OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Entrainment (meteorology)

Entrainment is a phenomenon in the atmosphere that occurs when a turbulent flow captures a non-turbulent flow. It is typically used to refer to the capture of a wind flow with high moisture content or in the case of tropical cyclones, the capture of drier air.
Detrainment is the opposite effect, when the air from a convective cloud, usually at its top, is injected into the environment.

## Theory

Entrainment is mixing environmental air into a preexisting air current or cloud so that the environmental air becomes part of the current or cloud. The entrainment coefficient in clouds is one of the most sensitive variables causing uncertainty in climate models.
Homogeneous mixing is a model that assumes that the timescale for the mixing within a cloud is short compared to the evaporation timescale. This would imply that the dry, unsaturated, environmental air would be entrained throughout the cloud before it evaporates the cloud droplets. The entrainment mixing resulting from this model manifests as partial evaporation of all the drops within the cloud but no change in the number of cloud drops. A contrasting model of entrainment is inhomogeneous mixing. This model assumes that the time it takes to evaporate cloud drops is short compared to the mixing timescales. Therefore, the saturated air that mixes with the unsaturated environment air would completely evaporate the cloud drops within the entrained area, reducing the total number of cloud drops.
The major difference between the two models is how they affect the shape of the cloud drop spectrum. Homogeneous mixing changes the spectrum's shape because the supersaturation differs over large and minor drops. Exposing a cloud to homogeneously mixed entrained air will result in a narrower cloud drop spectrum, while inhomogeneous mixing does not change the spectrum.

## Entrainment rate

Cumulus clouds significantly impact energy and water vapor transport and influence precipitation and climate. In large-scale models, cumulus clouds need to be parameterized. The entrainment rate is a key parameter in cumulus parameterization. Henry Stommel was the first to study the entrainment rate in cumulus clouds.
# Bedeau

Bedeau is a French Huguenot surname. It is derived from the French word bedeau, meaning 'beadle', a sergeant of justice. Notable people with the surname include:
* Fitzroy Bedeau (born 1944), Grenadian politician
* Jacob Bedeau (born 1999), English professional footballer
* Marie Alphonse Bedeau (1804–1863), French general
* Tony Bedeau (1979–2025), English-Grenadian footballer
# Mykyta Makhynya

Mykyta Leonidovych Makhynya (Ukrainian: Микита Леонідович Махиня; born 16 January 2003) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a centre-forward.
# 2003 Scottish League Cup final

The 2003 Scottish League Cup final was played on 16 March 2003 at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the 56th Scottish League Cup. The final was contested by Celtic and Rangers. Rangers won the match 2–1, thanks to goals from Claudio Caniggia and Peter Løvenkrands. John Hartson missed a penalty kick late in the game that would potentially have taken the match into extra time.

## Match details

| Celtic | Rangers |
CELTIC : :
| GK | 20 | Robert Douglas |
| CB | 35 | Johan Mjällby | 88' |
| CB | 6 | Bobo Baldé |
| CB | 5 | Joos Valgaeren |
| RM | 39 | Jamie Smith | 66' |
| CM | 18 | Neil Lennon | 88' |
| CM | 14 | Paul Lambert (c) |
| CM | 9 | Chris Sutton | 80' |
| LM | 8 | Alan Thompson |
| CF | 7 | Henrik Larsson |
| CF | 10 | John Hartson |
| Substitutes: ||||
| GK | 22 | David Marshall |
| DF | 4 | Jackie McNamara |
| MF | 19 | Stiliyan Petrov | 88' |
| MF | 3 | Momo Sylla | 66' |
| FW | 29 | Shaun Maloney | 80' |
| Manager: ||||
| Martin O'Neill ||||
RANGERS : :
| GK | 1 | Stefan Klos |
| RB | 2 | Fernando Ricksen |
| CB | 4 | Lorenzo Amoruso |
| CB | 3 | Craig Moore |
| LB | 5 | Jérôme Bonnissel | 64' |
| RM | 7 | Claudio Caniggia |
| CM | 6 | Barry Ferguson (c) |
| CM | 8 | Mikel Arteta | 78' |
| LM | 11 | Peter Løvenkrands |
| CF | 9 | Ronald de Boer | 86' |
| CF | 10 | Michael Mols |
| Substitutes: ||||
| GK | 17 | Allan McGregor |
| DF | 15 | Maurice Ross | 64' |
| DF | 12 | Bert Konterman | 78' |
| MF | 16 | Neil McCann |
| FW | 14 | Shota Arveladze | 86' |
| Manager: ||||
| Alex McLeish ||||
# Château de Virieu (Loire)

The Château de Virieu is a castle in Pélussin, Loire, Rhône-Alpes, France.

## History

It was built in 1633 on the site of a previous castle built as early as 1173.

## Architectural significance

It has been listed as an official historical monument by the French Ministry of Culture since 2001.
# Kathleen Vane

Kathleen (Kitty) Airini Vane (née Mair; 22 January 1891 – 1965) was a New Zealand painter who specialised in watercolours and tempera landscape paintings. Many of her paintings can now be found in art museums and galleries all over the world. Her works that remain in New Zealand are included in the collections of the internationally known Sarjeant Gallery, Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Whangārei Museum, Tauranga Art Gallery, Reyburn House (Whangarei) and the New Zealand National (Alexander Turnbull) Archives. Two portraits of Vane are in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London.

## Biography

Vane was born in Wainuiomata, the daughter of Gilbert Mair and Eleanor Katherine (née Sperry) Mair. She had an older brother, John Gilbert, who died in childhood. Her mother, a noted portrait artist, died when she was three years old and she was raised by a Scottish nurse. She attended a private school, Misses Bews' Ladies College in Mt Eden, Auckland and also studied art.
Vane's main artistic passion was painting trees. Later in her artistic career, this would earn her the moniker the 'pōhutukawa lady'. In 1912 she travelled to London, England and studied at the Royal College of Art and the Slade School of Fine Art.
During World War I she served as a nurse aide in France. After the war she travelled and painted extensively, exhibiting in London, Paris and Malta. In 1924, her paintings were displayed at the Paris Salon. In 1929, Vane's works were accepted by the Royal Academy of Arts in London.
During World War II she returned to New Zealand. She spent most of wartime in the city of Tauranga. Vane would leave New Zealand after the war but would return again in 1953, this time to retire. Vane would finish her career as a painter four years later, in 1956 after an accident She died at Laings Beach (now Langs Beach) near Mangawhai, Northland, in 1965.

## Personal life

Vane was an avid social figure in London society, often frequenting the High Commission of New Zealand, London alongside fellow New Zealander and author, Jane Mander. She was also part of the farewell party at Westminster Palace Hotel, which sent off Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool.
In 1917 she married Ralph Frederick Vane, a son of Lord and Lady Barnard of Raby Castle, England. The ceremony was extensively covered in the London papers. He died in 1928.
# Alexandru Cristea

Alexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composer of the music for "Limba Noastră", current national anthem of Moldova.

## Biography

A choir director, a composer and music teacher. Taught at the "Vasile Kormilov" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu and the "Unirea" Conservatory (1927–1929) in Chişinău with Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău (1920–1940), professor of music and conductor of the choir in the boys gymnasium "Ion Heliade Rădulescu" in București (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the "Queen Mother Elena" high school from Chişinău. In 1920, he was ordained as a deacon of the St. George Church in Chişinău, from 1927 to 1941 was a deacon holds the Metropolitan Cathedral of Chişinău.

## Creation

His main creation is considered the music for "Limba Noastră", current national anthem of Moldova, composed in the lyrics of the priest-poet Alexei Mateevici. He was awarded the “Răsplata muncii pentru biserică”.
# The Enchanted Day

The Enchanted Day (German: Der verzauberte Tag) is a 1944 German romantic drama film directed by Peter Pewas, and starring Winnie Markus, Hans Stüwe and Ernst Waldow. The film was produced at the Babelsberg Studios by Terra Film, one of Germany's four dominant production companies. The sets were designed by Erich Grave.
The film's release was considerably delayed by Joseph Goebbels' Propaganda ministry after an initial screening in 1944 led to numerous objections. Attempts to improve it meant it was not released before the end of the Second World War. It finally premiered in Sweden in 1947 before going on general release in West Germany in 1951.

## Synopsis

The plot explores the romantic ambitions of two women who work at a kiosk in a railway station.

## Cast

* Winnie Markus as Christine Schweiger
* Hans Stüwe as Professor Albrecht Götz
* Ernst Waldow as Rudolf Krummholz
* Eva Maria Meineke as Anni
* Hans Brausewetter as Wasner
* Carola Toelle as Frau Schweiger
* Karl Etlinger as Geschwander
* Curt Ackermann as Herr Maximilian
* Kate Kühl as Frau Pospischil
* Anneliese Würtz as Frau Hirblinger
* Karl Meixner as Kriminalbeamter
* Erich Fiedler as Dr. Steinacker
* Herbert Gernot as Augenarzt
* Karl Troxbömker as Diener
* Martha von Konssatzki as Blumenfrau
# Masooma Ranalvi

Masooma Ranalvi is an activist for the ending of female genital mutilation (FGM) in India.
She is the founder of We Speak Out, an organization dedicated to helping Dawoodi Bohra women escape or heal from female genital mutilation. Ranalvi is a part of the Dawoodi Bohra Shi'a Muslim community in western India. She shares her personal experience with FGM to open discourse on violence against women, sexual harassment, and sexism within traditional norms. Her agenda is to create and expand a platform for other women to openly discuss, and politically fight against, female genital mutilation.

## Her Story

In 2015, Ranalvi shared her story on WhatsApp, soon after starting the We Speak Out movement. Ranalvi was cut at the age of seven in her village in India. One day, Ranalvi's grandmother took her to an old building where a woman performed female genital mutilation on her. In this community, FGM is a traditional custom based in the egalitarianism within the Muslim religion.

## Activism

Ranalvi is the founder of We Speak Out. Working with the group, Sahiyo, Ranalvi created an online petition to stop female genital mutilation in the Bohra community that received over one hundred thousand signatures. Ranalvi's work also focuses on the mental health of FGM survivors. The organization's mission is to outwardly address India's government for a policy ban on FGM in the Bohra community, and extend this nationwide.
# Chris Spencer (American football)

Christopher Clark Spencer (born March 28, 1982) is an American former professional football player who was a center in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected with the 26th overall pick in the first round of the 2005 NFL draft out of the University of Mississippi by the Seattle Seahawks. He also played for the Chicago Bears and Tennessee Titans.

## Early life

Spencer was born in Madison, Mississippi. He was part of the nationally ranked and undefeated Madison Central High School in the Madison football team in 2000, which contained 5 current NFL players. After his prep career, he was one of the most highly touted offensive line recruits in the Southeast. His home ties led him to choose the University of Mississippi, where he played alongside Madison Central teammates Doug Buckles and Mike Espy (of the Washington Redskins). During the 2003 season, the Ole Miss Rebels had an impressive campaign, winning 10 games concluded with a Cotton Bowl Classic victory over Oklahoma State.

## Professional career
### 2005 NFL draft

Spencer was considered one of the best centers available in the 2005 NFL draft, along with Jason Brown. He was projected a late second round pick, and was eventually selected 26th overall in the first round.
Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| 6 ft 2+7⁄8 in (1.90 m) | 309 lb (140 kg) | 33+1⁄2 in (0.85 m) | 10+7⁄8 in (0.28 m) | 5.21 s | 1.81 s | 3.04 s | 4.61 s | 8.07 s | 32 in (0.81 m) | 8 ft 9 in (2.67 m) | 26 reps |
| All values from NFL Combine ||||||||||||

### Seattle Seahawks

In his first season with the Seattle Seahawks, he played 7 games. In the 2006 season, he played in all 16 games for Seattle, starting 13 of them, most at the guard position, next to longtime Seattle center Robbie Tobeck. Spencer succeeded Tobeck as starting center for the 2007 season, as Tobeck had retired at the end of 2006.

### Chicago Bears

On July 31, 2011, he was signed by the Chicago Bears to replace the outgoing Olin Kreutz. During the 2011 season, Spencer alternated between center and guard with Roberto Garza. In Week 4 against the Carolina Panthers, Spencer subbed for Lance Louis, but would himself go out of the game with a hand injury.
On November 22, 2012, Spencer was named as the Bears starting guard after Chilo Rachal was placed on the reserve/non-football injury list.

### Tennessee Titans

On April 1, 2013, Spencer signed with the Tennessee Titans. On April 2, 2014, Spencer re-signed with the Titans on a new one-year deal.

## Personal life

In 2006, he married Coastal Carolina Elite volleyball player Katherine Jensen.
# Arcus-Air

Arcus-Air GmbH & Co. KG is a German airline company. Arcus Executive Aviation is based in Zweibrücken, Germany and Arcus Air Logistics in Troisdorf, Germany operating chartered cargo and corporate flights out of Mannheim City Airport.

## History

The airline was established in 1973. It offered scheduled passenger flights from Mannheim to Oberpfaffenhofen in the 1980s and to Leipzig and Dresden in the early 1990s, following the German Reunification. In 1997, Arcus-Air Logistic set up a subsidiary named Cosmos Air, which operated scheduled flights from Mannheim to Berlin and London, using the respective city-centre airports London City Airport and now-closed Tempelhof Airport, using Dornier 328 aircraft. In 1999, Cosmos Air was sold to Cirrus Airlines, bringing an end to scheduled flights operated by Arcus-Air Logistic.
On 18 June 2020 Air Logistic and Arcus Air OBC were acquired by Chapman Freeborn, a subsidiary of Avia Solutions Group. The two Dornier 228 are to be owned by Chapman Freeborn but will be operated by the Arcus Air Group.

## Fleet

As of November 2024, the Arcus-Air fleet consists of the following aircraft:
Arcus-Air fleet :
| Aircraft | In service |
| Embraer Phenom 100 | 7 |
| Dornier 228 | 2 |
| Total | 9 |
# Western Qing tombs

The Western Qing tombs (Chinese: 清西陵; pinyin: Qīng Xī líng; Manchu: ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ ᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᠮᡠᠩᡤᠠᠨ, Möllendorff: wargi ergi munggan) are located some 140 km (87 mi) southwest of Beijing in Yi County, Hebei Province. They constitute a necropolis that incorporates four royal mausoleums where seventy-eight royal members are buried. These include four emperors of the Qing dynasty and their empresses, imperial concubines, princes and princesses, as well as other royal servants.

## History

Construction of the Western Qing tombs was initiated by the Yongzheng Emperor who broke with tradition and refused to be buried in the Eastern Qing tombs. Some have speculated, though not proven, that as Yongzheng had illegally usurped the throne by eliminating his brothers, his motive to relocate his tomb to the Western Qing tombs was that he did not wish to be buried alongside his father the Kangxi Emperor. Later on his son, the Qianlong Emperor, decided that he should be buried in the Eastern Qing tombs and dictated that thereafter burials should alternate between the eastern and western sites, although this was not followed consistently.
The first tomb, the Tailing, was completed in 1737, two years after the end of the Yongzheng reign. The last imperial interment was in 1913, when the Guangxu Emperor was entombed in the Chongling (崇陵). Chongling was looted by grave robbers in 1938, and its burial chamber is now open to the public.

## Main tombs

The four tombs in Western Qing Tombs are:
* Tailing (Chinese: 泰陵; pinyin: Tàilíng; lit. 'Tomb of the Peaceful'; Manchu: elhe munggan) for the Yongzheng Emperor (1678–1735, the 3rd emperor)
* Changling (Chinese: 昌陵; pinyin: Chānglíng; lit. 'Tomb of the Remarkable'; Manchu: colgoroko munggan) for the Jiaqing Emperor (1760–1820, the 5th emperor)
* Muling (Chinese: 慕陵; pinyin: Mùlíng; lit. 'Tomb of the Knowledgeable'; Manchu: gūnihangga munggan) for the Daoguang Emperor (1782–1850, the 6th emperor)
* Chongling (Chinese: 崇陵; pinyin: Chónglíng; lit. 'Tomb of the Sublime'; Manchu: wesihun munggan) for the Guangxu Emperor (1871–1908, the 9th emperor)
The Xuantong Emperor is buried in a commercial cemetery behind the Guangxu Emperor's tomb. While not officially part of the Western Qing Tombs, including Puyi would bring the number of emperors at the Western Tombs to five, the same number as those buried at the Eastern Tombs.
# XHMZA-FM

XHMZA-FM/XEMZA-AM is a radio station on 100.1 FM and 560 AM in Cihuatlán, Jalisco, Mexico, serving the Manzanillo, Colima, area. The station is owned by Grupo Radiofónico Zer and broadcasts a Spanish-language adult hits format known as Lupe 100.1.

## History

XHMZA began as XEGUZ-AM in Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, broadcasting on 550 kHz as a 200-watt daytimer. Jorge Valdovinos López received the concession for XEMZA in September 1979. The station was sold to XEGUZ, S.A. de C.V. in 1987; the call sign was changed to XEMZA around that time period.
By the early 2000s, XEMZA had moved to 560 kHz and to Cihuatlán, where its power increased to 10 kW day/1 kW night. It was now clearly targeting Manzanillo.
In 2011, it received authorization to move to FM as XHMZA-FM 89.7, but it was required to maintain its AM station, as communities could lose radio service were the AM station to go off the air, and in 2015 it received permission to install an emergency transmitter located in Manzanillo proper. The FM transmitter later moved across the state line to Cerro del Toro as part of a class upgrade.
In October 2022, the Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT) approved XHMZA-FM to change frequencies from 89.7 to 100.1 MHz, which occurred the following month. The change was intended to resolve an interference issue caused by intermodulation of XHMZA-FM and Manzanillo's XHMAC-FM 95.3 to frequencies in the 162 MHz range used by the Comisión Federal de Electricidad. The station changed formats from Sol to Lupe in 2024.
# Yulin Fumian Airport

Yulin Fumian Airport (IATA: YLX, ICAO: ZGYL) is an airport serving the city of Yulin in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in south China. It is located in Shihe Town (石和), Fumian District of Yulin.
The airport has a 2,600-metre (8,500 ft) runway (class 4C) and an 8,000-square-metre (86,000 sq ft) terminal building. It is designed to serve 740,000 passengers annually. The airport opened on August 28, 2020.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Grand China Air | Beijing–Capital |
| Juneyao Air | Shanghai–Pudong |
| Loong Air | Hangzhou |
| Sichuan Airlines | Chengdu–Tianfu, Kunming, Shenzhen |
| Tianjin Airlines | Haikou, Xi'an |
# Shooting at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's skeet team

The men's skeet team competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea was held on 7 and 8 October at the Changwon International Shooting Range.

## Schedule

All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Monday, 7 October 2002 | 09:30 | Day 1 |
| Tuesday, 8 October 2002 | 09:30 | Day 2 |

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world, Asian and Games records were as follows.
| World Record | Italy | 368 | Tampere, Finland | 7 July 1999 |
| Asian Record | Kuwait | 359 | Tampere, Finland | 7 July 1999 |
| Games Record | Kazakhstan | 356 | Hiroshima, Japan | 8 October 1994 |

## Results

| Rank | Team | Day 1 | Day 1 | Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 2 | Total | Notes |
| Rank | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Total | Notes |
| | Qatar (QAT) | 71 | 73 | 70 | 73 | 73 | 360 | |
| | Masoud Saleh Al-Athba | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 122 | |
| | Nasser Al-Attiyah | 24 | 25 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 121 | |
| | Ahmed Al-Kuwari | 23 | 24 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 117 | |
| | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 74 | 72 | 72 | 69 | 68 | 355 | |
| | Sergey Kolos | 25 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 24 | 117 | |
| | Alexey Ponomarev | 25 | 24 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 119 | |
| | Sergey Yakshin | 24 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 119 | |
| | China (CHN) | 71 | 71 | 73 | 68 | 69 | 352 | |
| | Chen Dong | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 116 | |
| | Jin Di | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 23 | 122 | |
| | Zhang Kaiyan | 24 | 23 | 25 | 20 | 22 | 114 | |
| 4 | North Korea (PRK) | 68 | 71 | 69 | 68 | 72 | 348 | |
| | Pak Nam-su | 23 | 25 | 23 | 21 | 25 | 117 | |
| | Ra Sang-uk | 23 | 23 | 21 | 23 | 23 | 113 | |
| | Sin Nam-ho | 22 | 23 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 118 | |
| 5 | Kuwait (KUW) | 66 | 68 | 70 | 70 | 72 | 346 | |
| | Abdullah Al-Mutairi | 22 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 118 | |
| | Zaid Al-Mutairi | 22 | 21 | 23 | 22 | 24 | 112 | |
| | Naser Shafee | 22 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 116 | |
| 6 | United Arab Emirates (UAE) | 70 | 70 | 66 | 68 | 69 | 343 | |
| | Mohamed Hussain Ahmed | 23 | 23 | 21 | 24 | 22 | 113 | |
| | Saeed Al-Maktoum | 25 | 23 | 25 | 22 | 25 | 120 | |
| | Saif Bin Futtais | 22 | 24 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 110 | |
| 7 | South Korea (KOR) | 66 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 69 | 342 | |
| | Hwang Jung-soo | 21 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 114 | |
| | Jeon Chan-sik | 22 | 22 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 109 | |
| | Lee Suk-tae | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 119 | |
| 8 | India (IND) | 63 | 67 | 65 | 61 | 63 | 319 | |
| | Harinder Singh Bedi | 20 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 22 | 107 | |
| | Naveen Jindal | 22 | 23 | 20 | 18 | 20 | 103 | |
| | Rahoul Rai | 21 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 109 | |
| 9 | Pakistan (PAK) | 50 | 53 | 54 | 57 | 46 | 260 | |
| | Munir Hussain | 5 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 47 | |
| | Amin Karamat | 22 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 17 | 103 | |
| | Ahmed Sultan | 23 | 23 | 22 | 24 | 18 | 110 | |
# Ban Pla Khao

Ban Pla Khao is a village in Tambon Pla Khao, Thailand, 20 kilometres from Amnat Charoen city. It was founded by the Phu Thai ethnic group 200 years ago. The village is known for its mo lam performances, which feature dancing and traditional music. Besides conserving the traditional performance, some groups in the town have developed contemporary styles. They perform countrywide and earn much money. Mo Lam's performance of Ban Pla Khao was awarded Amnat Charoen’s OTOP (One Tambon One Product).