Folly, separated from Saint John by the Sabbat Channel. LeDuck Island lies by the entrance to Coral Bay and is 85 feet high. Leduck Island is located within the Virgin Islands National Park and is one of the largest offshore islands to Saint John, along with Grass Cay and Congo Cay.

## Flora and fauna

Being home to numerous spur and groove reefs, it is a popular scuba diving destinations and its reefs are habitat for an abundance for endemic tropical fish species. Some of the fish species found here include the Fairy basslet, Sergeant major, French angelfish, Gray angelfish, Queen triggerfish, Jackknife-fish, Blue chromis, Schoolmaster snapper, Mangrove snapper, Red hind, Blacktip shark, Hawksbill sea turtle, Glassy sweeper, Squirrelfish, and numerous species of damsels and jacks.
# Mentzelia oligosperma

Mentzelia oligosperma, the stick-leaf or chickenthief, is a species of flowering plant in the family Loasaceae. It is native to the warmer parts of the west-central and central United States. A perennial reaching 50 cm (20 in), its yellow to orange flowers open in the morning and close by the early afternoon.
# Paolo Piromalli

Paolo Piromalli (1591 – 12 July 1667) was an Italian dominican missionary, theologian, orientalist and bishop.

## Biography

Paolo Piromalli was born in 1591 at Siderno (Ulterior Calabria). Having embraced the rule of St. Dominic, he devoted himself to preaching, and was in 1628 called to Rome to teach philosophy in the monastery of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Appointed in 1631 director of the missions of Major Armenia, he succeeded in gaining for the Catholic faith a number of schismatics and Eutychians, among the latter the patriarchs Cyriac and Moyse III. In 1637 he traveled through Georgia, and was twice sent to pacify in Poland the uneasiness caused by the disputes of the Armenians. In 1642 he went to Persia, remaining there ten years, and then preached the Gospel in several parts of India. In 1654 he passed over to Africa, with a view of converting infidels, but was captured by Barbary pirates, who kept him prisoner for fourteen months. Appointed archbishop of Nakhchivan (1655), he governed that Armenian Church to the close of 1664, when he was transferred to the episcopal see of Bisignano, in the kingdom of Naples. He died July 12, 1667, at Bisignano.

## Works

* Theanthropologia (Vienna, 1656).
* Apologia de duplici natura Christi (ibid. 1656).
Piromalli wrote sixteen works never printed, among which we may mention a Vocabulary and a Grammar of the Armenian language.
# Assyrtiko

Assyrtiko or Asyrtiko is a white Greek wine grape indigenous to the island of Santorini. Assyrtiko is widely planted in the arid volcanic-ash-rich soil of Santorini and other Aegean islands, such as Paros. It is also found on other scattered regions of Greece such as Chalkidiki. Assyrtiko is also being grown by the Paicines Ranch Vineyard in the San Benito AVA of California with Margins Wine making the wine, by Jim Barry Wines in Clare Valley, South Australia, at the Abbey of New Clairvaux in Northern California since 2011, and at Kefi Winery in Monroe, North Carolina by a first generation Greek family. The original Assyrtiko cuttings were imported in the USA in 1948 by Harold Olmo, grape breeder at the University of California, Davis, where they were stored until the abbey of New Clairvaux took interest in the early 2000s.
On Santorini, many old vine plantations (over 70 years of age) of Assyrtiko exist, of which many are non-grafted. These plantations have shown resistance to Phylloxera. As the only European grape vine known to be resistant to wine blight, there is speculation that the actual source of this resistance may arise from the volcanic ash in which the vines grow, and not from the vine itself.

## Wine style

The mineral profile of the grape bodes well for blending and in recent times it has been blended often with Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon and Malagousia. Assyrtiko grapes clusters are large, with transparent yellow-gold skin and juicy flesh. In the volcanic soil of Santorini, there appear to be some unique characteristics that develop in the grape variety, and therefore in the wine. One of these characteristics is that Assyrtiko does not lose its acidity even if it is very ripe. Throughout Greece, the grape is vinified to make a variety of dry and sweet wines, including Vinsanto-like musky and syrup-sweet dessert wines. In Retsina, it is often blended with the less-acidic Savatiano grape.

## Synonyms

Assyrtiko is also known under the synonyms Arcytico, Assirtico, Assyrtico, Asurtico, and Asyrtiko.
# Space Age Love Song

"Space Age Love Song" is a 1982 single released by the British band A Flock of Seagulls. It was their fourth single. Lead guitarist Paul Reynolds remarked on their 1984 video album Through the Looking Glass that, as the band could not come up with a title for the track, he suggested "Space Age Love Song" because he thought it sounded like a space age love song. The song reached the top 30 in the UK and the US in June 1982 and February 1983 respectively. The music video was directed by Tony van den Ende at Danceteria NY City.

## Background and release

Lead singer Mike Score has said of the song's meaning, "'Space Age' was just about intimacy, if you'd like. When you meet somebody there is an instant eye contact if the chemistry is right. If everything is right, you catch their eye... that whole 'across the crowded room/caught your eye' thing. The lyrics explain that: 'I saw your eyes and you made me smile.'"
A music video of the song was produced in 1982 and featured the band miming a performance of the song. The 1982 music video also took place on top of the Danceteria nightclub in New York City. The band made another video in 2018 to coincide with the release of Ascension.
In 2018, a re-recorded version of the song, featuring the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra, was released as a 5-track and 8-track special edition EP. It is the first single from the band's sixth album, Ascension.

## Uses in other media

The song is used in the second of 4 parts of Challenger: The Final Flight, "HELP!".

## Chart performance

Chart performance for "Space Age Love Song" :
| Chart (1982–1983) | Peak position |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 68 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 31 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 34 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 30 |
| US Billboard Top Tracks | 59 |
| US Cash Box | 35 |
# Atanas Bornosuzov

Atanas Bornosuzov (Bulgarian: Атанас Борносузов; born 5 October 1979) is a former Bulgarian footballer who played as a midfielder. For Bulgaria U21, Bornosuzov was capped 22 times.

## Career

Bornosuzov started to play football in Maritsa Plovdiv. After spending the first two years of his career in the little clubs Sokol Komatevo, Olimpik Teteven and Dobrudzha Dobrich, in 1999 Bornosuzov signed a contract with the Champion of Bulgaria for 1998–99 Litex Lovech. For four years in Litex he earned 106 appearances, scored 18 goals and won the 2001 Bulgarian Cup.
In January 2004, Bornosuzov transferred to Naftex Burgas for a fee of 100 000 €. One year later Atanas signed with Russian side Tom Tomsk.
In June 2006 he came to Levski Sofia. From January 2007 he played in FC Terek Grozny. On 1 July 2008 Bornosuzov signed with Al Salmiya from Kuwait. 3 months later, on 5 October, his compatriot Kiril Nikolov joined the club.
In February 2009 Bornosuzov returned to Bulgaria and signed with Cherno More Varna. For the Sailors, Bornosuzov earned 37 caps and scored 3 goals.

## Awards

* Bulgarian Championship 1998–99
* Bulgarian Cup 2001
# Atepomarus

Atepomarus or Atepomaros in Celtic Gaul was a healing god from Mauvières (Indre). Apollo was associated with this god in the form Apollo Atepomarus.
At some of Apollo's healing sanctuaries (as at Sainte-Sabine, Burgundy) small figurines of horses were associated with him.

## Names and etymology

The title also appears as Atepomerus.
Scholarship suggests the name is a compound of at- (intensifier), -epo- (the Celtic word for "horse") and -marus ("large, great"). Thus, the epithet is sometimes translated as "Great Horseman" or "possessing a great horse".
Pierre-Yves Lambert rejects his connection with horses and suggests an etymology based on *ad-tepo, related to 'protection, refuge'.

## Role
### As founder

A character named Atepomarus appears with a Momoros (fr) as a pair of Celtic kings and founders of Lugdunum. They escape from Sereroneus and arrive at a hill. Momorus, who had skills in augury, sees a murder of crows and names the hill Lougodunum, after the crows. This myth is reported in the works of Klitophon of Rhodes and in Pseudo-Plutarch's De fluviis.

### As a theonym

The name appears as a theonym attached to Graeco-Roman deities Apollo and Mercurius. An inscription of Apollo Atepomarus was found in Mauvières, tied to the Gallic tribe of the Bituriges.
# Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question

"Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question" is an essay by the Scottish essayist Thomas Carlyle. It was first published anonymously in Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country of London in December 1849, and was revised and reprinted in 1853 as a pamphlet entitled "Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question". The essay was the spark of a debate between Carlyle and John Stuart Mill. It was in this essay that Carlyle first introduced the phrase "the dismal science" to characterize the field of economics.

## Origins

The article began as a devil's advocate work with the aim of challenging what Carlyle perceived to be a hypocritical movement for the abolition of slavery in Britain. Although the slave trade had been abolished by 1807, and slavery in the British Empire by 1833, nations such as the United States, Cuba and Brazil continued to legally allow slavery. In its original publication, Carlyle presented it as a speech "delivered by we know not whom" written down by an unreliable reporter by the name of "Phelin M'Quirk" (the fictitious "Absconded Reporter"). The manuscript was supposedly sold to the publisher by M'Quirk's landlady in lieu of unpaid rent – she found it lying in his room after he ran off.
In its 1849 publication, a fictitious speaker makes various controversial points ranging from derogatory comments concerning the appearance and intelligence of black people to radical alternative solutions to the issue of slavery. These opinions had probably been gathered from his proslavery friends, including several who had spent time in the West Indies, such as his friend and fellow Scotsman John Sterling, all fused into one. The speaker suggests that the conditions on most slave ships are not nearly as awful as have been widely reported, and that many other countries are still involved in the slave trade, and that trying to stop the trade would be impossible. Additionally, he proposes that rather than simply setting the enslaved free, into a world of which they have little understanding, enslavers should be obliged to look after them like members of their families, by caring for them into old age.
Throughout the delivery of the speech to the public, M'Quirk reports that members of the audience got up and left in disgust, suggesting how Carlyle expected the essay would be received. Just as he had expected, the work met with widespread disapproval, and in the minds of many people, Carlyle's reputation was forever tarnished. Carlyle's closest friends criticized him for his stand, but rather than back down he grew contrary and isolated. In later publications, the M'Quirk framework was entirely omitted, and Carlyle expressed the opinions as if they were his own.

## Debate with John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill's reply, in the next issue of Fraser's Magazine, under the title, "The Negro question" was also published anonymously. Mill criticised Carlyle's view of human nature, the poor, and the existing power structure's complicity in societal wealth inequality. He argued that any supposedly self-defeating actions are explained by class oppression.
# Gëzim Ostreni

Gëzim Ostreni (born 1 November 1942) is a former KLA and NLA general. Ostreni is known for participating in the Kosovo War and the 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia.

## Life

Gëzim Ostreni was born in the city of Debar (Diber) in present-day North Macedonia on 1 November 1942. After finishing primary school, he also finished the school of reserve officers as well as some military courses at the Military Academy. He graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology in Pristina (Prishtina). In the military field, he served as the commander of the territorial defense in Diber. He participated in the Kosovo War and gradually started climbing up the ranks. In 2000, he was promoted to Major General. As part of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), he commanded the group's operations in the Metohija (Dukagjin) plain of western Kosovo. After the war, he served in the Kosovo Protection Corps before returning to Macedonia. Ostreni was also a military historian, having studied the Second World War partisan resistance in Macedonia. Like many ethnic Albanians, he saw no future for himself in the new Macedonian Army, whose officer corps were dominated by Macedonians. In the spring of 2001 he joined the National Liberation Army (NLA), where he united guerrilla groups from Kosovo and North Macedonia. With the start of the armed conflict in Macedonia he assumed the role of Chief of the General Staff of the National Liberation Army which was created by Albanians in North Macedonia. Until April 2001, he was also a deputy commander in the Kosovo Protection Corps. Ostreni played a prominent role in the battle of Tetovo. He cited discrimination against Albanians as a motive for participating in the conflict in Macedonia. After the Ohrid agreement was signed, he left the National Liberation Army. In June 2002, he became part of the presidium of the newly founded Democratic Union for Integration (DUI). In 3 October, he became a deputy of the Assembly of Macedonia. In 2004, he became a candidate of DUI for the presidency of the Macedonian state, but was defeated by Branko Crvenkovski and Sasko Kedev. From 2002 to 2006, he was the vice president of the Macedonian Assembly. In 2015, along with Zulfi Adeli, he created a new political party called "Unity". The party was later merged into Alliance for Albanians (AA).
# Ayesha Gulalai

Ayesha Gulalai Wazir (Urdu: عائشہ گلالئی وزیر) is a Pakistani politician who was a former Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2013 to May 2018.

## Early life and education

Ayesha Gulalai was born in FR Bannu Domel wazir and received her M.Phil degree in Islamic Studies with Major in Comparative Religion from the University of Peshawar.
After graduating, she briefly worked as a journalist at English Daily The News International. She also remained the chairperson of Tribal Union of Journalists and information secretary of FATA Reforms Committee. She is the sister of Maria Toorpakay.

## Political career

Wazir began her political career as a human rights activist from Bannu domel. She was a worker of Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) as coordinator for the women's wing in Federally Administered Tribal Areas. She also has been a member of the All Pakistan Muslim League (APML). It was reported that PPPP was considering to give her a party ticket in 2008 Pakistani general election to run for the seat of National Assembly, but she could not compete due to the restriction on the issue of age.
In 2012, she joined Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) and was nominated as a member of the PTI central committee. Wazir was indirectly elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan as a candidate of PTI on a reserved seat for women from the FATA in 2013 Pakistani general election. She became the first-ever female Member of the National Assembly from FATA as well one of the youngest members of the parliament.
She quit PTI in August 2017, accusing that the party does not guarantee respect and dignity to women. She has blamed Imran Khan for inappropriate text messages sent to her in October, 2013. She also refused to resign from the seat in the National Assembly.
In February 2018, she launched her own party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (Gulalai) (PTI-G), as a faction of PTI. The election commission of Pakistan allotted the racket as an electoral sign to PTI-G. The party supports presidential form of democracy.
For the 2018 Pakistani general election, PTI-G gave tickets to four transgender persons to contest elections.
Wazir ran for the seat of the National Assembly as a candidate of PTI-G from Constituency NA-25 (Nowshera-I), Constituency NA-53 (Islamabad-II), Constituency NA-161 (Lodhran-II) and from Constituency NA-231 (Sujawal) in 2018 Pakistani general election but was unsuccessful and lost from all four seats.
In May 2019, Gulalai asked Bilawal Bhutto Zardari to merge his party (PPP) with PTI-G as she thought it had already been reduced to one province.
In the 2018 General Elections, PTI-G could only secure 4,130 votes in National Assembly and 1,235 in Provincial Assembly. None of the party's candidates were able to win in any constituency.
On 25 May 2023, she joined PML-Q in a press conference.