# Indonesian orthography

Indonesian orthography refers to the official spelling system used in the Indonesian language. The current system uses the Latin alphabet and is called Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan (EYD), commonly translated as Enhanced Spelling, Perfected Spelling or Improved Spelling.

## History

The Perfected Spelling system is a system of orthography released in 1972 to replace the preexisting Republican Spelling System (RSS, also called the Soewandi Spelling System, SSS). A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country Malaysia (which also introduced the similar Joint Rumi Spelling system), the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonization of the Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies. The new EYD system, adopted on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1972, was decreed by President Suharto on the previous day. Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes in the new system and marked the official use of the EYD system. It was formerly known as the Indonesian Spelling System (Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, EBI), often referred to as the Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines (Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, PUEBI), between 2015 and 2022.

## Characteristics
### Republican-to-EYD letter changes

| Changes | Republican | EYD | English meaning |
| /tʃ/: tj becomes c | tjuma, katjang | cuma, kacang | only, nut |
| /dʒ/: dj becomes j | djual, edjaan | jual, ejaan | sell, spelling |
| /j/: j becomes y | ajam, pajung | ayam, payung | chicken, umbrella |
| /ɲ/: nj becomes ny | njonja, banjak | nyonya, banyak | madam, many |
| /ʃ/: sj becomes sy | sjair, masjarakat | syair, masyarakat | poem, people |
| /x/: ch becomes kh | tarich, achir | tarikh, akhir | era, end |

### Foreign loan letters

Letters that had previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling.
| Letters | Example | English meaning |
| f | maaf, fakir | (I am) sorry, poor |
| v | valuta, universitas | currency, university |
| z | zeni, lezat | engineer, delicious |

### Q and X

The letters Q and X are used in scientific subjects. Examples:
* Sinar-X (X-ray)
The letter Q is also used as needed for Islamic subjects. Examples:
* Quran
* Al-Furqan
* Al-Baqarah
This letter is also used in some placenames in Indonesia (often derived from the local languages), e.g. Siluq Ngurai [id] and Sekolaq Darat [id] districts in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan.

### Affixes and prepositions

The writing of di- and ke- (affixes) can be distinguished from di and ke (prepositions), where di- and ke- are written together with the words that follow it, for example diambil, kehendak (taken, desire), while di and ke are written separately with the words that follow it, for example di rumah, ke pasar (at home, to the market). This is different from the former Republican Spelling, where both di- and di are written together with the words following it.

### Reduplication

Reduplication, mostly used in plural form of words, has to be fully written with letters, so the use of the superscripted number "2" as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid. The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging.
| Republican | EYD | English meaning |
| anak$^2$ | anak-anak | children |
| ber-main$^2$ | bermain-main | playing around |
| ke-barat$^2$-an | kebarat-baratan | westernish |

## Exceptions

Exceptions mostly come from proper nouns. Many personal names, particularly of younger people, do not follow the orthographic rules (see Indonesian names). The common spelling variations include doubled letters, silent h following consonants, use of Dutch digraphs (which stems from Van Ophuijsen spelling) and other eccentric letters. However, a few may also come from other parts of speech, such as Indonesian mag 'gastritis' is actually pronounced as or even, deriving from Dutch maag; and bus pronounced as or also from Dutch bus.

## Changes

Various minor changes were announced after 1975:
* On 9 September 1987, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial decree which updated the previous spelling system and which remained valid for 22 years.
* On 31 July 2009, the Minister of National Education issued a decree outlining further changes. The update included an optional diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ [e] and ⟨e⟩ [ə].
* On 26 November 2015, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial regulation about the spelling system. For the first time, the term "Indonesian spelling system" was used. There were only minor changes compared to previous updates including the addition of a new diphthong of ⟨ei⟩ (previously there were only 3 diphthongs, ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩ and ⟨oi⟩), optional diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ [e], ⟨è⟩ [ɛ], and ⟨ê⟩ [ə], and new rules on the usage of bold letters (abolition of bold letters for lemma entries in its dictionary).
* On 16 August 2022, in time for the spelling system's fiftieth anniversary, a new update for the spelling system was issued. It restored the term "Perfected Spelling of the Indonesian Language" (Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan). Like the previous update, it also introduced minor changes: among others, it introduced the monophthong ⟨eu⟩ [ɘ], mostly used in loanwords from Acehnese and Sundanese, reaffirming the use of optional diacritics ⟨ê⟩ [ə], and limited the use of number words to singular numbers.