OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hitler (disambiguation)

Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945.
Hitler may also refer to:

## Books

* Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations, a series compiling Adolf Hitler's speeches
* Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, a book by British historian Sir Alan Bullock, published in 1952, the first major biography in English about Adolf Hitler
* The Hitler Book, a 2005 publication based on a secret Soviet report about Adolf Hitler
* Hitler: A Short Biography, a 2012 short biography by A. N. Wilson about Adolf Hitler
* Hitler (Ullrich books), a two-volume biography of Adolf Hitler by Volker Ullrich
* Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler, a manga by Shigeru Mizuki

## Film and television
### Adolf Hitler

* Hitler (1962 film), a film starring Richard Basehart
* Hitler: A Film from Germany, a 1978 film co-produced by the BBC
* Hitler – Beast of Berlin, a 1939 film
* Hitler: The Last Ten Days, a 1973 film
* Hitler: The Rise of Evil, a 2003 TV series broadcast by CBS

### Other films

* Hitler (1996 film), a Malayalam film
* Hitler (1997 film), a Telugu film
* Hitler och vi på Klamparegatan, a Swedish film starring Chatarina Larsson
* Hitler (1998 film), a Hindi film
* Meet the Hitlers, 2014 documentary film
* Hitler (2024 film), an Indian Tamil-language film

## Other uses

* Adolf Hitler (calypso), a song
* Hitler (name), a surname, and a list of people with the name
* Hitler (retail store), the former name of a clothing store in Gujarat, India
# Airplane game

The airplane game, also known as the plane game, is a style of pyramid scheme first recorded in the 1980s in North America and later Western Europe.
The common version of the system involved joining an "airplane" by paying a "pilot" to become one of eight "passengers". Already on the airplane were four "flight attendants" who were a step ahead, and two "co-pilots" next in line behind the pilot, thus the new passenger is fourth in the hierarchy. Once a pilot collected $12,000 from passengers to retire, the group split into two "airplanes", with each co-pilot becoming the pilot of the new airplane, taking half the participants and promoting everyone a level. Bringing in new passengers sped up everyone's progression towards retiring as a pilot. However, the structure of the scheme results in a participant losing the entire payment unless 14 new participants join.
The scheme had spread from New York to Texas to California to South Florida by early 1987, with police raiding meetings in all four states, and reports of more airplane schemes operating in Dallas. In Miami-Dade County, Florida, at least one recruiting session was reported with 1,000 attendees. Though common versions at the time required passengers to pay $1,500 to receive $12,000 as a pilot, some airplanes were being run with $5,000 passengers and a $40,000 pilot payout.

## Other names

The scheme has also gone by the names Concorde and Golden Galaxy with similar names for the steps. Cash Club, Victoria operated in the same way but with different amounts and the steps were renamed to "club member", "committee member", "vice-president", and "president". "Krona Klub" was a similar scheme with more complex payout rules, as was a so-called game variously called "Cosmic Adventure", "Flying Saucer", or "Flying Starship".
The scheme resurfaced in 2020, conducted over Instagram and other social media platforms, going by a variety of names including Blessing Loom, Loom Game, Wheel, Gift of Legacy, and The Prosperity Grid in South Africa.
In 2022, after receiving several complaints from the public, South Africa's Financial Sector Conduct Authority released an official warning to the public regarding The Prosperity Grid, saying that although it resembled a traditional stokvel savings scheme, they considered its structure to be a pyramid scheme. Because pyramid schemes fall outside of the jurisdiction of the FSCA, the matter has been referred to other relevant regulators and authorities.
# Location area identity

In mobile networks, location area identity (LAI) is a unique identifier assigned to each location area of a public land mobile network (PLMN).

## Overview

This internationally unique identifier is used for location updating of mobile subscribers. It is composed of a three decimal digit mobile country code (MCC), a two to three digit mobile network code (MNC) that identifies a Subscriber Module Public Land Mobile Network (SM PLMN) in that country, and a location area code (LAC) which is a 16 bit number with two special values, thereby allowing 65534 location areas within one GSM PLMN.

## Broadcast

The LAI is broadcast regularly through a broadcast control channel (BCCH). A mobile station (e.g. cell phone) recognizes the LAI and stores it in the SIM Card. If the mobile station is moving and notices a change of LAI, it will issue a location update request, thereby informing the mobile provider of its new LAI. This allows the provider to locate the mobile station in case of an incoming call.
# Descent into Madness

Descent into Madness may refer to:
* "Descent into Madness", an episode of Voltron: The Third Dimension
* "Descent into Madness", a song by Evile from the 2011 album Five Serpent's Teeth
* "Descent into Madness", a book by Vernon Frolick about the murderer Michael Eugene Oros
# Christ Appearing to his Mother after his Resurrection

Christ Appearing to his Mother after his Resurrection (Italian: Il Risorto appare alla Madre) is an oil on canvas painting by Titian, from 1554. He painted it whilst in Medole in Mantua, where he was staying with the archpriest of Assunzione della Vergine, the town's parish church where it still hangs. The painting forms part of a series of works the artist planned in his old age, and is his only altarpiece still in situ in the province and city of Mantua.
Along with the titular figures, the left-hand side of the piece also shows Noah, Abraham, Adam (carrying Christ's cross) and Eve – all just released during Christ's Harrowing of Hell. It formed part of the major 1935 retrospective of the artist's work in Venice. It was stolen in April 1968, but returned on 12 May the same year, albeit damaged during the theft. It was subsequently sent to the Istituto Centrale del Restauro in Rome until being re-hung in the church in 1971. It then appeared in Mantua as part of the 1974 exhibition "Tesori d'arte nella terra dei Gonzaga".
# Gerardo Espina Jr.

Gerardo Jimenez Espina Jr. (born August 7, 1970), also known as Gerry Espina, is a Filipino politician. He is currently serving as the representative of Biliran's lone district, a position he also held from 2004 to 2007. He had also served as governor of Biliran from 2010 to 2019 and as mayor of Naval, Biliran from 1998 to 2004.
In February 2025, Espina was one of the 95 Lakas–CMD members who voted to impeach vice president Sara Duterte.

## Early life

Gerardo Jimenez Espina Jr. was born on August 7, 1970, in Manila, the son of a former congressman and mayor, Gerardo Sabinay Espina Sr. He finished both his elementary and secondary education at the San Beda College. He finished Bachelor in Marketing at the Philippine School of Business Administration in, Quezon City in 1992. He is uncle to singer entertainer Gretchen Espina.
Espina is a member of one of the longest serving political dynasties in Biliran dating back in the 1970s. His father was a delegate of the 1972 Constitutional Convention, three term member of the House of Representatives and Mayor of Naval, Biliran. His brothers Rogelio, former governor, now congressman of the same district and Rodolfo, Mayor of Kawayan, Biliran, and sister Roselyn, one-time councilor of Naval.

## Political career
### Mayor of Naval, Biliran (1998–2004)

Espina started his political career as the municipal mayor of Naval, Biliran in 1998 and served until 2004.

### House of Representatives (2004–2007; 2019–present)

From 2004 up to 2007, he was a member of the House of Representatives as representative of the lone district of Biliran.
In 2019, Espina was elected to a second term in Congress under PDP-Laban, defeating Romulo "Mulong" Bernardes. In February 2020, Espina left PDP-Laban to join the Lakas–CMD party.
On February 5, 2025, Espina was among the 95 Lakas–CMD members who voted to impeach vice president Sara Duterte.

#### Committee membership

As a member of House of Representatives, Espina was the Vice Chairman of the House Committee on Agriculture, Food and Fisheries and of the House Committee on Youth and Sports Development. Congressman Espina also had memberships in the following house committees: Accounts; Basic Education and Culture; Energy; Foreign Affairs; Games and Amusement; Higher and Technical Education; Legislative Franchises; Local Government; National Defense and Security; Natural Resources; People's Participation; Public Order and Security; Tourism; and Ways and Means.

### Governor of Biliran (2010–2019)

In the May 10, 2010, elections, he became a governor of the Province of Biliran, Philippines, serving for three terms up to 2019.
# Adderley railway station

Adderley railway station was a station serving the village of Adderley in the English county of Shropshire.

## History

The station was built by the Nantwich and Market Drayton Railway (N&MDR) and opened on 20 October 1863, although the line was operated by the Great Western Railway from its opening and the Nantwich and Market Drayton Railway was eventually amalgamated into the Great Western Railway in 1897. The line passed on to the Western Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948, and was then closed to passengers by the British Railways Board on 9 September 1963.

## Route

| Preceding station | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | Following station |
| Market Drayton | | Nantwich and Market Drayton Railway Great Western Railway | | Coxbank Halt |
# Axbridge Rural District

Axbridge was a rural district in Somerset, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was named after the town of Axbridge.
It was created in 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894 as a successor to the Axbridge rural sanitary district.
In 1974, it was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972. The area was split between three districts. The civil parishes of Banwell, Bleadon, Butcombe, Churchill, Congresbury, Hutton, Kewstoke, Locking, Puxton, Wick St. Lawrence, Winscombe and Wrington, and part of the parishes of Blagdon, Burrington and Loxton became part of the Woodspring district in the new county of Avon, with the remainder of the district becoming part of the Sedgemoor district in Somerset.
# José Luis Silva Silva

José Luis Silva Silva (born 28 January 1968) is a Venezuelan military officer who is an Colonel of the Venezuelan National Guard. He currently serves as Defense Attaché of the Embassy at the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United States of America in Washington D.C. During the Venezuelan presidential crisis in January 2019, Colonel Silva was the first active command officer who recognized National Assembly President Juan Guaidó as interim President of Venezuela.

## Biography

Colonel Silva has been commander of military units according to the degree that corresponded to him. He graduated with the highest academic honor (Summa Cum Laude) from the Military Academy of the Venezuelan National Guard on 5 July 1991 as a Bachelor of Science and Military Arts, being ranked number 5 among 157 officers. As a military, he was among the first until his last grade obtained from Colonel of Active Command. He speaks Spanish and English.
Apart from his military studies, he holds:
* Bachelor's degree in administration and public safety from Saint Petersburg College, United States (2007)
* Master in Criminology University of South Florida, United States (2008)
* Doctorate of Philosophy in criminology University of South Florida, United States (2010)

### Venezuelan presidential crisis

On 26 January 2019, Colonel Silva announced through interviews in international news and digital media that he no longer recognizes Nicolás Maduro as President of Venezuela and recognized National Assembly President Juan Guaidó as its legitimate President. Silva also supported the roadmap introduced by Guaidó, which included "ceasing the usurpation of the executive power," the "beginning of a transition to a new government" and "free and transparent presidential elections."
His response led to the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela (FANB) to put out a critical tweet on its official account. The tweet showed a screenshot from the video of Colonel Silva declaring his defection with the word "TRAITOR" emblazoned over it. The statement said "Insubordination in the face of international interests is an act of treason and cowardice with the fatherland inherited from our liberator Simón Bolívar. As such, we reject the declarations made by Col. Jose Luis Silva Silva, who was acting as military attaché in the United States."

## Decorations and honors

* Order of Rafael Urdaneta (Spanish: Orden Rafael Urdaneta), Second and Third Class.
* National Guard Cross (Spanish: Cruz de la Guardia Nacional), Third Class.
* Merit order to working your (Spanish: Orden mérito al trabajo), Third Class.
* Order of Diego de Lozada (Spanish: Orden Diego de Lozada), Third Class.
* Land Transit Cross (Spanish: Cruz de Tránsito terrestre), Second class.
* Cross of the Police Armed Forces (Spanish: Cruz de las Fuerzas Armadas Policiales), Second and Third Class.
* Order of Juan A. Rodríguez Domínguez (Spanish: Orden Juan A. Rodríguez Domínguez), Third Class.
* Civil Defense Order (Spanish: Orden Defensa Civil), Third Class.
# Anthony Dean (cyclist)

Anthony Dean (born 22 April 1991) is an Australian BMX cyclist. He qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics & The 2020 Tokyo Olympics and competed in the men's BMX Racing.

## Early years

Born in Adelaide, South Australia, Dean first started competing in BMX as a 7-year-old. He was very focused and with intense practice excelled in the National Series and National Championships.
In 2013, Dean got his first chance at competing on the World Circuit. In 2014 he achieved his first World Cup medal and finished second overall in the World Cup rankings.

## Achievements

Dean was nominated as a reserve for the London 2012 Olympics team, He climbed into the top ten in the world leading into the Rio 2016 Olympics. However, in early 2016 his Olympic dreams were almost shattered when he broke his collarbone during a training session. Fortunately, after surgery, he made a quick recovery. He was able to compete in the season's opening World Cup event.
At the Rio 2016 Olympics, Dean moved through the quarter-finals as the highest ranked rider. He won each of his three semi-final races and joined teammate Sam Willoughby in the final. Unfortunately Dean couldn't match his earlier feats and finished eighth.
Dean, originally from Australia, now presently lives in San Diego, California. Dean has been a top threat contender in the men's elite BMX since 2012. During the 2018 UCI BMX World Championships he became a recipient of the bronze medal.
Dean likes to listen hip hop and is influenced by Sam Willoughby.
# Tessa ter Sluis

Tessa ter Sluis (born 16 January 1995 in Sint Willebrord) is a Dutch professional squash player. As of March 2022, she is ranked number 62 in the world. The highest ranking of her career is number 56. She has been in the Netherlands women's national squash team since 2014.

## Education

ter Sluis went to RSG t' Rijks to get her VWO high school diploma. Whilst she started playing on the PSA World Tour in 2014, she decided to study for a few more years. She studied Sportmarketing at the Johan Cruyff University, a hbo programme set up for athletes. In 2018 she got her degree and she went on to play on the tour full time.

## Squash career

ter Sluis started playing squash at the age of 8. Together with her brother she started to train and play junior tournaments. She loved playing squash and chose to only play squash. From there she played national and international events. Won many national junior titles and even got selected for the European and world championships.
In 2014, she started playing on the PSA world tour, previously known as WISPA. In that same year she got selected for the women's national team for the first time.
ter Sluis is currently sponsored by multiple companies, such as VitOrtho voedingssupplementen, BRESS breda, Houtrust Squash and Decathlon Nederland.
In 2017 Tessa won her first Dutch national championship. In 2025 she reclaimed her title for the second time.
# Losing stream

A losing stream, disappearing stream, influent stream or sinking river is a stream or river that loses water as it flows downstream. The water infiltrates into the ground recharging the local groundwater, because the water table is below the bottom of the stream channel. This is the opposite of a more common gaining stream (or effluent stream) which increases in water volume farther downstream as it gains water from the local aquifer.
Losing streams are common in arid areas due to the climate which results in huge amounts of water evaporating from the river generally towards the mouth. Losing streams are also common in regions of karst topography where the streamwater may be completely captured by a cavern system, becoming a subterranean river.

## Examples

There are many natural examples of subterranean rivers including:

### Bosnia and Herzegovina

* Unac; Mušnica-Trebišnjica-Krupa/Ombla (Trebišnjica is considered to be one of the largest sinking rivers in the world; one of its effluents, Ombla, springs out of huge cave near Dubrovnik, Croatia and after about 30 metres empties into Adriatic Sea's ria called Rijeka Dubrovačka); Zalomka-Buna/Bunica/Bregava; Vrljika-Trebižat; Lištica-Jasenica; Šuica-Ričina

### Germany

* The Danube River disappears in the Danube Sinkhole between Immendingen and Möhringen in an area of karst.

### New Zealand

* The Selwyn River / Waikirikiri normally disappears below ground as it flows down the Canterbury Plains due to overlaying a deep and porous aquifer, re-emerging about 15 kilometres away from its output at Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora.

### United States

* There are two rivers in Idaho, the Big Lost River and the Little Lost River, which both flow into the same depression and become subterranean, feeding the Snake River Plain Aquifer. Via the aquifer and numerous springs, they are tributaries of the Snake River.
* The Lost River in Indiana rises in Vernon Township, Washington County, Indiana, and discharges into the East Fork of the White River. The Lost River is about 85 miles (137 km) long and its name is derived from the fact that at least 23 miles (37 km) of the primary course of the river flows completely underground. The river disappears into a series of sink holes of the type that are abundant in the karstland of southern Indiana.
* The Lost River of New Hampshire is a 4-mile-long (6 km) stream in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. It is part of the Pemigewasset River watershed. The Lost River begins in Kinsman Notch, one of the major passes through the White Mountains. As it flows through the notch, it passes through Lost River Gorge, an area where enormous boulders falling off the flanking walls of the notch at the close of the last Ice Age have covered the river, creating a network of boulder caves.
* The Lost River of West Virginia is located in the Appalachian Mountains of Hardy County in the Eastern Panhandle region of the state. It flows into an underground channel northeast of Baker along West Virginia Route 259 at "the Sinks" and reappears near Wardensville as the Cacapon River.
# Balloon modelling

Balloon modelling or balloon twisting is the shaping of special modelling balloons into various shapes, often balloon animals. People who create balloon animals and other twisted balloon decoration sculptures are called twisters, balloon benders, and balloon artists. Twisters often perform in restaurants, at birthday parties, fairs and at public and private events or functions.
Two primary design styles are "single balloon modelling", which restricts itself to the use of one balloon per model, and "multiple balloon modelling", which uses more than one balloon. Each style has its own set of challenges and skills, and most twisters practise both styles. Depending on the needs of the moment, they might easily move between the one-balloon or multiple approaches, or they might even incorporate additional techniques such as "weaving" and "stuffing". Modelling techniques have evolved to include a range of very complex moves, and a highly specialized vocabulary has emerged to describe the techniques involved and their resulting creations.
Some twisters inflate their balloons with their own lungs, and for many years this was a standard and necessary part of the act. However, many now use a pump of some sort, whether it is a hand pump, an electric pump plugged in or run by a battery pack, or a compressed gas tank containing air or nitrogen. Twisters do not generally fill their creations with helium, as these designs will not usually float anyway. The balloons for twisting are too porous for helium and the designs are generally too heavy for their size for helium to lift.

## Origins

The origins of balloon modelling are unknown. The 1975 book by "Jolly the Clown" Art Petri credits "Herman Bonnert from Pennsylvania at a magician's convention in 1939" as being the first balloontwister. Val Andrews, in Manual of Balloon Modeling, Vol. 1, An Encyclopedic Series, credits H.J. Bonnert of Scranton, Pennsylvania as being the "daddy of them all". Jim Church III states, "Frank Zacone from Youngstown, Ohio was doing a balloon act during the 1940s and had been doing the act for some time." Another candidate for first balloon twister is Henry Maar.

## Equipment

Modellers will use an assortment of balloons, usually in various colors. Balloon sizes are usually identified by a number: the most common size of twisting balloons is called a "260", as it is approximately two inches in diameter and 60 inches long. Thus, a "260" is 2×60 inches and a "160" is 1×60 inches when fully blown up. Although these are the most common sizes used, there are dozens of other shapes available as well.
The most common methods for inflation are air pumps similar to bicycle pumps, electric air compressors, and the mouth. Inflating a balloon with the mouth is difficult and can be dangerous. Particularly well-trained and talented twisters, however, can blow-up several balloons at once, and some can even blow up 160s, which are much more difficult to mouth-inflate than the more common 260s, as their narrowness requires a great deal more strength and breath pressure to inflate.
# Khaled al-Ayoubi

Khaled al-Ayoubi is a former Syrian diplomat. On 30 July 2012, he informed the Britain's Foreign Office that he left his post as Chargé d'Affaires in the Syrian embassy in London. He was the most senior Syrian diplomat left in London after the British government forced embassy staff to leave in May.
Al-Ayoubi, an ethnic Kurd, was born in Damascus in about 1971. He studied at Damascus University and worked as a computer technician at the Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs before undertaking further study from 1995 to 1999. He joined the Syrian diplomatic service in 2001. He was posted to Greece as consul from 2003-2008, and then returned to Syria. In February 2011, he was posted to the Syrian embassy in London as second secretary, and became chargé d'affaires after his predecessor was expelled in May 2012.
Al-Ayoubi claimed that he left because he was unable to: "represent a regime that has committed such violent and oppressive acts against its own people", according to an interview. His departure was characterized as another blow to the Syrian government.
Following his resignation, al-Ayoubi and his family were provided with a safe house by the Foreign Office, and then moved to Barnsley, South Yorkshire, where al-Ayoubi volunteers at the Barnsley Refugee Advice Project, keeps budgerigars, and gardens.