OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Desmos goezeanus

Desmos goezeanus is a species of plants in the family Annonaceae found almost entirely within the Wet Tropics bioregion of Queensland, Australia. It is a vine with a stem diameter up to 5 cm (2.0 in). It was originally described as Uvaria goezeana by Ferdinand von Mueller in 1871, and transferred to the genus Desmos by Laurence W. Jessup in 1986.

## Distribution and habitat

It grows in well developed rainforest on a variety of soils, at altitudes from sea level up to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). It is mostly confined to the northeast coast of Queensland from about Cape Tribulation south towards Cardwell, although there are two very disjunct records of collections – one in northern Cape York Peninsula more than 500 km (310 mi) from the nearest collection, and another even further away in the Top End region of the Northern Territory.

## Conservation

Desmos goezeanus is listed as least concern under the Queensland Government's Nature Conservation Act. As of 10 January 2025, it has not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

## Ecology

This species is a host plant for the larvae of the fourbar swordtail and the pale green triangle butterflies.
# Foreland Shipping

Foreland Shipping Limited is a company formed for the express purpose of building and owning the Point class sealift ships. The six original ships were for the purpose of providing a transport capability to the British armed forces in times of emergency, but in normal circumstances four vessels were engaged on MoD related activities and two were operated as commercial ships. The crews are part of the naval reserve and are under military discipline when required for service by the UK government.

## History

The company was formed by a consortium of Bibby Line, Houlder Hadley, James Fisher plc and Andrew Weir Shipping in 2001. In August, 2013, James Fisher plc sold its 25% shareholding in Foreland to the Hadley Shipping Group. Foreland is currently wholly owned by the Hadley Shipping Group.

## Fleet

The company currently has a fleet of four ships, Anvil Point, Hartland Point, Hurst Point and Eddystone. Two more ships, Beachy Head and Longstone, were sold in 2013 as part of MoD reviews and cut backs. For MoD service the ships are based at Marchwood.

## Incidents

Over three days 28 - 30 November 2014, the crew of the Anvil Point rescued 150 migrant refugees off the coast of Sicily. The ship's assistance was requested after coastguard vessels were unable to approach due to adverse weather conditions. In December, 2016, Captain Nigel A. Barningham, Master, was awarded the "Merchant Navy Medal" by the UK Merchant Navy Association (MNA) for his crew's efforts.
# Complicit absolution

Complicit absolution is an offense in Roman Catholic canon law consisting of the absolution of a party complicit with the absolving priest in an offense. Because it constitutes the abuse of a sacrament, it is held to be sacrilege.
Some cases involve secular clergy in the archdiocese of Boston who were similarly accused of abusing the confessional in the documents Crimen sollicitationis and De delictis gravioribus.
# Mati Unt

Mati Unt (1 January 1944 in Linnamäe, Voore Parish [now Voore, Mustvee Parish], Jõgeva County – 22 August 2005 in Tallinn) was an Estonian writer, essayist and theatre director.

## Biography

His first novel, written at the age of 18 after having finished high school, was Hüvasti, kollane kass (Goodbye, Yellow Cat). He completed his education in literature, journalism, and philology at the University of Tartu. After that, he served as director of the Vanemuine Theater from 1966 to 1972, held the same position at the Youth Theater until 1991, and then at the Estonian Drama Theatre until 2003, when he became a freelance writer.
Unt was married to the television journalist and screenwriter Ela Tomson from 1965, until their divorce in 1973.
He joined the Estonian Writers' Union in 1966. In 1980, he was named an Honored Writer of the Estonian SSR, and that same year he became one of the signatories to the Letter of 40 intellectuals. In 2000, he was awarded the Order of the White Star.
In 2005, not long before his death, he became a professor of liberal arts at the university. He is buried in Metsakalmistu cemetery in Tallinn.

## Works

Four successive novels, Võlg (The Debt, 1964), Elu võimalikkusest kosmoses (On the Possibility of Life in Space, 1967), Kuu nagu kustuv päike (The Moon like the Outgoing Sun, 1971), and Must mootorrattur (The Black Motorcyclist, 1976), established his reputation as a major writer. In addition, he was instrumental in bringing avant-garde theatre to post-Soviet Estonia.
Several of his novels have been adapted for film since his death, including Sügisball ("Autumn Ball") in 2007 by Veiko Õunpuu.

## English translations

* Things in the Night (Öös on asju, 1990) Translated by Eric Dickens. Normal, IL: Dalkey Archive Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-56478-388-2, 1-56478-388-X
* Diary of a Blood Donor (Doonori meelespea, 1990) Translated by Ants Eert. Champaign, IL: Dalkey Archive Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-56478-496-4
* Brecht at Night (Brecht ilmub öösel, 1996) Translated by Eric Dickens. Champaign, IL: Dalkey Archive Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-56478-532-9
* "An Empty Beach" ("Tühirand," 1972) in The Dedalus Book of Estonian Literature. Edited by Jan Kaus and translated by Eric Dickens. Sawtry: Dedalus Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1-903517-95-6
# Ed Caluag

Edgardo "Ed" Caluag (born April 20, 1962), known professionally as Ed Caluag, is a Filipino paranormal investigator in supernatural/paranormal phenomena. He has appeared on various television shows such as Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho, Tunay na Buhay and Magpakailanman and is frequently featured on various paranormal radio shows to explain issues, trending topics, and events believed to be paranormal of nature.

## Early life and education

Caluag was born in Malolos City, Bulacan. He suffered from polio when he was only 7 years old. He is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education and a licensed professional teacher.

## Career

Caluag gained popularity after guesting in weekly magazine show Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho (KMJS) as a consultant giving explanation on segments that tackle the paranormal. Some of these segments include “Bato-Bato Sa Langit,” “Manila City Hall” (Gabi Ng Lagim VI), and “Palaka”. Audience reception for his explanations were often mixed to negative. Caluag received negative reception online for the episode "Ghost Ship", where KMJS investigated an alleged mysterious "ghost ship" sighting in Siquijor. On the same segment and episode, KMJS provided scientific explanation and facts as well as insights from seafarers and the Philippine Navy, all of which seem to negate and falsify the explanation of Caluag that involves alleged ghosts in the area.

## Personal life

He has a girlfriend named Mira Belle Caluag.
# Baicalein

Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a flavone, a type of flavonoid, originally isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and Scutellaria lateriflora. It is also a constituent of Oroxylum indicum (Indian trumpetflower) and thyme. It is the aglycone of baicalin.

## Pharmacology

Baicalein, along with its glucuronide baicalin, is a positive allosteric modulator of the benzodiazepine site and a non-benzodiazepine site of the GABA$_A$ receptor, but with an affinity over 250× lower than diazepam. It displays subtype selectivity for α$_2$ and α$_3$ subunit-containing GABA$_A$ receptors.
The flavonoid has been shown to inhibit certain types of lipoxygenases.
Baicalein is an inhibitor of CYP2C9, an enzyme of the cytochrome P450 system that metabolizes drugs in the body.
A derivative of baicalin is a known prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor.
# Diosmetin

Diosmetin, also known as 5,7,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone, is an O-methylated flavone, a chemical compound that can be found in the Caucasian vetch.
It has been found to act as a weak TrkB receptor agonist.

## Glycosides

Diosmetin is the aglycone of diosmin.
# Genkwanin

Genkwanin is an O-methylated flavone, a type of flavonoid. It can be found in the seeds of Alnus glutinosa, in the leaves of the ferns Notholaena bryopoda and Asplenium normale, and in the leaves of trees in the genus Aquilaria.
# Savimäe, Võru County

Savimäe is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.
# Central Bank of Cuba

The Central Bank of Cuba (Spanish: Banco Central de Cuba, BCC) is the central bank of Cuba. It was created in 1997 to take over many of the functions of the National Bank of Cuba (Spanish: Banco Nacional de Cuba), which was established on 23 December 1948 and began operations on 27 April 1950.
The current president of the bank is Joaquín Alonso Vázquez.

## Organization

The bank is headed by a single president with five vice-presidents:
* First Vice President
* Administrative Vice President
* Vice President, Analysis and Strategic Objectives of the Cuban Bank System
* Vice President, Macroeconomics
* Vice-president, Operations
The president of the Central Bank is a member of the Council of Ministers of Cuba.

## Presidents

Presidents of the National Bank of Cuba and of the Central Bank of Cuba.
* Felipe Pazos, 1950 – April 1952
* Joaquín Martínez Sáenz, April 1952 – 1958
* Felipe Pazos, January 1959 – November 1959
* Che Guevara, 26 November 1959 – 23 February 1961
* Raúl Cepero Bonilla, 1961–1962
* Orlando Pérez Rodríguez, 1962–1973
* Raúl León Torrás, 1973–1985
* Héctor Rodríguez Llompart, 1985–1995
* Francisco Soberón Valdés, 1995–2009
* Ernesto Medina Villaveiran, 2009–2017
* Irma Margarita Martínez Castrillón, 2017–2020
* Marta Sabina Wilson González, 2020–2023
* Joaquín Alonso Vázquez 15 February 2023 – present
# Grand Lodge of Scotland

The Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland is the governing body of Freemasonry in Scotland. It was founded in 1736. About one third of Scotland's lodges were represented at the foundation meeting of the Grand Lodge.

## History

The oldest records held by the Grand Lodge of Scotland are minutes of Lodge Aitcheson's Haven which commence on 9 January 1599.
The connection between the craft of stonemasonry and modern Freemasonry can be readily established in Scotland.
Scottish Freemasonry has developed a distinct and unique character, even by comparison with the other British Grand Lodges. The Grand Master of the constitution bears the unique title Grand Master Mason, an office which has been held by many distinguished members of Scottish society. Unlike other Regular Masonic jurisdictions all members, of whatever rank, are addressed simply as "Brother". The usual and more complex masonic titles are used in Scotland, but attach to the office, not the individual.
Lodges under the Scottish Constitution are sovereign bodies in their own right, with a considerable degree of control of their own affairs. Many Lodges pre-existed Grand Lodge, all zealously guarding their traditions, and were permitted to retain their own procedures, regalia, and distinctive rituals. Having accepted the principle of independence of old Lodges, it was impossible to deny Lodges founded after 1736 the same level of independence. Of course the rituals must contain the principal points of each degree, but the scope for elaboration is considerable, with numerous interesting additions. Since Scottish Lodges have the right to choose the colours of the Lodge regalia, meetings are very colourful, especially if visitors from other Lodges are present.

## Structure

The Grand Lodge of Scotland has 32 Provincial Grand Lodges in Scotland itself, and 26 District Grand Lodges overseas, each headed by a Provincial Grand Master or District Grand Master. Private lodges belong to a Province or District, through which they report to the Grand Lodge in Edinburgh.

## Grand office-bearers

The most recent grand master mason was The Rev. Canon Joseph Morrow, a Lord Lyon King of Arms who was installed in November 2023 and resigned in September 2024, with the role temporarily being fulfilled by his predecessor.
The grand secretary is Brother William M. S. Semple.

## International cooperation

The Grand Lodge of Scotland, together with the United Grand Lodge of England and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, is one of the three senior Regular Masonic jurisdictions, commonly known as the Home Grand Lodges.
In many parts of the world local lodges operate under all three of the Home constitutions (Scottish, English, and Irish). By Masonic convention, no Lodges are ever founded in an overseas jurisdiction once it possesses its own Grand Lodge, although lodges which pre-date the local Grand Lodge may continue to operate under their original constitution. In 1953 the Grand Lodge of Scotland chartered the Grand Lodge of the State of Israel as a sovereign Grand Lodge.
# Azalein

Azalein is a chemical compound. It is a flavonol, a type of flavonoid. It is the 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside of azaleatin. It can be found in the flowers of Plumbago and Rhododendron species.
# Soemõisa

Soemõisa is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.
# 1993–94 Eliteserien season

The 1993–94 GET-ligaen season was the 55th season of ice hockey in Norway. Ten teams participated in the league, and Lillehammer IK won the championship.

## Grunnserien

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF–GA | Pts |
| 1. | Storhamar Ishockey | 18 | 14 | 1 | 3 | 125:51 | 29 |
| 2. | Lillehammer IK | 18 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 67:38 | 28 |
| 3. | Vålerenga Ishockey | 18 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 76:54 | 23 |
| 4. | Stjernen | 18 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 75:67 | 22 |
| 5. | Trondheim IK | 18 | 9 | 2 | 7 | 87:79 | 20 |
| 6. | Sparta Sarpsborg | 18 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 86:72 | 18 |
| 7. | Viking IK | 18 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 65:68 | 15 |
| 8. | Manglerud Star Ishockey | 18 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 63:85 | 14 |
| 9. | Furuset IF | 18 | 3 | 0 | 15 | 51:120 | 6 |
| 10. | Frisk Asker | 18 | 2 | 1 | 15 | 63:85 | 5 |

## Eliteserien

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF–GA | Pts (Bonus) |
| 1. | Vålerenga Ishockey | 14 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 66:37 | 24(2) |
| 2. | Storhamar Ishockey | 14 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 66:49 | 23(4) |
| 3. | Lillehammer IK | 14 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 43:36 | 19(3) |
| 4. | Stjernen | 14 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 66:55 | 16(1) |
| 5. | Trondheim IK | 14 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 56:57 | 15(0) |
| 6. | Sparta Sarpsborg | 14 | 5 | 0 | 9 | 49:72 | 10(0) |
| 7. | Manglerud Star Ishockey | 14 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 46:60 | 9(0) |
| 8. | Viking IK | 14 | 3 | 0 | 11 | 36:62 | 6(0) |

## Playoff Qualification
### Group A

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF–GA | Pts |
| 1. | Vålerenga Ishockey | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 13:4 | 4 |
| 2. | Stjernen | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 14:8 | 2 |
| 3. | Trondheim IK | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4:19 | 0 |

### Group B

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF–GA | Pts |
| 1. | Storhamar Ishockey | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7:4 | 2 |
| 2. | Lillehammer IK | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8:6 | 2 |
| 3. | Sparta Sarpsborg | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3:8 | 2 |

## Playoffs

| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| Storhamar Ishockey | 2 |
| Stjernen | 0 | | |
| Stjernen | 0 | Storhamar Ishockey | 1 |
| | | Lillehammer IK | 3 |
| Vålerenga Ishockey | 0 | Lillehammer IK | 3 |
| Lillehammer IK | 2 | | |
| Lillehammer IK | 2 | Third place | Third place |
| | | not played | |

## Relegation

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF–GA | Pts |
| 1. | Viking IK | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 39:15 | 11 |
| 2. | Manglerud Star Ishockey | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 29:17 | 8 |
| 3. | Bergen IK | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 21:29 | 4 |
| 4. | Furuset IF | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 12:40 | 1 |
# Lawrence Dundas

Lawrence Dundas may refer to:
* Sir Lawrence Dundas, 1st Baronet (1710–1781)
* Lawrence Dundas, 1st Earl of Zetland (1766–1839), British politician and nobleman
* Lawrence Dundas, 1st Marquess of Zetland (1844–1929), British politician and statesman
* Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland (1876–1961), British politician, also known as Lord Dundas and Earl of Ronaldshay
* Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Marquess of Zetland (1908–1989), lawn tennis player known before 1971 as the Earl of Ronaldshay
* Lawrence Mark Dundas, 4th Marquess of Zetland (born 1937), British nobleman
# Gurzuf

Gurzuf or Hurzuf (Ukrainian: Гурзуф, Russian: Гурзу́ф, Crimean Tatar: Gurzuf, Greek: Γορζουβίται) is a resort town (urban-type settlement) in Yalta Municipality of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine but incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. Population: 8,933 (2014 Census).
It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea. It is the site of a 6th-century fortress built by Justinian I and called by Procopius the fortress of the Gorzoubitai. The fortress was later restored by the Genoese who called the place Garzuni, Grasni, and Gorzanium, and appointed it the seat of a chief magistrate. It was a former Crimean Tatar village, now a part of Greater Yalta. Alexander Pushkin visited Gurzuf in 1820 and ballet master Marius Petipa died here. The International Children's Center Artek (formerly the All-Union Young Pioneer camp Artek) is situated just behind Mount Ayu-Dag (Bear Mountain). The World Organization of the Scout Movement's Eurasian Region is headquartered in the town.
Between Gurzuf and Mount Ayu-Dag is Cape Suuksu. At the top of the Cape is a tower, a medieval cemetery, and a small monument to Pushkin.

## Name

The origin of the name is not reliably established. Some researchers believe that it comes from the Latin Ursus "bear", as the "Bear Mountain" (Ayu-Dag) is located near the town. Others believe that the name Horzuv, Horzuvaty has Taurian or Gotho-Alan roots and decipher it as "gor dzakkh" - mountain valley, valley among the mountains. Gradually, the place name "Gorzuvyti" was transformed into Kursaity, Gorzovium, Yurzuf, and Gurzuf.

## People from Gurzuf

* Cengiz Dağcı (1919–2011), Crimean Tatar novelist and poet
* Mansur Mazinov (1906–1983), Soviet air force officer, the first Crimean Tatar pilot
* Natalia Popovych (born 1968), Ukrainian politician

## Gallery

* View of Gurzuf
* "Goddess of Night" fountain in Gurzuf
* Statue
* Statue
* "Pier in Gurzuf" by Konstantin Korovin, 1914
* Gurzuf in the fall
# Dave Ralph

Dave Ralph is an English electronic musician, best known as a house and trance DJ.

## Biography

Ralph was born in Liverpool and first deejayed in the 1970s. Through the 1980s he performed at clubs such as Cream and Shelley's, and began working with Paul Oakenfold, releasing recordings on his Perfecto label. Ralph opened for Oakenfold on his 1996 world tour, and released his first major-market mix in 1999 on Kinetic Records. He worked frequently in U.S. clubs after moving to The United States in 2000, most noticeably Webster Hall in New York City, as well as Avalon and Royale in Boston. Currently, Dave resides in California, where he currently heads up the curation of Insomniac's international EDC festivals.

## Discography

* Tranceport 2 (Kinetic Records, 1999)
* Ministry Presents...Trance Atlantic (Ministry of Sound, Issue #18, July 1999)
* Love Parade (Kinetic, 2000)
* Naturalized (Kinetic, 2001)
* Resident Alien (System Records, 2003)
# Giovanni Bonati (motorcyclist)

Giovanni Bonati (born April 17, 1991 in Sarzana, La Spezia) is an Italian Grand Prix motorcycle racer.

## Career statistics
### By season

| Season | Class | Motorcycle | Team | Number | Race | Win | Podium | Pole | FLap | Pts | Plcd |
| 2010 | 125cc | Aprilia | Junior GP FMI | 79 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| Total | | | | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |

#### Races by year

| Year | Class | Bike | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | Pos. | Pts |
| 2010 | 125cc | Aprilia | QAT | SPA | FRA | ITA | GBR | NED | CAT | GER | CZE | INP | RSM Ret | ARA | JPN | MAL | AUS | POR | VAL | NC | 0 |
# Drachenfels Railway

The Drachenfels Railway (German: Drachenfelsbahn) is a rack railway line in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The line runs from Königswinter, on the east bank of the Rhine, to the summit of the Drachenfels mountain at an altitude of 289 m (948 ft). Besides the two terminal stations, an intermediate station serves the Schloss Drachenburg.
The Drachenfels Railway is one of only four rack railways still operational in Germany, along with the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway, the Stuttgart Rack Railway and the Wendelstein Railway.

## Operation

The line is 1.5 km (0.93 mi) long and is single track. There are two terminal stations, Königswinter Drachenfelsbahn and Drachenfels, and a single intermediate station, Drachenburg, which also has a passing loop. The line has a track gauge of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) and uses the Riggenbach rack design to overcome a height difference of 220 m (722 ft) and a maximum gradient of 20%. The line is electrified, with overhead supply at 750 V DC.
The service is operated with a fleet of four four-wheel electric railcars, built by Waggonfabrik Rastatt between 1955 and 1960, plus a fifth identical railcar built by the railway itself in 1979. Although double-ended, the railcars are unusual in that they have doors only on one side, as all platforms are on the same side of the track. They can operate either singly or in pairs.
From March to October, trains operate every 30 minutes, with additional trains if the traffic requires it. In November, January and February trains are less frequent, whilst no trains operate in December.
The Königswinter Drachenfelsbahn station lies some 750 metres (2,460 ft) from Königswinter station, on the Rhine East Bank Railway, and 650 metres (2,130 ft) from the Königswinter Fähre stop of line 66 of the Bonn Stadtbahn. A steam-outline road train links the Drachenfels Railway with the town centre, railway stations and Rhine promenade.

## History

The line opened, with trains propelled by steam locomotives, on July 13, 1883. In 1913 the line was purchased by Ferdinand Mülhens, who also owned the Petersberg Railway that linked Königswinter to the Petersberg mountain peak. Although separately constructed and never physically connected, the two railways used the same track gauge and rack equipment, and were under common management from then until the Petersberg Railway closed in 1958. Rolling stock was occasionally transferred between the two lines.
The Drachenfels Railway was converted to electric traction in 1953, with steam trains retained for use in times of peak traffic. On September 14, 1958 the railway suffered a serious accident when a steam train derailed, resulting in 17 deaths and ending the use of steam on the line. One of the line's former steam locomotives is displayed outside the lower station.
Between 1998 and 1999, the line's railcars were modernised by SLM. Between 2004 and 2005, the lower station was rebuilt, in conjunction with the city of Königswinter, as a combined railway station, tourist information centre and exhibition centre.
# Emden-Pewsum-Greetsiel Light Railway

The Emden-Pewsum-Greetsiel light railway (German: Kreisbahn Emden-Pewsum-Greetsiel) was originally a private railway operated by the district of Emden in East Frisia in North Germany. In 1932 the district was absorbed into the district of Norden.
The metre-gauge light railway line was 23 kilometres (14 mi) long and began in Emden district station near the state railway station of Emden-West, which had been expanded in 1935/36 from the minor station of Larrelter Straße. It ran through the Krummhörn landscape via Hinte and Pewsum to the port of Greetsiel on the bay of Leybucht. Within its catchment area the railway was also known as "Jan Klein". (From the official name of Emden station the railway postal stamp used on the light railway was "Emden−Larrelt−Greetsiel", which appeared to refer to the non-existent station of Larrelt, but was just a short way of writing "Emden-Larrelter Straße − Greetsiel".)
Passenger and goods services began on 27 July 1899 from Emden to Pewsum and were extended as far as Greetsiel from 21 September 1906. From 1933, operations were run by the Hanover State Light Railway Office, later the Lower Saxon State Railway Office at Hanover (NLEA). After its dissolution, the line was taken over on 1 October 1959 by the Bentheimer Eisenbahn.
On 25 May 1963 the line was closed to all traffic and the track lifted. The Kraftpost took over passenger services using buses.

## Sources

* Hinrich Rudolfsen: Die Kreisbahn Emden-Pewsum-Greetsiel und die Straßenbahn Emden - Außenhafen. Verlag Kenning, Nordhorn 2005. (Nebenbahndokumentationen 19). ISBN 3-933613-77-9