# Turkish vocabulary

Turkish vocabulary is the set of words within the Turkish language. The language widely uses agglutination and suffixes to form words from noun and verb stems. Besides native Turkic words, Turkish vocabulary is rich in loanwords from Arabic, Persian, French and other languages.
This article is a companion to Turkish grammar and contains some information that might be considered grammatical. The purpose of this article is mainly to show the use of some of the yapım ekleri "structural suffixes" of the Turkish language, as well as to give some of the structurally important words, like pronouns, determiners, postpositions, and conjunctions.

## Origins

In the ninth century, Turks began to convert to Islam and to use the Arabic alphabet. When the Seljuk Turks ruled Iran (Persia), they became Persianized and adopted for official and literary use the Persian language. Thus educated Turks had available for their use the vocabularies of three languages: Turkic as a distant native language, Persian for cultural, artistic, literary and scientific purposes, and Arabic for religious purposes.
When the Ottoman Empire arose out of the remains of the Seljuk Empire in Anatolia, its official language, Osmanlıca or Ottoman Turkish, became the only language to approach English in the size of its vocabulary (according to #Lewis). However, common people continued to use kaba Türkçe or "rough Turkish" which contained much fewer loanwords and which is the basis of the modern Turkish language.
With the advent of the Turkish Republic in 1923 came the attempt to unify the languages of the people and the administration, and to westernize the country. The modern Turkish alphabet, based on the Latin script, was introduced. Also, Arabic and Persian words were replaced, as possible, by: Turkish words surviving in speech, obsolete Turkish words, new words formed regularly from the agglutinative resources of Turkish, thoroughly new words or formations. However, still a large portion of current Turkish words have Persian and Arabic origins. Turkish has words borrowed from Greek due to the Ottoman Empire having conquered the Byzantine Empire. There are also borrowings from other European languages, or from the common technical vocabulary of Europe. In the latter case, the borrowings are usually taken in their French pronunciation.

## Nouns

Turkish nouns and pronouns have no grammatical gender (the same pronoun o means "he", "she" or "it"), but have six grammatical cases: nominative or absolute (used for the subject or an indefinite direct object), accusative (used for a definite direct object), dative (= to), locative (= in), ablative (= from), genitive (= of). There are two grammatical numbers, singular and plural.

### Nouns from nouns and adjectives

The suffix -ci attached to a noun denotes a person involved with what is named by the noun:
    NounNoun + -ci iş "work"işçi "worker" balık "fish"balıkçı "fisherman" gazete "newspaper"gazeteci "newsagent", "journalist"
The suffix -lik attached to a noun or adjective denotes an abstraction, or an object involved with what is named by the noun:
    NounNoun + -lik iyi "good"iyilik "goodness" tuz "salt"tuzluk "salt shaker" gün "day"günlük "diary", "daily" (adverb) gece "night"gecelik "nightgown"

### Nouns from verbs

The noun in -im denoting an instance of action was mentioned in the introduction to Turkish grammar.
    yat- "lie down",
    yatır- "lay down",
    yatırım "investment".
For more examples on word derivations, see the related article: List of replaced loanwords in Turkish.

## Adjectives
### Classification of adjectives

Adjectives can be distinguished as being
* descriptive (niteleme "qualifying"), or
* determinative (belirtme): in particular:
** demonstrative (gösterme "to show" or işaret "sign"),
** numerical (sayı "number"),
** indefinite (belirsizlik or belgisiz),
** interrogative (soru "question").
For an intensive form, the first consonant and vowel of a (descriptive) adjective can be reduplicated; a new consonant is added too, m, p, r, or s, but there is no simple rule for which one:
    AdjectiveIntensive Form başka "other"bambaşka "completely different" katı "hard"kaskatı "hard as a rock" kuru "dry"kupkuru "dry as a bone" temiz "clean"tertemiz "clean as a whistle"
The determinative adjectives, or determiners, are an essential part of the language, although Turkish takes some of its determiners from Arabic and Persian.

#### Demonstrative adjectives

* o "that",
* bu "this",
* şu "this" or "that" (thing pointed to).
These are also demonstrative pronouns. Used with plural nouns, these adjectives represent the English "those" and "these"; there is no such inflexion of adjectives in Turkish.

#### Numerical adjectives

The cardinal numbers are built up in a regular way from the following:
    0-9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 sıfır bir iki üç dört beş altı yedi sekiz dokuz Multiples of Ten — 102030405060708090 on yirmi otuz kırk elli altmış yetmiş seksen doksan
    Powers of Ten 101001,0001,000,0001,000,000,000 onyüzbinmilyonmilyar
Units follow multiples of ten; powers of ten come in descending order. For example:
    yüz kırk dokuz milyar beş yüz doksan yedi milyon sekiz yüz yetmiş bin altı yüz doksan bir metre ("149,597,870,691 metres").
    yüzkırkdokuzmilyar [one] hundredfortyninebillion
    beşyüzdoksanyedimilyon fivehundredninetysevenmillion
    sekizyüzyetmişbin eighthundredseventythousand
    altıyüzdoksanbirmetre sixhundredninetyonemetres
The cardinals are generally not used alone, but a general word for a unit is used, such as:
* tane, literally "grain";
* kişi "person".
Remembering that the plural suffix is not used when numbers are named, we have:
    dört tane bira "four beers";
    Altı kişiyiz "We are six."
From the cardinal numbers, others can be derived with suffixes:
* ordinal -(i)nci
    yedi "seven" → yedinci "seventh"
       Sırada yedincisiniz.
       "You are seventh in line."
* distributive -(ş)er
    bir "one" → birer "one each"
    iki "two" → ikişer "two each"
* collective -(i)z
    iki "two" → ikizler "twins"

#### Indefinite adjectives

The cardinal bir "one" can be used as an indefinite article. Other so-called indefinite adjectives might be listed as follows:
* universal: her "each, every", tüm "the whole", bütün "whole, all";
* existential: bazı "some", biraz "a little", birkaç "a few, several";
* negative: hiç "none";
* quantitative: az "little, few", çok "much, many";
* distinguishing: başka, diğer, öteki, öbür "other";
* identifying: aynı "same".

#### Interrogative adjectives

* hangi "which?"
* kaç "how much?" or "how many?"
    Saat kaç? "What time is it?"
    Kaç saat? "How many hours?"
* nasıl "what sort?" (this is also the interrogative adverb "how?")

### Adjectives from nouns

Added to a noun, -li or -siz indicates presence or absence, respectively, of what is named by the noun.
    NounPresence (-li)Absence (-siz) tuz "salt"tuzlu "salted"tuzsuz "salt-free" umut "hope"umutlu "hopeful"umutsuz "hopeless"
The suffix -li also indicates origin:
    Ankaralıyım. "I am from Ankara."
Finally, added to the verbal noun in -me, the suffix -li creates the necessitative verb.
    Pattern: (verb-stem) + me + li + (personal ending).
       Gitmeliyim. "I must go".
The native speaker may perceive -meli as an indivisible suffix denoting compulsion.
Added to a noun for a person, -ce makes an adjective.
    NounAdjective (Noun + -ce) çocuk "child"çocukça "childish" kahraman "hero"kahramanca "heroic"

## Adverbs

Adjectives can generally serve as adverbs:
    iyi "good" or "well"
The adjective might then be repeated, as noted earlier. A repeated noun also serves as an adverb:
    kapı "door" → kapı kapı "door-to-door"
The suffix -ce makes nouns and adjectives into adverbs. One source (Özkırımlı, p. 155) calls it the benzerlik ("similarity") or görelik (from göre "according to") eki, considering it as another case-ending.
* Attached to adjectives, -ce is like the English -ly:
    güzelce "beautifully"
* Attached to nouns, -ce can be like the English like:
    Türkçe konuş- "speak like Turks" (i.e., "speak Turkish")
Adverbs of place include:
* aşağı/yukarı "down/up"
* geri/ileri "backwards/forwards"
* dışarı/içeri "outside/inside"
* beri/öte "hither/yon"
* karşı "opposite"
These can also be treated as adjectives and nouns (in particular, they can be given case-endings). Also, the suffix -re can be added to the demonstrative pronouns o, bu, and şu, as well as to the interrogative pronoun ne, treated as a noun. The result has cases serving as adverbs of place:
* nereye/buraya/oraya "whither?/hither/thither"
* nerede/burada/orada "where?/here/there"
* nereden/buradan/oradan "whence?/hence/thence"

## Postpositions
### With genitive and absolute

The following are used after the genitive pronouns benim, bizim, senin, sizin, onun, and kimin, and after the absolute case of other pronouns and nouns:
* gibi "like, as";
* için "for";
* ile "with";
* kadar (Arabic) "as much as".
For example, a certain company may describe its soft drink as:
    buzgibi icelike "like ice", "ice cold"
However, another company may say of itself:
    Gibisiyok. its-likenon-existent "There's nothing like it."
Thus the label of postposition does not adequately describe gibi; Schaaik proposes calling it a predicate, because of its use in establishing similarity:
    Eşekgibisin. donkeyyou-are-like "You are like a donkey."
    beniküçümseyecekmişgibibirduygu me-ACCs/he-will-look-down-onlikeafeeling "a feeling as if s/he will look down on me"
The particle ile can be both comitative and instrumental; it can also join the preceding word as a suffix. Examples:
* Deniz ile konuştuk or Deniz'le konuştuk
    "Deniz and I [or we], we spoke."
    (here the literal translation "We spoke with Deniz" may be incorrect)
* çekiç ile vur- or çekiçle vur-
    "hit with a hammer"

### With dative

Used after nouns and pronouns in the dative case are:
* doğru "towards";
* göre "according to";
* kadar "as far as";
* karşı "against".

### With ablative

* önce/sonra "before/after";
* beri "since";
* itibaren (Arabic) "from…on";
* dolayı "because of".

### With absolute

The following postpositions are case-forms of nouns with the third-person possessional suffix; they can be understood as forming nominal compounds, always indefinite, with the preceding words (see also Turkish grammar#Nouns):
* bakımdan "from the point of view of" (bak- "look");
* hakkında "concerning, about" (hak "right, justice");
* tarafından "by the agency of" (taraf "side");
* yüzünden "because of" (yüz "face").

## Interjections

Some samples include:
* secular:
** Öf [disgust];
** Haydi "Come on": Haydi kızlar okula "Girls to school!" (slogan for an education campaign);
* invoking the Deity:
** implicitly:
*** Aman "Mercy";
*** Çok şükür "Much thanks";
** explicitly:
*** Allah Allah "Goodness gracious";
*** Hay Allah;
*** Vallah "By God [I swear it]".

## Conjunctions

Some Turkish conjunctions are borrowed from Persian and Arabic.

### Logical conjunction

The cumulative sense of the English "A and B" can be expressed several ways:
* A ve B (an Arabic borrowing);
* B ile A (ile is also a postposition);
* A, B de.
For the adversative sense of "but" or "only", there are ama and fakat (both Arabic), also yalnız (which is also an adjective corresponding to "alone").
For emphasis: hem A hem B "both A and B".

### Logical disjunction

For the sense of English "(either)…or":
* A veya B;
* ya A veya B;
* ya A ya da B.
The pattern of the last two can be extended:
* ya A ya B veya C;
* ya A ya B ya da C.

### Implication

* B, çünkü A "B, because A".
* ((Eğer)) A'ysa, (o zaman) B'dir. "If A, then B." ("Eğer" is not generally used.)
Both çünkü and eğer are Persian; the latter is not generally needed, because the conditional form of the verb is available.

### The conjunction ki

The Persian conjunction ki brings to Turkish the Indo-European style of relating ideas (#Lewis [XIII,15]):
    Beklemesini istiyorum "Her-waiting I-desire"; but
    İstiyorum ki beklesin "I-desire that he-wait."
Thus ki corresponds roughly to English "that", but with a broader sense:
    Güneş batmıştı ki köye vardık "The-sun had-set [when] that at-the-village we-arrived."
    Kirazı yedim ki şeker gibi "The-cherry I-ate [and found] that [it was] sugar like."

## Verbs

The verb-stem temizle- "make clean" is the adjective temiz "clean" with the suffix -le-. Many verbs are formed from nouns or adjectives with -le:
   * başla- "make a head", that is, "begin" (intransitive; baş "head");
   * kilitle- "make locked", that is, "lock" (kilit "lock");
   * kirlet- "make dirty" (kir "dirt")
   * köpekle- (from köpek "dog", discussed at Turkish grammar#Parts of speech).
The suffix -iş- indicates reciprocal action, which is expressed in English by "each other" or "one another".
   * görüşmek "to see one another" (from görmek "to see", for example Görüşürüz, "Goodbye"
(literally "We see one another"))
(But there are exceptions: sevişmek does not mean "to love one another" (from sevmek "to love") but rather "to make love with each other."
Many causative verbs are formed with -dir-.
   * öldürmek "to kill" (from ölmek "to die")
   * yaptırmak "to have something done" (from yapmak "to do")