# Southern Railway 4501

Southern Railway 4501 is a preserved Ms class 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotive. Built in October 1911 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, No. 4501 was the first of its wheel arrangement type for the Southern Railway (SOU). In July 1948, the locomotive was retired from revenue service in favor of dieselization and was subsequently sold to the shortline Kentucky and Tennessee Railway (K&T) in Stearns, Kentucky, to haul coal trains.
When the K&T was dieselized in 1964, No. 4501 was purchased by a railfan named Paul Merriman for $5,000 of his own money, and he brought it to Chattanooga, Tennessee. Shortly thereafter, it was returned to service for main line excursion service on the Southern's steam program started by the company's president, W. Graham Claytor Jr. in 1966 through Merriman's 4501 Corporation.
Repainted in Southern's passenger Virginian green and gold paint scheme, No. 4501 operated as the main line steam excursion star of Southern's steam program until being replaced by larger steam locomotives in 1985. The locomotive returned to mainline excursion service in 1990 until 1994, when Southern's successor, Norfolk Southern (NS), discontinued the steam program due to rising insurance costs and decreasing rail network availability.
No. 4501 then continued to operate for the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM) in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Merriman was a founding member of TVRM, alongside Robert "Bob" Soule, and he had donated No. 4501 from his personal property to the museum in 1975. Repainted into its original freight black livery in 1996, the locomotive was retired when its boiler ticket certificate expired in 1998.
With the upcoming of Norfolk Southern's 21st Century Steam Program and the success of TVRM's Southern Railway 630, the restoration on No. 4501 began in 2012 and was completed in 2014, with period upgrades such as a feedwater heater and mechanical stoker added in which most of No. 4501's contemporaries received in the 1940s, but the locomotive itself never received. As of 2025, No. 4501 operates in tourist excursion service at TVRM, traditionally on the longer special trips to Summerville, Georgia, throughout the year and TVRM's Missionary Ridge Local and Evening Ridge Runner excursions as needed during the weekends.

## History
### Design

Between 1911 and 1917, 182 Ms class 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotives were built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, the American Locomotive Company, and the Lima Locomotive Works, to haul freight trains for the Southern Railway (SOU) and were numbered in the 4501-4635, 6250-6284, and 6600-6611 series. They were designed with 63 in (1,600 mm) diameter driving wheels and an operating boiler pressure of 200 psi (1.38 MPa), and they were able to generate 53,900 lb (24.4 tonnes) of tractive effort.
Their tenders had a capacity of 12 tonnes (12,000 kg) of coal and 8,000 US gallons (30,000 L) of water. Some of the Ms locomotives were equipped with Walschaerts (Nos. 4501-4603, 4624-4635) and Southern valve gears (Nos. 4604-4623). In the 1940s, some of the locomotives were re-equipped with Worthington feedwater heaters, mechanical stokers, larger sand domes, larger tenders, and multiple-bearing crossheads to improve their performances.

### Revenue service on the SOU and K&T

No. 4501 was built by Baldwin in October 1911 at a cost of $23,182 as the first of its wheel arrangement type for the Southern Railway. It was assigned to haul freight trains on many different divisions of the SOU system in Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana. In July 1948, the No. 4501 locomotive was retired from revenue service and was sent to be stored at SOU's Princeton Shops in Princeton, Indiana.
On October 7 of the same year, the Kentucky and Tennessee Railway (K&T), headquartered in Stearns, Kentucky, purchased No. 4501 for $8,225 and renumbered it as their No. 12 locomotive. No. 12 worked on the K&T hauling coal trains until February 1964, when the K&T purchased three ALCO S-2 diesel locomotives from the Denver and Rio Grande Western. No. 12, along with K&T's other steam locomotives, were consequently retired from revenue service.

### First restoration and excursion service

   "It's a good thing to let another generation know what a steam locomotive is."
Shortly after the locomotive's retirement, railfan Paul H. Merriman purchased No. 12 for the 4501 Corporation with $5,000 of his own money and renumbered it back to 4501. On June 6, 1964, after No. 4501 moved under its own power to Chattanooga from the K&T, an initial restoration was undergone by Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM) volunteers at the facilities of the Lucey Boiler Company in Chattanooga near the TVRM's storage facilities, which were at the time located on former Western Union Company trackage.
No. 4501 was disassembled for an extensive overhaul, with the thin cab floor, the rotted ash pan, and the rusty smokebox front replaced. The dented cab roof was straightened and a radio antenna was installed. The cylinder cocks were reworked, and the throttle was lapped with a new air line run to the repacked reversing gear. No. 4501 was repainted in the Southern passenger Virginian green and gold paint scheme, paying homage to the Ps-4 locomotives that were also painted in the livery. After the restoration was completed in August 1966, the No. 4501 locomotive pulled its inaugural excursion train between Chattanooga and Richmond, Virginia, officially kicking off the SOU's new steam excursion program.
In 1969, No. 4501 was upgraded with a larger tender that was originally used behind Central of Georgia 2-10-2 No. 773, which was scrapped after it suffered a severe boiler explosion in June 1947. The tender was eventually used for a maintenance-of-way wreck train in Georgia. Additionally, it carried 18 tonnes (18,000 kg) of coal and 12,500 US gallons (47,000 L) of water, which significantly improved the locomotive's range and allowed it to accommodate longer distance runs. In November that same year, during the 75th anniversary of the Southern Railway, an event called the Steam-O-Rama took place in Anniston, Alabama, on the Birmingham-Atlanta mainline. It featured No. 4501, Savannah and Atlanta (S&A) No. 750, which had been restored by the National Railway Historical Society's (NRHS) Atlanta Chapter, and London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) A3 No. 4472 Flying Scotsman, which was in the course of its US tour at the time.
Throughout the summer of 1973, at the request of Trains magazine editor David P. Morgan and officials from the Chicago and North Western (C&NW), No. 4501 operated outside of Southern Railway property to pull a series of excursion trips in the Midwestern United States on trackage owned by the C&NW, the Milwaukee Road (MILW), the Illinois Central (IC), the Rock Island (RI), and the Norfolk and Western (N&W). Arrangements were also made for No. 4501 to pull that year's Schlitz Circus World Museum (CWM) train on June 29, on the CN&W main line between Baraboo and Madison, Wisconsin, and on the MILW main line to Milwaukee. The SOU generously allowed the CWM to use the locomotive free of charge. From July 4 to July 9, No. 4501 pulled a long-distance excursion, called The Independence Limited, between Chicago and Washington, D.C. During that journey, No. 4501 traveled over Western Maryland (WM) trackage.
In 1975, Paul Merriman donated the title of No. 4501 to the TVRM. On September 1, 1977, No. 4501 travelled from Durham, North Carolina to Roanoke, Virginia, to participate in that year's NRHS Convention. On September 3, No. 4501 pulled a NRHS doubleheader excursion behind Texas and Pacific 610 on the N&W from Roanoke to Lynchburg. Upon arrival in Lynchburg, No. 4501 pulled eleven cars solo on the SOU main line to Altavista, and then it returned to Roanoke via N&W's former Virginian trackage. Another doubleheader excursion with No. 610 was planned to run to Charlottesville on September 5, but pilot truck issues sidelined No. 610 in Roanoke, and No. 4501 had to pull the excursion with two diesel locomotives.
On March 28, 1979, No. 4501 became listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On April 11, 1981, the locomotive suffered a cracked front flue sheet at Dalton, Georgia, while pulling an excursion trip from Atlanta to Chattanooga. A diesel locomotive pulled the remainder of the trip while No. 4501 was towed back to the Irondale Workshop in Birmingham, Alabama, for a long-term rebuild, lasting until November 1984. Following the rebuild, No. 4501 received a newly welded tender tank with the coal capacity decreased to 16 tonnes (16,000 kg) and the water tank capacity increased to 13,000 US gallons (49,000 L). The tender's former Andrews pilot trucks were replaced with modern roller bearing trucks.
At the end of the 1985 operating season, the locomotive was retired from mainline excursion service and moved back to the TVRM due to SOU's successor, Norfolk Southern (NS), expanding the steam program with larger N&W locomotives, 4-8-4 J class No. 611 and 2-6-6-4 A class No. 1218, to haul the longer and heavier excursion trains. Five years later, in 1990, No. 4501 returned to mainline excursion service to operate on trackage that was off limits to the two N&W locomotives.
On November 3, 1991, during the 25th anniversary of the Southern steam program, No. 4501 was triple-headed with Nos. 611 and 1218 on an excursion train of 28 passenger cars from Chattanooga to Atlanta. At Ooltewah, Tennessee, No. 4501 towed some cars for a complete round trip, turning around at Cleveland, Tennessee. Concurrently, the two N&W locomotives completed the rest of the trip to Atlanta.
No. 4501 was pulling an NS mainline excursion trip on April 30, 1994, planned to be from Birmingham to Columbus, Georgia. But it was taken off at Alexander City, Alabama, due to overheated bearings, and NS GP59 diesel locomotive No. 4610 finished the rest of the trip. On May 25, No. 4501 returned to TVRM, where it subsequently underwent some repairs. In October that same year, NS executives announced that they would discontinue their steam program due to serious safety concerns, rising insurance costs, the expense of maintaining steam locomotives, and decreasing rail network availability due to a surge in freight traffic.
After Norfolk Southern ended their steam program in late 1994, No. 4501 remained at TVRM. Beginning in October 1995, when its repairs were completed, it solely hauled the museum's excursion trains through north Georgia on the Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway shortline. In October 1996, the locomotive was repainted back to its original freight black livery for TVRM's 35th anniversary.
It continued to operate until it was removed from service on September 20, 1998, due to the expiration of its boiler ticket. TVRM quickly determined that No. 4501 required a thorough rebuild to obtain a new boiler ticket, and at the time, the museum did not have enough funds for it. No. 4501 was then retired while the museum concentrated their efforts and investment on rebuilding SOU 2-8-0 No. 630, and Ex-U.S. Army 2-8-0 No. 610 subsequently covered TVRM's excursion schedules.

### Second restoration and excursion service

In June 2010, NS announced that they would run excursions with Nos. 4501 and 630, as part of their new 21st Century Steam program. In March 2011, No. 630 returned to service pulling tourist trains for the TVRM and some of the first mainline excursion trips for the new steam program. With No. 630 in operating condition, the restoration of No. 4501 began at TVRM's Soule Shops in 2012.
During No. 4501's restoration around 2013, the locomotive received upgrades to its trailing wheels that included the addition of roller bearings to help guide the locomotive through curved tracks. A Worthington SA type feedwater heater replica from a China Railways QJ Class 2-10-2 was installed on No. 4501 to improve the locomotive's performance. Its tender received a mechanical stoker from Canadian National 5288, a 4-6-2 steam locomotive that was also on display at TVRM, but would later be sold to the Colebrookdale Railroad in 2023. These modifications increased the locomotive's operating boiler pressure from 200 psi (1.38 MPa) to 205 psi (1.41 MPa), which created a slight increase in tractive effort. The Armstrong lubricators that spring-loaded the driving wheels were replenished by an automatic lubricator from the North Yorkshire Moors Railway in North Yorkshire, England.
On September 6, 2014, No. 4501 was steamed up for the first time in 18 years, and it made its debut at TVRM's 2014 Railfest. The locomotive made a test run from Chattanooga to LaFayette, Georgia, on the Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway line on September 25, in preparation for TVRM's upcoming annual Summerville Steam Special on October 4 that year.
On May 1, 2015, No. 4501 returned to the Norfolk Southern main line for the first time in 21 years and successfully completed a test round trip from TVRM to Cleveland, Tennessee. On June 26, No. 4501 began to participate in the 21st Century Steam program, running the Radford Rambler excursion from Bristol to Radford, Virginia. On June 27, the locomotive pulled the Lonesome Pine Special excursion from Bristol to Bulls Gap, Tennessee, and ran the Radford Rambler again on June 28. On September 12 and 13, No. 4501 hauled a round trip excursion from Chattanooga to Cleveland, during TVRM's 2015 Railfest, but on Sunday, the locomotive was taken off the excursion due to some poor coal damaging its firebox grates. Two weeks later, the locomotive pulled the Nancy Hanks Special excursion from Macon to Tennille, Georgia.
No. 4501 was planned to run the Piedmont Limited round trip excursion from Atlanta to Toccoa, Georgia, on October 3 and 4, 2015, but it was canceled on October 1 due to Hurricane Joaquin, making the locomotive's career for the 21st Century Steam program short-lived. Norfolk Southern officially ended their 21st Century Steam program, while No. 4501 remained at TVRM to continue excursion operations and became the main motive power for its annual Summerville Steam Special excursion from Chattanooga to Summerville, Georgia.
On March 12 and 13, 2018, Nos. 4501 and 630 participated in Lerro Productions' Southern Railway photo charter, where they hauled a mixed freight train consist at the TVRM section on the former day and the Summerville branch line on the latter day. In September 2019, No. 4501 was temporarily masqueraded as Louisville and Nashville J-3 Mikado No. 1593 for the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Historical Society annual convention. On September 7, 2024, No. 4501 was temporarily masqueraded as Gulf, Mobile and Ohio No. 4382, as part of a Founder's Day night photo session.

## Appearances in media

* No. 4501 made its first feature film appearance in the 1971 film Fools' Parade in which it was repainted to resemble a Baltimore and Ohio steam locomotive.
* No. 4501 is shown while under steam in the 1974 film Ridin' the Rails: The Great American Train Story. A clip of this movie, with Johnny Cash at the throttle of the locomotive, was used in the music video for Hurt, which was covered by Cash.
* No. 4501 starred in the 1976 television film Eleanor and Franklin with the number "1409" to represent one of the Ps-4 locomotives pulling the funeral train of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945.
* No. 4501 appeared several times in the 1978 film Summer of My German Soldier, set in Georgia during World War II.
* In April 1998, No. 4501 was painted in N&W colors and equipped with a J class whistle, and it was ferried to Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) trackage for filming of the 1999 film October Sky. Railroad photographer O. Winston Link made a cameo appearance in the film as the engineer driving No. 4501.
* No. 4501 was the subject of the 2016 feature-length documentary And Then There Was One, which chronicles the history of the locomotive's career to that point.