OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mikola Yermalovich

Mikola Yermalovich (Belarusian: Ермало́віч Міко́ла Іва́навіч, Mikoła Jermałovič) (April 29, 1921 in Dzyarzhynsk Raion, Minsk Voblast – March 5, 2000) was a Belarusian writer, historian and teacher.

## Biography

Ermalovich was born in the village of Maly Novoselki (modern Dzerzhinsky district). He finished a local school and graduated from Minsk Pedagogical Institute in 1947. On graduation he worked as a teacher, school inspector and headmaster. Ermalovich was visually impaired and had to retire at the age of 35. He devoted decades to studying ancient Belarusian chronicles and other primary sources.

## Work

Some commentators believe that Yermalovich presented the pseudo-historic conception of Litvinism, which asserts that the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was Belarusian, not Lithuanian. Other professional historians criticized Ermalovich's books as non-scientific, however it is acknowledged that "it was Ermalovich's books that contributed a great deal to the expansion of research in the field of ancient history of Belarus" and "encouraged [Belarusian] academic historians to pursue further studies of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania".

## Resting place

Ermalovich is buried in the Old Cemetery of Maladzechna. On his grave on the back of the monument is written: "He loved Belarus…".
# Thonnakkal

Thonnakkal is a village in Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala, India. It is located on the National Highway 66, on the way to Kollam from the state's capital. It is located about 25 km from the state's capital Thiruvananthapuram.
Mahakavi Kumaranasan, a major poet of Malayalam literature lived in Thonnakkal for long time and his major literary contributions came while he was staying in Thonnakkal. Birthplace of the late Mahakavi Kumaranasan, is near Kayikkara in Thiruvananthapuram District. The house of Kumaranasan is now converted into a tourist spot named Kumaranasan Smarakom.
The place has also given birth to Kathakali artistes like Thonnakkal Peethambaran and Margi Vijayakumar. Thonnakkal is also well known for sports such as Volleyball and Kho Kho. Thonnakkal owns its own Volleyball Team based upon Thonnakkal Samskarika Samithi and Kavil Volley club.Best tourist place is vellanikkal para and kumaran aashan smarakam.
# Seoraksan National Park

* v
* t
* e
Seoraksan National Park (Korean: 설악산국립공원, 雪嶽山國立公園; RR: seoraksan-gungnipgong-won), translated as Mount Sorak National Park, is also the name of a biosphere reserve: Mount Sorak Biosphere Reserve. It is a national park in South Korea. It is listed by the South Korean government with UNESCO as a tentative World Heritage Site. Located on the east-central Korean peninsula, the park includes the Dinosaur Ridge, Injegun, Yanyanggun, and Sokchosi. It is popular with tourists and nature enthusiasts. It is home to many rare taxa of flora and fauna.

## Description

The reserve has an area of 163.6 square kilometres (63.2 sq mi) and includes many mountain peaks measuring over 1,200 metres above sea level, the tallest being Daecheongbong, at an altitude of 1,708 metres (5,604 ft). The ranges are composed largely of dissected granite and gneiss. The annual precipitation is about 1,000 mm (39 inches) in Inner Soraksan and 1,300 mm (51 inches) in Outer Soraksan, but most of it comes as heavy summer rains that may total several hundred millimeters in one day, and the occasional typhoon can bring over 100 mm in just one hour.
The park is valued for its floral diversity. There are about 1,013 species of plants known, with 822 vascular plant species. Pine trees such as the Siberian pine are abundant on the southern slope while the northern slopes of the mountain range are characterized by oaks and other deciduous trees. Thuja grow in the deep valleys. Dwarf pines and yews grow on low and high slopes. Juniper, hawthorn, and Manchurian fir can be found. Other plants include forsythias and saw-worts. Rare plants in the reserve include Hanabusaya asiatica.
1,562 animal species have been classified so far. Local fauna include otters, Siberian flying squirrel, kestrel, Chinese sparrowhawk, lenok, Chinese minnow, and spotted barbel. Endangered animal taxa include Tristram's woodpecker, Korean goral, and Korean musk deer.
Cultural landmarks in the reserve include the Buddhist temples Baekdamsa and Sinheungsa.

## History

The government designated the area as a nature reserve in 1965 and UNESCO designated it as a biosphere reserve in 1982. It was also the first Korean national park to be named under the National Park Law in 1970.
On 9–16 August 1991, the 17th World Jamboree was held in Mount Sorak. World Jamboree is the biggest event for boy/girl scouts and held every 4 years. In 1991 thousands of scouts from all over the world gathered in Mount Sorak to have fun in many activities and games, where they can exchange cultures, discuss environment or climate issues and create friendships.
# Barnhusviken

Barnhusviken (Swedish for "the Orphanage Bay") is a body of water in central Stockholm, Sweden. Separating the island Kungsholmen from the mainland district Norrmalm north of it, it connects Karlbergssjön to Klara Sjö.
Together with Karlbergskanalen, Karlbergssjön, and Klara Sjö, Barnhusviken constitute the nameless body of water which separates Kungsholmen from the city districts Norrmalm and Vasastaden and the northern suburb Solna.
The northern shore, entirely occupied by the Klarastrandsleden motorway and eight rows of railway tracks, is not accessible to pedestrians, but, in contrast, the southern shore offers a section of the walk stretching some 2 km from the City Hall and all the way along the northern shore of Kungsholmen.

## About the name

Just like the bridge Barnhusbron spanning across it and several other local structures, the former bay was named in the 1860s after an orphanage (barnhus, literally "children-house") relocated from Riddarholmen to the neighbourhood on its northern shore in the 1630s.
It is called a bay simply because it used to be a bay before continuous land filling transformed it into the narrow canal it is today. On maps from the early 19th century it is labelled Rörstrandssjön ("Lake of Rörstrand") after the vicinity to the porcelain factory of Rörstrand.

## Notable buildings

Several prominent buildings line-up along the shores of Barnhusviken:
* On the northern shore is the Bonnier Tower, the skyscraper of the headquarters of Bonnier media group, designed be architects Anders and Ivar Tengbom and during the period 1949-1958 the tallest building in Stockholm. Next to it is the Bonniers Konsthall, designed by Johan Celsing and inaugurated in 2006.
* On the southern shore is the St Erik Area, a prestigious residential area build during the second half of the 1990s in a style imitating the Nordic Classicism prevalent in Sweden during the 1920s. The area is dominated by the huge flight of stairs leading down to the waterfront. While this project has been much criticized by architects as an outdated Disneyfication and New urbanism at its worst, the green space below this monumental staircase has proven very popular among the numerous feral domestic rabbits who, since they started to spread from Solna in the mid-1980s, are giving the area a reputation.
* Between the St Erik Area and the bridge is the headquarters of the insurance company Trygg Hansa, built 1967–76, and on the opposite side of the bridge Tekniska nämndhuset, a huge brick complex built 1962–65 to house some 1.200 white-collar workers of the Stockholm City Planning Administration and various city committees. A matching addition facing the continuation of the bridge was made for the Stockholm District Court in 1984–86.
# Glottal consonant

Glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their primary articulation. Many phoneticians consider them, or at least the glottal fricative, to be transitional states of the glottis without a point of articulation as other consonants have, while some do not consider them to be consonants at all. However, glottal consonants behave as typical consonants in many languages. For example, in Literary Arabic, most words are formed from a root C-C-C consisting of three consonants, which are inserted into templates such as /CaːCiC/ or /maCCuːC/. The glottal consonants /h/ and /ʔ/ can occupy any of the three root consonant slots, just like "normal" consonants such as /k/ or /n/.
The glottal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet are as follows:
| IPA | Description | Example | Example | Example | Example |
| IPA | Description | Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning |
| ʔ | glottal stop | Hawaiian | Hawaiʻi | [həˈvɐjʔi, həˈwɐjʔi] | Hawaii |
| ɦ | voiced glottal fricative | Czech | Praha | [ˈpra.ɦa] | Prague |
| h | voiceless glottal fricative | English | hat | [ˈhæt] | hat |
| ʔ͡h | voiceless glottal affricate | Yuxi dialect | 可 | [ʔ͡ho˥˧] | 'can, may' |
| ʔ̞ | creaky-voiced glottal approximant | Gimi | hagok | [haʔ̞oʔ] | 'many' |

## Characteristics

In many languages, the "fricatives" are not true fricatives. This is a historical usage of the word. They instead represent transitional states of the glottis (phonation) without a specific place of articulation, and may behave as approximants. [h] is a voiceless transition. [ɦ] is a breathy-voiced transition, and could be transcribed as [h̤]. Lamé is one of very few languages that contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives.
The glottal stop occurs in many languages. Often all vocalic onsets are preceded by a glottal stop, for example in German (in careful pronunciation; often omitted in practice). The Hawaiian language writes the glottal stop as the ‘okina ‘, which resembles a single open quotation mark. Some alphabets use diacritics for the glottal stop, such as hamza ⟨ء⟩ in the Arabic alphabet; in many languages of Mesoamerica, the Latin letter ⟨h⟩ is used for glottal stop, in Maltese, the letter ⟨q⟩ is used, and in many indigenous languages of the Caucasus, the letter commonly referred to as heng ⟨Ꜧ ꜧ⟩ is used.
Because the glottis is necessarily closed for the glottal stop, it cannot be voiced. So-called voiced glottal stops are not full stops, but rather creaky voiced glottal approximants that may be transcribed [ʔ̞]. They occur as the intervocalic allophone of glottal stop in many languages. Gimi contrasts /ʔ/ and /ʔ̞/, corresponding to /k/ and /ɡ/ in related languages.
# Alexandre Vincent Jandel

Alexandre Vincent Jandel (born in Gerbéviller, Lorraine, 18 July 1810; died in Rome, 11 December 1872) was a French Dominican, who became Master of the Order of Preachers.
After a college course at Nancy, he entered the diocesan seminary there. He was ordained priest on 20 September 1834, then appointed professor of Scripture, and soon afterwards rector of the seminary at Pont-à-Mousson. At this time he became acquainted with figures including Bautain, Gerbet, Maria Alphonse Ratisbonne, and Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire. Such was the impression made on him by Lacordaire, that he began to think of entering the Dominican Order, hoping to restore it in France, where it had been destroyed by the French Revolution.
In 1839 he therefore went to Rome, consulted Pope Gregory XVI on the matter, and finally received the habit on 15 May 1841. Two years afterwards Jandel and Lacordaire commenced the work of re-establishing their order in France. The Catholic Encyclopedia describes Jandel as "a ruler of men: calm, grave, sagacious, tenacious of traditions and customs, and pre-eminently practical", and recounts story in which a sermon at Lyon on the power of the Cross led to Jandel being challenged by a Freemason to prove the truth of his words in the lodge; Jandel supposedly entered it, produced his crucifix, and made the sign of the cross, instantly extinguishing the lights, throwing about the furniture, and causing the occupants to flee. Many persons in France placed themselves under his guidance. Pope Pius IX, however, called him to Rome, and made him in 1850 vicar-general of the order ad beneplacitum, and in 1855 general for six years.
Under Jandel's stewardship, several provinces of his order were re-established, and houses opened everywhere. He also contributed to the growth of the second and third orders of Dominican nuns, promoted devotion to the rosary, and propagated the doctrine of Thomas Aquinas. Such were the services he rendered to the Holy See especially as regarded the Zouaves, that Pius IX, who was warmly attached to him, intended to make him a cardinal; but he was elected general of the order, on 7 June 1862.
He visited Ireland twice, and only weak health prevented him from visiting America. New editions of liturgical books and of the "constitutions" or legislation formed part of his characteristic work. He also paid great attention to foreign missions. During his term of office sixteen Dominicans were beatified or canonized. He presided at two chapters of the order, and the Catholic Encyclopedia considers him one of its greatest generals.
# Oakham Rural District

Oakham was a rural district in Rutland, England from 1894 to 1974, covering the north of the county.
The rural district had its origins in the Oakham Rural Sanitary District, formed in 1875. Oakham RSD had an identical area to Oakham poor law union, and consisted of thirty-one civil parishes of which twenty-nine were in Rutland and two in Leicestershire.
The Local Government Act 1894 redesignated the area as Oakham Rural District, at the same time transferring the Leicestershire parishes of Cold Overton and Knossington to Melton Mowbray Rural District.
The rural district included the town of Oakham until 1911, when it was constituted as Oakham Urban District.

## Parishes

The rural district consisted of the following parishes:
* Ashwell
* Barleythorpe
* Barrow
* Braunston
* Brooke
* Burley
* Cottesmore
* Edith Weston
* Egleton
* Empingham
* Exton
* Greetham
* Gunthorpe
* Hambleton
* Horn
* Langham
* Leighfield
* Lyndon
* Manton
* Martinsthorpe
* Normanton
* Oakham (until 1911)
* Market Overton
* Stretton
* Teigh
* Thistleton
* Tickencote
* Whissendine
* Whitwell

## Premises

In its early years, the council met at the Oakham Union Workhouse on Ashwell Road and had its offices spread across various locations.
The council continued to be based in Oakham even after the town was removed from the rural district in 1911. In 1937 the council consolidated its offices and meeting place at Catmose House in Oakham, renting space there from Rutland County Council, who had recently bought the building and occupied the rest of it.
# Nairametrics

Nairametrics is a Nigerian online newspaper that focuses on business and economic current affairs. It was established in 2013 by Obi-Chukwu Ugodre as a product of Nairametrics Financial Advocates Limited. They provide access to macroeconomic data, corporate finance data, consumer price data, and pricing analytics.
Nairametrics organizes an MSME awards. They also have a television show known as marketpulse launched in partnership with NewsCentralTV.

## Awards

Award nominations for Nairametrics :
| Year | Nominated work | Category | Result |
| 2021 | GAGE Awards | Blog of the year | |
| 2023 | EY 2023 Entrepreneur Awards | Emerging Category | Won |
| 2022 | GAGE Awards | Blog of the year | Nominated |
# Artoces

Artoces was a king (mepe) of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from 78 to 63 BC. He features in the Classical accounts of the Third Mithridatic War (Appian, Bell. Mithr. 103, 117; Cassius Dio 37.1-2; Eutropius 6.14 [Artaces]; Festus 16; Orosius 6.4.8) and is identified with the Artag (Georgian: არტაგ), Arik (არიკ), Rok (როკ), or Aderk (ადერკ), of the medieval Georgian annals.
According to the Georgian historic tradition, he was the son and successor of Artaxias I of the Artaxiads. The medieval Georgian account of his reign is brief and focuses on the devastation of his kingdom at the hands of Iranians while the Classical sources much closer to the period in question contain a detailed description of Artoces's war with Rome on the side of Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes of Armenia.
Alarmed by the Roman occupation of the neighboring Albania, Artoces promised peace and friendship; but the Roman commander Pompey, informed that he was secretly arming so as to fall upon the Romans on their march in the passes of the Caucasus, advanced in March 65 BC, before resuming the pursuit of Mithridates, to the Iberian strongholds of Harmozica and Seusamora. Artoces, caught by surprise, hastily burnt the bridge over the Cyrus and retreated further in his forested country. Pompey occupied the fortresses and crossed the river, but met a fierce resistance by the Iberian army. Artokes had lost 9 000 dead and 10 000 captured in the fight. In the end, the Romans prevailed, and, when Artoces saw the Pelorus river, apparently the modern Aragvi, also crossed by Pompey, he surrendered, and sent his children as hostages.
# Eustace B. Nifkin

Eustace B. Nifkin is a fictional student and tradition at the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Nifkin first appeared on the campus of the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry in the 1940s.

## History

Nifkin is the unofficial student of the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry. His name appears on class rosters and other official college documents (though no one seems to know how). The student lounge in Marshall Hall is commonly called “Nifkin” Lounge in his honor. He received a SUNY diploma in 1972, but evidently returned to ESF to work on a second degree. He is well-traveled: Eustace sends mail to ESF from all over the world. No portrait of him has yet been found, though he's had the back of his head appear in several editions of the yearbook. In the past, seniors included Eustace somehow in their commencement celebrations.
Nifkin has been the subject of a number of newspaper and newsletter articles including ones by the Syracuse University Daily Orange and the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Student newsletter - The Knothole. Extensive articles on Nifkin can be found in historical Knotholes and current Knotholes, as he is a popular topic. These articles give the history of how Nifkin came to be and how Nifkin Lounge on the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry campus was named.
Images of what many think Nifkin looks like have appeared in articles and on memorabilia relating to The SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry. The Archives and Special Collections of the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry has a collection of items relating to Nifkin including class registration cards, letters, holiday cards, etc.
# Customs House (Bangkok)

The old Customs House (Thai: ศุลกสถาน, RTGS: Sunlakasathan) is a historic building in Bangkok, located on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River in Bang Rak District. It was built in 1888 as one of the many Western-style buildings commissioned by King Chulalongkorn, and was designed by Joachim Grassi in the neo-Palladian style. The building fell into disrepair during the mid-20th century. Beginning in 2019, it is undergoing restoration and re-development as a luxury hotel.

## History

The Customs House was built in 1888 to designs by Joachim Grassi. Built in the Palladian style, it is a fine example of the prevalent use of Western architecture in public buildings during Siam (Thailand)'s modernisation under the reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). The building sits on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River in Bang Rak District, on Soi Charoen Krung 36, and was symbolically considered the gateway to the country.
In 1949, the customs office moved to Khlong Toei Port. The building later came to serve as headquarters of the Marine Police Division, and then residences for staff of the Bang Rak Fire Station. The building has much deteriorated since, and while multiple plans for its restoration were proposed, none came to fruition.
In 2005, real estate consortium Natural Park won a 30-year concession from the Treasury Department (which administers the building as state property) to renovate the site as an Aman Resorts hotel. However, in the ten years since, no development had taken place, due to difficulties in relocating the previous tenants. The residents finally moved out in early 2016, and the Treasury Department confirmed in 2017 that the project would go ahead under the U City company, as Natural Park was now known following restructuring.
U City, in a joint venture with Aman Resorts and Silverlink Resorts, signed the development contract on 29 May 2019, giving it a thirty-year lease of the property. U City plans to spend 3 billion baht (US$94 million) restoring and developing the property as a luxury hotel, slated to be completed by 2025. Work began with archaeological excavation and cataloguing in association with the Fine Arts Department. It was later announced that the site would be developed as a Langham hotel, and is scheduled for a 2026 opening.
# Riccal Rural District

Riccal was a rural district in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England from 1894 to 1935.
It was formed in 1894 from that part of the Selby rural sanitary district which was in the East Riding (the rest in the West Riding, going on to form Selby Rural District).
The rural district contained eight civil parishes:
* Barlby
* Cliffe cum Lund
* Kelfield
* North Duffield
* Osgodby
* Riccall
* South Duffield
* Skipwith
In 1935, under a County Review Order made under the Local Government Act 1929, it was abolished, and mostly became part of a new Derwent Rural District, with a small part going to Howden Rural District.
# Ian Roberts

Ian Roberts may refer to:
* Ian Roberts (American actor) (born 1965), American actor and comedian
* Ian Roberts (Australian footballer) (born 1957), Australian rules footballer
* Ian Roberts (athlete) (born 1973), Guyanese middle-distance runner
* Ian Roberts (cricketer) (born 1948), English cricketer
* Ian Roberts (equestrian) (born 1958), Canadian equestrian events Olympian
* Ian Roberts (footballer, born 1961), Welsh association footballer
* Ian Roberts (linguist) (born 1957), Professor of Linguistics at the University of Cambridge
* Ian Roberts (painter) (born 1952), Australian bird and native vegetation painter
* Ian Roberts (physician) (born 1962 or 1963), Formula One medical delegate
* Ian Roberts (rugby league) (born 1965), Australian actor and rugby league player, known for being the first openly gay rugby league player
* Ian Roberts (South African actor) (born 1952), South African actor, playwright and singer
# Filippo Alongi

Filippo Alongi (born 27 April 2000) is an Italian rugby union player. His usual position is as a Prop and he currently plays for Petrarca Padova in Serie A Elite.
Selected for F.I.R. Academy squad, in 2018–19 Pro14 season, Alongi was named like Additional Player for Zebre. Under contract with Mogliano in Top10, from 2019 to 2022, he was also named as Permit Player for Benetton. In spring 2024 he signed for Béziers in Pro D2 as Joker Medical, untile the end of the season.
In 2019 and 2020, Alongi was named in the Italy Under 20 squad. On 14 October 2021, he was selected by Alessandro Troncon to be part of an Italy A 28-man squad for the 2021 end-of-year rugby union internationals and on 8 December he was named in Emerging Italy 27-man squad also for the 2021 end-of-year rugby union internationals. On 14 March 2022, he was selected by Kieran Crowley to be part of an Italy squad for the 2022 Six Nations Championship. He made his debut against Wales.