# Irish presidential election

The Irish presidential election determines who serves as the President of Ireland, the head of state of Ireland. The last election took place on 26 October 2018. Where only one candidate is nominated, that candidate is declared elected without a ballot; this has occurred on six occasions.

## Procedure

Presidential elections are conducted in line with Article 12 of the Constitution of Ireland and under the Presidential Elections Act 1993, as amended. An election is ordinarily held not more than 60 days before the scheduled ending of the incumbent's seven-year term of office. In case of a casual vacancy (by death, resignation or removal from office) an election is held within 60 days. The dates during which candidates may be nominated and the date of the election are fixed by an order made by the Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage.
All Irish citizens may vote in presidential elections if they have the right to vote in elections to Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas or parliament). The voting age is eighteen. The Dáil electoral register is based on residency within a geographical Dáil constituency, so that those living abroad may not vote, except diplomats and military posted overseas. Resident UK citizens may vote in Dáil elections but not presidential elections. A proposed constitutional amendment would give non-resident citizens a vote in presidential elections.
Elections are conducted by means of the instant-runoff voting, which is the single-winner analogue of the single transferable vote used in other Irish elections. The constitution calls the system "proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote", although a single-seat election cannot be proportional.
To qualify, candidates must:
* be a citizen of Ireland,
* be at least 35 years of age, and
* be nominated by:
** at least twenty members of the Houses of the Oireachtas (as of 2024, 160 TDs and 60 senators), or
** at least four of the 31 county or city Councils, or
** him- or herself, in the case of an incumbent or former president who has served one term.
The election order will declare the last day on which nominations may be received. If a member of the Oireachtas or a County or City council nominate more than one candidate, only the first nomination paper received from them will be deemed valid.
If there is only a single candidate they will be deemed elected without a poll. No one may serve as President for more than two terms.

## Spending limits and donations

The spending limits in a Presidential election were reduced in 2011. The limit is €750,000 (was €1.3 million) and the amount a candidate can be reimbursed from the State is €200,000 (was €260,000). A candidate who is elected or who receives in excess of one quarter of the quota can seek reimbursement of their expenses.
The value of donations that may be accepted by candidates, their election agents and third parties at a presidential election is governed by law. In the case of candidates and presidential election agents, the maximum donation that may be accepted from a person (or a body) in a particular year cannot exceed €2,539. In the case of a third party, the maximum donation that may be accepted cannot exceed €6,348. The acceptance of donations from non-Irish citizens residing abroad is prohibited.

## Results

| Election | Candidate | Age | Nominated by | 1st Pref. | 1st Pref. | Winner |
| Election | Candidate | Age | Nominated by | Votes | % | Winner |
| 1938 | Douglas Hyde | 78 | Oireachtas: Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael | n/a | n/a | Douglas Hyde |
| 1945 | Patrick McCartan | 67 | Oireachtas: Labour Party and Clann na Talmhan | 212,834 | 19.6% | Seán T. O'Kelly |
| 1945 | Seán Mac Eoin | 51 | Oireachtas: Fine Gael and Independent TDs | 335,539 | 30.9% | Seán T. O'Kelly |
| 1945 | Seán T. O'Kelly | 62 | Oireachtas: Fianna Fáil | 537,965 | 49.5% | Seán T. O'Kelly |
| 1952 | Seán T. O'Kelly | 69 | Self-nomination | n/a | n/a | Seán T. O'Kelly |
| 1959 | Éamon de Valera | 76 | Oireachtas: Fianna Fáil | 538,003 | 56.3% | Éamon de Valera |
| 1959 | Seán Mac Eoin | 65 | Oireachtas: Fine Gael | 417,536 | 43.7% | Éamon de Valera |
| 1966 | Éamon de Valera | 83 | Oireachtas: Fianna Fáil | 558,861 | 50.5% | Éamon de Valera |
| 1966 | Tom O'Higgins | 49 | Oireachtas: Fine Gael | 548,144 | 49.5% | Éamon de Valera |
| 1973 | Erskine H. Childers | 60 | Oireachtas: Fianna Fáil | 635,867 | 51.9% | Erskine H. Childers |
| 1973 | Tom O'Higgins | 56 | Oireachtas: Fine Gael | 587,771 | 48.0% | Erskine H. Childers |
| 1974 | Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh | 63 | Oireachtas: Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and Labour Party | n/a | n/a | Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh |
| 1976 | Patrick Hillery | 53 | Oireachtas: Fianna Fáil | n/a | n/a | Patrick Hillery |
| 1983 | Patrick Hillery | 60 | Self-nomination | n/a | n/a | Patrick Hillery |
| 1990 | Austin Currie | 51 | Oireachtas: Fine Gael | 267,902 | 17.0% | Mary Robinson |
| 1990 | Brian Lenihan | 59 | Oireachtas: Fianna Fáil | 694,484 | 44.1% | Mary Robinson |
| 1990 | Mary Robinson | 46 | Oireachtas: Labour Party and Workers' Party | 612,265 | 38.9% | Mary Robinson |
| 1997 | Mary Banotti | 58 | Oireachtas: Fine Gael | 372,002 | 29.3% | Mary McAleese |
| 1997 | Mary McAleese | 46 | Oireachtas: Fianna Fáil and Progressive Democrats | 574,424 | 45.2% | Mary McAleese |
| 1997 | Derek Nally | 60 | County and City Councils | 59,529 | 4.7% | Mary McAleese |
| 1997 | Adi Roche | 42 | Oireachtas: Labour Party, Democratic Left and Green Party | 88,423 | 6.9% | Mary McAleese |
| 1997 | Dana Rosemary Scallon | 46 | County and City Councils | 175,458 | 13.8% | Mary McAleese |
| 2004 | Mary McAleese | 53 | Self-nomination | n/a | n/a | Mary McAleese |
| 2011 | Mary Davis | 57 | County and City Councils | 48,657 | 2.7% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2011 | Seán Gallagher | 49 | County and City Councils | 504,964 | 28.5% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2011 | Michael D. Higgins | 70 | Oireachtas: Labour Party | 701,101 | 39.6% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2011 | Martin McGuinness | 61 | Oireachtas: Sinn Féin and Independent TDs | 243,030 | 13.7% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2011 | Gay Mitchell | 59 | Oireachtas: Fine Gael | 113,321 | 6.4% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2011 | David Norris | 67 | County and City Councils | 109,469 | 6.2% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2011 | Dana Rosemary Scallon | 60 | County and City Councils | 51,220 | 2.9% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2018 | Peter Casey | 60 | County and City Councils | 342,727 | 23.3% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2018 | Seán Gallagher | 56 | County and City Councils | 94,514 | 6.4% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2018 | Gavin Duffy | 58 | County and City Councils | 32,198 | 2.2% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2018 | Joan Freeman | 60 | County and City Councils | 87,908 | 6.0% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2018 | Michael D. Higgins | 77 | Self-nomination | 822,566 | 55.8% | Michael D. Higgins |
| 2018 | Liadh Ní Riada | 51 | Oireachtas: Sinn Féin | 93,987 | 6.4% | Michael D. Higgins |

## Election dates and forms of nomination

Table legend:
Oir = Oireachtas
CC = County or city council
| Year | Ministerial Order | Close of Nominations | Nominations | Nominations | Nominations | Election date | Inauguration |
| Year | Ministerial Order | Close of Nominations | Oir. | CC | Self | Election date | Inauguration |
| 1938 | 14 April | 4 May | 1 | 0 | 0 | 31 May | 25 June |
| 1945 | | 16 May | 3 | 0 | 0 | 14 June | 25 June |
| 1952 | 25 April | 16 May | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 June | 25 June |
| 1959 | 27 April | 19 May | 2 | 0 | 0 | 17 June | 25 June |
| 1966 | 27 April | 10 May | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 June | 25 June |
| 1973 | 25 April | 8 May | 2 | 0 | 0 | 30 May | 25 June |
| 1974 | | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 17 November | 19 December |
| 1976 | | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 October | 3 December |
| 1983 | 7 October | 21 October | 0 | 0 | 1 | 23 November | 3 December |
| 1990 | | 16 October | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7 November | 3 December |
| 1997 | 15 September | 30 September | 3 | 2 | 0 | 30 October | 11 November |
| 2004 | 13 September | 1 October | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 October | 11 November |
| 2011 | 30 August | 28 September | 3 | 4 | 0 | 27 October | 11 November |
| 2018 | 28 August | 26 September | 1 | 4 | 1 | 26 October | 11 November |
Election dates in italics indicate dates which were set in the ministerial order, but where no election was held as only one candidate had been nominated.