OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sidney H. Beard

Sidney Hartnoll Beard (14 February 1862 – 20 October 1938) was an English fruitarian, vegetarian activist and writer. He was President of the international animal rights society, the Order of the Golden Age.

## Biography

Beard was born in London on 14 February 1862. He became a vegetarian in 1894. He re-established the Order of the Golden Age in 1895. The Order's headquarters were located at Beard's residence in Ilfracombe. In 1904, the Order's new headquarters were located at Barcombe Hall in Paignton.
Beard was the editor of the Herald of the Golden Age (1896–1918), the official journal for the Order of the Golden Age. The aim of the journal was to promote the "fruitarian system of living, and to teach its advantages." The journal promoted vegetarianism from a Christian perspective. Beard believed that a vegetarian diet should be pursued as a moral duty. Charles W. Forward described Beard as having "militant enthusiasm, intense earnestness and unswerving faith".
Beard was married to Annie Patterson. Beard and his wife were spiritualists. He campaigned for the humane treatment of animals as part of his Christian spiritual belief system.
Beard authored A Comprehensive Guide-Book to Natural, Hygienic and Humane Diet, in 1902. The book was criticized by health writer Carl Malmberg for making extremist claims. Beard died in Putney on 20 October 1938.

## Fruitarianism

Beard argued that "the first step must be abstinence from the flesh and blood of animals and birds", fish was allowed in the diet as a transitional stage towards the goal of fruitarianism.
Beard and Josiah Oldfield lectured on the benefits of fruitarianism at the Cambridge Guildhall Council Chamber in 1908. Similar to Oldfield, Beard's type of fruitarianism was not strict and included dairy and eggs. Beard defined fruitarianism as "systematic living upon the various fruits of the earth, instead of upon the products of the shambles." He stated that fruits of the earth included all kinds of cereals, seeds and every variety of nuts, all fruits and every kind of vegetable and this could be supplemented by dairy and egg products. Beard argued that fruitarianism helped one to live a humane and hygienic life with freedom from the butchery of animal flesh.

## Selected publications

* A Simple Guide to a Natural and Humane Diet (1898)
* Is Flesh-Eating Morally Defensible? (1898)
* A Comprehensive Guide-Book to Natural, Hygienic and Humane Diet (1902)
* Our Real Relationship to God: The Lost Ideal of Christianity, by a Disciple of the Christ (1922)
# Daniel Fischel

Daniel R. Fischel (born December 10, 1950) is the emeritus Lee and Brena Freeman Professor of Law and Business and former Dean of University of Chicago Law School. He co-founded Lexecon, and is now chairman and president of Compass Lexecon.

## Early life and education

Fischel was born in New York City. He graduated from Cornell University in 1972, and received a Master of Arts in American history from Brown University in 1974. Fischel received his Juris Doctor cum laude from the University of Chicago Law School in 1977, where he was comment editor of the University of Chicago Law Review and elected to the Order of the Coif.

## Career

After graduation, Fischel clerked for Judge Thomas E. Fairchild of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals and Justice Potter Stewart of the Supreme Court of the United States. He taught at Northwestern University Law School from 1980 to 1983, the last year of which he was a visiting professor at his alma mater. Fischel joined the University of Chicago Law faculty in 1984, and served as dean from 1998 to 2001, when he resigned due his marriage to another university employee and the university's anti-nepotism policy. During his time as dean, he famously tried to convince Barack Obama that his political career was finished following his resounding defeat to Bobby Rush for U.S. Congress. He also drew controversy in 2009 for his purchase of a condominium in New York for over $8 million, which he sold for nearly $12 million in 2012.
As an expert witness, Fischel testified on behalf of Charles Keating, Ken Lay, and Jeffrey Skilling. His work concerning the collapse of Lincoln Savings and Loan upset plaintiffs' law firm Milberg Weiss, leading Fischel and Lexecon to file a defamation and abuse of process suit, which led to a Supreme Court decision about multi-district litigation (Lexecon Inc. v. Milberg Weiss Bershad Hynes & Lerach, 523 U.S. 26 (1998)) and a $50 million settlement paid to him and/or his firm. A panel of the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the conviction of Joseph Nacchio over alleged insider trading of Qwest because Judge Edward Nottingham would not let Fischel testify on Nacchio's behalf. but the entire Circuit en banc reversed the reversal and Nacchio ultimately served jail time (being released in 2013).
Fischel co-authored with Frank Easterbrook The Economic Structure of Corporate Law (Harvard University Press, 1991). His book, "Payback", argued that the prosecution of Michael Milken was unjust.
# Burning Palms, New South Wales

Burning Palms is an unbounded neighbourhood within the locality of Lilyvale and a beach in the Royal National Park, Wollongong, south of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
It is accessed via a very steep, moderately difficult walk down (and up) the mountain through forest and grass plains. It is located in the area known as the Garawarra.
Together with Little Garie and Era, the neighbourhood was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 27 April 2012 as part of the Royal National Park Coastal Cabin Communities.
# Jamal cave

Jamal cave is an archaeological and prehistoric site in the western Carmel region, part of the Nahal Mearot prehistoric site, along with three other caves in its vicinity Tabun Cave, Nahal Cave, and el-Wad Cave. Which were proclaimed as having universal value by UNESCO in 2012.

## About

It is a small karst cave with dimensions of about 9 by 12 meters and is located between Tabun Cave and Nahal Cave at an elevation of 45 meters above sea level, facing northwest.

## History

Camel Cave was first excavated by the English archaeologist Dorothy Garrod as part of the large excavation project in Nahal Mearot during the 1930s. The conclusion was that the site did not contain noteworthy Paleolithic layers. The first systematic excavation at Camel Cave was carried out by Mina Evron on behalf of the Zinman Institute of Archaeology at the University of Haifa. Evron excavated the cave from 1992 to 1994 and revealed a layer of burnt earth (ash) containing Paleolithic stone tools. Human and animal bones were not preserved in the cave.
The karst depressions overlooking the archaeological layer were dated using the uranium-thorium method to approximately 220,000 years ago, making the prehistoric findings from this period or even older. Similar findings from Layer E in Tabun Cave nearby were dated to between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. Most of the tools were made from local materials collected from within a radius of about six kilometers around the site.
On June 29, 2012, Camel Cave, along with Nahal Mearot, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
# Shah Mosque (Tehran)

The Shah Mosque (Persian: مسجد شاه), also known as the Soltāni Mosque (مسجد سلطانی) meaning "royal", renamed the Imam Mosque (مسجد امام), after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, is a principal mosque in the northern section of the Grand Bazaar in Tehran, Iran.

## Structure

The Mosque was built by the order of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar as one of several such symbols of legitimacy for the new Qajar dynasty. At the time of its completion, the mosque was considered to be the most significant architectural monument in Tehran.
During the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, the two current minarets were added to the structure. The mosque is topped by a small gilded dome. The mosque also has two Shabestans.
The courtyard is accessed from several parts of the Grand Bazaar, the commercial heart of the capital. There are some significant architectural similarities between the Shah Mosque, the Vakil Mosque in Shiraz, and the Soltani Mosque in Borujerd. The Shah Mosque is located in Tehran, Iran. It is recognized to be one of the most gorgeous creations of the Persian empire in the Islamic era. The construction of the mosque began from 1611 and was successfully completed in 1629. Built during the Qajar era under the ruler Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, the Shah Mosque serves as a symbol of excellence in the Islamic era. The architectural mastermind behind it all is Ali-Akhbar Isfahani. His innovative way of thinking led him to having an inscription of his name in the mosque above the doorway. The Shah Mosque is detailed with 18 million bricks and 475,000 tiles.

## Notable events

On December 11, 1905, the vāli of Tehran ordered the public flogging of 17 prominent merchants of the Bazaar in the main courtyard of the Shah Mosque, blaming them for the increase in the price of sugar. The public humiliation of the merchants was condemned by the Bazaaris and in protest, the Grand Bazaar shut its doors. A public backlash against the government in a series of related incidents ignited the Persian Constitutional Revolution.
On March 7, 1951, Haj Ali Razmara, anti-communist Prime Minister of Iran, was attending the memorial service for Ayatollah Feyz at the Shah Mosque. On his way to the mosque, he was shot dead in the mosque's grand courtyard by Khalil Tahmasebi, who was described as a "religious fanatic" by The New York Times. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, Tahmasebi was a member of the Shiite activist group "Fedaʾeyān-e Eslām (Persian: 'Self-Sacrificers of Islam'), an extremist religious organization with close ties to the traditional merchant class and the clergy." In 1952, Tahmasebi was freed and pardoned by the Iranian Parliament during the premiership of Mohammad Mosaddegh, and he was declared a Soldier of Islam. Following the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, Tahmasebi was re-arrested and tried; he was executed in 1955.

## Gallery

* Dome interior
* Courtyard
# Davies White

Davies White is the landscape architectural practice founded by Adam White and Andrée Davies in 2008.
They specialise in designing gardens and play areas for children and have won multiple awards for these. In 2017, they designed a children's wild garden for the Cauldwell charity for disabled children. This was sponsored by Zoflora and exhibited at the Hampton Court Palace Flower Show where it won three awards: an RHS gold medal, Best in Show and the People's Choice. In 2019, they collaborated with Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, to design a back to nature garden sponsored by the RHS and exhibited at the Chelsea Flower Show. This was tested by the Duchess's children as the garden contained play features such as a hollow log and rope swing.
# Cinereous bunting

The cinereous bunting (Emberiza cineracea) is a bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a passerine family now separated by most modern authors from the finches, Fringillidae. This species was first described by Christian Ludwig Brehm.

## Description

The cinereous bunting is a large (16.5–18 cm, 21–29.7 g), slim bunting with a long, white-cornered tail. The term cinereous describes its colouration. It is less streaked than many buntings and has a thick pale bill. It has a greyish back with only subdued dark markings, and a browner tint to the wings.
The adult male's head is dull yellow, with a brighter moustachial line and throat. In the nominate race of south-west Turkey, the rest of the underparts are grey, but the eastern form E. c. semenowi has yellow underparts.
Females are brownish grey above with a whitish throat and yellow only in the moustachial stripe. Young birds have a plain pale belly and streaking on the breast.

### Song

The call is a harsh tschrip, and the song is a hoarse zru- zru-zru-zru.

## Ecology
### Distribution

It breeds in southern Turkey and southern Iran, and winters around the Red Sea in north-eastern Africa and Yemen. A few isolated populations maintain a foothold within European borders, on Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, especially Lesbos.

### Habitat

The breeding grounds of this species are typically found on dry, rocky slopes and uplands, where shrubby vegetation and sometimes conifers provide cover. It may also utilize areas with scattered trees, such as the Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia), or taller bushes. Migratory journeys take this species to dry, open country, including semi-deserts, low, rocky hills, and barren agricultural lands. Wintering sites are often located in coastal areas with sparse scrub vegetation.

### Food and feeding

Like other buntings, the cinereous bunting feeds principally on seeds. It takes insects especially when feeding its young. Its normal clutch is three eggs.

## Status

This understudied migratory species has been categorized as "Near Threatened" on the IUCN Red List due to concerns regarding a declining population, likely driven by the ongoing deterioration and loss of its natural habitats.
# Grafton, Virginia

37°9′55.5″N 76°28′6.8″W﻿ / ﻿37.165417°N 76.468556°W﻿ / 37.165417; -76.468556
Grafton is an unincorporated community in York County, Virginia, United States, on the Virginia Peninsula. As of the 2010 Census, the Grafton postal area (ZIP Code 23692) had a population of 18,846.

## History

Originally known as Cockletown, the area became known as Grafton due to a church in that area. That church was established by a pastor from Grafton, Massachusetts, John Leland, who put forth his hometown's name for consideration; the name was adopted in 1783 by the church. The entire town would be known by that name by 1872 when the post office there was established.
# Chaetosphaeridium globosum

Chaetosphaeridium globosum is a one-celled alga which is thought to represent an ancient lineage of the green plants. This organism exists in a filamentous form with one flagella per cell. It is a freshwater species. The flagellum is covered in scales in a 3-prong irregular shape called ‘maple leafs’. The cells are usually 11–18 micrometres (0.00043–0.00071 in) in diameter and with one pyrenoid. Each cell bears long bristle.
Researchers have found that the mitochondrial DNA of Chaetosphaeridium is markedly different from that of land plants, suggesting that the mitochondria of land plants evolved significantly after the common ancestor between them and living green algae. A very slight similarity exists between liverwort mtDNA and Chaetosphaeridium. The chloroplast DNA is markedly similar, however, indicating that a close relationship had existed between the Viridiplantae and the clade that includes Chaetosphaeridium. This seems to argue that chloroplasts in green plants originated in prehistoric green algae; the family which includes Chaetosphaeridium globosum.
Chloroplasts are known to be captured (symbiotic) cyanobacteria with their own genome. Part of this genome has been transferred to the nucleus and part has been retained in the chloroplast for the continuation of metabolic processes. This symbiosis, now proven by modern genomics, has shown us how Chaetosphaeridium globosum links ancient cyanobacteria with modern green plants.
# Michael Pollard (cricketer)

Michael Alan Pollard (born 2 November 1989) is a New Zealand first-class cricketer who played for Wellington from 2009–10 to 2019–20, with one season for Canterbury in 2017–18.
A right-handed middle-order batsman who sometimes opened the batting in one-day cricket, Pollard made his highest first-class score of 166 for Wellington against Otago in the 2013–14 Plunket Shield, when he and James Franklin added 238 for the fourth wicket. His highest List A score was 119, out of Canterbury's all-out total of 231, against Northern Districts in the 2017–18 Ford Trophy.
# Minnamurra, New South Wales

Minnamurra is a village in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia, in the Municipality of Kiama. It has a station (opened 1891) on the NSW TrainLink South Coast Line. The Minnamurra River flows into the ocean at Minnamurra. There is a sandy beach and a sand spit at the river mouth.
The name Minnamurra means "plenty of fish" in the local Aboriginal dialect. Aboriginal people of the Dharawal language group are the original inhabitants and traditional custodians of the area now known as Minnamurra and its surroundings.
Within a two-hour drive south of Sydney, the Minnamurra Rainforest Centre is located just 15 km west of Kiama on the NSW South Coast (Tourist Drive '9'). The centre offers visitors an opportunity to experience a rare rainforest remnant which is representative of the once extensive rainforests of the Illawarra region.
The sandstone canyon in which the centre is located enables visitors to experience the various types of rainforest and examine the diversity of ferns species. Visitors can see first hand the fauna of the area such as lyrebirds, Australian Water Dragons and a host of bird species which make Minnamurra and Australia their home.
The centre also provides a café and a barbecue/picnic area. The visitor centre has a retail shop where visitors can select from a wide range of Australian made products, environmental publications, and souvenirs as a reminder of their visit to Minnamurra Rainforest.
Minnamurra Public School is the local school for the Minnamurra, Kiama Downs and Gainsborough area. Minnamurra Rainforest is a forest with much wildlife and many plants. This rainforest has produced over the years and is becoming a tourist attraction. It is located 15 km west of Kiama.

## History

The land now known as Minnamurra was traditionally inhabited by the Dharawal-speaking Aboriginal people. Their deep connection to the land is evident in the area's name and the rich cultural heritage they left behind. Its name is derived from the Aboriginal word of Meme Mora, meaning "river of many fish".
European settlers arrived in the early 19th century, leading to significant changes in the region. In 1818, a tragic event known as the Minnamurra River massacre occurred, where approximately six Wodiwodi people were killed in a clash with colonial settlers.
In the mid-19th century, a punt service operated across the Minnamurra River, facilitating travel between the 'Peterborough Estate' and the opposite shore. This service was essential for crossing the river before the construction of bridges.
Today, Minnamurra is a tranquil village known for its natural attractions, including the Minnamurra Rainforest and the Minnamurra River. The area continues to honor its Indigenous heritage and natural beauty, making it a significant part of the Illawarra region's history and culture.
# Roman Matoušek

Roman Matoušek (23 May 1964 – 8 January 2020) was a Czech speedway rider. He earned 26 international caps for the Czechoslovakia national speedway team.

## Speedway career

Matoušek was the champion of the Czechoslovakia, winning the Czechoslovakian Individual Speedway Championship in 1988.
He rode in the top tier of British Speedway from 1986, when he joined Ipswich Witches He later rode for Coventry Bees despite a failed bid by Bradford Dukes. and Sheffield Tigers.
In 1987, he represented the Czechoslovak national team during the final of the 1987 Speedway World Team Cup.

## World Final appearances
### World Pairs Championship

* 1986 – Pocking, Rottalstadion (with Antonín Kasper Jr.) – 3rd – 32pts
* 1987 – Pardubice, Svítkov Stadion (with Antonín Kasper Jr.) – 5th – 30 pts
* 1991 – Poznań, Olimpia Poznań Stadium (with Zdeněk Tesař and Bohumil Brhel) – 5th – 18pts (12)

### World Team Cup

* 1987 - Fredericia, Fredericia Speedway, Coventry, Brandon Stadium, Prague, Markéta Stadium (with Antonín Kasper Jr. / Petr Vandírek / Lubomír Jedek / Zdeněk Schneiderwind) - 4th - 36pts (10)

### Ice World Championship

* 1986 – Stockholm – 18th – 2pts
# Betula nana

Betula nana, the dwarf birch, is a species of birch in the family Betulaceae, found mainly in the tundra of the Arctic region.

## Description

It is a monoecious, deciduous shrub growing up to 1–1.2 metres (3 ft 3 in – 3 ft 11 in) high. The bark is non-peeling and shiny red-copper colored. The leaves are rounded, 6–20 millimetres (0.24–0.79 in) diameter, with a bluntly toothed margin. The leaves are a darker green on their upper surface. Leaf growth occurs after snow melt and become red in autumn.
The wind-pollinated fruiting catkins are erect, 5–15 millimetres (0.20–0.59 in) long and 4–10 millimetres (0.16–0.39 in) broad.

## Distribution

Betula nana is native to arctic and cool temperate regions of Greenland, Iceland, northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America and it will grow in a variety of conditions. Outside of far northern areas, it is usually found growing only in mountains above 300 metres (980 ft), up to 835 metres (2,740 ft) in Great Britain and 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) in the Alps. Its northern range limit is on Svalbard, where it is confined to favourable sites. In the UK Betula nana is at its southern range limit, with many populations having declined significantly in recent decades. In southern Sweden the occurrence of Betula nana in Sund, Ydre is deemed a glacial relict.
It generally favours wet, but well-drained sites, with a nutrient-poor, acidic soil that can be xeric and rocky. B. nana has a low tolerance for shade.

## Ecology

There are two subspecies:
* Betula nana subsp. nana. Canada (Baffin Island), Greenland, northern Europe (south to the Alps at high altitudes), northwestern Asia. Young twigs hairy, but without resin; leaves longer (to 20 mm), usually as long as broad.
* Betula nana subsp. exilis. Northeastern Asia, northern North America (Alaska, Canada east to Nunavut). Young twigs hairless or with only scattered hairs, but coated in resin; leaves shorter (not over 12 mm long), often broader than long.

## Genome

The genome of B. nana has been sequenced.
# Kihō

Kihō (紀宝町, Kihō-chō) is a town located in Mie Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2021, the town had an estimated population of 10,818 in 5,247 households and a population density of 140 persons per km$^2$. The total area of the town is 79.62 square kilometres (30.74 sq mi).

## Geography

Kihō is located near the southern tip of the Kii Peninsula, facing the Pacific Ocean, and is at the extreme southern point of Mie Prefecture, separated from Wakayama Prefecture by the Kumano River. Parts of the town are within the limits of the Yoshino-Kumano National Park. A portion of the Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range, a UNESCO World Heritage Site is located within Kihō.

## Climate

Kihō has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kihō is 16.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2,596 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.8 °C, and lowest in January, at around 6.1 °C.

## Demographics

The population of Kihō increased significantly after World War II and has remained broadly stable since then.

## History

The area of Kihō was part of the holdings of the Kii Tokugawa clan, administered as part of the Kii-Shingū Domain in the Edo period. After the Meiji restoration, the area was organized into the villages of Ida, Mifune, and Onodani within Minamimuro District of Mie Prefecture. The town of Kihō was established on October 31, 1951 by the merger of these three villages. On January 10, 2006, the village of Udono – which was part of the Minamimuro District until then – was merged into Kihō.

## Government

Kihō has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Kihō, collectively with the city of Kumano and town of Mihama, contributes two members to the Mie Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Mie 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

Kihō serves as a commercial center for the surrounding region. Hokuetsu Paper Mills is a major industrial employer.

## Education

Kihō has seven public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the city government. The town does not have a high school.

## Transportation
### Railway

JR Tōkai – Kisei Main Line
* Kii-Ida – Udono

### Highway

* National Route 42