# Royal Order of Cambodia

The Royal Order of Cambodia (Khmer: គ្រឿងឥស្សរិយយសព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Krœăng Ĕssârĭyôyôs Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa; French: Ordre royal du Cambodge) was a colonial order of chivalry of French Cambodia, and is still in use as an order of chivalry in the present-day Kingdom of Cambodia.

## History
### Colonialism

On 8 February 1864, the king founded the Royal Order of Cambodia as an order of merit with five degrees. After 1896, the French government and the kings of Cambodia each granted themselves the Order of Cambodia. The French president was rightly Grand Cross in the Royal Order of Cambodia. The order served to distinguish civilians and soldiers, subjects of the king or strangers, who had made themselves worthy. In 1896, the order was officially taken up in the French system of colonial orders of chivalry.
For French appointments, the recipient had to be at least 29 years old and enter the Order first as a knight, to be promoted to a higher grade after a certain period. Only officers of the Légion d'honneur could become a commander in the Order and only commanders of the Légion d'honneur could be Commanders or Officers of the Order. Apart from decorations for bravery or merit during foreign campaigns, the French colonial orders also required that a certain number of years had to have been spent in the tropics or overseas to be eligible - in this case, three years in Indochina, preferably in Cambodia. From 1933 the Order was also granted for the organization of exhibitions dedicated to Cambodia and sacred events important to the French colonies. None of these rules applied for grants by the King of Cambodia himself.
The colonial and overseas orders were immediately contingent on the French orders and awarded on ministerial orders. Those awarded it not only had to pay for their own registration and qualifications, but also had to buy their own insignia.

### Post-colonial

In 1948 France ceased granting the order. Formally it remained a French colonial policy, but it was now only granted by the King of Cambodia. The order has since then been one of the historical orders of France.
On September 1, 1950, the (colonial) French order-system was reformed. The Order of the Star of Anjouan and the Order of the Black Star were formalised as French Overseas Orders. The other three were the "Order of States Associated to the French Union" (French: "Ordre des États de l'Union Française Associés"). In 1955, Cambodia became independent. The order was approved by King Norodom Sihanouk during his government and also granted during his exile in Beijing. The order became dormant in 1975, under the government of Democratic Kampuchea. Following United Nations supported elections in 1993, H.M. King Norodom Sihanouk, was returned to the throne and the Order was reinstituted by Royal Decree No. 1095/01 dated 5 October 1995. This decree was signed by Chea Sim as the King's representative, Norodom Ranariddh, the First Prime Minister and Hun Sen, the Second Prime Minister at the time. A few design changes took place. After the restoration of the Khmer dynasty it remained the highest Cambodian distinction. The original French type crown has been replaced by the Khmer Royal Crown.

## Grades
### Since 1948

The five classes of appointment to the Order are, in descending order of precedence:
* Maha Sirivaddha (មហាសេរីវឌ្ឍន៍) or Knight Grand Cross
* Mahasena (មហាសេនា) or Knight Grand Officer
* Dhipadinda (ធិបឌិន្ទ) or Knight Commander
* Sena (សេនា) or Knight Officer
* Assarariddhi (អស្សឫទ្ធិ) or Knight or Chevalier

### Prior to 1948

The five classes of appointment to the Order are, in descending order of precedence:
* Maha Sirivaddha (មហាសេរីវឌ្ឍន៍) or Knight Grand Cross
* Mahasena (មហាសេនា) or Knight Grand Officer
* Dhipadinda (ធិបឌិន្ទ) or Knight Commander
* Sena (សេនា) or Knight Officer
* Assarariddhi (អស្សឫទ្ធិ) or Knight or Chevalier
Members of all classes of the order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. The highest level of the Knight Grand Cross relates to refinement. Those honored in this way are raised to the personal, non-hereditary status of nobility and henceforth bear the title His or Her Excellence (H.E.). This is prefixed to the full name.

## Insignia

The medal of the order comes in many different forms, as a slightly elongated silver or gold star surmounted by a Cambodian crown and with an image of the king's crown and coat of arms in gold on a violet blue background and surrounded by a red circle. The reverse of the medal is left rough. To promote the order if it was awarded by the French, the Cambodian crown was replaced with a European one surmounted by a small cross, and in the early years the order was even awarded without any crown.
The central image on the star of the order is the same as the medal, though the crown is missing and the rays are usually smooth. The star is elongated, with the vertical rays longer than the horizontal rays. The regalia of Knights is in silver, whilst those of the higher grades are gold. The medal and star are equally for civilians and soldiers. The ribbon of the order was originally green with a red border, changing in 1899 to white with an orange border (in the same year the French government changed the colours of the ribbons of all five colonial orders), before reverting to the original black ribbon when it became a purely Cambodian order again.

## Recipients

| Year appointed | Class | Name |
| 1884 | Knight | Charles Baret |
| 1884 | Knight | François Deuve |
| 1884 | Knight | Hypollite Herménégilde Tell |
| 1885 | Knight | Ernest Deuve |
| 1885 | Knight Grand Officer | Henri Rieunier |
| 1889 | Knight Grand Cross | Thanh Thái |
| 1895 | Knight Officer | Nikolai Kolomeitsev |
| 1896 | Knight | Henri Mordacq |
| 1897 | Knight Grand Cross | Jean-Baptiste Billot |
| 1898 | Knight | André Michelin |
| 1901 | Knight | Léon Breton |
| 1901 | Knight Officer | Octave Denis Victor Guillonnet |
| 1901 | Knight Grand Cross | Pakubuwono X |
| 1905 | Knight Grand Cross | Sisavang Vong |
| 1921 | Knight Grand Cross | Joseph Joffre |
| 1924 | Knight | Jean Desbois |
| 1929 | Knight Grand Cross | Jagatjit Singh |
| 1933 | Knight Grand Cross | Ibrahim of Johor |
| 1941 | Knight Grand Cross | Norodom Suramarit |
| 1954 | Knight Grand Cross | Bhumibol Adulyadej |
| 1956 | Knight Grand Cross | Josip Broz Tito |
| 1956 | Knight Grand Cross | Antonín Zápotocký |
| 1956 | Knight Grand Cross | Ramon Magsaysay |
| 1959 | Knight Grand Cross | Savang Vatthana |
| 1960 | Knight Grand Cross | Antonín Novotný |
| 1962 | Knight Grand Cross | Charles de Gaulle |
| 1962 | Knight Grand Cross | Putra of Perlis |
| 1965 | Knight Grand Cross | Kim Il Sung |
| 1992 | Knight Grand Cross | Norodom Ranariddh |
| 2001 | Knight Grand Cross | Sok An |
| 2002 | Knight Grand Cross | Sirajuddin of Perlis |
| 2002 | Knight Grand Cross | Tuanku Tengku Fauziah |
| 2003 | Knight Grand Officer | Aun Pornmoniroth |
| 2004 | Knight Grand Cross | Norodom Sihamoni |
| 2004 | Knight Grand Cross | Norodom Monineath |
| 2004 | Knight Grand Cross | Kim Jong Il |
| 2005 | Knight Commander | Kazimierz Duchowski |
| 2006 | Knight Grand Cross | Norodom Arunrasmy |
| 2006 | Knight Grand Cross | John Sanderson |
| 2007 | Knight Grand Cross | Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum |
| 2007 | Knight Commander | Hor Nambora |
| 2008 | Knight Grand Officier | Bernard Krisher |
| 2011 | Knight Grand Cross | Hor Namhong |
| 2013 | Knight Grand Cross | Kao Kim Hourn |
| 2014 | Knight Grand Cross | Frank Berman |
| 2018 | Knight Grand Cross | Song Tao (diplomat) |
| 2020 | Knight Grand Cross | Oknha Na-Mey Ruy |
| 2022 | Knight Grand Cross | Dr Mihajlo Glamcevski |
| 2022 | Knight Grand Cross | Tengku Fauziah binti Almarhum Tengku Abdul Rashid |
| 2023 | Knight Grand Cross | Björn Stenvers |
| 2023 | Knight Grand Cross | Sambath Pol |
| 2024 | Knight Grand Cross | James McCabe |
| 2024 | Knight Grand Cross | Mike Smith |
| 2024 | Knight Grand Cross | Nick Rose |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Emperor Akihito of Japan |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Marcel Alessandri |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Bảo Long |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Bảo Đại |
| unknown | Knight Commander | Maryse Bastié |
| unknown | Knight | Henri Bellieni |
| unknown | Knight Commander | Gustave Besnard |
| unknown | Knight Commander | Albert Besson |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Urban Jacob Rasmus Børresen |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Sarin Chhak |
| unknown | Knight Officer | Émile Duboc |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Hamengkubuwono VIII |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Hassan II of Morocco |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Emperor Hirohito of Japan |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Jean de Lattre de Tassigny |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Leopold II of Belgium |
| unknown | Knight | Jean-David Levitte |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Manuel Luis Quezon |
| unknown | Knight Officer | Auguste Lumière |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Raoul Magrin-Vernerey |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Hun Manet |
| unknown | Knight | François Marjoulet |
| unknown | Knight Grand Officer | Boun Oum |
| unknown | Knight Officer | Marcel Ribière |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Willem Rooseboom |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Raoul Salan |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Yōhei Sasakawa |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Vong Savang |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Tea Banh |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Jean de Lattre de Tassigny |
| unknown | Knight Officer | Mardochée Valabrègue |
| unknown | Knight Officer | François Zimeray |
| unknown | Knight Grand Cross | Leopold III of Belgium |