OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1860 United States elections

Elections for the 37th United States Congress, were held in 1860 and 1861. The election marked the start of the Third Party System and precipitated the Civil War. The Republican Party won control of the presidency and both houses of Congress, making it the fifth party (following the Federalist Party, Democratic-Republican Party, Democratic Party, and Whig Party) to accomplish such a feat. The election is widely considered to be a realigning election.
In the presidential election, Republican former Representative Abraham Lincoln of Illinois defeated Democratic Vice President John C. Breckinridge (who became the first incumbent vice president to lose a presidential election) and Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, as well as the Constitutional Union candidate, former Senator John Bell of Tennessee. Lincoln swept the Northern states while Breckinridge carried much of the South, foreshadowing the political alignment of the country throughout the Third Party System. At the 1860 Republican National Convention, Lincoln won on the third ballot, defeating Senator William H. Seward of New York and several other candidates. The Democratic Party split its votes after three chaotic conventions. Douglas was nominated at the second Democratic convention, while the Southern Democrats nominated Breckinridge as their own candidate in a third convention. Bell ran on a platform of preserving the union regardless of the status of slavery. Lincoln's victory made him the first Republican president. Lincoln took just under 40 percent of the popular vote, a lower share of the popular vote than any other winning presidential candidate aside from John Quincy Adams's 1824 campaign.
In the House, Republicans retained control of the chamber and won a majority for the first time after several states seceded. Democrats remained the largest minority, but several Congressmen also identified as unionists.
In the Senate, Republicans made moderate gains, but Democrats initially retained a majority. They lost that majority shortly after the election when several Southern senators resigned. The Democrats would have the second-most members in the Senate, although many senators identified as unionists rather than Democrats or Republicans.
This marks one of four occasions where a newly elected president entered office with a divided legislature, occurring again in 1876, 1884, and 1980. 1884 is the only other occasion where the president's party held the House, but not the Senate. A divided Congress also occurred after the 1984 and 2012 elections.
# Why Leaders Lie

Why Leaders Lie: The Truth About Lying in International Politics is a 2011 book by the political scientist John Mearsheimer.

## Synopsis

The book argues that leaders lie to foreign audiences as well as their own people because they think it is good for their country, citing the example of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's lie about the Greer incident in August 1941, due to a deep commitment to getting the United States into World War II, which he thought was in America's national interest.
The book maintains that leaders do not lie much to other countries, and that democratic leaders are actually more likely to lie to their own people than autocrats. Thus, he starts his book by saying that it is not surprising Saddam Hussein did not lie about having WMD—he truthfully said he had none—but that George Bush and some of his key advisors did lie to the American people about the threat from Iraq. Mearsheimer argues that leaders are most likely to lie to their own people in democracies that fight wars of choice in distant places. The author says that it is difficult for leaders to lie to other countries because there is not much trust among them, especially when security issues are at stake, and you need trust for lying to be effective. He concludes that it is easier for leaders to lie to their own people because there is usually a good deal of trust between them.
Mearsheimer suggests that most political lies fall into one of five categories: inter-state lies, fear-mongering, strategic cover-ups, nationalist myths, and liberal lies. He explains the reasons why leaders pursue each of these different kinds of lies. He also says that international lying can have negative effects, and there he emphasizes "blowback," which is where telling international lies helps cause a culture of deceit at home, and (unintended consequences)/"backfiring," which is where telling a lie leads to a failed policy. He also emphasizes that there are two other kinds of deception besides lying: "concealment,” which is where a leader remains silent about an important matter, and "spinning," which is where a leader tells a story that emphasizes the positive and downplays or ignores the negative. Mearsheimer does not consider the moral dimension of international lying; he looks at it simply from a realist perspective.

## Reception

The work attracted several positive reviews, with both The Washington Post and Foreign Affairs describing the book as "fascinating". The Oxonian Review criticised the book's realist perspective for understating the disadvantages of lying. They also suggested that Mearsheimer finds few examples of lies in international politics only because of his narrow definition of what counts as a lie: explicitly verbal untruths, not misdirection by other means.
# Sallie Davis Hayden

Sallie Davis Hayden (July 12, 1842 – September 15, 1907) was a suffragist in the Arizona Territory of the United States. She and her husband were founders of Hayden's Ferry, later Tempe, Arizona.

## Biography

Sarah Calvert “Sallie” Davis was born near Forrest City, Arkansas, on July 12, 1842, to Cornelius Davis and Eliza Halbert. Her father, a wealthy plantation owner, was strict and did not believe in educating his daughters, so she had a limited formal education as a child. At twelve years old, Davis ran away from her parents' house to her aunt's home to avoid a whipping. She educated herself by reading books at attending school sporadically. Davis began her teaching career in rural Illinois. She then worked as a school teacher in Visalia, California, where she met Arizona businessman Charles Trumbull Hayden (1825–1900) whom she married on October 4, 1876 in Nevada City, California. The newlywed couple traveled to Arizona, where Sallie was surprised at the undeveloped land. She quickly transformed her new home, adding running water, a grass lawn, and the first wood floor in the valley. From 1876 to 1878, she served as postmaster of Hayden's Ferry, Arizona which was later named Tempe.
On October 2, 1877, Hayden gave birth to her first child, Carl Hayden, the first Anglo-Saxon born in the community. They had three more children after Carl, Sarah "Sallie" Davis Haden (b. June 25, 1880), Anna Spencer Hayden (b. March 3, 1883-1885) and Mary "Mapes" Calvert Hayden (b. November 21, 1886). Anna Hayden died in 1885 after eating too many green peaches from the family orchard. Sallie believed that her daughter should have received further medical care.
When her children were young, the Hayden family moved a couple of miles outside town to the "Hayden Guest Ranch," which hosted lecturers, distinguished visitors, convalescents, " any educated person with limited means, and lame ducks of every sort." Hayden made the ranch profitable by bringing in cattle.
Hayden was involved in her community, serving on the school board and establishing a local library.
In the 1890s, the Hayden family became involved in water-rights suits due to water scarcity. The family spent considerable money on litigation, and when Charles left the town on business, Sallie defended Hayden water rights with a shotgun.
Hayden was interested in politics and hosted suffragist speakers in her home at Hayden's Ferry. Along with Josephine Brawley Hughes and Frances Willard Munds, Sallie was one of the founders of the suffrage movement in Arizona. In the mid-1890s, she served as the vice-president of the Arizona Territorial Suffrage Association. Every year, she, with president Josephine Brawley Hughes, unsuccessfully worked to get the territorial legislature to pass a woman suffrage bill.Although, Hayden died on September 15, 1907, her legacy continued through her son, United States Senator Carl Hayden (1877–1972). Senator Hayden was elected in 1912 as the first Representative from Arizona. In 1913, in honor of his mother, Carl introduced a joint resolution calling for women's suffrage. However, the resolution did not emerge from the Committee on the Judiciary.
# Piotrków Kujawski

Piotrków Kujawski is a town in Radziejów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with 4,463 inhabitants (2004).

## History

The oldest known mention of Piotrków dates back to 1252. It was granted town rights in 1589 by King Sigismund III of Poland.
After the joint German–Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II, Piotrków Kujawski was occupied by Germany from 1939 to 1945. It was one of the sites of executions of Poles, carried out by the Germans as part of the Intelligenzaktion. In 1939, the Germans carried out a massacre of 22 Poles, including 8 Catholic priests, in the town. Under the German occupation, the Jews, whose pre-war population numbered between 800 and 900, were placed in a ghetto, stripped of their possessions, and forced to do unpaid labor. In 1941, a few were sent to labor camps. In April 1942, the remaining Jews were rounded up and sent in trucks to the Chełmno extermination camp where they were immediately murdered. Only fourteen of the prewar population are known to have survived.

## Sports

The local football club is Zjednoczeni Piotrków Kujawski. It competes in the lower leagues.
# Badr Al-Sulaitin

Badr Al-Sulaitin (born 16 July 1990) is a Saudi Arabian footballer who plays as a midfielder.
# Alexander Sachal

Alexander Povlovic Sachal (November 24, 1924 – March 26, 2020) was an American artist known for his paintings. He was born in Russia, and lived in Sonoma County in Petaluma, California. He died in March 2020 at the age of 95.

## Early life and education

Sachal was born in Kiev, Ukraine in November 1924. He moved to Moscow when he was six years old, where his childhood was hard and lonely. He joined the Fine Arts School in Moscow at the age of 16; his drawings and designs were featured on many of Joseph Stalin's posters.
At 17, he joined the Russian Army during World War II, and fought on the North Caucasian Front. He was sent back to Moscow to recover from injuries from an explosion in his machine-gun nest, and later returned to the front line again. Captured by the Germans, he was forced to work in iron-ore mines at Alsace-Lorraine. He escaped the prisoner-of-war camp after a year and a half, in March 1944, and spent four weeks walking to Burgundy, France. However, on arrival, he was imprisoned for vagrancy by French police. Later he joined the French Resistance, under the code name Le Jeune Russe, but was machine-gunned down and severely wounded by Germans. He was rescued and hidden in safety by a French family (JC and MF de Montalembert) until the arrival of the Allied Forces. Sachal received the Croix de Guerre for his bravery.
When the war ended, Sachal moved to Paris, and studied at Académie Julian and Académie de la Grande Chaumière for three years while recovering from his wounds. In 1947 he went to Argentina, but after two years, he returned to Paris and resumed his studies.

## Career

In 1955, he moved to northern California, where he worked as a commercial artist. The San Francisco Chronicle called him "The Michelangelo of Highway 101", in reference to the advertisements which he hand-painted on large roadside billboards.
In 1960, he returned to Europe, and lived in Spain for 16 years. The Spanish influence on his art is evident, since his bold and colorful style is reminiscent of Picasso. His work has been exhibited in Paris, London, Germany, Madrid, Málaga, New York and San Francisco.
In 1976, he returned to the United States. He lived in Petaluma, California, with his wife Carol, and continued to work as an artist.
The Pelican Art Gallery has said of Sachal's work
   Sachal has a magical style of painting that stands up to the best of history's master artists. Photos just cannot capture the depth of color and sense of emotion. The "Double Portrait" (oil on canvas, 52″ × 42″) ... demonstrates Sachal's ability to capture emotion. When he first showed us this painting he simply said that it showed human tenderness. Sachal has a vivacious love for life and dedication to painting.
# Jaysh al-Ababil

vteSyrian civil war :
Timeline
Background and causes
Casualties
Cities
map
Terrorism
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The Jaysh al-Ababil (Arabic: جيش الأبابيل) was a rebel group active during the Syrian Civil War. It joined the Southern Front on 14 February 2014. The group was active in the Damascus Governorate.
# KVOE-FM

KVOE-FM (101.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format, broadcasting as "Country 101.7 FM". The station is located in Emporia, Kansas, where it is also licensed. KVOE-FM is owned by Emporia's Radio Stations, Inc.

## History

KVOE-FM began broadcasting as KEGS on May 2, 1985. The "GS" in KEGS were the initials of Greg Steckline of Steckline Communications of Wichita (the first licensee). In Emporia, there was a KVOE-FM on 104.9 MHz between 1966 and 1975. But after 1975 those call letters were dropped and became available for transfer. On August 30, 1994, KEGS became the new KVOE-FM at 101.7 MHz under new owner Emporia's Radio Stations, Inc.

## Awards

KVOE-FM has won numerous awards from the Kansas Association of Broadcasters. In 2005, KVOE-FM won Station of the Year. In 2011, KVOE-FM won KAB's Website of the Year. In 2010, KVOE-FM won the KAB's Tony Jewell Community Service Award. On April 17, 2012, KVOE-FM's general manager Ron Thomas, went to Las Vegas, Nevada to accept the Crystal Radio Award from the National Association of Broadcasters, one of which 10 out of 50 radio stations are awarded.

## Community service

Every year, KVOE puts on a Drive for Food campaign in partnership with The Salvation Army collecting "non-perishable food items" for their food pantry. KVOE also hosts an auction over the radio for the National Teachers Hall of Fame. In 2014, KVOE partnered with Emporia State University to help defeat the school's rival, Washburn University.

## Programming
### Sports

KVOE-FM broadcasts surrounding area high school football and basketball games, with an "Area Coaches Corner" throughout the week. KVOE-FM also broadcasts Kansas State Wildcats football and basketball games, as well as Kansas City Chiefs football games.
# St. Louis Star-Times

The St. Louis Star-Times was a newspaper published in St. Louis, Missouri. Founded as The St. Louis Sunday Sayings in 1884, it operated independently until 1951, when it was purchased by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

## History

The newspaper was founded by a printer and a reporter in 1884 as The St. Louis Sunday Sayings. Renamed The Evening Star-Sayings, it emerged as a competitor to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, which had been founded by the merger of two newspapers in 1878.
The newspaper became the St. Louis Star in 1896, and the Star-Chronicle in 1905. It returned to the name St. Louis Star in 1908; the New St. Louis Star in 1913; and then back to the St. Louis Star in 1914. In 1918, The Star's circulation eclipsed that of local rival The Times, which had exceeded 100,000 from 1916 to 1918.
In June 1932, The Star purchased The American Press, publisher of The Times, to create The St. Louis Star and Times. The Times was Republican, while The Star considered itself nonpartisan.
After several money-losing years that publisher Elzey Roberts attributed to "ever-mounting labor and material costs", the Star was sold in 1951 to Pulitzer Publishing Co., publisher of the Post-Dispatch. The Star published its final edition on June 15, 1951.
# Piórkowo, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Piórkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Radomin, within Golub-Dobrzyń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
# 1995 New Hampshire Wildcats football team

The 1995 New Hampshire Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of New Hampshire as a member of the New England Division of the Yankee Conference during the 1995 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In its 24th year under head coach Bill Bowes, the team compiled a 6–5 record (5–5 against conference opponents) and finished in third place in the New England Division.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 9 | at Connecticut | No. 18 | Memorial StadiumStorrs, CT | L 21–23 | 11,711 |
| September 16 | Rhode Island | No. 22 | Cowell StadiumDurham, NH | L 7–10 | 5,077 |
| September 23 | No. 20 William & Mary | | Cowell StadiumDurham, NH | L 0–39 | 4,266 |
| September 30 | at Lehigh* | | Goodman StadiumBethlehem, PA | W 35–14 | 10,293 |
| October 7 | at UMass | | McGuirk StadiumHadley, MA (rivalry) | W 32–29 | 11,191 |
| October 14 | No. 7 James Madison | | Cowell StadiumDurham, NH | L 19–23 | 9,150 |
| October 21 | Maine | | Cowell StadiumDurham, NH (rivalry) | W 21–0 | 6,237 |
| October 28 | Boston University | | Cowell StadiumDurham, NH | W 35–7 | 2,450 |
| November 4 | at No. 16 Richmond | | City StadiumRichmond, VA | L 3–7 | 15,789 |
| November 11 | at Villanova | | Villanova StadiumVillanova, PA | W 12–9 | 5,722 |
| November 18 | Northeastern | | Cowell StadiumDurham, NH | W 21–10 | |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from The Sports Network Poll released prior to the game |||||||
# Melvin J. Ballard

Melvin Joseph Ballard (February 9, 1873 – July 30, 1939) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). His grandson, M. Russell Ballard, also became an apostle.

## Birth and early life

Ballard was born at Logan, Utah Territory, to Henry Ballard and Margaret McNeil. His father was a native of England and had immigrated to Utah in 1852 to gather with the Latter-day Saints. Henry Ballard had been aboard the Saluda when it exploded at Lexington, Missouri, and was injured in that incident. He later served under Porter Rockwell in the Nauvoo Legion when it made efforts to prevent the entry of Johnston's Army into Utah Territory. In 1858, Henry was the first settler of Logan, and he served as bishop of the Logan 2nd Ward from 1861 until 1900.
Prior to Ballard's birth, his mother had an experience that led her to believe her son would be an apostle. In Ballard's patriarchal blessing, this was reaffirmed.
Ballard attended Brigham Young College; he graduated in 1884.

## Career and early church service

In June 1896, Ballard married Martha A. Jones. The following month he left with B. H. Roberts and George D. Pyper on a mission to the large cities of the eastern United States. He was later reassigned to the Northern States Mission. Ballard returned to Utah in December 1898.
In 1899, Ballard organized the Logan Knitting Factory along with Joseph E. Cardon. In 1900, he became a counselor in the bishopric of the Logan 2nd Ward.

## Mission president

Ballard served for several years as president of the Northwestern States Mission of the church. While serving in this capacity, he organized missionary work on some of the Native American reservations in Montana.

## Apostleship

When new church president Heber J. Grant was pondering whom to call as an apostle to replace the vacancy caused by the death of his predecessor, Joseph F. Smith, he decided to select his good friend Richard Whitehead Young, as many suspected he would. As Grant met with the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles to announce his decision, he found himself saying that the Lord wanted Melvin J. Ballard to serve in the position. Grant used this experience to teach about revelation and to testify that the Lord gives inspiration to the President of the Church.
Ballard was ordained an apostle and became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on January 7, 1919. As an apostle, Ballard opened up missionary work in South America in 1925 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Ballard served in the Quorum until his death in Salt Lake City from leukemia. Sylvester Q. Cannon was called to fill the vacancy caused by Ballard's death. Ballard was buried in Salt Lake City Cemetery.
* Ballard when ordained as an apostle (1919)
* West view of Grave marker
* East View of grave marker

## Published works

* Ballard, Melvin J (1966). Melvin J. Ballard, Crusader for Righteousness. Bookcraft. 1.
* Three Degrees of Glory: A Discourse. Deseret Book Company. 1922. 2.

## Biographies by others

* Hinckley, Bryant S., ed. (1949). Sermons and Missionary Services of Melvin J. Ballard. Deseret Book Company. 3.
# Alliance City School District

Alliance City Schools is a school district located in Stark County, Ohio, United States. There is one elementary school containing grades 2–3, and one early learning school containing only pre-school and kindergarten, one middle school, and one high school, and one intermediate school.

## Alliance High School

Alliance High School is a public high school in Alliance, Ohio. It is the only high school in the Alliance City Schools district. The current facility is the third building to be known as Alliance High School. Currently it houses grades 9–12 with an enrollment of a thousand students. The sports teams for the high school are known as the Aviators in respect for the airplane production plants in the area in the 1920s. These included Taylorcraft and ArgoHess to name a few. They are in the Eastern Buckeye Conference.

## Notable alumni

* Jack Warner, Former MLB player (Chicago Cubs)
* Len Dawson, Former NFL player (Kansas City Chiefs)
# 1862 United States elections

Elections occurred in the middle of Republican President Abraham Lincoln's first term, during the Third Party System and the Civil War. Members of the 38th United States Congress were chosen in this election. West Virginia and Nevada joined the union during the 38th Congress, but several states were in rebellion, reducing the size of both chambers of Congress. The Republican Party kept control of Congress, although it was reduced to a plurality in the House.
In the House, Democrats won several seats, ending the Republican majority. Republicans won a plurality of seats, while several seats were occupied by politicians identifying as Unionists. Republican Schuyler Colfax won election as Speaker of the House.
In the Senate, Republicans picked up a small number of seats, retaining a commanding majority.
# Frank Stephens

Frank Stephens may refer to:
* Frank Stephens (advocate) (born 1982), American disability advocate, actor and athlete
* Frank Stephens (Australian footballer) (1927–1998), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne and South Melbourne
* Frank Stephens (cricketer) (1889–1970), English cricketer
* Frank Stephens (naturalist) (1849-1937), American naturalist
* Frank Stephens (rugby) (1899–1971), Welsh rugby player
* Frank Stephens (sculptor) (1859–1935), American sculptor and co-founder of an utopian community
* Frank Stephens (surgeon) (1913–2011), Australian surgeon
* Frank B. Stephens, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives
* Frank Stephens (baseball), American Negro league pitcher
# Malenin, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Malenin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tczew, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Tczew and 26 km (16 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie in the historic region of Pomerania.

## History

During the Renaissance, Malenin was a private church village of the Diocese of Włocławek, administratively located in Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of the Polish Crown.
In 1939, following the German occupation of Poland during World War II, the Germans carried out a massacre of Polish teachers in the village, as part of the Intelligenzaktion.