# Norfolk and Western 2156

Norfolk and Western 2156 is a preserved Y6a class 2-8-8-2 compound Mallet steam locomotive. The Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W) built it in 1942 at its own Shops in Roanoke, Virginia as the second member of the N&W's Y6a class. No. 2156 and its class are considered to be the world's strongest-pulling extant steam locomotive to ever be built.
No. 2156 was retired from revenue service in July 1959, and it is now owned by the National Museum of Transportation in St. Louis, Missouri. In 2014, the museum leased it for five years to the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke. It was towed to Roanoke in May 2015, and then it was towed back to St. Louis in June 2020.

## Construction and design

Throughout the 1930s, the Norfolk and Western Railway's (N&W) mechanical engineering team explored numerous ways to refine the Y series 2-8-8-2 compound mallets, since the public demand for coal was increasing, despite the effects of the Great Depression. In 1930 and 1931, the N&W turned out their Y5 class 2-8-8-2's (Nos. 2090-2109) from their East End Shops in Roanoke, Virginia. The Y5s were step-up designs of the previous Y4 class locomotives, which, in turn, were copies of the United States Railroad Administration's (USRA) 2-8-8-2 design, but the Y5s were developed to the point they were considered exclusive N&W designs.
The N&W quickly decided to further develop the Y5 design to improve it, so from September 1936 to November 1940, they turned out thirty-five locomotives of the Y6 class (Nos. 2120-2154). The Y6s shared identical specifications to the Y5s, but with major design changes for improved efficiency; they were built with cast steel frames connected by a pin hinge; outside frame bearings on their pilot and trailing trucks; roller bearings for all the wheel journals; and automatic lubricators. The Y5s would later be rebuilt with most of these modifications.
The Y6s were also designed with 57-inch (1,400 mm) diameter driving wheels—which were later increased to 58 inches (1,500 mm) by thickening the tires—and an operating boiler pressure of 300 psi (2.1 MPa). They were capable of producing a tractive effort of 152,200 lbf (677.02 kN) with simple expansion and 126,838 lbf (564.20 kN) with compound expansion, and when traveling at 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), they were rated at 5,500 horsepower (4,100 kW). Their water bottom tenders held a capacity of 26 short tons (52,000 lb) of coal and 22,000 US gallons (83,000 L) of water.
Since they were equipped with roller bearings and automatic lubricators, the amount of time and expense required to maintain a Y6 was akin to the way diesel locomotives were maintained. In 1942, the N&W decided to build sixteen more mallets (Nos. 2155-2170), since the Y6s proved to be so reliable, and military traffic from World War II was rapidly increasing. The new mallets were classified as Y6as, since they were built with some different features from their predecessors; they were equipped with an improved Worthington BL-2 type feedwater heater and an HT type standard stoker; and certain parts were fabricated out of alternative materials, instead of steel, to abide with wartime restrictions.

## History
### Tonnage ratings and revenue service

No. 2156 was the second member of the Y6a class, having rolled out of the East End Shops, on March 19, 1942, and it was quickly placed into service. The Y6as, along with the Y5s and Y6s, were assigned as all-purpose locomotives and operated all across the N&W system; they pulled drag-speed coal trains out of the Blue Ridge Mountains; they pulled merchandise freight trains; they operated as mine-shifters on branch lines; they served as switchers and humpers in yards; and they pushed heavy trains up steep grades.
One assignment the Y6as received was to haul 6,600-short-ton (6,000 t; 5,900-long-ton) coal trains westbound out of Cedar Bluff, and over the N&W's Dry Fork Branch into Iaeger, West Virginia, where they would then haul 14,500-short-ton (13,200 t; 12,900-long-ton) coal trains into Williamson and Portsmouth, Ohio. From there, the mallets would either haul 13,500-short-ton (12,200 t; 12,100-long-ton) trains up the Scioto Division to Columbus, or haul 6,800-short-ton (6,200 t; 6,100-long-ton) trains to Cincinnati.
The Y6as were also assigned to haul 3,600-short-ton (3,300 t; 3,200-long-ton) coal trains eastbound from Cedar Bluff to Bluefield, where the trains would be increased to 10,300 short tons (9,300 t; 9,200 long tons), and then the mallets would haul them to Roanoke. From there, the trains would be decreased to 8,000 short tons (7,300 t; 7,100 long tons) and hauled through the Norfolk Division eastbound to Crewe, where a Z1 class 2-6-6-2—which would later be succeeded by a Y3 class 2-8-8-2 on this route—would take it to Lambert's Point near Norfolk.
After World War II, the Y6 and Y6a class, along with the Y3s and class As, were permitted to haul 14,500-short-ton (13,200 t; 12,900-long-ton) coal trains on the Crewe—Lambert's Point route, unassisted. Most of the N&W's routes consisted of multiple steep grades, where the amount of cars a Y6a was allowed to pull was limited, and a pusher was required for assistance. In 1955 and 1956, after the N&W realized the economic challenges of keeping an all-steam roster, the railway decided to order some RS-11 locomotives from ALCO and GP9s from EMD to dieselize two of their eastern divisions. No. 2156 and some of the other Y6as were reassigned to operate solely as mine-shifters in coal fields. In early April 1958, Stuart T. Saunders succeeded Robert H. Smith as president of the N&W, and the former made the decision to completely dieselize the N&W railway, with several additional GP9s quickly being ordered.

### Retirement

In July 1959, after No. 2156 was retired from service, the N&W donated the Y6a to the National Museum of Transportation (MoT) in Kirkwood, Missouri, with Stuart Saunders personally presenting it at a dedication ceremony. The locomotive was then left on outdoor static display.
In 1985, No. 2156 received a cosmetic restoration performed by members and volunteers of the St. Louis Steam Train Association, with the intention of having the locomotive displayed at the newly renovated St. Louis Union Station for a year. In August, restoration work was completed, and No. 2156 was temporarily displayed at the station, next to Union Pacific EMD E9 No. 951.
In 2014, it was announced that the Virginia Museum of Transportation (VMT) reached an agreement with the MoT to lease the No. 2156 locomotive for display at their location in Roanoke for five years, and in exchange, the VMT's former EMD FT demonstrator B unit would be moved to St. Louis for display with EMD FT demonstrator No. 103. Norfolk Southern (NS) facilitated the transaction, and the railroad being tasked to cosmetically restore the MoT's EMD DDA40X No. 6944 was also part of the arrangement. No. 2156 was removed from display and prepped for long-distance shipping; the locomotive had to undergo an inspection for shipping eligibility, its friction bearings had to be lubricated, and it had to be coupled to some support cars.
On May 9, 2015, No. 2156 began its 700-mile (1,100 km) eastbound ferry move to Roanoke. It was first transferred by the St. Louis Terminal Railroad over the Union Pacific mainline from the MoT interchange in Kirkwood, to East St. Louis. From there, NS towed No. 2156, along with some passenger coaches, through Decatur, Illinois, Fort Wayne, Indiana, and Bellevue, Ohio, before the remainder of the move occurred over former N&W rails. No. 2156 arrived at the VMT, on May 12. On May 31, No. 2156 was publicly displayed side by side with N&W A class No. 1218 and the recently-restored J class No. 611, reuniting the N&W's "Big Three" trio.
In January 2020, the VMT began negotiations with the MoT to either extend the five-year lease or outright purchase No. 2156, in an effort to keep the Y6a in Roanoke. By May, when the five-year lease expired, the two museums failed to reach an agreement. On June 10, No. 2156 left the VMT in another ferry move on NS, and it returned to the MoT, on June 15.

## Gallery

* N&W No. 2156 on static display at the Museum of Transportation, during the museum’s early years
* No. 2156 on display at the Museum of Transportation, in November 2008
* The interior of No. 2156’s cab