OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hydroxypropyl cellulose

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a derivative of cellulose with both water solubility and organic solubility. It is used as an excipient, and topical ophthalmic protectant and lubricant.

## Chemistry

HPC is an ether of cellulose in which some of the hydroxyl groups in the repeating glucose units have been hydroxypropylated forming -OCH$_2$CH(OH)CH$_3$ groups using propylene oxide. The average number of substituted hydroxyl groups per glucose unit is referred to as the degree of substitution (DS). Complete substitution would provide a DS of 3. Because the hydroxypropyl group added contains a hydroxyl group, this can also be etherified during preparation of HPC. When this occurs, the number of moles of hydroxypropyl groups per glucose ring, moles of substitution (MS), can be higher than 3.
Because cellulose is very crystalline, HPC must have an MS about 4 in order to reach a good solubility in water. HPC has a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups, so it has a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at 45 °C. At temperatures below the LCST, HPC is readily soluble in water; above the LCST, HPC is not soluble.
HPC forms liquid crystals and many mesophases according to its concentration in water. Such mesophases include isotropic, anisotropic, nematic and cholesteric. The last one gives many colors such as violet, green and red.

## Uses

Lacrisert, manufactured by Aton Pharma, is a formulation of HPC used for artificial tears. It is used to treat medical conditions characterized by insufficient tear production such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca), recurrent corneal erosions, decreased corneal sensitivity, exposure and neuroparalytic keratitis. HPC is also used as a lubricant for artificial eyes. HPC is used as a thickener, a low level binder and as an emulsion stabiliser with E number E463. In pharmaceuticals it is used as a binder in tablets.
HPC is used as a sieving matrix for DNA separations by capillary and microchip electrophoresis.
HPC is used as a thickener, emulsifier, and stabilizer in cosmetic formulations such as shampoos, conditioners, and lotions.
HPC is the main ingredient in Cellugel, which is used in book conservation. Cellugel is described as "A safe, penetrating consolidant for leather book covers affected by red rot" and is produced by Preservation Solutions.
# Gerry Williams (artist)

Gerry Williams (1926 – 2014) was an American artist. He was a ceramist and a co-founder of Studio Potter magazine.

## Biography

He was born Frederick Gerald Williams in Asansol, Bengal, India, in 1926, during the era of the British Raj. His parents were American missionaries in Bengal, working at a school.
He attended Woodstock School in Mussoorie in Uttarakhand from 1937 until 1942. He returned to the United States and he attended Cornell College in Iowa. He was a conscientious objector during World War II and missed several years of college due to the war. In the 1940s, Williams discovered pottery while living in Maine.
In 1949, Williams moved to Concord, New Hampshire, and started his own pottery business. In the early 1950s he took ceramic classes at the League of New Hampshire Craftsmen. In 1953 he built his own studio and home in Dunbarton, New Hampshire, where he remained for many years with his wife Julie. In 1972, Williams founded Studio Potter magazine with Julie.
Gerry Williams died on August 25, 2014, in New Hampshire from Parkinson's disease. His work is included in various public museum collections, including at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Currier Museum of Art, the Museum of Contemporary Crafts, the Fleming Museum of Art, and others. He is featured in the award-winning documentary short An American Potter (1976), produced and directed by Charles Musser.
# Ian Daglish

Ian Daglish (2 July 1952 – 31 July 2011) was a British military historian who specialised in writing on the British Army in the Battle of Normandy.

## Personal life

Ian Daglish was born in Redhill, Surrey in 1952 and lived briefly in the United States from the age of eight. At the age of ten he saw the film The Longest Day at a cinema in Providence, Rhode Island, which proved to be a formative experience. He later returned to the UK and studied history at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he won the Bowen Prize for an essay on putative Napoleonic invasions of England.

## Historian

Daglish published several books regarding the British Army's battles in Normandy, visiting the continent often, as a researcher and tour guide. His status as a historian was recognized by the BBC, for whom he gave interviews as a consultant on the subject of military history.

## Game Designer

He has also contributed to several wargames including many Advanced Squad Leader game products.

## Aviator

Daglish was a pilot of light aircraft. Daglish died after the Piper PA-38 Tomahawk he was piloting crashed near City Airport Manchester on 29 July 2011. He was survived by a wife, two teenage daughters, and a brother.

## Other interests

Daglish was one of the earliest British boardwargamers, and a prolific player and scenario designer for the game Advanced Squad Leader.

## Published works
### Battle Ground Europe series

* Operation Bluecoat: The British Armoured Breakout (2003)
* Operation Goodwood: The Great Tank Charge (2004)

### Over the Battlefield series

* Operation Goodwood (2005)
* Operation Epsom (2007)
* Operation Bluecoat (2009)

### Stackpole Military History Series

* Goodwood: The British Offensive in Normandy, July 1944 (2009)
Daglish's books led to the presentation of a paper, by invitation, on the subject of Operation Bluecoat to the international conference ‘The Normandy Campaign 1944: 60 Years On’ held at the History and Governance Institute at the University of Wolverhampton in the summer of 2004. Another paper entitled ‘Operation Bluecoat – a victory ignored?’ was later published with other essays taken from conference papers in ‘The Normandy Campaign 1944: 60 Years On’, by Routledge in 2006.
# Pyotr Voevodin

Pyotr Ivanovich Voevodin (Russian: Пётр Иванович Воеводин; 12 July 1884 – 24 November 1964) was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician and organizer of film production.

## Biography

Voevodin was born into a working-class family in Sumy. He graduated from two classes of the Zemstvo school, after which he as took a job as a factory worker. In 1899 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He was actively involved in revolutionary activities in many cities, and was repeatedly detained by the police. Voevodin was a participant in the 1905 Russian Revolution. From 1912 to 1913 he was in exile in the United States. In 1913 he returned to Russia illegally and worked in Baku but was arrested and exiled to the Narym region [ru].
In 1917, the West Siberian Congress of Soviets elected Voevodin chairman of the regional food and economic council of Western Siberia and the Urals. In 1918 he was the head of the West Siberian Sovnarkhoz. From 1919 to 1920 he worked on military and political affairs. In 1919 he was the commissioner of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (B) and the political commissar of the agit-train October Revolution on the Western and Southern fronts. In 1920 he was chief commissioner of the Moscow-Vindavo-Rybinsk railway [ru].
From 1921 to 1922 Voevodin was the head of the All-Russian Photo-Cinematographic Department of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR.
From 1922 to 1939 Voevodin was the editor-in-chief of the popular science journal Electrification and the scientific journal Electricity [ru]. In 1931 he became the head of the Amtorg publishing house and editor of the American Technology and Industry magazine.
Voevodin was elected a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic's of the 5th and 6th convocations. In 1940 he retired.
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet of 2 January 1964, Pyotr Voevodin was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labour with the Order of Lenin, and the "Hammer and Sickle" Medal [ru].
Voevodin died on 25 November 1964, and was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
A street in the Kirovsky City District of Samara is named after Pyotr Voevodin.
# Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Pukemiro

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#REDIRECT Kaitaia#Education
# Alice Dubois

Alice Dubois (born 20 April 1970) is a French judoka. She competed in the women's middleweight event at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# Raetovari

The Raetovari (or Raetobari, German: Rätovarier, Latin: Raetovarii/Raetobarii) were an Alamannic tribe in the region of the Nördlinger Ries in the west of the German state of Bavaria. They lived in the upper Danube region. They were mentioned by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (330–395).
# Kinistin Saulteaux Nation

The Kinistin Saulteaux Nation (Ojibwe: Gidishkoniganinaan) is a Saulteaux band government in Saskatchewan. Their reserve is 39 kilometres (24 mi) southeast of Melfort. The Kinistin Saulteaux Nation is a signatory of Treaty No. 4, which was signed by Chief Yellow-quill on August 24, 1876.
Total registered population in February, 2009, was 913, of which the on-reserve population was 328 members. The First Nation is a member of the Saskatoon Tribal Council and have their urban offices in Saskatoon as well as their Tribal Council offices.

## History

The First Nation was originally part of the Yellow-quill Saulteaux Band, a Treaty Band named after a Treaty 4 signatory Chief Ošāwaškokwanēpi, whose name means "Green/Blue-quill." However, due to "š" merging with "s" in Nakawēmowin (Saulteaux language), this led to a mistranslation of his name as "Yellow-quill"—"yellow" being osāw-, while "green/blue" being ošāwaško- (or osāwasko- in Saulteaux). Kinistin is named after Chief Kiništin ("Cree"), one of the headmen for Chief Ošāwaškokwanēpi. Chief Kiništin came to Saskatchewan from Western Ontario along with his two brothers, Miskokwanep ("Red [Crow-]Feather") and Mehcihcākanihs ("Coyote"). In 1901, lands were set aside for the Kinistin Band. Soon after the death of Chief Ošāwaškokwanēpi, the Yellow-quill Saulteaux Band divided into three groups, with the group originally headed by Chief Kiništin becoming the Kinistin Saulteaux Nation.

## Reserves

The First Nation have reserved for themselves three reserves:
* 3,562.90 hectares (8,804.1 acres) Kinistin Reserve 91, which serves as their main Reserve.
* 457.30 hectares (1,130.0 acres) Kinistin Reserve 91A
* 37.1 hectares (92 acres) Treaty Four Reserve Grounds (Indian Reserve 77), which is shared with 32 other First Nations.

## Governance

Kinistin have an elected tribal council consisting of a chief and five councilors. The current council for the two-year-long electoral term ending in April 2019, consists of Chief Felix Thomas and Councillors Wayne J. Thomas, Joseph Smokeyday, Cecil McNab and Craig Thomas.
# Hapoel Umm al-Fahm F.C.

Hapoel Umm al-Fahm Football Club (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל הפועל אום אל-פאחם) is an Israeli football club based in Umm al-Fahm. The club currently plays in the Liga Leumit.

## History

Established in 1963, at the start of the 1990s the club was playing in Liga Alef. At the end of the 1998–99 season they were relegated to Liga Bet North B. In 2005 they returned to Liga Alef.
After finishing as runners-up in Liga Alef North in 2006–07 under the management of Samir Issah, the following season the club won Liga Alef North and were promoted to Liga Artzit (then the third division). In the 2008–09 season they were relegated to Liga Alef and folded.
However, four years later, in 2013, the club returned after Ahva Umm al-Fahm, which was founded two years earlier and promoted to Liga Bet in their first season, was renamed to Hapoel Umm al-Fahm.
In 2016–17 season, the team promoted to Liga Alef, and two seasons later promoted to Liga Leumit.
In the eighth round of 2019–20 Israel State Cup the team defeated the champion Maccabi Tel Aviv 3–2 after Maccabi leaded 0–2, and qualified to the round of 16 there was defeated 0–1 to Maccabi Haifa.

## Stadium

After the club promoted to Liga Leumit played temporarily his home matches in Afula Illit Stadium. In 2023 the renovations in HaShalom Stadium done and the club returned to play his home matches there.
On 20 January 2023 Umm al-Fahm hosted his

## Current squad
### As to 7 February 2025

| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 3 | DF | ISR | Aviv Bitton |
| 4 | DF | NGA | Alex Emeka |
| 5 | DF | CIV | Abdul Kudus Coulibaly |
| 6 | MF | ISR | Gal Kolani |
| 7 | MF | ISR | Abdallah Jabarin |
| 8 | MF | ISR | Marwan Kabha |
| 9 | FW | ISR | Danni Amer |
| 10 | FW | ISR | Idan Golan |
| 11 | MF | ISR | Noor Aladeen Jabarin |
| 14 | FW | ISR | Karem Arshid |
| 15 | DF | ISR | Shahar Tzafrir |
| 17 | MF | ISR | Bashar Mahagna |
| 18 | MF | ISR | Ilay Segev |
| 19 | MF | ISR | Or Dasa |
| 20 | MF | ISR | Habiballah Jabarin |
| 22 | GK | ISR | Gil Barda |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 23 | DF | ISR | Ali Kayal |
| 25 | DF | ISR | Ahmed Switat |
| 26 | DF | ISR | Sahar Dabach |
| 28 | DF | ISR | Mohammed Awadeh |
| 30 | FW | ISR | Roy Buganim |
| 33 | FW | ISR | Nasser Issa |
| 55 | GK | ISR | David Ben Lulu |
| 66 | DF | ISR | Jaber Jabarin |
| 70 | MF | ISR | Mohammed Mahamid |
| 90 | FW | ISR | Eden Ben Simon |
| — | GK | ISR | Yosef Mahamid |
| — | DF | ISR | Ahmed Jabarin |
| — | DF | ISR | Oudai Mahamid |
| — | DF | ISR | Niran Rotshtein |
| — | DF | ISR | Niv Sarel |

## Honours
### League

| Honour | No. | Years |
| Fourth tier | 2 | 1978–79, 2007–08 |
| Sixth Tier | 1 | 2011–12 |
# Federal Polytechnic, Offa

The Federal Polytechnic, Offa is a Nigerian institution, and it came into existence in 1992. A presidential pronouncement of its establishment was made at the Palace of His Royal Highness, Olofa of Offa, late Oba Mustapha Olawoore Olanipekun Ariwajoye II, by the then Military President, Ibrahim Babangida during a state visit in 1991.
Consequently, a Local Task Force was then constituted by His Royal Highness, the Olofa, under the Chairman Alhaji Tiamiyu Olatinwo with six other eminent indigenes of Offa and Chief Ayotunde Raji as Secretary.
The pioneer Rector of the Polytechnic, Engr. (Mrs.) Taiwo Adeife Osemeikhian, administered the Polytechnic from February 1992 to year 2000, under the supervision of a Federal Task Force led by the Director of Science and Technology, Federal Ministry of Education. The Task Force was responsible for taking major policy decisions affecting the Polytechnic and performing the functions of the Governing Council. She handed over to Dr. Razaq Bello who was Rector between 2000 and 2006. Dr. Mufutau Olatinwo, took over the affairs of the Polytechnic in 2006 as Ag. Rector and later as the third substantive Rector since 2008.
The first Governing Council of the Polytechnic was put in place in year 2000, the second in 2005 the third in 2009 while the fourth and current council under the chairmanship of Chief Okey Ezenwa was inaugurated in April 2013. The polytechnic offers National Diploma and Higher National Diploma courses at undergraduate levels. It also offers Degree courses in affiliation with the Federal University of Technology, Minna, FUTMINA.

## The school offers six programmes

I. Financial Studies
II. Business Studies
III. Secretarial Studies
IV. Science Laboratory Technology
V. Electrical/Electronic Engineering
VI. Computer Science
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, the polytechnic invented "solar-powered anti-COVID-19 machines".

## Notable alumni

Muhydeen Okunlola Kayode, Entrepreneur and philanthropist
# PNB Banka

PNB Banka (previously Norvik Banka) was one of the oldest commercial banks in Latvia. The bank was established on 29 April 1992 and the majority of the firm was owned by Russian businessman Grigory Guselnikov.

## History

The bank had a network of branches and sales points in Latvia, however was not able to follow prudential requirements and was recognized as a "bank likely to fail" by ECB on 15 August 2019. Latvian Regulator took sufficient actions and stopped all the transactions, in order to prevent fund flow outside the bank. PNB Banka was the 6th largest bank in Latvia by assets. The bank provided an array of various banking services to a wide range of customers from natural persons to international industrial enterprises.
In October 2014 the bank's shareholders invested in Norvik Banka's equity capital 69.638 million euros. On 16 October 2014 it was announced that Norvik Banka bought 97.75% stake in Russia's Vyatka Bank. The deal was approved by both the Financial and Capital Market Commission of Latvia and the Central Bank of Russia. Vyatka Bank is a universal regional commercial bank with representative offices in four Russian regions. Vyatka Bank focuses mainly on servicing of private persons and is a stable leader by all the most important bank performance indicators in Kirov Region.
At the beginning of 2014 the Norvik Group employed 1002 persons (Norvik Banka – 604 employees), while at the end of 2014 the number of employees within the Norvik Group reached 1640 persons (Norvik Banka – 606 employees).
At the beginning of 2018 Russian businessman Grigory Guselnikov and his family have acquired direct control over Vyatka Bank without mediation from Norvik Banka. On 9 November 2018 the bank has changed its name to PNB Banka as the next stage of development.

## Shareholders

In 2014, the leading partner of the London-based investment fund G2 Capital Partners Grigory Guselnikov became the majority shareholder of Norvik Banka.
The Chairman of the Board of PNB Banka was Oliver Bramwell. He resigned on 30 June 2019.

## Bank performance

The data of the Association of Commercial Banks of Latvia show that by the end of 2014 Norvik Banka had serviced more than 86.5 thousand active customers and by that indicator the bank was ranked 5th in the industry. The bank's assets reached 996.4 million euros by the end of 2014: owing to the increase in the customer base by 19% or 139.5 million euros and the attraction of additional capital from the shareholder in the amount of 69.6 million euros, within a year's time the bank's assets grew by 26% or 203.5 million euros.
The bank's capital adequacy ratio as of the end of the year was 15.19%, which was well over 10.76% a year ago. The bank's liquidity ratio reached 58.75% thus exceeding the indicator as of the end of the previous year – 55.38%. The bank's assets in June 2018 amounted to 618.7 million euros.
# Stig Åsberg

Stig Åsberg (1909, Baku — 1968, Stockholm) was a Swedish graphic artist.
He studied at Konstfack in Stockholm and had a breakthrough in 1936 with illustrations made for a book by Gustav Sandgren. He developed a close cooperation with several Swedish writers. Apart from illustrations for books, he also designed postage stamps and notably etchings, often of landscapes. He was influenced by the experience of living in several of the countries around the Baltic Sea as a child and by the harsh conditions under which he lived as a youth, on the verge of starvation, in Södermanland. He has been described as depicting "intimately poetic landscapes and meticulously reproduced plants and animals, often complicated by surreal or macabre traits".
There are works by Åsberg in the collections of Nationalmuseum, Stockholm and the National Gallery of Denmark, Copenhagen, among others.
# Oily Cart Theatre Company

Oily Cart is a London-based national and international touring theatre company founded in 1981. The company specialises in creating original, immersive, multi-sensory productions for babies and very young children under 5, and for children and young people who have profound and multiple learning disabilities, are on the autism spectrum, or are deafblind/multi-sensory impaired. The emergence of Theatre for Early Years (TEY) has been credited to Oily Cart and Theatre Kit. The company is a registered charity.

## Background

Friends Tim Webb MBE, Claire de Loon and Max Reinhardt founded the company in 1981. The first production was Exploding Punch & Judy. Oily Cart has produced and toured over 80 original productions to theatres, arts venues, schools, hospitals and hospices. Performances often take place in unusual settings, such as hydrotherapy pools, trampolines or up in the air. The company's name is a play on the name of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.

## Productions

* Splish Splash (2018/2019), a co-production with National Theatre Wales performed in hydrotherapy pools for audiences with complex needs
* Light Show (2015/2016/2018), a show for audiences with complex needs which toured schools and arts venues across the UK and as part of Lincoln Center's inaugural Big Umbrella Festival, “the world’s first month-long festival dedicated to programs for children on the autism spectrum and their families”
* Kubla Khan (2017/2018), a multi-sensory adaptation of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's epic poem created in collaboration with charity Sense, and the company's first production with a version for young people who are deafblind/multi-sensory impaired
* In A Pickle (2012, 2015–17), an adaptation of William Shakespeare's The Winter’s Tale for 3 – 5 year olds commissioned by the RSC, which toured the UK and USA
* Baking Time (2003), an early years show in which audiences were given fresh bread baked live on stage
* The Bounce (2014/2015), developed with support from Ockham's Razor, which was performed on trampolines for audiences with complex needs
* Something In The Air (2010/2012), also created in collaboration with Ockham's Razor, which seated audiences with complex needs “in specially created ‘nest’ chairs raised into the air to fly in safety and comfort with the Ockham's Razor aerialists.”

## Company management

Head of Design Claire de Loon left Oily Cart at the end of 2016. In January 2018, it was announced that Artistic Director Tim Webb and Musical Director Max Reinhardt would gradually step down over the next two years. In November 2018, the company appointed Ellie Griffiths as its new artistic director, and Zoë Lally as its first-ever Executive Director.
# Durrës-Vlorë railway

vteDurrës-Vlorë Railway :
Legend :
The Durrës-Vlorë railway is a now-mostly-disused railway line connecting the cities of Durrës and Vlorë in western Albania. Vlorë station is the southernmost point on the Albanian rail system.

## History

Before the inauguration of the national network in the 1940s, two separate systems existed south of Durrës on routes later absorbed by the present railway: a 19-mile Decauville track which carried Bitumen traffic between a mine at Selence and the port of Skele near Vlorë, and a 2-mile track between Shkozet and Lekaj.
The present railway was built in stages. Rrogozhinë was the southernmost station in Albania until 1968 when an extension to Fier was completed. A further extension to Ballsh opened in 1975. Vlorë was reached by another extension in 1985.
A limited service was still in operation on the line until 2015, but passenger services no longer run south of Fier.
A private railway company, Albrail, was granted a concession to the railway section between Fier and Vlorë in February 2016 and started transport of crude oil from Fier to Vlorë in December 2018.

## Stations

| Station | Opened | Additional information |
| Durrës | 1949 | |
| Shkozet | 1949 | |
| Plazh | | Temporary terminus in 2024/25 during the reconstruction of Durrës station |
| Golem | | |
| Kavajë | | |
| Lekaj | | |
| Rrogozhinë | | |
| Dushk | 1968 | |
| Lushnjë | 1968 | |
| Gradisht | 1968 | |
| Libofsh | 1968 | |
| Fier | 1968 | |
| Ballsh | 1975 | No current service |
| Levan | 1985 | No current service |
| Novoselë | 1985 | Closed 1997 |
| Narte | 1985 | No current service |
| Vlorë | 1985 | No current service |