# List of Roman auxiliary regiments

This article lists auxilia, non-legionary auxiliary regiments of the imperial Roman army, attested in the epigraphic record, by Roman province of deployment during the reign of emperor Hadrian (r. AD 117–138).
The index of regimental names explains the origin of the names, most of which are based on the names of the subject tribes or cities of the empire where they were originally recruited. (As time went by, they became staffed by recruits from anywhere, especially from the province where they were deployed.)

## Types of regiment

During most of the Principate era, until AD 212, auxiliary regiments, called auxilia by the Romans, were formations kept separate from the legions, who were recruited from Roman citizens only. Auxilia were mostly recruited from the peregrini, the vast majority of subjects in the Roman Empire who did not hold Roman citizenship. (in AD 212, all the inhabitants of the empire were granted Roman citizenship).
There were three basic types of auxiliary regiment:
* alae, which contained only cavalry and consisted nominally of 480 soldiers
* cohortes peditatae or simply cohortes, which contained only infantry and consisted nominally of 480 soldiers
* cohortes equitatae, which contained infantry with an attached cavalry contingent and consisted nominally of 600 soldiers, of which 480 were infantry and 120 were cavalry
A number of regiments, of all three types, were designated sagittariorum (sagitt), indicating that their members were equipped as archers. After about AD 80, about 12 percent of regiments were enlarged from the quingenarie size and designated milliarie, which nominally consisted of 1000 soldiers, but in reality consisted of 720 soldiers, 800 soldiers, and 1040 soldiers respectively.

## Contents of tables

Table I below lists auxiliary regiments during Hadrian's rule, for which there is the most comprehensive evidence. The table does not show regiments that were attested to in the 1st century but that, according to Holder, were dissolved by AD 117, nor those that were probably founded after AD 138. The precise number of regiments that existed during Hadrian's rule is disputed. The regiments are listed by the Roman province where they were deployed c. AD 130.
* Boldface entries: denotes a unit of double strength
* eq: denotes a part-mounted unit
* c.R: denotes a unit composed of Roman citizens
* sagitt: denotes a unit composed of archers

## Ethnic composition of regiments

The rule of the first emperor, Augustus, (30 BC–AD 14) saw the foundation of the majority of the regiments attested in Hadrian's time. In the earlier part of this period, regiments were raised from and named after individual tribes, for example Campagonum, Trevirorum and Bessorum. Later, units were raised from and named after broad national groups, for example Hispanorum, Gallorum, and Thracum.
There is very little evidence concerning the organisation and policies of auxiliary recruitment. The ethnic origins of auxiliary recruits are attested in only a tiny fraction of cases. For example, the cohors II Gallorum veterana equitata must have recruited a calculated 8,000 soldiers over its probable lifespan of about 250 years but the origins of only two rankers are known. Conclusions about auxiliary recruitment drawn by scholars from the available evidence are regarded as tentative.
According to Holder, during the Julio-Claudian dynasty (AD 14–68), regimental ethnic identity was preserved to some extent, with evidence of continued recruitment from the original people. By the time of Hadrian, however, a regiment's name, in most cases, probably represented the ethnic origin of few, if any, of its members. This is because during the Flavian dynasty (AD 69–96), as a matter of deliberate policy, most regiments were deployed in provinces far from their original home and drew the majority of their recruits from local natives and the rest from all parts of the empire. In most cases, therefore, a regiment's name had become an identification tag devoid of ethnic significance. A regiment deployed long-term in the same province would thus, over time, acquire the ethnic character of its host population.
There are exceptions to this rule:
* A minority of regiments remained stationed in their original home province, e.g., cohors I Delmatarum mill eq, still attested in Dalmatia in AD 130.
* Regiments founded a relatively short period before AD 130, for example cohors I Aelia Dacorum which was stationed in Roman Britain in AD 130 would probably still have contained mostly Dacian recruits at this time, as it had been established by Hadrian only about a decade earlier.
* Some specialised regiments, such as Syrian archers and the elite Batavi show some evidence of continued preferential recruitment from their original province.

## List of auxilia in the reign of Hadrian
### List of auxilia non-ethnic regimental names by province of deployment
#### Britannia

Britannia :
| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| Agrippina Miniata I Hispanorum Asturum II Asturum Augusta Gallorum Petrianac.R. Augusta Gallorum Proculeiana Picentiana Gallorum II Gallorum Sebosiana Gallorum et Thracum classiana I Pannoniorum (Sabiniana) I Pannoniorum Tampiana I Thracum I Tungrorum Hispanorum Vettonum Augusta Vocontiorum | | I Aquitanorum II Asturum eq IV Breucorum I Augusta Bracarum III Bracaraugustanorum I Baetasiorum c.R. I Batavorum eq I Celtiberorum I Aelia classica I Ulpia Cugernorum c.R. I Aelia Dacorum I Delmatarum II Delmatarum IV Delmatarum I Frisiavonum | II Gallorum veterana eq IV Gallorum eq V Gallorum VI Gallorum I Hispanorum eq I Aelia Hispanorum eq I Lingonum eq II Lingonum eq III Lingonum eq IV Lingonum eq I Menapiorum I Morinorum I nauticarum I Nerviana Germanorum eq I Nervanorum I Nerviorum II Nerviorum | III Nerviorum IV Nerviorum VI Nerviorum II Pannoniorum V Raetorum VI Raetorum I Sunucorum I Thracum II Thracum veterana VII Thracum I Tungrorum II Tungrorum c.L. eq I Vangionum eq I Vardulorum c.R. eq II Vasconum c.R. I Hamiorum sagitt |

#### Germania Inferior

Germania Inferior :
| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| Afrorum veterana Longiniana Gallorum Gallorum et Thracum classiana Moesica felix I Noricorum c.R. Sulpicia c.R. I Thracum | | II Asturum III Breucorum VI Breucorum VI Brittonum I civium Romanorum eq II civium Romanorum eq I classica II Hispanorum I Flavia Hispanorum eq | VI ingenuorum c.R. I Latobicorum et Varcianorum I Lucensium I Pannoniorum et Delmatarum eq I Raetorum eq c.R. VI Raetorum IV Thracum eq II Varcianorum eq XV voluntariorum c.R. |

#### Germania Superior

Germania Superior :
| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| Gallorum Indiana I Scubulorum | | I Aquitanorum veterana III Aquitanorum eq c.R. IV Aquitanorum eq c.R. I Asturum equitata eq I Biturigum Augusta Cyrenaica eq II Augusta Cyrenaica I Flavia Damascenorum III Delmatarum eq V Delmatarum I Germanorum c.R. | I Helvetiorum II Hispanorum eq Ituraeorum c.R. I Ligurum et Hispanorum c.R. II Raetorum c.R. VII Raetorum eq IV Vindelicorum XXIV voluntariorum c.R. XXVI voluntariorumc.R. XXX voluntariorum c.R. XXXII voluntariorum c.R. |

#### Raetia/Noricum

Raetia/Noricum :
| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| I Hispanorum Auriana I Commagenorum II Flavia I Flavia gemina c.R. I Flavia singularium | | II Aquitanorum eq c.R. I Asturum II Batavorum IX Batavorum eq V Bracaraugustanorum I Breucorum c.R. V Breucorum c.R. eq III Britannorum I Aelia Brittonum I Raetorum II Raetorum | II Thracum III Thracum c.R. III Thracum veterana IV Tungrorum veterana I Flavia Canathenorum sagitt mill |

#### Pannonia

Pannonia (Superior and Inferior) :
| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| I Hispanorum Aravacorum I Flavia Britannica c.R. I Brittonum c.R. I Cananefatium I civium Romanorum I Augusta Ituraeorum I Praetoria singularium c.R. I Thracum victrix II Augusta Thracum Ulpia contariorum I Thracum veterana sagitt III Augusta Thracum sagitt | | I Alpinorum eq I Alpinorum peditata Cohors II Alpinorum equitata II Asturum et Callaecorum eq III Batavorum eq VII Breucorum c.R. eq I Brittonum V Callaecorum Lucensium eq I Campanorum voluntariorum c.R. II Augusta Dacorum eq I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica III Lusitanorum I Montanorum eq | I Noricorum eq I Ulpia Pannoniorum eq I Thracum c.R. I Thracum Germanica I Thracum Syriaca equitata eq II Augusta Thracum eq I Aelia Caesariensis sagitt I Aelia Gaesatorum sagitt |

#### Moesia Superior

Moesia Superior :
| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| I Claudia nova miscellanea Gallorum Flaviana | | III Brittonum veterana eq III campestris c.R. V Gallorum eq V Gallorum et Pannoniorum V Hispanorum eq I Pannoniorum veterana eq | I Antiochensium sagitt I Cretum eq sagitt |

#### Moesia Inferior

Moesia Inferior :
| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| Gallorum Atectorigiana I Claudia Gallorum Capitoniana I Vespasiana Dardanorum I Flavia Gaetulorum II Hispanorum Aravacorum I Gallorum et Pannoniorum cataphractaria | | I Lusitanorum I Thracum Syriaca I Sugambrorum tironum II Lucensium I Bracarorum c.R. I Lepidiana c.R. | I Claudia Sugambrorum veterana eq I Flavia Numidarum eq II Bracaraugustanorum eq II Flavia Brittonum eq II Mattiacorum eq II Chalcidenorum sagitt I Cilicum eq sagitt |

#### Dacia

Dacia (inc. Dacia Superior, Inferior and Porolissensis) :
| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| I Asturum I Batavorum I Bosporanorum I Hispanorum Campagonum I Gallorum et Bosporanorum II Gallorum et Pannoniorum I Hispanorum II Pannoniorum II Pannoniorum veterana I Tungrorum Frontoniana I Flavia Commagenorum sagitt numerus equitum Illyricorum | | I Afrorum c.R. eq I Batavorum eq c.R. p.f. II Flavia Bessorum I Bracaraugustanorum I Britannica c.R. eq II Britannorum c.R. I Flavia Brittonum eq I Ulpia Brittonum I Augusta Brittonum Nerviana II Augusta Brittonum Nerviana I Cananefatium I Flavia Commagenorum II Flavia Commagenorum IV Baetica | I Cypria c.R. II Gallorum II Gallorum Dacica II Gallorum Macedonica eq II Gallorum Pannonica III Gallorum I Hispanorum I Hispanorum veterana eq I Flavia Ulpia Hispanorum c.R. eq II Hispanorum scutata c.R. IV Hispanorum eq V Lingonum | I Aurelia Antonina Hemesenorum II Flavia Numidarum VIII Raetorum eq c.R. VI Thracum eq Ubiorum eq I Ubiorum I Vindelicorum c.R. eq I Augusta Ituraerorum sagitt I Thracum sagitt I Tyriorum sagitt |

#### Cappadocia

Cappadocia :
| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| II Ulpia Auriana I Augusta gemina colonorum I Ulpia Dacorum II Gallorum I Parthorum veterana | | I Apula c.R. I Bosporanorum I Claudia eq II Claudia I Hamiorum c.R. I Italica voluntariorum c.R. milliaria c.R. eq I Numidarum | II Ulpia Petraeorum eq III Ulpia Petraeorum sagitt mill eq I Raetorum eq IV Raetorum eq III Augusta Cyrenaica sagitt |

#### Syria Coele, Syria Phoenice, Syria Palestina (former Iudea) and Arabia Petraea

| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| I Flavia Agrippiana II Flavia Agrippiana Gaetulorum veterana I Phrygum VII Phrygum I Ulpia singularium I Thracum Herculanea Augusta Xoitana I Ulpia dromedariorum Gallorum et Thracum Antiana sagitt | | III Bracarum IV Bracarugustanorum III Callaecorum Bracarum IV Callaecorum Lucensium II Cantabrorum II classica I Ulpia Dacorum III Dacorum I Damascena Armeniaca II equitum eq II Ulpia equitatum eq I Flavia I Gaetulorum I Ulpia Galatarum | II Ulpia Galatarum VII Gallorum eq V gemella c.R. VI Hispanorum II Ligurum et Corsorum I Lucensium I Augusta Lusitanorum I Montanorum I Augusta Pannoniorum II Ulpia Paphlagonum III Ulpia Paphlagonum eq IV Ulpia Petreorum V Ulpia Petreorum eq VI Ulpia Petreorum | I Sebastena I Thracum III Augusta Thracum II Thracum Syriaca III Thracum Syriaca IV Thracum Syriaca I Ascalonitanorum sagitt I Flavia Chalcidenorum eq sagitt I Damascenorum sagitt II Italica voluntariorum c.R. sagitt I Ulpia Petreorum eq sagitt I Ulpia c.R. sagitt I Augusta Thracum eq sagitt |

#### Aegyptus

Aegyptus :
| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| Apriana Augusta Syriaca Commagenorum Gallorum veterana I Thracum Macedonica Vocontiorum | | I Ulpia Afrorum eq I Flavia Cilicum eq II Ituraeorum III Ituraeorum I Aug. praetoria Lusitanorum eq I Macedonica eq | I Pannoniorum I Thebaeorum eq II Thebaeorum scutata c.R. I Apamenorum eq sagitt |

#### Mauretania Tingitana, Mauretania Caesariensis, Numidia and Africa Proconsularis

| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| III Asturum I Augusta c.R. I Augusta Gallorum I Gallorum Tauriana victrix Gemelliana c.R. I Flavia Numidica I Augusta Nerviana Ala I Pannoniorum II Augusta Thracum I Hamiorum sagitt Parthorum sagitt I Syrorum sagitt II Syrorum sagitt | | I Flavia Afrorum II Flavia Afrorum I Asturum et Callaecorum III Asturum c.R. eq II Breucorum II Brittonum eq I Chalcidenorum eq VI Commagenorum eq I Corsorum c.R. V Delmatarum c.R. | Aelia expedita I Flavia eq III Gallorum felix IV Gallorum c.R. II Hamiorum I Flavia Hispanorum II Hispanorum c.R. eq I Ituraeorum c.R. I Lemavorum c.R. VII Lusitanorum eq | I Flavia Musulamiorum eq I Nurritanorum II Sardorum IV Sugambrorum IV Tungrorum I Syrorum sagitt II Syrorum eq sagitt |

#### Other locations

Internal provinces & unknown locations :
| ALAE | XXX | COHORTES | COHORTES |
| II Flavia Hispanorum (HISP) | | Cohors III Alpinorum equitata (DLM) I Aelia Athoitarum (THR) I Ausetanorum (HISP?) I Flavia Bessorum (MCD) Callaecorum (?) I Celtiberorum eq (HISP) I Cisipadensium c.R. (THR) Dacorum (?) I Gallica c.R. eq (HISP) I Delmatarum mill eq (DLM) | I Ligurum (AS?) Maritima (BAE) Maurorum et Afrorum (?) I Musulamiorum (LYC) VI praetoria (BYT) III sagittariorum (?) I/II nova tironum (HISP) VIII voluntariorum (DLM) XXV voluntariorum (HISP?) |

### List of auxilia ethnic regimental names

List of auxilia ethnic regimental names :
| Regimental name | Original tribe/city | Roman province | Original territory now in | Native language | Further information |
| Afrorum | Afri | Africa | Tunisia | Berber | |
| Alpinorum | Salassi | Alpes Tres | Val d'Aosta, NW Italy | Ligurian | Alpine regiments of the Roman army |
| Antiochensium | Antiochenses | Syria | Antakya, Turkey | Aramaic | |
| Aquitanorum | Aquitani | Gallia Aquitania | Aquitaine, SW France | Aquitanian | |
| Apamenorum | Apameni | Syria | Apamea, Syria | Aramaic | |
| Aravacorum | Arevaci | Hispania Tarraconensis | Burgos pr Spain | Celtiberian | |
| Aresacorum | Aresaci | Germania Inferior | ? | W Germanic | |
| Ascalonitanorum | Ascalonitani | Judaea | Ascalon, Israel | Aramaic | |
| Asturum | Astures | Hispania T. | Asturias, N Spain | Celtiberian | |
| Athoitarum | Autariatae | Dalmatia | Bosnia | Illyrian | |
| Ausetanorum | Ausetani | Hispania T. | N Barcelona pr Spain | Iberian | |
| Baetasiorum | Baetasii | Germania Inferior | S Netherlands | W Germanic | |
| Batavorum | Batavi | Germania Inferior | Betuwe, E Netherlands | W Germanic | |
| Bessorum | Bessi | Thracia | Mid Bulgaria | Thracian | |
| Biturigum | Bituriges | Gallia Lugdunensis | Berry, C France | Gaulish | |
| Bosporanorum | Bosporani | Regnum Bospori | Crimea | Greek/Sarmatian | |
| Bracarorum Bracarum Bracaraugustanorum | Bracari | Hispania T. | Minho, Portugal | Gallaecian | |
| Breucorum | Breuci | Dalmatia | N Bosnia | Illyrian | |
| Brittonum Britannorum | Brittones (Britanni) | Britannia | N Britain | Brythonic | |
| Callaecorum | Gallaeci | Hispania T. | Galicia, NW Spain | Gallaecian |
| Campagonum | Campagones | Hispania T. | N Spain | Celtiberian (C) | |
| Campanorum | (Roman cit) | Italia | Campania, Italy | Latin | |
| Canathenorum | Canatheni | Syria | Canatha, Syria | Aramaic | |
| Cannanefatium | Cananefates | Germania Inferior | S Holland, Netherlands | W Germanic | |
| Cantabrorum | Cantabri | Hispania T. | Cantabria N Spain | Celtiberian | |
| Celtiberorum | Celtiberi | Hispania T. | Guadalajara, Spain | Celtiberian | |
| Chalcidenorum | Chalcideni | Bithynia | Chalcedon, Turkey | Greek | |
| Cilicum | Cilices | Cilicia | Icel/Adana pr Turkey | Lydian | |
| Cisipadensium | (Roman citizens) | Italia (Aemilia region) | Emilia-Romagna, Italy | Latin | |
| Commagenorum | Commagene | Cappadocia | Gaziantep pr Turkey | Greek | |
| Corsorum | Corsi | Sardinia | N Sardinia, Italy | Sardinian | |
| Cretum | Cretes | Creta | Crete, Greece | Greek | |
| Cugernorum | Cugerni | Germania Inferior | NW Rhineland, Germany | W Germanic | |
| Dardanorum | Dardani | Macedonia | S Serbia/Kosovo | Illyrian | |
| Dacorum | Daci | Dacia | Romania | Dacian | |
| Damascenorum | Damasceni | Syria | Damascus, Syria | Aramaic | |
| Delmatarum | Dalmatae | Dalmatia | Dalmacja, Croatia | Illyrian | |
| Frisiavonum | Frisiavones | Germania Inferior | N Brabant S Neth | W Germanic | |
| Gaesatorum | Gaesati | Gallia Belgica | Alsace, Fr | Gaulish | |
| Gaetulorum | Gaetuli | Mauretania | Algeria | Berber | |
| Galatarum | Galatae | Galatia | Ankara pr C Turkey | Galatian | |
| Gallorum | Gauls | Gallia Lugdunensis | NE France | Gaulish | |
| Hamiorum | Hama | Syria | Hama, Syria | Aramaic | |
| Helvetiorum | Helvetii | Belgica | SW Switzerland | Gaulish | |
| Hemesenorum | Emesa | Syria | Homs, Syria | Aramaic | |
| Hispanorum | Hispani | Hispania T. | N Spain | Celtiberian | |
| Illyricorum | Illyrici | Dalmatia | Bosnia | Illyrian | |
| Ituraeorum | Ituraei | Syria | S Lebanon | Aramaic | |
| Latobicorum | Latobici | Pannonia | C Bosnia | Illyrian | |
| Lemavorum | Lemavi | Hispania T. | Galicia, Spain | Gallaecian | |
| Ligurum | Ligures | Italia (Liguria) | Liguria, Italy | Ligurian | Alpine regiments of the Roman army |
| Lingonum | Lingones | Belgica | Langres, NE France | Gaulish | |
| Lucensium | Lucenses | Hispania T. | cLugo Galicia, Portugal | Gallaecian | |
| Lusitanorum | Lusitani | Lusitania | Portugal | Lusitanian | |
| Mattiacorum | Mattiaci | Germania Sup | Rhineland Pfalz, Germany | W Germanic | |
| Maurorum | Mauri | Mauretania | Algeria | Berber | |
| Menapiorum | Menapii | Belgica | W Flanders, Belgium | Gaulish | |
| Morinorum | Morini | Belgica | Pas-de-Calais, France | Gaulish | |
| Montanorum | Montani | Pannonia | Julian Alps, Slovenia | Raetian | Alpine regiments of the Roman army |
| Musulamiorum | Musulamii | Mauretania | E Algeria | Berber | |
| Nerviorum | Nervii | Belgica | Flandres, France | Gaulish | |
| Noricorum | Taurisci | Noricum | Mid Austria | (C) | Alpine regiments of the Roman army |
| Numidarum | Numidae | Numidia | NE Algeria | Berber | |
| Nurritanorum | Nurritani | Sardinia | cNuoro, N Sardinia, Italy | Sardinian | |
| Pannoniorum | Pannonii | Pannonia | W Hungary | Illyrian | |
| Parthorum | Parthi | Cappadocia | E Turkey | Parthian | |
| Petreorum | Nabataei | Arabia Pet. | cPetra, Jordan | Arabic | |
| Phrygum | Phryges | Galatia | Eskisehir, W Turkey | Phrygian | |
| Raetorum | Raeti | Raetia | S Germany/Switzerland | Raetian (X/C) | Alpine regiments of the Roman army |
| Sardorum | Sardi | Sardinia | S Sardinia, Italy | Sardinian | |
| Scubulorum | Scubuli | Macedonia | cSkopje, Macedonia | Illyrian | |
| Sequanorum | Sequani | Belgica | Franche-Comté, France | Gaulish | |
| Sugambrorum | Sicambri | Germania Inferior | NW Rhineland, Germany | W Germanic | |
| Sunucorum | Sunici | Germania Inferior | E Netherlands | W Germanic | |
| Syrorum | Syri | Syria | Syria | Aramaic | |
| Thebaeorum | Thebaei | Aegyptus | Thebes, Egypt | Egyptian | |
| Trachonitarum | ? | Syria? | ? | (X/S) | |
| Thracum | Thraces | Thracia | Bulgaria | Thracian | |
| Trevirorum | Treveri | Belgica | cTrier, Germany | Gaulish | |
| Tungrorum | Tungri | Belgica | cTongeren (Tongres), Belgium | Gaulish | |
| Tyriorum | Tyrii | Syria | Tyre, S Lebanon | Phoenician | |
| Ubiorum | Ubii | Germania Inferior | NW Rhineland, Germany | W Germanic | |
| Vangionum | Vangiones | Germania Sup | Mainz/Worms, Germany | W Germanic | |
| Varcianorum | Varciani | Pannonia | E Croatia | Illyrian | |
| Vardulorum | Varduli | Hispania T. | Guipuzcoa, Spain | Celtiberian | |
| Vasconum | Vascones | Hispania T. | Navarra, Spain | Old Basque | |
| Vettonum | Vettones | Lusitania | Salamanca pr Spain | Celtiberian | |
| Vindelicorum | Vindelici | Raetia | Black Forest, Germany | Celtic/German | Alpine regiments of the Roman army |
| Vocontiorum | Vocontii | Gallia Lugdunensis | Dauphiné, France | Gaulish | |

## Glossary

Some regiments were named after other people, for example ala Sulpicia after its first, or early, praefectus. In the Augustan era, commanders of auxiliary units were often Roman legionary centurions, or native chieftains. For example, ala Gallorum Atectorigiana was probably once commanded by a Gallic chieftain named Atectorix. Later, emperor Claudius restricted auxiliary commands to the lower aristocratic class of equites only.

### Imperial dedications
#### Augusta

    founded by emperor Augustus (r. BC 30–AD 14), or honoured with this title by any of his successors

#### Claudia

    founded by, or honoured by, one of: Tiberius (r. AD 14–37), Caligula (r. AD 37–41), or Claudius (r. AD 41–54), all of whom were members of the gens Claudia

#### Flavia

    Vespasian (r. AD 69–79) or one of his two sons and successors, Titus (r. AD 79–81) or Domitian (r. AD 81–96)

#### Ulpia

    Trajan (r. AD 98–117)

#### Aelia

    Hadrian (r. AD 117–138)

#### Aurelia

    Marcus Aurelius (r. AD 161–180)

#### Septimia

    Septimius Severus (r. AD 197–211)
In the 4th century, Valeria referred to emperor Diocletian (r. AD 284–305) and Flavia to Constantine I (r. AD 312–337) or one of his successors.

### Raised during the Illyrian revolt

Names of regiments originally raised by emperor Augustus during the Illyrian revolt (AD 6–9) from Roman citizens unsuitable for service in legions, such as vagrants, convicted criminals, debtors, and emancipated slaves:

#### civium Romanorum

    regiment originally composed of Roman citizens (including emancipated slaves)

#### ingenuorum

    regiment originally composed of free-born (ingenui) Roman citizens

#### voluntariorum

    regiment originally composed of volunteers (voluntarii), in reality slaves freed in return for military service during the Illyrian revolt
After their initial recruitment of Roman citizens, these regiments recruited non-citizens (peregrini) like all other regiments.

### Other non-ethnic regimental names
#### classica

    the regiment was originally recruited, probably during the Illyrian revolt, from naval personnel (from classis = "fleet"), who were mostly non-citizens

#### nauticarum

    from nautae= "sailors"

#### praetoria

    originally a cohort of the Praetorian Guard in Rome. Apparently a detachment of the cohort was left behind at the end of an imperial campaign, presumably to form the core of a new auxiliary cohort, retaining the prestigious name

#### singularium

    ala formed around members of the elite equites singulares Augusti (imperial horseguards), left behind to reinforce frontier at the end of an imperial campaign

#### contariorum

    specialised regiment of lancers (contarii) from contus (a long lance)

#### dromedariorum

    specialised regiment of camel-mounted troops for desert warfare

### Unit Epithets

Some regiment names included additional descriptors:

#### civium Romanorum (c.R.)

    "of Roman citizens", honorific title awarded by the emperor to a regiment for valour. All current (but not future) members would be granted Roman citizenship, and the regiment would retain the title in perpetuity.

#### veterana

    uncertain meaning which may have been used to distinguish older unit from a newer unit with the same serial number and name

#### tironum

    from tirones ("trainees")