# List of national governments

This is a list of the offices of heads of state, heads of government, cabinet, and legislature, of sovereign states. Date of Origin refers to most recent fundamental change in form of government, for example independence, change from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, revolution, new constitution.

## Member and observer states of the United Nations

| Country | Head of state | Head of government | Cabinet | Legislature | Date of origin |
| Afghanistan | Supreme Leader | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Leadership Council | 2021 |
| Albania | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Parliament | 1991 |
| Algeria | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1989 |
| Andorra | Co-Princes | Head of Government | Executive Council | General Council | 1993 |
| Angola | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 2010 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1981 |
| Argentina | President | President | Ministries | National Congress | 1994 |
| Armenia | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1995 |
| Australia | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1901 |
| Austria | President | Chancellor | Cabinet | Parliament | 1955 |
| Azerbaijan | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1990 |
| Bahamas, The | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1973 |
| Bahrain | King | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 2002 |
| Bangladesh | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Parliament | 1971 |
| Barbados | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 2021 |
| Belarus | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | National Assembly | 1994 |
| Belgium | King | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Federal Parliament | 1831 |
| Belize | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1981 |
| Benin | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1990 |
| Bhutan | King | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Parliament | 1952 |
| Bolivia | President | President | Cabinet | Plurinational Legislative Assembly | 2009 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Presidency | Chairman of the Council of Ministers | Council of Ministers | Parliamentary Assembly | 1996 |
| Botswana | President | President | Cabinet | Parliament | 1966 |
| Brazil | President | President | Cabinet | National Congress | 1988 |
| Brunei | Sultan | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Legislative Council | 1991 |
| Bulgaria | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | National Assembly | 1991 |
| Burkina Faso | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1992 |
| Burundi | President | President | Council of Ministers | Parliament | 1998 |
| Cambodia | King | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1993 |
| Cameroon | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1992 |
| Canada | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1867 |
| Cape Verde | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1992 |
| Central African Republic | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 2003 |
| Chad | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1996 |
| Chile | President | President | Cabinet | National Congress | 1980 |
| China | President | Premier | State Council | National People's Congress | 1982 |
| Colombia | President | President | Council of Ministers | Congress | 1991 |
| Comoros | President | President | Government | Assembly of the Union | 2002 |
| Congo, Democratic Republic of | President | Prime Minister | Government | Parliament | 2006 |
| Congo, Republic of | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 2002 |
| Costa Rica | President | President | Government | Legislative Assembly | 1949 |
| Côte d'Ivoire | President | Prime Minister | Government | National Assembly | 2000 |
| Croatia | President | Prime Minister | Government | Parliament | 1990 |
| Cuba | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | National Assembly of People's Power | 2019 |
| Cyprus | President | President | Council of Ministers | House of Representatives | 1960 |
| Czech Republic | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1992 |
| Denmark | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament of Denmark | 1848 |
| Djibouti | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | National Assembly | 1992 |
| Dominica | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | House of Assembly | 1978 |
| Dominican Republic | President | President | Cabinet | Congress | 1994 |
| Ecuador | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 2008 |
| Egypt | President | Prime Minister | Government | Parliament | 1953 |
| El Salvador | President | President | Council of Ministers | Legislative Assembly | 1983 |
| Equatorial Guinea | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Chamber of People's Representatives | 1987 |
| Eritrea | President | President | Cabinet of Ministers | National Assembly | 1993 |
| Estonia | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Riigikogu | 1992, (1938) |
| Eswatini | King | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 2005 |
| Ethiopia | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Federal Parliamentary Assembly | 1995 |
| Fiji | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 2014 |
| Finland | President | Prime Minister | Council of State | Parliament | 1919 |
| France | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Parliament | 1958 |
| Gabon | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1964 |
| Gambia, The | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1996 |
| Georgia | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet of Georgia | Parliament | 1995 |
| Germany | President | Chancellor | Cabinet | Bundestag | 1949 |
| Germany | President | Chancellor | Cabinet | Bundesrat | 1949 |
| Ghana | President | President | Council of Ministers | Parliament | 1992 |
| Greece | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1974 |
| Grenada | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1974 |
| Guatemala | President | President | Council of Ministers | Congress | 1985 |
| Guinea | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1991 |
| Guinea-Bissau | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National People's Assembly | 1984 |
| Guyana | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1970 |
| Haiti | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1987 |
| Honduras | President | President | Council of Secretaries of State | National Congress | 1982 |
| Hungary | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1990 |
| Iceland | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Althing | 1944 |
| India | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Parliament | 1950 |
| Indonesia | President | President | Cabinet | People's Consultative Assembly | 1945 |
| Iran | Supreme Leader | President | Cabinet | Islamic Consultative Assembly | 1979 |
| Iraq | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Council of Representatives | 2005 |
| Ireland | President | Taoiseach | Cabinet | Oireachtas | 1937 |
| Israel | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Knesset | 1948 |
| Italy | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Parliament | 1948 |
| Jamaica | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1962 |
| Japan | Emperor | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Diet | 1890 |
| Jordan | King | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1952 |
| Kazakhstan | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Parliament | 1995 |
| Kenya | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1969 |
| Kiribati | President | President | Cabinet | House of Assembly | 1979 |
| Kuwait | Emir | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1962 |
| Kyrgyzstan | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Supreme Council | 2010 |
| Laos | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1991 |
| Latvia | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Saeima | 1993 |
| Lebanon | President | President of the Council of Ministers | Cabinet | Parliament | 1926 |
| Lesotho | King | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1966 |
| Liberia | President | President | Cabinet of Ministers | Legislature | 1986 |
| Libya | Chairman of the Presidential Council | Prime Minister | Cabinet | House of Representatives | 2011 |
| Liechtenstein | Reigning Prince | Head of Government | Government | Landtag | 1921 |
| Lithuania | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Seimas | 1992 |
| Luxembourg | Grand Duke | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Chamber of Deputies | 1842 |
| Madagascar | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1992 |
| Malawi | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1994 |
| Malaysia | Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1957 |
| Maldives | President | President | Cabinet | Majlis | 1932 |
| Mali | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1992 |
| Malta | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | House of Representatives | 1964 |
| Marshall Islands | President | President | Cabinet | Legislature | 1979 |
| Mauritania | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1991 |
| Mauritius | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1968 |
| Mexico | President | President | Cabinet | Congress | 1917 |
| Micronesia, Federated States of | President | President | Cabinet | Congress | 1979 |
| Moldova | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1994 |
| Monaco | Sovereign Prince | Minister of State | Council of Government | National Council | 1911 |
| Mongolia | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | State Great Khural | 1992 |
| Montenegro | President | Prime Minister | Government | Parliament | 2007 |
| Morocco | King | Head of Government | Cabinet | Parliament | 1996 |
| Mozambique | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Assembly | 1990 |
| Myanmar | President | President | Cabinet | Assembly of the Union | 2011 |
| Namibia | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1990 |
| Nauru | President | President | Cabinet | Parliament | 1968 |
| Nepal | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Federal Parliament | 2015 |
| Netherlands | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | States General | 1983 |
| New Zealand | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1986 |
| Nicaragua | President | President | Council of Ministers | National Assembly | 1987 |
| Niger | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 2010 |
| Nigeria | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1999 |
| North Korea | President of State Affairs | Premier | Cabinet | Supreme People's Assembly | 1998 |
| North Macedonia | President | President of the Government | Government | Assembly | 1991 |
| Norway | Monarch | Prime Minister | Council of State | Parliament | 1814 |
| Oman | Sultan | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Consultative Assembly | 1971 |
| Pakistan | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 2002 |
| Palau | President | President | Cabinet | National Congress | 1994 |
| Palestine | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Legislative Council | 1994 |
| Panama | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1972 |
| Papua New Guinea | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Parliament | 1975 |
| Paraguay | President | President | Cabinet | Congress | 1992 |
| Peru | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Congress of the Republic | 1993 |
| Philippines | President | President | Cabinet | Congress | 1987 |
| Poland | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | National Assembly | 1997 |
| Portugal | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Assembly of the Republic | 1976 |
| Qatar | Emir | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Consultative Assembly | 2004 |
| Romania | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1991 |
| Russia | President | Prime Minister | Government | Federal Assembly | 1993 |
| Rwanda | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 2003 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1983 |
| Saint Lucia | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1979 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | House of Assembly | 1979 |
| Samoa | O le Ao o le Malo | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Legislative Assembly | 1962 |
| San Marino | Captains Regent | Captains Regent | Congress of State | Grand and General Council | 1974 |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | National Assembly | 1980 |
| Saudi Arabia | King | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Consultative Assembly | 1992 |
| Senegal | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 2001 |
| Serbia | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 2006 |
| Seychelles | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1976 |
| Sierra Leone | President | President | Cabinet | Parliament | 1991 |
| Singapore | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1965 |
| Slovakia | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Council | 1992 |
| Slovenia | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1991 |
| Solomon Islands | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Parliament | 1978 |
| Somalia | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Parliament | 2004 |
| South Africa | President | President | Cabinet | Parliament | 1996 |
| South Korea | President | President | State Council | National Assembly | 1987 |
| South Sudan | President | President | Cabinet | Parliament | 2011 |
| Spain | King | President of the Government | Council of Ministers | Cortes Generales | 1978 |
| Sri Lanka | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1978 |
| Sudan | President | President | Cabinet | National Legislature | 2021 |
| Suriname | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1987 |
| Sweden | Monarch | Prime Minister | Government | Riksdag | 1974 |
| Switzerland | Federal Council | Federal Council | Federal Council | Federal Assembly | 1848 or 1874 |
| Syria | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet with Council of Ministers | People's Council | 2012 |
| Tajikistan | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Supreme Assembly | 1994 |
| Tanzania | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1977 |
| Thailand | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | National Assembly | 2019 |
| Timor-Leste | President | Prime Minister | Council of State | National Parliament | 2002 |
| Togo | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | National Assembly | 1992 |
| Tonga | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Legislative Assembly | 1875 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1976 |
| Tunisia | President | Head of Government | Cabinet | Parliament | 2014 |
| Turkey | President | President | Cabinet | Grand National Assembly | 1982 |
| Turkmenistan | President | President | Cabinet | Assembly | 1992 |
| Tuvalu | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1978 |
| Uganda | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1995 |
| Ukraine | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet of Ministers | Verkhovna Rada | 1996 |
| United Arab Emirates | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Federal National Council | 1971 |
| United Kingdom | Monarch | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1721 |
| United States | President | President | Cabinet | Congress | 1789 |
| Uruguay | President | President | Council of Ministers | General Assembly | 1967 |
| Uzbekistan | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Supreme Assembly | 1992 |
| Vanuatu | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Parliament | 1980 |
| Vatican City/Holy See | Sovereign | President of the Governorate | Governorate | Pontifical Commission | 1929 |
| Venezuela | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1999 |
| Vietnam | President | Prime Minister | Government | National Assembly | 1992 |
| Yemen | President | Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | Assembly of Representatives | 1991 |
| Zambia | President | President | Cabinet | National Assembly | 1991 |
| Zimbabwe | President | President | Cabinet | Parliament | 2013 |

## Other states

| Country | Head of State | Head of Government | Cabinet | Legislature | Date of Origin |
| Abkhazia | President | Prime Minister | Government | People's Assembly | 1994 |
| Republic of China (commonly called "Taiwan") | President | Premier | Executive Yuan | National Assembly | 1947 (with constitutional amendments in 1991) |
| Republic of China (commonly called "Taiwan") | President | Premier | Executive Yuan | Legislative Yuan | 1947 (with constitutional amendments in 1991) |
| Republic of China (commonly called "Taiwan") | President | Premier | Executive Yuan | Control Yuan | 1947 (with constitutional amendments in 1991) |
| Cook Islands | Monarch | Premier | | Parliament | 1965 |
| Kosovo | President | Prime Minister | Government | Assembly | 2001 |
| Niue | Monarch | Premier | | Assembly | 1974 |
| Northern Cyprus | President | Prime Minister | Government | Assembly of the Republic | 1985 |
| Somaliland | President | President | | Parliament | 1991 |
| South Ossetia | President | Prime Minister | Cabinet | Parliament | 1991 |
| Transnistria | President | Prime Minister | Government | Supreme Soviet | 1991 |
| Western Sahara | President | Prime Minister | | National Council | 1976 |