# Nature Index

The Nature Index is a database that tracks institutions and countries/territories and their scientific output since its introduction in November 2014. Originally released with 64 natural-science journals, the Nature Index expanded to 82 natural-science journals in 2018, then added 64 health-science journals in 2023. Each year, Nature Index ranks the leading institutions (which can be companies, universities, government agencies, research institutes, or NGOs) and countries by the number of scientific articles and papers published in leading journals. This ranking can also be categorized by individual fields of research such as life sciences, chemistry, physics, or earth sciences, with different institutions leading in each. The Nature Index was conceived by Nature Portfolio. In total, more than 17,000 institutions are listed in the Nature Index.

## Methodology

The Nature Index attempts to objectively measure the scientific output of institutions and countries, taking into account differences in quality. Therefore, only articles published in 145 selected high-quality journals are counted. These journals were selected by independent committees. If authors from several institutions and/or countries are involved in a scientific article, it is divided accordingly, assuming that all researchers were equally involved in the article. For example, this "fractional count" (Share) received by each author would be 0.1 for an article with 10 authors. If an author is affiliated with more than one institution, that author's Share is then subdivided equally across their affiliated institutions. The process is similar for countries/territories and regions, though the fact that some institutions have overseas labs makes the process more complicated, with such labs being counted towards their appropriate host countries.

## Top institutions

The top 25 institutions with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals according to the Nature Index 2024, which is valid for the calendar year 2023:
| Rank | Institution | Country | Total share | Count |
| 1 | Chinese Academy of Sciences | China | 2243.22 | 7554 |
| 2 | Harvard University | United States | 1143.43 | 3763 |
| 3 | Max Planck Society | Germany | 642.83 | 2572 |
| 4 | University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | China | 635.81 | 3227 |
| 5 | University of Science and Technology of China | China | 631.2 | 1858 |
| 6 | Peking University | China | 617.17 | 2349 |
| 7 | French National Centre for Scientific Research | France | 613.9 | 4400 |
| 8 | Nanjing University | China | 609.45 | 1448 |
| 9 | Zhejiang University | China | 595.37 | 1540 |
| 10 | Tsinghua University | China | 593.45 | 1946 |
| 11 | Helmholtz Association | Germany | 531.05 | 2752 |
| 12 | Sun Yat-sen University | China | 492.47 | 1266 |
| 13 | Shanghai Jiao Tong University | China | 488.94 | 1449 |
| 14 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | United States | 484.86 | 2032 |
| 15 | Stanford University | United States | 474.13 | 1929 |
| 16 | Fudan University | China | 461.26 | 1333 |
| 17 | Sichuan University | China | 413.63 | 768 |
| 18 | National Institutes of Health | United States | 394.48 | 1112 |
| 19 | University of Tokyo | Japan | 389.36 | 1239 |
| 20 | University of Oxford | United Kingdom | 388.22 | 1625 |
| 21 | University of Michigan | United States | 380.50 | 1415 |
| 22 | University of Cambridge | United Kingdom | 368.12 | 1436 |
| 23 | ETH Zurich | Switzerland | 346.26 | 1042 |
| 24 | Yale University | United States | 342.16 | 1402 |
| 25 | Nankai University | China | 337.67 | 797 |

## Top countries

The countries with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals according to the Nature Index 2024, which is valid for the calendar year 2023.
| Rank | Country or territory | Count | Share | Population | Count per ten million people | Share per ten million people |
| 1 | China | 27736 | 23171.84 | 1,409,670,000 | 197 | 164.38 |
| 2 | United States | 29165 | 20292.72 | 335,893,238 | 868 | 604.14 |
| N/A | Schengen area | N/A | 15618.76 | 453,324,255 | N/A | 344.54 |
| 3 | Germany | 9347 | 4318.69 | 84,607,016 | 1105 | 510.44 |
| 4 | United Kingdom | 8880 | 3701.99 | 67,596,281 | 1314 | 547.66 |
| 5 | Japan | 5161 | 2956.75 | 124,000,000 | 416 | 238.45 |
| 6 | France | 5453 | 2243.92 | 68,394,000 | 797 | 328.09 |
| 7 | Canada | 4239 | 1702.32 | 40,769,890 | 1040 | 417.54 |
| 8 | South Korea | 2776 | 1630.99 | 51,293,934 | 541 | 317.97 |
| 9 | India | 2334 | 1494.27 | 1,400,744,000 | 17 | 10.67 |
| 10 | Switzerland | 3695 | 1393.3 | 8,960,817 | 4124 | 1554.88 |
| 11 | Italy | 3653 | 1313.44 | 58,972,268 | 619 | 222.72 |
| 12 | Australia | 3518 | 1263.44 | 26,821,557 | 1312 | 471.05 |
| 13 | Spain | 3651 | 1247.25 | 48,592,909 | 751 | 256.67 |
| 14 | Netherlands | 3231 | 1153.45 | 17,967,505 | 1798 | 641.96 |
| 15 | Sweden | 2391 | 769.37 | 10,549,287 | 2267 | 729.31 |
| 16 | Denmark | 1933 | 652.4 | 5,961,249 | 3243 | 1094.40 |
| 17 | Israel | 1448 | 611.49 | 9,880,000 | 1466 | 618.92 |
| 18 | Singapore | 1424 | 542.59 | 5,917,600 | 2406 | 916.91 |
| 19 | Belgium | 1576 | 471.74 | 11,820,117 | 1333 | 399.10 |
| 20 | Taiwan | 1150 | 423.67 | 23,420,442 | 491 | 180.90 |
| 21 | Austria | 1391 | 401.22 | 9,159,993 | 1519 | 438.01 |
| 22 | Russia | 915 | 379.67 | 146,150,789 | 63 | 25.98 |
| 23 | Poland | 1257 | 331.74 | 37,620,000 | 334 | 88.18 |
| 24 | Brazil | 1102 | 293.88 | 203,080,756 | 54 | 14.47 |
| 25 | Finland | 947 | 276.88 | 5,574,011 | 1699 | 496.73 |
| 26 | Norway | 1002 | 259.01 | 5,550,203 | 1805 | 466.67 |
| 27 | Czech Republic | 875 | 207.08 | 10,900,555 | 803 | 189.97 |
| 28 | Portugal | 644 | 137.06 | 10,467,366 | 615 | 130.94 |
| 29 | New Zealand | 496 | 135.65 | 5,305,600 | 935 | 255.67 |
| 30 | Saudi Arabia | 456 | 132.74 | 32,175,224 | 142 | 41.26 |
| 31 | Ireland | 632 | 123.38 | 5,281,600 | 1197 | 233.60 |
| 32 | Iran | 285 | 115.77 | 84,055,000 | 34 | 13.77 |
| 33 | Chile | 618 | 115.7 | 19,960,889 | 310 | 57.96 |
| 34 | South Africa | 603 | 104.67 | 62,027,503 | 97 | 16.87 |
| 35 | Turkey | 581 | 103.93 | 85,372,377 | 68 | 12.17 |
| 36 | Hungary | 496 | 94.55 | 9,584,000 | 518 | 98.65 |
| 37 | Argentina | 441 | 85.51 | 46,654,581 | 95 | 18.33 |
| 38 | Mexico | 438 | 85.22 | 129,625,968 | 34 | 6.57 |
| 39 | Greece | 536 | 82.79 | 10,413,982 | 515 | 79.50 |
| 40 | Thailand | 368 | 62.36 | 66,090,475 | 56 | 9.44 |
| 41 | Slovenia | 289 | 48.81 | 2,123,103 | 1361 | 229.90 |
| 42 | Pakistan | 276 | 40.28 | 241,499,431 | 11 | 1.67 |
| 43 | United Arab Emirates | 270 | 37.76 | 9,282,410 | 291 | 40.68 |
| 44 | Vietnam | 115 | 36.21 | 100,300,000 | 11 | 3.61 |
| 45 | Croatia | 211 | 34.13 | 3,855,641 | 547 | 88.52 |
| 46 | Estonia | 215 | 33.58 | 1,366,491 | 1573 | 245.74 |
| 47 | Ukraine | 274 | 30.35 | 36,700,000 | 75 | 8.27 |
| 48 | Romania | 342 | 29.58 | 19,051,562 | 180 | 15.53 |
| 49 | Iceland | 113 | 29.53 | 383,726 | 2945 | 769.56 |
| 50 | Luxembourg | 90 | 29.49 | 672,020 | 1339 | 438.83 |
| 51 | Colombia | 345 | 24.2 | 52,695,952 | 65 | 4.59 |
| 52 | Malaysia | 183 | 21.02 | 33,379,500 | 55 | 6.30 |
| 53 | Kenya | 120 | 19.95 | 51,526,000 | 23 | 3.87 |
| 54 | Uganda | 80 | 19.4 | 45,562,000 | 18 | 4.26 |
| 55 | Cyprus | 154 | 18.58 | 918,100 | 1677 | 202.37 |
| 56 | Slovakia | 214 | 17.24 | 5,424,687 | 394 | 31.78 |
| 57 | Egypt | 205 | 17.16 | 104,462,545 | 20 | 1.64 |
| 58 | Lithuania | 135 | 15.63 | 2,886,515 | 468 | 54.15 |
| 59 | Indonesia | 112 | 14.14 | 279,118,866 | 4 | 0.51 |
| 60 | Peru | 136 | 13.17 | 33,725,844 | 40 | 3.91 |
| 61 | Qatar | 92 | 12.76 | 2,656,032 | 346 | 48.04 |
| 62 | Bulgaria | 197 | 12.75 | 6,447,710 | 306 | 19.77 |
| 63 | Ecuador | 114 | 12.55 | 16,938,986 | 67 | 7.41 |
| 64 | Latvia | 100 | 10.72 | 1,872,500 | 534 | 57.25 |
| 65 | Ethiopia | 61 | 10.4 | 107,334,000 | 6 | 0.97 |
| 66 | Bangladesh | 73 | 10.24 | 169,828,911 | 4 | 0.60 |
| 67 | Serbia | 219 | 9.98 | 6,641,197 | 330 | 15.03 |
| 68 | Morocco | 148 | 9.19 | 37,022,000 | 40 | 2.48 |
| 69 | Tanzania | 76 | 9.15 | 61,741,120 | 12 | 1.48 |
| 70 | Nigeria | 60 | 8.9 | 223,800,000 | 3 | 0.40 |
| 71 | Ghana | 43 | 8.11 | 30,832,019 | 14 | 2.63 |
| 72 | Uzbekistan | 48 | 6.97 | 36,963,262 | 13 | 1.89 |
| 73 | Uruguay | 34 | 6.81 | 3,444,263 | 99 | 19.77 |
| 74 | Lebanon | 41 | 6.15 | 5,490,000 | 75 | 11.20 |
| 75 | Panama | 41 | 6.02 | 4,064,780 | 101 | 14.81 |
| 76 | Malawi | 35 | 5.93 | 21,507,723 | 16 | 2.76 |
| 77 | Oman | 22 | 5.75 | 5,113,071 | 43 | 11.25 |
| 78 | Kazakhstan | 35 | 5.43 | 20,075,271 | 17 | 2.70 |
| 79 | Costa Rica | 38 | 4.92 | 5,262,225 | 665 | 0.00 |
| 80 | Georgia | 190 | 4.83 | 3,736,400 | 509 | 12.93 |
| 81 | Philippines | 135 | 4.44 | 112,892,781 | 12 | 0.39 |
| 82 | Burkina Faso | 25 | 4.41 | 22,752,315 | 11 | 1.94 |
| 83 | Zambia | 32 | 4.36 | 19,610,769 | 16 | 2.22 |
| 84 | Armenia | 116 | 4.33 | 2,993,800 | 387 | 14.46 |
| 85 | Rwanda | 19 | 4.29 | 13,246,394 | 14 | 3.24 |
| 86 | Mozambique | 30 | 4.11 | 32,419,747 | 9 | 1.27 |
| 87 | Jordan | 21 | 4.1 | 11,516,000 | 18 | 3.56 |
| 88 | Nepal | 40 | 3.99 | 29,164,578 | 14 | 1.37 |
| 89 | Zimbabwe | 29 | 3.75 | 15,178,979 | 19 | 2.47 |
| 90 | Congo | 28 | 3.51 | 95,370,000 | 3 | 0.37 |
| 91 | Mali | 15 | 3.44 | 22,395,489 | 7 | 1.54 |
| 92 | Malta | 31 | 3.31 | 519,562 | 597 | 63.71 |
| 93 | Macedonia | 26 | 3.03 | 1,832,696 | 142 | 16.53 |
| 94 | Gambia | 21 | 2.93 | 2,417,471 | 87 | 12.12 |
| N/A | Central America-4 | N/A | 2.89 | 40,514,214 | N/A | 0.71 |
| 95 | Cuba | 49 | 2.83 | 11,089,511 | 44 | 2.55 |
| 96 | Belarus | 17 | 2.73 | 9,200,617 | 18 | 2.97 |
| 97 | Tunisia | 17 | 2.73 | 11,850,232 | 14 | 2.30 |
| 98 | Azerbaijan | 135 | 2.72 | 10,151,517 | 133 | 2.68 |
| 99 | Mongolia | 77 | 2.57 | 3,457,548 | 223 | 7.43 |
| 100 | Myanmar | 16 | 2.48 | 55,770,232 | 3 | 0.44 |
| 101 | Madagascar | 17 | 2.4 | 26,923,353 | 6 | 0.89 |
| 102 | Cameroon | 27 | 2.35 | 28,088,845 | 10 | 0.84 |
| 103 | Sri Lanka | 84 | 2.22 | 22,037,000 | 38 | 1.01 |
| 104 | North Korea | 4 | 2.22 | 25,660,000 | 2 | 0.87 |
| 105 | Senegal | 13 | 2.22 | 18,275,743 | 7 | 1.21 |
| 106 | Botswana | 15 | 1.9 | 2,410,338 | 62 | 7.88 |
| 107 | French Polynesia | 12 | 1.86 | 279,890 | 429 | 66.45 |
| 108 | Cambodia | 8 | 1.79 | 17,091,464 | 5 | 1.05 |
| 109 | Benin | 17 | 1.78 | 12,606,998 | 13 | 1.41 |
| 110 | Ivory Coast | 19 | 1.69 | 29,389,150 | 6 | 0.58 |
| 111 | Monaco | 12 | 1.63 | 38,367 | 3128 | 424.84 |
| 112 | International | 18 | 1.57 | 8,104,267,000 | 0 | 0.00 |
| 113 | Nicaragua | 8 | 1.4 | 6,733,763 | 12 | 2.08 |
| 114 | Algeria | 7 | 1.38 | 45,400,000 | 2 | 0.30 |
| 115 | Liberia | 8 | 1.34 | 5,248,621 | 15 | 2.55 |
| 116 | Guatemala | 19 | 1.26 | 17,602,431 | 11 | 0.72 |
| 117 | Namibia | 11 | 1.25 | 3,022,401 | 36 | 4.14 |
| 118 | Venezuela | 20 | 1.24 | 28,302,000 | 7 | 0.44 |
| 119 | Kuwait | 75 | 1.23 | 4,670,713 | 161 | 2.63 |
| 120 | Greenland | 10 | 1.16 | 56,865 | 1759 | 203.99 |
| 121 | Bolivia | 17 | 1.12 | 12,006,031 | 14 | 0.93 |
| 122 | Vanuatu | 3 | 1.05 | 301,295 | 100 | 34.85 |
| 123 | Haiti | 11 | 1 | 11,743,017 | 9 | 0.85 |
| 124 | Syria | 1 | 1 | 22,923,000 | 0 | 0.44 |
| 125 | Iraq | 12 | 0.99 | 43,324,000 | 3 | 0.23 |
| 126 | Sierra Leone | 6 | 0.79 | 8,494,260 | 7 | 0.93 |
| 127 | Paraguay | 9 | 0.78 | 6,109,644 | 15 | 1.28 |
| 128 | Niger | 5 | 0.76 | 25,369,415 | 2 | 0.30 |
| 129 | Mauritius | 10 | 0.66 | 1,261,041 | 79 | 5.23 |
| 130 | Laos | 9 | 0.64 | 7,443,000 | 12 | 0.86 |
| 131 | Guinea-Bissau | 1 | 0.58 | 1,781,308 | 6 | 3.26 |
| 132 | Togo | 6 | 0.51 | 8,095,498 | 7 | 0.63 |
| 133 | Lesotho | 5 | 0.51 | 2,306,000 | 22 | 2.21 |
| 134 | Kyrgyzstan | 6 | 0.48 | 7,100,000 | 8 | 0.68 |
| 135 | Tajikistan | 4 | 0.47 | 10,077,600 | 4 | 0.47 |
| 136 | Angola | 5 | 0.44 | 34,094,077 | 1 | 0.13 |
| 137 | Jamaica | 7 | 0.41 | 2,825,544 | 25 | 1.45 |
| 138 | Palestinian territories | 50 | 0.41 | 5,483,450 | 91 | 0.75 |
| 139 | Kosovo | 3 | 0.39 | 1,762,220 | 17 | 2.21 |
| 140 | South Sudan | 1 | 0.36 | 14,746,494 | 1 | 0.24 |
| 141 | Bahamas | 4 | 0.36 | 397,360 | 101 | 9.06 |
| 142 | Sudan | 7 | 0.35 | 41,984,500 | 2 | 0.08 |
| 143 | Dominican Republic | 9 | 0.34 | 10,760,028 | 8 | 0.32 |
| 144 | Somalia | 2 | 0.34 | 18,143,379 | 1 | 0.19 |
| 145 | Seychelles | 10 | 0.32 | 100,447 | 996 | 31.86 |
| 146 | Moldova | 8 | 0.32 | 2,512,758 | 32 | 1.27 |
| 147 | Guinea | 3 | 0.3 | 13,261,638 | 2 | 0.23 |
| 148 | Bahrain | 6 | 0.29 | 1,577,059 | 38 | 1.84 |
| 149 | Fiji | 6 | 0.29 | 893,468 | 67 | 3.25 |
| 150 | Eritrea | 2 | 0.29 | 3,748,902 | 5 | 0.77 |
| 151 | Yemen | 4 | 0.29 | 31,888,698 | 1 | 0.09 |
| 152 | Reunion | 5 | 0.28 | 885,700 | 56 | 3.16 |
| 153 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 3 | 0.24 | 110,872 | 271 | 21.65 |
| 154 | Andorra | 5 | 0.24 | 85,101 | 588 | 28.20 |
| 155 | Antigua and Barbuda | 3 | 0.23 | 100,772 | 298 | 22.82 |
| 156 | Brunei | 7 | 0.23 | 445,400 | 157 | 5.16 |
| 157 | Maldives | 3 | 0.2 | 515,132 | 58 | 3.88 |
| 158 | Papua New Guinea | 6 | 0.18 | 11,781,559 | 5 | 0.15 |
| 159 | East Timor | 3 | 0.17 | 1,354,662 | 22 | 1.25 |
| 160 | Trinidad and Tobago | 7 | 0.17 | 1,367,510 | 51 | 1.24 |
| 161 | Cape Verde | 6 | 0.15 | 491,233 | 122 | 3.05 |
| 162 | Afghanistan | 1 | 0.14 | 34,262,840 | 0 | 0.04 |
| 163 | Montenegro | 60 | 0.14 | 616,695 | 973 | 2.27 |
| 164 | Honduras | 34 | 0.12 | 9,745,149 | 35 | 0.12 |
| 165 | Albania | 7 | 0.12 | 2,761,785 | 25 | 0.43 |
| 166 | El Salvador | 5 | 0.11 | 6,884,888 | 7 | 0.16 |
| 167 | Liechtenstein | 4 | 0.1 | 40,023 | 999 | 24.99 |
| 168 | Martinique | 1 | 0.1 | 349,925 | 29 | 2.86 |
| 169 | Vatican City State (Holy See) | 5 | 0.09 | 764 | 65445 | 1178.01 |
| 170 | Swaziland | 2 | 0.09 | 1,223,362 | 16 | 0.74 |
| 171 | Guadeloupe | 2 | 0.09 | 378,561 | 53 | 2.38 |
| 172 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 7 | 0.09 | 3,277,082 | 21 | 0.27 |
| 173 | Palau | 2 | 0.08 | 16,733 | 1195 | 47.81 |
| 174 | Tonga | 2 | 0.07 | 100,179 | 200 | 6.99 |
| 175 | Guyana | 7 | 0.07 | 743,699 | 94 | 0.94 |
| 176 | Libya | 2 | 0.07 | 6,931,061 | 3 | 0.10 |
| 177 | Samoa | 7 | 0.06 | 205,557 | 341 | 2.92 |
| 178 | Bhutan | 3 | 0.06 | 770,276 | 39 | 0.78 |
| 179 | Faroe Islands | 2 | 0.05 | 54,547 | 367 | 9.17 |
| 180 | Grenada | 2 | 0.05 | 112,579 | 178 | 4.44 |
| 181 | Comoros | 1 | 0.05 | 758,316 | 13 | 0.66 |
| 182 | Burundi | 2 | 0.02 | 12,837,740 | 2 | 0.02 |
| 183 | Barbados | 5 | 0.02 | 267,800 | 187 | 0.75 |
| 184 | Suriname | 3 | 0.02 | 616,500 | 49 | 0.32 |
| 185 | Saint Lucia | 1 | 0.01 | 47,195 | 56 | 0.56 |
| 185 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1 | 0.01 | 178,696 | 212 | 2.12 |
| 186 | Gabon | 2 | 0.01 | 2,233,272 | 9 | 0.04 |
| 187 | Kiribati | 1 | 0.01 | 120,740 | 83 | 0.83 |
| 188 | Netherlands Antilles | 1 | 0 | 337,617 | 30 | 0.00 |
| 189 | Dominica | 1 | 0 | 67,408 | 148 | 0.00 |
| 190 | Solomon Islands | 2 | 0 | 734,887 | 27 | 0.00 |
| 191 | Cook Islands | 1 | 0 | 15,040 | 66 | 0.00 |
| 192 | San Marino | 1 | 0 | 33,916 | 295 | 0.00 |
| 193 | Belize | 1 | 0 | 397,483 | 25 | 0.00 |
| 193 | Turkmenistan | 1 | 0 | 7,057,841 | 1 | 0.00 |