# William Kentridge

William Kentridge (born 28 April 1955) is a South African artist best known for his prints, drawings, and animated films, especially noted for a sequence of hand-drawn animated films he produced during the 1990s. The latter are constructed by filming a drawing, making erasures and changes, and filming it again. He continues this process meticulously, giving each change to the drawing a quarter of a second to two seconds' screen time. A single drawing will be altered and filmed this way until the end of a scene. These palimpsest-like drawings are later displayed along with the films as finished pieces of art.
Kentridge has created art work as part of design of theatrical productions, both plays and operas. He has served as art director and overall director of numerous productions, collaborating with other artists, puppeteers and others in creating productions that combine drawings and multi-media combinations.

## Early life and career

Kentridge was born in Johannesburg in 1955 to Sydney Kentridge and Felicia Geffen, a Jewish family. Both were advocates (barristers) who represented people marginalized by the apartheid system. He was educated at King Edward VII School in Houghton, Johannesburg. He showed great artistic promise from an early age, and began taking classes with charcoal at age eight. In 2016, he became perhaps the first artist to have a catalogue raisonné devoted exclusively to his juvenilia.
He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Politics and African Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand and then a diploma in Fine Arts from the Johannesburg Art Foundation. In the early 1980s, he studied mime and theatre at the L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq in Paris. He originally hoped to become an actor, but said later: "I was fortunate to discover at a theatre school that I was so bad at being an actor [... that] I was reduced to an artist, and I made my peace with it." Between 1975 and 1991, he was acting and directing with Johannesburg's Junction Avenue Theatre Company. In the 1980s, he worked on television films and series as an art director.

## Work

Kentridge believed that being ethnically Jewish gave him a unique position as a third-party observer in South Africa. His parents were lawyers, well-known for their defence of victims of apartheid. The basics of South Africa's socio-political condition and history must be known to grasp his work fully, much the same as in the cases of such artists as Francisco Goya and Käthe Kollwitz.
Kentridge has practiced expressionist art, where form often alludes to content and vice versa. The feeling that is manipulated by the use of palette, composition and media, among others, often plays an equally vital role in the overall meaning as the subject and narrative of a given work. One must use one's gut reactions as well as one's interpretive skills to find meaning in Kentridge's work, much of which reveals very little content. Due to the sparse, rough and expressive qualities of Kentridge's handwriting, the viewer sees a sombre picture upon first glance, an impression that is perpetuated as the image illustrates a vulnerable and uncomfortable situation.
Aspects of social injustice that have transpired over the years in South Africa have often become fodder for Kentridge's pieces. Casspirs Full of Love, viewable at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, appears to be nothing more than heads in boxes to the average American viewer, but South Africans know that a casspir is a vehicle used to put down riots, a kind of a crowd-control tank.
The title, Casspirs Full of Love, written along the side of the print, is suggestive of the narrative and is oxymoronic. A casspir full of love is much like a bomb that bursts with happiness – it is an intangible improbability. The purpose of a machine such as this is to instil "peace" by force, but Kentridge noted that it was used as a tool to keep lower-class natives from taking colonial power and money.

### Prints and drawings

By the mid-1970s, Kentridge was making prints and drawings. In 1979, he created 20 to 30 monotypes, which soon became known as the "Pit" series. In 1980, he executed about 50 small-format etchings which he called the "Domestic Scenes". These two extraordinary groups of prints served to establish Kentridge's artistic identity, an identity he has continued to develop in various media. Despite his ongoing exploration of non-traditional media, the foundation of his art has always been drawing and printmaking.
In 1986, he began a group of charcoal and pastel drawings based, very tenuously, on Watteau's The Embarkation for Cythera. These extremely important works, the best of which reflect a blasted, dystopic urban landscape, demonstrate the artist's growing consciousness of the flexibility of space and movement.
In 1996–1997, he produced a portfolio of eight prints titled Ubu Tells the Truth, based on Alfred Jarry's 1896 play Ubu Roi. These prints also relate to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission conducted in South Africa after the end of apartheid. One of the stark and somber prints from this portfolio, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, is illustrated.
The Six Drawing Lessons, delivered as part of The Norton Lectures series at Harvard University in 2012, consider the work in the studio and the studio as a place of making meaning developed. A series of large drawings of trees in Indian ink on found encyclopedia pages, torn up and reassembled, analyzes the form of different trees indigenous to southern Africa. Drawn across multiple pages from books, each drawing is put together as a puzzle – the single pages first painted, then the whole pieced together.
"My drawings don't start with a 'beautiful mark'," writes Kentridge, thinking about the activity of printmaking as being about getting the hand to lead the brain, rather than letting the brain lead the hand. "It has to be a mark of something out there in the world. It doesn't have to be an accurate drawing, but it has to stand for an observation, not something that is abstract, like an emotion."

### Animated films

Between 1989 and 2003, Kentridge made a series of nine short films, which he eventually gathered under the title 9 Drawings for Projection. In 1989, he began the first of those animated movies, Johannesburg, 2nd Greatest City After Paris. The series runs through Monument (1990), Mine (1991), Sobriety, Obesity & Growing Old (1991), Felix in Exile (1994), History of the Main Complaint (1996), Weighing and Wanting (1997), and Stereoscope (1999), up to Tide Table (2003) and Other Faces (2011).
For the series, he used a technique that would become a feature of his work – successive charcoal drawings, always on the same sheet of paper, contrary to the traditional animation technique in which each movement is drawn on a separate sheet. In this way, Kentridge's videos and films came to keep the traces of the previous drawings. His animations deal with political and social themes from a personal and, at times, autobiographical point of view, since the author includes his self-portrait in many of his works.
The political content and unique techniques of Kentridge's work have propelled him into the realm of South Africa's top artists. Working with what is in essence a very restrictive media, using only charcoal and a touch of blue or red pastel, he has created animations of astounding depth. A theme running through all of his work is his peculiar way of representing his birthplace. While he does not portray it as the militant or oppressive place that it was for black people, he does not emphasise the picturesque state of living that white people enjoyed during apartheid either; he presents instead a city in which the duality of man is exposed. In a series of nine short films, he introduces two characters – Soho Eckstein and Felix Teitlebaum. These characters depict an emotional and political struggle that ultimately reflects the lives of many South Africans in the pre-democracy era.
In an introductory note to Felix In Exile, Kentridge writes,
   "In the same way that there is a human act of dismembering the past there is a natural process in the terrain through erosion, growth, dilapidation that also seeks to blot out events. In South Africa this process has other dimensions. The very term 'new South Africa' has within it the idea of a painting over the old, the natural process of dismembering, the naturalization of things new."
Not only in Felix In Exile but in all his animated works, the concepts of time and change comprise a major theme. He conveys it through his erasure technique, which contrasts with conventional cel-shaded animation, whose seamlessness de-emphasizes the fact that it is actually a succession of hand-drawn images. This he implements by drawing a key frame, erasing certain areas of it, re-drawing them and thus creating the next frame. He is able in this way to create as many frames as he wants based on the original key frame simply by erasing small sections. Traces of what has been erased are still visible to the viewer; as the films unfold, a sense of fading memory or the passing of time and the traces it leaves behind are portrayed. Kentridge's technique grapples with what is not said, what remains suppressed or forgotten but can easily be felt.
In the nine films that follow Soho Eckstein's life, an increasing vehemence is placed on the health of the individual and contemporary South African society. Conflicts between anarchic and bourgeois individualistic beliefs, again a reference to the duality of man, indicate the idea of social revolution by poetically disfiguring surrounding buildings and landscapes. Kentridge states that, although his work does not focus on apartheid in a direct and overt manner, but on the contemporary state of Johannesburg, his drawings and films are certainly influenced by the brutalised society that resulted from the regime.
As for more direct political issues, Kentridge says his art presents ambiguity, contradiction, uncompleted movements and uncertain endings, all of which seem like insignificant subtleties but can be attributed to most of the calamity presented in his work. In a mixed-media triptych entitled The Boating Party (1985), based on Renoir's painting of a similar name, the havoc caused by a seemingly-uninterested aristocracy is perhaps his most severe comment on the state of South Africa during apartheid. The languid diners sit at ease while the surrounding area is ravaged, torn and burned, a contrast that is reflected in his style and choice of colours.
In 1988, Kentridge co-founded Free Film-makers Co-Operative in Johannesburg. In 1999, he was appointed a film-maker by Stereoscope.
   "Purely in the context of my own work," he wrote in a published playscript of his celebrated Ubu and the Truth Commission, "I would repeat my trust in the contingent, the inauthentic, the whim, the practical, as strategies for finding meaning. I would repeat my mistrust in the worth of Good Ideas. And state a belief that somewhere between relying on pure chance on the one hand, and the execution of a programme on the other, lies the most uncertain but the most fertile ground for the work we do [...]. I think I have shown that it is not the clear light of reason or even aesthetic sensibility which determines how one works, but a constellation of factors only some of which we can change at will."
In 2001, Creative Time aired his film Shadow Procession on the NBC Astrovision Panasonic screen in Times Square.

### Opera

Kentridge has been commissioned to create stage design and act as a theatre director in opera. His political perspective is expressed in his opera directions, which involves different layers: stage direction, animation movies, and influences of the puppet world. He has staged Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (Monteverdi), Die Zauberflöte (Mozart) and The Nose (Shostakovich). Following the last work, he collaborated with the French composer François Sarhan on a short show called Telegrams from the Nose, for which he made the stage and set design for the performance.
In November 2015 his "provocative and visually stunning new staging" of Berg's Lulu, premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, a co-production with the English National Opera and the Dutch National Opera. On 8 August 2017, William Kentridge's Wozzeck (Alban Berg) premiered at the Salzburg Festival and received enthusiastic reactions.
In 2023, Kentridge received the Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in Opera for the production of 'Sybil' at the Barbican Theatre, London.

### Tapestries

Kentridge's protean artistic investigation continues in his series of tapestries begun in 2001. The tapestries stem from a series of drawings in which he conjured shadowy figures from ripped construction paper; he made a collage of these with the web-like background of nineteenth-century atlas maps. To adapt these figures as tapestry, Kentridge worked in close collaboration with the Johannesburg-based Stephens Tapestry Studio, mapping cartoons from enlarged photographs of the drawings and hand-picking dyes to colour the locally spun mohair (goat hair).

### Sculpture

In 2009, Kentridge, in partnership with Gerhard Marx, created a 10m-tall sculpture for his home city of Johannesburg entitled Fire Walker. In 2012 his sculpture, Il cavaliere di Toledo, was unveiled in Naples. Rebus (2013), referring in title to the allusional device using pictures to represent words or parts of words, is a series of bronze sculptures that form two distinct images when turned to a certain angle; when paired in correspondence, for example, a final image – a nude – is created from two original forms – a stamp and a telephone.

### Murals

In 2016, the anniversary of Rome's legendary founding in 753BC, Kentridge unveiled Triumphs and Laments, a monumental mural along the right bank of the river Tiber. The 550m-long frieze depicting a procession of more than 80 figures from Roman mythology to the present is Kentridge’s largest public work to date. To celebrate its launch, he and his long-time collaborator, the composer Philip Miller, devised a series of performances featuring live shadow play and more than 40 musicians.

## Family

Kentridge is married to Anne Stanwix, a rheumatologist, and they have three children. A third-generation South African of Lithuanian-Jewish heritage, he is the son of the South African lawyer Sydney Kentridge and the lawyer and activist Felicia Kentridge.

## Films

| 1989 Johannesburg, 2nd Greatest City After Paris (part of the Drawings for Projection) 1990 Monument (part of the Drawings for Projection) 1991 Mine (part of the Drawings for Projection) 1991 Sobriety, Obesity & Growing Old (part of the Drawings for Projection) 1994 Felix in Exile (part of the Drawings for Projection) 1996 History of the Main Complaint (part of the Drawings for Projection) 1996–97 Ubu Tells the Truth | 1998 Weighing... and Wanting (part of the Drawings for Projection) 1999 Stereoscope (part of the Drawings for Projection) 1999 Shadow Procession 2001 Medicine Chest 2003 Automatic Writing 2003 Tide Table (part of the Drawings for Projection) 2003 Journey to the Moon 2009 Kentridge and Dumas in Conversation 2011 Other Faces (part of the Drawings for Projection) 2015 Notes Toward a Model Opera |
Kentridge's films were shown at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.

## Exhibitions

* 1997 Documenta X, Kassel
* 1998 São Paulo Biennial
* 1998 The Drawing Center, New York
* 1999 Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art
* 1999 Venice Biennial
* 1999 Carnegie International
* 2000 Bienal de la Habana, Havana
* 2000 Artlook South Africa, Gahlberg Gallery, College of DuPage
* 2002 Documenta 11, Kassel, Germany
* 2003 Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg
* 2003 Spacex Gallery, Exeter
* 2004 Metropolitan Museum, New York
* 2005 Musée d'art Contemporain, Montreal
* 2006 Johannesburg Art Gallery
* 2006 Salzburg Museum der Moderne
* 2006 Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey
* 2006 Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago
* 2007 Smith College Art Museum
* 2007 Museum of Modern Art, New York
* 2007 University of Brighton Gallery
* 2007 Bienal do Mercosul, Porto Alegre
* 2008 Williams College Museum of Art
* 2008 Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia
* 2008 Biennale of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
* 2008 William Kentridge Seeing Double, Marian Goodman Gallery, New York
* 2009 Chicago Museum of Contemporary Art
* 2009 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
* 2009 Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth
* 2009 Henry Art Gallery, Seattle
* 2009 The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto
* 2009 The Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach
* 2010 Museum of Modern Art, New York
* 2010 The Jewish Museum (New York), New York
* 2010 Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, Hiroshima
* 2010 Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center
* 2010 Jeu de Paume, Paris; In parallel with the Five Themes exhibition at the Jeu de Paume in Paris (2010), the artist was featured at the Louvre. The Louvre show, Carnets d'Egypte, included drawings of the artist, presented next to works from the museum collections, and videos shown in Louis XIVth’s bed.
* 2010 Louvre, Paris
* 2010 William Kentridge: Five Themes, Albertina Museum
* 2011 Israel Museum, Jerusalem
* 2011 MOMA, New York City
* 2011 MACO, Oaxaca
* 2011 Garage Center for Contemporary Culture, Moscow
* 2011 Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
* 2012 Australian Centre for the Moving Image, Melbourne
* 2012 Jewish History Museum, Amsterdam
* 2012 Documenta (13), Kassel
* 2012 Instituto Moreira Salles, Rio de Janeiro
* 2013 Volte Gallery, Mumbai
* 2013 mac, Birmingham
* 2013 MAXXI, Rome
* 2013 Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo
* 2014 Fortune: Banco de la República
* 2015 William Kentridge: Tapestries, Kewening Galerie
* 2015 EYE Film Institute Netherlands, Amsterdam: If We Ever Get To Heaven (till 31 August)
* 2015 Haus Konstruktiv, Zürich: William Kentridge – The Nose (4 June to 6 September)
* 2015 Royal Academy Summer show
* 2016 Whitechapel Gallery – Thick Time (21 September 2016 to 15 January 2017)
* 2017 Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Denmark
* 2017 Museum der Moderne Salzburg, – Thick Time (29 July – 5 November 2017)
* 2017 Performa 17, New York
* 2017/18 Old St. John's Hospital/Memlingmuseum, Bruges: Smoke, Ashes Fable
* 2018 Liebieghaus, Frankfurt: O Sentimental Machine
* 2018/19 Centro de las Artes de San Agustín (CaSa), Oaxaca: "More Sweetly Play the Dance" (Opened 4 November 2018)
* 2020–2021 Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (CCCB), Barcelona: El que no està dibuixat ("That Which is Not Drawn") (9 October 2020 — 21 February 2021). Large retrospective including drawings, large-format tapestries, the audiovisual installation More Sweetly Play the Dance and the full series of 11 short animation films, Drawings for Projection. CCCB’s exhibit has been the first place in Europe to premiere Kentridge’s latest film, City Deep.
* 2022 M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum, Kaunas "That Which We Do Not Remember", part of Kaunas European capital of culture 2022 program.
* 2022 Royal Academy, London William Kentridge
* 2024 Taipei Fine Arts Museum William Kentridge
* 2024 Sharjah Art Foundation

## Collections

Kentridge's works are included in the following permanent collections: Honolulu Museum of Art, the Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, the Museum of Modern Art (New York), and the Tate Modern (London). An edition of the five-channel video installation The Refusal of Time (2012), which debuted at documenta 13, was jointly acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. In 2015, Kentridge gave the definitive collection of his archive and art – films, videos and digital works – to the George Eastman Museum, one of the world's largest and oldest photography and film collections.

## Awards

| 1982 Red Ribbon Award for Short Fiction 1986 Market Theatre Award for New Vision exhibition 1986 AA vita Award at Cassirer fine Art 1987 Standard Bank Young Artist Award 1992 Woyzeck on the Highveld awards for production, set design & direction 1994 Loerie Award memo 1999 Carnegie Prize at Carnegie International 2003 Goslarer Kaiserring | 2004 Honorary Doctor of Literature from the University of the Witwatersrand 2006 Jesse L Rosenberger Medal from the University of Chicago 2010 Kyoto Prize 2012 Dan David Prize 2013 Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres 2021 Honorary Doctor of Vrije Universiteit Brussel 2022 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Columbia University |
* 2024 William Kentridge was awarded the prestigious International Folkwang Prize in recognition of his transformative impact on the arts and culture.
Kentridge's Five Themes exhibit was included in the 2009 Time 100, an annual list of the one hundred top people and events in the world. That same year, the exhibition was awarded First Place in the 2009 AICA (International Association of Art Critics Awards) Best Monographic Museum Show Nationally category.
In 2012, Kentridge was in residence at Harvard University invited to deliver the distinguished Charles Eliot Norton lectures in early 2012. That same year, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

## Art market

Kentridge's artworks are among the most sought-after and expensive works in South Africa: "a major charcoal drawing by world-renowned South African artist William Kentridge could set you back some £250,000". Kentridge is represented by Goodman Gallery, Lia Rumma Gallery and Hauser & Wirth (since 2024). From 1999 to 2024, he worked with Marian Goodman Gallery.
The South African record for Kentridge is R6.6 million ($320,000), set at Aspire Art Auctions in Johannesburg in 2018. One of his bronze pieces reached $1.5 million at Sotheby's New York in 2013.