OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Harold Bradley Sr.

Harold "Hal" Willard Bradley Sr. (September 27, 1905 – November 30, 1973) was an American football player for the Chicago Cardinals in 1928. Bradley was one of only 13 African-Americans to play in the National Football League prior to World War II and just the second African-American lineman in the history of the NFL, following Duke Slater. He played collegiately at the University of Iowa in 1926 and was the father of Harold Bradley Jr., who also played in the NFL.

## Childhood

Harold Willard Bradley, more commonly known as "Hal", was born in Coffeyville, Kansas, in 1905. He was the son of Arthur Bradley, a Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad barber, and his wife, Mamie. Hal Bradley moved with his family to Chicago when he was a boy, and he was raised in Chicago's West Woodlawn neighborhood on the city's south side. He attended Englewood High School and was named all-state as a member of the school's football team. Upon graduation, Bradley enrolled at the University of Iowa.

## University of Iowa

Bradley attended the University of Iowa in 1926 and joined the football team. Following in the footsteps of Iowa's Duke Slater, Bradley became one of the few African-Americans playing college football at the time. Although he never earned a varsity letter at Iowa, Bradley's athletic participation at the University of Iowa helped the school create a reputation as a "safe haven" for black athletes. Bradley left the University of Iowa before graduation after being offered a job as a postal carrier.

## Chicago Cardinals

Duke Slater took notice of Bradley when Bradley was playing football for the University of Iowa. In 1928, Slater encouraged his Chicago Cardinals team to give Bradley a shot at a roster spot, and Bradley made the team. Hal Bradley started one game for the Chicago Cardinals in 1928 and played in two games, which made him the second black lineman in NFL history, after Slater himself.(p 115)
Bradley was one of only 13 African-Americans to compete in the NFL before World War II. Unfortunately, a childhood injury – which resulted in a steel plate being placed in his leg – contributed to the end of Bradley's NFL career. Bradley played only two games in the NFL, the shortest career of any African-American player prior to World War II.(p 196)

## Personal life

Harold Bradley Sr. worked for most of his life as a postal carrier and appliance salesman. He married Hattie Ruth Clay, a Chicago native, in 1927. Together, they had two children: Pauline and Harold Jr.
Harold Bradley Jr. followed in his father's footsteps, first at the University of Iowa and then in the NFL. The Bradleys became the first African-American father-son combination to play for the Hawkeye football team, and Harold Bradley Jr. was named the University of Iowa's team MVP in 1950. Harold Bradley Jr. then followed his father into the NFL, becoming the first African-American father-son combination in NFL history; Harold Jr. played four NFL seasons from 1954 to 1958.
Hal Bradley died in Chicago in 1973 following a heart attack and was interred in Burr Oak Cemetery, Alsip, Illinois.
# Novgorod school

The Novgorod school (Russian: Новгородская школа) is a Russian school noted for its icon and mural painters active from the 12th century through the 16th century in Novgorod. During this time, the Russian artists preserved Byzantine traditions, influenced by Theophanes the Greek, which became the framework for later Russian art.
Novgorod was an economic and cultural center in 13th- and 14th-century Russia, when most of the rest of the country was occupied by the Mongols. Novgordian artists preserved the Byzantine traditions that formed the basis of Russian art but introduced lighter and brighter colors, flatter forms, softening of facial types, and increasing use of a graceful, rhythmic line to define form. Until the early 14th century, artistic activity was dominated by mural painting. A new artistic impetus was provided by the introduction of the iconostasis. When icons were displayed together on the iconostasis rather than scattered about the walls of the church, they demanded a coherent overall impression, which was achieved by strong, rhythmic lines and color harmonies. Figures took on the elongated shape that became standard in Russian art.
Two Greek masters were particularly important to the development of the Novgorod school in the 14th century, both of whom are mentioned by name in the chronicles: "the Greek Isaiah and companions" who did the frescoes of the Church of the Entry into Jerusalem in 1338, and Theophanes the Greek, who decorated the Church of the Savior of the Transfiguration with frescoes in 1378.
In the 16th century, artistic leadership passed to the Moscow school.
# 1972 Winter Universiade

The 1972 Winter Universiade, the VII Winter Universiade, took place in Lake Placid, New York, United States.
* Host nation (United States)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Soviet Union (URS) | 12 | 9 | 8 | 29 |
| 2 | France (FRA) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| 2 | Netherlands (NED) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| 4 | Poland (POL) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 5 | Japan (JPN) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
| 6 | United States (USA)* | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 7 | South Korea (KOR) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 8 | Canada (CAN) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 8 | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 10 | Norway (NOR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 10 | West Germany (FRG) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 12 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 13 | Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 14 | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (15 entries) | Totals (15 entries) | 25 | 25 | 24 | 74 |

## Sports

* Alpine skiing (6) (details)
* Cross-country skiing (7) (details)
* Ice hockey (1) (details)
* Nordic combined (1) (details)
* Ski jumping (1) (details)
* Speed skating (8) (details)
# Knight-villein

A knight-villein (Cavaleiro-vilão in Portuguese, caballero villano in Spanish) was a free plebeian horsemen who owned land, weapons and a horse, despite not being part of the nobility, being prominent in medieval Portugal, Castile and Leon.
Knights-villein provided military service directly to the king, and in exchange were entitled to the same set of privileges as minor nobles for doing so: among others, they did not pay scutage, and their testimony was considered proof in courts.
Commoners usually fought on foot, but if their property indicated a certain level of affluence they were obligated to own a horse and considered knights-villein, the highest class of free commoners, just below the nobility. The town charter of Penela reads: "all those that dwell here and have two yoke of oxen and ten sheep and two cows and a bed of cloth, he that has more, let him get also a horse". In medieval Portugal, two-thirds of knights-villein were obligated to partake for a set number of weeks in a fossado (raid) on Muslim territory, being entitled to a share of captured loot, but fined 15 soldos if they did not respond to the call to arms in case of foreign invasion.
They often organized raids on Muslim lands of their own initiative, and settled in or around the frontier towns in southern or eastern Portugal, giving them a military character. Between the capture of Coimbra in 1064 and the capture of Lisbon in 1147, the conquest of land from al-Andalus to Portugal was mostly undertaken by minor nobles and knights-villein from the towns or rural communities.
# Battle of the Great Foss

The Battle of the Great Foss occurred in 682 BC during the Second Messenian War (685–668 BC). The word "foss" derives from the Latin fossa, meaning "ditch" or "trench." According to Pausanias the outcome of the battle was determined by trickery. The Spartans bribed Aristocrates of Orchomenus, the king of the Arcadians, to withdraw his men just as the battle was beginning. This resulted in the slaughter of the Messenians. Aristocrates was later stoned to death by the Arcadians for this treachery.

## References and further reading

* ↑ Croker, Temple Henry; Clark, Samuel; (Londres), John Coote; Williams, Thomas; (Londres), James Fletcher; (Dublin), William Smith (1765). The Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. In which the Whole Circle of Human Learning is Explained, and the Difficulties Attending the Acquisition of Every Art, Whether Liberal Or Mechanical, are Removed, in the Most Easy and Familiar Manner ... authors, and sold.
* ↑ Montagu, Battles of the Greek and Roman Worlds, 49.

## Sources

* Montagu, John Drogo. Battles of the Greek and Roman Worlds: A Chronological Compendium of 667 Battles to 318BC. Mechanicsburg, PA: Greenhill Books, 2000.
* This article about a battle or war of ancient Greek history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Werner Veigel

Werner Veigel (9 November 1928 – 2 May 1995) was a Dutch-born German journalist and news presenter.
Veigel was born in The Hague, the son of a German salesman. After his education he successfully completed a sales trainee ship in a travel agency. When Radio Hilversum sought an announcer in 1950 Veigel applied and was given the position. In February 1954 he moved to the NWDR, where he was employed as a presenter and newsreader. From 1961 onward he also worked as an announcer and host on television.
In 1966 Veigel became a narrator on the Tagesschau, the oldest and the most watched news bulletin on German television. In 1987 Tagesschau promoted him to the role of chief newsreader, succeeding Karl-Heinz Köpcke. He was considered exemplary in terms of his faultlessness in emphasis, presentation and articulation.
He commentated on the 1978 Eurovision Song Contest for ARD, and in 1980 played himself in the Udo Lindenberg film Panic Time. In 1985 Veigel spoke the samples for a German version of Paul Hardcastle's single 19 which reached Number 1 in Germany.
In January 1995 Veigel had to give up his position on the Tagesschau due to his declining health. In a magazine interview given the following month he came out as gay; he had lived with his partner Carlheinz Faust since 1955.
Veigel died on 2 May 1995 as a result of a brain tumour. He is buried in Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg.

## Literature

* Dagmar Berghoff, Wilhelm Wieben, Werner Veigel: Rezepte und Geschichten aus 2000 Plattenkisten. Kuhle L. Verlag, 1987
# Churchill, Prince Edward Island

Churchill is a community in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island. The community was named for Winston Churchill. It is located in the township of Lot 65, Queens County immediately west of New Haven.
Churchill is located in the Bonshaw Hills, a high land in the centre of the province. Strathgartney Hill separates the community from Bonshaw to the west.

## Transmitters

The Strathgartney Hill is the location of several radio and television broadcasters, which serve the portion of central Prince Edward Island that includes Charlottetown and Summerside.
These are mounted on the province's largest transmitting tower, which is owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and include:

### Public television

* CBC Television's CBCT
* SRC's CBAFT

### Public radio

* CBC Radio One's CBCT-FM
* CBC Radio 2's CBH-FM
* Première Chaîne's CBAF-FM-15
* Espace musique's CBAX-FM

### Commercial radio (as of 2006)

* CKQK-FM
* CHTN-FM
# Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1982

3rd BSFC Awards
February 6, 1983
Best Film:
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
The 3rd Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1982. The awards were given on 6 February 1983.

## Winners

* Best Film:
** E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
* Best Actor:
** Dustin Hoffman – Tootsie
* Best Actress:
** Meryl Streep – Sophie's Choice
* Best Supporting Actor:
** Mickey Rourke – Diner
* Best Supporting Actress:
** Jessica Lange – Tootsie
* Best Director:
** Steven Spielberg – E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
* Best Screenplay:
** Barry Levinson – Diner
* Best Cinematography:
** Allen Daviau – E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
* Best Documentary:
** The Atomic Cafe
* Best Foreign-Language Film:
** Three Brothers (Tre fratelli) • Italy/France
# Delaware Township, Jefferson County, Kansas

Delaware Township is a township in Jefferson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,034.

## Geography

Delaware Township covers an area of 88.54 square miles (229.31 square kilometers); of this, 0.1 square miles (0.25 square kilometers) or 0.11 percent is water. The streams of Brush Creek, Cedar Creek, Coal Creek, Johannes Branch, North Cedar Creek, North Walnut Creek, Peter Creek, Rock Creek, South Cedar Creek and Walnut Creek run through this township.

### Communities

* Valley Falls
* Half Mound
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Adjacent townships

* Kapioma Township, Atchison County (north)
* Benton Township, Atchison County (northeast)
* Jefferson Township (east)
* Norton Township (east)
* Ozawkie Township (southeast)
* Douglas Township, Jackson County (southwest)
* Rock Creek Township (southwest)
* Cedar Township, Jackson County (west)
* Garfield Township, Jackson County (northwest)

### Cemeteries

The township contains four cemeteries: Farrar, Graggs Chapel, Rose Hill and Saint Marys.

### Major highways

* K-4
* K-16
# Prabhu Ram Sharma

General Prabhu Ram Sharma (Nepali: प्रभु राम शर्मा; born 5 January 1964) was the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) of the Nepalese Army from 9 September 2021 to 8 september 2024. He took the oath from the president of Nepal on 9 September 2021. He succeeded General Purna Chandra Thapa.
Sharma was born on 5 January 1964, in Kathmandu. He was commissioned into the Nepal Army in 1984 as a Second Lieutenant in the Purano Gorakh Battalion. He has a master's degree in history from Tribhuwan University and master of philosophy in Defense and Strategic Study from University of Madras.
Sharma is married to Sunita Sharma and has two daughters.
Sharma was conferred as the honorary General of the Indian Army by the Indian President Ram Nath Kovind on 10 November 2021 while Sharma was on a four-day long visit to India.
# 2007 CONCACAF and CONMEBOL Beach Soccer Championship

The 2007 CONCACAF and CONMEBOL Beach Soccer championship also known as the 2007 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualifiers for CONCACAF and CONMEBOL a beach soccer championship for nations of the Americas, held in August 2007, in Acapulco, Mexico, to determine the best countries' national teams in the region and hence which nations would progress to the World Cup later that year.
The United States won the championship, beating Uruguay in the final, whilst Argentina beat Mexico in the third place play off to finish third and fourth respectively. These nations moved on to play in the 2007 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 2 November - 11 November.
The two groups were originally staged as two separate championships for each of the confederations; the winners of those groups were deemed to of won their respective confederation titles. Concluding the event were a set of friendly matches between the respective winners, runners-up etc. of each championship, to unofficially rank the teams collectively from 1st through 6th place.
However, since 2010, CONCACAF who organised the event has retrospectively amended history to now refer to the event as one single joint championship between CONMEBOL and CONCACAF nations. Following the group stage, the concluding friendly matches are now deemed to have been the final stage of the tournament, officially determining final placements and podium finishes of the combined nations of both confederations in one set of final standings.

## Participating nations

North, Central American and Caribbean zone:
* Costa Rica
* El Salvador
* Mexico
* United States
South American zone:
* Argentina
* Uruguay
* Venezuela
    Note: Brazil did not play in the championship as they qualified to the 2007 World Cup as hosts.

## Group stage

CONCACAF and CONMEBOL were split up into two separate groups, before playing each other in the play off stage.

### CONCACAF Group (North, Central American and Caribbean zone)

| Team | Pld | W | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Notes |
| United States | 3 | 3 | 0 | 19 | 12 | +7 | 9 | Qualified to the 2007 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup |
| Mexico | 3 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 10 | +3 | 6 | Qualified to the 2007 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup |
| Costa Rica | 3 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 11 | -3 | 3 | |
| El Salvador | 3 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 19 | -7 | 0 | |

### CONMEBOL Group (South America)

| Team | Pld | W | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Notes |
| Uruguay | 2 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 3 | +5 | 6 | Qualified to the 2007 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup |
| Argentina | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 5 | +2 | 3 | Qualified to the 2007 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup |
| Venezuela | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 8 | -7 | 0 | |

## Winners

* 2007 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Qualification winners:
* United States Second title

## Final standings

| Rank | Team |
| 1 | United States |
| 2 | Uruguay |
| 3 | Argentina |
| 4 | Mexico |
| 5 | Venezuela |
| 6 | Costa Rica |
| 7 | El Salvador |
# Japanese rat snake

The Japanese rat snake (Elaphe climacophora) is a medium-sized colubrid snake found throughout the Japanese archipelago (except the far South West) as well as on the Russian-administered Kunashir Island. In Japanese it is known as the aodaishō or "blue general". It is non-venomous. It is hunted by eagles and tanukis.
The snakes brumate for three to four months, mate in spring and lay 7–20 eggs in early summer.

## Description

Adults reach one to two meters in length and about five centimeters in girth. E. climacophora is the largest Japanese snake outside Okinawa. They are variable in color, ranging from pale yellow-green to dark blue-green.
Juveniles have brown-stripe pattern that may be mimesis of the venomous mamushi. An albino form is known, with specimens especially numerous near Iwakuni, where they are called "Iwakuni white snakes" and revered as messengers of deities and deity-guardians of mountains and rivers. The albino population was protected in 1924 as a "national monument."

## Feeding

Japanese rat snakes eat a variety of small animals: rodents, frogs, lizards, shrooms, or flies. They are good at climbing and often raid bird nests. They were favoured by farmers as effective rat control, though unpopular with chicken rearers.

## Hybrids

In the German reptile zoo Exotarium Oberhof Elaphe climacophora mated with Elaphe schrenckii to produce fertile hybrids. Offspring look very much like Elaphe taeniura.
# Abilkhan Amankul

Abilkhan Amankul (Kazakh: Әбілxан Аманқұл, Äbılhan Amanqūl; born 29 July 1997) is a Kazakh middleweight amateur boxer. He competed in the middleweight event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## Career

Amankul was a boxing bronze medallist in the men's middleweight category at the 2017 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships after being narrowly defeated by Israil Madrimov of Uzbekistan in the semi-finals.
At the 2017 AIBA World Boxing Championships, he beat Campbell Somerville, Silvio Schierle, Olympic and World Champion Arlen López and Kamran Shakhsuvarly. Amankul losing to Oleksandr Khyzhniak of Ukraine in the gold medal match.
Abilkhan started the 2018 Asian Games with 5-0 win over Aphisit Khankhokkhruea of the Thailand in the first round, and in quarterfinals Amankul wins 5-0 Kan Chia-wei of Taipei and semifinals he wins India's Vikas Yadav unfortunately has been forced to pull out of the semi-final bout as he has been declared medically unfit due to an injury. Vikas will settle for a bronze. Amankul advanced to the final. In the final, Abilkhan fight Israil Madrimov of Uzbekistan and he lost 3-2 and the silver medal. Amankul to compete at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.

### Results
#### 2017 Asian Championships

Amankul won Bronze in the Asian Championships at Middleweight. Results were:
* Yinhang Wen: Won (5:0)
* Abdul Mouen Azziz: Won (TKO)
* Israil Madrimov: Lost (5:0)

#### 2017 World Championships

Amankul won Silver in the World Championships at Middleweight. Results were:
* Campbell Somerville: Won (5:0)
* Silvio Schierle: Won (5:0)
* Arlen López: Won (3:2)
* Kamran Shakhsuvarly: Won (4:1)
* Oleksandr Khyzhniak: Lost (5:0)

#### 2018 Asian Games

Amankul won Silver in the Asian Games at Middleweight. Results were:
* Aphisit Khankhokkhruea: Won (5:0)
* Kan Chia-wei: Won (5:0)
* Vikas Yadav: Won (WO)
* Israil Madrimov: Lost (3:2)

### Debut Pro Fight

* Devontae McDonald: Won by TKO (R3)
# Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1992

13th BSFC Awards
December, 1992
Best Film:
Unforgiven
The 13th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1992. The awards were given in 1992.

## Winners

* Best Film:
** Unforgiven
* Best Actor:
** Denzel Washington – Malcolm X
* Best Actress:
** Emma Thompson – Howards End
* Best Supporting Actor:
** Gene Hackman – Unforgiven
* Best Supporting Actress:
** Judy Davis – Husbands and Wives and Where Angels Fear to Tread
* Best Director:
** Robert Altman – The Player
* Best Screenplay:
** Neil Jordan – The Crying Game
* Best Cinematography:
** Jack N. Green – Unforgiven
* Best Documentary:
** Brother's Keeper
* Best Foreign-Language Film:
** Raise the Red Lantern (Da hong deng long gao gao gua) • China/Hong Kong/Taiwan
# Filter 57

Filter 57 is a Slovenian brand of cigarettes, owned and manufactured by "Tobačna Ljubljana, a division of Imperial Tobacco. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the cigarettes are known as "57" and are manufactured by the Iranian Tobacco Company.

## History

The brand was created in 1957 in the Socialist Republic of Slovenia and also became the first filtered cigarette in Yugoslavia. The difference from other brands at the time, such as Drina, Jadran, Drava and so on, was that these cigarettes were packed upside down, which made them a really popular smoke amongst the Slovenian working class. Previously, its been often thought that the reason for the cigarettes being packaged upside down is that the hands of these workers were often dirty, and thus when they would grab a cigarette by the filter, it would get dirty too. However, if the filter laid at the bottom, the paper would get dirty when grabbed, but that wouldn't a problem because it would get burned up anyway, allowing the worker to place the filter in the mouth cleanly. But, this In fact, is an urban myth. According to the Museum of Contemporary History of Slovenia, a technical error was the true reason why "57" cigarettes were packed upside down.
This brand got an almost cult-like following in socialist Slovenia. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, the cigarette is still largely popular in modern-day Slovenia, but the manufacturing operations of the "Tobačna Ljubljana were ended. The brand had a 57% market share in the Yugoslavian cigarette market and represented almost 80% of the total production in 1962.

## Packaging

The pack features primarily green and white colours, along with a dragon-like feature. Folk imagination provided an interesting interpretation of the visual image of the Filter 57 box, which says that in the contours of the dragon's head we can recognize a cup of coffee and in its hull an outline of Slovenia. The dragon-shaped arrow in the form of an arrow points to number 57, which means that the whole of Slovenia at the tea bath 57. The opening verse of Prešeren's The Water Man appeared later on the edge of the box. Filter 57 was considered to be a product of Ljubljana with the symbols of Ljubljana.
# Dedeköy, Mudanya

Dedeköy is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Mudanya, Bursa Province in Turkey. Its population is 474 (2022).
# Yadollah Mortazavi

Yadollah Mortazavi (born 21 March 1958) is a professor of chemical engineering at the University of Tehran and is a leading researcher in the field of reaction engineering and heterogeneous catalysis.