# Demographics of Nigeria

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the sixth most populous in the world. Nigeria is also one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, with approximately 218.5 million people in an area of 923,768 km$^2$ (356,669 sq mi).
54.3% of Nigerians are urban dwellers, with the annual rate of urbanisation being estimated at 3.92%. Nigeria is home to 371 ethnic groups speaking over 500 languages and the variety of customs and traditions among them gives the country great cultural diversity. Three largest ethnic groups, namely the Hausa, Yorubas, and Igbos constitute more than 60% of the population. The Ijaw, Efik, Ibibio, Annang, Ogoni, Tiv, Urhobo-Isoko, Edo and Itsekiri are some of the other sizeable ethnic groups. Over 1.2 million people living in Nigeria (0.5% of its total population, or 1 in every 200 people living in Nigeria) are from a continent other than Africa. There are 100,000 people from the United States, 75,000 are from Lebanon, 60,000 are from China and 16,000 are from the United Kingdom.
Nigeria has a young population overall, with 42.54% of inhabitants between the ages of 0–14. There is also a very high dependency ratio at 88.2 dependents per 100 non-dependents. The three main religious groups are Muslims (estimated to be 53.5% of the total population), Christians (estimated at 45.9%), and adherents of indigenous religions (estimated at 0.6%). The predominantly Christian Igbo are found in the south-east. Roman Catholicism is the largest Christian denomination in Igboland, but Anglicanism is also strong, as are Pentecostalism and other Evangelical denominations.
Persons of different ethnic backgrounds most commonly communicate in English, although knowledge of two or more Nigerian languages is widespread. Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba are the most widely used Nigerian languages. Nigerian Pidgin is used widely as an unofficial medium of communication, especially in the Nigerian cities of Warri, Sapele, Ughelli, Benin, and Port Harcourt.

## Population

Nigeria's population has been increasing rapidly for at least the last 5 decades due to very high birth rates, quadrupling its population during this time. Growth was fastest in the 1980s, after child mortality dropped rapidly. It has slowed slightly since then as both the birth rate and total fertility, rate have declined marginally since a 1978 peak. According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects the total population was 191 million in 2016, compared to only 38 million in 1950. The proportion of children under the age of 15 in 2010 was 44.0%, 53.2% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.7% were 65 years or older. There is a large degree of population momentum, with 3.2 per cent growth leading to the projected population of 546 million by 2100.
The federal government has not elected to implement the type of controversial family planning programs that have reduced population growth of other developing nations, a result of low political support for these programs and a cultural preference for large families as well as high levels of social instability. Rising educational levels and health care improvements may enable future parents to plan for smaller families.
The former Nigeria's chairman of National Population Commission, Eze Duruiheoma, delivering Nigeria's statement in New York City on sustainable cities, human mobility and international migration in the 51st session of Commission on Population and Development, said that "Nigeria remains the most populous in Africa, the seventh globally with an estimated population of over 198 million. The World Population Prospects predicts that by 2050, Nigeria will become the third most populated country in the world. Over the last 50 years, Nigeria's urban population has grown at an average annual growth rate of more than 6.5% without commensurate increases in social amenities and infrastructure." He also stated that the population "grew substantially from 17.3% in 1967 to 49.4% in 2017."

### Population by sex and age

Population by sex and age group (Census 21.III.2006)
| Age | Population | Percent |
| Total | 140,431,790 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 22,594,967 | 16.09 |
| 5–9 | 20,005,380 | 14.25 |
| 10–14 | 16,135,950 | 11.49 |
| 15–19 | 14,899,419 | 10.61 |
| 20–24 | 13,435,079 | 9.57 |
| 25–29 | 12,211,426 | 8.70 |
| 30–34 | 9,467,538 | 6.74 |
| 35–39 | 7,331,755 | 5.22 |
| 40–44 | 6,456,470 | 4.60 |
| 45–49 | 4,591,293 | 3.27 |
| 50–54 | 4,249,219 | 3.03 |
| 55–59 | 2,066,247 | 1.47 |
| 60–64 | 2,450,286 | 1.74 |
| 65–69 | 1,151,048 | 0.82 |
| 70–74 | 1,264,937 | 0.95 |
| 75–79 | 579,838 | 0.41 |
| 80–84 | 760,053 | 0.54 |
| 85+ | 715,225 | 0.51 |
| Age group | Total | Male | Female | % |
| 0–14 | 58,736,297 | 30,462,148 | 28,274,149 | 41.83 |
| 15–64 | 77,158,732 | 38,348,799 | 38,809,933 | 54.94 |
| 65+ | 4,536,761 | 2,534,541 | 2,002,220 | 3.23 |
Population by age group (estimates 1.VII.2016) (Data are projections based on the 2006 Population Census.)
| Age | Population | Percent |
| Total | 193,392,517 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 31,116,156 | 16.09 |
| 5–9 | 27,549,964 | 14.25 |
| 10–14 | 22,221,265 | 11.49 |
| 15–19 | 20,518,404 | 10.61 |
| 20–24 | 18,501,820 | 9.57 |
| 25–29 | 16,816,694 | 8.70 |
| 30–34 | 13,038,009 | 6.74 |
| 35–39 | 10,096,763 | 5.22 |
| 40–44 | 8,891,384 | 4.60 |
| 45–49 | 6,322,797 | 3.27 |
| 50–54 | 5,851,717 | 3.03 |
| 55–59 | 2,845,486 | 1.47 |
| 60–64 | 3,374,357 | 1.74 |
| 65–69 | 1,585,140 | 0.82 |
| 70–74 | 1,832,402 | 0.95 |
| 75–79 | 798,511 | 0.41 |
| 80–84 | 1,046,690 | 0.54 |
| 85+ | 984,956 | 0.51 |
| 0–14 | 80,887,385 | 41.83 |
| 15–64 | 107,242,389 | 55.45 |
| 65+ | 5,262,743 | 2.72 |
Population by age group (estimates 1.VII.2020) (Source: National Population Commission.)
| Age | Population | Percent |
| Total | 206,283,338 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 32,819,289 | 15.91 |
| 5–9 | 29,231,173 | 14.17 |
| 10–14 | 25,970,650 | 12.59 |
| 15–19 | 20,342,647 | 9.86 |
| 20–24 | 17,871,826 | 8.66 |
| 25–29 | 14,992,764 | 7.27 |
| 30–34 | 13,402,007 | 6.50 |
| 35–39 | 12,505,764 | 6.06 |
| 40–44 | 10,427,144 | 5.05 |
| 45–49 | 7,963,484 | 3.86 |
| 50–54 | 6,383,640 | 3.09 |
| 55–59 | 5,002,819 | 2.43 |
| 60–64 | 3,696,336 | 1.79 |
| 65–69 | 2,447,988 | 1.19 |
| 70–74 | 1,591,000 | 0.77 |
| 75–79 | 915,154 | 0.44 |
| 80+ | 719,653 | 0.35 |
| 0–14 | 88,021,112 | 42.67 |
| 15–64 | 112,588,431 | 54.58 |
| 65+ | 5,673,795 | 2.75 |

### Population projections

The total population in sub-Saharan Africa is projected to increase to almost one billion people, making it the most populated region outside of South-Central Asia. According to the United Nations, the population of Nigeria will reach 375 million by 2050. Nigeria might then be the 3rd most populous country in the world. In 2100, the population of Nigeria may reach 541 million. While the overall population is expected to increase, the growth rate is estimated to decrease from 1.2 per cent per year in 2010 to 0.4 per cent per year in 2050. The birth rate is also projected to decrease from 20.7 to 13.7, while the death rate is projected to increase from 8.5 in 2010 to 9.8 in 2050. By 2050, 69.6% of the population is estimated to be living in urban areas compared to 50.6% in 2010.

## Vital statistics

Registration of vital events in Nigeria is not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates (UN World Population Prospects 2022).
| Period | Population per year | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR* | CDR* | NC* | TFR* | IMR* |
| 1950 | 36 836 000 | 1,697,000 | 1,010,000 | 687,000 | 45.6 | 27.1 | 18.5 | 6.42 | 184.0 |
| 1951 | 37 543 000 | 1,731,000 | 1,028,000 | 702,000 | 45.7 | 27.1 | 18.5 | 6.42 | 183.2 |
| 1952 | 38 263 000 | 1,760,000 | 1,044,000 | 716,000 | 45.6 | 27.0 | 18.5 | 6.39 | 181.6 |
| 1953 | 38 986 000 | 1,797,000 | 1,056,000 | 741,000 | 45.7 | 26.8 | 18.8 | 6.40 | 180.4 |
| 1954 | 39 710 000 | 1,831,000 | 1,074,000 | 757 000 | 45.7 | 26.8 | 18.9 | 6.40 | 179.0 |
| 1955 | 40 455 000 | 1,869,000 | 1,088,000 | 781,000 | 45.7 | 26.6 | 19.1 | 6.40 | 177.9 |
| 1956 | 41 223 000 | 1,909,000 | 1,109,000 | 800,000 | 45.8 | 26.6 | 19.2 | 6.41 | 176.9 |
| 1957 | 42 010 000 | 1,948,000 | 1,124,000 | 824,000 | 45.9 | 26.5 | 19.4 | 6.40 | 176.0 |
| 1958 | 42 817 000 | 1,988,000 | 1,145,000 | 843,000 | 46.0 | 26.5 | 19.5 | 6.39 | 175.1 |
| 1959 | 43 613 000 | 2,026,000 | 1,159,000 | 866,000 | 46.0 | 26.3 | 19.7 | 6.38 | 173.8 |
| 1960 | 44 476 000 | 2,072,000 | 1,179,000 | 893,000 | 46.1 | 26.2 | 19.9 | 6.36 | 172.4 |
| 1961 | 45 381 000 | 2,120,000 | 1,192,000 | 928,000 | 46.2 | 26.0 | 20.2 | 6.35 | 171.0 |
| 1962 | 46 330 000 | 2,174,000 | 1,214,000 | 960,000 | 46.4 | 25.9 | 20.5 | 6.36 | 169.6 |
| 1963 | 47 314 000 | 2,220,000 | 1,224,000 | 996,000 | 46.4 | 25.6 | 20.8 | 6.35 | 167.2 |
| 1964 | 48 332 000 | 2,270,000 | 1,242,000 | 1,028,000 | 46.5 | 25.4 | 21.0 | 6.36 | 165.9 |
| 1965 | 49 381 000 | 2,320,000 | 1,258,000 | 1,061,000 | 46.5 | 25.2 | 21.3 | 6.37 | 165.0 |
| 1966 | 50 471 000 | 2,373,000 | 1,281,000 | 1,092,000 | 46.5 | 25.1 | 21.4 | 6.39 | 164.2 |
| 1967 | 51 570 000 | 2,424,000 | 1,365,000 | 1,059,000 | 46.5 | 26.2 | 20.3 | 6.40 | 165.8 |
| 1968 | 52 643 000 | 2,478,000 | 1,349,000 | 1,129,000 | 46.6 | 25.4 | 21.2 | 6.42 | 163.6 |
| 1969 | 53 577 000 | 2,533,000 | 1,367,000 | 1,166,000 | 46.6 | 25.2 | 21.4 | 6.44 | 162.6 |
| 1970 | 54 945 000 | 2,595,000 | 1,353,000 | 1,241,000 | 46.7 | 24.3 | 22.3 | 6.47 | 160.7 |
| 1971 | 56 194 000 | 2,671,000 | 1,348,000 | 1,323,000 | 47.0 | 23.7 | 23.3 | 6.53 | 156.9 |
| 1972 | 57 481 000 | 2,741,000 | 1,343,000 | 1,398,000 | 47.1 | 23.1 | 24.0 | 6.58 | 153.0 |
| 1973 | 58 866 000 | 2,819,000 | 1,341,000 | 1,479,000 | 47.3 | 22.5 | 24.8 | 6.63 | 149.0 |
| 1974 | 60 344 000 | 2,922,000 | 1,340,000 | 1,583,000 | 47.8 | 21.9 | 25.9 | 6.70 | 144.9 |
| 1975 | 61 971 000 | 3,021,000 | 1,336,000 | 1,684,000 | 48.1 | 21.3 | 26.8 | 6.77 | 141.0 |
| 1976 | 63 731 000 | 3,106,000 | 1,324,000 | 1,781,000 | 48.1 | 20.5 | 27.6 | 6.81 | 137.2 |
| 1977 | 65 585 000 | 3,203,000 | 1,323,000 | 1,880,000 | 48.1 | 19.9 | 28.2 | 6.86 | 133.8 |
| 1978 | 67 594 000 | 3,308,000 | 1,340,000 | 1,968,000 | 48.2 | 19.5 | 28.7 | 6.92 | 130.7 |
| 1979 | 69 673 000 | 3,385,000 | 1,367,000 | 2,017,000 | 47.9 | 19.3 | 28.5 | 6.89 | 128.1 |
| 1980 | 71 828 000 | 3,460,000 | 1,397,000 | 2,063,000 | 47.5 | 19.2 | 28.3 | 6.85 | 126.1 |
| 1981 | 74 075 000 | 3,537,000 | 1,426,000 | 2,111,000 | 47.1 | 19.0 | 28.1 | 6.82 | 124.4 |
| 1982 | 76 276 000 | 3,613,000 | 1,462,000 | 2,151,000 | 46.7 | 18.9 | 27.8 | 6.80 | 123.5 |
| 1983 | 78 500 000 | 3,704,000 | 1,494,000 | 2,210,000 | 46.5 | 18.8 | 27.8 | 6.78 | 123.1 |
| 1984 | 80 203 000 | 3,726,000 | 1,524,000 | 2,202,000 | 45.8 | 18.7 | 27.1 | 6.70 | 123.2 |
| 1985 | 82 472 000 | 3,777,000 | 1,571,000 | 2,206,000 | 45.2 | 18.8 | 26.4 | 6.62 | 123.5 |
| 1986 | 84 698 000 | 3,824,000 | 1,624,000 | 2,200,000 | 44.6 | 18.9 | 25.6 | 6.56 | 123.9 |
| 1987 | 86 910 000 | 3,884,000 | 1,656,000 | 2,228,000 | 44.1 | 18.8 | 25.3 | 6.50 | 124.3 |
| 1988 | 89 178 000 | 3,963,000 | 1,689,000 | 2,274,000 | 43.9 | 18.7 | 25.2 | 6.50 | 124.6 |
| 1989 | 91 525 000 | 4,080,000 | 1,723,000 | 2,357,000 | 44.0 | 18.6 | 25.4 | 6.49 | 124.6 |
| 1990 | 93 963 000 | 4,168,000 | 1,773,000 | 2,395,000 | 43.8 | 18.6 | 25.2 | 6.46 | 124.5 |
| 1991 | 96 465 000 | 4,266,000 | 1,839,000 | 2,428,000 | 43.7 | 18.8 | 24.9 | 6.43 | 124.4 |
| 1992 | 98 906 000 | 4,373,000 | 1,884,000 | 2,489,000 | 43.7 | 18.8 | 24.9 | 6.39 | 123.9 |
| 1993 | 101 458 000 | 4,495,000 | 1,922,000 | 2,573,000 | 43.7 | 18.7 | 25.0 | 6.35 | 123.4 |
| 1994 | 104 092 000 | 4,619,000 | 1,989,000 | 2,629,000 | 43.8 | 18.9 | 24.9 | 6.32 | 122.6 |
| 1995 | 106 820 000 | 4,732,000 | 2,040,000 | 2,692,000 | 43.7 | 18.9 | 24.9 | 6.27 | 121.6 |
| 1996 | 109 555 000 | 4,828,000 | 2,081,000 | 2,747,000 | 43.5 | 18.8 | 24.8 | 6.22 | 120.3 |
| 1997 | 112 357 000 | 4,910,000 | 2,108,000 | 2,801,000 | 43.2 | 18.5 | 24.6 | 6.14 | 118.4 |
| 1998 | 115 225 000 | 5,002,000 | 2,134,000 | 2,868,000 | 42.9 | 18.3 | 24.6 | 6.07 | 116.2 |
| 1999 | 118 156 000 | 5,177,000 | 2,138,000 | 3,039,000 | 43.2 | 17.9 | 25.4 | 6.08 | 113.7 |
| 2000 | 121 235 000 | 5,345,000 | 2,146,000 | 3,199,000 | 43.5 | 17.5 | 26.0 | 6.12 | 110.9 |
| 2001 | 124 468 000 | 5,496,000 | 2,165,000 | 3,331,000 | 43.6 | 17.2 | 26.4 | 6.14 | 108.1 |
| 2002 | 127 837 000 | 5,645,000 | 2,192,000 | 3,453,000 | 43.6 | 16.9 | 26.6 | 6.14 | 105.2 |
| 2003 | 131 329 000 | 5,779,000 | 2,202,000 | 3,577,000 | 43.4 | 16.5 | 26.9 | 6.12 | 102.3 |
| 2004 | 134 910 000 | 5,902,000 | 2,225,000 | 3,676,000 | 43.2 | 16.3 | 26.9 | 6.09 | 99.5 |
| 2005 | 138,603,000 | 6,054,000 | 2,232,000 | 3,822,000 | 43.1 | 15.9 | 27.2 | 6.07 | 96.6 |
| 2006 | 142,378,000 | 6,191,000 | 2,247,000 | 3,945,000 | 42.9 | 15.6 | 27.3 | 6.08 | 94.0 |
| 2007 | 146,281,000 | 6,337,000 | 2,273,000 | 4,064,000 | 42.7 | 15.3 | 27.4 | 6.08 | 91.7 |
| 2008 | 150,307,000 | 6,506,000 | 2,311,000 | 4,195,000 | 42.7 | 15.2 | 27.5 | 6.08 | 89.6 |
| 2009 | 154,458,000 | 6,645,000 | 2,321,000 | 4,323,000 | 42.4 | 14.8 | 27.6 | 6.04 | 87.8 |
| 2010 | 158,733,000 | 6,776,000 | 2,355,000 | 4,421,000 | 42.1 | 14.6 | 27.5 | 5.98 | 86.4 |
| 2011 | 163,173,000 | 6,916,000 | 2,372,000 | 4,544,000 | 41.8 | 14.3 | 27.5 | 5.92 | 85.1 |
| 2012 | 167,755,000 | 7,014,000 | 2,414,000 | 4,600,000 | 41.2 | 14.2 | 27.0 | 5.83 | 84.0 |
| 2013 | 172,397,000 | 7,095,000 | 2,447,000 | 4,648,000 | 40.6 | 14.0 | 26.6 | 5.74 | 83.1 |
| 2014 | 177,055,000 | 7,189,000 | 2,493,000 | 4,697,000 | 40.1 | 13.9 | 26.2 | 5.66 | 82.4 |
| 2015 | 181,703,000 | 7,273,000 | 2,541,000 | 4,732,000 | 39.5 | 13.8 | 25.7 | 5.62 | 81.6 |
| 2016 | 186,289,000 | 7,384,000 | 2,574,000 | 4,810,000 | 39.1 | 13.6 | 25.5 | 5.58 | 80.6 |
| 2017 | 191,045,000 | 7,487,000 | 2,600,000 | 4,887,000 | 38.7 | 13.4 | 25.3 | 5.52 | 79.4 |
| 2018 | 195,947,000 | 7,590,000 | 2,627,000 | 4,963,000 | 38.2 | 13.2 | 25.0 | 5.45 | 77.9 |
| 2019 | 200,828,000 | 7,698,000 | 2,642,000 | 5,056,000 | 37.8 | 13.0 | 24.9 | 5.38 | 76.3 |
| 2020 | 205,781,000 | 7,806,000 | 2,708,000 | 5,098,000 | 37.5 | 13.0 | 24.5 | 5.31 | 74.7 |
| 2021 | 218,529,000 | 7,331,000 | 2,689,000 | 4,556,000 | 33.5 | 12.3 | 20.9 | 4.64 | 73.0 |
| 2022 | 223,151,000 | 7,407,000 | 2,667,000 | 4,688,000 | 33.2 | 12.0 | 21.0 | 4.55 | 71.2 |
| 2023 | 227,883,000 | 7,510,000 | 2,675,000 | 4,776,000 | 33.0 | 11.7 | 21.0 | 4.48 | 69.5 |
| * CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman) ||||||||||

### Demographic and Health Surveys

Total fertility rate (TFR) (Wanted TFR) and crude birth rate (CBR):
| Year | Total | Total | Urban | Urban | Rural | Rural |
| Year | CBR | TFR | CBR | TFR | CBR | TFR |
| 1960 | 47 | 6.35 | | | | |
| 1965–66 | 45.9 | 6.44 | | | | |
| 1967–69 | 46.1 | 6.42 | | | | |
| 1970 | 46.3 | 6.47 | | | | |
| 1971–73 | 46.7 | 6.57 | | | | |
| 1975 | 47.2 | 6.71 | | | | |
| 1978–82 | 47 | 6.78 | | | | |
| 1978–80 | 47 | 6.76 | | | | |
| 1981–82 | 46.68 | 6.78 | | | | |
| 1983–86 | 45.67 | 6.7 | | | | |
| 1987–90 | 45.9 | 6.57 | | | | |
| 1990 | 44.2 | 6.49 (5.8) | 34 | 5.033 (4.8) | 40 | 6.326 (6.1) |
| 1999 | 43.2 | 6.13 | 35.6 | 4.50 | 38.5 | 5.44 |
| 2003 | 42.8 | 6.04 (5.3) | 36.3 | 4.9 (4.6) | 44.5 | 6.1 (5.7) |
| 2004–07 | 42.4 | 5.97 | | | | |
| 2008 | 41.8 | 5.9 (5.3) | 36.8 | 4.7 (4.4) | 42.5 | 6.3 (5.8) |
| 2013 | 40.2 | 5.5 (4.8) | 35 | 4.7 (4.1) | 42 | 6.2 (5.3) |
| 2014–15 | 39.5 | 5.57 | | | | |
| 2018 | 38 | 5.3 (4.8) | 34 | 4.5 (4.0) | 42 | 5.9 (5.4) |
| 2021 | | 4.8 | | | | |
| 2023-24 | 33 | 4.8 | 29 | 3.9 | 38 | 5.6 |
| Year | TFR |
| 1981–1982 | 6.8 |
| 1990 | 6.4 |
| 2003 | 6.0 |
| 2008 | 5.9 |
| 2013 | 5.7 |
| 2018 | 5.3 |
| 2021 | 4.8 |
| 2023-24 | 4.8 |
| Variable | TFR (Wanted TFR) (2003) | TFR (Wanted TFR) (2008) | TFR (Wanted TFR) (2013) | TFR (Wanted TFR) (2018) | TFR (Wanted TFR) (2023-24) |
| Nigeria | 5.7 (5.3) | 5.7 (5.3) | 5.5 (4.8) | 5.3 (4.8) | 4.8 |
| Urban | 4.9 (4.6) | 4.7 (4.4) | 4.7 (4.1) | 4.5 (4.0) | 3.9 |
| Rural | 6.1 (5.7) | 6.3 (5.8) | 6.2 (5.3) | 5.9 (5.4) | 5.6 |
| Region – North Central | 5.7 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.0 (4.7) | 4.2 |
| Region – North East | 7.0 | 7.2 | 6.3 | 6.1 (5.6) | 6.1 |
| Region – North West | 6.7 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 6.6 (5.9) | 5.9 |
| Region – South East | 4.1 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 (4.3) | 4.1 |
| Region – South South | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 4.0 (3.6) | 3.3 |
| Region – South West | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 3.9 (3.5) | 3.4 |
Fertility data as of 2013 (DHS Program):
| State | Total fertility rate | Percentage of women age 15–49 currently pregnant | Mean number of children ever born to women age 40–49 |
| Abuja | 3.8 | 8.3 | 4.7 |
| Benue | 5.2 | 13.0 | 6.8 |
| Kogi | 4.2 | 9.4 | 5.7 |
| Kwara | 5.1 | 7.2 | 5.2 |
| Nasarawa | 5.4 | 10.8 | 5.8 |
| Niger | 6.1 | 14.8 | 5.8 |
| Plateau | 5.4 | 11.2 | 5.6 |
| Adamawa | 5.8 | 15.6 | 6.7 |
| Bauchi | 8.1 | 16.9 | 8.4 |
| Borno | 4.7 | 12.7 | 5.2 |
| Gombe | 7.0 | 14.3 | 7.9 |
| Taraba | 6.0 | 10.6 | 7.1 |
| Yobe | 6.6 | 13.4 | 7.4 |
| Jigawa | 7.6 | 15.1 | 7.6 |
| Kaduna | 4.1 | 21.0 | 5.7 |
| Kano | 6.8 | 12.6 | 7.7 |
| Katsina | 7.4 | 17.3 | 8.4 |
| Kebbi | 6.7 | 16.9 | 8.2 |
| Sokoto | 7.0 | 14.1 | 7.3 |
| Zamfara | 8.4 | 17.0 | 8.7 |
| Abia | 4.2 | 7.3 | 5.0 |
| Anambra | 4.2 | 6.0 | 4.7 |
| Ebonyi | 5.3 | 9.1 | 7.1 |
| Enugu | 4.8 | 8.4 | 5.9 |
| Imo | 4.8 | 8.3 | 5.0 |
| Akwa Ibom | 3.9 | 5.3 | 5.4 |
| Bayelsa | 4.5 | 11.3 | 6.1 |
| Cross River | 5.4 | 9.1 | 5.5 |
| Delta | 4.1 | 10.6 | 5.6 |
| Edo | 4.4 | 6.3 | 5.7 |
| Rivers | 3.8 | 9.5 | 4.9 |
| Ekiti | 4.3 | 7.0 | 5.2 |
| Lagos | 4.1 | 7.2 | 4.3 |
| Ogun | 5.4 | 10.6 | 4.9 |
| Ondo | 5.2 | 9.1 | 5.2 |
| Osun | 4.1 | 6.8 | 4.3 |
| Oyo | 4.5 | 11.9 | 5.1 |
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)

#### Fertility rate by state

| Variable | TFR | TFR | TFR | TFR | TFR | TFR | TFR |
| Variable | 2008 | 2011* | 2013 | 2016* | 2018 | 2021* | 2024 |
| Nigeria | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 4.8 |
| Urban | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 3.9 |
| Rural | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 5.6 |
| Region – North Central | 5.4 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 |
| Abuja (FCT) | 4.0 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 |
| Benue | 5.9 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 3.5 |
| Kogi | 4.2 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 4.9 |
| Kwara | 4.5 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 4.0 |
| Nasarawa | 4.7 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 4.3 |
| Niger | 7.5 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 4.4 |
| Plateau | 5.3 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
| Region – North East | 7.2 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 6.1 |
| Adamawa | 6.8 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 4.2 | 5.3 |
| Bauchi | 8.1 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 6.5 | 6.2 |
| Borno | 7.1 | 6.7 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 6.5 |
| Gombe | 7.4 | 5.6 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 5.3 | 5.5 |
| Taraba | 5.9 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 5.2 |
| Yobe | 7.5 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 7.5 |
| Region – North West | 7.3 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 5.9 |
| Jigawa | 7.1 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 6.9 |
| Kaduna | 6.3 | 7.9 | 4.1 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.6 |
| Kano | 8.1 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 5.8 |
| Katsina | 7.2 | 8.2 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 5.7 |
| Kebbi | 6.0 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 |
| Sokoto | 8.7 | 5.2 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 5.2 | 5.4 |
| Zamfara | 7.5 | 6.5 | 8.4 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 5.3 | 6.3 |
| Region – South East | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 4.1 |
| Abia | 4.4 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 3.7 |
| Anambra | 5.0 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 3.7 |
| Ebonyi | 5.6 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 4.7 |
| Enugu | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 3.5 |
| Imo | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 4.4 |
| Region – South South | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.3 |
| Akwa Ibom | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.3 |
| Bayelsa | 5.8 | 6.7 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 3.8 |
| Cross River | 5.4 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 3.0 |
| Delta | 4.5 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 3.7 |
| Edo | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 3.3 |
| Rivers | 4.3 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 2.9 |
| Region – South West | 4.5 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.4 |
| Ekiti | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 3.8 |
| Lagos | 4.0 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.2 |
| Ogun | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 4.1 |
| Ondo | 4.9 | 3.9 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.1 |
| Osun | 4.0 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 |
| Oyo | 5.0 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 3.7 | 3.3 |
| | 2008 | 2011* | 2013 | 2016* | 2018 | 2021* | 2024 |
∗ MICS surveys

#### Contraceptive prevalence

| Year | 1982 | 1990 | 1994 | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2008 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2016 | 2017 |
| % of women ages 15–49 | 6.8% | 6.0% | 13.4% | 15.3% | 12.6% | 14.7% | 14.6% | 14.1% | 13.5% | 15.1% | 20.4% | 13.4% |
∗ UNICEFs state of the worlds children and child info, United Nations population divisions world contraceptive use, household surveys including demographic and health surveys and multiple indicator cluster surveys.

### Life expectancy at birth

Life expectancy from 1950 to 2015 (UN World Population Prospects):
| Period | Life expectancy in Years |
| 1950–1955 | 33.81 |
| 1955–1960 | 35.80 |
| 1960–1965 | 38.13 |
| 1965–1970 | 39.97 |
| 1970–1975 | 42.03 |
| 1975–1980 | 44.29 |
| 1980–1985 | 46.02 |
| 1985–1990 | 45.95 |
| 1990–1995 | 45.87 |
| 1995–2000 | 46.00 |
| 2000–2005 | 46.94 |
| 2005–2010 | 49.75 |
| 2010–2015 | 51.88 |
| 2022 | 53.63 |

## Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups of Nigeria (2018 est.) :
| Ethnic groups | Ethnic groups | percent | percent |
| Hausa | Hausa | 30.0% | 30.0% |
| Yoruba | Yoruba | 15.5% | 15.5% |
| Igbo | Igbo | 15.2% | 15.2% |
| Fulani | Fulani | 6.0% | 6.0% |
| Ibibio | Ibibio | 3.5% | 3.5% |
| Tiv | Tiv | 2.4% | 2.4% |
| Kanuri | Kanuri | 2.4% | 2.4% |
| Ijaw | Ijaw | 1.8% | 1.8% |
| Other | Other | 19.9% | 19.9% |

## Emigration

Today millions of ethnic Nigerians live abroad, the largest communities can be found in the United Kingdom (500,000–3,000,000) and the United States (600,000–1,000,000 Nigerians), other countries that followed closely are South Africa, Gambia, and Canada respectively. There are also large groups in Ireland, Portugal and many other countries. Inspiration for emigration is based heavily on socio-economical issues such as warfare, insecurity, economical instability and civil unrest.
Between 1400 and 1900, of 1.4 million of 2 million emigrants were slaves sent to the Americas with the other 600,000 being sent to other destinations via the trans-Saharan, Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes. This is due to the fact that the land now known as Nigeria was a central point for 4 slave trades during the 19th century. Though bondage represented a great deal, an estimated 30,000 Nigerian inhabitants would relocate to Kano City and Gambia to take advantage of financial opportunities afforded by fertile land and available natural resources. What's more, the presence of gold mines and rail lines along the Gold Coast, present-day Ghana, attracted an estimated 6,500 Nigerian citizens to attain financial gain and opportunity. The population of Nigerians in Ghana rose to roughly 149,000 before the 1969 alien expulsion order would displace nearly the entire population to surrounding countries.

## Religion

    50% Muslim, 48.2% Christian, 1.8% other
Nigeria is nearly equally divided between Islam and Christianity. The majority of Nigerian Muslims are Sunni and mostly live in the northern, central and south-western states of the country, while Christians dominate in some central states (especially Plateau and Benue states), and the south-east and south-south regions. Other religions practised in Nigeria include African Traditional Religion, Hinduism, Baháʼí Faith, Judaism, The Grail Movement, and the Reformed Ògbóni Fraternity, one of the traditional socio-religious institutions of the Yorùbá people and their Òrìṣà religion known as Ẹ̀sìn Òrìṣà Ìbílẹ̀ in the Yorùbá language.
According to a 2009 Pew survey, 50.4% of Nigeria's population were Muslims. A later Pew study in 2011 calculated that Christians now formed 50.8% of the population. Adherents of other religions made up 1% of the population.
The shift of population balance between Muslims and Christians is a result of northern and southern Nigeria being in different stages of demographic transition. The Muslim-dominated north is in an earlier stage of the demographic transition with much higher fertility rates than the south, whose split Christian/Muslim population is further along in the transition, and whose fertility rates are declining. Decreasing fertility can be linked to more access to education, use of contraceptives, and differing beliefs regarding family planning.
The 1999 introduction of Sharia law in twelve northern Nigerian states led to massive violence and unrest and caused an ethnic and religious rift between Sharia and Non-Sharia states, a divide that has deepened with time.