# Ecosystem Management Decision Support

The Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system is an application framework for knowledge-based decision support of ecological analysis and planning at any geographic scale.
EMDS integrates state-of-the-art geographic information system (GIS) as well as logic programming and decision modeling technologies on multiple platforms (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X) to provide decision support for a substantial portion of the adaptive management process of ecosystem management.
EMDS has used Criterium DecisionPlus from InfoHarvest, Inc. and NetWeaver from Rules of Thumb, Inc. as core analytical engines since 2002. The NetWeaver component performs logic-based evaluation of environmental data, and logically synthesizes evaluations to infer the state of landscape features such as watersheds (e.g., watershed condition). The DecisionPlus component prioritizes landscape features with respect to user-defined management objectives (e.g., watershed restoration), using summarized outputs from NetWeaver as well as additional logistical information considered important to the decision maker(s). See the #Applications section below for a current list of published papers by application area.
Several citations provide extensive background on the EMDS system and its potential applications.
EMDS 8.7 was released in February 2023. Some major new features were added between v5 and 8.7 (see Frontiers in Environmental Science):
* Classic multicriteria decision analysis to rate potential management activities in each landscape feature.
* Design and evaluation of alternative portfolios of management actions to implement on a landscape.
* An advanced table and charting utility for summarizing results of the analytical engines.
* Addition of a workflow editor to automate sequences of activities and data processing.
* Support for scripting languages (Python, R, JavaScript, and C#script) that can be used standalone or in conjunction with the workflow editor.

## Development partners

EMDS was originally developed by the United States Forest Service. The Redlands Institute of the University of Redlands developed and maintained EMDS from 2005 until mid 2014 when the university closed the Redlands Institute. Support and development of EMDS was then transferred to Mountain View Business Group where one of the principal programmers was able to find a new home. Development continues with support from Rules of Thumb, Inc. and InfoHarvest, Inc.. Logic Programming Associates (London, UK) joined the EMDS development group in 2013, bringing VisiRule and their expertise in Prolog programming into the mix. An area of immediate interest for further research and development based on this new expertise is the possibility for implementing natural language generators in EMDS that can interact with the analytical products and maps from NetWeaver and CDP, and render all of this complexity into easy-to-understand executive summaries. The most recent addition to the EMDS development group is BayesFusion, LLC, which brings a customized version of its SMILE engine for running GeNIe Bayesian network applications to the EMDS environment.

## Applications

* EMDS, the book (March 2014).
* Conservation
* Ecosystems
* Forest management
* Landscapes
* Pollution
* Urban growth and development
* Watersheds and wetlands
* Wildlife habitat management
* Wildland fire

## Citations

* ↑ Reynolds, K.M. 2001a. Using a logic framework to assess forest ecosystem sustainability. Journal of Forestry 99:26-30. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M. 2001b. Fuzzy logic knowledge bases in integrated landscape assessment: examples and possibilities. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-521. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 24 p. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M. 2002a. Landscape evaluation and planning with EMDS 3.0. 2002 ESRI User Conference. San Diego, CA. July 9–12, 2002. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M. 2002b. Logic models as frameworks for thinking about compatibility. Pages 215-224 in Johnson, D.; Haynes, R., eds. Proceedings of the Wood Compatibility Workshop. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-563. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M. 2003. A logic approach to design specifications for integrated application of diverse models in forest ecosystem analysis. Pages 379-385 in: Amaro, A., Reed, D. and Soares, P. (eds). Modelling Forest Systems. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M. 2005b. Integrated decision support for sustainable forest management in the United States: fact or fiction? Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 49:6-23. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M. 2005c. EMDS 3.0: A Modeling Framework for Coping with Complexity in Environmental Assessment and Planning PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., and P.F. Hessburg. 2014. An overview of the Ecosystem Management Decision-Support system. Chapter 1 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Saunders, M.C, and B.J. Miller. 2014 NetWeaver. Chapter 2 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Murphy, P.J. 2014. Criterium DecisionPlus. Chapter 3 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. [ PDF]
* ↑ Paplanus, S., B. Miller, P. Murphy, K. Reynolds, and M.Saunders. 2014. EMDS 5.0 and Beyond. Chapter 13 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron. 2014. Synthesis and new directions. Chapter 14 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K., S. Paplanus, B. Miller, and P. Murphy. 2015. Design features behind success of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System and future development. Forests 6:27-46. PDF
* ↑ Marcot, B.G., and K.M. Reynolds. 2019. EMDS has a GeNIe with a SMILE. Newsletter of the Australian Bayesian Network Modelling Society. August 2019, 12-15. PDF
* ↑ Marcot, B.G., and K.M. Reynolds. 2019. EMDS has a GeNIe with a SMILE. Newsletter of the Australian Bayesian Network Modelling Society. August 2019, 12-15. PDF
* ↑ Marcot, B.G., and K.M. Reynolds. 2019. EMDS has a GeNIe with a SMILE. PNW Research Note PNW-RN581. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). 2014. Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. Available online
* ↑ Wang, J., J. Chen, W. Ju, and M. Li. 2010. IA-SDSS: A GIS-based land use decision support system with consideration of carbon sequestration. Environmental Modelling & Software 25: 539–553. PDF
* ↑ Manzuli, A.G. 2005. Knowledge-based monitoring and evaluation system of land Use: assessing the ecosystem conservation status in the influence area of a gas pipeline in Bolivia. Doctoral dissertation. Göttingen: Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. PDF
* ↑ White, M.D., Heilman, G.E. Jr., and Stallcup, J.E. 2005. Science assessment for the Sierra Checkerboard Initiative Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine. Conservation Biology Institute, Encinitas, CA.
* ↑ Humphries, H.C., P.S. Bourgeron, and K.M. Reynolds. 2008. Suitability for conservation as a criterion in regional conservation network selection. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 467-492.online Archived 2013-02-02 at archive.today
* ↑ Staus, N.L., J.R. Strittholt, and D.A. Dellasala. 2010. Evaluating areas of high conservation value in Western Oregon with a decision-support model. Conservation Biology 24: 711–720. PDF
* ↑ White, M.D., and J.R. Strittholt. 2014. Forest conservation planning. Chapter 9 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Povak, P.A., C.P. Giardina, P.F. Hessburg, K.M. Reynolds, R.B. Salter, C. Heider, E. Salminen, and R. MacKenzie. 2020. A decision support tool for the conservation of tropical forest and nearshore environments on Babeldaob Island, Palau. Forest Ecology and Management 476. PDF
* ↑ Bourgeron, P.S., H.C. Humphries, and K.M. Reynolds. 2003. Conducting large-scale conservation evaluation and conservation area selection using a knowledge-based system and GIS framework. In: Parks, BO, Clarke KM, Crane MP, editors. 2003. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Modeling: Problems, Prospectus, and Needs for Research. [CD-ROM, ISBN 0-9743307-0-1]. GIS/EM4 Conference; 2000 Sep 2-8; The Banff Centre, Banff, (AB) Canada. [Jointly published] Boulder: University of Colorado - Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Denver: US Geologic Survey - Center for Biological Informatics, and Boulder: NOAA National Geophysical Data Center - Ecosystem Informatics. PDF
* ↑ Stoms, D.M., McDonald, J.M., and Davis, F.W. 2002. Fuzzy Assessment of Land Suitability for Scientific Research Reserves. Environmental Management 29:545-558. PDF
* ↑ Stoms, D.M. 2014. Ecological research reserve planning. Chapter 8 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Krsnik, G., K.M. Reynolds, P. Murphy, S. Paplanus, J. Garcia-Gonzalo, and J.R. González Olabarria.2023. Forest use suitability: Towards decision-making-oriented sustainable management of forest ecosystem services. Geography and Sustainability 4: 414-427. PDF
* ↑ Abelson, E.S., K.M. Reynolds, P. Manley, S. Paplanus. 2021. Strategic decision support for long-term conservation management planning. Forest Ecology and Management 497. PDF
* ↑ Abelson, E.S., K.M. Reynolds, A.M. White, J.W. Long, C. Maxwell, and P.N. Manley. 2022. Evaluating pathways to social and ecological landscape resilience. Ecology and Society 27. PDF
* ↑ Marto, M., IK.M. Reynolds, J.G. Borges, V.A. Bushenkov, and S. Marques. 2018. Combining decision support approaches for optimizing the selection of bundles of ecosystem services. Forests 9: 438-451. PDF
* ↑ Marques, M., K.M. Reynolds, S. Marques, M. Marto, S. Paplanus, and J.G. Borges. 2021. A participatory and spatial multicriteria decision approach to prioritize the allocation of ecosystem services to management units. Land 10.
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., Johnson, K.N.; Gordon, S.N. 2003. The science/policy interface in logic‑based evaluation of forest ecosystem sustainability. Forest Policy and Economics 5:433-446. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M. 2005a. Decision support for evaluating the U.S. national criteria and indicators for forest ecosystem sustainability. In: Aguirre-Bravo, Celedonio, et al. Eds. Monitoring Science and Technology Symposium: Unifying Knowledge for Sustainability in the Western Hemisphere; 2004 September 20–24; Denver, CO. Proceedings RMRS-P-37CD. Odgen, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Published on CD-ROM. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., S.N. Gordon, and K.N. Johnson. 2008. Using logic to evaluate forest ecosystem sustainability. Forest Criteria and Indicators Analytical Framework and Report Workshop. 18–21 May 2008, Joensuu, Finland. Gen. Tech Rep. WO-GTR-81.PDF
* ↑ Jensen, M., K. Reynolds, U. Langner, and M. Hart. 2009. Application of logic and decision models in sustainable ecosystem management. 2009. Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences. Waikoloa, Hawaii. 5–8 January 2009. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M. 2002c. Social acceptability of natural resource decision-making processes. Pages 245-252 in Johnson, D.; Haynes, R., eds. Proceedings of the Wood Compatibility Workshop. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-563. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. PDF
* ↑ ChiChuan, C. and L. HunYeu. 2000. Ecosystem management decision support system (I): planning and integration of a geographic database (Chinese with English summary). Taiwan Journal of Forest Science 15: 125-135.
* ↑ Marques, M., K.M. Reynolds, M. Marto, M. Lakicevic, C. Caldas, P.J. Murphy, and J.G. Borges. 2021. Multicriteria decision analysis and group decision-making to select stand-level forest management models and support landscape-level collaborative planning. Forests 12. PDF
* ↑ Long, J.W. and P.N. Manley. 2020. Lake Tahoe West science summary of findings report. Unpublished final report to National Forest Foundation and California Tahoe Conservancy, South Lake Tahoe, CA. 57 pp. PDF
* ↑ Anonymous. 2024. Mature and Old-Growth Forests: Analysis of Threats on Lands Managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management in Fulfillment of Section 2(c) of Executive Order No. 14072.FS-1215C. Washington, DC. PDF
* ↑ Krsnik, G., K.M. Reynolds, N. Aquilué, B. Mola‑Yudego, M.Pecurul‑Botines, J. Garcia‑Gonzalo, and J.R. González Olabarria. 2024. Assessing the dynamics of forest ecosystem services to define forest use suitability: a case study of Pinus sylvestris in Spain. Env. Sciences Europe 36. PDF
* ↑ Cheng, C.-C. 2004. Chapter 2. Pages 94–104 in T. Partap, ed. Evolving sustainable production systems in sloping upland areas: land classification issues and options. Tokyo: Asian Productivity. PDF
* ↑ Wang, S.-F., Y.-K. Chen, and C.-C. Cheng. 2004a. Establishment and application of forest ecosystem management decision support system. Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 52: 41-52. PDF (in Chinese)
* ↑ Ray, D., K. Reynolds, J. Slade, and S. Hodge. 1998. A spatial solution to Ecological Site Classification for British Forestry using Ecosystem Management Decision Support. Proceedings of Third International Conference on GeoComputation Conference. Bristol, UK. September 17–19, 1998. Online
* ↑ Pechanec, V., J. Brus, H. Kilianová, and I. Machar. 2015.Decision support tool for the evaluation of landscapes. Ecological Informatics 30: 305-308. PDF
* ↑ Hessburg, P. F. Reynolds, K. M., Salter, R. B., and Richmond, M. B. 2004. Using a decision support system to estimate departures of present forest landscape patterns from historical conditions: An example from the Inland Northwest Region of the United States. Chapter 12, In: Perera, A.H., L.J. Buse, and M.G. Weber, eds. Emulating Natural Forest Landscape Disturbances: Concepts and Applications. Columbia University Press, New York, NY. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., and Hessburg, P.F. 2005. Decision support for integrated landscape evaluation and restoration planning. Forest Ecology and Management 207:263-278. PDF
* ↑ Stolle, L., C. Lingnau, and J.E. Arce. 2007. Mapeamento da fragilidade ambiental em áreas de plantios florestais. Pages 1871–1873 in Anais XIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, Florianópolis, Brasil, 21-26 abril 2007, INPE. PDF (in Portuguese)
* ↑ Hessburg, P.F., K.M. Reynolds, R.B. Salter, J.D. Dickinson, W.L. Gaines, and R.J. Harrod. 2013. Landscape Evaluation for Restoration Planning on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, USA. Sustainability 5: 805-840. PDF
* ↑ Bourgeron, B., H. Humphries, C. Fisher, B. Bollenbacher, and K. Reynolds. 2014. The integrated restoration and protection strategy of USDA Forest Service Region 1: A road map to improved planning. Chapter 5 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Hessburg, P.F., R.B. Salter, K.M. Reynolds, J.D. Dickinson, W.L. Gaines, and R.J. Harrod. 2014. Landscape evaluation and restoration planning. Chapter 7 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ O’Callaghan, Joan. 2014. Restoration Planning on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest: Prescriptions for Resilient Landscapes. PNW Station Science Findings 162. Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 pp. PDF
* ↑ Bollenbacher, B.L. R.T. Graham, and K.M. Reynolds. 2014. Regional Forest Landscape Restoration Priorities: Integrating Historical Conditions and an Uncertain Future in the Northern Rocky Mountains. J. For. 112: 474-483. PDF
* ↑ Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. 2012 The Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Restoration Strategy: adaptive ecosystem management to restore landscape resiliency. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 118 p. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K., B. Bollenbacher, C. Fisher, M. Hart, M. Manning, E. Henderson, and B. Sims. 2016. Decision support for the integrated restoration and protection strategy of Forest Service Region 1. FS-1031. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Published on DVD. Online Archived 2017-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
* ↑ Higgins, K., B. Randle, K. Rauscher, R. Reinlasoder, and M. Webb. 2017. Snoqualmie Valley Agricultural Production District riparian restoration and agriculture partnership building: reach scale plan. King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, water and land resources Division: Seattle, WA. PDF
* ↑ Cleland, D., K. Reynolds, R. Vaughan, B. Schrader, H. Li, and L. Laing. 2017. Terrestrial condition assessment for national forests of the USDA Forest Service in the continental US. Sustainability 9: 2144-2163. PDF or Online
* ↑ Cannon, J., R. Hickey, and W. Gaines. 2018. Using GIS and the Ecosystem Management Decision Support Tool for Forest Management on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Washington State. Journal of Forestry 116: 460-472. PDF
* ↑ Anonymous. Lake Tahoe West Landscape Restoration Strategy. PDF
* ↑ Lima, M.L., A. Romanelli, H.E. Massone. 2013. Decision support model for assessing aquifer pollution hazard and prioritizing groundwater resources management in the wet Pampa plain, Argentina. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185: 5125-5139. Online
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, T. Sullivan, N. Povak, T. McDonnell, B. Cosby, and W. Jackson. 2012. Spatial decision support for assessing impacts of atmospheric sulfur deposition on aquatic ecosystems in the Southern Appalachian Region. Proceedings of the 45th Hawaiian International Conference on System Sciences. 4–7 January 2012, Maui, Hawaii. PDF
* ↑ Povak, N.A., P.F. Hessburg, K.M. Reynolds, T.J. Sullivan, T.C. McDonnell. 2013. Hurdle modeling to predict biogeochemical and climatic controls on streamwater acidity in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Water Resources Research 49: 1-16. PDF
* ↑ Povak, N.A., P.F. Hessburg, T.C. McDonnell, K.M. Reynolds, T.J. Sullivan, R. B. Salter, and B.J. Cosby. 2014. Machine learning and linear regression models to predict catchment-level base cation weathering rates across the southern Appalachian Mountain region, USA, Water Resources Research 50: 2798–2814. PDF
* ↑ McDonnell, T.C., T.J. Sullivan, P.F. Hessburg, K.M. Reynolds, N.A. Povak, B.J. Cosby, W. Jackson, and R.B. Salter. 2014. Steady-state sulfur critical loads and exceedances for protection of aquatic ecosystems in the US southern Appalachian Mountains. J. Environ. Manage. 146: 407-419. PDF
* ↑ Hessburg, P., Povak, N., Reynolds, K., and N. Vizcarra. 2015. Sour streams in Appalachia: mapping nature’s buffer against sulfur deposition. PNW Science Findings 175. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, M. Lakicevic, N.A. Povak, R.B. Salter, T.J. Sullivan, T.C. McDonnell, B.J. Cosby, and W. Jackson. 2023. Assessing impacts of sulfur deposition on aquatic ecosystems: A decision support system for the Southern Appalachians. Ecosphere 14. PDF
* ↑ Johnston, R.A., D.R. Shabazian, and S. Gao. 2002. UPlan, a versatile urban growth model for transportation planning. Transportation Research Record 1831: 202-209. PDF
* ↑ Puente, C.R., I.F. Diego, J.J. Ortiz Santa María. A.P. Hernando, and P.z de Arróyabe Hernáez. 2007. The development of a new methodology based on GIS and fuzzy logic to locate sustainable industrial areas. 10th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science, Aalborg University, Denmark. PDF
* ↑ Ruiz, C. 2014. Planning for Urban Growth and Sustainable Development. Chapter 11 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Krsnik, G., S. Reyes-Paecke, K.M. Reynolds, J. Garcia-Gonzalo, J.R. González Olabarria. 2023. Relativeness in the Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services: Better Comparison Methods for Improved Well-Being. Land 12. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K., P. Murphy, and S. Paplanus. 2017. Toward geodesign for watershed restoration on the Fremont-Winema National Forest, Pacific Northwest, USA. Sustainability 9: 678-697. PDF
* ↑ Povak, N.A., P.F. Hessburg, C.P. Giardina, R.A. MacKenzie, K.M. Reynolds, C. Heider, E. Salminen, and R.B. Salter. 2017. A Watershed decision support tool for managing invasive species on Hawaii Island, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 400: 300-320. PDF
* ↑ Londono, O.M.C, A. Romanelli, M. Lourdes Lima, H.E. Massone, and D.E. Martínez. 2016. Fuzzy logic-based assessment for mapping potential infiltration areas in low-gradient watersheds. J. Environmental Management 176: 101-111. PDF
* ↑ Bleier, C., Downie, S., Cannata, S., Henly, R., Walker, R., Keithley, C., Scruggs, M.; Custis, K., Clements, J. and R. Klamt. 2003. North Coast Watershed Assessment Program Methods Manual. California Resources Agency and California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California. 191 pages. PDF
* ↑ Dai, J.J., S. Lorenzato, and D.M. Rocke 2004. A knowledge-based model of watershed assessment for sediment. Environmental Modelling & Software 19: 423–433. PDF
* ↑ Gallo, Kirsten; Lanigan, Steven H.; Eldred, Peter; Gordon, Sean N.; Moyer, Chris. 2005. Northwest Forest Plan—the first 10 years (1994–2003): preliminary assessment of the condition of watersheds. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-647. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 133 p. Download page for PDF - in five parts
* ↑ Gordon, S., and Gallo, K. 2011. Structuring expert input for a knowledge-based approach to watershed condition assessment for the Northwest Forest Plan, USA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 172(1): 643-661. PDF
* ↑ Reeves, Gordon, H.; Hohler, David B.; Larsen, David P.; Busch, David E.; Kratz, Kim; Reynolds, Keith; Stein, Karl F.; Atzet, Thomas; Hays, Polly; Tehan, Michael. 2003. Aquatic and riparian effectiveness monitoring program for the Northwest Forest Plan. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-577. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 80 p. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M.; Peets, S. 2001. Integrated assessment and priorities for protection and restoration of watersheds. Proceedings of the IUFRO 4.11 conference on forest biometry, modeling and information science. 26–29 June 2001, Greenwich, UK. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., Jensen, M., Andreasen, J., and Goodman, I. 2000. Knowledge-based assessment of watershed condition. Comput Electron Agr 27:315–334. online
* ↑ Walker, R., C. Keithley, R. Henly, S. Downie, and S. Cannata. 2007. Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) applied to watershed assessment on California’s north coast. Pages 25-34 in Standiford, R.B., G.A. Giusti, Y. Valachovic, W.J. Zielinski, and M.J. Furniss (eds.) Proceedings of the Redwood Region Forest Science Symposium: What Does the Future Hold? 15–17 March 2004, Rohnert Park, California. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-194. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA. 553 p. PDF
* ↑ Gordon, S.N. 2014. Use of EMDS in Conservation and Management Planning for Watersheds. Chapter 4 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., P.J. Murphy, and Steven Paplanus. 2017. Toward geodesign for watershed restoration on the Fremont-Winema National Forest, Pacific Northwest, USA. Sustainability 9: 678. PDF
* ↑ Janssen, R., H. Goosena, M.L. Verhoevenb, J.T.A. Verhoevenb, A.Q.A. Omtzigta and E. Maltby. 2005. Decision support for integrated wetland management. Environmental Modelling and Software 30: 215-229. PDF
* ↑ Girvetz, E., and Shilling, F. 2003. Decision Support for Road System Analysis and Modification on the Tahoe National Forest. Environmental Management 32:218-233. PDF
* ↑ Heaton, J.S., K.E. Nussear, T.C. Esque, R.D. Inman, F.M. Davenport, T.E. Leuteritz, P.A. Medica, N.W. Strout, P.A. Burgess, and L. Benvenuti. 2008. Spatially explicit decision support for selecting translocation areas for Mojave desert tortoises. Biodiversity Conservation 17:575–590. PDF
* ↑ Leuteritz, Thomas E.J. 2006. Tortoises on the march: modeling and GIS help relocate a threatened species. GeoWorld, May 2006.
* ↑ Redlands Institute Decision Support Team. 2004. Desert Tortoise habitat potential knowledge base. Redlands Institute, Redlands, CA. 120 pp. PDF
* ↑ Wang, S.-F., C.-C. Cheng, C.-C. Chang. 2004b. Applying Ecosystem Management Decision Support System on wildlife habitat suitability assessment. Jour. Exp. For. Nat. Taiwan Univ. 19: 69-76. PDF (in Chinese)
* ↑ Gordon, S.N., H. McPherson, L. Dickson, J. Halofsky, C. Snyder, and A.W. Brodie. 2014. Wildlife Habitat Management. Chapter 10 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Wainwright, T.C., P.W. Lawson, G.H. Reeves, L.A. Weitkamp, H.A. Stout, and JS. Mills. 2014. Measuring Biological Sustainability via a Decision Support System: Experiences with Oregon Coast Coho Salmon. Chapter 12 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, R.E. Miller, and R.T. Meurisse. 2011. Evaluating soil risks associated with severe wildfire and ground-based logging. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-840. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 27 p. PDF
* ↑ Hessburg, P., Reynolds, K., Keane, R., James, K., Salter, R. 2008. Evaluating wildland fire danger and prioritizing vegetation and fuels treatments. Forest Ecology and Management 247:1-17. PDF
* ↑ Gollnick-Waid, K., S. Goodman, B. Yohn, J. Wallace, K. VanHemelryck, and G. Barnes. 2009. Ecosystem Management and Decision Support, Summary of Fiscal Year 2009 Results, Prepared for the National Interagency Fuels Coordination Group. Boise, ID: US Department of the Interior. 28 p.
* ↑ Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, R.E. Keane, and J.P. Menakis. 2009. Allocating fuel-treatment budgets: recent federal experience with decision support. Forest Ecology and Management 258: 2373–2381. PDF
* ↑ Hessburg, P. F., K.M. Reynolds, R.E. Keane, K.M. James, R.B. Salter. 2010. Evaluating wildland fire danger and prioritizing vegetation and fuels treatments. Pages 329-352 in: Pye, J.M., H.M. Rauscher, Y. Sands, D.C. Lee, and J.S. Beatty, tech. eds. Advances in threat assessment and their application to forest and rangeland management. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-802. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest and Southern Research Stations. PDF
* ↑ Keane, R.E., J. Menakis, P. Hessburg, K. Reynolds, and J. Dickinson. 2014. Evaluating Wildland fire hazard and risk for fire management applications. Chapter 6 in Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Hessburg, and P.S. Bourgeron (eds). Decision Support for Environmental Management: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System. Berlin: Springer. PDF
* ↑ Gonzalez-Olabarria, J.R., K.M. Reynolds, A. Larrañaga, E. Busquets, and M. Pique. 2019. Strategic and tactical planning to improve suppression efforts against large forest fires in the Catalonia region of Spain. Forest Ecology and management 432: 612-622. PDF