OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1578 Kirkwood

1578 Kirkwood, provisional designation 1951 AT, is a Hilda asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 52 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 January 1951, by astronomers of the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American astronomer Daniel Kirkwood.

## Orbit and classification

Kirkwood belongs to the orbital Hilda group, which is located outermost part of the main belt. Asteroids in this dynamical group have semi-major axis between 3.7 and 4.2 AU and stay in a 3:2 resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Kirkwood, however, is a background asteroid and not a member of the (collisional) Hilda family (101).
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.0–4.9 AU once every 7 years and 9 months (2,839 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic.
The asteroid was first observed as 1944 DF at Turku Observatory in February 1944. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1949 TF at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1949, fifteen months prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.

## Physical characteristics

In the Tholen classification, Kirkwood is a dark D-type asteroid. It is also characterized as a D-type by PanSTARRS photometric survey.

### Rotation period

In October 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Kirkwood was obtained from photometric observations at the Etscorn Campus Observatory (719) in New Mexico, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.518 hours with a brightness variation of 0.05 magnitude (U=2). Another lightcurve gave a period of 17.9 hours and an amplitude of 0.22 magnitude (U=2).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Kirkwood measures between 47.077 and 57.14 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.044 and 0.063.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0517 and a diameter of 51.88 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.26.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in memory of American astronomer Daniel Kirkwood (1814–1895), long-time professor of mathematics at Indiana University. He discovered the Kirkwood gaps, which are gaps in the distribution of the mean distances of the minor planets in the asteroid belt. Kirkwood was the Indiana Asteroid Program's first numbered discovery. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in March 1952 (M.P.C. 738). The lunar crater Kirkwood was also named in the astronomer's honor.
# A Simple Way to Pray

A Simple Way to Pray for Master Peter the Barber (German: Eine einfältige weise zu beten für ein guten freund, 1535) is a short book by Protestant reformer Martin Luther.
Luther gives the Our Father, Ten Commandments and Apostolic Creed, which are the main content of his Small Catechism, showing by example, how they can be meditated and contemplated. This is done in a manner of four stranded chaplet. The four strands consist of:
* Instruction
* Thanksgiving
* Confession of sins
* Prayer petitions

## Original German text

* WA 38:359-375
# Valle de Banderas

Valle de Banderas (Spanish pronunciation:) (Spanish for Valley of the Flags) is a town in the state of Nayarit, Mexico. It is the administrative seat of the surrounding municipality of Bahía de Banderas.

## Geography

Valle de Banderas, locally known as El Valle, is a small town is located at the foot of the Vallejo Mountains. It is located around 20 miles (32 km) inland from the Pacific Coast at Bucerías and had a population of 5,528 in 2000.
Historical crops still being cultivated in the valley include tobacco, corn, beans and chiles. An abundance of mangoes, chirimoyos, capomos, and date palms grow in the area.

### Climate

Climate data for Valle de Banderas :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30 (86) | 30.1 (86.2) | 30.7 (87.3) | 32 (90) | 34.0 (93.2) | 34.8 (94.6) | 34.8 (94.6) | 34.6 (94.3) | 33.5 (92.3) | 33.4 (92.1) | 32.7 (90.9) | 30.8 (87.4) | 32.6 (90.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15 (59) | 15 (59) | 15.6 (60.1) | 16.9 (62.4) | 19 (66) | 22.1 (71.8) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 23.0 (73.4) | 21.9 (71.4) | 19.1 (66.4) | 16.7 (62.1) | 19.2 (66.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 20 (0.8) | 7.6 (0.3) | 5.1 (0.2) | 10 (0.4) | 7.6 (0.3) | 120 (4.8) | 180 (7.2) | 290 (11.5) | 260 (10.4) | 61 (2.4) | 20 (0.8) | 18 (0.7) | 1,010 (39.8) |
| Source: Weatherbase ||||||||||||||

## History

At the foot of the Vallejo Mountains in the Pre-Columbian period, "Tintoque" (Valley of the Warriors) was the village center of a small chieftainship of Cuyuteco Indians, within the larger Xalisco homeland of the Cuyuteco. They cultivated the fertile fields of the valley, rather than going to the sea, for their main food sources.
The village was renamed "Valle de Banderas" (Valley of the Flags) by Francisco Cortés de Buenaventura, the nephew of Hernán Cortés, when he conquered the Pacific coast region in 1525.
The town of Valle de Banderas, with a 140-year-old church, is the oldest and most important town in the municipality.
# Craig Erickson

Craig Neil Erickson (born May 17, 1969) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). Prior to entering the NFL, he played college football for the Miami Hurricanes. He was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the fifth round of the 1991 NFL draft and also by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round of the 1992 NFL draft. He is one of the few NFL players to be drafted twice (Bo Jackson is another example). Coincidentally, each was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

## College career

Erickson attended Cardinal Newman High School in West Palm Beach and then the University of Miami. A 6'2", 200 lb (91 kg) quarterback from the University of Miami who was the starting quarterback on Miami's 1989 National Championship squad, he ranked third on the Hurricanes all-time career passing-yardage list with 6,056 yards.
Erickson played in 34 games over a four-year career, taking over starting role as a junior. He won the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award in 1990.

### Statistics

| Year | Comp | Att | Comp % | Passing | TD | INT | Rtg |
| 1987 | 22 | 37 | 59.5 | 307 | 2 | 0 | 147.0 |
| 1988 | 26 | 49 | 53.1 | 379 | 6 | 1 | 154.4 |
| 1989 | 147 | 273 | 53.8 | 2,007 | 16 | 13 | 125.4 |
| 1990 | 225 | 393 | 57.3 | 3,363 | 22 | 7 | 144.0 |

## Professional career

Erickson played in seven National Football League season seasons, from 1992 to 1998. His best year as a pro came during the 1993 season for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, when he threw for over 3,000 yards and 18 touchdowns.
Erickson is known as one of the few professional athletes outside of baseball who came back from Tommy John surgery.
# Tātua

The tātua is a traditional Māori belt which main purpose is to carry objects or arms. Several forms of tātua serve different functions.

## Etymology

"Tātua" is a Māori language word meaning "belt".

## Traditional use

Māori warriors were famously known for wearing only a maro (kilt) and a tātua during battle. Traditional tātua are made of harakeke (flax) and used to carry tools or weapons. A tātua sits across the abdomen and can be passed on from generation to generation.
Tātua kotara are broad plaited belts used as a defence against spears in the period before a mortal combat.
# Jinmenju

Jinmenju or Ninmenju (Chinese: 人面樹; pinyin: Rénmiànshù; Japanese: 人面樹 [にんめんじゅ、じんめんじゅ]; lit. 'human-faced tree') is a type of Yōkai and Yaoguai in Japanese and Chinese folklore. It is commonly depicted as a tree bearing flowers that resemble human heads. It notably appears in the Edo period Konjaku Hyakki Shūi by Toriyama Sekien.

## Concept

The Konjaku Hyakki Shūi depicts it as a tree blooming with flowers that resemble human heads, with the following explanatory text:
   In mountain valleys, its flowers just like human heads, without a word, they merely just smile away, smile away until its petals fall just like that (山谷にあり その花人の首のごとし ものいはずしてたゞ笑ふ事しきりなり しきりにわらへば そのまま落花すといふ)
Besides Japanese yōkai, the Konjaku Hyakki Shūi also included publications of plants, animals and yōkai outside of Japan and this "jinmenju", as well as the Wakan Sansai Zue, quote from the Chinese Sancai Tuhui, which describes a similar tree from a land called "Dashiguo" (Chinese and Japanese: 大食国; pinyin: Dàshíguó; romaji: Daishikoku; lit. 'big-eat country').
According to the Sancai Tuhui, Dashiguo is a land one thousand li southwest, with flowers like human heads, and upon asking it questions, its flowers would laugh, but it wouldn't understand human language. If they laughed too much, the flowers would wither and fall. The Rōō Sawa (老媼茶話), a collection of strange tales from Aizu, also quotes the Sancai Tuhui while making statements about this tree.

## In popular culture

The Pokémon Exeggutor is based on the jinmenju.
# Al Musalla

Al Musalla (Arabic: المصلى) is a village situated in the northern region of the Kingdom of Bahrain, on the western outskirts of the capital city Manama. The villages lies under the Capital Governorate administrative region. The village lies west of the village of Tashan and Khamis, north of Sehla and south of Jidhafs
The village is one of the most prominent villages in the country. As with most villages in the country, the village was the site of clashes between anti-government protesters and police during the Bahrain uprising.
This Village become very important destination to part of saudies and GCC cetizens due to number of famous resuturants such as Welayat Ali and Bachat alseteenat beside that it has number of folkloric Muharram events.
# Astrebla lappacea

Astrebla lappacea, commonly known as curly Mitchell grass, is a herb of the family Poaceae from the order Poales. It grows to 0.9 metres (3 ft) tall. Named in honour of Thomas Mitchell, the Latin specific epithet of lappacea is derived from lappa meaning with burrs. The most common of the Astrebla species, it is a widespread Australian inland plant. It is often seen on floodplains and heavy self-mulching clay soils, and flowers in response to rain or flooding. This grass is palatable to livestock, even when dry.
# Frog (horse anatomy)

The frog is a part of a horse hoof, located on the underside, which should touch the ground if the horse is standing on soft footing. The frog is triangular in shape, and extends midway from the heels toward the toe, covering around 25% of the bottom of the hoof.
The frog is a V-shaped structure that extends forward across about two-thirds of the sole. Its thickness grows from the front to the back and, at the back, it merges with the heel periople. In its midline, it has a central groove (sulcus) that extends up between the bulbs.
The color of the frog varies between horses and can have no pigment making it cream colored, or with pigment fully or partially giving darker color. Its rubbery consistency suggests a role as a shock absorber and grip tool on hard, smooth ground. The frog also acts like a pump to move the blood back to the heart, a great distance from the relatively thin leg to the main organ of the circulatory system.
In the stabled horse, the frog does not wear but degrades, due to bacterial and fungal activity, to an irregular, soft, slashed surface. In the free-roaming horse, it hardens into a callus consistency with a near-smooth surface. For good health, the horse requires dry areas to stand. If chronically exposed to bacteria, for example standing in manure, the frog will develop an infection called thrush.
The frog is anatomically analogous to the human fingertip.

## Digit remnants

A 2018 study on horse foot morphology has suggested that the frog is actually composed of remnants of digits II and IV. This indicates that horses are not truly monodactyl and posits a more complex formation of the horse foot than simple side toe reduction.
# Ararat River

The Ararat River is a tributary of the Yadkin River in southwestern Virginia and northwestern North Carolina in the United States. Via the Yadkin it is part of the watershed of the Pee Dee River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean.
The Ararat River rises in the Blue Ridge Mountains in southwestern Patrick County, Virginia, and flows southwardly into Surry County, North Carolina, where it flows through the city of Mount Airy and joins the Yadkin River, about 5 mi (8 km) northwest of East Bend. The river is stocked with brown, brook, and rainbow trout.

## Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:
* Arrat River
* Ararat Creek
* Rentfro Creek
* Rentfrows Creek
* Tarrarat River
# Mayo River (Dan River tributary)

The Mayo River is a tributary of the Dan River, which in turn is a tributary of the Roanoke River. All three rivers flow through the U.S. states of Virginia and North Carolina. It is named for Major William Mayo (ca. 1685-1744).

## Course

The Mayo River is formed by two main branches, the North Fork Mayo River and the South Fork Mayo River. Both forks rise in Patrick County, Virginia, gathering the waters of many tributary streams. The two forks join in northwestern Rockingham County, North Carolina, forming the Mayo River proper, which then flows south into joining the Dan River near the towns of Mayodan, North Carolina and Madison, North Carolina.
# Cluster Springs, Virginia

Cluster Springs is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Halifax County, Virginia, United States. The population as of the 2010 census was 811.

## Geography

The community is in southern Halifax County, along U.S. Route 501, which leads north 5 miles (8 km) to South Boston and south 18 miles (29 km) to Roxboro, North Carolina.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.6 square miles (22.3 km$^2$), of which 0.03 square miles (0.08 km$^2$), or 0.35%, are water. It is drained by tributaries of the Dan River and is part of the Roanoke River watershed.
# Roanoke logperch

The Roanoke logperch (Percina rex) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is found in the Roanoke and Chowan drainages in Virginia and North Carolina in the United States. It inhabits low and moderate-gradient streams and rivers in warm, clear water in mostly unsilted gravel and rubble in runs, pools, and riffles. It is primarily insectivorous. This fish is a federally listed endangered species.

## Description

As an adult the Roanoke logperch is between 80 and 115 millimetres (3.1 and 4.5 in) standard length, with a total length up to 140 millimetres (5.5 in). The light-colored body is somewhat stocky and elongated. There are dark, rounded, and vertically elongated blotches on the side. The fish has a long, cone-shaped snout with a bulbous or blunt tip. There are two dorsal fins, which are both very tall on adult males. The first dorsal fin has an orange band bordered on both sides by black bands. The end of the tail fin is almost straight. The fins have black or brown dark marks on them. The large eyes are near the top of the head of the fish. The fish's upper jaw is longer than its lower jaw.

## Distribution and habitat

The Roanoke logperch is known only from the upper reaches of the Roanoke, Dan and Chowan river systems in Virginia, with a small population in North Carolina. It inhabits gravel and boulder runs of slow-moving, warm, small to medium-sized rivers where it is found in riffles, runs and pools with sandy, stony or boulder-strewn bottoms.

## Behavior

P. rex is sexually mature by about two to three years of age. Spawning occurs from mid-April to early May in water 12–14 °C (54–57 °F). Each female may produce from 200 to 650 eggs. The eggs are adhesive to surfaces and found on the bottom of the stream or pool.
The Roanoke logperch uses its conical snout to turn over gravel and feed on exposed invertebrates. This enables it to reach prey sheltered beneath rocks that may be unavailable to other benthic fishes; however, this feeding behavior relies on the availability of loosely embedded substrate. In an ecosystem, the Roanoke logperch can be an indication that the river or lake has very low turbidity.

## Conservation status

The Roanoke logperch is rated by the IUCN as being "vulnerable". The threats it faces are from urbanization, the impoundment of water resulting in the silting of waterways, and industrial and agricultural pollution. Nevertheless, the population seems fairly stable and may be increasing slightly in the Pigg River.

## In popular culture

In 2023 the Roanoke logperch was featured on a United States Postal Service Forever stamp as part of the Endangered Species set, based on a photograph from Joel Sartore's Photo Ark. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall, South Dakota.
# Dan Daniel (politician)

Wilbur Clarence "Dan" Daniel (May 12, 1914 – January 23, 1988) was a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia, serving ten terms from 1969 until his death from a heart attack in Charlottesville in 1988.
He previously served as the National Commander of The American Legion from 1956 to 1957.

## Life

Daniel was born in Chatham, Virginia on May 12, 1914. He grew up on a tobacco farm in Mecklenburg County. He was educated in Virginia schools, and was a graduate of Dan River Textile School, Danville, Virginia. Danville, on the Dan River, was at the time a center for the tobacco and textile industries. The name of the school references the textile industry, and the town is known for the Dan River textile mill, which was founded in 1883 and closed in 2006.

### Dan River Mills

From 1939 to 1968, except for a period of service in the U.S. Navy during World War II era, he was associated with Dan River Mills (present day Dan River, Inc.), the textile industry that operated a mill on the Dan River. He advanced through the ranks of the textile business to become assistant to the chairman of the board at Dan River Mills.

### American Legion

He was elected commander of The American Legion's Department of Virginia in 1951, and National Commander in 1956.

### Political career

He was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968, was President of the Virginia Chamber of Commerce in 1968, and was a permanent member of the President's People-to-People Committee (now People to People International).
He was elected as a Democrat to the 91st United States Congress and to nine succeeding congresses, serving from January 3, 1969, until his death from a heart attack in January 1988. He was a conservative Democrat, receiving a score of 89% from the American Conservative Union.

### Death

He died at the University of Virginia Medical Center in Charlottesville, on January 23, 1988, from an aortic dissection. He was interred in Highland Burial Park in Danville, Virginia.

## Electoral history

* 1968; Daniel was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 54.59% of the vote, defeating Republican Weldon W. Tuck and Independent Ruth L. Harvey.
* 1970; Daniel was re-elected with 73.03% of the vote, defeating Republican Allen T. St. Clair.
* 1972; Daniel was re-elected unopposed.
* 1974; Daniel was re-elected unopposed.
* 1976; Daniel was re-elected unopposed.
* 1978; Daniel was re-elected unopposed.
* 1980; Daniel was re-elected unopposed.
* 1982; Daniel was re-elected unopposed.
* 1984; Daniel was re-elected unopposed.
* 1986; Daniel was re-elected with 81.54% of the vote, defeating Independent J.F. Cole.
# Reedy Creek Site

The Reedy Creek Site (44HA22) is a pre-Columbian archaeological site located in Halifax County, Virginia, near the town of South Boston. The site was first inhabited in the Late Archaic period from 2000 to 1000 B.C. Later, from 900 to 1400 A.D., a village was located at the site. Archaeological excavations at the site have revealed animal bones and seed and nut remnants, providing evidence as to the diet of the region's native inhabitants.
Excavations published in 1982 revealed burials, pottery, and the remnants of a settlement. The excavation, which only included selected portions of the site, discovered nine graves (one empty), in which skeletons were found in flexed positions; no grave goods were associated with the burials.$^{:156}$ The excavators recorded pottery of the Clements series, from the Middle Woodland period, and from the Clarksville series,$^{:160}$ from the Late Woodland period.$^{:169}$ During the latter occupation, the site seems to been palisaded, as the excavators discovered lines of postmolds of regular depths and placed at regular intervals. No precise date could be ascertained for the Clarksville village, although similar sites indicate that palisades were first built in the region circa AD 1400.$^{:162}$
The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 26, 1978.
# Pebworth Rural District

51°59′28″N 1°56′42″W﻿ / ﻿51.991°N 1.945°W﻿ / 51.991; -1.945
Pebworth was, from 1894 to 1931, a rural district in the administrative county of Gloucestershire, England. The district consisted of four parts, divided from each other by a section of Worcestershire.

## Formation

The rural district was created by the Local Government Act 1894 from the part of Evesham Rural Sanitary District in Gloucestershire. The remainder of Evesham RSD became Evesham Rural District in Worcestershire. The rural district was named after the village of Pebworth and was governed by a directly elected rural district council (RDC), which replaced the rural sanitary authority that had comprised the poor law guardians for the area. Pebworth RDC continued to hold its meetings in the offices of Evesham Poor Law Union, outside the district.

## Boundaries and constituent parishes

The district consisted of ten parishes in four distinct parts:
To the north
* Pebworth
To the east:
* Aston Subedge
* Cow Honeybourne
* Saintbury
* Weston Subedge
* Willersey
To the south:
* Aston Somerville
* Childs Wickham
* Hinton on the Green
To the south west:
* Ashton under Hill

### Abolition

Following the coming into force of the Local Government Act 1929, county councils gained the power to adjust boundaries by negotiation, subject to ministerial approval. After a public inquiry in Cheltenham, the Minister for Health approved a scheme to transfer parishes between Gloucestershire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire in December 1930. The alterations required the promotion of a private parliamentary bill, which was approved by the House of Commons in February 1931, and came into force on 1 April 1931.
The Act resulted in the abolition of Pebworth Rural district and its redistribution among neighbouring districts in Gloucestershire and Worcestershire:
* Aston Subedge, Saintbury, Weston Subedge and Willersley were added to Campden Rural District in Gloucestershire.
* The remaining six parishes (Ashton under Hill, Aston Somerville, Childs Wickham, Cow Honeybourne, Hinton on The Green and Pebworth) were transferred to Evesham Rural District in Worcestershire.