# Shavian alphabet

The Shavian alphabet (/ˈʃeɪviən/ SHAY-vee-ən; also known as the Shaw alphabet) is a constructed alphabet conceived as a way to provide simple, phonemic orthography for the English language to replace the inefficiencies and difficulties of conventional spelling using the Latin alphabet. It was posthumously funded by and named after Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw and designed by Ronald Kingsley Read.
Shaw set three main criteria for the new alphabet. It should be:
* at least 40 letters;
* as phonetic as possible (that is, letters should have a 1:1 correspondence to phonemes);
* distinct from the Latin alphabet to avoid the impression that the new spellings were simply misspellings.

## Letters

The Shavian alphabet consists of three types of letters: tall (with an ascender), deep (with a descender) and short. All vowels but the consonant–vowel ligature yew are short. Among consonants, the short letters are liquids (r, l) and nasals (m, n); these, the semivowels (y, w) and the heng letters (h, ng) are derived from each other through rotation or reflection. Tall letters are voiceless consonants, excepting Yea 𐑘 and Hung 𐑙. A tall letter rotated 180°, with the tall part now extending below the baseline, becomes a deep letter, representing the corresponding voiced consonants (except Haha 𐑣). These rotation pairs, with the exception of the heng consonants, are the same letters that are paired in Pitman shorthand. Affricates, several diphthongs, and rhotic vowels are ligatures. The alphabet is therefore to some extent featural.
| | Tall and deep letters: | Tall and deep letters: | Tall and deep letters: | Tall and deep letters: | Tall and deep letters: | Tall and deep letters: | Tall and deep letters: | Tall and deep letters: | Tall and deep letters: |
| Shavian letter | | | | | | | | | |
| Unicode text | 𐑐 𐑚 | | 𐑑 𐑛 | | 𐑒 𐑜 | | 𐑓 𐑝 | | 𐑔 𐑞 |
| Pronunciation (may vary, see below) | /p/ /b/ | | /t/ /d/ | | /k/ /ɡ/ | | /f/ /v/ | | /θ/ /ð/ |
| Name/example | peep bib | | tot dead | | kick gag | | fee vow | | thigh they |
| | 𐑕 𐑟 | | 𐑖 𐑠 | | 𐑗 𐑡 | | 𐑘 𐑢 | | 𐑙 𐑣 |
| | /s/ /z/ | | /ʃ/ /ʒ/ | | /tʃ/ /dʒ/ | | /j/ /w/ | | /ŋ/ /h/ |
| | so zoo | | sure measure | | church judge | | yea woe | | hung ha-ha |
| Short letters: |||||||||
| | 𐑤 𐑮 | | 𐑥 𐑯 | | 𐑦 𐑰 | | 𐑧 𐑱 | | 𐑨 𐑲 |
| | /l/ /r/ | | /m/ /n/ | | /ɪ/ /iː/ | | /ɛ/ /eɪ/ | | /æ/ /aɪ/ |
| | loll roar | | mime nun | | if eat | | egg age | | ash ice |
| | 𐑩 𐑳 | | 𐑪 𐑴 | | 𐑫 𐑵 | | 𐑬 𐑶 | | 𐑭 𐑷 |
| | /ə/ /ʌ/ | | /ɒ/ /oʊ/ | | /ʊ/ /uː/ | | /aʊ/ /ɔɪ/ | | /ɑː/ /ɔː/ |
| | ado up | | on oak | | wool ooze | | out oil | | ah awe |
| Ligatures: |||||||||
| | | 𐑸 𐑹 | | 𐑺 𐑻 | | 𐑼 𐑽 | | 𐑾 𐑿 |
| | | /ɑːr/ /ɔːr/ | | /ɛər/ /ɜːr/ | | /ər/ /ɪər/ | | /iə/ /juː/ |
| | | are or | | air err | | array ear | | Ian yew |
There are no separate uppercase or lowercase letters as in the Latin script; instead of using capitalization to mark proper nouns, a "namer-dot" (·) is placed before a name. Sentences are typically not started with a namer-dot, unless it is otherwise called for. All other punctuation and word spacing is similar to conventional orthography.
Each character in the Shavian alphabet requires only a single stroke to be written on paper. The writing utensil needs to be lifted up only once when writing each character, thus enabling faster overall writing than Latin script.
Spelling in Androcles follows the phonemic distinctions of Received Pronunciation except for explicitly indicating vocalic "r" with the above ligatures. Most dialectal variations of English pronunciation can be regularly produced from this spelling, but those who do not make certain distinctions, particularly in the vowels, find it difficult to produce the canonical spellings spontaneously. For instance, most North American dialects merge 𐑭 /ɑː/ and 𐑪 /ɒ/ (the father–bother merger), though standard English orthography is a guide.
There is no ability to indicate word stress; however, in most cases the reduction of unstressed vowels is sufficient to distinguish word pairs that are distinguished only by stress in spoken discourse. For instance, the noun convict /ˈkɒnvɪkt/ and the verb convict /kənˈvɪkt/ can be spelled 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 ˈkɒnvɪkt and 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 kənvɪkt, respectively.
Additionally, five common words are abbreviated as single letters. The words the (𐑞), of (𐑝), and (𐑯), to (𐑑), and often for (𐑓) are written with the single letters indicated.

## History

George Bernard Shaw, the writer, critic and playwright, was a vocal critic of English spelling because it often deviates from the alphabetic principle. Shaw had served from 1926 to 1939 on the BBC's Advisory Committee on Spoken English, which included several exponents of phonetic writing. He also knew Henry Sweet, creator of Current Shorthand (and a prototype for the character of Henry Higgins), although Shaw himself for years wrote his literary works in Pitman shorthand. However, he found its limitations frustrating as well and realized that it was not a suitable replacement for traditional orthography, making the production of printed material difficult and impossible to type. Shaw desired and advocated a phonetic spelling reform, and this called for a new alphabet.
All of his interest in spelling and alphabet reform was made clear in Shaw's will of June 1950, in which provision was made for (Isaac) James Pitman, with a grant in aid from the Public Trustee, to establish a Shaw Alphabet. Following Shaw's death in November 1950, and after some legal dispute, the Trustee announced a worldwide competition to design such an alphabet, with the aim of producing a system that would be an economical way of writing and of printing the English language. a contest for the design of the new alphabet was won by four people, including Ronald Kingsley Read who had corresponded extensively with Shaw for several years regarding such an alphabet. Read was then appointed to amalgamate the four designs to produce the new alphabet.
Due to the contestation of Shaw's will, the trust charged with developing the new alphabet could afford to publish only one book: a version of Shaw's play Androcles and the Lion, in a bi-alphabetic edition with both conventional and Shavian spellings. (1962 Penguin Books, London). Copies were sent to major libraries in English-speaking countries.

## Other print literature

Between 1963 and 1965, 8 issues of the journal, Shaw-script, were published by Read in Worcester, U.K. The journal used Shaw's Alphabet, and much of the content was submitted by Shaw enthusiasts. In more recent years, there have been several published works of classical literature transliterated into Shavian.
The first, released in 2012, was the works of Edgar Allan Poe entitled Poe Meets Shaw: The Shaw Alphabet Edition of Edgar Allan Poe, by Tim Browne. This book was published via Shaw Alphabet Books and had two editions in its original release. One, like Androcles and the Lion, had Shavian side-by-side with the Latin equivalent and the other was a Shavian-only edition.
The second, released in 2013, was an edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, transcribed into Shavian by Thomas Thurman. This was published as a Shaw-only edition with no side-by-side Latin equivalent. The Shavian fonts were designed by Michael Everson.
In 2019, a print version of Pride and Prejudice was published in Shaw-only form by the website Shavian.info.

## Disagreement

Some disagreement has arisen among the Shavian community in regard to sound–symbol assignments, which have been the topic of frequent arguments. Primarily, this has concerned the alleged reversal of two pairs of letters.

### Haha–Hung reversal

The most frequent disagreement of the letter reversals has been over the Haha–Hung pair. The most convincing evidence suggesting this reversal is in the names of the letters: the unvoiced letter Haha is deep, while the voiced Hung, which suggests a lower position, is tall. This is often assumed to be a clerical error introduced in the rushed printing of the Shavian edition of Androcles and the Lion. This reversal obscures the system of tall letters as voiceless consonants and deep letters as voiced consonants.
Proponents of traditional Shavian, however, have suggested that Kingsley Read may not have intended for this system to be all-encompassing, though it seems that vertical placement alone served this purpose in an earlier version of Shavian, before the rotations were introduced. Also, Read may have intentionally reversed these letters, perhaps to emphasize that these letters represent unrelated sounds, which happen to occur in complementary distribution.
Both sides of the debate have suggested other reasons, including associations with various styles of Latin letters (namely, the ⟨g⟩ in ⟨-ing⟩, often written with a bottom-loop in script) and the effect of letter-height on the coastlines of words, but whether Read considered any of these is uncertain. Since the letter representing the same sound in Read's Quikscript appears identical to "Hung", it is doubtful that Read reversed the letter twice by mistake. Either he always intended that letter shape or he thought it best to leave things as they were, especially as a corrected ⟨ng⟩ in hasty or careless writing might be confused with Hung "𐑣".

### Air–Err reversal

Two other letters that are often alleged to have been reversed—intentionally or not—are the ligatures Air "𐑺" and Err "𐑻". They are both made up of Roar "𐑮" and an unknown first part. Attempts to construct derivations of the ligatures suggest that the pronunciations and the shapes are reversed, and may assure a less conservative pronunciation of Air "𐑩", though this is not necessary.
Though the shape of Air "𐑺" /ɛər/ suggests a derivation from Ado "𐑩" /ə/ + Ado "𐑩" /ə/ + Roar "𐑮" /r/ (which would give /ɜːr/), its name suggests a derivation either from Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ + Ado "𐑩" /ə/ + Roar "𐑮" /r/ (reflecting the conservative pronunciation [ɛər]) or from Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ + Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ + Roar "𐑮" /r/ (reflecting the contemporary pronunciation [ɛːr]).
In contrast, the name of Err "𐑻" /ɜːr/ suggests a derivation from Ado "𐑩" /ə/ + Ado "𐑩" /ə/ + Roar "𐑮" /r/ (which would suggest "𐑺"), both because the closest short approximation of the conservative pronunciation [ɜː] is [ə] and because the contemporary pronunciation is [əː]. Its shape suggests a derivation either from Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ + Ado "𐑩" /ə/ + Roar "𐑮" /r/ (reflecting the conservative pronunciation [ɛər]) or from Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ + Egg "𐑧" /ɛ/ + Roar "𐑮" /r/ (which would give [ɛːr]).
Read, being a likely RP speaker born in 1887, would almost certainly not have had the contemporary pronunciation of Air, so that is unlikely to be relevant. It is possible that he approximated Err /ɜːr/ as [ɛːr] (which would not contradict with his [ɛər] for Air) and flipped the initial stroke of Air /ɛər/ from something like "𐑸" to "𐑺" so as to avoid confusion with Are "𐑸", or that the hypothesised derivations of the ligatures are incorrect and bear no relation to pronunciation.

## Variants
### Quikscript

Some years after the initial publication of the Shaw alphabet, Read expanded it to create Quikscript, also known as the Read Alphabet. Quikscript is intended to be more useful for handwriting, and to that end is more cursive and uses more ligatures. Many letter forms are roughly the same in both alphabets; see the separate article for more details.

### Shavian in Esperanto (Ŝava alfabeto)

An adaptation of Shavian to another language, Esperanto, was developed by John Wesley Starling; though not widely used, at least one booklet has been published with transliterated sample texts. As that language is already spelled phonemically, direct conversion between Latin and Shavian letters can be performed, though several ligatures are added for the common combinations of vowels with n and s and some common short words. Vowels use the letters of the orthographically equivalent short vowels in English (i.e. ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ), except that o and u are reversed, as are j and w. The oo-vowel letters are reassigned to m and n, and the unneeded letters for th and ng are assigned to c and ĥ.
Pronunciations that differ from their English values are marked in bold blue.
| Ŝava letter | 𐑨 | 𐑚 | 𐑔 | 𐑗 | 𐑛 | 𐑧 | 𐑓 | 𐑜 | 𐑡 | 𐑣 | 𐑙 | 𐑦 | 𐑢 | 𐑠 |
| Pronunciation | [a] | [b] | [ts] | [tʃ] | [d] | [e] | [f] | [ɡ] | [dʒ] | [h] | [x] | [i] | [j] | [ʒ] |
| Conventional orthography | a | b | c | ĉ | d | e | f | g | ĝ | h | ĥ | i | j | ĵ |
| Conventional orthography | 𐑒 | 𐑤 | 𐑫 | 𐑵 | 𐑩 | 𐑐 | 𐑮 | 𐑕 | 𐑖 | 𐑑 | 𐑪 | 𐑘 | 𐑝 | 𐑟 |
| Conventional orthography | [k] | [l] | [m] | [n] | [o] | [p] | [r] | [s] | [ʃ] | [t] | [u] | [w] | [v] | [z] |
| Conventional orthography | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | ŝ | t | u | ŭ | v | z |
| Short words ||||||||||||||
| Conventional orthography | la | kaj | aŭ |

### Shaw Alphabet

In 1996, Paul Vandenbrink devised the self-styled Shaw Alphabet, or the Revised Shaw Abjad, which was further revised in 2001. It is based on the Hebrew script and makes many changes to the shapes and names of the letters, though it is largely unknown.

## Unicode

Shavian was added to the Unicode Standard in April 2003 with the release of version 4.0. Esperanto ligatures are not supported.

### Block

The Unicode block for Shavian is U+10450–U+1047F and is in Plane 1 (the Supplementary Multilingual Plane).
Shavian Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| U+1045x | 𐑐 | 𐑑 | 𐑒 | 𐑓 | 𐑔 | 𐑕 | 𐑖 | 𐑗 | 𐑘 | 𐑙 | 𐑚 | 𐑛 | 𐑜 | 𐑝 | 𐑞 | 𐑟 |
| U+1046x | 𐑠 | 𐑡 | 𐑢 | 𐑣 | 𐑤 | 𐑥 | 𐑦 | 𐑧 | 𐑨 | 𐑩 | 𐑪 | 𐑫 | 𐑬 | 𐑭 | 𐑮 | 𐑯 |
| U+1047x | 𐑰 | 𐑱 | 𐑲 | 𐑳 | 𐑴 | 𐑵 | 𐑶 | 𐑷 | 𐑸 | 𐑹 | 𐑺 | 𐑻 | 𐑼 | 𐑽 | 𐑾 | 𐑿 |
| Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 |||||||||||||||||

### Fonts

While the Shavian alphabet was added to Unicode 4.0 in 2003, Unicode Shavian fonts are still quite rare. Before it was standardized, fonts were made that include Shavian letters in the places of Roman letters, and/or in an agreed-upon location in the Unicode private use area, allocated from the ConScript Unicode Registry and now superseded by the official Unicode standard.