OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Very short-lived substances

Very short-lived substances (VSLS) are ozone-depleting halogen-containing substances found in the stratosphere. These substances have very short lifetimes, typically less than 6 months. VSLS are responsible for atmospheric damage once they enter the stratosphere and are a contributing factor to the destruction of ozone.

## Description

VSLS are ozone-depleting halogen-containing substances found in the stratosphere. These substances have very short lifetimes, typically less than 6 months. Approximately 90% of VSLS are produced by natural processes and their rate of production is increasing. “They are bromine compounds produced by seaweed and the ocean's phytoplankton”. Only 10% of ozone deleting chlorine compounds are man-made. VSLS are responsible for atmospheric damage once they enter the stratosphere and are a contributing factor to the destruction of the ozone layer. In previous decades it was believed that the most significant factor in ozone depletion was the increase in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Currently VSLS are increasing rapidly, mainly due to industrial activities. The primary VSLS is n-propyl bromide (C$_3$H$_7$Br). It has been forecast that brominated VSLS will increase to about 8 - 10% of the total VSLS emission by the end of 21st century. There has not been much research in this area, although this is changing as more scientists study this substance to predict its long-term impact on ozone levels.

## Transport

The most significant route of air entering the stratosphere is through the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) via convection. The air masses are shifted by convection are able to rise several kilometers within a few hours. This transport mechanism is fast enough for VSLS lifetimes.

## Effects

Despite their short lifespan, VSLS have been shown to contribute significantly towards the depletion of the ozone layer, particularly in the lower stratosphere above mid-latitude areas. One study has shown that every five additional parts per trillion by volume (pptv) of VSLS in the atmosphere reducesthe global ozone column by about 1.3%. Long-term calculations of VSLS injection into the stratosphere reveal a robust correlation between sea surface temperature, convective activity and the number of short-lived source gases in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), which becomes especially clear during the perturbations induced by El Niño seasons. This trend is attributed to increased activity by bromine-generating marine life under warmer temperatures and indicates that VSLS concentration will likely increase over the 21st century due to climate change. The potential significant increases in the atmospheric abundance of short-lived halogen substances, through changing natural processes or continued anthropogenic emissions could be important for future climate.
# Greenville Township, LaMoure County, North Dakota

Greenville Township is a rural township in LaMoure County in the U.S. state of North Dakota. Its population at the 2000 Census was 80, with an estimated population of 67 as of 2009. There are no organized communities within the township; it is entirely farmland with occasional homes.
# Mount Takamagahara

Mount Takamagahara (高天原山, Takamagahara-yama) is a mountain in the Gunma Prefecture of Japan, near Ueno village. It is 1,978.6 metres (6,491 ft 6 in) tall. Takamagahara is the world of heaven in Japanese mythology.
The crash of Japan Air Lines Flight 123 on 12 August 1985 was initially reported on Mount Osutaka, but later confirmed to be on the ridge of Mount Takamagahara at a height of approximately 1,565 metres (5,135 ft) above sea level. With the loss of 520 people, it remains the deadliest single-aircraft accident in aviation history.
This area was later renamed as Osutaka no One ("Mountain Ridge of Mount Osutaka") by the village mayor of Ueno, Takeo Kurosawa (Former Imperial Japanese Navy Lt Cdr). There is a shrine on the summit of the ridge to commemorate the lives lost in the crash of Flight 123. The mountain road to the shrine was constructed as part of a compensation package from JAL.
# Saumarez Smith (disambiguation)

Saumarez Smith (1836–1909) was a British-born Anglican Archbishop of Sydney, Australia.
Saumarez Smith may also refer to:
* Charles Saumarez Smith (born 1954), British cultural historian
* Joe Saumarez Smith (1971–2025), British entrepreneur, journalist and gambling expert
# Washford Radio Museum

Washford Radio Museum has[when?] been re-located to 'The Radio Museum' at the former Anchor Inn, 5, Anchor Street, Watchet, Somerset, TA23 0AZ.
# Tooban

Tooban (Irish: Taobh Bán), also known as Tievebane, is a townland in County Donegal in the north west of Ireland. It is traversed by the R238 road. Faghan Presbyterian church is situated near the centre of the townland.
It was served by Tooban Junction railway station from 1864 to 1953.
Tooban (listed in census reports as Tievebane) had a population of 345 people as of the 2016 census.
# Fronto of Emesa

Fronto of Emesa (Ancient Greek: Φρόντων, romanized: Phróntōn) was a famous Greek rhetorician and uncle of Cassius Longinus. Fronto taught rhetoric in Athens. He was born in Emesa. He died in Athens, aged about 60. He is mentioned in Suda.
# Miłobądz, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Miłobądz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tczew, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of Tczew and 27 km (17 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie in the historic region of Pomerania.

## History

The settlement dates back to prehistoric times and there is a cemetery from the Iron Age in the village, now an archaeological site.
The name of the village comes from the Old Polish male name Miłobąd. It was the site of an early medieval stronghold, which is also an archaeological site. It became part of the emerging Polish state under Poland's first historic ruler Mieszko I in the 10th century.
Within the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Miłobądz was a private church village of the Diocese of Włocławek, administratively located in the Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), several Poles from Miłobądz, including teachers, were among the victims of large massacres of Poles carried out by the Germans in the Szpęgawski Forest in 1939 as part of the Intelligenzaktion.

## Education

There is a primary school in Miłobądz.

## Transport

The Polish National road 91 runs through the village, and Polish Railway line 9, which connects Warsaw with Gdańsk runs nearby, east of the village.
# NGC 1086

NGC 1086 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Perseus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 3848 ± 14 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 56.76 ± 3.98 Mpc (~185 million light-years). It was discovered by American astronomer Lewis Swift on 20 August 1885.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 1086: SN 2023rix (type II, mag 18.2) was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 5 September 2023.

## NGC 1086 Group

NGC 1086 is the largest galaxy of the four member NGC 1086 Group (also known as LGG 78). The other three galaxies are: NGC 1106, UGC 2349, and UGC 2350.
# Mordellochroa tournieri

Mordellochroa tournieri is a species of tumbling flower beetle in the family Mordellidae. It is found in Europe.
# Falls City Sacred Heart Catholic School

Falls City Sacred Heart Catholic School is a private, Roman Catholic K-12 school in Falls City, Nebraska, United States. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lincoln.

## Athletics

Sacred Heart is a member of the Nebraska School Activities Association. They have won the following NSAA State Championships:
* Boys' football – 1972, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2013, 2016
* Girls' volleyball – 1997, 2006 (runner-up - 1998, 2002), 2021, 2023
* Boys' basketball – 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2018, 2020 (runner-up - 1947, 1974)
* Girls' basketball - 1998, 1999, 2000, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023 (runner-up - 2002, 2003, 2007)
* Boys' track and field – 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2006, 2014
* Girls' track and field - 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
The Irish once had a national record of 87 consecutive wins in football from 1989–1995. In 1993–1994, the Irish won the triple crown twice, by winning state championships in football, basketball and track.
# Frank Curran (rugby league)

Francis Joseph Curran (6 March 1908 – 7 October 1985) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s. An Australian international representative, he played club football for South Sydney in the NSWRFL Premiership as well as in country New South Wales.

## Playing career

A star schoolboy footballer at De La Salle College in Armidale, Curran played for Ballina's Rovers club before moving to Sydney. He started playing first grade for Souths in the 1931 NSWRFL season. At the end of the season he played in the premiership final-winning Souths team. It was back-to-back premierships for South Sydney, with Curran playing in the 1932 premiership final as well. In 1933 Curran was first selected to represent Australia, for the 1933–34 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain becoming Kangaroo No. 182. That season he also played representative football for Sydney, and then New South Wales. The 1937 NSWRFL season was Curran's last with South Sydney. He was selected to go on the Kangaroo tour of 1937–38. Curran became the first Australian player to score on French soil in a Test match in 1938.
Frank's son, Declan Curran, played rugby union for Australia.
# Uzbekistan National News Agency

Uzbekistan National News Agency also known as UzA is a government-run news agency based in Tashkent, Uzbekistan publishing news in the Uzbek, Russian, English, French, German, Spanish, Arabic, Kazakh and Chinese languages.
It was established on 5 February 1992 by decree of the President.
# Papowo-Osieki

Papowo-Osieki in Papowo Toruńskie village in the district of Gmina Łysomice, within Toruń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) north-east of Toruń.
# A Donde Vas

A Donde Vas (English: Where Are You Going) is the ninth studio album by recorded Mexican Grupero band Los Bukis. It was released by Melody in 1985 (see 1985 in music). The album reached number one on the Billboard Regional Mexican Albums.

## Track listing

All songs written and composed by Marco Antonio Solís except where noted.

## Credits and personnel

* Marco Antonio Solís: Lead Vocals, Guitar
* Joel Solís: Guitars, Backing Vocals
* Roberto Guadarrama: Keyboards, Trumpet, Backing vocals
* Eusebio "El Chivo" Cortez: Bass, Backing Vocals
* Pedro Sánchez: Drums
* Jose Javier Solis: Percussion, Backing Vocals
* Jose Pepe Guadarrama: Backing Keyboards, Percussion

## Charts

| Chart (1985) | Peak position |
| US Regional Mexican Albums (Billboard) | 1 |
# Hazel Ann Mendoza

Hazel Ann Mendoza (born Lourdes Angelic Teofisto Pla on 26 April 1988) is a Filipino former actress and a former Star Magic talent. Her late father was Spanish-English and also the father of former actress Nadia Montenegro. She became an artist of GMA Network for half-year.

## Education

Mendoza studied in Adamson University with the degree in Bachelor of Science in education.

## Current and last career

In 2009, Mendoza moved back to GMA Network via Darna and Bantatay for her last appearance in 2010 until she decided to leave show business.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1999 | Wansapanataym: The Movie | Housewife's daughter (credited as Pupi Pla) |
| 2000 | Anak | Young Carla |
| 2004 | Volta | Teenage Perla |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Network |
| 1999 | Wansapanataym: Madyik Pitsel | Lily | ABS-CBN |
| 2000–2002 | Pangako Sa 'Yo | Flerida Macaspac | ABS-CBN |
| 2000 | Wansapanataym: Tik Tak Tik Takbo | | ABS-CBN |
| 2001 | Wansapanataym: Bulaklak ni Rosa | | ABS-CBN |
| 2002–2004 | Berks | Brooke | ABS-CBN |
| 2003–2004 | Basta't Kasama Kita | Pretty | ABS-CBN |
| 2005 | Qpids | Herself | ABS-CBN |
| 2006 | Gulong ng Palad | Nene | ABS-CBN |
| 2006 | Love Spell: Charm & Crystal | Erika | ABS-CBN |
| 2006 | Maalaala Mo Kaya: Airport | Prima | ABS-CBN |
| 2007 | Pedro Penduko at ang Mga Engkantao | Melinda | ABS-CBN |
| 2007 | Sine Novela: Kung Mahawi Man ang Ulap | Chona Acuesta | GMA Network |
| 2007 | La Vendetta | Young Amanda | GMA Network |
| 2008 | Sine Novela: Una Kang Naging Akin | Violy | GMA Network |
| 2008–2009 | Eva Fonda | Daldit/Chariz | ABS-CBN |
| 2009 | Darna | Annaliza (guest role) | GMA Network |
| 2010 | Bantatay | Madonna | GMA Network |
# Silkstone Hall

Silkstone Hall is a historic building in Hinderwell, a village in North Yorkshire, in England.
The house was constructed for the artist Henry Silkstone Hopwood, to a design by Edgar Wood. It was completed in 1902, and was originally named "The Croft". After Hopwood's death in 1914, the building was occupied by the local Inspector of Mines. The building's architect was long forgotten, but was identified by the Edgar Wood Research Project in the 2010s, and as a result the house was grade II listed in 2015. Historic England describe it as an "exemplary example of Arts and Crafts architecture using local materials and vernacular forms".
The house was designed by Edgar Wood in Arts and Crafts style. It is in sandstone with pantile roofs, stone coped gables and kneelers. There are three storeys including attics, and a compact plan, and all the fronts are asymmetric. Most of the windows are mullioned, and here are bay windows. At the entrance to the drive is a gateway, and at the northwest is a pedestrian entrance, both with wrought iron gates in Art Nouveau style. The gate piers have wrought iron finials. Inside, there is an entrance hall leading to a central staircase. The northern first floor bedroom is believed to have originally been an artist's studio, and retains a fireplace which is likely to be original.
# Bhoodana

Bhoodana (pronunciation) is a 1962 Indian Kannada-language film jointly directed and produced by G. V. Iyer and P.S. Gopalkrishna. The film stars Rajkumar, Kalyan Kumar, Udaykumar, and K. S. Ashwath, with a musical score by G. K. Venkatesh.
The film features Rajkumar, Kalyan Kumar and Udaykumar in full-fledged roles together for the only time in their careers. While previously they were seen in Gaali Gopura, Udaykumar's role was limited to a special appearance in that film which also did not feature any sequence of all three together. Additionally, Bhoodana is the only film in which Rajkumar portrayed the father of both Kalyan Kumar and Udaykumar,and the only film in which Leelavathi played Rajkumar's daughter.
The theme of Bhoodana is inspired by Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan movement and also draws from the novel Chomana Dudi by K. Shivaram Karanth. The film addresses the religious conversion of marginalized groups. S. K. Bhagavan, who worked as an assistant director on this film, revealed that the filmmakers approached Karanth to obtain the rights to Chomana Dudi for a direct adaptation. However, Karanth declined to sell the copyrights but permitted them to make a film inspired by the story.
The film was remade in Tamil in 1965 as Pazhani directed by A. Bhimsingh and starring Sivaji Ganesan.

## Cast

* Rajkumar as Dasanna
* Kalyan Kumar as Lachha
* Udaykumar as Rama
* G. V. Iyer as Landlord Laxmipathy
* K. S. Ashwath
* Narasimharaju
* Balakrishna
* H. R. Shastry
* Veerabhadrappa
* Bharadwaj
* Kupparaj
* Mahalinga Bhagavathar
* Narayanaswamy
* Murthy
* Leelavathi
* Advani Lakshmi Devi
* Shakunthala
* Vijayakumari
* Jayalakshmi
# Vasily Buslayev

Vasily Buslayev is a Novgorod character of the Bogatyr epics. According to S.A. Azbelev there are 53 Bogatyr epics, Vasily is the protagonist of three, numbers 40, 41 and 42: “Vasily Buslayev and the People of Novgorod”, “Vasily Buslayev's Journey” and “The Death of Vasily Buslayev.”

## Image of Vasily in the Bogatyr epics

Vasily Buslayev is a Novgorod hero, representing the ideal of youthful and boundless prowess. He is one of the most famous characters of folklore, bearing the name Vasily.
From a young age Vasily showed no constraint; he always did as he pleased, without regard to consequences. Antagonizing the majority of Novgorod, he gathered a group of like minded daredevils to rage more and more. Only his mother had a slight power over him. Finally at a feast Vasily became drunk and belligerent and bet that he and his group could beat up all of the men of Novgorod. As the fight began, it quickly became clear that Vasily's wager was to be seen through. Only his mother's intervention was able to save the men of Novgorod.
Later, when Vasily was older, feeling the weight of his sins, he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem to repent. However, the journey did not change his character and he defiantly violated all prohibitions and died on his return in the most absurd way trying once again to prove his prowess.
Most pre-revolution researchers are in favor that Vasily was intended to represent the might of Novgorod and its people.

## In media

* Vasiliy Buslaev (1983), film directed by Gennadiy Vasilev, based on a poem by Sergei Narovchatov
* As a supporting character in the film Alexander Nevsky (1938) directed by Sergei Eisenstein.
* James Joyce makes a coded allusion to this bogatyr in Finnegans Wake: "Of the first was he to bare arms and a name: Wassaily Booslaeugh of Riesengeborg."
# 1978 Singapore flood

The 1978 Singapore flood was one of the worst floods in Singapore's history. As much as 512 millimetres (20.2 in) of rain fell in just 24 hours from 2 to 3 December 1978.

## Casualties

Seven people were killed and more than a thousand residents were evacuated from their homes by the army and police boats from four affected areas. The youngest death was a 10-year-old primary school boy who had fallen into a flooded drain.

## Damage

Total damage reached S$10 million, the worst flood since the Hari Raya floods that hit the island in December 1969. 43 buses were badly damaged by the flood.
There were reportedly 200 pig carcasses located in the Kallang River.
# Parcele Legbądzkie

Parcele Legbądzkie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tuchola, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Tuchola and 68 km (42 mi) north of Bydgoszcz.
# The End of Ideology

The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties is a collection of essays published in 1960 (New York, 2nd ed. 1962) by Daniel Bell, who described himself as a "socialist in economics, a liberal in politics, and a conservative in culture." He suggests that the older, grand-humanistic ideologies derived from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had been exhausted and that new, more parochial ideologies would soon arise. He argues that political ideology has become irrelevant among "sensible" people and that the polity of the future would be driven by piecemeal technological adjustments of the extant system. With the rise of affluent welfare states and institutionalized bargaining between different groups, Bell maintains, revolutionary movements which aim to overthrow liberal democracy will no longer be able to attract the working classes.

## Theory

There is a 1930s literature derived from debates about the continued relevance of the Marxist scheme of class-generated ideologies, even in the less reductionist version set forth in most of Karl Mannheim's "Ideology and Utopia." However, his essay on "Utopia" does envision a loss of both utopian and ideological vision. Fascism rather than communism initially posed the question, insofar as the simplification of Fascism as "ideology" of the capitalist class lost credibility.
One current of thought took up the theme of "mass society" and contended that the modes of control and resistance both had little to do with the ideology concept (Emil Lederer, "The State of Mass Society"). Although much of this was conjoined with conservative arguments about the "revolt of the masses," there was also a current that looked to pragmatic problem solving where Fascism (and increasingly Communism) could be resisted or contained. Mannheim's "planning" writings ambiguously fostered this trend. Daniel Bell belonged to the next generation, when ideas about the institutionalisation of intelligence in ordinary democratic political processes became more sophisticated, as in the work of "pluralist" political theorists like David Truman, Robert Dahl and Daniel Bell. Technocratic notions at home on the Right played little part.
# Aleksandar Lazić

Aleksandar Lazić (Cyrillic: Александар Лазић, born 10 June 1996) is a Bosnian professional basketball player who last played for Spartak Office Shoes.

## Playing career

Lazić started his senior career in Olimpija in 2012 and then moved to Dynamic in 2016, from where he moved to the Mega Bemax.
On 28 July 2022, Lazić signed for Budućnost VOLI.
On 25 July 2023 he signed with JDA Dijon of the LNB Pro A.

## National team career

During the summer of 2017, Lazić played for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team in pre-qualification for the World Cup.
# Malik-E-Maidan

The Malik-E-Maidan also Malik-i-Maidan (lit. 'Lord of the Battlefield'), is a 16th century cannon, located at Burj-E-Sherz (Lion Tower), Bijapur Fort, Bijapur, India. 4.45 metres (14.6 ft) in length and cast in bell metal, it is the largest surviving block of artillery from the Medieval period.

## History

The cannon was cast in 1549 by the Persian engineer Muhammad Bin Husain Rumi, then serving Sultan Burhan Nizam Shah I of Ahmednagar. The Sultan presented the cannon to his son-in-law, Sultan Ali Adil Shah I of Bijapur.
In 1565, the cannon was used in the Battle of Talikota by the Bijapur Sultan Ali Adil Shah I, attacking Aliya Rama Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire as part of the combined Deccan Sultanates force. After the victory of the Deccan Sultanates the cannon was named Malik-i-Maidan. At some point in the next 59 years, control of the cannon was transferred from the Bijapur Sultanate to the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.
In 1625, Prime Minister Malik Amber of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate transported the Malik–i-Maidan with the help of trained war elephants from Daulatabad Fort south to Sholapur, as part of his invasion of the Bijapur Sultanate. He would later transport the cannon north again, as he retreated after unsuccessfully besieging of the city of Bijapur, and subsequently used it in the Battle of Bhatvadi against the Mughals and Bijapur Sultanate.
The cannon, among the world's largest in its category, was attempted to be moved to Great Britain by the East India Company as a war trophy, but due to its huge size and un-conditioned transport infrastructure the cannon could not be transported.

## Structure

The Malik-e-Maidan is made of bell metal, measuring 4.45 metres (14.6 ft) in length, The muzzle gauge is 700 millimetres (28 in) and 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in overall diameter, weighing 55 tons. According to legend, the cannonball could travel up to 500 metres (1,600 ft).

### Decoration

The cannon's muzzle is decorated with a low relief of the head of a lion with its jaws open, swallowing an elephant.

### Inscriptions

Three inscriptions can be found on the cannon, of which two were inscribed during Burhan Nizam Shah I of Ahmednagar as per the inscriptions. It was cast at Ahmadnagar from bell metal by Muhammad Bin Husain Rumi in 1549. The third inscription was added by Aurangzeb when he conquered Bijapur in 1685–86.