OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# S. T. Satyamurthi

S. Thomas Satyamurti (8 June 1922 – ?) was an Indian zoologist and museum director who contributed to museology and zoological research in India. He served as the Superintendent of the Government Museum, Chennai, and the Connemara Public Library from 1960 to 1978.

## Early life and education

Satyamurti was born on 8 June 1922 to D. P. R. Somasundaram and Mercy at Madras. He earned an M.A. degree in 1946 and later pursued advanced studies at the National University of Colorado, USA, where he obtained a D.Sc. degree in 1955.

## Career

Satyamurti began his career as a Curator for Zoology at the Madras Government Museum (1942–1951). He then served in various roles:
* Curator, Natural History Museum, Darjeeling (1952–1953)
* Curator, Natural History Section, Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay (1954)
* Returned to Madras Government Museum as Curator (1956–1957)
* Promoted to Assistant Superintendent, Madras Government Museum (1958-1960)
* Served as Superintendent of the Madras Government Museum, and the Connemara Public Library (1961–1978)

## Contributions

During his tenure at Madras Government Museum, he made significant contributions to museum by organising, documenting collections, and authoring guidebooks to provide detailed explanations of the exhibits. He oversaw the construction of a separate building for bronze collections in 1963, expanded the Chemical Conservation Section, and opened a new Birds Gallery in the same year. Satyamurti’s academic work focused on zoology and museology. His notable contributions include:
* Bulletins and monographs on marine, land, and freshwater mollusks of South India.
* Illustrated guidebooks on invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals of South India.
* Handbooks on museum techniques and museology.

## Professional affiliations

Satyamurti also was an active member of several prestigious organizations:
* Fellow, Zoological Society of London.
* Vice-President, Museums Association of India, Archaeological Society of South India, and Association of Zoologists, Madras.
* Member, International Council of Museums and Central Museums Review Committee.
* Official Member, Central Advisory Board of Museums.
# Niewieścin

Niewieścin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pruszcz, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Pruszcz, 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Świecie, 25 km (16 mi) north-east of Bydgoszcz, and 39 km (24 mi) north-west of Toruń. It is situated on the northern shore of Niewieścińskie Lake.

## History

Niewieścin was a private village of Polish nobility, administratively located in the Świecie County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of the Kingdom of Poland.
Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the village was occupied by Germany until 1945. In October 1941, the occupiers carried out expulsions of Poles, who were deported to a transit camp in Smukała [pl], Bydgoszcz, while their houses were handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.
# Cnemidochroma buckleyi

Cnemidochroma buckleyi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1879. It is known from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
# Spectral asymmetry

In mathematics and physics, the spectral asymmetry is the asymmetry in the distribution of the spectrum of eigenvalues of an operator. In mathematics, the spectral asymmetry arises in the study of elliptic operators on compact manifolds, and is given a deep meaning by the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index theorem. In physics, it has numerous applications, typically resulting in a fractional charge due to the asymmetry of the spectrum of a Dirac operator. For example, the vacuum expectation value of the baryon number is given by the spectral asymmetry of the Hamiltonian operator. The spectral asymmetry of the confined quark fields is an important property of the chiral bag model. For fermions, it is known as the Witten index, and can be understood as describing the Casimir effect for fermions.

## Definition

Given an operator with eigenvalues $\omega _{n}$, an equal number of which are positive and negative, the spectral asymmetry may be defined as the sum
    $B=\lim _{t\to 0}{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{n}\operatorname {sgn}(\omega _{n})\exp(-t|\omega _{n}|)$
where $\operatorname {sgn}(x)$ is the sign function. Other regulators, such as the zeta function regulator, may be used.
The need for both a positive and negative spectrum in the definition is why the spectral asymmetry usually occurs in the study of Dirac operators.

## Example

As an example, consider an operator with a spectrum
    $\omega _{n}=n+\alpha$
where n is an integer, ranging over all positive and negative values. One may show in a straightforward manner that in this case $B(\alpha )$ obeys $B(\alpha )=B(\alpha +m)$ for any integer $m$, and that for $0<\alpha <1$ we have $B(\alpha )=1/2-\alpha$. The graph of $B(\alpha )$ is therefore a periodic sawtooth curve.

## Discussion

Related to the spectral asymmetry is the vacuum expectation value of the energy associated with the operator, the Casimir energy, which is given by
    $E=\lim _{t\to 0}{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{n}|\omega _{n}|\exp(-t|\omega _{n}|)$
This sum is formally divergent, and the divergences must be accounted for and removed using standard regularization techniques.
# Pruszcz, Tuchola County

Pruszcz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gostycyn, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Gostycyn, 17 km (11 mi) south of Tuchola, and 39 km (24 mi) north of Bydgoszcz.

## History

The existence of the village is documented in 1351. The Baroque Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary was built in 1762. In 1867, the village had a population of 463.
Pruszcz was the site of a minor battle during the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939. On September 1, 1939, the German 3rd Panzer Division, part of General Heinz Guderian's XIX Army Corps, advanced through the village seeking to capture a railway bridge over the Brda River 3 km to the east. Around 09:15 the lead German units encountered elements of the Polish 9th Infantry Division's 34th Infantry Regiment. In the two hour battle that followed the Polish troops succeeded in destroying a Panzer IV medium tank using a 37mm anti-tank gun, while 22 Polish infantrymen were killed in the action. The skirmish bought time for Polish troops to partially burn the bridge over the Brda, delaying the German advance for several hours. During the subsequent German occupation, in 1941–1942 and 1944, the occupiers carried out expulsions of Poles, whose houses and farms houses were handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy. Expelled Poles were either enslaved as forced labour of German colonists or deported to the Potulice concentration camp.
# National Liberation Army

National Liberation Army is the name of:
* National Liberation Army (Algeria) (Armée de Libération Nationale), a liberation movement in the Algerian War of Independence
* National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, refers to its fighters as the National Liberation Army
* National Liberation Army (Bolivia) (Ñancahuazú Guerrilla), a Marxist–Leninist movement during the 1960s and 1970s
* National Liberation Army (Colombia) (ELN - Ejército de Liberación Nacional), an active movement associated with the Colombian Civil War
* National Liberation Army of Iran, the former paramilitary branch of the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Irish National Liberation Army, an Irish Republican group active during The Troubles
* Kosovo Liberation Army, also known as the National Liberation Army of Kosovo
* National Liberation Army (Libya), the armed forces of Libyan rebels during the Libyan civil war
* National Liberation Army (Macedonia), a militant group in the 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
* National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Macedonia, a partisan detachment during World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia
* National Liberation Army (Peru)
* Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, Sri Lanka
* West Papua National Liberation Army, a separatist army in Western New Guinea, Indonesia
* National Liberation Army (Yugoslavia), Yugoslav World War II resistance movement, the Partisans
* Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army, military wing of the Zimbabwe African National Union during the Rhodesian Bush War
# Nieżywięć, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Nieżywięć is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bobrowo, within Brodnica County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Bobrowo, 16 km (10 mi) west of Brodnica, and 45 km (28 mi) north-east of Toruń. It is located in the Chełmno Land in the historic region of Pomerania.

## History

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), Nieżywięć was one of the sites of executions of Poles, carried out by the Germans in 1939 as part of the Intelligenzaktion. A local teacher was among the victims of large massacres of Poles from the region, committed by the German police and Selbstschutz in October 1939 in the nearby Brzezinki forest in the county.
# Paper knife

The terms paper knife and letter opener are often used interchangeably to refer to a knife-like desktop tool. In truth, they are actually for different functions and were in use at different times.
Paper knives are used for cutting open the pages of hand-produced books where the folding of printed sheets creates some closed edges that require severing of the paper before reading. Letter openers "evolved" from paper knives into longer, blunter blades for the sole purpose of opening envelopes. Paper knives are no longer in common use, except perhaps by antiques enthusiasts.
An electric version of a letter opener is also available, which uses motors to slide the envelopes across a blade, and is also able to handle increased numbers of envelopes, but the blade can slice into the contents of the envelope and damage them.
Letter openers may be designed from wood, metals, such as stainless steel, silver, or pewter, plastic, ivory, or a combination of materials. Often the style of the handle is embellished or styled more so than the blade. Some modern openers have a retractable razor blade inside a plastic handle.

## Patrick Henry's paper knife

American politician and Founding Father Patrick Henry is famous for making a speech before the Virginia House of Burgesses on March 23, 1775, stating the famous words "Give me Liberty or give me Death!" After this, he pretended to plunge a paper knife into his chest.

## Weapon in attempted assassination

On September 20, 1958, Izola Curry stabbed Martin Luther King Jr. in the chest with a letter opener at a book-signing in a Harlem department store. Correctly noting that the opener entered above King's heart (later proven to be within centimeters of his aorta), NYPD police officers Al Howard and Phil Romano took King in his chair down to an ambulance that took King to Harlem Hospital, where he was treated by the hospital's trauma surgeons, Dr. John W. V. Cordice, Jr. and Dr. Emil Naclerio. At one point, Chief of Surgery Aubre de Lambert Maynard entered and attempted to remove the letter opener from King's chest, but cut his glove on the blade; a surgical clamp was needed to remove it.
* Opening a letter
* Electric letter opener
* Electric letter opener Premier 1624 (Martin Yale Industries)
* Conventional letter opener
* Unopened book pages, to be cut with a paper knife
# Andrew Foster (footballer)

Andrew Foster (born 31 August 1985) is an Australian rules footballer, who was rookie listed by the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was taken with Fremantle's second round pick in the 2007 Rookie Draft (pick 28).
He is from the East Fremantle Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). In 2006 he played every game for the club, following shoulder reconstructions which kept him out of the side in most of both the 2004 and 2005 seasons. Playing as a midfielder he finished runner up to Shane Woewodin in East Fremantle's best and fairest award, the Lynn Medal in 2006.
During the 2007 season, Foster was elevated to the Fremantle senior list as a replacement for Justin Longmuir, who was placed on the long-term injury list. After being named as an emergency for the round 18 Western Derby, he finally made his AFL debut the following week against Essendon at Subiaco Oval. After playing three of the last four games in 2007, Foster has a horror 2008 season, only playing one game for Fremantle and four games for East Fremantle before a back injury ruled him out the remainder of the season in Round 13.
On 21 April 2009, it was revealed that Foster and teammate Clayton Hinkley had conducted pranks on teammates whilst dressed up in what was described by Fremantle's development coach Steve Malaxos as Ku Klux Klan costumes. Fremantle were forced to release a photo of the pranksters which showed the players showing no resemblance to the Klan. The players were not sanctioned by the AFL or the Dockers.
He was delisted by Fremantle at the end of the 2009 season and despite suggestions that he may have been re-drafted in the Pre-season or rookie drafts, was overlooked in both drafts. He then switched to Claremont in the WAFL for the 2010 season.
# Przepałkowo

Przepałkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sośno, within Sępólno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
# St. Thomas Mar Thoma Church, Pallipad

St. Thomas Mar Thoma Church, Pallipad is a church in Pallipad, Kerala, India. Called "Pallipad Valia Pally", the current structure was built in 1933. The congregation numbers more than 1200 members. Mar Thoma Valia Palli, pride of Pallipad, is a symbol of faith and determination, completed 100 years of glorious spiritual service. As a part of centenary celebration, a newly build Function Hall (Parish Hall) was dedicated to public on 1 September 2007.
Pallipad St. Thomas Mar Thoma Church has a total of about 265 families with more than 1200 members, primarily focused on serving the spiritual needs of Mar Thoma Christians which spreads throughout Pallipad and Haripad. This church plays an important role in passing our faith and beliefs to our future generation through Fellowship, Prayer and Worship under the vision of Mar Thoma Church.
In the early days of the 19th century, the Christian believers at Pallipad area had to walk nearly six kilometers to reach the Syrian Church at Cheppad to attend the church services. The long distance to the place of worship had been a problem for many believers to attend the church services regularly. Naturally a genuine desire arose among the believers to have a parish established at Pallipad. Consequently, on Kumbham 2, 1042 Rt. Rev. Mathews Mar Athanasius, Palakkunneth laid the foundation stone for the present St. George Orthodox Church at Pallipad.
During those days the Church reformation movement led by Rev. Abraham Malpan Achen gained momentum and many families joined the movement. On Vrichikam 28, 1066 the newly formed reformation group bought "Thachayil Purayidam" and constructed a small building to conduct prayer fellowship. But on Kanni 13, 1082 as per the judgment of the civil court the reformation group lost the right of use of the church as well as the land they bought. At that difficult situation Perkattu Rev. P. V. Koshy Kathanar rose to the occasion and on his appeal at the superior court the Mar Thoma church won the land and the property back.
As the number of the Mar Thoma family increased to 135 a new place of worship was necessary. In 1908 the " Kattuparambil purayidam" was bought and a temporary building was constructed for worship. On 21 June 1908 Rt. Rev. Titus II celebrated the Holy Qurbana. As the number of families increased to 166 the parish council decided to construct a large church building. It took 25 years to complete and that church is what we have today, St. Thomas Mar Thoma Valiya Pally. The first vicar Perkattu Rev. P.V. Koshy Kathanar and his loving and dedicated parish members sacrificed a lot to construct this church building. On Makaram 28, 1127 Rt. Rev. Yuhannon Mar Themotheos consecrated the church.
# Eduard (name)

Eduard is a male name, which is a German and Dutch form of the English name Edward. Notable persons with that name include (in alphabetical order):
* Eduard Ahrens (1803–1863), Estonian linguist and clergyman
* Eduard Alayev (born 1967), Israeli Olympic sport shooter
* Eduard Georg Aule (1878–1947), Estonian banker and politician
* Eduard Buchner (1860–1917), German chemist and zymologist
* Eduard Caudella (1841–1924), Romanian opera composer, violinist, conductor, teacher and critic
* Eduard Čech (1893–1960), Czech mathematician
* Eduard Clam-Gallas (1805–1891), Austrian general
* Eduard Cristian Zimmermann (born 1983), Romanian footballer
* Eduard Dietl (1890–1944), German World War II general
* Eduard Dubský (1911–1989), Czech actor
* Eduard Einstein (1910–1965), second son of physicist Albert Einstein
* Eduard Grosu (born 1980), Moldovan footballer
* Eduard Hellvig (born 1974), Romanian political scientist, journalist and politician
* Eduard Hiiop (1889–1941), Estonian figure skater and pair skater
* Eduard Iordănescu (born 1978), Romanian footballer and coach
* Eduard Kansma (1887–1946), Estonian politician
* Eduard Khil (1934-2012), Russian singer
* Eduard Kolmanovsky (1923–1994), Soviet composer
* Eduard Kõppo (1894–1966), Estonian sports figure
* Eduard Krebsbach (1894–1947), German SS doctor in Nazi Mauthausen concentration camp executed for war crimes
* Eduard Kunz (born 1980), Russian pianist
* Eduard Limonov (1943-2020), Russian writer
* Eduard Looijenga (born 1948), Dutch mathematician
* Eduard Meron (born 1938), Arab-Israeli Olympic weightlifter
* Eduard Mușuc (born 1975), Moldovan politician
* Eduard Pană (born 1944), Romanian ice hockey player
* Eduard Pap (born 1994) Romanian footballer
* Eduard Prugovečki (1937–2003), Canadian physicist and mathematician
* Eduard Pütsep (1898–1960), Estonian wrestler
* Eduard Ratnikov (born 1983), Estonian footballer
* Eduard Roschmann (1908–1977), Austrian Nazi SS Riga ghetto commandant
* Eduard Selling (1834–1920), German mathematician and inventor of calculating machines
* Eduard Shevardnadze (1928–2014), Georgian politician and diplomat
* Eduard Skrzipek, (1917–1945), Hauptmann in the Luftwaffe during World War II
* Eduard Stăncioiu (born 1981), Romanian footballer
* Eduard Streltsov (1937–1990), Soviet footballer
* Eduard Tișmănaru (born 1987), Romanian footballer
* Eduard Tratt (1919–1944), Luftwaffe fighter, test pilot and flying ace of World War II
* Eduard Uspensky (1937–2018), Soviet and Russian children's writer and poet, author of over 70 books, as well as a playwright, screenwriter and TV presenter
* Eduard Văluță (born 1979), Moldovan footballer
* Eduard Vinokurov (1942–2010), Kazakh-born Soviet Olympic and world champion fencer
* Eduard von Simson (1810-1899), German jurist and President of the German Parliament
* Eduard Weiter (1889–1945), German SS concentration camp commandant
* Eduard Weitz (born 1946), Israeli Olympic weightlifter
* Eduard Zorn (1901–1945), Generalmajor in the Wehrmacht during World War II
# College of Flying Training

The College of Flying Training (CFT) is located at Risalpur, Nowshera District, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The College is a constituent unit of the Pakistan Air Force Academy and affiliated with Air University (Islamabad). College of Flying training consists of four flying training squadrons, which include Basic Flying Training squadron, Primary Flying Training squadron, Advance Jet Training squadron, and Flying Instructor School.

## Academics

The college offers undergraduate programs in BS (Aviation Sciences and Management) with specialization in Fighter, Light Communication Aircraft, Helicopter, Air Defence, Air Traffic Control, Logistics.

## Notable alumni

* Rab Nawaz Choudhary
# ANVV De Zwaluwen

The General Dutch Football Association De Zwaluwen (Dutch: Algemene Nederlandse Voetbalvereniging De Zwaluwen, ANVV De Zwaluwen) was a football organization founded on 17 July 1907 with the main goal of improving the level of football in the Netherlands. Later historians ascribe this entity as "a sort of Dutch National Team before 1930 that also represented sometimes the national team", and which would be considered a B team by today's standards.
The Zwaluwen football team plays one-off games against local or foreign clubs, regional teams, or collectives of other confederations, and as such, no governing body in the sport officially recognizes the team. The selection was especially important before the 1940s, serving as a springboard for possible selection in the Dutch national team.

## History

The ANVV De Zwaluwen was founded on 17 July 1907, and its first board of directors consisted of Cornelis Hirschman, Jan van den Berg, Cees van Hasselt, N. G. Jannink, and Bill Dijxhoorn, who were all members of the committee of the Dutch national team. During the 1910s and 1920s, this Zwaluwen team served as a springboard for possible selection in the Dutch national team and often held the middle ground between the U21 side and the Dutch B team, although on occasion, they also field a near complete A team. There were also a few occasions where a club team played under the name De Zwaluwen, such as VV Zwaluwen founded in 1935. De Zwaluwen employed professional trainers who were also (part-time) stationed at clubs, such as the one-time national coach John Bollington.
The first-ever goal in the history of De Zwaluwen was scored by Edu Snethlage on 21 November 1907 at the HVV stadium in a match between two Zwaluwen test teams, and two years later, on 23 May 1909, Snethlage played for the last time in Zwaluwenverband in Amsterdam on the grounds of RAP against the Bolton Wanderers. During its first years, De Zwaluwen regularly played against the Dutch national team, but after the First World War, they began playing annual matches against the so-called Red Devils, the Belgian equivalent of De Zwaluwen, on Mardi Gras in Brussels. On 5 September 1933, De Zwaluwen achieved its biggest-ever winning margin following a 6–2 victory over Corinthians FC in Haarlem.
De Zwaluwen only ceased to exist in the 1960s.

## Results

In the 20th century, Zwaluwen played several matches against Belgium and British clubs.
# Ray Moore

Ray Moore may refer to:
* Ray Moore (broadcaster) (1942–1989), British broadcaster
* Ray Moore (comics) (1905–1984), comic strip artist and co-creator of The Phantom
* Ray Moore (drag racer), American drag racer
* Raymond Moore (tennis) (born 1946), former South African tennis player
* Ray Moore (baseball) (1926–1995), former pitcher in Major League Baseball
# 1908 Montrose Burghs by-election

The 1908 Montrose Burghs by-election was held on 12 May 1908. The by-election was held due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Liberal MP, John Morley. It was won by the Liberal candidate Robert Harcourt.
Montrose Burghs by-election, 1908 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Robert Harcourt | 3,083 | 46.7 | −23.0 |
| | Ind. Labour Party | Joseph Burgess | 1,937 | 29.4 | New |
| | Conservative | Andrew Constable | 1,576 | 23.9 | −6.4 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 1,146 | 17.3 | −22.1 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 6,596 | 80.4 | +4.7 |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Swing | -8.3 | |