OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hindered amine light stabilizers

Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) are chemical compounds containing an amine functional group that are used as stabilizers in plastics and polymers. These compounds are typically derivatives of tetramethylpiperidine and are primarily used to protect the polymers from the effects of photo-oxidation; as opposed to other forms of polymer degradation such as ozonolysis. They are also increasingly being used as thermal stabilizers, particularly for low and moderate level of heat, however during the high temperature processing of polymers (e.g. injection moulding) they remain less effective than traditional phenolic antioxidants.

## Mechanism of action

HALS do not absorb UV radiation, but act to inhibit degradation of the polymer by continuously and cyclically removing free radicals that are produced by photo-oxidation of the polymer. The overall process is sometimes referred to as the Denisov cycle, after Evguenii T. Denisov and is exceedingly complex. Broadly, HALS react with the initial polymer peroxy radical (ROO•) and alkyl polymer radicals (R•) formed by the reaction of the polymer and oxygen, preventing further radical oxidation. By these reactions HALS are oxidised to their corresponding aminoxyl radicals (R$_2$NO• c.f. TEMPO), however they are able to return to their initial amine form via a series of additional radical reactions. HALS's high efficiency and longevity are due to this cyclic process wherein the HALS are regenerated rather than consumed during the stabilization process.
The structure of the HALS makes them resistant to side reactions. The use of a hindered amine possessing no alpha-hydrogens prevents the HALS being converted into a nitrone species and piperidines are resistant to intramolecular Cope reactions. In commercial HALS the reactive piperidine group is usually bonded to bulky chemical scaffold, in order to reduce its volatility during the melt processing of plastic.

## Application

Even though HALS are extremely effective in polyolefins, polyethylene and polyurethane, they are ineffective in polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It is thought that their ability to form nitroxyl radicals is disrupted due them being readily protonated by HCl released by dehydrohalogenation of PVC.
# Matías Mansilla

Matías Alberto Mansilla (born 21 January 1996) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Deportivo Municipal.

## Career

Mansilla made his professional football debut with Rosario Central in October 2016, featuring for the final minutes of a 1–1 draw against Huracán in the Argentine Primera División. He made four further appearances during the 2016–17 season. On 14 August 2017, Mansilla signed for Primera B Nacional's Quilmes on loan. In total, he featured on thirteen occasions for Quilmes as they finished twelfth. In January 2019, Mansilla was announced as a new player for Peruvian Segunda División side Santos. His first senior goal arrived in the succeeding June versus Juan Aurich.
2020 saw Mansilla join Peruvian Primera División team Deportivo Municipal; again teaming up with Renzo Alfani, who was also his teammate at Rosario and Santos.

## Career statistics

    As of 18 December 2020.
Club statistics :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Rosario Central | 2016–17 | Argentine Primera División | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Rosario Central | 2017–18 | Argentine Primera División | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rosario Central | 2018–19 | Argentine Primera División | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rosario Central | Total | Total | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Quilmes (loan) | 2017–18 | Primera B Nacional | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| Santos | 2019 | Segunda División | 22 | 3 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 22 | 3 |
| Deportivo Municipal | 2020 | Peruvian Primera División | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 64 | 3 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 | 3 |
# Craig Emmanuel

Craig Walt Emmanuel (born 5 May 1986 in St Lucia) is a West Indian cricketer who plays first class cricket for Windward Islands. He made his debut in the 2003–04 season by playing three games for West Indies U-19. At the conclusion of the 2005–06 season, he has played 19 first class and 15 List A games, all for the Windward Islands apart from the three one-day games for the U-19 side. Emmanuel has played as a specialist batsman, and his highest score in senior top-level cricket is 73.
# Eddie Soto

Eddie Soto (born June 14, 1972) is a former American soccer player who played as a forward. Soto spent five seasons in the USISL and has served as an assistant men's and women's collegiate soccer coach for eight seasons.

## Youth

Soto played for the North Huntington Beach youth club, winning the 1991 James McGuire Trophy as the U.S. U-19 national champion. He was also a member of the U-18 and U-20 national teams. In addition to his national team and club commitments, Soto attended Cerritos High School where he was a two time Parade Magazine high school All-American and the 1990 California 3A Player of the Year. Soto graduated from Cerritos in 1991 and entered Chapman University that fall. He played one season at Chapman before transferring to Cal State Fullerton where he played from 1992 to 1994. He scored thirty-eight goals in his three seasons, earning second team All-American recognition in 1992. His thirty-eight goals places him second on the school's career goals list. He graduated in 1995 with a bachelor's degree in kinesiology.

## Professional

In 1994, Soto spent the collegiate off-season playing for the Montclair Standard Falcons of the USISL. In the spring of 1995, Soto signed with the Anaheim Splash of the Continental Indoor Soccer League, but the team released him before he entered a game. In June 1995, Soto signed with the Los Angeles Salsa U-23 in the USISL. In February 1996, the MetroStars of Major League Soccer selected Soto in the eighth round (79th overall) of the Inaugural Player Draft. The team waived him on March 26, 1996. Soto returned to Southern California where he played for U.S. Beach Soccer and worked as a machinist. In 1997, he signed with the Orange County Zodiac of the USL A-League. In March 1998, the San Jose Clash selected Soto in the second round (23d overall) in the 1998 MLS Supplemental Draft. Once again, the team released him in the preseason. In 2000, the Zodiac was renamed the Wave. Soto left the Wave at the end of 2000 season and spent some time with the USA Pro Beach Soccer Team before retiring from playing.

## Coaching

In addition to playing, Soto also coached at the collegiate and youth soccer levels. In 1997, he was the assistant coach with the Long Beach City College women's soccer team when they won the California State Championship. In 2001, he was hired as an assistant coach at Cal State Fullerton. In 2004, he moved to Long Beach State as an assistant. On July 12, 2006, UCLA hired Soto as an assistant coach, but he also spent that season with Cal State Fullerton. On April 15, 2009, Soto also became the head coach of the United States national beach soccer team In 2012, the Los Angeles Galaxy hired Soto to coach its U-18 Academy team. In January 2013, Soto became the head of the U-15 team.
# Hanne Hiob

Hanne Hiob (12 March 1923 – 23 June 2009) was a German actress.

## Early Life

Hiob was born on 12 March 1920 as Hanne Marianne Brecht in Munich, the daughter of the writer Bertolt Brecht and his then wife, the opera singer and actress Marianne Zoff. In February 1928, Zoff had a daughter, Ursula Lingen, by German actor Theo Lingen. In September 1928, Brecht and Zoff divorced; Zoff married Lingen later that year. Hanne Brecht later married Joachim Hiob.
Hanne grew up with her mother and Theo Lingen, and Lingen was able to protect his wife, who was classified as a half-Jew under the Nazi-regime, and his daughter from persecution.

## Career

Hanne Brecht studied dance at the Vienna State Opera. From 1941 she worked as a dancer and an actress in Salzburg, Austria. Among other parts, she played the leading role in Brecht's Señora Carrar's Rifles and in 1959 in Saint Joan of the Stockyards under the direction of Gustaf Gründgens. She performed in Munich, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Vienna and Berlin.
She retired from the stage in 1976 but remained active reading Brecht works and participating in street theater projects such as the Anachronistic Train.
Hiob got involved in pacifism, and received the Aachen Peace Prize in 2005.
In 1990, Hiob published a collection of letters Brecht had sent to her mother and herself.

## Death

Hanne Hiob died in Munich, aged 86, from undisclosed causes.

## Filmography
### Actress

* Hundert Jahre Brecht (A hundred years of Brecht) (1997)
* Die letzte Runde (The last round) (1983)
* Raindrops (1980/1981)
* The Investigation [de] (1966, TV film)
* Es fing so harmlos an (It began so innocently) (1943/1944)
* Frau Luna [de] (Mrs. Luna) (1941)

### Director

* Flüchtlingsgespräche (2003)

## Literature

* Hanne Hiob, Gerd Koller (ed.) Wir verreisen...in die Vernichtung; Briefe 1937–1944, Aufbau Taschenbuch Verlag Berlin (1998), ISBN 3-7466-1395-7
* Brecht, Bertolt; Zoff, Marianne; Glaeser, Günter (1990). Hiob, Hanne (ed.). Briefe an Marianne Zoff und Hanne Hiob (1. Aufl ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. ISBN 978-3-518-40222-1.
* Hillesheim, Jürgen (2000). Augsburger Brecht-Lexikon: Personen - Institutionen - Schauplätze. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann. ISBN 9783826012761.
# Mahmoud Karimi (Maddah)

Mahmoud Karimi (Persian: محمود کریمی ) is an Iranian Maddah, who was born on 13 June 1968 in Tehran; his father is considered among Iranian missing combatants (during Iran-Iraq war), and his brother was killed in 1985 during "Operation Karbala 5" in Shalamcheh. Mahmoud Karimi got married in 1991 and has 2 children (a son and a daughter).
It has been mentioned in regards to Mahmoud Karimi's occupation that he is self-employed, and is working on industrial-related activities. Karimi mentions that he has studied at Allameh Tabataba'i University at the subject of "industrial management" but he left it after passing 74 university credits; and preferred to be active at cultural front/issues, thus he entered cultural/maddahi fields.
This Iranian Maddah who is also known as "Haj Mahmoud Karimi", has performed diverse Maddahis and mourning, and has presented various maddahi albums/Nohas, too. He also has held maddahis/dhikrs in the "office of the supreme leader of Iran".
# Gerbong Maut incident

The Gerbong Maut incident (lit. 'Death Carriage incident'), also known as the Bondowoso death train, is a historical incident that occurred on November 23, 1947 in Bondowoso, Indonesia during Dutch occupation.
In the midst of the guerrilla war between the people of Bondowoso and the Dutch colonial forces, 100 men were arrested on suspicion of being revolutionaries. The men where stuffed into 3 railway cars headed from the Bondowoso train station to the Kalisosok Prison in Surabaya, about 250 kilometers away because of alleged overcrowding at the local jail. The sealed cars, made of timber and corrugated iron, allowed little oxygen and created an extreme heat.
Based on the testimony of one of the survivors, when the train stopped at sidings along the 16-hour journey, the prisoners hit the walls and shouted for food and water. They were told only bullets were available and nothing would be supplied until the train reached Surabaya. However, when the train reached its destination only 12 were left unharmed by lack of oxygen and heat stress. All the men in the first car were alive though some were seriously sick. In the second car, eight were dead. In the last wagon no one had survived.

## Monument

The monument is located in the centre of the city of Bondowoso, between the alun-alun (city central square) and the regency government office. The monument consists of two parts, a railway car and a statue representing the hundred prisoners of the Gerbong Maut. The railway car is a replica and the original car is displayed at the Brawijaya Army Museum in Malang.
# Szewce, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Szewce is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Piotrków Kujawski, within Radziejów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Piotrków Kujawski, 14 km (9 mi) south of Radziejów, and 59 km (37 mi) south of Toruń.
# Szklana Huta, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Szklana Huta is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cekcyn, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
# Szpetal Górny

Szpetal Górny is a small village in the administrative district of Gmina Fabianki, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Fabianki, 6 km (4 mi) north-east of Włocławek, and 51 km (32 mi) south-east of Toruń.
# Szpiegowo

Szpiegowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobrzyń nad Wisłą, within Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of Dobrzyń nad Wisłą, 18 km (11 mi) south of Lipno, and 56 km (35 mi) south-east of Toruń.
# Szymborno

Szymborno (Polish:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kijewo Królewskie, within Chełmno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
# Szynwałd, Sępólno County

Szynwałd is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sośno, within Sępólno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Sośno, 10 km (6 mi) south-east of Sępólno Krajeńskie, and 40 km (25 mi) north-west of Bydgoszcz.
# Słabomierz, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Słabomierz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żnin, within Żnin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Żnin and 38 km (24 mi) south-west of Bydgoszcz.
# Słaboszewo

Słaboszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dąbrowa, within Mogilno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north of Mogilno and 38 km (24 mi) south of Bydgoszcz.
# Słońsko

Słońsko is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Inowrocław, within Inowrocław County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Inowrocław, 30 km (19 mi) south-west of Toruń, and 41 km (25 mi) south-east of Bydgoszcz.
# Taszewo

Taszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jeżewo, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Jeżewo, 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Świecie, 51 km (32 mi) north of Toruń, and 54 km (34 mi) north-east of Bydgoszcz.
# Teresin, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Teresin (Polish pronunciation:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sicienko, within Bydgoszcz County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Sicienko and 21 km (13 mi) north-west of Bydgoszcz.
# Tomaszewo, Aleksandrów County

Tomaszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bądkowo, within Aleksandrów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
# Toninek

Toninek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sośno, within Sępólno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Sośno, 14 km (9 mi) south-east of Sępólno Krajeńskie, and 35 km (22 mi) north-west of Bydgoszcz.
# Topolinek, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Topolinek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świecie, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-west of Świecie, 32 km (20 mi) north-east of Bydgoszcz, and 39 km (24 mi) north-west of Toruń.
# Atämaz

Atämaz (Moksha: Атямас, romanized: Atiamas, lit. 'belonging to Atäm (Thunder God)') was a Moxel prince of 13th-century. He was the son of Kanazor (King) Puresh and brother of Queen Narchat.

## History

In 1230 Purgaz laid siege to Nizhny Novgorod but was defeated. After that the son of Puresh with his Polovtsi allies raided into Purgaz's lands and completely destroyed his kingdom.
# Christopher Janik

Christopher Janik (born 27 March 1986) is a Singaporean cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he played in the Singapore team in the 2014 ICC World Cricket League Division Three tournament.

## Education

Janik studied at Anglo-Chinese School (Junior).

## Personal life

Janik was born to German father, Detlev. and mother, Daisy.
# Centrolepis humillima

Centrolepis humillima, commonly known as dwarf centrolepis, is a species of plant in the family Restionaceae and is found in Western Australia.
The annual herb has a densely tufted habit and typically grows to a height of 3 to 10 centimetres (1.18 to 3.94 in). It blooms between September and December.
It is found amongst moss beds and along the margins of salt lakes and claypans in the Wheatbelt, Mid West, Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy-clay soils.
# Hanoi BRT

Hanoi BRT or Hanoi Bus Rapid Transit is a transit bus system with large roadway shelters in Hanoi, Vietnam that opened on 31 December 2016, that began as a pilot project.
The Kim Mã station in Đống Đa district and Yên Nghĩa station in Hà Đông district route runs 14.5-km route, albeit with problems of traffic separation and heavy usage during rush hours, meanwhile very under-utilised during other hours. Nevertheless, a second line is planned.
# Recumbirostra

Recumbirostra is a clade of tetrapods which lived during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. They are thought to have had a fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle and the group includes both short-bodied and long-bodied snake-like forms. At least one species, the long-bodied molgophid Nagini mazonense, lost its forelimbs entirely. Recumbirostra includes the families Pantylidae, Gymnarthridae, Ostodolepidae, Rhynchonkidae and Brachystelechidae, with additional families such as Microbrachidae and Molgophidae being included by some authors. Brachystelechidae and Molgophidae have also been grouped together in the suggested clade Chthonosauria.
Recumbirostra was erected as a clade in 2007 to include many of the taxa traditionally grouped in "Microsauria", which has since been shown to be a paraphyletic or polyphyletic grouping. Like other "microsaurs", the recumbirostrans have traditionally been considered to be members of the subclass Lepospondyli; however, many phylogenetic analyses conducted since the 2010s have recovered recumbirostrans as basal sauropsid (reptilian) amniotes instead. However, the placement of recumbirostrans as reptiles has been challenged by other authors, who have recovered them as stem-amniotes instead, and contended that the shared characters between recumbirostrans and reptiles are convergent, or the result of incorrect character encoding. Not all phylogenetic analyses recognize Recumbirostra as a valid grouping. An alternative clade called Tuditanomorpha is occasionally supported and includes many of the same taxa. Furthermore, the taxa that are often considered to be recumbirostrans have been found among amphibians (and not as a distinct clade) in some analyses.

## Classification
### Taxonomy

* Altenglanerpeton
* Sparodus
* Steenerpeton?
* Trihecaton?
* Hapsidopareiidae
* Microbrachidae?
* Pantylidae
* Odonterpetidae
** Odonterpeton
** Joermungandr
* Chthonosauria
** Brachystelechidae
** Lysorophia?
* Nastrondormes
** Gymnarthridae
** Rhynchonkidae / Goniorhynchidae
*** Aletrimyti
*** Dvellecanus
*** Rhynchonkos
** Ostodolepidae

### Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of recumbirostrans from Glienke (2012):

## Gallery

* Skeleton of Joermungandr bolti, showing preserved remains of scales
* Skeleton of the brachystelechid Batropetes
* Skull of the molgophid Brachydectes
* Skull of the ostodolepid Nannaroter
# The Elephant in the Room (book)

The Elephant in the Room: Evangelicals, Libertarians, and the Battle to Control the Republican Party (John Wiley & Sons, 2006) is a book by libertarian political columnist Ryan Sager.
In the book, Sager argues that the Republican Party, after President Bush, risks a split between its Libertarian and Evangelical wings. Whereas the party once held together ideologically through a bargain known as fusionism, under which libertarian and religious conservatives mutually sought to reduce the size and scope of government, that bargain is now in jeopardy because of the rise of so-called "big-government conservatives." Those big-government conservatives — typically southern, religious, and less educated — had by 2005 come to make up roughly one-third of the Republican coalition. Pandering to this new faction, Sager argues, threatens to permanently alienate the GOP's small-government base.
Sager further argues that the emerging split will manifest itself through a geographic realignment of the two major parties, with the libertarian-oriented and once reliably Republican Interior West — the eight states between the Pacific Coast and the Midwest: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming — turning into a swing region.
In order to heal the Republican Party's rift, Sager argues, the GOP should renew its fusionist bargain. This would involve, in his view, embracing the concept of cultural federalism (allowing thorny moral issues such as gay marriage to be sorted out at the state level), backing off intrusive security measures in the War on Terror, and committing to small-government policy reforms such as school choice.

## Reviews

The Elephant in the Room received positive reviews, being named one of the best books of 2006 by National Review.
# Mỹ Trạch massacre

The Mỹ Trạch Massacre (Vietnamese: Thảm sát Mỹ Trạch) was a mass murder and wartime rape committed by the French Army against Vietnamese civilians in the First Indochina War. French soldiers committed the massacre in Mỹ Trạch village, Mỹ Thủy commune, Lệ Thủy District, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam from 5 am to 8 am on 29 November 1948. The French Army burned 326 houses and murdered more than half of the village's residents. French soldiers raped many women and girls before murdering them. The French Army murdered over 300 civilian residents in Mỹ Trạch, including 170 women and 157 children.
The location of the massacre was in the foot of Mỹ Trạch Bridge, a bridge on the North–South Railway, next to Mỹ Trạch Railway Station. French soldiers forced the victims to the foot of the bridge and lined them up before murdering them with machine gun fire.
Every year, residents of Mỹ Trạch mourn 29 November as "Hatred Date."
On 27 December 2001, The Ministry of Culture of Vietnam classified the memorial park in which the memorial site is located as one of the National Historical Relics of Vietnam.