OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Katayama Tōkuma

Katayama Tōkuma (片山 東熊, 18 January 1854 – 24 October 1917) was a Japanese architect who designed the original buildings for the Imperial Nara Museum as well as the Kyoto Imperial Museum and was significant in introducing Western, particularly French architecture into Japan.
Coming from Chōshū, Tōkuma was a protégé of Yamagata Aritomo. In 1879 he graduated from the Imperial College of Engineering. During his late twenties and early thirties he assisted Josiah Conder in designing and building a Western-style residence for Prince Arisugawa Taruhito and then on the new Imperial Palace in Tokyo. During the 1880 he was sent to Europe and America to study interior decoration, including furniture. In 1887 he was appointed as an officer in the construction office of the Imperial Household.

## Buildings

* 1894 Nara Imperial Museum, now the Nara National Museum
* 1895 Kyoto Imperial Museum, now the Kyoto National Museum
* 1905 Museum of Agriculture (神宮農業館), Ise, Mie Prefecture, (constructed (1891–1905)
* 1909 Tōgu Palace, now Akasaka Palace (constructed 1899–1909)
# Weld Town Hall

Weld Town Hall is located at 17 School Street (also referred to as Wilton Road and Maine State Route 156) in Weld, Maine. Built 1922–26 by the local Masonic Lodge, the build has been a major community center for many years, and has hosted its town meetings since 1925. It is now owned by the town, with space leased to the Masons on the second floor. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. (Weld's municipal offices are located in a more modern facility on Mill Street.)

## Description and history

Weld Town Hall is located on the south side of School Street, just east of Houghton Brook and a short way east of the junction of School Street with Mill Street (Maine State Route 142). It is a large two-story rectangular wood-frame structure, with a front-gable roof, shingle and clapboard siding, and a cement foundation. The first floor of the main (north-facing) facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance and two sash windows on either side. The center three bays are sheltered by a gable-roofed portico, supported by square posts, with a handicap access ramp leading down to the left. The second floor facade has four windows spaced symmetrically but at irregular intervals, with a Masonic shield at the center. The gable end has a single sash window.
The interior begins with a small vestibule that opens into a large open room with a stage at the far end. To the left of the entrance stairs rise to the second floor, while there is a ticket booth and a small kitchen area (accessible only from the hall) to the right. The second floor is divided into a number of rooms leased to the Masonic lodge, and has a film projection room that contains projection equipment dating to the 1920s and 1930s. The projection area is accessed via a stepladder from the kitchen below. The hall is outfitted with a curtain which demarcates the stage area, and with retractable basketball hoops.
The town of Weld was first organized as Webb's Pond Plantation in 1812, and incorporated as Weld in 1816. Its first town hall was located in the lower village, but the upper village later became more economically significant, and it is where this building is located. Construction, which took place 1922–26, was funded by the Masonic Tie Lodge No. 154, and was from the completion of its first floor opened by the Masons as a community meeting space. The Masons lost the building to foreclosure in 1937, and the town voted to purchase it from the bank in 1940. It has been the location of town meetings since 1925, in addition to a large number of local social functions.
# Pier Paolo Taddei

Pier Paolo Taddei (born 29 June 1949) is a Sammarinese sports shooter. He competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima

The Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima, or simply the Library of Caesarea, was the library of the Christians of Caesarea Maritima in Syria Palaestina in antiquity.

## History

Through Origen and especially the scholarly presbyter Pamphilus, an avid collector of books of Scripture, the theological school of Caesarea gained a reputation for having the most extensive ecclesiastical library of the time, containing more than 30,000 manuscripts: Gregory Nazianzus, Basil the Great, Jerome and others came to study there. The Caesarean text-type is recognized by scholars as one of the earliest New Testament types.
Saint Pamphilus searched out and obtained ancient texts which he collected in the library that Jerome was later to use, and established a school for theological study. In the scriptorium, a necessary adjunct to all libraries of antiquity, he oversaw the production of edited copies of Scripture. Testimonies to this work are to be found in the colophons of biblical manuscripts. Jerome's De Viris Illustribus (75) says that Pamphilus "transcribed the greater part of the works of Origen of Alexandria with his own hand," and that "these are still preserved in the library of Cæsarea."
Among other lost treasures in the library was the Gospel according to the Hebrews. Jerome knew of this copy of the so-called "Hebrew" or Aramaic text of the Gospel of Matthew and Eusebius refers to the catalogue of the library that he appended to his life of Pamphilus. A passage from the lost life, quoted by Jerome, describes how Pamphilus supplied impoverished scholars with the necessaries of life and gave them copies of the Scriptures, of which he kept a large supply. He likewise bestowed copies on women devoted to study. The great treasure of the library at Caesarea was Origen's own copy of the "Hexapla," probably the only complete copy ever made. It was consulted by Jerome. St Pamphilus was martyred in February, 309.
The collections of the library suffered during the persecutions under the Emperor Diocletian, but were repaired subsequently by bishops of Caesarea. Acacius of Caesarea and Euzoius, successors of Eusebius, concentrated on conservation.
It was noted in the 6th century, but Henry Barclay Swete was of the opinion that it probably did not long survive the capture of Caesarea by the Saracens in 638, and this claim is repeated, without citation, in a modern reference: the “large library survived at Caesarea until destroyed by the Arabs in the 7th cent.” O'Connor says of this library, "The tradition of scholarship ... was continued by Pamphilius (d. 309). By adding to the manuscript collection of Origen he created a library second only to that of Alexandria; in 630 it had 30,000 volumes." This number is based on Isidore of Seville's estimate in his Etymologiae. For further information see the article on the Muslim conquest of the Levant.
# The Elective Affinities

The Elective Affinities (Italian: Le affinità elettive, French: Les affinités électives) is a 1996 Italian-French comedy film directed by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani. It was screened out of competition at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival.

## Cast

* Isabelle Huppert as Carlotta
* Fabrizio Bentivoglio as Ottone
* Jean-Hugues Anglade as Edoardo
* Marie Gillain as Ottilia
* Massimo Popolizio as Marchese
* Laura Marinoni as Marchesa
* Consuelo Ciatti as Governante
* Stefania Fuggetta as Agostina
* Gavino Bondioli as Guardiacaccia
* Massimo Grigo as Cameriere
* Adelaide Foti as Albergatrice
* Giancarlo Carboni as Medico
* Giancarlo Giannini as Narrator (voice)
# Odesa Funicular

The Odesa Funicular (Ukrainian: Одеський фунікулер, romanized: Odeskyi funikuler) serves the Ukrainian city of Odesa. Running alongside the Potemkin Stairs, it connects the Prymorskyi Boulevard with the Port of Odesa.
Despite what its name suggests, in its modern state the Odesa Funicular is not technically a funicular but rather a double inclined lift. The system was built by the "Skylift" from Kyiv.

## History

The funicular was designed by the engineer N. I. Pyatnitsky and opened on 8 June 1902. It was equipped with two passenger cabins for 35 persons each delivered from Paris.
In 1969 the original system was replaced by a cascade of escalators, which had to be closed in 1997.
Then in 1998 the city council decided to restore the service, this time in the form of an inclined elevator. Construction started in the same year but was delayed until 2005, and the ropeway was reopened on 2 September 2005.
Service was interrupted for much of 2016 for repairs to the Potemkin Stairs.

## Route

Located in the old town, the central city district, the line starts at the Primorsky Boulevard (Primorsky Bulvar), in which lies the upper station, close to the Opera Theater. The line and ends at Prymorska Street (Prymorska vulytsia), by the Black Sea coastline. The lower station, Morsky Port, is in front of the city port and is next to the port's railway station.
Originally built with a single track and a passing loop in the middle, it now has two metre gauge tracks and runs for 130 metres (430 ft) alongside the Potemkin Stairs and Stambulsky Park. Each car has capacity for 12 passengers and the journey takes 3.5 minutes.

## Gallery

* The lower station and the Potemkin Stairs
* The upper station
* The port seen from the funicular
* View of a car
* View of a car

## Literature

* Nicolas Iljine, Bel Kaufman, Oleg Gubar: Odesa Memories. University of Washington Press, Seattle, 2004 - ISBN 0-295-98345-0
# John Two Guns White Calf

John Two Guns White Calf (also known as John Two Guns and John Whitecalf Two Guns) (1872–1934) was a chief of the Piegan Blackfeet in Montana. He was born near Fort Benton, Montana, and was the adopted son of Chief White Calf. After the elder White Calf died in 1903, while a guest of President Theodore Roosevelt in Washington, D.C., White Calf became the last chief of the Blackfoot Tribe. He died at Blackfeet Indian hospital, of attack of flu according to the Choteau Acantha, however the Indian agency said pulmonary tuberculosis at the age of 63 and is buried in a Catholic cemetery in Browning, Montana.

## Promotional career

He became famous for his work promoting the Glacier National Park for the Great Northern Railway.$^{:222}$ In 1912, he traveled with several other Blackfeet to the 1912 United States Land Show in Chicago to make what was possibly the first publicity trip for the tribe. He also claimed to be the model for the profile on the Indian head nickel. The sculptor, James Earle Fraser, said that the image he used was a composite of several people.$^{:141}$

### Washington Redskins

In 1971, Walter "Blackie" Wetzel, a Blackfeet tribal council member, created the Washington Redskins logo. He used Two Guns White Calf's image as the basis for the logo. Protests caused the team to change the logo in 2020. The team officially changed their name to The Washington Commanders in 2022.
# Glória, Rio de Janeiro

Glória is a middle-class neighborhood of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is located between the neighbourhoods of Centro and Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro.

## History

In the 16th century, the base of Glória Hill was the site of a Tupí people village called Karioca. This village gave the name of the modern demonym of the city: carioca.
In the 17th century, the Nossa Senhora da Glória do Outeiro church was built, at the peak of Glória Hill. A 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge funicular railway, first opened in 1945, is employed to take visitors to the top of the hill.
In 1979, the Marina da Glória was inaugurated.
# Moylagh, County Tyrone

Moylagh (from Irish Maolach) is a townland near Gortaclare in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 66 people (along with Gortaclare). It lies within the Omagh District Council area.
# Marcin Wicha

Marcin Wicha (1972 – 24 January 2025) was a Polish graphic designer, children's author, and essayist.

## Background

Wicha was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1972, to a family of Jewish origin the son of Piotr Wicha (1946–2006), an architect, and his wife, Joanna Rabanowska-Wicha (1946–2015), the grandson of Jan Rabanowski from his mother's side, who was a politician and minister of communications of Poland during the Communist period and of Władysław Wicha from his father's side, who served as Minister of Interior. Wicha died on 24 January 2025, at the age of 53.

## Career

Wicha was a cartoonist for the Catholic weekly magazine Tygodnik Powszechny, and contributed cartoons to the monthly magazine Charaktery and the daily newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza. He wrote a number of children's books.
His 2017 book Rzeczy, których nie wyrzuciłem received the 2017 Polityka Passport for literature, the 2018 Nike Literary Award, and the Witold Gombrowicz Literary Award, and was shortlisted for the Gdynia Literary Prize. It was translated into English and published in 2021 under the title Things I Didn't Throw Out. It is partly an autobiographical novel and partly a meditation on the loss of loved ones. In translation it was awarded a PEN Translates Award by English PEN in 2021.

## Works (in English translation)

* Things I Didn't Throw Out (2021: Daunt Books, translated by Marta Dziurosz), ISBN 978-1-914198-02-1
* How I Stopped Loving Design (online excerpt, Public Seminar, translated by Marta Dziurosz)
# Bay de Verde Branch Line

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The Bay de Verde Branch Line was a section of the Newfoundland Railway that finished construction in 1916. The line ran from Carbonear to Bay de Verde.

## History

The Carbonear railway station was upgraded and expanded due to the construction of the line in 1917. The line also passed through communities such as Victoria and Western Bay. Victoria had the distinction of being the only community in Newfoundland that had 3 Railway Stations, one for Freshwater, one for central Victoria and one for Salmon Cove. From 1898 - 1901 an iron ore mine was operated out of Lower Island by the Workington Railway. The railway line ran from the mine in Lower Island Cove to a port in Old Perlican. The mine was shut down in 1901 after the iron ore depleted. Much of the Workington Railway line was repurposed in the construction of the Bay de Verde Branch Line. After several years of operation under the Reid Newfoundland Company, the line was shut down due to lack of funding in 1932. The narrow gauge branch line was soon torn up. Only the trails, a few trestles and two railway stations in Western Bay and Carbonear remain.

### Recent

In 2020, the CBN T'Railway Association began upgrading the abandoned railway line for multipurpose use (ATV, hiking, horseback riding). Restoration began on several trestles, brush cutting and trail grading took place, as well as garbage cleanup.
# Kul Ratna Tuladhar

Kul Ratna Tuladhar, CBE (Nepali: कुलरत्न तुलाधर) (6 July 1918 – 2 March 1984) was the first chief engineer of Nepal's Public Works Department where he served since its establishment in 1951 till 1957. The highlight of his term was the construction of Tribhuvan Highway which opened in 1956. This is Nepal's first highway and links the capital Kathmandu with the Indian border to the south.
Tuladhar also played a major role in the development of engineering education in Nepal's modern history.

## Early life

Tuladhar was born in Asan, Kathmandu to father Asha Ratna and mother Laxmi Maya Tuladhar. After graduating from Durbar High School in Kathmandu in 1935, he enrolled in Tri-Chandra College in Kathmandu and studied Intermediate in Science, subsequently graduating from Patna University, India in 1937. Tuladhar then pursued further studies at Calcutta University and earned a Bachelor in Engineering in 1941.

## Career

Returning to Nepal, Tuladhar joined government service the same year as headmaster of the Engineering Section, Technical School under the Department of Education. In 1951, he became chief engineer of the Public Works Department where he was in charge of design, construction, maintenance and repair of government buildings, roads and bridges in Nepal. Construction of Tribhuvan Highway began in 1953 which marked the start of Nepal's drive towards modernization.
In 1954, Tuladhar became a member of the executive committee of the Nepal Council of World Affairs.
In 1955, Tuladhar went to London and studied at the Architectural Association School of Architecture from where he earned a certificate of post-graduate course in tropical architecture.
He was appointed principal of Nepal Engineering Institute in Lalitpur in 1962, subsequently becoming the first dean of the Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu in 1973. In 1977, he was appointed a member of the Public Service Commission by the king of Nepal in which capacity he served till 1983.
Tuladhar has co-authored with Ram Krishna Sharma a book on highway construction entitled Manual of Highway Design and Construction which was published in 1960.

## Awards

Tuladhar was decorated with the Honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1962. He was awarded the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu I Class in 1969 and the Order of Tri Shakti Patta II Class in 1983 by the king of Nepal.

## Legacy

In 2010, a life-sized statue of Tuladhar was erected on the premises of the Institute of Engineering at Pulchok, Lalitpur. A street in downtown Kathmandu was named Kul Ratna Marg by Kathmandu Metropolitan City.
# Estelle v. Gamble

Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States established the standard of what a prisoner must plead in order to claim a violation of Eighth Amendment rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Specifically, the Court held that a prisoner must allege acts or omissions sufficiently harmful to evidence deliberate indifference to serious medical needs. Though the Court credited Gamble's complaint that doctors had failed to provide appropriate care, it held that medical malpractice did not rise to the level of "cruel and unusual punishment" simply because the victim is a prisoner.

## History

J. W. Gamble was a state prisoner within the Texas Department of Corrections who was given a prison labor assignment loading and unloading cotton bales from a truck. On November 9, 1973, he injured his back when a cotton bale fell on him. Over the next three months, he complained of back and chest pains, was subject to administrative segregation for refusing to work, and ultimately was treated for an irregular heartbeat.
On February 11, 1974, Gamble initiated his lawsuit pro se by submitting a handwritten document.
The Court found for the defendant because it viewed his failure to receive proper medical care as "inadvertent". The case nevertheless established the principle that the deliberate failure of prison authorities to address the medical needs of an inmate constitutes "cruel and unusual punishment". It held that "deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of prisoners constitutes the 'unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain'...proscribed by the Eighth Amendment."

## Helling v. McKinney

The Supreme Court in 1993 extended the requirement that inmates receive required medical care beyond what it established in Estelle. In Helling v. McKinney, the Court considered the case of a Nevada prisoner, "the cellmate of a five-pack-a-day smoker," who sought to be housed in an environment free of second-hand smoke. McKinney suffered from no ailment and sought no medical treatment. Justice Byron White wrote for a 7−2 majority of the Court that McKinney's claim that prison officials "have, with deliberate indifference, exposed him to levels of ETS [second hand smoke] that pose an unreasonable risk of serious damage to his future health" raised a valid claim under the Eighth Amendment. He wrote that McKinney would have to prove both the scientific facts of the dangers of exposure to second-hand smoke and prove that community standards supported him, that "it violates contemporary standards of decency to expose anyone unwillingly to such a risk. In other words, the prisoner must show that the risk of which he complains is not one that today's society chooses to tolerate." He would also have to prove that prison officials acted with deliberate indifference.
# Narrow-gauge railways in Croatia

There are currently no operational narrow-gauge railway lines in Croatia. In some cities there are still metre-gauge tram networks.

## Metre gauge 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)

Osijek–Donji Miholjac, 51 km, closed 1970.

## Bosnian gauge 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in)

* Parenzana railway, Trieste (Italy) – Capodistria–Koper (Slovenia)–Parenzo (Poreč, Croatia). Dismantled, in formerly Italian territory. Single track, 122,88 km.
* Samoborček railway, Zagreb–Samobor via Podsused. Single track, 19 km. Later extended to Bregana, now dismantled.
* The former Steinbeis railway starting in Knin and crossed the border to Bosnia and Herzegovina, replaced with the standard-gauge "Unska pruga" route in 1948.
* Sinjska rera [hr] railway, Split–Sinj, dismantled 1963
* Railway from Gabela to Zelenika
** Branch: Uskoplje–Dubrovnik–Gruž

## Decauville 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in)

* Raša (Štalije)–Mine, single track, ~ 7 km
* Plomin Luka to mine, single track, ~12 km

## Metre-gauge trams

Current
* Osijek tram system
* Zagreb Tramway
Former
* Dubrovnik tram
* Opatija tram
* Trams in Pula
* Trams in Rijeka