OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1881 Chios earthquake

The 1881 Chios earthquake occurred at 13:40 local time (11:30 UTC) on 3 April. It caused severe damage on the island of Chios and also affected Çeşme and Alaçatı on the coast of Turkey. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.3 and there were an estimated 7,866 casualties. The devastation from the earthquake was the last of the three 'catastrophes' that affected the island of Chios in the 19th century.

## Tectonic setting

The Aegean Sea is an area of mainly extensional tectonics caused by the subduction of the African plate beneath Aegean Sea plate.

## Damage

The town of Chios was devastated, causing many casualties, partly due to the narrowness of the streets. In the rest of the island, 25 out of the 64 villages were destroyed with another 17 badly damaged. In both Çeşme and Alaçatı about 40% of the houses were destroyed.
The number of casualties on the Turkish mainland was low, possibly due to most of the inhabitants leaving their houses to watch the passage of the passenger ship Aya Evangelistra from the shore.

## Characteristics

The epicenter of the earthquake was in the southeastern part of Chios where intensities reached IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Isoseismal maps show an elongation west to east with an area of intensity VIII (Severe) affecting the western end of the Karaburun Peninsula of the Turkish mainland. Vertical movements of up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) were observed. Magnitudes ranging from M$_w$  = 6.5 to M$_s$ = 7.3 have been estimated for this event.
A minor tsunami was reported, based on the presence of fresh sand in a garden in Chios, but there is no other information available.
There were many strong aftershocks, the most damaging being on 5 April, 11 April (2), 12 April, 13 April, 18 April, 20 May, 9 June and 26 August.

## Aftermath

After the earthquake many of the inhabitants of Chios left the island. This followed the trend set by the other two 'catastrophes' of the 19th century that devastated the island, the massacre of Chios in 1822 and the failure of the orange crop in 1833. Together these events left most of Chios in a state of poverty and severely underpopulated.
# Continental Hockey League (1972–1986)

The Continental Hockey League (CnHL) is a defunct semi-professional ice hockey league which operated from 1972 to 1986. It is known as the predecessor to the All-American Hockey League, in which three teams (Danville Dashers, Dayton Jets, and Troy Sabres) were charter members.
The league ceased operations after the 1985–86 season.
The championship trophy for the CnHL was called the 'Walmer Cup'.

## CnHL Teams

* Billings Marlboros (1985–86)
* Chicago Cardinals (1974–76, 1978–86)
* Chicago Wildcats (1973–75)
* Danville Dashers (1981–86)
* Dayton Jets (1985–86)
* Decatur Blues (1981–83)
* Decatur Storm (1983–84)
* Findlay Warriors (1983–84), became Dayton Jets
* Fort Wayne Scouts (1978–79)
* Fox Valley Flyers (1979–80)
* Grand Rapids Grizzlies (1980–82)
* Hammond Cardinals (1977–78)
* Janesville Jets (1981–82)
* Kenosha Chargers (1979–81)
* Kenosha Flyers (1974–75, 1976–79)
* Lake County Flyers (1975–76)
* Madison Blues (1974–77)
* Minot Maple Leafs (1985–86)
* Pekin Stars (1977–79)
* Peoria Blades (1972–82)
* Rockton Wheels (1977–78)
* Rock River Jets (1982–83)
* St. Louis Chiefs (1973–74)
* St. Louis Pepsi (1972–73)
* St. Louis Saints (1974–76)
* Spirit of St Louis (1973–74)
* Springfield Kings (1976–85)
* Troy Sabres (1982–86)
* Webster Stars (1972–73)
# St Mark's Catholic School, Hounslow

St Mark's Catholic School is a co-educational Catholic secondary school and sixth form with academy status, having formerly been a voluntary aided school, situated in Hounslow, West London, England. St Mark’s is part of the Archdiocese of Westminster.

## History

In 1936, Father Wilfred Musgrave, Parish Priest of Ss Michael and Martin's Church, suggested that a mixed Catholic secondary school should be built in Hounslow. His plan was suspended by the outbreak of the Second World War, but in 1952, a site was purchased at 106 Bath Road with a house, land, and an orchard.
Musgrave died in 1955 and the project was transferred to his successor, Canon John Mackenzie. Building work commenced in 1958, funded by donations from local Catholics.
The school, initially called Archbishop Myers Secondary, received its first 279 pupils on 10 May 1960, welcomed by Headteacher Patrick Boland and 11 staff. The builders remained until April 1961 and the school was officially opened in March 1962.
In 1972, the school became a voluntary aided school and changed its name to St Mark's. The uniform changed from maroon to navy blue. Originally six forms of entry were planned with a split site – a senior school located at the other end of Hounslow High Street. These plans were dropped and in 1978 the buildings of the old Ss Michael and Martin's Primary School were included in the enlarged St Mark's site. The original parish church, dating from 1886, became a Sixth Form Common Room.
Patrick Boland retired in 1978 and was replaced by Patrick Topp. St Mark's contained 800 pupils and 50 teachers. Topp was succeeded by David Sheath in 1986. By the time of Sheath's retirement the School was recognised as one of the best in the London area. Paul Enright took over in 2001, and was succeeded in 2018 by Andrea Waugh-Lucas. The school has more than 1,200 students.

## Notable former pupils

* Elvis Costello (b. 1954) – songwriter and musician.
* Denys Baptiste (b. 1969) – award-winning saxophonist.
* Tim Don (b. 1978) – World Triathlon Champion and Olympian.
* Dean Gaffney (b. 1978) – actor
* Graham Stack (b. 1981) – professional footballer, Arsenal F.C.
* Rajiv Ouseph (b. 1986) – badminton player
* Michael Mancienne (b. 1988) – professional footballer, New England Revolution
* Dennis Gyamfi (b. 2001) – professional footballer, FC Den Bosch
# Deep Fighter

Deep Fighter (full title: Deep Fighter: The Tsunami Offense) is a submarine simulator video game developed by Criterion Games and published by Ubi Soft. It was released for Dreamcast and Windows in 2000. The game has the player dog-fight enemies underwater whilst completing missions. The game contains cutscenes featuring actors, including David Walliams.

## Plot

A spiritual sequel to the 1997 game Sub Culture, it is set in a war-torn community hidden beneath the sea. The race living there is human in appearance and possesses advanced technology, but are so minuscule that even regular marine life poses a dangerous threat. The ultimate goal is to construct a Leviathan Mother Ship to transport the entire society to safety, while fighting against a hostile faction known as the Shadowkin.

## Gameplay

The player is a private who controls a fighter-type submarine in the civilization's defense force. Primarily playing from a first-person perspective, they must accomplish missions that unlock more powerful subs and weapons. In addition to combat, some missions are more varied, such as breeding fish, activating perimeter defenses and racing the player's wingmen. There are eight bosses in the game, which are often based on giant sea life.

## Reception

Aggregate scores :
| Aggregator | Score | Score |
| Aggregator | Dreamcast | PC |
| GameRankings | 69% | 73% |
| Metacritic | 69/100 | N/A |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score | Score |
| Publication | Dreamcast | PC |
| CNET Gamecenter | 7/10 | N/A |
| Consoles + | 84% | N/A |
| Electronic Gaming Monthly | 7.5/10 | N/A |
| EP Daily | 7.5/10 | N/A |
| Game Informer | 6.75/10 | N/A |
| GameRevolution | C | N/A |
| GameSpot | 8.1/10 | N/A |
| GameSpy | 5/10 | N/A |
| IGN | 8.2/10 | N/A |
| Jeuxvideo.com | 14/20 | 14/20 |
| Next Generation | | N/A |
| PC Zone | N/A | 53% |
The Dreamcast version of Deep Fighter received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Garrett Kenyon of NextGen's early review called it "A boring drag of a game that will surely lull you to sleep if you manage to keep from killing yourself first." Electronic Gaming Monthly and Game Informer gave it positive to average reviews while it was still in development.
# Pastafrola

Pastafrola or pasta frolla (Greek: πάστα φλώρα) is a type of sweet tart common to Italy, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Egypt and Greece. It is a covered, jam-filled shortcrust pastry dish principally made from flour, sugar and egg. Common fillings include quince cheese, dulce de batata (sweet potato jam), dulce de leche, guava, or strawberry jam. The covering of the tart is a thin-striped lattice which displays the filling beneath in rhomboidal or square sections. Pastafrola is most usually oven-baked in a circular shape. Most of the Greek versions of this dish are filled with sweet jam: it is considered a morning dessert.
The name of the dish comes from pasta frolla (lit. 'friable pastry'), Italian for shortcrust pastry, and is similar to the Italian crostata. Italian immigrants brought it to Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. Similar dishes include the Austrian Linzer torte and Swiss tarts with a spiced-fruit filling. In Greek, the word frolla was misinterpreted as the Italian word flora.
The dish is served as an afternoon dessert (merienda) or with mate (a South American drink), but may be eaten at any time of the day.

## Ingredients

The ingredients for the dish are:
* Flour
* Egg
* Sugar
* Butter or margarine
* Jam filling (most common are quince, sweet potato jam, dulce de leche, guava, or strawberry)
* Lemon zest
* Vanilla extract
# Kerttu Karresmaa

Kerttu Karresmaa (born 22 August 2004) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Lazio.
# Paul Sanders (historian)

Paul Sanders (born 23 September 1967) is a British academic, focusing on contemporary history and leadership studies. He is a full-time professor in the Department of Strategy at NEOMA Business School, Reims, France. His teaching interests lie in the areas of leadership, ethics and international relations, and he is a media commentator on Russian and European affairs.

## Writings

In his thematic history The British Channel Islands under German Occupation 1940–1945 (2005) Sanders provided an account of the experience, including economics and ethics. This publication followed upon a previous work on the occupation of Jersey, tilted The Ultimate Sacrifice (1998). This book's findings were cited in the decision to recognize Channel Islanders with posthumous 'British Heroes of the Holocaust' awards, in 2010. In 2023-24 Sanders was chair and report compiler of the Lord Pickles Alderney Expert Review.
Sanders has also written a history of the black market in Nazi-occupied France (2001 Histoire du marché noir: 1940–1946) and 2014 Protest, Defiance and Resistance in the Channel Islands: German Occupation, 1940–45, which was co-written with two other authors. His recent research focus has shifted to History and Leadership studies, on which he published five articles in the academic journal Leadership.
# SuhB

suhB, also known as mmgR (makes more granules regulator), is a non-coding RNA found multiple times in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens genome and related alpha-proteobacteria. Other non-coding RNAs uncovered in the same analysis include speF, ybhL, metA, and serC.
Several studies in Sinorhizobium meliloti showed that the suhB element is indeed a non-coding RNA. It was first detected by Northern blot and called Sm8RNA, then in an RNAseq study and referred to as SmelC689.
The mutant (lacking the small RNA) phenotype's cytoplasm contains a higher content of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) storage granules than the wild type strain. The sRNA is required to regulate the intracellular accumulation of PHB in Sinorhizobium meliloti.
Northern blot confirmed the expression of the sRNA in other rhizobia species. suhB homologues were found in most alpha-proteobacteria. The Rho-independent terminator and a single-stranded region 10-mer (UUUCCUCCCU) are completely conserved. Hence, it was proposed to define a new family of alpha-proteobacterial sRNA, alpha-r8, of which suhB is a member.
RNA binding protein Hfq binds and stabilises suhB. Expression of the mmgR gene was shown to be controlled by nitrogen (N). Further study has shown that the regulatory proteins NtrC may be required for expression of the suhB gene upon N limitation. Under carbon (C) limitation, suhB transcription is repressed by AntiA.
suhB is also present in Sphingopyxis granuli strain TFA, an alpha-proteobacterium that uses the solvent tetralin as an energy source. suhB has been detected as a 61 nt long sRNA by Northern blot in TFA cells growing at high rates. β-galactosidase activity of a PsuhB::lacZ fusion confirmed the lower expression of suhB in TFA cells growing at low rates. A mutant lacking suhB expresses the thn genes (tetralin degradation) even in the presence of a preferential carbon source (catabolite repression conditions). This phenotype is due to the release of the negative effect of suhB on ThnR translation. Hfq is also involved in the interaction between suhB and the 5′ UTR thnR mRNA, which results in thn gene repression in catabolite repression conditions.
# Siu-Ying Ma

Siu-Ying Ma (Chinese: 馬笑英) (1908–1978) is a former Chinese actress and Cantonese opera performer from Hong Kong. Ma is credited with over 550 films.

## Early life

On February 4, 1908, Ma was born. Ma's sister was Ma Kam-Neong.

## Career

At age 15, Ma became a Cantonese opera performer. In 1947, Ma crossed over as an actress in Hong Kong films. Ma first appeared in Madame Yang, the Imperial Concubine (aka Beauty of Beauties), a 1947 Historical drama film directed by Mok Hong-See. Ma first appeared in Cantonese opera film in Romance of the West Chamber, a 1947 Historical Drama Cantonese opera directed by Yeung Kung-Leung. Ma is known for her role as a shrew mother. Ma appeared as a mother in The Evil Mind (1947), The Guangzhou Adventure of the Fearless (1947), The Judge Goes to Pieces (1948), Award to the Husband But Not the Wife (1948), and Heaven Never Lets the Kind-Hearted Down (1954). Ma's last film was Love Cross-Road, a 1976 Drama film directed by Wong Wa-Kei. Ma is credited with over 550 films.

## Filmography
### Films

This is a partial list of film.
* 1947 A Wealthy Family
* 1947 Madame Yang, the Imperial Concubine (aka Beauty of Beauties)
* 1947 The Evil Mind
* 1947 The Guangzhou Adventure of the Fearless
* 1947 Romance of the West Chamber
* 1948 The Judge Goes to Pieces
* 1948 Award to the Husband But Not the Wife
* 1951 Mother and Son in Grief – Matriarch Wong
* 1954 Heaven Never Lets the Kind-Hearted Down
* 1954 Spring's Flight
* 1956 Pleasure Daughter
* 1960 Fortune.
* 1960 Second Spring – Mother-in-law.
* 1960 The Stubborn Generations - Madam Lee.
* 1964 The Greatest Love Affair on Earth
* 1967 Story of a Discharged Prisoner - Mother
* 1976 Love Cross-Road

### Television series

* 1977 A House is Not a Home

## Personal life

On February 9, 1978, Ma died.
# Cathedral School of Vilnius

The Cathedral School of Vilnius was a cathedral school attached to the Vilnius Cathedral. Possibly established in the late 14th century, it is believed to be the earliest school in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. For about a hundred years it was the only Catholic school in Vilnius (possibly due to a royal privilege prohibiting establishment of other schools).

## Establishment

The exact date of its establishment is unknown, but it must be sometime after the establishment of Vilnius Diocese in 1388. It is widely cited that the school was first mentioned in written sources on 9 May 1397 in a document by bishop Andrzej Jastrzębiec. This document was discovered and publicized by priest Jan Kurczewski [pl] in 1908. In 2023, historian Aivas Ragauskas published an article arguing that Kurczewski incorrectly translated the Latin word "stubella" (diminutive of "stuba") as a school when it means a small room or building.
Before Kurczewski's publication, authors cited a 23 April 1452 document by which King Casimir IV Jagiellon allotted 8 kopas of groschens from city's alcohol tax revenue to pay for the salary of the school's principal as the earliest known document referencing the school.

## History

It was initially a primary school, evolving into a secondary school by the first half of the 15th century. Most likely the school taught trivium and quadrivium and catered to the church needs by educating the lower clergy. Its first pupils were indigenous Christians that also knew the Lithuanian language.
In 1522, Bishop John expanded the school to three classes and introduced courses in rhetoric, dialectics, classical literature, arithmetic, music. The students studied Distichs of Cato and Ars grammatica by Aelius Donatus. In 1539, the school had twelve boys who sang in a church choir and twenty boys who served as altar boys.
During its existence, the school prepared over 100 students who later pursued academic careers at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.
The cathedral school was assigned to Vilnius Academy (now Vilnius University), established by the Jesuits in 1570, as a lower level school. The cathedral school continued to function. It is known that its building burned down in 1610 and that the construction of a new two-story brick building began in 1632. The school closed in the first half of the 19th century.
# Anthoine Lussier

Anthoine Lussier (born 8 February 1983 in Bonneville) is a professional French ice hockey player who participated at the 2010 IIHF World Championship as a member of the France National men's ice hockey team.
# Rock Island 886

Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 886 (previously known as Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 887) is a 4-6-2 Pacific type steam locomotive built in 1910 by the American Locomotive Company for the Rock Island Railroad. It is located in Illinois.

## History

The locomotive's original number is 887. In the 1950s, the city of Peoria, Illinois, asked Rock Island Railroad to donate the original 886 engine for display, as it was the last steam locomotive to operate out of Peoria; however, it had already been scrapped. Instead, Rock Island offered to donate 887, which was repainted and given "886" number boards. The acquisition was assisted by Louis Neumiller, former president of Caterpillar Tractor Co.
The locomotive, now rebranded as Rock Island 886, resided in Lower Glen Oak Park from 1956. However, by the early 1960s, it was starting to deteriorate due to vandalism and lack of regular painting. 886 was declared an eyesore and destined to be sold for scrap, but a public campaign, beginning in fall 1962, called for the engine to be restored and relocated. An editorial in the Journal Star declared: "The Park Board with title in hand would be doing the kids – and some of us old fogies, too – a real favor by preserving this priceless piece of Peoria’s past.”
Rock Island 886 was moved to Rock Island engine house for repairs, assisted by a $6,000 funding drive by the Commission for the Perpetuation and Preservation of Old 886. The locomotive was then relocated to the Detweiller Golf Course parking lot, opposite Detweiller Park. It remained there until April 1985, when it was acquired by the Wheels O' Time Museum in Dunlap, Illinois. Over one day, the locomotive was transported to the museum, a 7.2 mile (11.6 km) uphill journey through Detweiller Park.
In 2009, close to its 100th anniversary, Rock Island 886 was sanded, washed, repainted, and fitted with an electronic train whistle. As of 2018, the locomotive can still be seen on display at the Wheels O' Time Museum.
# Snafu

Snafu or SNAFU may refer to:

## Military

* SNAFU ("Situation Normal: All Fucked/Fouled Up"), a slang expression of US military origin
* Merriell Shelton (1922–1993), nicknamed "Snafu", a US Marine portrayed in the 2010 TV miniseries The Pacific
* Private Snafu, a character from US World War II instructional cartoons
* SNAFU Principle, "Communication is only possible between equals"
* The SNAFU Special [fr], a Douglas C-47 Skytrain airplane in operation during World War II

## Arts and entertainment
### Music

* Snafu (band), a 1970s English rhythm and blues band
* Snafu (Snafu album), 1973
* Snafu (Potty Mouth album), 2019
* Snafu, an album by East of Eden, 1970
* "Snafu", a song by Izzy Stradlin from Like a Dog, 2005
* "Snafu", a song by Yusef Lateef from Eastern Sounds, 1961
* "S.N.A.F.U.", a song by Vanilla Ice from Hard to Swallow, 1998

### Other media

* "Snafu" (Agent Carter), a television episode
* Snafu (film), a 1945 American comedy film starring Robert Benchley and Conrad Janis
* Snafu (magazine), a 1950s Marvel Comics satirical comic book
* Snafu (video game), a 1981 game for Intellivision
* Snafu Comics, a webcomics site
* SNAFU Con, an annual anime convention in Nevada, US
* Screwball Scramble, a toy that also went by the name "Snafu"
* My Youth Romantic Comedy Is Wrong, As I Expected, a light novel series & anime, often displayed as SNAFU

## Places

* Snafu Lake, Yukon, Canada
# Foreign Policy Institute

The Foreign Policy Institute (Turkish: Dış Politika Enstitüsü or DPE) is a Turkish think tank on foreign policy and international relations. It was founded in 1974. The Foreign Policy Institute is the first ever think tank formed in Turkey. The founder and the first president is Seyfi Taşhan. The incumbent president is Hüseyin Diriöz.

## Background and history

The Turkish Foreign Policy Institute (FPI) was founded in 1974 as a private organization. Its Council of Administration is composed of academicians, diplomats and bureaucrats. The founder of the Institute, Seyfi Taşhan, is also the President. The Turkish Foreign Policy Institute aims at contributing to foreign policy through research, meetings and publications. Researchers come mostly from the Turkish universities. International conferences, seminars and workshops are organized mainly in cooperation with foreign counterparts. The FPI and its director are currently members of a number of international research and study centers.
It is currently affiliated to the Turkish Foundation for International Relations and Strategic Studies. The FPI became affiliated with the Turkish Foundation for Strategy and International Relations when it was established in 1987, and was a founder of East-West Security Studies Institute, the Mediterranean Study Commission and also of EuroMeSCo. It publishes a quarterly, Foreign Policy (Turkish: Dış Politika), first published in 1971, OCLC 5289597 It has another publication called Turkey's Neighbours.
Between 1991 and 2000, the organisation was hosted by Hacettepe University, and since then it has been associated with Bilkent University. The Institute administers an award program of İhsan Doğramacı Prize of International Relations for Peace.
# Cerastium biebersteinii

Cerastium biebersteinii, the boreal chickweed, is an ornamental plant in the genus Cerastium and the family Caryophyllaceae. It is an endemic of the Crimea. The species is named after a German botanist Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein.

## Description

The plant is perennial and herbaceous. The stem is 15–25 centimeters high.
The leaves are whitish and tomentose, flat or linear prolonged, a bit acute, smooth-edged 0.2–3 centimeters long and 1–9 millimeters wide.
The flowers are white, 1.5–2.2 centimeters in diameter, situated in cymes on top of the sprout. Blooming period is from the end of April to the end of May.

## Habitat

The Crimea is the unique natural habitat of this plant. It is also present in Crimean yayla grass.

## Preservation

The species is included into the Red Book of Ukraine, the Red Book of Crimea, and the European Red List. It is preserved and grown on the territory of such environmental facilities as the Crimean Nature Reserve, the Yalta Mountain-Forest Nature Reserve, and the Qarabiy yayla mountain range.

## Uses

The plant is used for ornamental purposes.
# 1922 in Southern Rhodesia

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
The following lists events that happened during 1922 in Southern Rhodesia.

## Events
### October

* 27 October - The Southern Rhodesia government referendum takes place and voters reject a union with South Africa.