OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Best American Essays

The Best American Essays is a yearly anthology of magazine articles published in the United States. It was started in 1986 and is now part of The Best American Series published by HarperCollins. Articles are chosen using the same procedure with other titles in the Best American series; the series editor chooses about 100 article candidates, from which the guest editor picks 25 or so for publication; the remaining runner-up articles listed in the appendix. The series is edited by Robert Atwan, and Joyce Carol Oates assisted in the editing process until 2000 with the publication of The Best American Essays of the Century.

## Guest editors

* 1986: Elizabeth Hardwick
* 1987: Gay Talese
* 1988: Annie Dillard
* 1989: Geoffrey Wolff
* 1990: Justin Kaplan
* 1991: Joyce Carol Oates
* 1992: Susan Sontag
* 1993: Joseph Epstein
* 1994: Tracy Kidder
* 1995: Jamaica Kincaid
* 1996: Geoffrey C. Ward
* 1997: Ian Frazier
* 1998: Cynthia Ozick
* 1999: Edward Hoagland
* 2000: Alan Lightman
* 2001: Kathleen Norris
* 2002: Stephen Jay Gould
* 2003: Anne Fadiman
* 2004: Louis Menand
* 2005: Susan Orlean
* 2006: Lauren Slater
* 2007: David Foster Wallace
* 2008: Adam Gopnik
* 2009: Mary Oliver
* 2010: Christopher Hitchens
* 2011: Edwidge Danticat
* 2012: David Brooks
* 2013: Cheryl Strayed
* 2014: John Jeremiah Sullivan
* 2015: Ariel Levy
* 2016: Jonathan Franzen
* 2017: Leslie Jamison
* 2018: Hilton Als
* 2019: Rebecca Solnit
* 2020: André Aciman
* 2021: Kathryn Schulz
* 2022: Alexander Chee
* 2023: Vivian Gornick
* 2024: Wesley Morris

## Contributing publications

* The Alaska Quarterly Review
* The Baffler
* BuzzFeed
* Electric Literature
* The Florida Review
* Granta
* Harper's Magazine
* The Kenyon Review
* Lapham's Quarterly
* n+1
* The New York Times Magazine
* North American Review
* Oxford American
* The Threepenny Review
* Tin House
* Transition Magazine
* Virginia Quarterly Review
# Praseodymium(III) fluoride

Praseodymium(III) fluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula PrF$_3$, being the most stable fluoride of praseodymium.

## Preparation

The reaction between praseodymium(III) nitrate and sodium fluoride will obtain praseodymium(III) fluoride as a green crystalline solid:
    Pr(NO$_3$)$_3$ + 3 NaF → 3 NaNO$_3$ + PrF$_3$
There are also literature reports on the reaction between chlorine trifluoride and various oxides of praseodymium (Pr$_2$O$_3$, Pr$_6$O$_{11}$ and PrO$_2$), where praseodymium(III) fluoride is the only product. The reaction between bromine trifluoride and praseodymium oxide left in the air for a period of time also produces praseodymium(III) fluoride, but the reaction is incomplete; the reaction between praseodymium(III) oxalate hydrate and bromine trifluoride can obtain praseodymium(III) fluoride, and carbon is also produced from this reaction. Praseodymium(III) fluoride can also be obtained by reacting praseodymium oxide and sulfur hexafluoride at 584 °C.

## Properties
### Physical

Praseodymium(III) fluoride forms pale green crystals of trigonal system (or hexagonal system), space group P 3c1, (or P 6/mcm), cell parameters a = 0.7078 nm, c = 0.7239 nm, Z = 6, structure like cerium(III) fluoride (CeF$_3$).

### Chemical

Praseodymium(III) fluoride is a green, odourless, hygroscopic solid that is insoluble in water.

## Uses

Praseodymium(III) fluoride is used as a doping material for laser crystals.
# Ortensio Zecchino

Ortensio Zecchino (born 20 April 1943) is an Italian academic and politician. He is a former Italian Minister of University and Research.

## Biography

After teaching History of Medieval Institutions at the Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples, Zecchino joined the Christian Democracy and was elected regional councilor of Campania, holding the seat from 1970 to 1979, until he has been elected to the European Parliament.
In 1987, Zecchino has been elected for the first time to the Senate and held the seat in Palazzo Madama until 2001. In 1998, Zecchino joined the D'Alema I Cabinet in which he has been appointed Minister of University and Research and kept the leadership of the ministry in the D'Alema II Cabinet and the Amato II Cabinet.
Zecchino left the PPI in 2001 when the party was federated into The Daisy, and joined Sergio D'Antoni's European Democracy. He then moved to Ariano Irpino. where he is heading BioGeM ("Biology and Molecular Genetics") and CESN [it] ("European Centre for Norman Studies").
# Stillman Willis House

The Stillman Willis House is an historic house in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This 2+1⁄2-story house was built in 1839, and was originally located nearby on Massachusetts Avenue. It was moved to its present location in 1883, at which time it was extensively modernized, overlaying its Greek Revival features with Italianate and Colonial Revival styling. Surviving Greek Revival elements include corner pilasters and an entablature, while later features include bracketed window cornices and extensive decorative woodwork on the porches.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
# Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (1892–1930)

Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska Marie Karoline Ignatia Salvator (27 January 1892 – 29 January 1930) was the eldest daughter of Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria and Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria. Through her mother, she was a granddaughter of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and through her father, she was a descendant of King George II of Great Britain.

## Biography

She was born in Vienna on 27 January 1892 to Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria and his wife, Archduchess Marie Valerie, youngest daughter of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. She married at Niederwallsee on 19 September 1912 Georg Count von Waldburg zu Zeil und Hohenems (1878–1955). The marriage was one of love and not a political marriage. Georg von Waldburg had no money or property, and had been hired as a tutor for her brothers.
They had four children, three daughters and a son:
* Countess Marie Valerie von Waldburg-Zeil (28 June 1913 – 8 July 2011), married Archduke Georg of Austria, Prince of Tuscany (1905–1952) in 1936. He was the younger son of Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.
* Countess Klementine von Waldburg-Zeil (5 October 1914 – 24 September 1941), unmarried and without issue.
* Countess Elisabeth von Waldburg-Zeil (23 February 1917 – 18 June 1979), unmarried and without issue.
* Count Franz Josef von Waldburg-Zeil (7 March 1927 – 31 August 2022), married Countess Priscilla of Schönborn-Wiesentheid in 1956. They had seven children.
Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska was a painter for some time. She died, aged 38, of pneumonia on 29 January 1930. Her widower remarried nearly two years later, on 29 December 1931, to her younger sister Gertrud.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (1892–1930) :
# Randall High School

Randall High School is a public high school located in the city limits of Amarillo, Texas (US). It is part of the Canyon Independent School District located in north central Randall County and classified as a 4A school by the UIL. In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

## Facilities and athletics

Campus facilities
* West Building
** Includes classrooms, offices, library, student commons, two basketball courts, and auditorium.
* East Building
** Includes classrooms, offices, library, cafeteria, basketball court, and turf room.
* Industry Building
** Includes classrooms and shops for various specialized classes such as architecture and agriculture.
* Athletic Facilities
** Football/soccer field, baseball and softball diamonds, 14 tennis courts, weight room, trainers facility, wrestling complex, field house.
Athletics
The Randall Raiders compete in the following sports -
Cross Country, Volleyball, Football, Basketball, Wrestling, Soccer, Powerlifting, Golf, Tennis, Track, Softball & Baseball, Bowling.
Happy State Bank Stadium serves as Randall's home football venue.

### State titles

* Girls Basketball -
** 1992(4A), 1998(4A)
* Boys Cross Country -
** 1988(4A), 1989(4A)
* Girls Cross Country -
** 2013(4A), 2014(5A), 2016(5A), 2023(4A)
* Volleyball -
** 2009(4A), 2022(4A)
* Boys Wrestling -
** 2008(All), 2009(All) 2013(4A) 2018(4A) 2019(4A) 2020(4A) 2021(4A)
* Boys Golf
** 2023(4A)

## Notable alumni

* Aaron Watson, Country Music Singer and Songwriter
* Heston Kjerstad, professional baseball outfielder for Baltimore Orioles
# Hagemann's ester

Hagemann's ester, ethyl 2-methyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexenecarboxylate, is an organic compound that was first prepared and described in 1893 by German chemist Carl Hagemann. The compound is used in organic chemistry as a reagent in the synthesis of many natural products including sterols, trisporic acids, and terpenoids.

## Preparation
### Hagemann's approach

Methylene iodide and two equivalents of ethyl acetoacetate react in the presence of sodium methoxide to form the diethyl ester of 2,4-diacetyl pentane. This precursor is treated with base to induce cyclization. Finally, heat is applied to generate Hagemann's ester.

### Knoevenagel's approach

Soon after Hagemann, Emil Knoevenagel described a modified procedure to produce the same intermediate diethyl ester of 2,4-diacetyl pentane using formaldehyde and two equivalents of ethyl acetoacetate which undergo condensation in the presence of a catalytic amount of piperidine.

### Newman and Lloyd approach

2-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene and ethyl-2-butynoate undergo a Diels-Alder reaction to generate a precursor which is hydrolyzed to obtain Hagemann's ester. By varying the substituents on the butynoate starting material, this approach allows for different C2 alkylated Hagemann's ester derivatives to be synthesized.

### Mannich and Forneau approach
#### Original

Methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl acetoacetate, and diethyl-methyl-(3-oxo-butyl)-ammonium iodide react to form a cyclic aldol product. Sodium methoxide is added to generate Hagemann's ester.

#### Variations

Methyl vinyl ketone and ethyl acetoacetate undergo aldol cyclization in the presence of catalytic pyrrolidinum acetate or Triton B or sodium ethoxide to produce Hagemann's ester. This variant is a type of Robinson annulation.

## Uses

Hagemann's ester has been used as a key building block in many syntheses. For example, a key intermediate for the fungal hormone trisporic acid was made by its alkylation and it has been used to make sterols. Other authors have used it in inverse-electron-demand Diels–Alder reactions leading to sesquiterpene dimers or in reactions forming simple derivatives.
# 1952 Seletar by-election

The 1952 Seletar by-election for the Legislative Council of Singapore was scheduled on 20 December 1952, after the resignation of incumbent Vilasini Menon on 25 September 1952. Menon was charged with a criminal breach of trust in India, along with her lawyer husband.
The by-election did not take place as scheduled as its sole running candidate, Madai Puthan Damodaran Nair, was elected as the constituency's councilor in an uncontested walkover.

## Background

Vilasini Menon was elected as Legislative Councilor for the Seletar constituency of the Legislative Council of Singapore in the 1951 general election.
Menon and her lawyer husband was later charged with a criminal breach of trust in India. As a result, she voluntarily resigned her seat on 25 September 1952 which triggered a by-election in the Seletar constituency. The writ of election was issued on 28 October 1952 with nomination day set on 19 November.

## Campaign

Only the independent City Councilor Madai Puthan Damodaran Nair filed in his candidacy for the by-election.

## Election

Since Nair is the only candidate in the by-election, he was elected as a Legislative Councilor through a walkover. The by-election no longer took place as scheduled.
Nair was sworn into office on 16 December 1952. He initially refused to be sworn in unless the demands of the constituency's Naval Base Union members were met.

## Results

| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Independent | Madai Puthan Damodaran Nair | Uncontested walkover | Uncontested walkover |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 6,509 | |
| Source: Singapore Elections ||||
# Boston Spa Methodist Church

Boston Spa Methodist Church is an active Methodist Church of Great Britain church in Boston Spa, West Yorkshire, England. The church is Grade II listed, having been designated so on 30 April 1982.

## History

The church dates from 1846 and was built to a design by Atkinson of York. The foundation stone was laid November 1846; the church dedicated October 1847. The debt incurred for construction of £1000 building debt was satisfied in 1863. The first preacher was George Macdonald who became grandfather to Stanley Baldwin and Rudyard Kipling.

## Architecture
### Exterior

The church is built of magnesian limestone and has a pitched Welsh slate roof and is of an Italianate style. The building has two storeys with the gable to the front. There are steps at the front. There is a small lean-to extension dating from 1986.<ref name=NHLE>

### Interior

The fittings include pine box pews and a semi-octagonal pulpit. There is a round-arched recess for organ to the rear which contains a wooden organ by Harrison and Harrison.<ref name=NHLE>
# José Luis González Quirós

José Luis González Quirós (born September 2, 1947) is a Spanish philosopher, born in Grado, Asturias. He is one of the founders of Vox, and was interim president of Vox from June to September 2014.
# Gilman reagent

A Gilman reagent is a diorganocopper compound with the formula Li[CuR$_2$], where R is an alkyl or aryl. They are colorless solids.

## Use in organic chemistry

These reagents are useful because, unlike related Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents, they react with organic halides to replace the halide group with an R group (the Corey–House reaction). Such displacement reactions allow for the synthesis of complex products from simple building blocks. Lewis acids can be used to modify the reagent.
$[{\ce {R}}{-}{\color {Blue}{\ce {Cu}}}{\ce {-R}}]^{-}{\ce {Li+}}\ {\xrightarrow {\color {Red}{\ce {R'-X}}}}\ \overbrace {\left[{\ce {R}}{-}{\overset {{\displaystyle \color {Red}{\ce {R}}'} \atop |}{\underset {| \atop {\displaystyle \color {Red}{\ce {X}}}}{\color {Blue}{\ce {Cu}}}}}{\ce {-R}}\right]^{-}{\ce {Li+}}} ^{\text{planar intermediate}}{\ce {->R}}{-}{\color {Blue}{\ce {Cu}}}+{\ce {R}}{-}{\color {Red}{\ce {R'}}}+{\ce {Li}}{-}{\color {Red}{\ce {X}}}$

## History

These reagents were discovered by Henry Gilman and coworkers. Lithium dimethylcopper (CH$_3$)$_2$CuLi can be prepared by adding copper(I) iodide to methyllithium in tetrahydrofuran at −78 °C. In the reaction depicted below, the Gilman reagent is a methylating reagent reacting with an alkyne in a conjugate addition, and the ester group forms a cyclic enone.

## Structure

Lithium dimethylcuprate exists as a dimer in diethyl ether forming an 8-membered ring. Similarly, lithium diphenylcuprate crystallizes as a dimeric etherate, [{Li(OEt$_2$)}(CuPh$_2$)]$_2$.
If the Li$^+$ ions is complexed with the crown ether 12-crown-4, the resulting diorganylcuprate anions adopt a linear coordination geometry at copper.
For the higher order cyanocuprate Li$_2$CuCN(CH$_3$)$_2$, the cyanide ligand is coordinated to Li and π-bound to Cu.

## Mixed cuprates

More useful generally than the Gilman reagents are the so-called mixed cuprates with the formula [RCuX]$^−$ and [R$_2$CuX]$^{2−}$. Such compounds are often prepared by the addition of the organolithium reagent to copper(I) halides and cyanide. These mixed cuprates are more stable and more readily purified. One problem addressed by mixed cuprates is the economical use of the alkyl group. Thus, in some applications, the mixed cuprate with the formula Li $_2$[Cu(2-thienyl)(CN)R] is prepared by combining thienyllithium and cuprous cyanide followed by the organic group to be transferred. In this higher order mixed cuprate, both the cyanide and thienyl groups do not transfer, only the R group does.
# Jack Bycroft

Jack Thomas Bycroft (born 21 September 2001) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for EFL League Two club Swindon Town.

## Club career

Born in Salisbury, Bycroft began his career at Southampton, turning professional in 2018. He spent loan spells with non-league clubs Weymouth, Dorchester Town, Taunton Town, Aldershot Town, and Oxford City.
In January 2024 he signed for Swindon Town.

## International career

Bycroft has played for England U19s, appearing as a substitute in a friendly against France in October 2019.
# Nowy Ciechocinek

Nowy Ciechocinek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Aleksandrów Kujawski, within Aleksandrów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Aleksandrów Kujawski and 21 km (13 mi) south-east of Toruń.
# Andy Coles

Andy Coles is an English former police officer and politician known for his undercover work in the 1990s and subsequent political career.

## Career

Between 1991 and 1995, Coles served as an undercover police officer infiltrating animal rights groups. He used the cover name Andy Davey. Following reference to his undercover work in an autobiography written by his brother Richard Coles, activists uncovered his true identity in 2017. Coles wrote the Special Demonstration Squad Tradecraft Manual that was used by subsequent undercover officers, which advised on managing sexual relationships with those they were targeting and the use of dead children's names as cover identities. His actions are seen as part of the wider undercover policing relationships scandal.
Coles was elected as a councillor for Peterborough City Council for the Conservative Party in 2015. The same year he became the Deputy Cambridgeshire Police and Crime Commissioner.
He has been accused of engaging in a sexual relationship while undercover with a 19-year-old woman when he was 32. The woman did not know Coles' real identity. Coles denies this relationship occurred but the Metropolitan police does not agree with this denial and has said if he was still a police officer he would face a disciplinary hearing. Following this accusation in 2017, Coles resigned from his role as Deputy Police and Crime Commissioner.
# Ratchadaphisek MRT station

Ratchadaphisek station (Thai: สถานีรัชดาภิเษก) is a Bangkok MRT station on the Blue Line, located under Ratchadaphisek Road, in Bangkok, Thailand.
During construction, the station had been named Ratchada but MRTA changed to Ratchadaphisek, reflecting the road of the same name. The station's symbol color is pink.

## Station layout

| G | - | Bus stop |
| B1 | Basement | Exits 1–3 |
| B2 | Concourse | Ticket machines |
| B3 | Platform 2 | Blue towards Tha Phra via Bang Sue (Lat Phrao) |
| Island platform, doors will open on the right ||
| B3 | Platform 1 | Blue towards Lak Song (Sutthisan) |
# Anthony Poggo

Anthony Poggo (born 1964) is a South Sudanese Anglican bishop. Since 2022, he has been the secretary general of the Anglican Consultative Council and head of the Anglican Communion Office.

## Early life and education

During his childhood, Poggo's father, an Anglican priest, took his children to Uganda to flee the first Sudanese Civil War. They returned in 1973. Poggo was educated at the University of Juba and Oxford Brookes University.

## Career

Poggo worked for the Scripture Union. He was ordained a deacon in 1995 and a priest in 1996. He then joined Across, a Christian mission agency working in Sudan, eventually becoming its executive director. In 2007 he was elected bishop of Kajo-Keji, a position he held until 2016 when he moved to Lambeth Palace to support Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby as his adviser on Anglican Communion affairs. In 2022, he succeeded Josiah Idowu-Fearon as secretary-general of the Anglican Communion.
# Tom Dockrell

Thomas R. Dockrell (1924-2012) was an American ice hockey player and coach for Colgate. Dockrell spent one season as Red Raiders coach before the program was dropped after the 1950–51 season. While the program was reestablished six years later, Dockrell was not retained. Dockrell served in the Army Air Force during World War II and was a member of the US AAU Team that was disqualified from competition at the 1948 Winter Olympics.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview :
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing |
| Colgate Red Raiders Independent (1950–1951) ||||||
| 1950–51 | Colgate | 2-7-0 | 1-4-0 | t-5th |
| Colgate: | Colgate: | 2-7-0 | | |
| Total: | Total: | 2-7-0 | | |
| National champion   Postseason invitational champion   Conference regular season champion   Conference regular season and conference tournament champion  Division regular season champion  Division regular season and conference tournament champion  Conference tournament champion ||||||
# Jiuzhouyang

Jiuzhouyang (Chinese: 九洲洋) or Jiuzhou Channel is the lower channel of the Pearl River estuary which runs from Lingdingyang all the way to the southern end of the Wanshan Archipelago. At the eastern tip of Taipa, from the western tip of Lantau separates Jiuzhouyang from Lingdingyang the mid channel. Currently, no bridge or tunnel that crosses Jiuzhouyang with only Humen Pearl River Bridge (Shiziyang the upper channel) and Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge (Lingdingyang the mid channel) crosses Pearl River estuary.
# Anzhela Bladtceva

Anzhela Viktorovna Bladtceva (Russian: Анже́ла Ви́кторовна Бла́дцева; born 23 July 2005) is a Russian trampoline gymnast. She is the 2024 Russian champion and represented the Individual Neutral Athletes team at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

## Career
### Junior

Bladtceva won the gold medal in the individual event at the 2017 World Age Group Competitions in the 11-12 age group. Additionally, she won a silver medal in synchronized trampoline alongside Daria Nazukova. She then won the individual title for the 13-14 age group at the 2018 World Age Group Competitions hosted in her hometown, Saint Petersburg. She also competed in the synchro event alongside Polina Denisova and won a silver medal. She then successfully defended this title at the 2019 World Age Group Competitions. She won an additional gold medal in the synchro event alongside Natalia Olefir.
Bladtceva won the junior individual title at the 2021 European Championships in Sochi, and the Russian team won the gold medal. At the 2021 World Age Group Competitions, she moved up to the 15-16 age group and won the individual title. She finished her junior career undefeated as an individual at the World Age Group Competitions.

### Senior

Bladtceva was scheduled to make her senior debut in 2022. However, the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) banned Russian and Belarussian athletes due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. She continued to participate in domestic competitions. In the summer of 2023, the FIG announced they would lift the ban beginning in January 2024.
Bladtceva returned to international competition in February 2024 at the Baku World Cup, and she won the silver medal in the individual event behind the defending Olympic champion, Zhu Xueying. In April 2024, she won the individual title at Russian Championships. She then won her first World Cup title at the Arosa World Cup and won the silver medal at the Coimbra World Cup. She was the overall winner of the 2024 World Cup series.
Bladtceva won a quota for the 2024 Olympic Games with her 2024 World Cup series results. In June, she was approved to compete as an Individual Neutral Athlete by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Bladtceva then sent her documents to the IOC and confirmed her intention to compete at the Olympics. She ultimately finished fifth in the women's individual final. She spoke positively of her experience at the Olympic Games with the media but was upset about not being allowed to attend the opening ceremony.

## Personal life

As of 2024, Bladtceva is a student at the Faculty of Individual Educational and Sports Technologies in the Department of Theory and Methodology at Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health.