OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bridgman–Stockbarger method

The Bridgman–Stockbarger method, or Bridgman–Stockbarger technique, is named after physicist Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961) and physicist Donald C. Stockbarger (1895–1952). The method includes two similar but distinct techniques primarily used for growing boules (single-crystal ingots), but which can be used for solidifying polycrystalline ingots as well.

## Overview

The methods involve heating polycrystalline material above its melting point and slowly cooling it from one end of its container, where a seed crystal is located. A single crystal of the same crystallographic orientation as the seed material is grown on the seed and is progressively formed along the length of the container. The process can be carried out in a horizontal or vertical orientation, and usually involves a rotating crucible/ampoule to stir the melt.
The Bridgman method is a popular way of producing certain semiconductor crystals such as gallium arsenide, for which the Czochralski method is more difficult. The process can reliably produce single-crystal ingots, but does not necessarily result in uniform properties through the crystal.
The difference between the Bridgman technique and Stockbarger technique is subtle: While both methods utilize a temperature gradient and a moving crucible, the Bridgman technique utilizes the relatively uncontrolled gradient produced at the exit of the furnace; the Stockbarger technique introduces a baffle, or shelf, separating two coupled furnaces with temperatures above and below the freezing point. Stockbarger's modification of the Bridgman technique allows for better control over the temperature gradient at the melt/crystal interface.
When seed crystals are not employed as described above, polycrystalline ingots can be produced from a feedstock consisting of rods, chunks, or any irregularly shaped pieces once they are melted and allowed to re-solidify. The resultant microstructure of the ingots so obtained are characteristic of directionally solidified metals and alloys with their aligned grains.

### Bagdasarov method

A variant of the technique known as the horizontal directional solidification method (HDSM) developed by Khachik Bagdasarov (Russian: Хачик Багдасаров) starting in the 1960s in the Soviet Union. It uses a flat-bottomed crucible made out of molybdenum with short sidewalls rather than an enclosed ampoule, and has been used to grow various large oxide crystals including Yb:YAG (a laser host crystal), and sapphire crystals 45 cm wide and over 1 meter long. However, the quality of the crystals grown by HDSM differ from the Czochralski method, due to the problem of the problematic presence of bubbles.
# Hate Week

In the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), by George Orwell, Hate Week is a psychological operation designed to increase as much as possible the population's hatred of the current enemy of the totalitarian Party, whichever of the two opposing super-states that may be.

## Plot summary

During one particular Hate Week, Oceania switched allies while a public speaker is in the middle of a sentence, although the disruption was minimal: the posters against the previous enemy were deemed to be "sabotage" of Hate Week conducted by Emmanuel Goldstein and his supporters, summarily torn down by the crowd, and quickly replaced with propaganda against the new enemy, thus demonstrating the ease with which the Party directs the hatred of its members. This ease of direction could also be partially attributed to the similarity in the terms "Eastasia" and "Eurasia" because they are more easily confused. All citizens of Oceania are expected to show appropriate enthusiasm during Hate Week, as well as the daily Two Minutes Hate. While participation in this event is not legally required, avoiding or refusing to do so is said to make one appear suspicious to the Thought Police, generally resulting in the vaporisation (execution) of the perpetrator. This ensures that they are against the opposing party and still allied with Big Brother.
Hate Week is celebrated in late summer. The events during that time include waxwork displays, military parades, speeches and lectures. New slogans are also coined and new songs are written. The theme of the Hate Week is called the Hate Song. It is mentioned that a unit from the Fiction Department was assigned to make atrocity pamphlets (falsified reports of atrocities committed by Oceania's enemies against her) designed to stimulate Oceania's populace further into enraged frenzy against all enemies. The aggregate effect of Hate Week thus is to excite the populace to such a point that they "would unquestionably have torn [captured enemy soldiers] to pieces" if given the opportunity.
Hate Week is introduced to the reader for the first time in the second paragraph of the first page of Nineteen Eighty-Four; however, at this point in time, readers have no idea what Hate Week is. "It was part of the economy drive in preparation for Hate Week."

## Cultural impact

"Hate week" has been adopted by theorists and pundits as a comparison to real life efforts to demonise an enemy of the state. Soviet Literary theorist John Rodden notes that "Hate Week" depicted by George Orwell's 1984 novel anticipates some of the anti-American events in the Soviet Union that followed. Scott Boulding argues similarities between the dystopian hate week and Stalinist efforts to supplant religion with devotional services to the state.
# Srujan Lokesh

Srujan Lokesh (born 28 June 1980) is an Indian actor, television presenter, radio presenter and producer who mainly works in the Kannada film industry.

## Production house

Lokesh Productions was founded by Srujan Lokesh and his mother Girija Lokesh in 2013. The production house has produced several shows on television including Challenge, Chota Champion and Kaasige Toss, all being reality shows. Currently, the house produces Majaa Talkies, a sketch comedy show.

## Awards and honours

* Suvarna Channel award: Best Anchor (2011)
* Bigg entertainment award: Most popular category Best Anchor (2011)
* Maadyama award: Best Anchor (2012, 2013)

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Other Notes |
| 1991 | Veerappan | | As a child actor |
| 1990 | Bhujangayyana Dashavathara | | As a child actor |
| 2002 | Neela Megha Shyama | Shyama | Lead Role |
| 2004 | Darshan | Sanjay | |
| 2005 | Lati Charge | |
| 2007 | Preetigagi | | |
| 2008 | Navagraha | Gende | Lead Role |
| 2009 | IPC Section 300 | | |
| 2010 | Porki | | |
| 2012 | Chingari | | |
| 2012 | Snehitaru | Parashurama | Lead Role |
| 2012 | Edegarike | Bachchan | |
| 2013 | Andhar Bahar | | |
| 2013 | Aane Pataaki | Biregowda | Lead Role |
| 2014 | Typical Kailas | Kailas | Lead Role |
| 2014 | Paramashiva | | |
| 2015 | Sapnon Ki Rani | | Lead Role |
| 2015 | Love U Alia | Himself | Cameo appearance in the song "Kamakshi Kamakshi" |
| 2016 | Jaggu Dada | Majnu | |
| 2017 | Chakravarthy | Kittappa | |
| 2017 | Happy Journey | Arya | Lead Role |
| 2018 | Bhootayyana Mommaga Ayyu | Narrator | As narrator |
| 2019 | Ellidde Illi Tanaka | Surya | Lead Role |
| 2022 | Selfie Mummy Googl Daddy | Surya | |

## Television

| Year | Title | Role |
| 2011 | Maja With Sruja | Host |
| 2011 | Sye | Host |
| 2012 | Kitchen Kiladigalu | Co-Host |
| 2012 | Star Singer Grand Finale | Host |
| 2012 | Suvarna Film Awards | Host |
| 2012 | Sye 2 | Host |
| 2012 | Mummy No. 1 | Host |
| 2013 | Kaas Ge Toss | Host |
| 2013 | Chota Champion | Host |
| 2014 | Chota Champion 2 | Host |
| 2014 | Bigg Boss Kannada 2 | Participant |
| 2015–2017 | Majaa Talkies | Host |
| 2018– 2019 | Majaa Talkies Super Season | Host |
| 2019 | Comedy Talkies | Judge |
| 2020 | Majaa Talkies | Host |
| 2021 | Raja Rani | Judge |
| 2021 - | Nannamma Super Star | Judge |
| 2022 | Gicchi Giligili | Judge |
| 2023 - Present | Family Gangstars | Host |
# U.S. Open

The term U.S. Open or US Open is applied to "open" United States-hosted championships in a particular sport (or non-sport organized competitive gaming activity), in which anyone, amateur or professional, American or non-American, and generally, male or female, may compete.
The term most commonly refers to:
* U.S. Open (golf)
* US Open (tennis)
Other uses include (in alphabetical order by sport/game):
* U.S. Open Badminton Championships
* U.S. Open Beer Championship
* U.S. Open (bowling)
* U.S. Open Chess Championship
* U.S. Open (crosswords)
* US Open (court tennis), also known as real tennis
* US Open of Curling
* U.S. Open (cycling)
* US Open (darts)
* U.S. Open (go), boardgame tournament
* U.S. Women's Open, golf tournament
* US Open Polo Championship
* U.S. Open pool championships including:
** U.S. Open Straight Pool Championship
** U.S. Open Bank Pool Championship
** U.S. Open Eight-ball Championship
** U.S. Open Nine-ball Championship
** U.S. Open Ten-ball Championship
* US Open Racquetball Championships
* U.S. Open Rubik's Cube Championship
* U.S. Open Cup, soccer tournament held between American soccer clubs from Major League Soccer, minor leagues, and amateur associations
* Burton U.S. Open Snowboarding (2013-2030)
* U.S. Open (squash)
* U.S. Open (swimming)
* U.S. Open of Surfing
* U.S. Open (table tennis)
* U.S. Open Track and Field
* U.S. Open (USACO), United States of America Computing Olympiad-proctored programming competition
# KVIK Hockey Arena

KVIK Hockey Arena is a hockey arena in Herning, Denmark. It is used by Herning Blue Fox. The complex consists of two rinks, KVIK Hockey Arena that has a capacity of 4120, where 420 of them are seats, and the new training arena that has a capacity of 200.

## Renovation

It was decided in June 2016 that the 30 year old arena wasn't good enough as a training facility for the 2018 IIHF World Championship which is set in Herning and Copenhagen, Denmark. The arena will be fully rebuilt and renovated for 61 million DKK for the championship.
# Thriller Villa

"Thriller Villa" is a nickname given to the former home of singer Michael Jackson, located in Las Vegas, Nevada close to the strip, originally called Hacienda Palomino. The Mexican Hacienda-style complex contains three independent apartments, as well as three bedrooms, two kitchens, two bars, nine bathrooms and extensive exhibit areas, conference areas and a chapel-themed performing arts theater, all encompassing 27,259 square feet (2,532.4 m$^2$). Though realtors and press have often repeated the claim by a promoter in 2007 stating it was built in 1952 by theater developer Horst Schmidt., the construction actually took place between 1993 and 1998, and replaced a small homestead dating from 1956, according to Clark County records, long-term neighbors and in accordance with building materials used. Jackson lived in the property from 2007 until his death in 2009. The home has occasionally been listed for sale, though the owner has never accepted any offers.
In late 2006, Michael Jackson returned to the United States after living in Bahrain for nearly a year. Jackson lived at the site with his 3 children. He moved to Vegas in an attempt to negotiate a contract for a residency show on the Strip. The property interior was completely re-designed in 2012 by Paulina Biggs Sparkuhl, after being branded "Thriller Villa" by Jonathan Warren in 2011. The property remains the private residence of its owner, the Honorary Consul of El Salvador, and has hosted diplomatic events, as well as performances supporting the Arts.
# Welsh Rarebit (radio programme)

Welsh Rarebit is a British radio variety show broadcast from Cardiff by the BBC between February 1940 and December 1952. The title was taken from the dish of the same name. The show's most lasting legacy remains its closing song, "We'll Keep a Welcome".

## Programme synopsis

Billed as "a programme of variety and topicalities", it began life as a monthly 30-minute feature in the BBC's wartime Forces Programme, and was designed for the entertainment of armed forces personnel, in particular for those whose home was in Wales, but quickly became popular generally, and from June 1941 – when production was taken over by Mai Jones, who was also responsible for such other entertainment shows as Saturday Starlight – Welsh Rarebit also featured from time to time in the schedules of the BBC Home Service.
Although chiefly a variety show, the programme also included such regular features as Eynon Evans playing "Tommy Troubles" and Dai's Letter to the Forces, a sentimental reflection of life in Wales read by Lyn Joshua.

## Stars

Welsh Rarebit featured a host of Welsh entertainers, many of whom became household names; regulars included Wyn Calvin, Maudie Edwards, Eynon Evans, Vera Meazey, Gladys Morgan, Ossie Morris, Harry Secombe, Stan Stennett, Ann Walters, Albert and Les Ward. At its peak the programme attracted 12 million listeners and remains one of the most popular entertainment shows to have been produced from Wales.

## Later production

The wartime programmes came to an end in December 1944, but Welsh Rarebit returned on Saint David's Day 1948 in the BBC Light Programme and ran (now as an hour-long weekly show) from then until July 1951, with a final "Christmas Special" edition being broadcast in December 1952.
# Christoval Independent School District

Christoval Independent School District is a public school district based in the community of Christoval, Texas, United States. Christoval ISD has two schools - Christoval High (grades 6-12) and Christoval Elementary (grades Pre-K - 5)). The elementary school is located on Main Street, and the high school is on Toenail Trail just outside town. Christoval's school colors are red, white, and black.
In 2009, the school district was rated "recognized" by the Texas Education Agency.
B. F. Kirk was first named superintendent in 1945. In 1949, the district had 125 students.
# 1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Uruguay on 8 December 1996. The proposals, which included limiting each party to a single presidential candidate, were narrowly approved by voters.

## Proposals

The proposals were approved by both houses of the General Assembly on 15 October 1996. They included:
* separating national and local elections
* limiting each party to one presidential candidate (abolishing sublemas)
* introducing a second round run-off for presidential elections
* providing for primary elections in parties
* decentralising local government

## Results

| Choice | Choice | Votes | % |
| For | For | 1,015,828 | 52.20 |
| Against | Against | 930,288 | 47.80 |
| Total | Total | 1,946,116 | 100.00 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 1,946,116 | 96.66 |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 67,335 | 3.34 |
| Total votes | Total votes | 2,013,451 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 2,343,920 | 85.90 |
| Source: Direct Democracy ||||
# 1992 Uruguayan privatisation referendum

A referendum on partially repealing the law on public enterprises was held in Uruguay on 13 December 1992. The proposed repeal was approved by 73% of voters.

## Background

On 10 January 1991 the General Assembly passed law 16,211 (Law on Public Enterprises), which allowed for the privatisation of several state enterprises, including the ANTEL telecommunications company and the ANCAP petroleum company.
Two attempts were made to gain enough support to force a referendum, with a quorum of 25% of registered voters required - equivalent to 589,823 voters. The first attempt gained 448,265 in favour for a partial repeal and 21,473 for a full repeal. The second effort obtained 693,668 for a partial repeal and 14,960 for a full repeal. On 15 October 1992 the Electoral Court decided on a referendum on a partial repeal.

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| For | 1,293,016 | 72.55 |
| Against | 489,302 | 27.45 |
| Unevaluated votes | 100,191 | – |
| Invalid/blank votes | 59,309 | – |
| Total | 1,941,829 | 100 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,345,077 | 82.80 |
| Source: Direct Democracy |||
Unevaluated votes were those cast by voters outside of their local polling station. They would have been examined after a court had decided on their validity, but as the result was already clear, they were not counted.
# Dota (singer)

Dota Kehr (born Dorothea Kehr; German pronunciation:, born 1979; also known as Kleingeldprinzessin) is a singer-songwriter from Berlin and the leader of the musical group Dota und die Stadtpiraten ("Urban Pirates") who writes and performs music influenced by bossa nova and jazz. Her records have been self-published on her own Kleingeldprinzessin Records (Pocket-Change Princess Records) label and distributed by Broken Silence. In October 2006, she performed five concerts in Russia upon the invitation of the Goethe Institute and in the spring of 2009 she toured New Zealand.

## Personal and professional life

Kehr grew up in the Berlin neighborhoods of Ruhleben, Zehlendorf und Schöneberg. As a child she played the saxophone and at 14 started performing in the public markets. Only at 21 did she begin to learn to play the guitar. She then went on to gain experience with street music, and because of this she was known by her artist name of Kleingeldprinzessin (Pocket-Change Princess). Her early work was influenced by bossa nova. Her love of South American music came from her childhood, especially a cassette left behind by a Brazilian babysitter: Elis & Tom (Elis Regina and Tom Jobim, 1974).
Kehr studied medicine in Berlin and graduated in 2010, but went on to live and record music in Brazil and Ecuador.
The 2010 album Bis auf den Grund (Down to the Bottom) starts to show strong influence from folk rock music and elements of jazz.
Kehr has two children, born in 2011 and 2013.

## Discography

* Kleingeldprinzessin (2003)
* Mittelinselurlaub (2003)
* Taschentöne – live (2004)
* Blech + Plastik (2005)
* Immer nur Rosinen (2006)
* In anderen Räumen – live (2008)
* Schall und Schatten (2009)
* Bis auf den Grund (2010)
* Solo Live (2011)
* Das große Leuchten (2011)
* Wo soll ich suchen (2013)
* Keine Gefahr (2016)
* Überall Konfetti – live (2016)
* Die Freiheit (2018)
* Kaléko (2020)
* Wir Rufen Dich, Galaktika (2021)
* Einfach So Verloren (2021)
# Lydia (Highly Suspect song)

"Lydia" is the debut single by American rock band Highly Suspect, from their debut album Mister Asylum (2015). The song first appeared on the 2013 EP Black Ocean. It hit the top 5 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart in August 2015.

## Music video

The music video was released in June 2015. Director TS Pfeffer, conceptualized the stunt and brought it to the band in early 2015. It was shot underwater in one take and stars freediver Marina Kazankova.
As of February 2025, the video has over 65 Million views on YouTube.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (2015) | Peak position |
| US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard) | 26 |
| US Rock Airplay (Billboard) | 14 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2015) | Position |
| US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard) | 62 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Kaiapit landslide

On 6 September 1988, at 10:43am local time, a large part of an unnamed mountain of the Saruwaged Range in the Kaiapit district of Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, collapsed, throwing 1,300-1,800 millions of cubic meters of rock onto the valley below. This resulted in the village of Marafau being entirely covered by the landslide, as well as the partial covering of the villages of Mitzing and Zumera, killing 74 people in the process.

## After the landslide

The three villages, now grouped together, form the 13th ward of the Umi-Atzero Rural LLG in the Markham District and house the internally displaced inhabitants of the former villages.
# Downswood

Downswood is a civil parish in the Borough of Maidstone in Kent, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 2,291. It is bounded to the north by the River Len and Bearsted, and to the south by Otham, and is 2 miles (3 km) from Maidstone, the county town of Kent. Downswood has been a parish in its own right since 1987. Prior to this it was part of the civil parish of Otham.
The village is to the east of the Maidstone urban area, with Mote Park forming the western boundary.
A corn mill was recorded in the Domesday Book on the River Len. A fulling mill was also established on the river but this was not until around 1550. To the south of Downswood lies St Nicolas's Church which has its origins in the 12th century and to the east stands The Orchard Spot, a local public house, that was originally established in the 14th century as a farm house for local orchards.
Between 1940 and 1970 the area was quarried for ragstone which is still evident from outcrops that appear in Spot Lane Nature Reserve and The Len Valley Walk. The easternmost ragstone quarry exhibits a series of cambered blocks, tilted down slope and intervening loess filled gulls. The site in Downswood provides the best cross section through a series of cambers and gulls that are currently visible in Britain and is a site of special scientific interest.
# Dhamma Jagoda

Dhamma Jagoda (28 January 1941 – 4 February 1988) was the first Head of the Drama Unit at the National Television channel Rupavahini Corporation in Sri Lanka. He was a pioneer theater and television play director and actor in Sri Lanka. He inaugurated the first theatre school (the Lionel Wendt Kala Kendra Ranga Shilpa Shalika) at Lionel Wendt Art Centre, Colombo 7, in the 1970s and it was the foundation for many artists who have emerged in Sri Lanka in recent years. Dhamma Jagoda was educated at Mahinda College, Galle and Nalanda College, Colombo.

## Directed Play

* 1963 Vesmuhunu
* 1970 'Kora Saha Andaya'(The Lame and the Blind) script Dharmasena Pathiraja Produced by Dhamma Jagoda
* 1971 Malavun Nagiti
* Moscow GiniGani
* Sakala Jana
* Hotabariyudde
* Kuriru Ranga( Play of cruelty)
* Parasthawa and Porisadaya

## Directed Television Play

* Palingu Menike
* Mihikathage Daruvo
* Dimuthu muthu
Madol duvwas

## Performed Play

* 1963 Kuveni
* 1968 E. M. Forster’s A Passage To India:
* 1976 Nattukkari
* Punchi Palingurena
* Maname
* Kelani Palama
* Muhudu Puttu
* Kontara

## Performed Film

* Mahagedara as Premasiri
* Madol Duwa as Balappu
* Mummulawela
* Green Emerald

## Awards

* 1963 Best Actor- role of 'Kawlavsky' for "Ves Muhunu"
# 1993 Togolese presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Togo on 25 August 1993. They were the first presidential elections in the country to feature more than one candidate. However, the major opposition parties boycotted the election, and only two minor candidates ran against incumbent President Gnassingbé Eyadéma, who ultimately won over 95% of the vote. Voter turnout was reported to be just 36%.

## Results

The official results were inconsistent, with the total number of votes for candidates being ten votes lower than the number of valid votes, and the total of valid and invalid votes (762,593) being higher than the figure for total votes cast (751,495).
| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| | Gnassingbé Eyadéma | Rally of the Togolese People | 691,485 | 96.42 |
| | Jacques Amouzou | Independent | 13,632 | 1.90 |
| | Adani Ifé | Togolese Alliance for Democracy | 12,011 | 1.67 |
| Total | Total | Total | 717,138 | 100 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | Valid votes | 717,138 | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 45,455 | |
| Total | Total | Total | 751,495 | 100 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 2,080,617 | 36.12 |
| Source: Journal Officiel |||||