OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Watterson estimator

In population genetics, the Watterson estimator is a method for describing the genetic diversity in a population. It was developed by Margaret Wu and G. A. Watterson in the 1970s. It is estimated by counting the number of polymorphic sites. It is a measure of the "population mutation rate" (the product of the effective population size and the neutral mutation rate) from the observed nucleotide diversity of a population. $\theta =4N_{e}\mu$, where $N_{e}$ is the effective population size and $\mu$ is the per-generation mutation rate of the population of interest (Watterson (1975) ). The assumptions made are that there is a sample of $n$ haploid individuals from the population of interest with effective size $N_{e}$, that $n\ll N_{e}$, and that there are infinitely many sites capable of varying (so that mutations never overlay or reverse one another). Because the number of segregating sites counted will increase with the number of sequences looked at, the correction factor $a_{n}$ is used.
The estimate of $\theta$, often denoted as ${\widehat {\theta \,}}_{w}$, is
    ${\widehat {\theta \,}}_{w}={K \over a_{n}},$
where $K$ is the number of segregating sites (an example of a segregating site would be a single-nucleotide polymorphism) in the sample and
    $a_{n}=\sum _{i=1}^{n-1}{1 \over i}$
is the $(n-1)$th harmonic number.
This estimate is based on coalescent theory. Watterson's estimator is commonly used for its simplicity. When its assumptions are met, the estimator is unbiased and the variance of the estimator decreases with increasing sample size or recombination rate. However, the estimator can be biased by population structure. For example, ${\widehat {\theta \,}}_{w}$ is downwardly biased in an exponentially growing population. It can also be biased by violation of the infinite-sites mutational model; if multiple mutations can overwrite one another, Watterson's estimator will be biased downward.
Comparing the value of the Watterson's estimator, to nucleotide diversity is the basis of Tajima's D which allows inference of the evolutionary regime of a given locus.
# Bill Neely (American football)

William Daniel Neely Jr. (June 22, 1887 – May 16, 1965) was a college football player.

## Early years

William, Jr. was born on June 22, 1887, in Smyrna, Tennessee, to William Daniel Neely, Sr. and Mary Elizabeth Gooch. His father William died of sunstroke in 1900. His brother Jess Neely was a College Football Hall of Fame coach and captain of the undefeated 1922 Vanderbilt Commodores football team.

## Vanderbilt University

He was a prominent end and halfback for Dan McGugin's Vanderbilt Commodores football teams. Bill also lettered for the Vanderbilt basketball team.

### Football
#### 1910

He was captain of the undefeated and SIAA champion 1910 team, led as well by the likes of W. E. Metzger and Ray Morrison. That team managed a scoreless tie with defending national champion Yale. Neely recalled the event: "The score tells the story a good deal better than I can. All I want to say is that I never saw a football team fight any harder at every point than Vanderbilt fought today – line, ends, and backfield. We went in to give Yale the best we had and I think we about did it." Neely was selected for the College Football All-Southern team.

## Later years

He was a schoolteacher, a member of the board of directors of the Rutherford County Creamery and manager of the Production Credit Association of Springfield.
# Slovenská Ves

Slovenská Ves (Hungarian: Szepestótfalu; German: Windschendorf; Rusyn: Словенска Вес) is a village and municipality in Kežmarok District in the Prešov Region of north Slovakia.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 650 metres and covers an area of 22.4 km$^2$. It has a population of 1862 inhabitants. It is located under the largest mountain in middle Europe called the Tatras, surrounded by lush forests, with a lot of natural wells, rich in mushrooms and berries, being as a living space for wild animals as a bear, deer or fox.

## History

In historical records, the village was first mentioned in 1311. Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, Slovenská Ves was part of Szepes County within the Kingdom of Hungary. From 1939 to 1945, it was part of the Slovak Republic. On 27 January 1945, the Red Army dislodged the Wehrmacht from Slovenská Ves in the course of the Western Carpathian offensive and it was once again part of Czechoslovakia.
The main employment of the village population since its establishment was agricultural manufacture. The main crops were and still are wheat and potatoes. Because of large meadows on mountain roots, a sheep breeding was the next favorite activity.

## Gallery

* View of the Tatra Mountains from this village
* View on The Tatras Mountains from the village entry
* View on a ski slope near the village
* Jewish cemetery near the village

## Economy and infrastructure

In the village there are several sport clubs, like table tennis, or football. In Slovenská Ves there is also a ski lift and a gym hall. Gothic Roman Catholic church and a classistic manor house are the most important cultural attractions for sightseeing.
Near the village is located a Jewish cemetery which was being built before the second world war. It was restored few years ago and now serves as a worth memory for the next generations.
The area of the village location is called Spiš which isn't very densely populated. This is a big advantage for people enjoying free space and fresh air. The closest bigger city (population ↑15k) is 12 km far away, the village is a crossroad to the Tatras and to Poland.
# Steven Fox (golfer)

Steven Fox (born January 14, 1991) is an American professional golfer who won the 2012 U.S. Amateur.
Fox was born in Greenville, South Carolina. He attended Hendersonville High School in Hendersonville, Tennessee and the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Fox won the 2012 U.S. Amateur at Cherry Hills Country Club on the 37th hole after being down two with two holes to play. Fox was the 63rd player to qualify for match play. He had to survive a 17-man playoff for 14 spots in stroke play to qualify for the match play of the U.S. Amateur. With the win, Fox qualified for the 2013 Masters Tournament, 2013 U.S. Open, and 2013 Open Championship where he missed the cut at all three events.
Fox won the Tennessee State Amateur in August 2013.
Fox turned professional in September 2013.
He played on the Web.com Tour in 2016 after earning his tour card through qualifying school and playing on that tour in 2014. In 2016 he finished 128th in the rankings, playing 20 tournaments, and did not return in 2017.

## Professional wins

* 2014 Tennessee Open

## Results in major championships

| Tournament | 2013 |
| Masters Tournament | CUT |
| U.S. Open | CUT |
| The Open Championship | CUT |
| PGA Championship | |
CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied

## U.S. national team appearances

Amateur
* Eisenhower Trophy: 2012 (winners)
# Chase Bliss Audio

Chase Bliss is a Minnesota-based company that makes high-end electronic audio processors, known as effects pedals, used for the electric guitar, synthesizer, or for manipulating audio in a recording studio.

## History

Chase Bliss was founded in 2013 by Joel Korte in Anoka, Minnesota. The company is named after the founder's brother, Chase Korte, who died in 2007 after his car was struck by a drunk driver, and after a favourite quote of Chase's, "Follow Your Bliss" by Joseph Campbell.

## Pedals

Chase Bliss released the Warped Vinyl, its first pedal, at the end of 2013. The company's pedals contain multiple circuit boards and are manufactured in Minnesota and California. Premiere Guitar wrote of the pedals that they “are notable for their kitchen-sink approach—analog guts, digital brains, multiple knobs and toggles, and a bevy of DIP switches—with no parameter left untweakable.” Each has an analog signal path, controlled by digital microprocessors. Bands that have used the pedals include Nine Inch Nails, A-ha, Soul Asylum, and Radiohead.
In addition to the Warped Vinyl pedal and its predecessors, several other pedals have been produced by the company. In 2014 they released the Wombtone phaser pedal, in 2015 they released the Gravitas and the Spectre flanger pedal. In 2016 the company then released the Tonal Recall delay pedal. In 2017 the company released the Brothers pedal. Additionally, in 2018 they released the Thermae delay and harmonization pedal, and the Condor analog EQ pedal.

### Stompboxes

Most Chase Bliss units are in the familiar stompbox format, playing off of the tradition of effect pedals being in a rectangular chassis designed to be toggled by the musician's feet. Similar to guitar pedal giant BOSS, Chase Bliss tends to fit their different units into the same chassis, providing a format that is unique to their brand. This format consists of 6 knobs, 4 toggle switches, two foot-switchable buttons, an input, an output, CV/ expression pedal input, and MIDI input. Another feature unique to Chase Bliss are the DIP switches at the top of the stompbox. These are used to change, automate, or reverse the values of knobs.
In January 2019, at the 2019 NAMM Show, Chase Bliss revealed their plans on releasing the first of a new line of pedal format that they called the Automatone, called the Preamp mkii, a collaboration with Benson Amps.

## Notable Users

* Tycho: Dark World, Thermae, Condor, Warped Vinyl, Tonal Recall, Brothers, Gravitas, Wombtone
* Ed O'Brien (Radiohead): Tonal Recall RKM
* John Mayer: Tonal Recall, Warped Vinyl
* Kid Koala: Condor
* Tony Berg: Brothers, Tonal Recall, Warped Vinyl, Dark World, Thermae, Mood, Condor, Gravitas
# James Wilhoit

James Howell Wilhoit II (born June 30, 1983) was the placekicker for the University of Tennessee football team between 2003 and 2006.

## High school

Wilhoit attended Hendersonville High School in Hendersonville, Tennessee where he received All-American honors from PARADE, PrepStar, SuperPrep, Student Sports and Borderwars.com.

## College

Wilhoit redshirted his freshman year, but went on to become a four-year starter at Tennessee where he handled field goal and extra point attempts and kickoffs. Wilhoit was known for ability to make field goals in the clutch during his four-year career. When he left Tennessee he was the second leading scorer in school history. His last-minute field goals included a 50-yard field goal with 6 seconds left to give Tennessee to a 30–28 victory over Florida in 2004. Earlier in the quarter he missed an extra point that would have tied the game. Wilhoit ranks in the all-time top five in several kicking categories at UT. He made 59 of 82 field goal attempts (72%) and kicked 47% of his kickoffs for touchbacks during his career. He became the 2nd all-time leading scorer at Tennessee with 325 points. He led the SEC in scoring with 96 points in 2006 and was ranked 7th in SEC history.

## Professional football career

Wilhoit was not selected in the 2007 NFL draft, but signed with the Baltimore Ravens as a rookie free agent on May 4, 2007. He was later released from the team in July shortly before the 2007 NFL preseason began. In late 2007, Wilhoit signed with the New All American Football League that never played a game. He helped promote the league by doing several autograph signings. He also played for the Kansas City Command of the Arena Football League in 2012, converting 8 of 21 field goal attempts and 62 of 77 extra point attempts.

## Currently

Wilhoit recently studied under Special Teams Coach Gary Zauner for six months to learn his kicking and punting techniques. In addition to Coach Zauner, he has trained under Coach Bill Renner in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

## Honors

* 2006 Lou Groza Place Kicker Award (semifinalist)
* 2006 All-SEC
* 2005 Academic All-SEC
* SEC Special Teams Player of the Week (September 18, 2004)
* 2004 Academic All-SEC
* 2003 Freshman All-America Scripps Howard/FWAA and The Sporting News (2nd)
* 2003 Freshman All-SEC
* SEC Freshman Academic Honor Roll
# Genetic admixture

Genetic admixture occurs when previously isolated populations interbreed resulting in a population that is descended from multiple sources. It can occur between species, such as with hybrids, or within species, such as when geographically distant individuals migrate to new regions. It results in gene pool that is a mix of the source populations.

## Examples

Climatic cycles facilitate genetic admixture in cold periods and genetic diversification in warm periods. Natural flooding can cause genetic admixture within populations of migrating fish species. Genetic admixture may have an important role for the success of populations that colonise a new area and interbreed with individuals of native populations.

## Mapping

Admixture mapping is a method of gene mapping that uses a population of mixed ancestry (an admixed population) to find the genetic loci that contribute to differences in diseases or other phenotypes found between the different ancestral populations. The method is best applied to populations with recent admixture from two populations that were previously genetically isolated. The method attempts to correlate the degree of ancestry near a genetic locus with the phenotype or disease of interest. Genetic markers that differ in frequency between the ancestral populations are needed across the genome.
Admixture mapping is based on the assumption that differences in disease rates or phenotypes are due in part to differences in the frequencies of disease-causing or phenotype-causing genetic variants between populations. In an admixed population, these causal variants occur more frequently on chromosomal segments inherited from one or another ancestral population. The first admixture scans were published in 2005 and since then genetic contributors to a variety of disease and trait differences have been mapped. By 2010, high-density mapping panels had been constructed for African Americans, Latino/Hispanics, and Uyghurs.
# Holger Kirschke

Holger Kirschke (15 November 1947 – 4 July 2019) was a German swimmer. He competed in the men's 1500 metre freestyle at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes

The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes is a world music compilation album originally released in 1996. Part of the World Music Network Rough Guides series, the album features the music of the Andes Mountains of South America, focusing especially on the music of Bolivia, whose musicians contributed eleven tracks. Also featured are Peru (three tracks) and Chile (two tracks). The compilation was produced by Phil Stanton, co-founder of the World Music Network.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Adam Greenberg of AllMusic gave the album four stars, calling it a "good starting point", containing "every style the producers can find" from the region. Michaelangelo Matos, writing for the Chicago Reader, described the release as "folkie" and "pretty", but that it should be listened to in small doses by anyone but "panpipe addicts".
# Amar de Nuevo (album)

Amar De Nuevo (lit: Love again) is a 1998 album by Chilean Group Inti-Illimani, in which they explore the heritage of Latin American Creole music. It is the eighth studio album by Inti-Illimani.

## Track listing

* Antes De Amar De Nuevo
* Esta Eterna Costumbre
* La Fiesta Eres Tu
* La Indiferencia
* Negra Presuntuosa
* Entre Amor
* El Faro
* La Sombra
* La Carta Del Adios
* La Negrita
* Corrido De La Soberbia
# Zieglerodina

Zieglerodina is an extinct conodont genus in the family Spathognathodontidae.
The generic name is a tribute to Willi Ziegler.
# Vagif Sadigov

Vaqif Sadıqov (born 2 November 1956) is an Azerbaijani diplomat currently serving as Azerbaijan's Ambassador to Belgium and the European Union.

## Background and education

Vaqif Sadıqov was born in Baku, Azerbaijan. He is married with two children. Vaqif Sadıqov was educated at the Azerbaijani Institute of Foreign Languages and obtained a master's degree in linguistics in 1978 and PhD degree in linguistics in 1986.

## Career

After completing his PhD degree, Vaqif Sadıqov was appointed an assistant professor in the Azerbaijani Institute of Foreign Languages, where he served until 1991. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1992 and became the head of the political-military affairs division from 1993 to 1995 when he was appointed Azerbaijan's Ambassador to Austria, and Permanent Representative to the United Nations Office at Vienna, UNIDO, and OSCE. He served as Permanent Representative to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization from 1998 to 2004, and to the International Atomic Energy Agency from 2001 to 2004. He participated in the negotiations on the adapted CFE Treaty and development of new CSBMs, the OSCE Charter for European Security, and the UN Conventions against Transnational Organized Crime and against Corruption.
Vaqif Sadıqov was appointed Deputy Foreign Minister in 2004 with a portfolio covering Azerbaijan's relations with the UNESCO and the Organization of the Islamic Conference. ln 2010, he was appointed Azerbaijan's Ambassador to Italy and served simultaneously as Permanent Representative to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, World Food Programme, International Fund for Agricultural Development based in Rome. He was also accredited as the ambassador to Malta and San Marino.
In 2016 - 2021, he served as the Permanent Representative to the United Nations Office at Geneva. In that period, he participated in many UN conferences and events on human rights, migration, labour issues, humanitarian law, development. During that period, Vaqif Sadıqov was elected ILO Government Group chairperson, UNCTAD Trade and Development Board vice-president, and chairman of UNECE 2020 Regional Forum on Sustainable Development. Since 2019 when Azerbaijan assumed the chairmanship in the Non-Aligned Movement, Vaqif Sadıqov became a chairman of the NAM's Geneva Chapter. Since 2021, Vaqif Sadıqov has been Azerbaijan's ambassador to Belgium, and also the ambassador to Luxembourg, and Head of the Mission to the European Union.
# Lisa Michelson

Lisa Paulette Michelson (March 31, 1958 – September 14, 1991) was an American voice actress. She was best known for providing the voices of Satsuki Kusakabe in the Streamline Pictures dub of My Neighbor Totoro and Kiki in the Streamline dub of Kiki's Delivery Service.
She also provided the voices for Rasa in The World of the Talisman, Addy in Zillion, the Android Girl in the "Presence" segment of Robot Carnival and additional voices in Fist of the North Star Movie.
She was sometimes credited as or Lisa Michaelson or Lisa Snegoff. She was married to Gregory Snegoff until her death sustained in a car accident in Los Angeles, California on September 14, 1991. The end credits of the American localization of Robot Carnival are dedicated to her.

## Filmography

* My Neighbor Totoro (1988, Satsuki Kusakabe) (Streamline Pictures)
* Kiki's Delivery Service (1989, Kiki) (Streamline Pictures)
* Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics (1989) - Nana Doris (Snow White), Josephine (Bluebeard), Princess Alea (The Coat of Many Colors) (Saban Entertainment)
* Mama's Family (November 25, 1989 as Snake) in Ep. 120 "Bubba's House Band"
# Swati Khandoker

Swati Khandoker is an Indian politician. She was elected to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Chanditala as a member of the All India Trinamool Congress.
# NSB Class 30

The NSB class 30 was a 4-6-0 tender steam locomotive formerly used in Norway by Norwegian State Railways. The class 30 engines were an upsized version of the NSB Class 45 engines. Class 30 locomotives were originally intended for use on the Dovre Line, but they were employed throughout the Norwegian rail network. The first of these engines were produced in 1914, the last in 1939.
A total of 45 type 30 engines were completed by Thune which produced 22 engines, and NMI which produced 23 engines. The type 30 was produced in three versions. Class 30a had four cylinder high pressure engine, while class 30b and 30c were compound engines. 18 units were made of the lightest version the 30a (numbered 256-258, 271-282, and 316-318), there were 23 units of the 30b (numbered 346-368), while 4 units were made of the heaviest version, the 30c (numbered 466 to 469). The last class 30 engines were withdrawn from service in 1969. However, engine no. 271 was preserved by the Norwegian Railway Club, and has been used by their department Norsk Museumstog for heritage trains on lines like the Rauma Line.

## Incident

* Two NSB class 30b engines, no. 364 and no. 365, double-headed to haul one of the trains involved in the Nidareid train disaster in 1921.
# IC 10

IC 10 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Cassiopeia. It was discovered by Lewis Swift in 1887 and in 1935 Nicholas Mayall became the first to suggest that the object is extragalactic. Edwin Hubble suspected it might belong to the Local Group of galaxies, but its status remained uncertain for decades. The radial velocity of IC 10 was measured in 1962, and it was found to be approaching the Milky Way at approximately 350 km/s, strengthening the evidence for its membership in the Local Group. Its membership in the group was finally confirmed in 1996 by direct measurements of its distance based on observations of Cepheids; most estimates place the galaxy 2–3 million light years from Earth, with some estimates ranging from 1.5–4.5 million light years. Despite its closeness, the galaxy is rather difficult to study because it lies near the plane of the Milky Way and is therefore heavily obscured by interstellar matter.
The apparent distance between IC 10 and the Andromeda Galaxy is about the same as the apparent distance between the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy, which suggests that IC 10 may belong to the M31 subgroup.
IC 10 is the only known starburst galaxy in the Local Group of galaxies; it has many more Wolf–Rayet stars per square kiloparsec (5.1 stars/kpc$^2$) than the Large Magellanic Cloud (2.0 stars/kpc$^2$) or the Small Magellanic Cloud (0.9 stars/kpc$^2$). Although the galaxy has a luminosity similar to the SMC, it is considerably smaller, with an estimated diameter of around 5000 light years. Its higher metallicity compared to the SMC suggests that star formation activity has continued for a longer time period. The H II regions in IC 10 have all formed recently, within the last 10 Myr. The evolutionary status of the Wolf–Rayet stars suggests that they all formed in a relatively short timespan. The ratio between the two types of Wolf–Rayet stars (WC stars and WN stars) in IC 10 is very different from the ratio in other galaxies in the Local Group, which may be somehow due to the starburst nature of the galaxy. Currently, the galaxy produces stars at the rate of 0.04–0.08 solar masses per year, which means that the gas supply in the galaxy can last for only a few billion years longer.
Observations of IC 10 in the far-infrared show that the dust in this mild starburst galaxy is deficient in small grains. It is hypothesized that any small grains that formerly existed were destroyed by strong ultraviolet radiation in the areas around the hot luminous stars that were formed in the galaxy's recent burst of star formation.
The galaxy has a huge envelope of hydrogen gas, with an apparent size measuring 68′ × 80′, which is far larger than the apparent size of the galaxy in visible light (5.5′ × 7.0′). IC 10 is also unusual in the respect that the visible part of the galaxy seems to rotate in a different direction than the outer envelope. It has an H II nucleus.

## Gallery

* IC 10 taken by Hubble
# Nielub

Nielub is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wąbrzeźno, within Wąbrzeźno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Wąbrzeźno and 33 km (21 mi) north-east of Toruń.
During the occupation of Poland (World War II), on October 17, 1939, the Germans carried out a massacre of Poles from Wąbrzeźno in the village (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).