OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh

The siege of Rastan and Talbiseh was an operation by the Syrian Army during the Syrian revolution. On 28 May 2011, after protests and an armed revolt, the Syrian Army launched an operation in al-Rastan, a city of an estimated 50,000 residents located 20 kilometers north of Homs, and the neighboring town of Talbiseh, which resulted in the suppression of the protests and numerous deaths. The Syrian Army met some armed opposition during the siege.

## Background

In mid-April 2011, large anti-government protests began in Rastan and the neighboring town of Talbiseh. On 29 April, some 50 members of the ruling Ba'ath Party resigned in Rastan. Soon after, while notice of the resignations was being read out at a large protest, Military Intelligence personnel allegedly shot and killed 17 demonstrators. A week later—after anti-government protesters toppled a statue of the late Syrian president Hafez al-Assad and pledged to press ahead with their protests despite sweeping arrests by Bashar al-Assad's government—around 100 tanks and troop transports converged on and encircled the town of Rastan. Throughout May 2011, protests continued in Rastan and the neighboring areas.

## The operation

On Saturday, 28 May 2011, the Syrian military entered the towns of Rastan and Talbiseh, a day after their biggest demonstrations so far. The opposition reported shooting in Talbiseh and said that soldiers were breaking into homes and arresting people. The operation began after the security forces cut-off all water supplies, electricity and telecommunications in the area and blocked all roads leading to the two towns. On Sunday, 29 May, a mortar shell hit a school bus carrying children in Talbiseh, residents told Al Jazeera. An ambulance trying to rescue them was also targeted, but the wounded students were eventually allowed to be transported to the nearest hospital in Deir Balba, they said.
On Monday, 30 May, it was reported that residents of Rastan and Talbiseh had fired at the army with assault rifles and RPGs. A resident of Homs said "The army is facing armed resistance and is not able to enter the two towns ... The army is still outside the towns and I was told that army vehicles, including armoured personnel carriers, were set on fire". Another opposition activist confirmed residents had fought back, but said it involved lone residents protecting themselves rather than an organized armed resistance with an overall command structure. The opposition's Local Coordination Committees said that the army hit Talbiseh with artillery early in the day, and that snipers were deployed on the roofs of mosques.
Opposition activists reported that at least two people were killed by Syrian Army artillery and machine-gun fire in Rastan on 4 June.

## Aftermath

In late September 2011, there were reports of more army defections in Rastan, and the Free Syrian Army claimed to have destroyed 17 armored vehicles during clashes in the city, using RPGs and booby traps. On 1 October, the Syrian Army took control of Rastan, killing 130 civilians and opposition forces and arresting 3,000 suspected opposition members, according to activist sources.
# Antoine "T.C.D." Lundy

Antoine "T.C.D." Lundy (February 3, 1963 – January 18, 1998) was an American singer who was a member of the contemporary R&B group Force MDs, whose other members included his brother Stevie D, their uncle Jesse Lee Daniels, and friends Trisco Pearson and Charles "Mercury" Nelson. The group had a string of R&B hits through the 1980s, scoring a top-ten pop hit was the slow jam "Tender Love," which was featured in the 1985 film Krush Groove. The group also appeared in the hip hop-inspired motion picture Rappin' (1985). 1987 produced the group's first R&B #1, "Love is a House".
By the mid-1980s, T.C.D. had emerged as one of the preeminent lead vocalists of the group. He is featured as the lead singer on many of the band's most successful hit singles, including both "Tender Love" and "Love is a House." In addition, T.C.D. co-wrote many of the band's songs. In style, Lundy had a falsetto voice that was reminiscent of Earth, Wind and Fire's Philip Bailey.
Lundy died of Lou Gehrig's disease in 1998, after having endured the condition for two years. In addition to his parents and siblings, Lundy was survived by his wife, Denise, along with eight children.

## Discography

* Love Letters (1984)
* Chillin' (1985)
* Touch & Go (1987)
* Step to Me (1990)
* Moments in Time

## Filmography

* 1985: Rappin'
* 1989: Limit Up
# Meganne Christian

Meganne Louise Wyatt (née Christian; born 1987) FRAeS is a member of the 2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group, and Reserve Astronaut and Exploration Commercialisation Lead at the UK Space Agency.
She was previously a materials scientist at the National Research Council (CNR) in Bologna, Italy, and atmospheric physicist at Concordia Station in Antarctica.

## Research

At the Italian National Research Agency (CNR) in Bologna, she worked on the production and microscopical characterisation of graphene-based nanocomposites, in particular 3D graphene structures such as graphene foams, as part of the EU's Graphene Flagship. This included zero-gravity research in 2018, studying the application of loop heat pipes for the heat management of satellites. She held the role of atmospheric physicist and meteorologist at the Franco-Italian Antarctic research base at Concordia Station during the 2019 "DC15" Winter-over campaign and the 2020–21 Summer season.

## Biography

Born in Kent, England to New Zealand parents, at five she moved with her family to Wollongong, Australia. She attended The Illawarra Grammar School and was part of the school's 2002 international championship team of Future Problem Solving Program International. Studying at the University of New South Wales, in 2009 Christian received a Bachelor of Engineering and the university medal in industrial chemistry. Continuing at UNSW, she received the 2011 Heinz Harant award and her doctorate in 2014 for research into hydrogen storage with borohydrides, after which she moved in Bologna and worked at the Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM) at the National Research Council of Italy. The ambassador of Australia to Italy featured Christian as part of International Day of Women and Girls in Science 2021. In June 2023, she was appointed Reserve Astronaut and Exploration Commercialisation Lead at the UK Space Agency. In 2023, she received the Australia Day award “Wollongong to the world” from the city. In March 2024, she was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society.
She holds four citizenships, British and New Zealand by birth; Australian and Italian by naturalisation. She was married on Australia Day 2014 at St James' Church, Sydney to Liam Wyatt. She received Italian citizenship in 2022.
A barbershop singer, Christian has twice won the Sweet Adelines International competition’s “harmony classic” division – in 2017 and 2023 with Canberra-based choir ‘’Brindabella chorus’'. She holds a blackbelt in Hapkido. Other hobbies include via ferrata, knitting, sewing and whitewater rafting.
# Ciepień

Ciepień is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zbójno, within Golub-Dobrzyń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
# Kocia Górka

Kocia Górka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubanie, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Located in the Beskidy Mountains.
# Y(4140)

The Y(4140) particle is an electrically neutral exotic hadron candidate that is about 4.4 times heavier than the proton. It was observed at Fermilab and announced on 17 March 2009. This particle is extremely rare and was detected in only 20 of billions of collisions.
Since it decays into J/ψ and φ mesons, it has been suggested that this particle is composed of charm quarks and charm antiquarks, possibly even a four quark combination. The existence of the particle has been confirmed by members of the CMS collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider on November 14, 2012 and by the DØ experiment at the Tevatron on September 25, 2013. The Belle experiment has searched for this particle but found no evidence for its existence. The LHCb experiment observes a peak at the same position in the J/ψΦ invariant mass, but it is best described as a D$_s$$^±$D$_s$$^{∗∓}$ cusp, and is much broader than the previous measurements of the Y(4140).
The Particle Data Group has renamed Y(4140) to follow naming conventions to X(4140).
# Robert Roberts (American politician)

Robert Roberts (January 1, 1848 - February 23, 1939) was an American attorney and politician from Vermont. Among the offices he held, Roberts was twice mayor of Burlington, first from 1899 to 1901, and again from 1911 to 1913.

## Early life

Robert Roberts was born in Manchester, Vermont on January 1, 1848, a son of attorney Daniel Roberts and Caroline Diantha (Martindale) Roberts. He attended Burlington High School in Burlington and Manchester's Burr and Burton Seminary, then began attendance at the University of Vermont. While in college, Roberts joined the Delta Psi fraternity and Phi Beta Kappa. After graduating in 1869, Roberts attended Columbia Law School for a year, then continued his studies in French at schools in Paris and Geneva. While studying in Europe, Roberts was a correspondent for several newspapers in the United States.

## Legal career

Roberts was admitted to the bar in 1871 and began to practice in Burlington. A Republican, Roberts began a career in politics and government when he was appointed reporter for the Vermont Senate's sessions of 1874, 1878 and 1880.
In 1876 and 1877, Roberts practiced law in Chicago. He then resumed residence in Burlington, where he practiced law in partnership with his father. They maintained the firm of Roberts & Roberts until Daniel Roberts died in 1899, after which Robert Roberts practiced alone.
Roberts was a member of the Merchants National Bank board of directors, the University of Vermont board of trustees, and the board of trustees of the Vermont State Library. Roberts's civic and professional memberships included the Vermont Bar Association, Ethan Allen Club, Algonquin Club, Sons of the American Revolution and Waubanakee Golf Club.
In 1910, he compiled and published the Vermont Digest, a reference work on the decisions of the Vermont Supreme Court. In compiling this work, Roberts revised 60 volumes of decisions that had previously been compiled by his father, and updated it to 82 volumes.

## Political career

From 1882 to 1884, Roberts represented Burlington in the Vermont House of Representatives. While in the House, Roberts was a member of the judiciary committee and chairman of the committee on revised bills. From 1887 to 1889, he was Burlington's city attorney.
From 1890 to 1892, Roberts represented Chittenden County in the Vermont Senate. During his Senate term, Roberts was chairman of the judiciary committee.
In 1899 and 1900, Roberts won election as mayor of Burlington, and he served from April 1899 to April 1901. In 1911, he was again elected mayor, and he served until 1913.

## Death and burial

Roberts died at his home in Burlington on February 23, 1939. For several years before his death, Roberts was the University of Vermont's oldest living graduate. Roberts's funeral took place at the Congregational church on College Street, and honorary pallbearers included Guy W. Bailey, Harland B. Howe, James Edmund Burke, Clarence H. Beecher, and John Holmes Jackson. Roberts was buried at Lakeview Cemetery in Burlington.

## Family

Roberts married Minnie Elizabeth Lyman on October 20, 1886. The couple had no children.
# Livingston Enterprises

Livingston Enterprises, Inc. was a computer networking company.

## History

Livingston was founded in 1986.
It was involved in a legal case against USRobotics.

### Acquisition by Lucent

The company was acquired by Lucent Technologies in 1997.

## Products
### RADIUS

Livingston was the original author of the RADIUS standard for authentication. The open source FreeRADIUS implementation that is being developed since 1999 has a syntax that is similar to the original Livingston implementation.
In 1998, it released the RADIUS Accounting Billing Manager software.

### PortMaster

The first product released in 1990 was the PortMaster Communications Server.
In 1995, the PortMaster Office Router was licensed to Cisco, which formed their 1020 Dial-on-Demand Asynchronous Router.
In 1996, Livingston introduced the allowlist-based internet filter ChoiceNet, which could be used on PortMaster products.
The PortMaster 4 was comparable to the Ascend Communications MAX series.
# Pinallon Line

The Pinallon Line or Vinylon Line is an electrified, freight-only industrial railway line of the Korean State Railway in Hamhŭng, South Hamgyŏng, North Korea, running from Hamhung marshalling yard to Hŭngnam via the February 8 Vinylon Complex in Hŭngnam.
It runs parallel to the narrow-gauge Sŏho Line for most of its length.

## History

The Pinallon Line was opened by the Korean State Railway in May 1961, when the February 8 Vinylon Complex was opened, as the existing narrow-gauge Sŏho Line was insufficient to meet the freight-hauling requirements of the industrial complex.

## Services

With the narrow-gauge Sŏho Line handling the passenger traffic, primarily workers at the various industries located along the line, the Pinallon Line transports only the freight heading to and from the various industries located along the line.
These industries include:
* the February 8 Vinylon Complex (via Sŏngch'ŏngang and Pinallon stations),
* the Hŭngnam Pharmaceutical Factory (via Sŏngch'ŏngang Station),
* the Hŭngnam Silicate Brick Factory (via Sŏngch'ŏngang and Unjung stations),
* the Hamhŭng Thermal Power Plant (via Unjung Station),
* the Ryongsŏng Machine Complex (via Ryongsŏng Station),
* the Hŭngnam Smelter (via Ryongsŏng),
* Hŭngnam Port
* the Hŭngnam Fertiliser Complex (via Ryongsŏng and Hŭngnam stations),
as well as several other smaller enterprises.

## Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.
| Distance (km) | Distance (km) | Station Name | Station Name | Former Name | Former Name | |
| Total | S2S | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Connections |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | Hamhŭng Choch'ajang | 함흥조차 (咸興操車) | | | P'yŏngra Line |
| 3.4 | 3.4 | Sŏngch'ŏngang | 성천강 (城川江) | | | Sŏho Line |
| 5.7 | 2.3 | Pinallon (Vinylon) | 비날론 (-) | | | Sŏho Line |
| 7.6 | 1.9 | Unjung | 운중 (雲中) | | | Sŏho Line |
| 9.6 | 2.0 | Ryongsŏng | 룡성 (龍城) | | | Sŏho Line |
| 11.2 | 1.6 | Hŭngnamhang (Hŭngnam Port) | 흥남항 (興南港) | | | |
| 14.1 | 2.9 | Hŭngnam | 흥남 (興南) | | | Sŏho Line, P'yŏngra Line |
# 2004 Cook Islands parliamentary term referendum

A referendum on reducing the term length of Parliament from five to four years was held in the Cook Islands on 7 September 2004. It followed a referendum on the same subject in 1999 that was approved by a majority of voters, but not the two-thirds required to be passed. The proposal would amend article 37 of the constitution, which at the time read "The Queen's Representative shall dissolve Parliament at the expiration of 5 years from the date of the last preceding general election, if it has not sooner been dissolved." The change was approved by 82.27% of voters, passing the two-thirds threshold.

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| For | 6,079 | 82.27 |
| Against | 1,310 | 17.73 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 532 | – |
| Total | 7,912 | 100 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 9,712 | 81.55 |
| Source: Direct Democracy |||
# General Nil

General Nil (Polish: Generał Nil) is a Polish historical film, based on the life of general Emil August Fieldorf, pseudonym "Nil".
The film was directed by Ryszard Bugajski, and was released in 2009.

## Awards

* Special Jury Award, 43rd WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival
* 2010 - awards for Best Director and Best Actor, 9th Tiburon International Film Festival
* 2009 - Special Award of the Jury, 21st Polish Film Festival in America, Chicago
* 2009 - "Golden Sabre" Grand Prize, "Military Cinema" Film Festival, Warsaw
* The Silver Saturno, Saturno International Film Festival

## Cast

* Olgierd Łukaszewicz as General Emil Fieldorf "Nil"
* Alicja Jachiewicz as Janina Fieldorf
* Anna Cieślak as Maria Fieldorf
* Magdalena Emilianowicz as Krystyna Fieldorf
* Zbigniew Stryj as Major Stefan Bajer
* Stefan Szmidt as General Tadeusz "Bór" Komorowski
* Jacek Rozenek as Colonel Józef Różański
* Krzysztof Franciszek as Lieutenant Kazimierz Górski; investigating officer of UB
* Maciej Kozłowski as Tadeusz Grzemielewski
* Leszek Lichota − as provocator „Klemm”
* Artur Dziurman − jako Józef Czaplicki
* Vadim Afanassjev − jako Siemion Dawydow
* Tomasz Dedek − jako gen. Stanisław Tatar
* Grzegorz Wolf − jako Stanisław Radkiewicz
* Jadwiga Klekowska − jako Rita Radkiewicz
* Wenanty Nosul − jako Bolesław Bierut
* Katarzyna Herman − jako sędzia Maria Gurowska
* Grzegorz Kowalczyk − jako prokurator Beniamin Wejsblech
* Piotr Pilitowski − jako mecenas Jerzy Mering
* Adam Woronowicz − jako sędzia Igor Andrejew
* Tadeusz Bradecki − jako Emil Merz
* Dorota Landowska − jako Paulina Kern
* Zbigniew Kozłowski − jako Adam Borys „Pług"
* Maria Mamona − jako Helena Błociszewska
* Marek Lewandowski − jako gen. Gustaw Paszkiewicz
* Miłogost Reczek − jako gen. Zygmunt Walter-Janke
* Piotr Rękawik − jako towarzysz w celi zbiorowej
* Beata Chruścińska − jako gospodyni mieszkania, w którym przebywał „Nil” podczas zamachu na Kutscherę
* Paweł Iwanicki − jako ubek przeszukujący mieszkanie Fieldorfów
* Andrzej Deskur − jako prokurator
* Piotr Grabowski − jako oddziałowy w celi zbiorowej
* Krzysztof Łukaszewicz − jako kurier z Londynu
# Wardlaw–Smith House

The Wardlaw–Smith House (also known as the Smith Mansion) is a U.S. historic building in Madison, Florida. It is located at 103 North Washington Street. On June 30, 1972, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Donated in 1988 to North Florida Community College in 1988; the college uses it as a conference center.
# Strawbridge-Shepherd House

The Strawbridge-Shepherd House is a historic house located at 5255 Shepherd Road in Springfield, Illinois. Saddle and harness maker Thomas Strawbridge built the house for himself circa 1845. The original house was a two-story Greek Revival structure, a popular design choice at the time; it is one of the best-preserved Greek Revival houses in the Springfield area. Key Greek Revival elements of the house include its wide cornice trim resembling an entablature and the pilasters, sidelights, and transom around the front door. An addition from circa 1865 gave the house an "L" shape and added a new kitchen. Civil War veteran Charles M. Shepherd purchased the house in 1883. Shepard made several additions and modifications to the house; many of these added Queen Anne elements, such as the two porches with decorative spindlework.
The building was acquired by the University of Illinois Springfield in 1970. It is currently occupied by the Illinois State Historical Society.
The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 8, 2015.
# Pongchon Tangwang Line

The Pongch'ŏn Colliery Line is a non-electrified railway line of the Korean State Railway in Kaech'ŏn city, South P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from Pongch'ŏn on the Manp'o Line to Pongch'ŏn Colliery, serving a major anthracite mine.

## History

The line was opened on 15 October 1933 by the Chosen Government Railway, at the same time as the third section of the Manp'o Line from Kaech'ŏn to Kujang.

## Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.
| Distance (km) | Distance (km) | Station Name | Station Name | Former Name | Former Name | |
| Total | S2S | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Connections |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | Pongch'ŏn | 봉천 (泉洞) | | | Manp'o Line |
| 2.0 | 2.0 | Pongch'ŏn T'an'gwang | 봉천탄광 (鳳泉炭鑛) | | | |
# List of British natural gas companies

This is a list of British natural gas companies.
Exploration and production:
* Cuadrilla Resources
* IGas Energy
Utilities:
* British Gas (also uses Scottish Gas and Nwy Prydain brands) (parent company Centrica)
* EDF Energy (parent of London Energy, Seeboard and SWEB Energy)
* Npower (parent company RWE)
* Powergen Retail (parent Company E.ON)
* SSE (parent of Scottish Hydro, Southern Electric and Swalec)
* ScottishPower
* TotalEnergies Gas & Power
* Bulb
* Ovo Energy
* British Natural Gas (known as HM British Natural Gas Ltd)
Other companies:
# Praia Grande (Ferragudo)

Praia Grande (Big Beach) is a beach situated in the civil parish of Ferragudo, municipality of Lagoa, the Portuguese Algarve.
One of many beaches to obtain the name Praia Grande, this coastal zone is located on the eastern back of Rio Arade estuary, south of the town of Ferragudo. It is just inside the mole that shields the river entrance and the port area of Portimão, and runs north to the Forte de Sao João do Arade. The crescent-shaped 627 metres (2,057 ft)-long beach extends from the accessway, at the end of Rua Doutor Coelho de Carvalho southeast to the cliffs, with a smaller beach extending 163 metres (535 ft) north to the summit of the fort, separated by boulders.
Like other beaches in the western Algarve, it is bordered by cliffs from the Miocene epoch, that are rich in marine fossils.
With median temperatures between 20–22 °C (68–72 °F), its protected location within the mole permits swimming/wading, windsurfing, bodyboarding and sailing.
The municipal authority services the beach with outdoor parking, security/surveillance, changing areas and showers, while commercial services include bar/restaurants, sunshade rentals and small craft hire.
# Wardman Row

Wardman Row is a block of historic apartment buildings at 1416-1440 R Street, NW in Washington, D.C. The buildings, located in the Greater Fourteenth Street Historic District were designed in 1911 by Harry Wardman and Albert Beers. In 1984, the buildings were placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
# Jakub Kot

Jakub Kot (born 19 January 1990) is a Polish ski jumper, and a member of the Polish youth ski jumping team.

## Personal life

Kot was born in Limanowa, Poland, but raised in Zakopane. His father Rafał was a physiotherapist for the Polish ski jumping team. Jakub's younger brother Maciej (born 1991) is also a ski jumper. On 22 October 2016 in Zakopane, he married Joanna Pilch. On 17 March 2017 his wife gave birth to their first child, a daughter named Otylia. In September 2018 his second daughter was born.

## Career

He is currently in the youth team of Poland. He debuted in the Continental Cup in the season 2007/2008. He competed at the World Junior Championships 2009 in Štrbské Pleso, where the individual was 20th and won a bronze medal in the normal hill with Polish team - Maciej Kot, Grzegorz Miętus and Andrzej Zapotoczny. On 26 March 2013 he won the Polish Championship with the team AZS Zakopane - Krzysztof Miętus, Grzegorz Miętus and his brother Maciej Kot.
# Cierpiszewo

Cierpiszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielka Nieszawka, within Toruń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Wielka Nieszawka and 10 km (6 mi) south-west of Toruń.