# Amy Gladfelter

Amy S. Gladfelter (born April 27, 1974) is an American quantitative cell biologist who is interested in understanding fundamental mechanisms of cell organization. She was a Professor of Biology and the Associate Chair for Diversity Initiatives at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, before moving to Department of Cell Biology at Duke University. She investigates cell cycle control and the septin cytoskeleton. She is also affiliated with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and is a fellow of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA.
Gladfelter studies the spatial organization of multinucleate cells, also called syncytia, which are cells with many nuclei that share a common cytoplasm. Her lab at Duke University is broadly interested in understanding why syncytia have arisen in diverse contexts within the tree of life. Syncytial cells are found throughout the human body, including in bone, blood, muscle, and placental tissue, and throughout the natural world, including in fungi, algae and in many animals during their development. Many tumors become syncytial, while certain viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, can induce cells to fuse.  Additionally, Gladfelter studies the assembly of the septin cytoskeleton and how aberrant septin structure affects its function. Her research program uses microscopy, biophysical and genetic approaches to study cell biology.

## Education

Amy Gladfelter trained at Princeton University (AB) with Bonnie Bassler, at Duke University (Ph.D.) with Daniel Lew and at UniBasel Biozentrum (post-doc) with Peter Philippsen before starting her independent career at Dartmouth in the Biological Sciences department in 2006, where she remained until 2016.

## Cell biology research

The two main research focuses of the Gladfelter lab are how the cytoplasm is spatially organized and how cells sense their own geometry. Her team uses a variety of model systems to study syncytia, including Ashbya gossypii, Neurospora crassa, myotubes and the syncytiotrophoblast of human placenta to study the architecture of the cytoplasm. Gladfelter is also seeking out new fungal systems derived from the marine environment that are extremophiles and show morphologic characteristics not found in more conventional model systems.
Gladfelter made the discovery that the nuclei of the multinucleate fungus Ashbya gossypii, despite sharing the same cytoplasm, progress through the cell cycle independently. This has led to further work uncovering how liquid-liquid phase separation of RNAs and proteins can permit autonomy among syncytial nuclei and help to establish cell polarity.
Recently, the lab has begun examining phase separation in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a focus on understanding mechanisms of viral packaging. They predicted that virus ability to store information came from the use of nucleic acid sequences and RNA structure to encode different condensate-dependent functions. Gladfelter ultimately assumed that these functions would increase biochemical complexity, and would assist in performing multiple roles within a single cell, while only utilizing a few cellular components.
Another area that Gladfelter's lab explores is how cells sense their shape. Gladfelter and her lab have extensively studied the ability of a conserved family of proteins called septins, which localize to areas of the cell that change shape or are highly curved, to sense cell curvature.

## Awards and honors

* American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2023)
* NSF Post-Doctoral Fellow (2002–2005)
* Roche Research Foundation Fellow (2002–2003)
* Basil O’Connor Scholar, March of Dimes (2008–2010)
* Lemann, Colwin and Spiegel research awards, Marine Biological Lab, Woods Hole, MA (2010, 2011, 2012)
* Karen E. Wetterhahn Memorial Award for Distinguished Creative and Scholarly Achievement (2012)
* Douglas C. Floren Fellow (2012–2013)
* Nikon Fellow, MBL, Woods Hole, MA (2013)
* Dartmouth Graduate Advising Mentoring Award (2014)
* American Society for Cell Biology, 2015 WICB Mid-Career Award for Excellence in Research Achievement (2015)
* HHMI Faculty Scholar (2016)

## Selected works
### On cytoplasmic organization

* Gladfelter, Amy S.; Hungerbuehler, A. Katrin; Philippsen, Peter (2006). "Asynchronous nuclear division cycles in multinucleated cells". Journal of Cell Biology. 172 (3): 347–362. doi:10.1083/jcb.200507003. PMC 2063645. PMID 16449188.
* Lee, Changhwan; Zhang, Huaiying; Baker, Amy E.; Occhipinti, Patricia; Borsuk, Mark E.; Gladfelter, Amy S. (2013). "Protein Aggregation Behavior Regulates Cyclin Transcript Localization and Cell-Cycle Control". Developmental Cell. 25 (6): 572–584. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.007. PMC 4113091. PMID 23769973.
* Zhang, Huaiying; Elbaum-Garfinkle, Shana; Langdon, Erin M.; Taylor, Nicole; Occhipinti, Patricia; Bridges, Andrew A.; Brangwynne, Clifford P.; Gladfelter, Amy S. (2015). "RNA Controls PolyQ Protein Phase Transitions". Molecular Cell. 60 (2): 220–230. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.09.017. PMC 5221516. PMID 26474065.
* Langdon, Erin M.; Qiu, Yupeng; Ghanbari Niaki, Amirhossein; McLaughlin, Grace A.; Weidmann, Chase A.; Gerbich, Therese M.; Smith, Jean A.; Crutchley, John M.; Termini, Christina M.; Weeks, Kevin M.; Myong, Sua; Gladfelter, Amy S. (2018). "MRNA structure determines specificity of a polyQ-driven phase separation". Science. 360 (6391): 922–927. doi:10.1126/science.aar7432. PMC 6192030. PMID 29650703.
* McLaughlin, Grace A.; Langdon, Erin M.; Crutchley, John M.; Holt, Liam J.; Forest, M. Gregory; Newby, Jay M.; Gladfelter, Amy S. (2020). "Spatial heterogeneity of the cytosol revealed by machine learning-based 3D particle tracking". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 31 (14): 1498–1511. doi:10.1091/mbc.E20-03-0210. PMC 7359570. PMID 32401664.
* Iserman, Christiane; Roden, Christine A.; Boerneke, Mark A.; Sealfon, Rachel S.G.; McLaughlin, Grace A.; Jungreis, Irwin; Fritch, Ethan J.; Hou, Yixuan J.; Ekena, Joanne; Weidmann, Chase A.; Theesfeld, Chandra L.; Kellis, Manolis; Troyanskaya, Olga G.; Baric, Ralph S.; Sheahan, Timothy P.; Weeks, Kevin M.; Gladfelter, Amy S. (2020). "Genomic RNA Elements Drive Phase Separation of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid". Molecular Cell. 80 (6): 1078–1091.e6. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.11.041. PMC 7691212. PMID 33290746.

### On cell shape and septin assembly

* Demay, Bradley S.; Bai, Xiaobo; Howard, Louisa; Occhipinti, Patricia; Meseroll, Rebecca A.; Spiliotis, Elias T.; Oldenbourg, Rudolf; Gladfelter, Amy S. (2011). "Septin filaments exhibit a dynamic, paired organization that is conserved from yeast to mammals". Journal of Cell Biology. 193 (6): 1065–1081. doi:10.1083/jcb.201012143. PMC 3115802. PMID 21670216.
* Bridges, Andrew A.; Jentzsch, Maximilian S.; Oakes, Patrick W.; Occhipinti, Patricia; Gladfelter, Amy S. (2016). "Micron-scale plasma membrane curvature is recognized by the septin cytoskeleton". Journal of Cell Biology. 213 (1): 23–32. doi:10.1083/jcb.201512029. PMC 4828694. PMID 27044896.
* Bridges, Andrew A.; Zhang, Huaiying; Mehta, Shalin B.; Occhipinti, Patricia; Tani, Tomomi; Gladfelter, Amy S. (2014). "Septin assemblies form by diffusion-driven annealing on membranes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (6): 2146–2151. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314138111. PMC 3926015. PMID 24469790.
* Cannon, Kevin S.; Woods, Benjamin L.; Crutchley, John M.; Gladfelter, Amy S. (2019). "An amphipathic helix enables septins to sense micrometer-scale membrane curvature". Journal of Cell Biology. 218 (4): 1128–1137. doi:10.1083/jcb.201807211. PMC 6446858. PMID 30659102.
* Mitchison-Field, Lorna M.Y.; Vargas-Muñiz, José M.; Stormo, Benjamin M.; Vogt, Ellysa J.D.; Van Dierdonck, Sarah; Pelletier, James F.; Ehrlich, Christoph; Lew, Daniel J.; Field, Christine M.; Gladfelter, Amy S. (2019). "Unconventional Cell Division Cycles from Marine-Derived Yeasts". Current Biology. 29 (20): 3439–3456.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.050. PMC 7076734. PMID 31607535.
* Jiao, Fang; Cannon, Kevin S.; Lin, Yi-Chih; Gladfelter, Amy S.; Scheuring, Simon (2020). "The hierarchical assembly of septins revealed by high-speed AFM". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5062. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18778-x. PMC 7545167. PMID 33033254.