OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2,6-Diaminopurine

2,6-diaminopurine (2,6-DAP, also known as 2-aminoadenine) is a compound once used in the treatment of leukemia. As the Z base, it is found instead of adenine (A) in the genetic material of some bacteriophage viruses.
In August 2011, a report, based on NASA studies with meteorites found on Earth, was published suggesting 2,6-diaminopurine and related organic molecules, including the DNA and RNA components adenine and guanine, may have been formed extraterrestrially in outer space.

## In viruses

In cyanophage S-2L (Siphoviridae), diaminopurine is used instead of adenine (host evasion). Diaminopurine base (Z) pairs perfectly with thymine (T) as it is identical to adenine (A) but has an amine group at position 2 forming 3 intermolecular hydrogen bonds, eliminating the major difference between the two types of basepairs (weak:A-T and strong:C-G). This improved stability affects protein-binding interactions that rely on those differences.
Four papers published April 2021 further describes the use and production of the Z-base. It is now known that:
* The S-2L phage avoids incorporating A bases in the genome by hydrolyzing dATP (DatZ enzyme);
* The Z base is produced by a pathway involving DUF550 (MazZ) and PurZ in S-2L and Vibrio phage PhiVC8;
* The PrimPol/AEP DNA polymerase responsible for handling the Z base occurs in the same gene cluster as the three aforementioned enzymes;
* The Z base is quite widespread in both Siphoviridae and Podoviridae, based on the occurrence of the said gene cluster.
In August 2021, it was shown that DatZ, MazZ and PurZ are sufficient to replace some occurrence of A by Z in the bacterial genome of E. coli; expression of this system is toxic to the cell. The structures of MazZ (subtype 2) and PurZ are also determined, showing a possible link between PurZ and archaeal versions of PurA.

## Biosynthesis

2-aminoadenine is produced in two steps. The enzyme MazZ (homologous to MazG, EC 3.6.1.8) first performs:
    dGTP + H$_2$O = dGMP + diphosphate
The enzyme PurZ (homologous to PurA, EC 6.3.4.4) then performs:
    (d)ATP + dGMP + L-aspartate = (d)ADP + phosphate + 2-aminodeoxyadenylosuccinate (dSMP)
The resulting dSMP is processed by host enzymes analogously to adenylosuccinate to produce dZTP.

## In cellular life

2,6-DAP was used to treat leukemia since as early as 1951. It is known to arrest progression of cell cycle in mouse leukemia cells by 1989. Cancer cells are known to become resistant to DAP by losing their adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) function, a process shared with E. coli.
DAP derivatives are in vitro antivirals useful against pseudorabies virus, a economically important livestock disease. This base, in its free form, is able to correct UGA nonsense mutations by encouraging translational readthrough, through the inhibition of FTSJ1.

## Bioengineering

In bioengineering, anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (specifically, the serinol nucleic acid [SNA] type) incorporating base Z instead of A show enhanced binding to RNA.
DAP is used similarly to other nuclear acid analogues in the investigation of enzyme structures and mechanisms.
# Chennai Open Challenger

The Chennai Open Challenger is a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour. It is held annually in Chennai, India, since 2018.

## Past finals
### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| 2025 | Kyrian Jacquet | Elias Ymer | 7–6$^{(7–1)}$, 6–4 |
| 2024 | Sumit Nagal | Luca Nardi | 6–1, 6–4 |
| 2023 | Max Purcell | Nicolas Moreno de Alboran | 5–7, 7–6$^{(7–2)}$, 6–4 |
| 2020–2022 | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| 2019 | Corentin Moutet | Andrew Harris | 6–3, 6–3 |
| 2018 | Jordan Thompson | Yuki Bhambri | 7–5, 3–6, 7–5 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 2025 | Shintaro Mochizuki Kaito Uesugi | Saketh Myneni Ramkumar Ramanathan | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 2024 | Saketh Myneni Ramkumar Ramanathan | Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha | 3–6, 6–3, [10–5] |
| 2023 | Jay Clarke Arjun Kadhe | Sebastian Ofner Nino Serdarušić | 6–0, 6–4 |
| 2020–2022 | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| 2019 | Gianluca Mager Andrea Pellegrino | Matt Reid Luke Saville | 6–4, 7–6$^{(9–7)}$ |
| 2018 | Sriram Balaji Vishnu Vardhan | Cem İlkel Danilo Petrović | 7–6$^{(7–5)}$, 5–7, [10–5] |
vteATP Challenger Tour tournaments :
Europe :
Africa :
Asia :
Australia :
North America :
Central America and Caribbean :
South America :
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# Midland Railway 1528 Class

The Midland Railway 1528 class was a class of ten small 0-4-0T steam locomotives designed for shunting. They all remained in service until 1957, when withdrawals began, the last being withdrawn in 1966.

## Construction history

Ten were built in two batches; all at the Midland Railway's Derby Works: the first five, Nos 1528–1533, in 1907 on Derby order number 3031, and the second five, 1534–1537, in 1921–1922, with only minor detail differences between the batches.

## Service history

They all passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at the grouping in 1923, keeping their Midland Railway numbers.
After nationalisation in 1948, British Railways added 40000 to their numbers to become 41528–41537.
Table of withdrawals :
| Year | Quantity in service at start of year | Quantity withdrawn | Locomotive numbers |
| 1957 | 10 | 2 | 41530/34 |
| 1961 | 8 | 3 | 41529/32/36 |
| 1962 | 5 | 0 | – |
| 1963 | 5 | 2 | 41531/37 |
| 1964 | 3 | 1 | 41535 |
| 1965 | 2 | 0 | – |
| 1966 | 2 | 2 | 41528/33 |
None have survived to preservation.
# Juggaknots

Juggaknots is an American hip hop group from New York City. It consists of siblings Breeze Brewin (Paul Smith), Queen Herawin (Peridot Smith), and Buddy Slim (Kevin Smith). The group has collaborated with Mr. Len, Sadat X, and Prince Paul.

## History

Juggaknot's debut studio album, Clear Blue Skies, was released on the vinyl-only New York independent Fondle 'Em Records in 1996. It is considered an underground classic by critics such as Exclaim! and HipHopDX. It was re-released as Re:Release with 11 bonus tracks in 2003.
In 2006, the group released a studio album, Use Your Confusion, which features guest appearances by Sadat X, Wordsworth, and Slick Rick, among others. It was released through Amalgam Digital after a deal was signed with the independent label.
In 2015, the group released a collection of previously unreleased tracks, titled Baby Pictures (C. 1989-1993).

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Clear Blue Skies (1996)
* Use Your Confusion (2006)

### Compilation albums

* Re:Release (2003)
* The Love Deluxe Movement (2004)

### EPs

* Baby Pictures (C. 1989-1993) (2015)

### Singles

* "WKRP in NYC" / "Generally" / "J-Solo" (2001)
* "She Loves Me Not" / "P. Rushen" (2003)
* "Strip Joint" / "Use Your Confusion" (2006)
* "New $$$" (2006)

### Guest appearances

* Wisdom - "All Star Jam" (1996)
* Mr. Len - "This Morning" from Pity the Fool (2001)
# FS Class E.403

E.403 is a class of electric locomotives to be used on fast freight trains by the Italian railway company FS Trenitalia. It is designed and manufactured in Italy by AnsaldoBreda.

## History

In the early 2000s Trenitalia developed plans to expand its freight operations into mainland Europe, especially on the Italy-Austria-Germany corridor. A new locomotive had to be conceived for the plans to become reality, and was originally designated E.402C. It was a further evolution of the E.402B locomotive, with additional equipment to operate in these countries and substantially different Hembot bogies. The locomotives would originally be delivered between 2004 and 2006.
The programme started to suffer major blows: as AnsaldoBreda built this locomotive series exclusively for Trenitalia, on a non-standard platform (unlike the TRAXX and EuroSprinter locomotives which share standard components) the costs were exploding. The locomotive was downsized with the removal of the 1.5 kV and 15 kV parts and French, German and Austrian safety systems. Instead Trenitalia took 51% of the shares in TXLogistik and sought approval for its E.412 locomotives in Austria and Germany. The (limited) Austrian and German approval was given in 2006, with TXLogistik drivers operating the trains in Austria and Germany.
The E.402C programme was renamed E.403 in 2005, with its characteristics finalised in the same year: the locomotive would now be used on fast freight trains, partly operating on the new high-speed lines. Delivery started in 2006 and approval was planned for 2007. However, by February 2010 no freight train has ever run on HS lines, and the E.403 are not yet entered in regular service. In the early months of 2010 Trenitalia decided to assign these locomotives to the Passenger Division.
# Lipienica, Świecie County

Lipienica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świekatowo, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Świekatowo, 22 km (14 mi) west of Świecie, and 38 km (24 mi) north of Bydgoszcz.
# Michael Kantakouzenos (died 1316)

Michael Kantakouzenos (died 1316) was the first epitropos ("steward, overseer") of the Byzantine province of the Morea, a position he held from 1308 till his death in 1316.
In 1308, Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos passed a decree, which stopped the appointment of new governors of the Morea every year and that this position be given to one person until his death. After the decree was passed, the first epitropos the emperor appointed was Michael Kantakouzenos. His coming to the Morea was a blessing for the local population in the poor province because he stopped the practice of corrupt governors who tried to pull off a "get rich quick" scheme in their 12-month term. He enabled economic stabilization within the province in his short eight-year term, giving his successor, Andronikos Asen, the possibility of starting a war of conquest.
Michael Kantakouzenos married Theodora Palaiologina Angelina, possible daughter of General Chandrenos and wife Theodote Glabaina Tarchaneiotissa, and died in 1316. He was survived by his son, John, who became emperor in 1347. His wife died under house arrest in Constantinople on 6 January 1342 and was buried in the Convent of Kyra-Martha.
# Karl Volkmer

Karl Volkmer (20 March 1922 – 19 December 2023) was a Swiss sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Volkmer turned 100 in March 2022. He died on 19 December 2023, at the age of 101.
# CAIS

CAIS may refer to:

## Organisations

* Canadian Academy of Independent Scholars
* Canadian Accredited Independent Schools
* Canadian Association for Information Science
* Canadian Association for Irish Studies
* Capitol Area Internet Service, an early ISP servicing the Washington, DC area until 2001; See Erol's Internet
* Center for AI Safety
* Changchun American International School
* Christian Alliance International School
* Chinese American International School

## Other uses

* Chemical Agent Identification Set
* Communications of the Association for Information Systems, an academic journal; See the founding editor Paul Gray
* Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
* Cais (surname)
* Cais (song) - a song by Milton Nascimento
# Belgian Railways Class 55

The SNCB Class 55 is a NMBS/SNCB diesel locomotive.
Six of these locomotives (5501, 5506, 5509, 5511, 5512 and 5514) are outfitted with TVM 430 signaling and a Scharfenberg coupler. This is for hauling broken-down or unpowered TGVs on line 1. They display a horizontal red band and the letters "TVM". Some locomotives are owned and used by the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois as CFL Class 1800.
# NS Class 1300

The Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) Class 1300 was a Dutch locomotive in service for 48 years from 1952 until 2000.
It was built at the same time as the NS Class 1100 at Alsthom and was based on the SNCF Class CC 7100. The Class 1300 is a bigger 6-axle, Co′Co′, version of the Class 1100.
The first loco, the 1301, was delivered in 1952 and was first used at the opening of the electric service between Zwolle and Groningen.
After being in service for less than a year 1303 was damaged beyond repair when it collided with EMU 642 at Weesp on June 19, 1953. After this accident Alsthom delivered a new loco that was originally to be delivered as a CC 7100 to the SNCF. 1303 was scrapped on the spot although some equipment was salvaged to be used in replacement loco 1311.
The locos numbered 1312-1316 were delivered in 1956 in a Berlin blue colour scheme (the locos delivered in 1952 were delivered in a turquoise colour scheme, but were painted Berlin blue in 1955).
During the 1980s the entire Class 1300 got prolonging maintenance and were painted yellow, with a big NS logo at the side. Also, the locos were all named after a Dutch city:
* 1301 Dieren
* 1302 Woerden
* 1304 Culemborg
* 1305 Alphen aan den Rijn
* 1306 Brummen
* 1307 Etten-Leur
* 1308 Nunspeet
* 1309 Susteren
* 1310 Bussum
* 1311 Best
* 1312 Zoetermeer
* 1313 Uitgeest
* 1314 Hoorn
* 1315 Tiel
* 1316 Geldermalsen
In 2000 the last locomotives were withdrawn from service. 1302, 1304, 1312 and 1315 have been preserved.
In 2015 number 1304 came back into service for private operator HSL Logistik, but in February 2016 it broke down due to operator error. Late 2018 it was repaired by replacing a few traction motors and since then it is deployed by the Fairtrains foundation for occasional transfers. The objective of Fairtrains is to have museum equipment restored and preserved from the revenues of their use. Number 1315 is the next one to be refurbished and is expected to be operational again in the course of 2019.
Number 1312 is the working representative of this class for the Dutch Railway Museum, with number 1302 serving as spare part donor.
# Winkler vine

The Winkler Vine was an example of large-vine grape culture. The vine was named after Albert J. Winkler, Chair of the Department of Viticulture and Enology (1935–1957) at University of California, Davis. Planted in 1979, the Winkler vine was a Vitis vinifera cv. Mission, grafted on to a Vitis rupestris St George rootstock. A great deal of research has been carried out on pruning, training and vine size; by researchers such as: Ravaz, Winkler, Shaulis, Koblet, Howell, Carbonneau, Smart & Clingeleffer. Minimal pruning is a pruning/training system adapted from the principles of big-vine theory.

## History

The Mission grape cultivar was originally brought to South America from Spain by Catholic missionaries and was introduced into California in the 18th century. Historically Mission was the most widely planted cultivar in California, up to the 1850s.
The Winkler Vine was trained on a 60x60ft steel arbour, covering 1/12 of an acre and was capable of producing over a tonne of fruit. The Winkler vine was damaged by a tractor 'early in its life' and carried a large canker; eventually the vine became infected with the wood rot, Eutypa, causing its death in spring 2008.

## Big vine viticulture

The vine was the classic example of big vine culture, where vines are trained and pruned to allow the plant to express its natural vigour; rather than forcing a vine into a restricted trellis system by heavy pruning. Eventually a 'big-vine' will reach its maximum size and yield compensation will result in 'balanced' cropping. Big vine production of grapes is not economically feasible (due to the time taken to establish the plant); however it demonstrates the natural ability of a vine produce in sustainable manner (yield vs. fruit ripeness vs. carbohydrate storage).
# Aleutian Airways

Aleutian Airways is a joint venture between Sterling Airways and Alaska Seaplanes which offers scheduled flights between Anchorage and Southwest Alaska.

## History

The routes served by Aleutian Airways were traditionally served by PenAir, which was purchased out of bankruptcy by Ravn air group in 2018. Following a collapse in air travel caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Raven Air filed for bankruptcy, and the operating certificate for PenAir was again put up for sale. Alaska Seaplanes, which had been outbid by Ravn for PenAir in 2018 was again outbid for PenAir.
Alaska Seaplanes then entered into a joint venture with Sterling Airways to offer service to Southwest Alaska under the name Aleutian Airways. The airline utilizes ex-PenAir Saab 2000 aircraft, flown by ex-PenAir staff.
Aleutian Airways began scheduled service with a flight from Anchorage to Dutch Harbor on November 16th, 2022.

## Corporate Structure

Aleutian Airways is a joint venture between Wexford Capital, Mckinley Alaska Private Investment, and FAA certified air carriers Air Excursions LLC and Kalinin Aviation LLC d/b/a Alaska Seaplanes. Alaska Seaplanes operates the back-office and ticket sales, while Wexford subsidiary Sterling Airways is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the aircraft.

### Sterling Airways

Wexford Capital purchased Florida-based ViaAir with the intent of rebranding the airline and serving markets in the Southeast, Midwest, and Alaska. The airline was renamed Sterling, and the Embraer aircraft replaced with 4 leased Saab 2000s. Currently, the only routes they are flying are those flown under the Aleutian Airways brand.
Wexford Capital has a history with airlines, starting with the purchase of the former Alaskan airline MarkAir's assets out of bankruptcy in 1995. Wexford went on to purchase and reorganize Republic Airways. Several of Sterling's current employees formerly worked at Republic, including Wayne Heller, Sterling's CEO.

## Destinations

List of destinations (As of January 2024) :
| City | Country (Subdivision) | IATA | Airport | Notes |
| Anchorage | USA (Alaska) | ANC | Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport | Base |
| Cold Bay | USA (Alaska) | CDB | Cold Bay Airport | |
| Unalaska / Dutch Harbor | USA (Alaska) | DUT | Unalaska Airport | |
| Homer | USA (Alaska) | HOM | Homer Airport | |
| King Salmon | USA (Alaska) | AKN | King Salmon Airport | Seasonal |
| Sand Point | USA (Alaska) | SDP | Sand Point Airport | |

## Fleet

The Aleutian Airways fleet includes the following aircraft:
Aleutian Airways fleet (As of January 2024) :
| Aircraft | Number | Seats | Notes |
| Saab 2000 | 4 | | Former PenAir aircraft |
# NSB El 12

NSB El 12 was an electric locomotive used by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) to haul iron ore trains on Ofoten Line between 1957 and 1990. The locomotives were based on the Swedish Dm that was used with success on the connecting Iron Ore Line. The eight units were always operated in pairs or in triples and were numbered 12 2113 - 12 2120. Four double sets remain as heritage locomotives.

## History

After World War II the production resumed at the mines operated by LKAB at Kiruna and Malmberget with estimates of a 50% production increase within few years. To solve the problems with increased traffic, the railway companies had the choice of either building double track or hauling longer trains. The latter solution was chosen, and on the Norwegian side the ten El 3 locomotives were converted from five double sets to three triple sets with one reserve and the two El 4 converted to a double set. But this solution would require more locomotives.
The Swedish State Railways (SJ), who operated the trains from the mines to Riksgränsen, chose to buy 12 Dm units in 1952, based on the Da units from 1950. NSB chose to buy six more or less identical units from Motala Verkstad in 1954 and an additional two in 1957 from NOHAB. But the ore production continued to increase, and in 1960 SJ ordered a middle section for their Dm units, creating the Dm+Dm3+Dm unit configuration. NSB chose to rebuild three of their locomotive pairs to triple units, but in 1967 NSB ordered six new technically far more advanced El 15 locomotives. The El 12 units were taken out of service between 1989 and 1992.
# Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 200 metre freestyle

The Women's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2018 Commonwealth Games was held on 5 April at the Gold Coast Aquatic Centre.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world, Commonwealth and Games records were as follows:
| World record | Federica Pellegrini (ITA) | 1:52.98 | Rome, Italy | 29 July 2009 |
| Commonwealth record | Emma McKeon (AUS) | 1:54.83 | Adelaide, Australia | 10 April 2016 |
| Games record | Emma McKeon (AUS) | 1:55.57 | Glasgow, United Kingdom | 24 July 2014 |
The following records were established during the competition:
| Date | Event | Name | Nationality | Time | Record |
| 5 April | Final | Taylor Ruck | Canada | 1:54.81 | CR, GR |

## Schedule

The schedule is as follows:
All times are Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10)
| Date | Time | Round |
| Thursday 5 April 2018 | 11:00 | Qualifying |
| Thursday 5 April 2018 | 20:04 | Final |

## Results
### Heats

| Rank | Heat | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | 4 | Ariarne Titmus | Australia | 1:57.02 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | 4 | Emma McKeon | Australia | 1:57.40 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | 5 | Taylor Ruck | Canada | 1:57.44 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | 4 | Eleanor Faulkner | England | 1:57.87 | Q |
| 5 | 3 | 6 | Holly Hibbott | England | 1:58.10 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | 5 | Penny Oleksiak | Canada | 1:58.21 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | 5 | Leah Neale | Australia | 1:58.91 | Q |
| 8 | 3 | 3 | Lucy Hope | Scotland | 1:59.18 | Q |
| 9 | 3 | 3 | Kathryn Greenslade | Wales | 1:59.66 | |
| 10 | 2 | 6 | Carina Doyle | New Zealand | 2:00.01 | |
| 11 | 1 | 6 | Ellena Jones | Wales | 2:01.47 | |
| 12 | 1 | 3 | Joanna Evans | Bahamas | 2:01.75 | |
| 13 | 2 | 7 | Gemma Atherley | Jersey | 2:03.64 | |
| 14 | 3 | 2 | Dune Coetzee | South Africa | 2:04.15 | |
| 15 | 1 | 2 | Kristin Bellingan | South Africa | 2:04.37 | |
| 16 | 3 | 7 | Lauren Hew | Cayman Islands | 2:07.21 | |
| 17 | 2 | 2 | Marlies Ross | South Africa | 2:08.29 | |
| 18 | 3 | 1 | Alison Jackson | Cayman Islands | 2:12.08 | |
| 19 | 1 | 7 | Makaela Holowchak | Antigua and Barbuda | 2:14.01 | |
| 20 | 2 | 1 | Theresa Soukup | Seychelles | 2:15.63 | |
| 21 | 1 | 1 | Aliah Maginley | Antigua and Barbuda | 2:25.35 | |

### Final

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | 3 | Taylor Ruck | Canada | 1:54.81 | CR, GR |
| | 4 | Ariarne Titmus | Australia | 1:54.85 | |
| | 5 | Emma McKeon | Australia | 1:56.26 | |
| 4 | 6 | Eleanor Faulkner | England | 1:57.72 | |
| 5 | 2 | Holly Hibbott | England | 1:58.55 | |
| 6 | 1 | Leah Neale | Australia | 1:58.76 | |
| 7 | 7 | Penny Oleksiak | Canada | 1:59.55 | |
| 8 | 8 | Lucy Hope | Scotland | 1:59.58 | |