# 1998 Portuguese abortion referendum

On 28 June 1998 a referendum on a new abortion law was conducted in Portugal; it was the second national referendum in the Portuguese history and the first after the 1974 Carnation Revolution.
The law was proposed by the Portuguese Communist Party and it decriminalized abortion during the first ten weeks of pregnancy and was considered by the left as the only way to put an end to the estimated 20 to 50 thousand illegal abortions in the country. The law was approved in the Assembly of the Republic through a majority of the center-left and left-wing parties, but an agreement between the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party parties leaders led to the referendum.
The referendum was held on a summer day, which is said to have contributed to the fact that the turnout was so low that it did not pass the threshold of 50 percent of the voters needed to make the decision binding, although the winning answer, NO, was respected and the law was not changed, meaning abortion was only allowed in exceptional case (such as rape, mal-formations of the fetus and danger to the women's health). In the following years, a few dozen women (a small minority of the estimated illegal abortions) were defendants in three trials for abortion.
A revote occurred in the 2007 Portuguese abortion referendum, where the result was reversed.
The question present in the ballots was: "Do you agree with the decriminalization of the voluntary interruption of the pregnancy, if it takes place in the first 10 weeks and in an authorized healthcare institution?"

## Political positions

The major parties in Portugal at the time listed with their political positioning and their official answer to the referendum question:
* Left
** Portuguese Communist Party - YES
** Ecologist Party "The Greens" - YES
** Socialist Party - NEUTRAL (most of the party said YES, however, important members, including the then General-Secretary and Prime Minister António Guterres said NO)
* Right
** Social Democratic Party - NEUTRAL (most of the party said NO, including the then party leader Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, but high ranking members like José Pacheco Pereira said YES)
** People's Party - NO

## Campaign period
### Choices slogans

| Choice | Choice | Original slogan | English translation | Refs |
| | Yes | « Basta! Vota Sim. » « SIM, pela despenalização do aborto. » | "Enough! Vote Yes" "YES, for the decriminalization of abortion." | |
| | No | « Anda, vale a pena viver. » « Aborto a pedido? Não, obrigado. » | "Come on, life is worth living" "Abortion on demand? No thanks." | |

## Opinion polling

All polls published showed an advantage for the YES side, but official results showed a 51 to 49 percent win for the NO side. Late deciders and a low turnout may explain this result. Note, until 2000, the publication of opinion polls in the last week of the campaign was forbidden.
Exit poll
| Last day polling | Poll source | Sample size | Direct Intention of Vote | Direct Intention of Vote | Direct Intention of Vote | Direct Intention of Vote | Valid Vote | Valid Vote | Valid Vote |
| Last day polling | Poll source | Sample size | Yes | No | Undecided | Lead | Yes | No | Lead |
| 28 Jun | Referendum results | 31.9% | — | — | — | — | 49.1 | 50.9 | 1.8 |
| 28 Jun | Universidade Católica | | — | — | — | — | 47.0–53.0 | 46.0–52.0 | 1.0 |
| 19 Jun | Universidade Católica | 3,123 | — | — | — | — | 53.2 | 46.8 | 6.4 |
| 17 Jun | Metris | 1,006 | 44.4 | 41.6 | 13.4 | 2.8 | 52.0 | 48.0 | 2.0 |
| 14 Jun | Moderna | 1,441 | 54.4 | 35.5 | 10.1 | 18.9 | 61.0 | 39.0 | 22.0 |
| 9 Jun | SIC/Visão | 843 | 58.1 | 40.0 | 1.9 | 18.1 | 59.0 | 41.0 | 18.0 |
| 27 May | Euroexpansão | 644 | 81.0 | 13.0 | 6.0 | 68.0 | 86.0 | 14.0 | 72.0 |
| 24 May | Moderna | 1,434 | 55.6 | 33.1 | 11.4 | 22.5 | 63.0 | 37.0 | 26.0 |
| 21 May | SIC/Visão | 2,007 | 60.9 | 36.7 | 2.5 | 24.2 | 62.0 | 38.0 | 24.0 |
| 20 May | Metris | 1,008 | 46.9 | 43.9 | 9.1 | 3.0 | 52.0 | 48.0 | 4.0 |
| 5 May | Universidade Católica | 1,293 | 60.9 | 30.3 | 8.8 | 30.6 | 67.0 | 33.0 | 34.0 |
| 1 May | SIC/Visão | 709 | 63.1 | 35.3 | 1.6 | 27.8 | 64.0 | 36.0 | 28.0 |
| 8 Apr | Metris | 1,998 | 48.7 | 41.3 | 9.9 | 7.4 | 54.0 | 46.0 | 8.0 |
| 1998 ||||||||||

## Results

Portuguese abortion referendum, 1998 :
| Choice | Votes | % |
| No | 1,356,754 | 50.91 |
| Yes | 1,308,130 | 49.09 |
| Valid votes | 2,664,884 | 98.35 |
| Invalid or blank votes | 44,619 | 1.65 |
| Total votes | 2,709,503 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 8,496,089 | 31.89 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||
Referendum results (excluding invalid votes) :
| Yes 1,308,130 (49.1%) | No 1,356,754 (50.9%) |
| ▲ 50% ||

### Results by district

| District | District | Yes | Yes | No | No | Turnout |
| District | District | Votes | % | Votes | % | Turnout |
| | Aveiro | 53,657 | 32.27% | 112,621 | 67.73% | 30.63% |
| | Azores | 8,422 | 17.20% | 40,545 | 82.80% | 27.21% |
| | Beja | 25,477 | 78.17% | 7,114 | 21.83% | 22.96% |
| | Braga | 55,770 | 22.73% | 189,555 | 77.27% | 39.55% |
| | Bragança | 10,899 | 26.25% | 30,621 | 73.75% | 28.58% |
| | Castelo Branco | 25,341 | 47.22% | 28,330 | 52.78% | 28.78% |
| | Coimbra | 52,487 | 52.94% | 46,649 | 47.06% | 27.33% |
| | Évora | 28,137 | 72.98% | 10,417 | 27.02% | 21.62% |
| | Faro | 46,519 | 69.59% | 20,331 | 30.41% | 22.38% |
| | Guarda | 15,836 | 29.89% | 37,145 | 70.11% | 31.99% |
| | Leiria | 50,939 | 48.26% | 54,612 | 51.74% | 29.40% |
| | Lisbon | 416,285 | 68.51% | 191,342 | 31.49% | 34.36% |
| | Madeira | 15,681 | 23.97% | 49,733 | 76.03% | 32.76% |
| | Portalegre | 17,879 | 67.78% | 8,537 | 32.32% | 24.14% |
| | Porto | 192,100 | 42.38% | 261,211 | 57.62% | 33.39% |
| | Santarém | 63,273 | 56.57% | 48,581 | 43.43% | 29.83% |
| | Setúbal | 169,742 | 81.89% | 37,534 | 18.11% | 33.37% |
| | Viana do Castelo | 19,365 | 26.21% | 54,506 | 73.79% | 34.09% |
| | Vila Real | 15,907 | 26.97% | 50,453 | 76.03% | 31.28% |
| | Viseu | 24,891 | 24.22% | 77,861 | 75.78% | 30.37% |
| Source: Direcção Geral da Administração Interna |||||||