OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# GWR 7800 Class 7820 Dinmore Manor

7820 Dinmore Manor is a British Railways locomotive, part of the Manor Class. It is one of nine locomotives preserved from the class, which originally numbered 30.
Named after the ancient 12th century Knights Hospitaller preceptory Dinmore Manor in Herefordshire, the locomotive was built to a Great Western Railway design by British Railways in the ex-Great Western Works at Swindon in 1950, and was initially based at Oswestry. It was withdrawn from service in November 1965 from Shrewsbury, having been the last of its class to run with BR, and moved to Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales.
The locomotive was purchased in 1979 by the Gwili Railway and was moved to Bronwydd Arms for restoration. A lack of facilities and funds resulted in very little restoration work being carried out, with the locomotive being sold in 1983.
The engine was eventually restored at the Birmingham Railway Museum, with the West Somerset Railway Company providing a financial 'leg-up' to the owning Dinmore Manor Fund in 1995 to help finish the job. The engine then made its debut on the West Somerset Railway over the summer of 1995, and ran there for nearly 9 years.
The locomotive's first ten-year boiler certificate expired in July 2004, with the engine eventually returning to the Tyseley Locomotive Works for overhaul. This was completed in April 2014, and Dinmore Manor subsequently entered service at its new base at the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway. While it remains based there, the locomotive has visited various other lines since resteaming. In August and September 2014, it worked on the North Norfolk Railway, before revisiting the West Somerset Railway in October. The engine then visited the Great Central Railway at Loughborough in January & February 2015 before returning to the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway until July of that year, when the engine went on loan to the Dartmouth Steam Railway until the end of August, before visiting the Severn Valley Railway in November, where it ran alongside its GWR built sisters 7802 and 7812, to mark 50 years since all 3 were among the last 4 members of the class (along with fellow survivor 7821) to be withdrawn by BR in November 1965.
The locomotive was withdrawn from service at the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway in January 2025 following the expiry of its boiler certificate.

## Allocations

| First shed | Oswestry |
| March 1959 | Laira |
| May 1965 | Oxley |
| Last shed | Shrewsbury |
# Pratola Peligna

Pratola Peligna (Abruzzese: Pratëlë) is a comune and town in the Province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of Italy. As of 2015, it has a population of 7,652 inhabitants.

## Geography

Pratola Peligna is bordered by Popoli, Corfinio, Prezza, Raiano, Roccacasale and Sulmona.

## History

It is supposed that in Roman times there was a stranger pagus (village) peligno, who would have participated with Corfinium in the Social War against Rome in 91 BC, but there are no finds to prove its existence. A tomb of the 6th century, of Ostrogoth style, attests to the existence of a settlement, perhaps coinciding with the locality Fara de Campiliano, mentioned in the documents of the following centuries.
The first document in which the name of Pratola appears ("on site Pratulae") is an agricultural contract of 997, reported in the Chronicon Volturnensis, which however does not yet refer to an inhabited center. During the 12th century a fortified center was created: in 1170 the castrum Pratulae was assigned by the Norman William II to bishop Odorisio of L'Aquila. In 1294 the fiefdom was assigned by Charles II of Anjou to the abbot of the monastery of Abbey of Santo Spirito del Morrone, under whose rule Pratola will remain until 1807.
The history of the country is characterized by several popular ferments; to remember: in 1799 the revolt against the invasion French (together with many other municipalities of Abruzzo), the opposition to the Constitution of the Bourbon government of Ferdinand II in 1848 and the riot of 1934 against the fascist regime. During the Second World War, on August 2, 1943, the Montecatini plant, located two kilometers from the country, was bombed by the Allies.
In 1863, after the unification of Italy, the town was officially given by royal decree the name Pratola Peligna.
On January 9, 2006, the President of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, awarded the municipality of Pratola the Bronze Medal for Civil Merit [it], with the following citation: "Strategically important center, during World War II, it was subjected to continuous and violent bombings, which caused numerous civilian casualties and the destruction of industrial heritage. The population, forced to take refuge in the surrounding countryside, contributed to the war of liberation with the establishment of the first partisan nuclei, suffering fierce retaliation from the German army. 1943/1944".

## Twin towns

* Hamilton, Canada, since 1992
* Gioia dei Marsi, Italy, since 2013

## Transport

Pratola Peligna is served by two train stations. The first one is Pratola Peligna main railway that connects Pratola to Est side of Italy, from Sulmona till Pescara and Pratola Peligna Superiore railway station, a railway stop on the Terni–Sulmona railway, with trains to L'Aquila and Sulmona till Rome.
# George Bickham the Elder

George Bickham the Elder (1684–1758) was an English writing master and engraver. He is best known for his engraving work in The Universal Penman, a collection of writing exemplars which helped to popularise the English Round Hand script in the 18th century.
Bickham produced copybooks and business texts, as there was a strong link between writing and mathematics instruction (arithmetic and bookkeeping) in the-mid 17th century to early 18th century.
In 1733 Bickham collected penmanship samples from twenty-five London writing masters, engraved and published them in The Universal Penman, issued in fifty-two parts between 1733 and 1741. The collection became one of the most important and popular copy texts used by writing masters to instruct their pupils. It is still used by calligraphers interested in the English Round Hand or Copperplate script and was reprinted as recently as 2014.
Many of the examples in Bickham's Universal Penman focus on the importance of strong and legible writing for young men working in business or government, though there are also pieces directed towards women and girls, such as the poem inscribed by writing master Samuel Vaux, dated 1734, which declares that poor writing is a disgrace to the beauty of the writer: “An artless Scrawl ye blushing Scribler shames; All shou’d be fair that Beauteous Woman frames,” or this piece, which hints that calligraphy may have a role in encouraging romance: “Strive to excel, with Ease the Pen will move; And pretty line add Charms to infant Love.”
His son, known as George Bickham the Younger, followed in the family tradition of engraving and specialized in illustrative and musical sheets engravings. Father and son collaborated in a number of publications, including the Universal Penman and The British Monarchy, a collection of 188 plates of historical notes with 43 plates of views of English and Welsh counties. They are called views, rather than maps, though they are presented as map-like perspectives with major towns marked.

## Publications

* Round Text, a new coppy-book…, Hammersmith: Chas. Price, 1712.
* Youth’s Instructor in the Art of Numbers. A new cyphering book…, 1730.
* Anon. The Young Clerk’s Assistant; Or Penmanship Made Easy… Pub. Richard Ware. Engraved by George Bickham. 1733.
* The Universal Penman, 1733-1741.
* The British Monarchy, or a chorographical description…, 1748.
* The Drawing and Writing Tutor, 1748.
* The Pensylvania and Philadelphia writing-master. A new county copy-book. 1750.
* The surrey and Southwark writing-master. A new county copy-book. 1750.
* The British youth’s instructor: or, The useful penman. 1754.
* The English monarchical writing-master. 1754.
# Magdelaine Chapelain

Magdelaine Chapelain (1651 – June 1724; also spelled Madeleine Chappelain) was a French fortune teller and poisoner. She was a defendant in the famous Affair of the Poisons.
Chapelain was a very successful fortune teller who had secured a fortune at her work. She had acquired her spouse, a former usher with a position as bureaucrat, and she also owned several buildings. In connection to the Poison Affair, she was implicated because she had formerly employed Françoise Filastre as a maid. Filastre was arrested upon her return from a trip to Auvergne (province) which had been paid for by Chapelin in December 1679. Chapelain was also connected to Louis de Vanens, to whom she had rented a house.
Adam Lesage claimed that Chapelain made her fortune by manufacturing poisons and performing black magic in collaboration with a man by the name of Boucher, and Filastre claimed that she had on occasion supplied Chapelain with poison so that she could sell it, that Chapelain had commissioned her to help her form a pact with Satan, and that Chapelain also performed curses and other magical services for her clients. Filastre claimed, that it was Chapelain who had been commissioned by Madame de Montespan to place an assassin (Filastre) in the household of Angelique de Fontanges.
Like many others involved with the Affair of the Poisons, Magdelaine Chapelain never had a trial. She was imprisoned in perpetuity by a Lettre de cachet at Belle-Île-en-Mer. According to Frantz Funck-Brentano, she was imprisoned in Villefranche-de-Conflent, in Fort Libéria. The exact date of death is not known for many of the accused, but of the prisoners whose year of death is known, Magdelaine Chapelain's death in June 1724 was the last recorded.
# Bornova Branch

The Bornova Railway Branch was a 5.9 km long railway line, from Halkapınar to Bornova, Turkey, that branched from the SCP's main line at Halkapınar. The line was completed by the Smyrne Cassaba & Prolongements in 1866. TCDD absorbed the SCP on June 1, 1934 and took over ownership of the line. Usage decreased in the 1970s and the line was abandoned in the early 1990s. This line is now a part of the Izmir Metro.
# Ghosts building a wall

In Chinese folklore, ghosts building a wall (simplified Chinese: 鬼打墙; traditional Chinese: 鬼打牆; pinyin: Guǐ dǎ qiáng; lit. 'ghosts beating the wall') refers to ghosts trapping people in a certain area at night. There is a folktale about a traveler who walks in circles, as if ghosts continually built walls to block his intended path. In some descriptions, real walls or trees appear. The conventional solution is to stop, cover one's face with one's hands, then look again to see that the way is clear.
The contemporary Chinese artist Xu Bing referenced this folktale with his artwork Ghosts Pounding the Wall in 1988. With a crew of workers, he took ink impressions of the Great Wall of China and displayed them in the United States.
# Randy Phillips (American football)

Randy Phillips (born September 14, 1987) is a former American football safety. He played college football at Miami (FL) and was signed by the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent in 2010.
Phillips was released by the Lions on August 17, 2011.
# İzmir–Afyon railway

The İzmir–Afyon railway (Turkish: İzmir–Afyon demiryolu) is a mostly single-track railway in the Aegean Region of Turkey, connecting Afyonkarahisar to the port city of İzmir. The railway is the main freight and passenger train route from the Aegean region to Central Anatolia. It was built between 1865–90 by the Smyrna Cassaba Railway and is the second oldest railway in Turkey. Today the line is owned by the Turkish State Railways.

## Operations

TCDD Taşımacılık operates regional and inter-city passenger service from İzmir to Uşak and Afyon, and further to Konya. In İzmir, the railway hosts İZBAN commuter rail service from Tepeköy to Menemen, where the İZBAN branches off to Aliağa. TCDD Taşımacılık also operates frequent freight trains, mostly from the industrial Aliağa region into central Anatolia. Since 2018 Omsan operates bulk freight trains from the port of Aliağa to Kayseri, using the railway.
| Train type | Route | Frequency | Operator |
| Mainline | İzmir – Menemen – Manisa – Alaşehir – Uşak – Afyon – Konya | Daily | TCDD Taşımacılık |
| Mainline | İzmir – Menemen – Manisa – Balıkesir – Kütahya – Eskişehir – Ankara | Daily | TCDD Taşımacılık |
| Mainline | İzmir – Menemen – Manisa – Balıkesir – Kütahya – Eskişehir | Daily | TCDD Taşımacılık |
| Regional | İzmir – Menemen – Manisa – Alaşehir – Uşak | 2x Daily | TCDD Taşımacılık |
| Regional | İzmir – Menemen – Manisa – Alaşehir | Daily | TCDD Taşımacılık |
| Regional | Manisa – Alaşehir | Daily | TCDD Taşımacılık |
| Commuter | Tepeköy – Cumaovası – Şirinyer – Alsancak – Halkapınar – Karşıyaka – Çiğli – Menemen – Aliağa | 5x Hourly | İZBAN |
# Mersin Metro

The Mersin Metro is a proposed rapid transit system for the Turkish city of Mersin. Construction is due to begin in 2024, and will take 48 months to complete.

## Background

Planning for the metro first began in 2018. Originally planned as a 20km line with 15 stations, the project was revised to reduce costs and the length and number of stations was reduced to 13.4 km and 11 stations, respectively. In October 2020, the city of Mersin announced that 13 companies had submitted bids to build the first metro line. The line will link Mezitli in the southwest with Üçocak in the northeast and include an interchange with the city’s train station. Services are excepted to run at a maximum speed of 80 km/h, offering a total journey time of 23 min.

## Stations

| Name | Station | District | Connections |
| 1 | Viranşehir | Mezitli | |
| 2 | Mezitli Kent Meydanı | Mezitli | |
| 3 | Üniversite | Yenişehir | T1 University Tram Line (Planned) |
| 4 | Marina | Yenişehir | |
| 5 | Barbaros | Yenişehir | |
| 6 | Pozcu | Yenişehir | |
| 7 | Muğdat | Yenişehir | |
| 8 | Tulumba | Yenişehir | |
| 9 | Özgür Çocuk Parkı | Akdeniz | |
| 10 | Gar | Akdeniz | Mersin Railway Station |
| 11 | Üçocak Kent Meydanı | Akdeniz | M2 Üçocak-Otogar Metro Line (Planned) |
# Fritz Cronman

Fritz Cronman (c. 1640 - c. 1680) was a Major for the Swedish Empire in the late 17th century, and the Swedish diplomat to the Tsardom of Russia from 1668 to 1669. His extant diary and letters contain detailed information on the court of Ivan V of Russia.

## Biography

He was born in Swedish Livonia to Hans Detterman Croman. He participated in the border commission with Russia in Keksholm, but the negotiations ended when the Russian commissioners walked out on the talks. On 26 September 1668 he was appointed as the Swedish diplomat to the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan V of Russia. On 8 October 1668 he sailed to Finland and then traveled overland to Narva. On 10 November 1668 he arrived at the Russian border at Orlina, where he was escorted to Novgorod. In his letter from Novgorod to the Swedish government he writes: "Russians inevitably must be impelled to such unusual höflighetsbetygelser either under pressure from the enemy side or from fear of his friends." He arrived in Moscow on 28 December 1668. His Swedish entourage consisted of 35 people. While in Russia, he made a copy of the Godunov map, one of two extant copies, the original by Petr Ivanovich Godunov having not survived. He married Christina Ottiliana Börner and had a daughter, Charlotta Cronman, who married Henrik Gotthard von Buddenbrock (1648-1727). Charlotta and Henrick had as their son, Henrik Magnus Buddenbrock.
# Toprakkale–İskendurun railway

The Toprakkale–Iskenderun railway (Turkish: Toprakkale–İskenderun railway) is a 58.9 km (36.6 mi) long electrified railway in southern Turkey. The railway branches off the Adana–Aleppo railway at Toprakkale and heads south along the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean in the province Hatay. The line is an important freight route and the southernmost railway on the eastern iron-ore rail corridor. The line services the Port of İskenderun as well as the İsdemir steel mill. Primary traffic along the railway are freight trains carrying iron ore from the mines near Divriği, in northern Turkey. The line was opened on 1 November 1912 by the Baghdad Railway. Today, the line is owned and operated by the Turkish State Railways.
# Decatur & Eastern Illinois Railroad

The Decatur & Eastern Illinois Railroad (reporting mark DREI) is a Class III American regional railroad that is a subsidiary of Watco operating in eastern Illinois and western Indiana.
In January 2018, CSX Transportation announced that it was seeking offers to buy the Decatur Subdivision and the Danville Secondary Subdivision as part of a system-wide sale of low-traffic routes, and in July, Watco, via the DREI, was identified as the winning bidder. Following regulatory approval from the Surface Transportation Board, the DREI began operations on September 9. Commodities on this route are primarily chemicals, plastics, soybeans, and corn.
The DREI operates three intersecting routes totaling 182 miles (293 km)—the former Decatur Subdivision between Montezuma, Indiana, and Decatur, Illinois, the former Danville Subdivision between Terre Haute, Indiana, and Olivet, Illinois, and the former Eastern Illinois Railroad trackage from North Metcalf, Illinois, to Neoga, Illinois. It interchanges traffic with CSX, the Norfolk Southern Railway, the Canadian National Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad. The railroad is headquartered in Decatur, Illinois.
# Lookout Mountain Incline Railway

The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway is a 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge inclined plane funicular railway leading to the top of Lookout Mountain from the historic St. Elmo neighborhood of Chattanooga, Tennessee. Passengers are transported from St. Elmo's Station at the base, to Point Park at the mountain summit, which overlooks the city and the Tennessee River. It is just a short drive to three of Chattanooga's main tourist attractions, Ruby Falls, Cavern Castle, and Rock City. The railway is approximately one mile (1.6 km) in length (single-track except for a short two-track passing loop at the midway point, allowing operation of two cars at one time). It has a maximum grade of 72.7%, making it one of the world's steepest passenger railways. It obtained Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark status in 1991. The cable system for the cars was made by the Otis Elevator Company.

## History

The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway (Incline No. 2) was opened on November 16, 1895, by the Chattanooga Incline and Lula Lake Railway and functions as a major mode of transportation to the top of the mountain. It was the second of two inclines constructed on Lookout Mountain; the first was the Chattanooga and Lookout Mountain Railway (Incline No. 1), which operated from 1886 to 1895 and dismantled in 1900. Service was disrupted twice by fires that destroyed the powerhouse, upper station and cars stored there overnight (the first fire occurring on December 13, 1896, and the second on March 24, 1919). Both fires put the railway temporarily out of service, substitute service being provided by the Chattanooga Railway and Light Company's Lookout Mountain route. The railway was sold in the 1940s to Southern Coach Lines and is now operated by the Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority, the area's public transit agency.
The Incline Railway is a well-known and beloved Chattanooga landmark; the railway has been depicted in numerous regional and national publications, including being on TV, most prominently on Larry the Cable Guy's Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy in February 2011. The railway is one of the main tourist attractions in the Chattanooga area, totaling over 100,000 visits annually. The top station features an observation deck and a gift shop.
On December 7th, 2024, a rockslide from the east face of Lookout Mountain (just south of the incline) caused a wildfire, temporarily suspending all funicular traffic. There is no current timeline for re-opening, as the railway's cables are severed. The rail system and cross timbers were damaged, but the extent of the damage is currently unknown.
# Louisiana and Pacific Railway

The Louisiana & Pacific Railway Company, controlled by the Long-Bell Lumber Company, had a total of 30.904 miles of tracks and trackage rights of 45 miles on the Lake Charles & Northern, between DeRidder and Bridge Junction (Lake Charles), and 6.3 miles from Bundicks (Longacre) to Hoy
The railway connected with the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway Company at DeRidder, the Kansas City Southern Railway Company at Bon Ami, DeRidder, and Lake Charles, the Lake Charles & Northern Railroad Company at DeRidder (Junction), Fayette, Lake Charles, and Longville, the Louisiana Western Railroad Company at Lake Charles, the Missouri Pacific Railroad Company at Lake Charles, and the New Orleans, Texas and Mexico Railway at Fulton which was 2 to 3 miles east of Ragley and one mile from Pearl.
The only surviving steam locomotive from the L&P is Virginia and Truckee Railroad 2-8-0 No.29.
# Mill Mountain Incline

The Mill Mountain Incline was a 0.37 mi (0.60 km) funicular, or inclined plane, located on Mill Mountain in Roanoke, Virginia, that operated between 1910–1929. Costing $40,000 to complete, the incline took visitors from the base of the mountain where the present-day Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital is located to the summit in the area where the Mill Mountain Star is now located. It is not clear whether the former location of the incline is visible in the form of a cleft in the trees on Mill Mountain, immediately behind the hospital, or whether the incline was located just to the north of the present-day cleft.

## History

The idea of an incline being developed for Mill Mountain was initially proposed in 1892, but was formally organized in November 1909 by a group of twenty-five local investors calling themselves the Mill Mountain Incline, Inc. For the investors, the incline was viewed as a major attraction for the burgeoning city.
In late 1909, a pair of counterbalanced incline cars were ordered from the John Stephenson Company, and were delivered in summer 1910. The incline celebrated its inaugural voyage on August 10, 1910, and saw 1,500 passengers on opening day. The roundtrip ride cost $.25 and took four minutes to complete each way.
To lure residents and tourists alike onto the incline, its owners installed walking paths, benches, a gift shop and telescopes on the summit. Although the incline saw a profit in its first year, it would sustain significant losses over the following years. Due to mounting losses, in 1919, the original investors sold the line to the local real estate magnate William Henritze. He would subsequently build a toll road to the summit which would open in the early 1920s, and effectively result in the closure of the incline in 1929. The last remnants of the line were dismantled and sold off for scrap in 1934. In 1947, the mountain faced more loss of tourism when two hikers were mauled, one killed, by a rogue black bear. This put the general population into a panic. By 1949, all cave accesses were blocked off. After cave accesses were completely sealed, the city began building subdivisions with no further incident. Roanoke animal control documented one sighting of a black bear in 1992, but no incidents have been documented since. On the trail descending from the Mill Mountain Star, there is a marker named for the killed hiker, Henry Rosico.
# New Orleans, Texas and Mexico Railway

The New Orleans, Texas and Mexico Railway was a constituent element of the Missouri Pacific Railroad.