# Gísli Pálsson

Gísli Pálsson is an Icelandic anthropologist and academic. He is a Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Iceland, formerly a professor at the University of Oslo.
Pálsson has worked in environmental anthropology, fishing communities, extinction studies, and arctic cultures. He is the author or editor of numerous books, including The Last of Its Kind: The Search for the Great Auk and the Discovery of Extinction (2024), The Human Age: How We Created the Anthropocene Epoch and Caused the Climate Crisis (2020), Anthropology and The New Genetic (2007), and Nature, Culture, and Society: Anthropological Perspectives on Life (2016). He is the recipient of the Rosenstiel Award in Oceanographic Science from the University of Miami.
Pálsson is a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland and, formerly, Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS). He authored the guest editorial titled "Anthropologies of Extinction" for Anthropology Today in 2023.

## Education

Born on 22 December 1949, Pálsson grew up in the Westman Islands. He earned his bachelor's degree in Social Science from the University of Iceland in June 1972. He pursued his M.A. (Economics) in Social Anthropology at the University of Manchester in 1974, and obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from the same university in July 1982, under the supervision of Tim Ingold.

## Career

Pálsson began his career in 1974 as a Teacher at Hamrahlíð College in Iceland. He joined the University of Iceland as a part-time Lecturer in Anthropology in 1975, was appointed as a Lecturer in 1982, and served as a Senior Lecturer from 1987 to 1992. He then served as a Professor of Anthropology at the University of Iceland from 1992 to 2019, and held a concurrent appointment as Professor II in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Oslo. From 2008 to 2011, he served as an Associate Fellow at the Centre for Biomedicine & Society (CBAS) at King's College, London, and was an adjunct professor at the Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science at the University of Miami from 2009 to 2012. He is now a professor emeritus in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Iceland.
Pálsson has held various administrative positions, including serving as Chair of the Department of Anthropology from 1996 to 1998 and from 2008 to 2009. He served as the Director of the Institute of Anthropology from 1998 to 2001.
Pálsson has conducted fieldwork in various locations, such as Iceland, northern Canada, the Cape Verde Islands, and the US Virgin Islands. He held an appointment as the Chair of a European Science Foundation (ESF) initiative entitled "Mapping Interfaces: The Future of Knowledge", from 2008 to 2010 and then served as the Vice-Chair for RESCUE (Responses to Environmental and Societal Challenges for our Unstable Earth) from 2009 to 2011.

## Research

Pálsson's research centers on exploring environmental concerns within the context of environmental humanities, encompassing the analysis of human-environment interactions, social implications of climate change and biotechnology, investigations into fishing communities, and the history of the Inuit population. Furthermore, he has focused on the field of genomic anthropology, conducting research on Inuit populations in Nunavut and Greenland, as well as Icelandic groups.

### Ethnography

In his early research, partly with E. Paul Durrenberger at Iowa, he explored the concepts of personal enskilment and success in Icelandic fishing, investigating how individuals actively engage with their environment and acquire skills beyond mere knowledge acquisition. His work emphasized the importance of considering the whole person, master-apprentice relationships, and the broader community in understanding the complexities of skills acquisition within the Icelandic fishing context. He has also investigated the complex relationship between humans and the environment in his book Nature, Culture, and Society: Anthropological Perspectives on Life and evaluated the limitations of a dualist paradigm in understanding environmental dynamics. In addition, he has looked into the migration history and population structure of Inuit populations in Greenland and Canada, with Agnar Helgason. By analyzing mtDNA control-region sequences, this research uncovered the prevalence of specific haplotypes within Inuit populations, which has significant implications for the understanding of ancestral origins. It further challenged the assumption of exclusive Thule ancestry in the Inuit and suggested a history of interactions and interbreeding with pre-existing Dorset populations.
Pálsson and Helgason explored the cross-cultural debates on the expansion of market relations in various aspects of social life, with a particular focus on commoditizing resource rights in Iceland. Having analyzed the impact of market relations on social dynamics and moral landscapes, they employed spatial metaphors to develop a framework for comprehending the anthropological study of commoditization. This framework examined the pathways, spheres, and boundaries that influenced social exchanges. He further contributed to an understanding of economic life in different cultural contexts and provided alternative perspectives on binary views of economic behavior. He has also studied the genetic, genealogical, and medical databases constructed for Iceland's population and their implications within the domestic context. Moreover, his research has examined the use of modern biotechnology and bioinformatics for commercial, medical, and scientific purposes, while further assessing the diverse responses and criticisms these developments have received, emphasizing the imperative of understanding moral debates and providing insights for informed public decision-making.

### Environmental anthropology

Palsson's work in the field of environmental anthropology has explored geosocialities, revealing the intricate connections between planetary processes, volcanic activities, living organisms, species histories, and dissolved mineral compounds. His research has unveiled the vitality of non-life entities, as evidenced by the phenomena observed in Icelandic volcanoes. Moreover, his research has shed light on the topic of sustainability transitions, emphasizing the profound implications of the advent of the Anthropocene epoch. Recognizing the changing human condition in the context of global environmental change, he has highlighted the need for innovative approaches and adaptations in the humanities and social sciences.

### Genomic anthropology

Pálsson's research has also focused on the field of genomic anthropology. In the domains of anthropology and personal genomics, he has evaluated the implications of services like deCODEme and 23andMe, emphasizing the collaboration between consumers and experts in shaping personal genomic information. Furthermore, he has contributed to understanding the intersection of genetics and anthropology and highlighted the importance of engaging with local notions of personhood and belonging in genomic studies, specifically in Nunavut and Greenland. He also proposed that exploring the human genome fosters interdisciplinary connections and challenges the nature-culture opposition.
Together with Margaret Lock, Pálsson has also examined the ontological and epistemological shifts within the field of anthropology in the book titled Can Science Resolve the Nature/Nurture Debate. Having reviewed this book, Stefan Timmermans commented, "Lock and Pálsson expertly map ontological and epistemological shifts, and their exposé, if somewhat breezy, is thoughtful and insightful." He added that the co-authors "carry the mantle of cultural anthropology proudly, alerting readers that the social should matter".
Another aspect of the prominence of Pálsson's work is the depiction of slavery in race and culture. He analyzed the life of Hans Jonathan in The Man Who Stole Himself, which received the Vinson Sutlive Book Prize in Historical Anthropology administered by the College of William & Mary and was listed as one of the Times Literary Supplement Books of the Year in 2017. In this biography, he explored Hans Jonathan's story within the historical context of the triangular slave trade and evolving racial ideologies. Fiona Graham reviewed this work and mentioned, "As befits an eminent anthropologist, Gísli Pálsson has done far more than write a biography of a unique individual. He sets Hans Jonathan's exceptional life in context, examining the brutal history of the triangular slave trade, the development of ideas about fundamental human rights, and the history of European and North American racialist ideologies".

## Awards and honors

* 1995 and 2023 – Research Fellow, Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences (SCASSS)
* 1997 – The Cultural Prize for research, Vátryggingafélag Íslands, Reykjavík
* 2006 – Honorary Fellow, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
* 2015–2016 – Fellow, Center for Advanced Study (CAS), Oslo
* 2017 – Times Literary Supplement Books of the Year, The Man Who Stole Himself