OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chernyshevskoye

Chernyshevskoye (Russian: Черныше́вское; German: Eydtkuhnen, from 1938: Eydtkau; Lithuanian: Eitkūnai; Polish: Ejtkuny) is a settlement in Nesterovsky District in the eastern part of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, close to the border with Lithuania. Between Chernyshevskoye and Lithuanian Kybartai is an important 24-hour border crossing point on the A229 principal road (part of the European route E28) and the railway route connecting Kaliningrad with Moscow through Lithuania and Belarus.

## History

The settlement was first mentioned in the 16th century, when the area was part of the Polish Duchy of Prussia, near where its eastern border ran as stipulated by the 1422 Treaty of Melno.
Incorporated into the Prussian province of East Prussia, Eydtkuhnen became the eastern terminus and border station of the Prussian Eastern Railway in 1860, connecting Berlin with the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway in the Russian Empire. To continue their voyage, passengers—e.g., of the Nord Express luxury train coming from Saint Petersburg—had to change over from Russian broad gauge to standard gauge railcars to Berlin and Paris, leaving on the other side of the platform. The same interchange in the opposite direction was provided at the Russian train station in neighboring Virbalis (Wirballen). The Eydtkuhnen station building, erected according to plans by Friedrich August Stüler, offered luxuriously furnished waiting rooms and restaurants.
The railway connection decisively promoted Eydtkuhnen's development: the Neo-Romanesque Lutheran parish church was built according to plans by Friedrich Adler and consecrated in 1889; the settlement received town privileges in 1922, when the population reached 10,000. Nevertheless, Eydtkuhnen was devastated during the Russian invasion of East Prussia in 1914 and again in 1945 during the East Prussian Offensive of the Red Army. After World War I and the Act of Independence, the border crossing led to Lithuania, while corridor trains provided the railway connection to Berlin.
With the implementation of the Oder-Neisse line after World War II, the area became part of the Soviet Union, while the remaining German population was expelled. Up to today, large parts of Chernyshevskoye are a military restricted area.

## Notable people

* Gertrud von Puttkamer (1881–1944), writer
* Wilhelm Gaerte (1890 (Eydtkuhnen) – 1958 (Hanover)), archaeologist, museum director
* Felix Bressart (1892–1949), actor
* Barnett A. Elzas (1867–1936), rabbi and historian
* Herbert Kirrinnis (1907–1977), gymnasium teacher and historian
* Dieter Biallas (1936–2016), politician (FDP), mayor and senator in Hamburg
* Ernst Helmut Segschneider (* 1938), scientist
# Lew (locomotive)

Lew was a Manning Wardle 2-6-2T built in 1925 for the narrow gauge Lynton and Barnstaple Railway.

## History

Lew, following L&B tradition, was named after one of the local rivers with a three-letter name, the River Lew.
Lew was built to the same design as the previous L&B Manning Wardle locomotives, but with a redesigned cab to eliminate a smoke trap and give more room to the crew. After the railway closed, the remaining L&B equipment was sold at auction in November 1935. The nameplates, along with the nameplates of the other locomotives, were removed and donated to York Railway Museum (the predecessor of the National Railway Museum). Lew was purchased to work the trains dismantling the railway, and was used for this purpose until late summer 1936.
In September 1936, Lew was photographed with the words "A.L.C. Pernambuco Lot 1 Kilos 22353" painted on the front of its tank, believed to refer to the purchaser, a plantation in Brazil. On 28 September 1936, Lew sailed from Swansea, on the SS Sabor. Sabor arrived in Pernambuco on 15 October 1936. Sabor left Pernambuco on 17 October, called at Bahia on 20 October, and arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 23 October.

## Lyd

A replica of Lew, named Lyd in accordance with the L&B tradition of naming its locos after local three-letter rivers, was completed at Boston Lodge on the Ffestiniog and Welsh Highland Railway in August 2010.
# Al-Helaliyah

Al-Helaliyah (Arabic: الهلالية), also spelled Hilalieh, is a municipality of Sidon in Lebanon. It is located 43 kilometres (27 mi) from Beirut.

## History

In 1838, Eli Smith noted el-Helaliyeh, as a village located in "Aklim et-Tuffah, adjacent to Seida".
In 1875 Victor Guérin traveled in the region, and noted about Helalieh: "This village has 200 inhabitants, either Maronites or United Greeks. The church was built, as well as several houses, with regular stones of ancient appearance."

## Demographics

In 2014, Christians made up 90.61% and Muslims made up 8.30% of registered voters in Al-Helaliyah. 50.90% of the voters were Greek Catholics and 30.32% were Maronite Catholics.
# Benedict Nichols

Benedict Nichols, also spelt Nicholls (died 25 June 1433), was a priest and bishop of the Roman Catholic Church, successively a parish priest in England, a canon of Salisbury Cathedral, and Bishop of Bangor and Bishop of St David's in Wales.
He took part in the trial of Sir John Oldcastle in 1413 and in 1415 was with King Henry V at the capture of Harfleur.

## Life

Nichols is recorded as holding the benefice of Conington, in Cambridgeshire, and immediately before becoming a bishop was rector of Stalbridge in Dorset and a canon of Salisbury Cathedral in Wiltshire.
Nichols's first major chance of preferment came with the collapse of the Glyndŵr Rising against the English in Wales, led by Owain Glyndŵr. King Henry IV was anxious to replace Lewis Byford, a supporter of Glyndŵr, as Bishop of Bangor, and John Trevor, a brother-in-law of Glyndŵr's, as Bishop of St Asaph. On 1 May 1408, at Lucca, Pope Gregory XII was persuaded to relieve Bishop Lewis Byford from his obligation to his see, even though Byford had not been heard, and to provide Nichols to the vacancy. Nichols was consecrated on 12 August 1408, and by October 1409, with the English forces having strengthened their hold on Wales, it was possible for him to be enthroned at Bangor Cathedral.
On 25 September 1413 Nichols was present at the trial for heresy of Sir John Oldcastle, leader of the Lollards, by an ecclesiastical court. One writer later noted that Nichols "acquired dishonorable celebrity in the early period of the reformation, from being one of the bishops who assisted the archbishop of Canterbury in the condemnation of Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, for heresy".
Early in 1415, Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, commissioned Nichols to lay the foundation stone for Sheen Priory.
In September 1415, Nichols was in the service of King Henry V at the capture of Harfleur, serving as Chaplain of the King's retinue, when on the instructions of the king he was placed in charge of a group of hostages. He told them
   Do not be afraid, and do not suspect that we will do you any harm. Our lord, the King of England, does not come to France to ruin the country which by right is his own. He will not behave at Harfleur as your own countrymen behaved at Soissons. We are good Christians.
He was translated to St David's on 15 December 1417, the Pope's bull to effect this being dated "xviii Cal. Januar.", made the profession of obedience to the Archbishop of Canterbury on 12 February 1417/18, and received possession of the temporalities there on 1 June 1418. He was succeeded at Bangor by William Barrow, who had previously served as Chancellor of the University of Oxford.
In 1431, Nichols confirmed that the vicars choral of St David's Cathedral were to sit and stand in the choir in accordance with the Sarum Use.
He died in office at St David's on 25 June 1433, leaving a Will dated 4 June 1433 which was proved on 14 August, and was entombed in the cathedral, where the whereabouts of his tomb is now unknown. It has been suggested that one of the defaced monuments in the south aisle may be his.
# Aramichthys

Aramichthys ("Aram fish") is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine scombrid fish that lived during the middle division of the Eocene epoch. It contains a single species, A. dammeseki ("of Damascus") from Syria. Its remains were recovered from a chalk-marl quarry in the vicinity of Dummar.
# Lyn (locomotive)

Lyn was a 2-4-2 tank steam locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1898 for the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway in England. While the original Lyn was scrapped in 1935, a complete recreation of the locomotive exists, having been completed in 2017, and bears the same name as its precursor.

## History

Between July 1897 and January 1898, employees of many British engineering companies were striking in an attempt to win the right to an eight-hour working day, leaving locomotive builders with large backlogs of unfulfilled orders. The Lynton and Barnstaple consulted the US-based Baldwin to produce the engine they needed. A typical American engine with bar frames, multiple domes and impressive headlamps, the loco was erected in Philadelphia, then disassembled and shipped to Barnstaple. It was reassembled by L&B staff in their Pilton workshops.
Lyn, like all the locomotives on the L&B, was named after a local river with a three-letter name, the River Lyn.
In 1907 Lyn's boiler was condemned when the inspector's hammer accidentally penetrated one of the plates, and a replacement boiler was built at Avonside. After the Lynton and Barnstaple became part of the Southern Railway in 1923, Lyn was taken to Eastleigh Works for a major overhaul in 1928, returning the following year in Southern Green Livery and carrying the number E762 on the side tanks, as well as the original nameplates on the cab sides.
Lyn was scrapped in 1935, after the line closed.

## Modern Replacement

In January 2009, The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Trust announced a project to build an advanced modern replacement 'Lyn' for use on the restored railway by 2012. By 2013, Lyn's wooden cab had been built, along with the boiler and most fittings, wheels, cylinders and many other components. CAD and modern engineering techniques were employed to ensure that, while the finished locomotive remains true to the original in appearance, it will perform much more efficiently and be easier to maintain and operate. Final assembly was carried out by Alan Keef Ltd. who has had experience with other Baldwin locos, such as the restoration of Baldwin 794 for the Welsh Highland Heritage Railway. First steamed on 8 July 2017, Lyn is finished in the colours and configuration of the original Lyn after returning from overhaul in 1929. The locomotive had its public debut at the L&B's September 2017 gala and is now resident at Woody Bay railway station.
# Beate Eriksen

Beate Marie Eriksen (born 19 October 1960) is a Norwegian actress and director. Eriksen has acted at several Norwegian theatres and is known for her role in the soap opera Hotel Cæsar.
She is the granddaughter of Olympic gymnast Marius Eriksen and the daughter of World War II flying ace Marius Eriksen, Jr. She is also the niece of alpine skier Stein Eriksen and was married to actor Toralv Maurstad.

## Family background

Eriksen's father was Marius Eriksen, Jr., a fighter ace during World War II. After the war, Marius Eriksen became Norwegian slalom champion twice, in 1947 and 1948. His father Marius Eriksen, Sr. was a gymnast who won a bronze medal in the 1912 Summer Olympics. Marius Eriksen, Sr. was married to Birgit "Bitten" Eriksen, a pioneer in the Norwegian women's ski movement and an innovator in knitting design. Marius and Bitten's younger son Stein Eriksen was also an accomplished athlete who won a gold medal in giant slalom and a silver for slalom in the 1952 Winter Olympics.

## Career

Eriksen graduated from the Norwegian National Academy of Theatre in 1985. After graduating she worked for five years at Oslo Nye Teater and four years at Riksteatret. Since then she has done freelance work for Nationaltheatret (the National Theatre), The Norwegian Opera, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation and other establishments. She has also acted in movie and television roles, most prominently in the soap opera Hotel Cæsar. In 2000 she started working as director of the series, the first cast member ever to take on that role. She has directed 100 episodes of the show and 24 episodes of the children's television series Olsenbandens første kupp. Eriksen teaches drama at the Bærum Waldorf School and is the head of its theatre department.

## Personal life

Eriksen married actor Toralv Maurstad on New Year's Eve 1999, on a beach in Måløy, Norway. She was 39 and he was 73. In 2001 Eriksen's application for adopting a child was rejected because Maurstad was considered too old. Norwegian adoption rules, under most circumstances, require the age of the adoptive parents to be between 25 and 45, but Maurstad was 74.

## Filmography

Actress :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1986 | Plastposen | Nurse | |
| 1990 | Destinasjon Nordsjøen | Kari | TV |
| 1994 | Over stork og stein | | |
| 1996 | Familiesagaen de syv søstre | Valborg Løken | TV |
| 1998–2000 | Hotel Cæsar | Ingrid Iversen | TV |
| 2011 | Lilyhammer | Arnes mother | TV |
# M-Market

M-Market (Finnish: M-ketju; lit. M-chain) is a Finnish grocery store chain. The chain was founded by independent retailers in 2006, which was created as a result of cooperation between retailers who opposed the sale of Spar Finland to SOK and resigned from the chain.
The M-chain's grocery sales (incl. consumer goods) were approximately EUR 98 million in 2015, when the chain's market share of the Finnish grocery trade was estimated at a total of 0.6%. The M-chain's stores are approximately 200–2,500 m$^2$ in size. The M-chain's main logistics partner is Wihuri Oy [fi] (formerly Tuko Logistics [fi] until 2018), and has its own supplier agreements with about a hundred partners. All individual stores of the M-chain are also grouped under an umbrella marketing organisation called M Itsenäiset Kauppiaat Oy.
The first M-Market stores opened their doors at the beginning of 2006, when 16 stores joined the chain. At the beginning of 2007, the chain already had 50 stores. When the Siwa chain's stores were sold in 2017, 14 new stores were added to the M-chain. Today, the chain has about 50 stores.
# Giacomo Aimoni

Giacomo Aimoni (born 23 December 1939) is an Italian ski jumper. He competed in the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics.
# Bradley, Cheshire

Bradley is a former civil parish, now in the parish of Tushingham-cum-Grindley, Macefen and Bradley, in the Cheshire West and Chester district, and the ceremonial county of Cheshire in England. In 2001 it had a population of 61. The main settlement in the parish was the village of Bradley Green.

## History

Bradley was formerly a township in the parish of Malpas, in 1866 Bradley became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 2015 the parish was abolished to form "Tushingham cum Grindley, Macefen and Bradley" part of its area was transferred to Malpas parish. From 1974 to 2009 it was in Chester non-metropolitan district.
# Petrowatch

Petrowatch is an English-language market intelligence newsletter on the Indian oil industry, published uninterrupted since February 1997.
Petrowatch has been cited by the BBC, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Forbes India, and the Financial Times for its coverage of the Indian oil industry, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, and the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board.
In addition, Petrowatch has been cited several times by Japanese investment bank Nomura, most recently in its India Gas Report published in February 2015 on Liquefied Natural Gas importer Petronet LNG.

## VK Sibal and DGH controversy

In 2008 the Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, the upstream technical arm of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, complained about Petrowatch coverage of the NELP-VII licensing round for the auction of 57 exploration blocks where the newsletter said attracting new companies to India would be difficult.
In 2009 Petrowatch was engaged in a dispute with VK Sibal, director general of the DGH, during which Sibal advised Canadian explorer Canoro Resources and other foreign companies interested in the Indian oil industry to unsubscribe from the website immediately. In his letter Sibal said Petrowatch falsely alleged that there had been a raid by India's Central Bureau of Investigation law enforcement agency on the DGH office and that Petrowatch was engaged in "crass yellow journalism" and publishing misleading information.
In July 2011 Sibal was investigated by the CBI for his alleged favouritism towards Reliance Industries ahead of its $5.69bn development of the KG-D6 gasfield in the Krishna Godavari Basin on India's East Coast.

## Leakgate 2015

In February 2015 Petrowatch was implicated in the "Leakgate" controversy over the theft of classified government correspondence from the Indian oil ministry, leading to an apology from the Indian financial daily Business Standard newspaper, after it emerged that the newspaper had wrongly referred to Petrowatch.com as among paid websites that uploaded government documents.
Since 2011 Petrowatch articles on the leak and theft of confidential government documents by oil ministry personnel on behalf of corporate bodies and parallel oil and gas websites for as little as Rs500 ($10) for a cabinet note or Rs50,000/mth ($1000) for a regular stream of classified information had been largely ignored.
Following the Leakgate scandal, Petrowatch head of operations Vivek Mahajan published a code of conduct detailing its remit and the ethical news-gathering policy followed by its journalists. In its code of conduct Petrowatch makes it clear that no one expects bribes from its reporters or staff or advises them to undertake corrupt activity knowing that any such suggestion will be published for industry at large.
# Mark Masters

Mark Masters is an American media entrepreneur, known for being the CEO of Talk Radio Network and its four sister networks.

## Early life

Mark Masters was born in 1964 in California. Masters' childhood was spent in Ventura County, California.
Masters spent his teen years in Selma and Grants Pass, Oregon. In his late twenties, Masters studied quality control and quality management under the tutelage of W. Edwards Deming, to which Masters attributes credit for his success in building successful talk radio enterprises.

## Career

Masters became the CEO of Talk Radio Network in 1998. He grew the company to become America's second-largest network syndicator of spoken word programming and launched or rebuilt eight of the country's ten largest syndicated talk shows, including The Dr. Laura Schlessinger Show and Coast to Coast with Art Bell.
While continuing to build TRN, Masters collaborated with Roger Ailes, CEO of Fox News, between 2003 and 2005, to create Fox News Radio. This included launching The Alan Colmes Show in 2003. Ailes wrote that Masters, "is one of the few true media entrepreneurs that has proven time and again to possess both large scale creative vision with the ability to execute on that vision in ways that have brought him both success and a reputation for excellence."
Masters was named one of the "40 Most Powerful People in Radio" by Radio Ink for eight years in a row through to 2013.
# Roberto Santamaría (footballer, born 1985)

Roberto Santamaría Ciprián (born 27 February 1985) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Club career

Born in Pamplona, Navarre, Santamaría was a product of CA Osasuna's youth ranks, and was transferred to UD Las Palmas in summer 2006. In the Canary Islands, he spent his first two seasons with the reserves, making his debut with the first team on 23 February 2008 in a Segunda División match against RC Celta de Vigo in which he saved a penalty kick, helping to a 1–0 home win.
In the 2009 off-season, Santamaría was loaned to Málaga CF. During the campaign, he played as backup to also newly signed Gustavo Munúa, appearing in all of the side's four matches in the Copa del Rey.
On 12 August 2010, after terminating his Las Palmas contract, Santamaría joined Girona FC in the second division, replacing Albert Jorquera who retired earlier in the summer. He continued to compete in that tier the following years, representing SD Ponferradina (two spells), Osasuna, RCD Mallorca, CF Reus Deportiu and SD Huesca.
Santamaría entered Huesca's first season in La Liga as second choice behind Atlético Madrid loanee Axel Werner, and moved further down the depth chart when Serbian Aleksandar Jovanović was signed from Danish club Aarhus Gymnastikforening at the end of August. He was given his debut in the competition against Valencia CF on 23 December 2018 – aged 33 years and 10 months – by manager Francisco Rodríguez after the team had let in 40 goals in 18 competitive fixtures, making six saves in the 2–1 away defeat and being beaten by Cristiano Piccini with the last kick of the game.
On 27 November 2019, Santamaría moved to Rayo Vallecano in division two, agreeing to a deal until the end of the season. The following 1 September, he signed a one-year contract with fellow league team UD Logroñés.
Santamaría signed for second-tier newcomers SD Amorebieta on 13 July 2021.

## Personal life

Santamaría's uncle, Roberto Santamaría Calavia, was also a footballer and a goalkeeper. He too represented Osasuna and Málaga, in the 80s/90s.
His brother, Mikel, a defender, was also brought up at Osasuna. In 2022, both siblings signed for CD Tudelano and played together for the first time.
# Harkness table

The Harkness table, Harkness method, or Harkness discussion is a teaching and learning method involving students seated in a large, oval configuration to discuss ideas in an encouraging, open-minded environment with only occasional or minimal teacher intervention.

## Overview

The Harkness method is in use at many American boarding schools and colleges and encourages discussion in classes. The style is related to the Socratic method. Developed at Phillips Exeter Academy, the method's name comes from the oil magnate and philanthropist Edward Harkness, who presented the school with a monetary gift in 1930. It has been adopted in numerous schools, such as The Dunham School, St. Mark's School of Texas, Germantown Academy, Milton Academy, The College Preparatory School, The Masters School, and Seoul Foreign School where small class-size makes it effective. However, Harkness remains impractical for schools with larger class sizes. Harkness described its use as follows:
    What I have in mind is [a classroom] where [students] could sit around a table with a teacher who would talk with them and instruct them by a sort of tutorial or conference method, where [each student] would feel encouraged to speak up. This would be a real revolution in methods.
Harkness practices can vary, most notably between humanities subjects such as English and history and technical subjects such as math and physics.
# Mega Image

Mega Image is a supermarket chain, established in Romania in 1995, owned by Ahold Delhaize. It operates 806 stores under the name Mega Image, in Argeș, Bihor, Brașov, Bucharest, Cluj, Constanța, Dâmbovița, Giurgiu, Iași, Ilfov, Prahova, Sibiu, Timiș, Bacău and Vrancea counties.

## History

The chain was established in 1995. In 2000 it was acquired by the Delhaize group that later merged into Ahold Delhaize, and like most Delhaize properties, has a logo of a lion, like the Serbian Maxi, and Food Lion in the Southeastern United States.

## Products

Mega Image sells minimally processed foods like vegetables, breads and cheeses, as well as packaged processed foods and candies. Other items for sale include spices, sauces, residential cleaning supplies, and pet foods. Some Mega Image stores with more traffic also sell ready-to-eat foods like salads and pastas.