OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Social dynamics

Social dynamics (or sociodynamics) is the study of the behavior of groups and of the interactions of individual group members, aiming to understand the emergence of complex social behaviors among microorganisms, plants and animals, including humans. It is related to sociobiology but also draws from physics and complex system sciences. In the last century, sociodynamics was viewed as part of psychology, as shown in the work: "Sociodynamics: an integrative theorem of power, authority, interfluence and love". In the 1990s, social dynamics began being viewed as a separate scientific discipline$^{[Bywhom?]}$. An important paper in this respect is: "The Laws of Sociodynamics". Then, starting in the 2000s, sociodynamics took off as a discipline of its own, many papers were released in the field in this decade.

## Overview

The field of social dynamics brings together ideas from economics, sociology, social psychology, and other disciplines, and is a sub-field of complex adaptive systems or complexity science. The fundamental assumption of the field is that individuals are influenced by one another's behavior. The field is closely related to system dynamics. Like system dynamics, social dynamics is concerned with changes over time and emphasizes the role of feedbacks. However, in social dynamics individual choices and interactions are typically viewed as the source of aggregate level behavior, while system dynamics posits that the structure of feedbacks and accumulations are responsible for system level dynamics. Research in the field typically takes a behavioral approach, assuming that individuals are boundedly rational and act on local information. Mathematical and computational modeling are important tools for studying social dynamics. This field grew out of work done in the 1940s by game theorists such as Duncan & Luce, and even earlier works by mathematician Armand Borel. Because social dynamics focuses on individual level behavior, and recognizes the importance of heterogeneity across individuals, strict analytic results are often impossible. Instead, approximation techniques, such as mean-field approximations from statistical physics, or computer simulations are used to understand the behaviors of the system. In contrast to more traditional approaches in economics, scholars of social dynamics are often interested in non-equilibrium, or dynamic, behavior. That is, behavior that changes over time.

## Topics

* Social networks
* Diffusion of technologies and information
* Cooperation
* Social norms
# Bob Hudson (running back)

Bob Hudson (born March 21, 1948) is a former running back in the National Football League (NFL).

## Biography

Hudson was born Robert Dale Hudson in Hominy, Oklahoma. He played at the collegiate level at Northeastern State University. At Northeastern State, he set school records for rushing yardage, longest touchdown run (99 yards), highest rushing yards average per season and most carries in a season.

## Career

Hudson was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the sixth round of the 1972 NFL draft and played that season with the team. The following two seasons he played with the Oakland Raiders. During his time with Oakland, Hudson was nicknamed "Headhunter" for his exceptional hits and tackles on the Raiders' special teams. In 1975, his knee was injured in a preseason game against the Atlanta Falcons, and the injury wound up ending his football career.

## Post-Career

Hudson had difficulty adjusting to his post-NFL life. In a 1990 interview, Hudson said, "The transition a lot of professional athletes go through takes a long time. In my case, it took almost five years. "When you're playing football, it's an artificial high. All you know is sports. When that's taken away, you try to find something to replace it. I tried alcohol and drugs." He was involved in an automobile crash in 1976, during which he was driving 85 miles an hour while drunk. In the wake of the wreck, he decided to return to Oklahoma and turn his life around.
Hudson went on to earn his college degree in Physical Education in 1983, and worked as a substitute teacher in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. in 1988, he took a position as the Physical Education Director of the Bartlesville Boys Club. He has used that position to spread an anti-drug abuse message, and has also spoken out against drugs at area churches and schools.
In 1988, Hudson was named to the Northeastern Athletics Hall of Fame.
# Poole's Cavern

Poole's Cavern or Poole's Hole is a two-million-year-old natural limestone cave on the edge of Buxton in the Peak District, in the county of Derbyshire, England.
Poole's Cavern forms part of the Wye system, and has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

## Human history

The name derives from an outlaw, Poole, who reputedly used the cave as a lair and a base to rob travellers in the fifteenth century. Archeological explorations in 1981 and 1983 have suggested that the cave was occupied from the Bronze Age. Some of the finds have been interpreted as suggesting that one of the chambers was used for religious purposes by Romano-Britons; an alternative explanation is that the cave was a metal-workers' workshop.
Officially opened as a show cave in 1853 by the 6th Duke of Devonshire, the cave was already a tourist attraction, being listed as one of the Seven Wonders of the Peak by Thomas Hobbes in 1636 and in Charles Cotton's poetic essay on the same subject in 1681. Early tour guides would attempt to extort money out of visitors by threatening to extinguish the lights and run away, leaving the visitor in darkness, if more money was not forthcoming. Mary, Queen of Scots, is claimed to have been an early visitor. Under the management of the Duke's overseer, Frank Redfern, the entrance was widened and, in 1859, a system of gas lamps was installed to light the caverns (one of the earliest uses of gas in this context), which remained in use until the cave closed in 1965. It reopened in 1976.

## Visiting

The region currently open to the public is around 310 metres (1,020 ft) in length, and includes chambers named the Roman Chamber, Great Dome, Poached Egg Chamber and Sculpture Chamber. Features of interest include large stalactites/stalagmites called the Flitch of Bacon and Mary Queen of Scots' Pillar, as well as stalagmites with a porous texture and "poached egg" colour, which has been attributed to minerals leached from lime-burning on Grin Low above. Part of the cavern is accessible to wheelchairs.
The cave system is believed to extend further, but has not been explored. In 1998 a video camera lowered down a borehole revealed the existence of a further chamber, branded "Seventh Heaven".
There is a visitor centre including a cafe and shop.

## Commentary

Referring to Hobbes' and Cotton's earlier work, the writer Daniel Defoe dismissed the cavern as merely "another of the wonderless wonders of the Peak".
# Speaking with the Angel

Speaking with the Angel is an anthology of short stories edited by Nick Hornby. It was initially published by Penguin Books in 2000. Featuring stories from twelve established writers, the book acted as a fundraising effort for TreeHouse, a charity school for severely autistic children in London where Hornby's son was a student.

## Contents

* "Introduction" by Nick Hornby
* "PMQ" by Robert Harris
* "The Wonder Spot" by Melissa Bank
* "Last Requests" by Giles Smith
* "Peter Shelley" by Patrick Marber
* "The Department of Nothing" by Colin Firth
* "I'm the Only One" by Zadie Smith
* "NippleJesus" by Nick Hornby
* "After I Was Thrown in the River and Before I Drowned" by Dave Eggers
* "LuckyBitch" by Helen Fielding
* "The Slave" by Roddy Doyle
* "Catholic Guilt" by Irvine Welsh
* "Walking into the Wind" by John O'Farrell
# Sofie De Vuyst

Sofie De Vuyst (born 2 April 1987) is a Belgian former racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2006 and 2019. Between 2010 and 2016 she competed in every UCI Road World Championships. She was voted 2019 Flandrienne of the Year (best Belgian female cyclist).
In September 2019, De Vuyst tested positive for an exogenous steroid in an out of competition control. De Vuyst's positive test came on 18 September, in the week after the Belgium Tour, where she finished seventh overall and won the mountains classification, and before the UCI Road World Championships. A contract that she had signed for 2020 with Mitchelton–Scott was suspended as a result of her positive test.

## Major results
### 2009

    3rd Dwars door de Westhoek

### 2011

    2nd Road race, National Road Championships
    4th Erondegemse Pijl
    5th Omloop van het Hageland
    6th Halle-Buizingen
    6th Dwars door de Westhoek
    8th Overall Tour Féminin en Limousin

### 2012

    2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
    2nd Overall Tour de Bretagne Féminin
    8th Overall Belgium Tour
    8th Erondegemse Pijl

### 2013

    2nd Erondegemse Pijl
    3rd Road race, National Road Championships
    7th Overall Belgium Tour
       1st Mountains classification
       1st Belgian rider classification
    8th Overall Tour de Bretagne Féminin
    8th Cholet Pays de Loire Dames
    9th Le Samyn des Dames
    9th Knokke-Heist – Bredene

### 2014

    3rd Road race, National Road Championships
    3rd Le Samyn des Dames
    4th Gent–Wevelgem
    5th Omloop van het Hageland
    6th Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
    7th Diamond Tour
    8th Erondegemse Pijl
    9th Overall Internationale Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen
    9th Overall Belgium Tour
    9th Trofee Maarten Wynants
    9th Holland Hills Classic

### 2015

    National Road Championships
       3rd Road race
       3rd Time trial
    4th Trofee Maarten Wynants
    7th Overall Auensteiner–Radsporttage
    8th Overall Belgium Tour
    9th Gooik–Geraardsbergen–Gooik
    10th Dwars door Vlaanderen

### 2016

    5th Overall Trophée d'Or Féminin
    9th Pajot Hills Classic

### 2018

    3rd Overall Tour de Feminin-O cenu Českého Švýcarska
       1st Stage 5
    3rd Kreiz Breizh Elites Dames
    4th Gooik–Geraardsbergen–Gooik
    8th Overall Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche
    10th Brabantse Pijl Dames Gooik
    10th La Classique Morbihan
    10th Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan Dames

### 2019

    1st Brabantse Pijl Dames Gooik
    1st Mountains classification Grand Prix Elsy Jacobs
    2nd La Classique Morbihan
    3rd Erondegemse Pijl
    6th Dwars door Vlaanderen for Women
    6th Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan Dames
    7th Overall Belgium Tour
       1st Mountains classification
    7th GP de Plouay – Bretagne
    8th Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
    8th Omloop van het Hageland
# Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East

The Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East was signed in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican on 11 November 1994, by Pope John Paul II and Patriarch Dinkha IV. In this document the Assyrian and Catholic churches confessed the same doctrine concerning Christology (the divinity and humanity of Christ):
   The Word of God, second Person of the Holy Trinity, became incarnate by the power of the Holy Spirit in assuming from the holy Virgin Mary a body animated by a rational soul, with which he was indissolubly united from the moment of his conception. Therefore our Lord Jesus Christ is true God and true man, perfect in his divinity and perfect in his humanity, consubstantial with the Father and consubstantial with us in all things but sin. His divinity and his humanity are united in one person, without confusion or change, without division or separation. In him has been preserved the difference of the natures of divinity and humanity, with all their properties, faculties and operations. But far from constituting "one and another", the divinity and humanity are united in the person of the same and unique Son of God and Lord Jesus Christ, who is the object of a single adoration. Christ therefore is not an "ordinary man" whom God adopted in order to reside in him and inspire him, as in the righteous ones and the prophets. But the same God the Word, begotten of his Father before all worlds without beginning according to his divinity, was born of a mother without a father in the last times according to his humanity.
They went on to explain each other's formulations of titles for Mary the mother of Jesus, the key to the dispute at the First Council of Ephesus about Nestorianism and the title Theotokos:
   The humanity to which the Blessed Virgin Mary gave birth always was that of the Son of God himself. That is the reason why the Assyrian Church of the East is praying [to] the Virgin Mary as "the Mother of Christ our God and Saviour". In the light of this same faith the Catholic tradition addresses the Virgin Mary as "the Mother of God" and also as "the Mother of Christ".
They then recognised each other's formulations as being valid:
   We both recognize the legitimacy and rightness of these expressions of the same faith and we both respect the preference of each Church in her liturgical life and piety.
The declaration went on to create a mixed committee for further theological dialogue between the two (now sister) churches. In 2001 this committee drew up guidelines for mutual admission to the eucharist between the Chaldean Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East, overcoming the issue of the lack of words of Institution in the Anaphora of Addai and Mari.

## Significance

Both churches consider the meeting when this declaration was signed as "a basic step on the way towards the full communion [being] restored" between them.
# Vossloh G2000 BB

The G 2000 BB is a four axle heavy shunting and mainline locomotive, designed by German company Vossloh and built at the former MaK plant in Kiel. At the time of its introduction in 2000 it was the most powerful hydraulic transmission locomotive in Vossloh's range.

## History and design

The locomotive was unveiled at Innotrans in 2000. The initial model had an asymmetric cab (see image) with a walkway; the asymmetric cab design allows the walkway to extend all the way to each end of the locomotive; coupled with remote control operation this means that shunting can be done from an external viewpoint whilst still riding on the locomotive.
The design is modular with various components (engine, drive etc.) coming from different suppliers. External styling was by Tricon-Design.
A second variant was produced, this time with a symmetrical cab; two different versions of this model were produced - one for the Italian market (G 2000-2 BB) with left hand drive (trains in Italy generally keep to the left) and another (G 2000-3 BB) with right hand drive for Germany. The new cabs had seating for two operators, in other respects apart from the cab these two models are identical to the initial asymmetric offering.
Starting in 2004, two further sub designs were made: G 2000-4 BB with a MTU engine which increase the power to 2700 kW. This variant also included a hydrodynamic retarder (a type of braking system) as part of the Voith supplied transmission package.
The last variant is G 2000-5 BB which has the same upgrades as the fourth offering, it is designed for the Scandinavian market and as such has anti wheel slip technology, and can be equipped for service down to −40 °C (−40 °F).

## Operators and use

The locomotives are certified for use on the railways of Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Sweden, Denmark and Poland.
The locomotives are operated by many companies, many of them on lease. Angel Trains and MRCE both act as leasing companies, with Angel Trains providing the vast majority of the leased locomotives. Other owners include Azienda Consorziale Trasporti (ACT) and SBB Cargo (as class SBB Am 840)
The machines find use in northern Italy and in the German Ruhr region as well as being used for cross border traffic in the Benelux region. Railion, Euro Cargo Rail, Rail4chem and others all use this locomotive. The locomotives are used for freight. In Italy, these are notably owned by TPER, which uses them in some of its cargo services under the operations of Dinazzano Po.
The Swedish rail company Hector Rail operates a G 2000-4 and a 2000-5 machine.
# Taha Abdelmagid

Taha Abdelmagid (born 8 June 1987) is a powerlifter from Egypt. At the 2012 Summer Paralympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 48 kg powerlifting event, lifting 165 kg (364 lb).
He won the bronze medal in the men's 54 kg event at the 2021 World Para Powerlifting Championships held in Tbilisi, Georgia.
# Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings

Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings is an album by pianist/bandleader Count Basie and vocalist Joe Williams recorded in 1955 and originally released on the Clef label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |
AllMusic awarded the album 5 stars stating "Joe Williams' debut as the featured vocalist in Count Basie's band was one of those landmark moments that even savvy observers don't fully appreciate when it occurs, then realize years later how momentous an event they witnessed. Williams brought a different presence to the great Basie orchestra than the one Jimmy Rushing provided; he couldn't shout like Rushing, but he was more effective on romantic and sentimental material, while he was almost as spectacular on surging blues, up-tempo wailers, and stomping standards".

## Track listing

* "Every Day I Have the Blues" (Peter Chapman, Mayall York) – 5:29
* "The Come Back" (Memphis Slim) – 5:28
* "Alright, Okay, You Win" (Sidney Wyche) – 3:05
* "In the Evening (When the Sun Goes Down)" (Leroy Carr, Don Raye) – 3:38
* "Roll 'Em Pete" (Pete Johnson, Big Joe Turner) – 3:12
* "Teach Me Tonight" (Sammy Cahn, Gene DePaul) – 3:04
* "My Baby Upsets Me" (Joe Williams) – 2:58
* "Please Send Me Someone to Love" (Percy Mayfield) – 3:33
* "Ev'ry Day" (Sammy Fain, Irving Kahal) – 3:48
* "As Long as I Love You" (Bernie Moten, Henri Woode) – 3:06 Bonus track on CD reissue
* "Stop! Don't!" (George Ronald Brown) – 2:36 Bonus track on CD reissue
* "Too Close for Comfort" (Jerry Bock, Larry Holofcener, George David Weiss) – 2:53 Bonus track on CD reissue
Recorded at Fine Sound in New York City on May 17, 1955 (tracks 1–4), July 26, 1955 (tracks 5–9), June 27, 1956 (track 12) and at Universal Recording Corp, Chicago on January 23, 1956 (tracks 10 & 11)

## Personnel

* Joe Williams - vocals
* Count Basie - piano
* Wendell Culley, Reunald Jones, Thad Jones, Joe Newman - trumpet
* Henry Coker, Bill Hughes, Benny Powell - trombone
* Marshall Royal - alto saxophone, clarinet
* Bill Graham - alto saxophone
* Frank Wess - alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, flute
* Frank Foster - tenor saxophone
* Charlie Fowlkes - baritone saxophone, bass clarinet
* Freddie Green - guitar
* Eddie Jones - bass
* Sonny Payne - drums
* Frank Foster (tracks 2–9), Ernie Wilkins (tracks 1 & 6) - arranger
# I Love the Life I Live

I Love the Life I Live is a jazz and blues album by the American musician Mose Allison, released in 1960.
Allison became notable for playing a unique mix of blues and modern jazz, both singing and playing piano. After moving to New York in 1956, he worked primarily in jazz settings, playing with jazz musicians like Stan Getz, Al Cohn, and Zoot Sims, along with producing numerous recordings.

## Track listing

All compositions by Mose Allison except as indicated
* "I Love the Life I Live" (Willie Dixon) – 2:22
* "News" – 3:11
* "Fool's Paradise" (Johnny Fuller, Bob Geddins, David Rosenbaum) – 3:29
* "You Turned the Tables on Me" (Sidney Mitchell, Louis Alter) – 3:51
* "Isobel" (Al Cohn) – 4:26
* "You're a Sweetheart" (Harold Adamson, Jimmy McHugh) – 2:11
* "Night Ride" – 3:12
* "Path" – 3:33
* "Mad with You" (Lightnin' Hopkins) – 2:10
* "Hittin' on One" – 3:30
* "I Ain't Got Nobody" (Roger Graham, Spencer Williams) – 1:51
* "Can't We Be Friends" (Paul James, Kay Swift) – 4:25
* "A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody" (Irving Berlin) – 3:18 (bonus track on CD)
* "Am I Blue" (Harry Akst, Grant Clarke) – 3:24 (bonus track on CD)

## Personnel

On tracks 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9 (recorded June 28 and July 5, 1960):
* Mose Allison – piano, vocals
* Addison Farmer – bass
* Jerry Segal – drums
On tracks 1, 2, 6, and 10 (recorded June 30, 1960):
* Mose Allison – piano, vocals
* Henry Grimes – bass
* Paul Motian – drums
On tracks 5, 11, and 12 (recorded September 9, 1960):
* Mose Allison – piano, vocals
* Bill Crow – bass
* Gus Johnson – drums
# The Forest City

The Forest City is a nickname or alternate toponym for the City of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The inspiration for the name is a reference to Cleveland, describing a highly sophisticated society amid a heavily forested environment in Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America, which contains the Frenchman's observations of the United States in the 1830s. Early use of the moniker is uncertain. Some say that Timothy Smead, editor of the short-lived Ohio City Argus first put the name to use. Many others believe that William Case, secretary of the Cleveland Horticultural Society and Cleveland's mayor from 1850 to 1851, carried the name forward. Case was well known for encouraging the planting of fruit trees, and thus the name stuck. By 1940, approximately 221,000 trees were growing in the city.
One of the earliest documented uses of the term "Forest City" in Cleveland was in 1834, when the Forest City Hook and Ladder volunteer firefighting company was chartered. In the late 1860s, the city's best baseball club adopted the name, became an independent professional team in 1870, and helped found the first professional league, the National Association, in 1871. The first National Association game was a visit by the Forest City club of Cleveland to the Kekionga club of Fort Wayne, Indiana on May 4, 1871. It is considered the first major league baseball game by those who count the National Association as a major league. The team folded after the 1872 season. During 1871, it was one of two National Association teams named "Forest City", the other being a team based in Rockford, Illinois.
By 2015 the number of trees in the city declined to 120,000, according to a City of Cleveland-funded initiative. Compared to other cities in the region, Cleveland has a relatively low percentage of its landscape protected by an urban tree canopy at only 19%. Cincinnati, Ohio in comparison has an urban tree canopy of 38%. According to a 2020 analysis by the Cleveland Tree Coalition, “areas with lower income and/or higher proportions of Black residents and residents of color have generally had lower tree canopy cover due to disinvestment. This variability leads to an inequitable distribution of tree canopy cover, meaning neighborhoods with lower tree canopy receive fewer benefits.”