OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) was a research programme that ran from 1987 to 2015 dedicated to studying the phenomenon of global change. Its primary focus was coordinating "international research on global-scale and regional-scale interactions between Earth's biological, chemical and physical processes and their interactions with human systems."
The International Council of Scientific Unions, a coordinating body of national science organizations, launched IGBP. It looked at the total Earth system, the changes that are occurring, and the manner in which changes are influenced by human actions.
IGBP aimed to describe and understand how the physical, chemical and biological processes regulate the Earth system. It also sought to increase knowledge of how humans are influencing global processes, such as the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, water cycle and phosphorus cycle. "It delivers scientific knowledge to help human societies develop in harmony with Earth's environment."
IGBP research was organised around six projects representing the Earth system – land, atmosphere, ocean and where they meet (land-atmosphere, land-ocean, atmosphere-ocean) and two further projects looking at the Earth system as a whole: Past Global Changes (PAGES), which looks at palaeoclimate, and the Analysis, Integration and Modelling of the Earth System (AIMES), which helps set the agenda for Earth system models, as well as four joint projects – carbon, water, human health and food security – with the other three international global-change programmes.
In 2004, IGBP published a landmark synthesis, Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure (Steffen et al). The synthesis stated that humanity was now the main driver of change at the planetary scale and that Earth is now operating in a "no analogue" state. Measurements of Earth system processes, past and present, have led to the conclusion that the planet has moved well outside the range of natural variability in the last half million years at least.
From 2008 to 2015, Sybil Seitzinger was executive director of the IGBP.

## IGBP projects

* Analysis, Integration and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES)
* Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC)
* Global Land Project (GLP)
* International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC)
* Integrated Land Ecosystem–Atmosphere Processes Study (iLEAPS)
* Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER)
* Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)
* Past Global Changes (PAGES)
* Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)
* Integrated History and Future of People on Earth (IHOPE)

## IGBP joint projects

* Global Carbon Project
* Global Land Project
* Global Environmental Change and Human Health (GECHH)
* Global Environmental Change and Food Systems (GECAFS)
* Global Water System Project (GWSP)
* International Nitrogen Initiative

## International partners

* Earth System Science Partnership
* World Climate Research Programme
* Diversitas
* International Human Dimensions Programme
# 11th National Congress of the Kuomintang

The 11th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: 中國國民黨第十一次全國代表大会) was the eleventh national congress of the Kuomintang, held on 12–18 November 1976 in Taipei, Taiwan. This is the first party congress after the Republic of China lost international recognition in 1971 and the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975.

## Results

Congress members fully supported Chiang Ching-kuo to become the Chairperson of the Kuomintang after the death of the party chairperson Chiang Kai-shek on 5 April 1975.
# Sklifosovsky Institute for Emergency Medicine

The Sklifosovsky Institute for Emergency Medicine (Russian: Институт скорой помощи имени Склифосовского), known more commonly as the Sklifosovsky Institute or by the nickname Sklif, is an emergency medicine research hospital in the Meshchansky District of Moscow, Russia. Named for the Russian surgeon and physiologist N. V. Sklifosovsky, it is located on the Garden Ring circular ring road around the centre of Moscow.
It was one of the first in Russia and is the largest multidisciplinary scientific and practical center in the capital. It specialises in emergency medical care, emergency surgery, resuscitation, combined and burn trauma, emergency cardiology and acute poisoning.
The Sklifosovsky Institute played a major part in Moscow's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## In fiction

The hospital was the setting of the long-running Russian TV medical drama Sklifosovsky.
# Heinrich Boller

Heinrich "Hanggi" Boller (6 September 1921 – 30 June 2007) was a Swiss ice hockey player for the Swiss national team. He won a bronze medal at the 1948 Winter Olympics.
# Operation Placid

Operation Placid was a Rhodesian military operation in Zambia with clandestine assistance from the South African Air Force (SAAF) during the Rhodesian Bush War. The Rhodesian Air Force planned raids against a ZIPRA camps in Zambia on the northern Rhodesian border.

## Operation

The operation consisted of two raids on ZIPRA camps on 22 August 1979. The South African Air Force provided three Canberra bombers (12 Squadron SAAF) with crew for the operation which would include Rhodesian Air Force Canberra's and Hawker Hunter fighters.$^{:Ch5}$ The aircraft of Operation Placid I departed at 09h15 from Fylde airbase, the Canberra's armed with two 1000lb and nine 500lb bombs for the targets in Zambia.$^{:Ch5}$ During the operation the Zambian Air Force launched Shenyang F-6 fighters to intercept the operation but failed to intercept the formation.$^{:Ch5}$

## Aftermath

Operation Placid II took place on the same day at 15h40 and re-attacked the morning targets and again the Zambian Air Force launched Shenyang F-6 fighters to intercept the operation but failed.$^{:Ch5}$
# VideoSport MK2

The VideoSport MK2 is a dedicated home video game console produced by VideoSport Ltd. and Redbourn Plastics, based on Saint Albans (Hertfordshire). It was mostly distributed by Henry's, a British retailer of television and Hi-fi equipment, starting in 1975 until 1977. Customers could purchase the console in stores or have it delivered to them by mail. The original price was £37.50 in March 1975; it dropped to £34.72 in May 1975, to £29.50 in May 1976 and to £20.20 later in 1976 or early 1977. By May 1976, over 10,000 units of the console had been sold.
It was one of the first European video game consoles.

## Hardware
### Console and controllers

The console has a central body with only a power switch and a knob to select one of three games: Football, Tennis/Pong and Hole-in-the-wall. There are two controllers with cables that connect to the console, with two paddles each (for vertical and horizontal movement) and a button (for serving and goal kicking). There were two variations of the console, the original VideoSport MK2 with gold letters and a later VideoSport MK2 without gold letters, likely introduced in an attempt to reduce production costs. The VideoSport MK2 was mostly assembled by hand, and the colour of the push buttons depended on what parts had been purchased "on the fly".

### Technical specifications

Inside the console, there are only two TTL-type integrated circuits, each containing four NAND ports. The remaining circuitry comprises discrete components only. The power supply is provided only through the mains current.
# Dumar (prince)

Dumar was a 12th-century Slavic prince and warrior in Western Pomerania. He was deafeated while fighting against the raid organised by Lothair III, duke of Saxony, and Henry II, margrave of the Northern March in 1114. While it remains unknown from which tribe he came from, it is proposed that it could have been Kessinians, Pomeranians, Redari, or Tollensians.

## Biography

Dumar was described in writtings of Annalista Saxo. According to them, he was Slavic prince and warrior in Western Pomerania, living at the beginning of the 12th century. He fought during the raid against the tribe of Lutici, organised by Lothair III, duke of Saxony, and Henry II, margrave of the Northern March in 1114. Following his defeat, he was forced to surrender his son as a hostage. A prince of Rani tribe attempted to help him, however he was also defeated.
It is unknown from which tribe Dumar came from. Some historians proposed that he was a prince of Kessinians, or a chief of Redari or Tollensians. Other propose that he could have came from a tribe of Pomeranians, living at the mouth of Oder river, and could have been the father of Wartislaw I, since, as a child, he was baptized while also being a captive of Saxons.
# 2005–06 FA Premier Academy League

The 2005–06 Premier Academy League Under–18 season was the ninth edition since the establishment of The Premier Academy League, and the 2nd under the current make-up. The first match of the season was played in August 2005, and the season ended in May 2006.
Southampton U18 were the champions.
# Yefremov railway station

Yefremov is a station of the Moscow Railway. It is located in the city of Yefremov, Tula Region.

## Summary

It is part of the Tula Center for the Organization of the Work of Railway Stations DCS-4 of the Moscow Directorate of Traffic Control. In terms of the main nature of the work, it is a freight one, in terms of the volume of work, it is assigned to class 3. One of the largest stations on the non-electrified Ozherelye - Yelets section. Several access roads depart from the station.
It is a connection between the Moscow and South-Eastern railways. The border between the two railways passes south of the station, behind the railway bridge over the Krasivaya Mecha River, the line to Yelets belongs to the Belgorod region of the South Eastern Railway.
The station building is located on a hill, and the platforms are located between the middle tracks of the station. Access to them is possible only by a pedestrian bridge or decking.
The station was opened in 1874 on the branch of the Ryazhsko-Vyazma railway from Uzlovaya to Yelets. An important role in this was played by D. D. Obolensky. In 1931, the station was rebuilt, in 1954 a two-story station was built. In October 1919, M. I. Kalinin came on a propaganda train to Yefremov, where he made a fiery speech to the Yefremov workers.
On the occasion of the 140th anniversary of the birth of the writer Ivan Bunin, a monument in his honor was erected on the observation deck near the station in 2013. The author of the monument is Alexander Burganov.

## Passenger traffic

All suburban and long-distance trains stop at the station. Suburban traffic is served by CSPC trains. Suburban traffic connects Yefremov with the cities of the Tula region: Bogoroditsk, Uzlovaya, Novomoskovsk.

## Gallery

* Bridge over the Krasivaya Mecha (c. 1900)
* On the Malaya Andreevka - Yefremov stretch
* Tashkent — St. Petersburg train at Yefremov station
* On the way between Yefremov and Uzlovaya
# Joshua Charlton

Joshua Charlton (born 29 July 1999) is an Australian tennis player.
Charlton has a career high ATP singles ranking of 983 achieved on 3 February 2025. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 209 achieved on 3 February 2025.
Charlton has won one ATP Challenger doubles title at the 2025 Queensland International II.
Charlton played college tennis at Oregon.
# Litšeoane Maloro

Litšeoane Maloro is a Mosotho footballer who plays as a striker for SAFA Women's League club UWC Ladies and the Lesotho women's national football team .

## Club career

In 2019, Maloro signed for South African side Bloemfontein Celtic, where she was described as "hit the ground running at her new club scoring important goals before football activities were suspended due to the Corona virus".

## International career

Maloro played for the Lesotho women's national football team, where she was regarded as one of the team's most important players. She captained them.

## Style of play

Maloro has operated as a striker and as a central defender.

## Personal life

Nicknamed "Kamoli", Maloro is a native of Abia Community, Lesotho.
# Oleksandr Honchar (footballer)

Oleksandr Borysovych Honchar (Ukrainian: Олександр Борисович Гончар) was a Ukrainian retired footballer.

## Career

Oleksandr Honchar is a pupil of Boryspil football. Honchar's first professional club was Borysfen Boryspil, for which he made his debut on July 31, 1997, in the first game after the team returned to the second league. For the next three seasons he was a player of the main team of Boryspil.
In the spring of 2000, Oleksandr Honchar transferred to the Ivano-Frankivsk Prykarpattia Premier League. There, his performances were noticed by the coaches of the youth team, and he was called to its meeting. However, as a member of the youth team, the player did not enter the field. In the summer, Prykarpattia flew to the first league, Borysfen Boryspil left the second league to the first, and Honchar returned to Borysfen Boryspil.
In the winter off-season of 2000/2001 Oleksandr Honchar transferred to Vorskla. In the Poltava club he immediately became a regular player, but in the spring of 2002 he stopped getting into the starting lineup, playing for the double. In the summer of the same year, the footballer returned to Borisfen for the third time in his career. It was at this time that Borysfen Boryspil achieved the greatest success in its history, having spent two seasons in the major leagues, Honchar was the main player of that team.
After Borisfen was relegated to the first division in 2005, Gonchar joined Metalist Kharkiv. In the winter off-season, the club decided to terminate the player's contract, and Honchar moved to Luhansk's Zorya, with which he reached the top league. In the major leagues, Honchar did not play, having played only 5 games per double, in addition, the club had significant financial problems, and Honchar left the team.
The player spent the second half of the 2007/2008 season in the second league Knyazha from his native Shchaslyve. The following season, Oleksandr Honchar played in the first league for Oleksandriya, and since the summer of 2008 he has played for Poltava. In February 2009, Honchar was under review at the Uzbekistan Premier League club Kyzylkum (Zarafshan), but he did not join the Uzbek team, remaining in Ukraine. Oleksandr Honchar spent the spring part of the season at the Nafkom Brovary in Brovary, where he was the team's vice-captain. In July 2009 he moved to Nyva Ternopil, for which he played in the first league.
In 2023, he was killed in Zaporizhzhia while serving as part of an automobile brigade of the Airborne Assault Troops of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

## Honours
### Zorya Luhansk

* Ukrainian First League: 2005–06

### Borysfen Boryspil

* Ukrainian First League: 2002–03
* Ukrainian Second League: 1999–2000
# Samuel Salt

Samuel Salt (died 1792) was an English lawyer and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1768 to 1790. He is also known for his connection to the family of author Charles Lamb.

## Early life

Salt was the son of John Salt, vicar of Audley, Staffordshire. He was admitted at the Middle Temple in 1741, at the Inner Temple in 1745, and was called to the bar in 1753. He was a Director of the South Sea Company from 1769 to 1775 and was deputy Governor from 1775 until his death.

## Political career

Salt was a lawyer for the Eliot family of Port Eliot. On the interest of the Eliot family Salt was returned to parliament at the 1768 general election for their pocket-boroughs of St Germans and Liskeard. He chose to sit for Liskeard and was returned there again in 1774 and 1780. In politics he was a Whig.
Salt was expected to stand again at Liskeard in the 1784 general election but instead he stood for Aldeburgh in Suffolk on the interest of Philip Champion de Crespigny. Crespigny's brother was also a director of the South Sea Company. Salt did not stand in 1790

## Lamb family

John Lamb, father of Charles Lamb, was Salt's clerk for nearly 40 years. Charles was born in Crown Office Row, where Salt owned chambers, and it was the home of the Lamb family until 1792. Salt procured the admission of Charles to Christ's Hospital. Through Salt's s influence as a governor of the South Sea Company, Charles and his elder brother obtained clerkships under the company.

## Later years

Salt became bencher at the Inner Temple in 1782, reader in 1787 and treasurer in 1788. He died at his chambers in Crown Office Row, Inner Temple, on 27 July 1792, and was buried in a vault of the Temple Church. A shield with his coat-of-arms was placed in the sixteenth panel (counting from the west) on the north side of the Inner Temple hall. He was unmarried.
# Michael Lee

Michael or Mike Lee may refer to:

## Performing arts

* Michael Lee (musician) (1969–2008), English rock drummer
* Michael K. Lee (born 1973), American theater actor
* Mike Lee (musician) (born 1988), American Christian musician, worship pastor, and guitarist

## Politics

* Mike Lee (born 1971), American politician serving as U.S. senator from Utah since 2011
* Michael Lee (Australian politician) (born 1957), Australian Labor politician
* Michael Lee (Canadian politician), BC Liberal Party MLA
* Michael V. Lee (born 1968), North Carolina state senator
* Mike Lee (New Zealand politician), Auckland councilor
* Mike Lee (Hawaii politician), member of the Hawaii House of Representatives

## Sports

* Michael Lee (basketball, born 1983), American basketball player and assistant coach
* Michael Lee (basketball, born 1986), American basketball player
* Michael Lee (field hockey) (born 1980), Canadian field hockey player
* Michael Lee (speedway rider) (born 1958), speedway world champion
* Michael Lee (Zimbabwean cricketer) (1935–2012), Zimbabwean cricketer
* Mike Lee (American football) (born 1991), American football cornerback
* Mike Lee (baseball) (born 1941), former baseball player
* Mike Lee (boxer) (born 1987), American boxer
* Mike Lee (bull rider) (born 1983), American bull rider
* Mike Lee (ice hockey, born 1990), American ice hockey goaltender
* Mike Lee (ice hockey, born 1996), American ice hockey defenseman
* Mike Lee (tennis) (born 1963), American tennis player
* Mikey Lee (born 1993), Irish hurler
* Arthur Lee (cricketer, born 1913) (Arthur Michael Lee, 1913–1983), English cricketer and lawyer, known as Michael Lee in his legal career

## Other uses

* Michael Lee (judge) (born 1965), Australian judge
* Michael Lee (The Wire), fictitious character on The Wire, played by Tristan Wilds
* Mike Lee Stakes, a New York state horse race
# Rob Buyea

Rob Buyea (born September 12, 1976) is an American children's fiction author best known for his Mr. Terupt series of novels. In 2011, Buyea won an E.B. White Read Aloud Award for Because of Mr. Terupt. He is now a full time author, residing with his wife, three children, and two dogs in North Andover, Massachusetts.

## Education

Buyea earned a B.S. from the in biology from the College of Arts and Sciences (1999) and a M.A. in education from the School of Education (2000), both at Syracuse University. He was a wrestler on the Syracuse Orange team.
# At the Edge

At the Edge is a percussion-based world music album by Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart. It was released on CD and cassette by Rykodisc Records on September 18, 1990. It was Hart's first album with the multi-national percussion ensemble that would later be called Planet Drum.
In an interview in 2008, Hart said of At the Edge, "The soft side of percussion. More, we were romancing the drum on that one and that was really very sparse, beautiful, serene, patient and calm."

## Book

On September 1, 1990, Harper San Francisco published the book Drumming at the Edge of Magic: A Journey into the Spirit of Percussion, by Mickey Hart, Jay Stevens, and Fredric Lieberman. The book explores the origins of drumming in human culture, and its relationship to spirituality. The book is a companion piece to the album At the Edge, and shares the same cover art by Nancy Nimoy. Hart later went on to release other album-and-book pairs – Planet Drum (1991) and Spirit into Sound (2000).
In an interview in 2011, Hart said, "Well, when I wrote that book I was looking for the origins of percussion. So by writing that book I kept going back, you know? To the Mongols of the 11th century. Then I went back to the caves, and then the Neolithic, then the Paleolithic, and then when I reached the point where drums first started to appear, I thought, well, okay, where did that come from? And, it led me back to the beginning of time and space. The beginning of the universe. The Big Bang."

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Q Magazine | |
On Allmusic, William Ruhlmann wrote, "You'll feel like you're at the edge of the rain forest listening to this atmospheric recording that uses a variety of unusual instruments and employs such musicians as Jerry Garcia, Babatunde Olatunji, Airto Moreira, and Zakir Hussain." Ken Hart in Q Magazine called it "fragments of an unchartered musical wastelands."

## Track listing

* "#4 for Gaia" (Mickey Hart) – 4:46
* "Sky Water" (Hart, Zakir Hussain) – 8:15
* "Slow Sailing" (Hart, Hussain) – 5:01
* "Lonesome Hero" (Hart) – 6:19
* "Fast Sailing" (Hart, Hussain) – 5:04
* "Cougar Run" (Hart) – 3:39
* "The Eliminators" (Creek Hart, Mickey Hart, Taro S. Hart, Jerry Garcia) – 6:01
* "Brainstorm" (Hart, Babatunde Olatunji) – 4:12
* "Pigs in Space" (Airto Moreira) – 4:39

## Personnel
### Musicians

* Mickey Hart – drums, percussion
* Zakir Hussain – drums, percussion
* Sikiru Adepoju – drums, percussion
* Babatunde Olatunji – drums, percussion
* Airto Moreira – drums, percussion, vocals
* Jerry Garcia – electric guitar, guitar synthesizer, forest zone
* Joze Lorenzo – berimbau
* Creek Hart – drum samples
* Taro S. Hart – electronic drums

### Production

* Mickey Hart – producer
* Tom Flye – engineering, mixing
* Jeff Sterling – engineering, mixing, computer processing
* Phil Kaffel – additional engineering
* Tom Size – additional engineering
* Joe Gastwirt – CD mastering
* Jack Crymes – technical support
* Jay Stevens – liner notes
* Nancy Nimoy – cover art
* Howard Jacobsen – art direction
* Steven Jurgensmeyer – package design
# Dilworth Building

The Dilworth Building is a heritage mixed-use (residential apartments and shops on the ground floor) building at the corner of Customs Street and Queen Street in the Auckland CBD, New Zealand. The building by William Gummer & Reginald Ford was constructed between 1925 and 1927, and is listed as a Category I Historic building by Heritage New Zealand.
At the lower entry to Queen Street, the building was once envisaged as one half of a 'gateway' to the city, and hailed as a visionary concept. However, the mirroring building on the opposite side of Queen Street was never constructed.

## History

The building was constructed at the behest of James Dilworth as a rental property to help fund students at the Dilworth Ulster Institute (which later became Dilworth School). Originally the Dilworth Trust Board office was on the 9th floor (with a mezzanine floor) while the rest of the building was let out to tenants. The building was sold by the Dilworth Trust in the 1980s, but it still retains some of the original interiors.
It has housed the American consulate, and during World War II served as headquarters for the U.S. Army.

## Gallery

* The Dilworth Building in 1928
* Decorative elements on the upper floors
* View of the Dilworth Building from the north