OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hoeryong Tangwang Line

The Hoeryŏng T'an'gwang Line (Hoeryŏng Colliery Line) is a non-electrified standard-gauge freight-only secondary line of the Korean State Railway in North Korea, running from Hoeryŏng Ch'ŏngnyŏn on the Hambuk Line to Yusŏn.

## History

The Tomun Railway, which had completed its mainline from Hoeryŏng to Tonggwanjin on 1 November 1924, expanded its network in order to serve the collieries around Hoeryŏng by building a 10.6 km (6.6 mi) branchline from Hoeryŏng to Kyerim, which was opened for service on 11 August 1928.
Less than a year later, on 1 April 1929 the Tomun Railway was nationalised and absorbed by the Chosen Government Railway (Sentetsu). Sentetsu continued to operate the line, and then further expanded it with the addition of a 1.1 km (0.68 mi) extension to Singyerim; this extension was opened on 21 December 1932, but was subsequently closed.
The line has changed hands several times since its construction. Following the absorption of the Tomun Railway by Sentetsu in 1929, on 1 October 1933 the Hoeryŏng Colliery Line, along with the rest of Sentetsu's Tomun Line to Unggi, were transferred to the South Manchuria Railway (Mantetsu). Mantetsu took over the management, operation and maintenance of these lines, until finally on 1 July 1940 it was transferred back to Sentetsu.
Following the partition of Korea, all railways located in the Soviet zone of occupation, including the Hoeryŏng Colliery Line, were nationalised by the Provisional People’s Committee for North Korea on 10 August 1946, and following the establishment of North Korea, the Korean State Railway was created. At some point, the stations at Yŏngsu and Pongŭi were closed, and Kyerim station was renamed Yusŏn.

## Services

Coal is shipped from mines on this line to the Kim Chaek Iron & Steel Complex at Kimchaek and the Ch'ŏngjin Steel Works in Ch'ŏngjin, with the order of collection from each line arranged in the order of the total weight of the outbound cars. This line also serves the Hoeryŏng Tobacco Factory located near the former station of Yŏngsu.

## Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.
| Distance (km) | Distance (km) | Station Name | Station Name | Former Name | Former Name | |
| Total | S2S | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Connections |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | Hoeryŏng Ch'ŏngnyŏn | 회령청년 (會寧靑年) | Hoeryŏng | 회령 (會寧) | Hambuk Line |
| 5.3 | 5.3 | Yŏngsu | 영수 (永綏) | | | Closed. |
| 9.2 | 3.9 | Pongŭi | 봉의 (鳳儀) | | | Closed. |
| 10.6 | 1.4 | Yusŏn | 유선 (遊仙) | Kyerim | 계림 (鷄林) | |
| 11.7 | 1.1 | Singyerim | 신계림 (新鷄林) | | | Closed. |
# Kangdok Line

The Kangdŏk Line is an electrified standard-gauge secondary line of the North Korean State Railway running from Namgangdŏk on the P'yŏngra Line to Susŏng on the Hambuk Line.
Ch'ŏngjin Choch'ajang, Ch'ŏngjin's large marshalling yard, is located on this line.

## History

The first rail line to reach Susŏng was the Ch'ŏngjin−Ch'angp'yŏng section of the Hamgyŏng Line, opened by the Chosen Government Railway (Sentetsu) on 5 November 1916. On 31 July 1917, the management of Sentetsu was transferred from the Railway Bureau of the Government-General of Korea to the South Manchuria Railway (Mantetsu). Under Mantetsu management, construction of the Hamgyŏng Line was accelerated, and to handle increasing freight traffic on the line, a large marshalling yard, called Ch'ŏngjin Choch'ajang, was built near Ch'ŏngjin. To access this, a new 14.9 km (9.3 mi) line between Ranam and Susŏng was opened on 10 December 1919; Kangdŏk Station, located 7.2 km (4.5 mi) from Ranam, was opened on 1 August 1922.
On 1 December 1941, a new line was opened between Ranam and Ch'ŏngjin to allow trains to bypass the Ch'ŏngjin marshalling yard. The existing line, running via Kangdŏk and the marshalling yard, was detached from the Hamgyeong Line and designated the Kangdŏk Line; at the same time, a 2.4 km (1.5 mi) connection from Ch'ŏngjin Sŏhang Station (Ch'ŏngjin West Port, today called Songp'yŏng) to Kangdŏk was built, to allow southbound trains to access the marshalling yard without having to reverse at Ranam.

## Services

Two passenger trains are known to operate on this line:
* Local trains 601/604, operating between Ch'ŏngjin Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Kŭndong, run on this line between Namgangdŏk and Kŭndong;
* Local trains 608/608'609, operating between Kŭndong and Songp'yŏng, run on this line between Kŭndong and Namgangdŏk.

## Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.
| Distance (km) | Distance (km) | Station Name | Station Name | Former Name | Former Name | |
| Total | S2S | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Connections |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | Namgangdŏk (South Kangdŏk) | 님강덕 (南康德) | | | P'yŏngra Line |
| 1.3 | 1.3 | Kangdŏk | 강덕 (康德) | | | Kŭndong Branch |
| 7.3 | 6.0 | Kŭndong | 근동 (芹洞) | | | Kŭndong Branch |
| 15.2 | 7.9 | Susŏng | 수성 (輸城) | | | Hambuk Line |

### Kŭndong Branch

Electrified.
| Distance (km) | Distance (km) | Station Name | Station Name | Former Name | Former Name | |
| Total | S2S | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Connections |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | Kangdŏk | 강덕 (康德) | | | Kangdŏk Line |
| 5.5 | 5.5 | Ch'ŏngjin Choch'ajang (Ch'ŏngjin Marshalling Yard) | 청진조차장 (淸津操車場) | | | |
| 8.1 | 2.6 | Kŭndong | 근동 (芹洞) | | | Kangdŏk Line |
# Kobi Line

The Kobi Line is an electrified railway line of the Korean State Railway in P'yŏngyang and in North Hwanghae Province, North Korea, running from Ripsŏngri on the P'yŏngdŏk Line to Kobi, with a branch to Namsan.

## History

The Kobi Line, together with Ripsŏngri Station, were opened by the Chosen Government Railway on 1 November 1934.

## Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.
| Distance (km) | Distance (km) | Station Name | Station Name | Former Name | Former Name | |
| Total | S2S | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Connections |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | Ripsŏngri | 립석리 (立石里) | | | P'yŏngdŏk Line |
| 6.2 | 6.2 | Sinsŭngho | 신승호 (新勝湖) | | | |
| | | Samchŏng | 삼청 (三靑) | | | |
| 12.4 | 6.2 | Tokgol | 독골 | | | (distance from Sinsŭngho) |
| 14.5 | 8.3 | Kobi | 고비 (高飛) | | | (distance from Sinsŭngho) |
# W. H. Gaskell

Walter Holbrook Gaskell FRS (1 November 1847; Naples – 7 September 1914; Great Shelford) was a British physiologist.

## Early life

The son of barrister John Dakin Gaskell, he was educated at Highgate School and Trinity College, Cambridge, receiving his BA as a wrangler in 1869 and becoming a Fellow of Trinity Hall.

## Career

He worked in the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, focusing on the physiology of the heart and the vascular and nervous systems. His research was central to the understanding of cardiac physiology. Key discoveries included the sequence of cardiac contraction, dual autonomic control of the heart, introduction of the concept of heart block and the experimental demonstration of the myogenic origin of the heartbeat. His research also laid the foundations for investigation into cardiac arrhythmias. He also made progress in mapping the sympathetic nervous system. In 1881, he was the first to describe the effects of extracellular pH on cardiac and vascular tissues.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1882 and gave their Croonian lecture of that year. In 1889 he won their Royal Medal for his contributions both to cardiac physiology and to the anatomy and physiology of the sympathetic nervous system.
He wrote "The Origin of the Vertebrates", published by Longmans, Green, and Co., London, in 1908, proposing a since-rejected connection between the vertebrates and eurypterid arthropods.

## Private life

In 1875 Walter Gaskell married Catherine Sharpe Parker, first cousin of the London architect Horace Field. They had four daughters and a son, John Foster Gaskell (1878-1960), named after a neighbour and friend, the physiologist Michael Foster. The family settled near Cambridge where he remained for the rest of his life, residing first at Grantchester and later at Great Shelford, where he built a hilltop home, The Uplands, designed by Horace Field, opposite the hill on which stood Michael Foster's home, Nine Wells House. During his youth, he engaged in rowing, cricket, tennis and swimming. Later he enjoyed yachting, fishing, whist and bridge. Throughout life, he always took a somewhat leisurely course during both work and play activities. His main hobby was gardening, and he converted a large area of his 15 acres of the Gog Magog Hills into a charming terraced garden. After Gaskell's death at The Uplands, his remaining family continue to live there until 1961, when the house and estate was auctioned on behalf of the executors of the late Dr John Foster Gaskell and Miss Gaskell MBE. In 1990 a major fire destroyed the house and its ruins still stand today in dense woodland on land now owned by a Cambridge College.
# Herbert William Allingham

Herbert William Allingham FRCS (17 April 1862 – 4 November 1904) was a British surgeon. He was surgeon to the Household of King Edward VII, and surgeon in ordinary to the Prince of Wales (later King George V).

## Early life

Herbert Allingham was born on 17 April 1862, the eldest son of William Allingham, and educated at Chatham House Grammar School, Ramsgate, and University College School, London.

## Career

Allingham was Surgeon to the Household of King Edward VII, and then Surgeon in Ordinary to the Prince of Wales (later King George V). He was also Surgeon to the Surgical Aid Society and to the Osborne Home for Officers. In 1904, he was listed honorary medical staff at King Edward VII's Hospital for Officers.

## Personal life

In 1889, Allingham married Alexandrina von der Osten. She died in January 1904, after her Allingham had become inoculated with syphilis in 1903, whilst operating. After his wife's death he became depressed, and headed off to Egypt. He died in Marseilles on 4 November 1904, from an overdose of morphine.

## Publications

* Colotomy, Inguinal, Lumbar and Transverse, for Cancer or Stricture with Ulceration of Large Intestine, 8vo, London, 1892.
* The Treatment of Internal Derangements of the Knee-joint by Operation, 8vo, illustrated, London, 1889.
* Allingham on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of the Rectum, 5th ed., London, 1888. (jointly with his father)
* Operative Surgery, 8vo, London, 1903.
# Global Information Network (disambiguation)

Global Information Network could refer to:
* Global Information Network, a non-profit news agency with a focus on Africa
* Global Information Network Architecture
* A membership club offering training on success founded by Kevin Trudeau
# Shek Pai stop

Shek Pai (Chinese: 石排) is an at-grade MTR Light Rail stop located at the junction of Shek Pai Tau Road and Ming Kum Road in Tuen Mun District. It began service on 18 September 1988 and belongs to Zone 2.
# Heart & Soul (Nigerian TV series)

Heart & Soul is a 2020 medical TV series about how ailment can be treated physically alongside spiritual. It was produced, written, and directed by Obi Emelonye.

## Cast

* Chioma Adibe as Matron
* Ademola Amoo as Dr Sydney
* Odun Ayo as Mary
* Phoenix Ezendu as Udoka
* Anthony Monjaro as Dr Aloysius
* Joy Nmezi as Miriam
* Ifeanyi Onehuba as Lyk
* Femi Onasoga as Jude
* Ijeoma Richards as Dr Regina

## Plot

A medical doctor who just got back from the UK to treat patients which require spiritual intervention as well.
# Alessia Trost

Alessia Trost (born 8 March 1993) is an Italian female high jumper. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in High jump.
She won the 2009 World Youth Championship in Athletics in Bressanone. She was the bronze medallist at the 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

## Biography

Trost also won the Italian Youth Championship in 2008. At the first Youth Olympics 2010 she won a silver medal clearing 1.86 metres, to finish second behind Russia′s Mariya Kuchina.
On 20 January 2013 she set her personal best, third Italian best measure of all-time (after two female Italian champions, Antonietta Di Martino 2.04 m and Sara Simeoni 2.01 m), with 1.98 m in Udine, Italy. Nine days later she became the third Italian woman to jump 2.00m, and 2013 World Leader. On 26 February 2012 she won the title of the European Athletic Association, European Athletes of the Month for January.
In August, at her first appearance at the World Championships in 2013, Trost jumped 1.93 m in the high jump final without making errors, but then failed to jump 1.97 m and finished 7th.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| 2009 | World Youth Championships | Brixen, Italy | 1st | 1.87 m PB |
| 2009 | European Youth Olympic Festival | Tampere, Finland | 1st | 1.85 m |
| 2010 | Youth Olympic Games | Singapore | 2nd | 1.86 m |
| 2011 | European Junior Championships | Tallinn, Estonia | 4th | 1.85 m |
| 2012 | World Junior Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 1st | 1.91 m |
| 2013 | European Indoor Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 4th | 1.92 m |
| 2013 | European Team Championships | Gateshead, United Kingdom | 2nd | 1.92 m |
| 2013 | European U23 Championships | Tampere, Finland | 1st | 1.98 m CR |
| 2013 | World Championships | Moscow, Russia | 7th | 1.93 m |
| 2015 | European Indoor Championships | Prague, Czech Republic | 2nd | 1.97 m |
| 2015 | European U23 Championships | Tallinn, Estonia | 1st | 1.90 m |
| 2016 | World Indoor Championships | Portland, United States | 7th | 1.93 m |
| 2016 | European Championships | Amsterdam, Netherlands | 5th | 1.89 m |
| 2016 | Olympic Games | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 5th | 1.93 m |
| 2017 | European Team Championships | Lille, France | 3rd | 1.94 m |
| 2017 | World Championships | London, United Kingdom | Qual. | 1.89 m |
| 2018 | World Indoor Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom | 3rd | 1.93 m SB |
| 2018 | European Championships | Berlin, Germany | 8th | 1.91 m |
| 2019 | European Indoor Championships | Glasgow, United Kingdom | 18th (q) | 1.85 m |
| 2019 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar | 14th (q) | 1.92 m |
| 2021 | European Indoor Championships | Toruń, Poland | 6th | 1.92 m |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | Tokyo, Japan | 20th (q) | 1.90 m |

## National titles

Trost won nine national championships at individual senior level.
* Italian Athletics Championships
** High jump: 2013, 2014, 2016, 2019 (4)
* Italian Athletics Indoor Championships
** High jump: 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2021 (5)
# Manso I of Amalfi

Manso I (Italian: Mansone) (died 1004) was the duke of Amalfi (966–1004) and prince of Salerno (981–983). He was the son of Duke Sergius I and the greatest independent ruler of Amalfi, which he controlled for nearly half a century. He is sometimes numbered Manso III.
When his father Sergius, of the Musco Comite family, assumed the Amalfitan throne in 958, he immediately associated his young son Manso with him. In 966, Manso succeeded to the full dukedom. He was even granted the Byzantine title patricius. From the start he had designs on the Principality of Salerno. In 977, he associated his own son John with him as co-duke.
In 973, Manso conspired with Landulf of Conza and Marinus II of Naples to depose Gisulf I of Salerno. In 974, Gisulf was reinstated by Pandulf Ironhead. In 981, Manso took advantage of the youth of Pandulf II of Salerno and invaded that principality, removing him from office. Emperor Otto II, who was then in Italy fighting the Byzantines and the Saracens and in need of allies, gave Manso the imperial recognition he desired. Manso associated John with him in the rule, but the Amalfitans were tyrannical and unpopular. In 983, they were overthrown by the people, who elected the exiled count of the palace, John Lambert.
Exiled from Salerno, Manso did not find refuge in Amalfi, where his brother Adelfer had begun to reign in opposition to him. Though Manso succeeded in reestablishing himself in Amalfi by 986, it seems that Adelfer and his other brothers, Ademarius and Leo, continued to claim co-authority until at least 998. Nevertheless, Manso continued to rule Amalfi until his death. He built the cathedral of S. Andrea Apostolo and succeeded in getting Pope John XV to make Amalfi an archiepiscopal see (987). When he died, he was succeeded by his adult son.
According to the Arab traveller Ibn Hawqal, writing in 977, described Amalfi as:
   ...the most prosperous Lombard city, the most noble, the most illustrious for its conditions, the most wealthy and opulent. The territory of Amalfi borders that of Naples; a beautiful city, but less important than Amalfi.
# James Browne (1793–1854)

James Browne (15 June 1793 – 23 December 1854) was an Irish politician who was the son of Hon. Denis Browne, MP for County Mayo in 1801 and brother of Peter Browne, MP. He succeeded his father in the year 1828 and was elected in 1818 as Member of Parliament for Mayo, and held the seat until 1831.
James Browne married twice. His first wife being Eleanor Catherine, the daughter of John Wells of Bickley, Kent and his second wife being Elizabeth, the daughter of John Puget, a banker of Totteridge, Hertfordshire. Browne had a son and three daughters by Elizabeth.
# Hard Time for Princes

La congiuntura, internationally released as Hard Times for Princes and One Million Dollars, is a 1965 Italian comedy film directed by Ettore Scola.

## Cast

* Vittorio Gassman as Giuliano
* Joan Collins as Jane
* Jacques Bergerac as Sandro
* Hilda Barry as Dana
* Pippo Starnazza as Francesco
* Dino Curcio as Salerno
* Aldo De Carellis as Eduardo
* Alfredo Marchetti
* Halina Zalewska as Luisetta (as Alina Zalewska)
* Ugo Fangareggi
* Maurice Rosemberg
* Paolo Bonacelli as Zenone
* Renato Montalbano as Dino
* Marino Masé as Angelo
* Adolfo Eibenstein as Enrico
# Artly Coffee

Artly Coffee is a chain of coffee shops featuring robot baristas, based in Seattle, Washington, United States. Meng Wang is a co-founder.

## History

The business closed an $8 million investment round in 2022. In 2023, the company's owner Wenbo Yang won first place in the Brewers Cup category and runner-up in Latte Art category at the U.S. Coffee Championships.

### Locations

As of January 2023, there were seven locations, including one in Washington State.
* 101 Stewart Street, Downtown Seattle, Washington
* Washington Square Mall, Tigard, Oregon
Another location is slated to open in Block 216's food hall Flock, in Portland, Oregon.
# Notholaena

Notholaena is a genus of ferns known as cloak ferns in the family Pteridaceae. Species of this genus are mostly epipetric (growing on rock) or occurring in coarse, gravelly soils, and are most abundant and diverse in the mountain ranges of warm arid or semiarid regions. They typically have a creeping or erect rhizome and leaves that are pinnatifid to pinnate-pinnatifid with marginal sori protected by a false indusium formed from the reflexed margin of the leaf. Members of the genus Notholaena also has a coating of whitish or yellowish farina (a powdery secretion of lipophilic exudates), primarily on the abaxial (lower) surface of the leaves and along the margin of prothallium of gametophytes. Members of the related genera including Aleuritopteris, Argyrochosma, Pentagramma, as well as several genera and species in other subfamilies of Pteridaceae, also exhibit farina on the lower leaf surface. Meanwhile, gametophytic farina is almost exclusively observed in Notholaena, with only occasional spontaneous occurrences reported in Argyrochosma and Aleuritopteris.
The similar genus Argyrochosma also has farinose leaves, but in that genus the ultimate segments of the leaves have entire margins and *are distinctly stalked, whereas in Notholaena the ultimate segments are usually lobed or pinnatifid and sessile or subsessile. Notholaena has in the past been used as a "catch-all" genus for a wide variety of species that did not fit well in other arid fern genera but it has more recently been defined in a much narrower sense, making the genus much more morphologically and evolutionarily coherent. The genera Argyrochosma and Astrolepis were recently segregated from Notholaena, and other former members of Notholaena are now in the genus Cheilanthes.

## Species

As of November 2024, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognized the following species:
* Notholaena affinis (Mett.) T.Moore
* Notholaena aliena Maxon
* Notholaena aschenborniana Klotzsch
* Notholaena aurantiaca Eaton
* Notholaena aureolina Yatsk. & Arbeláez
* Notholaena brachycaulis Mickel
* Notholaena brachypus (Kunze) J.Sm.
* Notholaena brevistipes Mickel
* Notholaena bryopoda Maxon
* Notholaena californica D.C.Eaton
* Notholaena candida (M.Martens & Galeotti) Hook.
* Notholaena cubensis Weath. ex R.M.Tryon
* Notholaena ekmanii Maxon
* Notholaena galapagensis Weath. & Svenson ex Svenson
* Notholaena galeottii Fée
* Notholaena grayi Davenp.
* Notholaena greggii (Mett. ex Kuhn) Maxon
* Notholaena jacalensis Pray
* Notholaena jaliscana Yatsk. & Arbeláez
* Notholaena lemmonii D.C.Eaton
* Notholaena leonina Maxon
* Notholaena montielae Yatsk. & Arbeláez
* Notholaena neglecta Maxon
* Notholaena nigricans (Willd.) Desv.
* Notholaena ochracea (Hook.) Yatsk. & Arbeláez
* Notholaena revoluta A.Rojas
* Notholaena rigida Davenp.
* Notholaena rosei Maxon
* Notholaena schaffneri (E.Fourn.) Underw.
* Notholaena standleyi (Kümmerle) Maxon
* Notholaena sulphurea (Cav.) J.Sm.
* Notholaena trichomanoides (L.) R.Br.
* Notholaena weatherbiana R.M.Tryon
# Giorgi Mshvenieradze

Georgi Mshvenieradze (born 12 August 1960) was a Soviet water polo player. His father, Petre, was the captain of the USSR team throughout the 1950s and appeared at three Olympic Games. Georgy and his brother Nugzari followed their father into the sport.
# Newtown, Ballymurreen

Newtown, Eliogarty (Ballymurreen) is a townland in the Barony of Eliogarty in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is in the civil parish of Ballymurreen.
It is one of 19 townlands known as Newtown (Irish: An Baile Nua) in County Tipperary.
# Cheezburger, Inc.

Cheezburger, Inc., previously known as Pet Holdings, Inc., is the parent and holding company for the Cheezburger Network, a collection of websites best known for I Can Has Cheezburger?, Fail Blog, I Has a Hot Dog, and others.
# Craigadick

Craigadick is a townland lying within the civil parish of Maghera, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It lies in the west of the parish sharing a small boundary with Killelagh civil parish. It is bounded by the townlands of; Ballynahone Beg, Craigmore, Falgortrevy, Largantogher, Moneymore, Mullagh, Tamnymullan, and Tullyheran. It wasn't apportioned to any of the London livery companies, being kept as church lands.
The townland in 1926 was part of Maghera district electoral division as part of the Maghera dispensary (registrar's) district of Magherafelt Rural District. As part of Maghera civil parish, Craigadick also lies within the former barony of Loughinsholin.
# Fallagloon

Fallagloon is a townland lying within the civil parish of Maghera, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It lies in the north-west boundary of the parish, and is bounded by the townlands of; Ballyknock, Ballynahone Beg, Bracaghreilly, Currudda, Drumballyhagan, Falgortrevy, Fallylea, Glenshane, and Tullyheran. It was apportioned to the Vintners company. It is known for being the longest townland in Ireland
The townland in 1926 was part of Tullykeran district electoral division as part of the Maghera dispensary (registrar's) district of Magherafelt Rural District. Fallagloon as part of Maghera civil parish also lies in the historic barony of Loughinsholin.
# South Chotanagpur division

South Chotanagpur division is one of the five divisions in the Indian state of Jharkhand. The South Chotanagpur Division, also known as the Ranchi Division. The division comprises the following districts: Gumla, Khunti, Lohardaga, Ranchi and Simdega. It was earlier a part of Chota Nagpur Division.

## Languages

Languages of South Chotanagpur division (2011)