OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rafiq Shahadah

Rafiq Shahadah (Arabic: رفيق شحادة, born 1956) is a retired Syrian Army major general. He was head of the Military Intelligence Directorate and the chief of staff of the Syrian Army's operations in Eastern Syria.

## Early life

Shahadah was born in Jableh, Latakia Governorate, in 1956.

## Career

Major General Rafiq Shahadah was the most prominent bodyguard of President Hafez al-Assad, up until his death in 2000. He also served in the Republican Guard, and later headed the Political Security Division in Damascus. He then moved to lead the Military Intelligence Directorate, taking over one of its most powerful branches, Officers Affairs Branch 293. Those close to him talk about his extreme toughness.
In 2011, Shahadah was an adviser to President Bashar al-Assad on strategic questions and military intelligence. After start of the Early insurgency phase of the initial phase of Syrian war, Shahadah was serving as a security official in Homs. During his tenure Marie Colvin, a war correspondent, was killed in an attack in February 2012 which was confirmed by Shahadah who stated "Marie Colvin was a dog and now she’s dead. Let the Americans help her now."
Shahadah was appointed chief of the Military Intelligence Directorate in July 2012, replacing Abdul Fatah Qudsiya, who then became the deputy director of the National Security Bureau.
In 2015, Shahadah was dismissed from his role as director of Military Intelligence Directorate, following a dispute with Lt. General Rustum Ghazaleh. After him, Mohamed Mahala was appointed to the post. Until 1 January 2018, Shahadah was head of the Military Security Committee in Deir Ezzor. In July 2020, Shahadah was named as the head of the military office at the Syrian Presidency.

## Sanctions

On 24 August 2011, the European Union sanctioned Shahada and stated that he was the head of military intelligence's branch 293 which is charged with internal affairs in Damascus. The EU accused him of being "directly involved in repression and violence against the civilian population." The same day, the Treasury of the United Kingdom also froze his assets. The Swiss government sanctioned him the following month based on the reasons given by the EU. Canada banned him from the country in October 2011.
# Swan Creek (Mispillion River tributary)

Swan Creek is a 1.84 mi (2.96 km) long 2nd order tributary to the Mispillion River in Kent County, Delaware.

## Course

Swan Creek is formed at the outlet of Tubmill Pond about 0.5 miles south of Lynch Heights, Delaware. Swan Creek then flows east to meet the Mispillion River at New Wharf, Delaware.

## Watershed

Swan Creek drains 5.09 square miles (13.2 km$^2$) of area, receives about 45.7 in/year of precipitation, has a topographic wetness index of 555.50 and is about 8.8% forested.
# Enkephalin

An enkephalin is a pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception (pain sensation) in the body. The enkephalins are termed endogenous ligands, as they are internally derived (and therefore endogenous) and bind as ligands to the body's opioid receptors. Discovered in 1975, two forms of enkephalin have been found, one containing leucine ("leu"), and the other containing methionine ("met"). Both are products of the proenkephalin gene.
* Met-enkephalin is Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met.
* Leu-enkephalin is Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu.

## Endogenous opioid peptides

There are three well-characterized families of opioid peptides produced by the body: enkephalins, β-endorphin, and dynorphins. The met-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by the enkephalin gene; the leu-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by both the enkephalin gene and the dynorphin gene. The proopiomelanocortin gene (POMC) also contains the met-enkephalin sequence on the N-terminus of beta-endorphin, but the endorphin peptide is not processed into enkephalin.

## Effects on stress

Enkephalin is also considered a neuropeptide, which in the human body performs as an important signaling molecule in the brain. Enkephalins are found in high concentration in the brain as well as in the cells of adrenal medulla. In response to pain, norepinephrine, a hormone that is activated in fight-or-flight response, is released along with endorphins. A 2017 study indicates that this polypeptide may be linked to brain functioning during the stress response, especially in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. This research has suggested that, as part of the stress response, several met-enkephalin analogs have increased activity in the hippocampus, while leu-enkephalin analogs as well as somatostatins are downregulated during stress. Stressors may impact neuropeptides whose action is localized to a specific brain region.

## Enkephalin receptor

The receptors for enkephalin are the delta opioid receptors and mu opioid receptors. Opioid receptors are a group of G-protein-coupled receptors, with other opioids as ligands as well. The other endogenous opioids are dynorphins (that bind to kappa receptors), endorphins (mu receptors), endomorphins, and nociceptin-orphanin FQ. The opioid receptors are ~40% identical to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs).
# Augsburg, Illinois

Augsburg is an unincorporated community in Wilberton Township, Fayette County, Illinois, United States. Augsburg is located on County Route 23, 7.8 miles (12.6 km) south-southeast of Vandalia.
# Rheinfelden (Baden) station

Rheinfelden (Baden) station (German: Bahnhof Rheinfelden (Baden)) is a railway station in the town of Rheinfelden, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The station lies on the High Rhine Railway and the train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn.

## Services

As of the December 2023 timetable change, the following services stop at Rheinfelden (Baden):
| Connection | Line | Frequency | Operator |
| RE 3 | Basel Bad Bf – Rheinfelden (Baden) – Schaffhausen – Überlingen – Friedrichshafen Hafen | 60 min | DB Regio Baden-Württemberg |
| RB 3 | Basel Bad Bf – Rheinfelden (Baden) – Bad Säckingen – Schaffhausen – Singen – Überlingen – Friedrichshafen Stadt | individual services | DB Regio Baden-Württemberg |
| RB30 | Basel Bad Bf – Herten (Baden) – Rheinfelden (Baden) – Laufenburg – Waldshut – Lauchringen (– Erzingen) | 30 min | DB Regio Baden-Württemberg |
# Gunnar Ibsen Sørensen

Gunnar Ibsen Sørensen (27 June 1913 – 10 May 2004) was a Danish rower. He competed in the men's coxed four at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# Valentin Badea

Valentin Vasile Badea (born 23 October 1982 in Alexandria) is a Romanian former football player. He played as a striker. His last contract was with Liga II team UTA Arad.

## Club career

* On 2001 Jiul bought Badea for €1,000 from Rulmentul Alexandria.
* Prior to 2006, when Badea joined Steaua București, he also played for Rulmentul Alexandria, Jiul Petroşani and FC Vaslui.
* He was discovered by Ioan Sdrobiş while he was playing for Rulmentul Alexandria in Romania's third division and where Badea was the team's top goalscorer. Sdrobiş then brought him to Jiul Petroşani, and then to FC Vaslui where he was the coach.
* In 2006 Steaua paid €1,000,000 for Badea.
* On 23 August 2006 he has scored two goals in the match against Standard Liège, in the third qualifying round of UEFA Champions League, goals which sent Steaua București into the group stage after ten years of absence.
* On 20 December 2009, he was released from FC Universitatea Craiova.
* On 24 February 2010, he signed with Al Ain.

## Statistics

| Club | Season | League | League | Cup | Cup | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Jiul Petroşani | 2001–02 | 22 | 5 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 22 | 5 |
| Vaslui | 2002–03 | 23 | 14 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 24 | 14 |
| Vaslui | 2003–04 | 27 | 12 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 28 | 12 |
| Vaslui | 2004–05 | 30 | 11 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 32 | 12 |
| Vaslui | 2005–06 | 23 | 5 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 23 | 5 |
| Total | Total | 103 | 42 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 107 | 43 |
| Steaua București | 2006–07 | 33 | 13 | 4+1 | 0 | 11 | 4 | 49 | 17 |
| Steaua București | 2007–08 | 16 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 24 | 4 |
| Steaua București | 2008–09 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 50 | 15 | 7 | 1 | 17 | 5 | 74 | 22 |
| Panserraikos (loan) | 2008–09 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 3 | 0 |
| Universitatea Craiova | 2009–10 | 13 | 2 | 2 | 0 | - | - | 15 | 2 |
| Politehnica Iaşi | 2009–10 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 12 | 1 |
| Braşov | 2010–11 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 12 | 2 |
| Al Ain | 2010–11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Concordia Chiajna | 2011–12 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 3 | 1 |
| Farul Constanța | 2011–12 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 11 | 1 |
| UTA Arad | 2012–13 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 3 | 0 |
| Career Total | Career Total | 231 | 68 | 15 | 3 | 22 | 5 | 268 | 76 |

## Titles

| Season | Club | Title |
| 2004–2005 | FC Vaslui | Liga II |

## Trivia

* Steaua's Gigi Becali was quoted by the press as saying that Badea will once become the Romanian top striker.

## Political career

Valentin Badea was elected as local councillor in Alexandria in 2024, as a member of the Social Democratic Party.
# Karol Dobiaš

Karol Dobiaš (born 18 December 1947) is a former Slovak football player and coach. During his career, he was a versatile player, mostly playing as either a defender or midfielder.

## Player career

He was born in Handlová. His career started in Baník Handlová. In 1965 he moved to Spartak Trnava where he achieved the biggest success as a player. With Spartak he became a five time Czechoslovakian champion and won three national cups. In 1970 and 1971, he was named Czechoslovak Footballer of the Year. In 1977, he moved to Bohemians Prague. During his career he played 345 matches in the Czechoslovak league and scored 20 goals. In 1980, he was allowed to be transferred abroad and he went to KSC Lokeren in Belgium. He ended his career in 1984 at Racing Gand.
He was capped 67 times for Czechoslovakia, scored 6 goals. He was a participant at the 1970 FIFA World Cup and a member of Czechoslovak winning team at 1976 European Football Championship. In the 1976 final game Dobiaš scored a goal that gave Czechoslovakia a 2–0 lead against West Germany.

## Coaching career

Dobias' first team as a manager was the youth squad of Bohemians Prague. In 1988/89 he managed SK Hradec Králové but was dismissed after the 14th game day. In September 1990 he was assigned manager of Zbrojovka Brno. The team was relegated and with Dobiaš it achieved a one-season comeback. In 1993/1994 he managed Sparta Prague and won the Czech league. Still he was fired after just two games the following season. In 1995/1996 he coached a minor Prague team SK Sparta Krč. Afterwards he worked for many years as a scout for Sparta Prague. For the 2003/2004 he was selected an assistant manager for Bohemians Prague but his contract was cancelled in January 2004.
# Benoni Aubert

Benoni Aubert (4 August 1768 – 21 April 1832) was a Danish-born Norwegian army officer. His father was born and raised in France, and was part of its nobility. When Aubert moved to Norway, he was responsible for establishing the Aubert noble family in that country.

## Biography

Benoni d'Aubert was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, to Major General Jacques Xavier d'Aubert (1727–1793) and Julane Cathrine Bang (1748–1834). His father was born in France to a noble family and grew up there. He later emigrated to Denmark in 1752 to take up a career in the Royal Danish Army. Through his sons, he established the Aubert family as nobility in Denmark and Norway.
D'Aubert followed his father into the military for his career. He graduated from the Royal Danish Military Academy in Copenhagen and became an officer in 1784. He had studied engineering. He served as Chief of Engineering in Kronborg from 1806 to 1810.
From 1811–1817, d'Aubert was a commander at Kongsvinger Fortress and Blaker Fortress in Norway. In 1814, he was also Chief of the Engineer Regiment. In 1818 he was promoted to Major.
From 1822 to 1823, Aubert served as chief of the Norwegian Military Academy.

## Personal life

He was married in 1797 to Jakobine Henriette Thaulow (1776–1833), daughter of Kristiansand city official Henrik Arnold Thaulow (1722–1799) and his wife Jacobine (Christie) Thaulow (1746–1818). Around 1815, D'Aubert changed his surname to Aubert, and his wife and children also took the alternative version.
He and his wife had ten children together. These included professor Ludvig Cæsar Martin Aubert (1807–1887), who became a professor, and Michael Conrad Sophus Emil Aubert (1811–1872), who became an attorney and jurist.
# Mariusz Dąbrowski

Mariusz Dąbrowski (born 18 November 1976) is a Polish wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 69 kg at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
# TCDD E 40000

TCDD E40000 is a series of electric locomotives used by the Turkish State Railways. The batch consisted of 15 units delivered in 1969. The locomotives have a power output of 2,945 kW and are capable of 130 km/h.
# 1987 New Caledonian independence referendum

An independence referendum was held in New Caledonia on 13 September 1987. Voters were given the choice of remaining part of France or becoming independent. The referendum was boycotted by independence movements. Only 1.7% voted in favour of independence.

## Background

By a vote of 325 to 249, the French Parliament passed a law on 15 April 1984 on holding an independence referendum in New Caledonia. Independence movements including the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front boycotted the referendum in protest at the franchise requirements, which made the indigenous population a minority. Although former French president François Mitterrand had promised short-term residents of the territory would not be able to vote, they were enfranchised for the referendum. As a result of claimed failures to respect the rights of the indigenous population, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization did not send observers.

## Results

Voters were asked "Do you wish New Caledonia to remain in the French Republic, or do you wish it to become independent?"
| Choice | Votes | % |
| France | 48,611 | 98.30 |
| Independence | 842 | 1.70 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 797 | – |
| Total | 50,250 | 100 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 85,022 | 59.10 |
| Source: Direct Democracy |||
# Ellen Osiier

Ellen Osiier (13 August 1890 – 6 September 1962) was a Danish foil fencer. Osiier was born in Hjørring, Nordjylland, Denmark.
The 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris was the first Olympic Games to feature women's fencing. Osiier, then 33, won the gold medal and went undefeated in the 16 matches she fenced in the event. With this victory, Osiier became the Olympics' first woman fencing champion.
Her husband, Ivan Osiier, fenced in seven Olympics, won a silver medal in individual épée for Denmark at the 1912 Olympics, and won 25 Danish national championships in three weapons.
# Municipal Borough of Sutton and Cheam

Sutton and Cheam was a local government district in northeast Surrey, England from 1882 to 1965.

## History

Sutton Local Government District was formed on 20 December 1882, when the (civil) parish of Sutton adopted the Local Government Act 1858. Sutton Local Board was formed to govern the area.
The Local Government Act 1894 reconstituted the district as Sutton Urban District and an urban district council replaced the local board.
In 1928 the Urban District grew to take in the westerly strip parish of Cheam (which was 4% larger) from Epsom Rural District and was thus renamed Sutton and Cheam Urban District. Both occupy and are centred on spring line settlements next to the North Downs. The new body took in an extra 569 acres (2.3 km$^2$) and 1840 people from 1933 when a county review order abolished Epsom Rural District, specifically drawing on parts of Banstead and Cuddington civil parishes. At the same time about 212 versus 235 people's homes moved council by an imposed land exchange with Carshalton Urban District, seeing a net gain of 8 acres; three simultaneous changes moved no homes but saw a net gain of 16 acres. The council successfully petitioned for a charter of incorporation so it became a municipal borough in 1934. Charter Day was celebrated on 12 September 1934 with local festivities, including a quarter peal on the bells of All Saints, Benhilton.
The borough was granted a coat of arms on incorporation. The shield had six emblems suggestive of the pan-medieval ecclesiastical landowners. The crosses came from the arms of the Archdiocese of Canterbury, the manor of Cheam having been granted to Christchurch, Canterbury in 1018. The keys of St Peter came from the arms of Chertsey Abbey who held Sutton at the time of the Domesday Book. The crest above the shield was a popinjay (parrot) from the arms of the Lumley family. The motto was that of John Hacket, rector of Cheam from 1624 - 1662 and was Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in the last 10 years of his life.
In 1965, under the London Government Act 1963, the borough was abolished and its land transferred to Greater London merging with Carshalton Urban District and the Municipal Borough of Beddington and Wallington to form the London Borough of Sutton.
| Year | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1939 | 1951 | 1961 |
| Population | 10,334 | 13,977 | 17,223 | 21,270 | 21,063 | 46,500 | 73,593 | 80,673 | 79,008 |
# Ivan Krajčírik

Ivan Krajčírik (born 15 June 2000) is a Slovak professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Czech First League club Slovan Liberec, on loan from Widzew Łódź.

## Club career
### MFK Ružomberok

Krajčírik made his Fortuna Liga debut for Ružomberok against ViOn Zlaté Moravce on 14 October 2017.

### Widzew Łódź

On 19 January 2024, Polish Ekstraklasa club Widzew Łódź announced the signing of Krajčírik on a two-and-a-half-year deal, for an undisclosed fee. During his first training session three days later, he damaged a collateral ligament in his knee, which prompted Widzew to bring in free agent Rafał Gikiewicz. Despite recovering by the end of February, Krajčírik made no appearances for the Polish side during the 2023–24 season.
After injuring his thigh in pre-season, Krajčírik missed the start of Widzew's 2024–25 campaign.

#### Loan to Slovan Liberec

On 7 August 2024, he sent on a season-long loan with an option to buy to Czech outfit Slovan Liberec.

## International career

Krajčírik received his first senior national team nomination on 23 May 2022, when Štefan Tarkovič named his as an alternate ahead of four UEFA Nations League fixtures against Belarus, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. For the same June fixtures, he was also a member of U21 team ahead of a qualifier against Malta and a friendly against Romania.

## Honours

Individual
* Slovak Super Liga U–21 Team of the Season: 2021–22
# Al Waab station

Al Waab QLM station is a station on Doha Metro's Gold Line and serves Al Waab district.

## History

The station was opened to the public on 21 November 2019 along with ten other Gold Line stations, over six months after the opening of the network's first 13 stations on the Red Line.

## Station facilities

Facilities in the station include a prayer room and restrooms.
# Brasileiros

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#REDIRECT Campeonato Brasileiro de Jiu-Jitsu
# Project Gesundheit

Project Gesundheit is an initiative by Amazon.com to find a cure for the common cold. The initiative is reported to be directed from Amazon Web Services' Grand Challenge research and development group. Grand Challenge, also known as 1492 and Amazon X, was founded in 2014 and was reported by CNBC to be staffed by "former Google X engineers and founders of various health start-ups".

## Footnotes

* ↑ The common cold may be caused by a human coronavirus.
# Kirkwood, Pennsylvania

Kirkwood is an unincorporated farming town and census-designated place (CDP) in Colerain Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Lancaster Metro area, in Pennsylvania Dutch Country.

## History

The post office in Kirkwood was established in 1856. A school was built in Kirkwood in 1899. Amish settlers arrived in Kirkwood in 1935 when Isaac and Mary Zook and their nine children moved to the area.

## Geography

Kirkwood is located at coordinates 39° 50' 50" N 76° 5' 0" W, in southeastern Lancaster County and the center of Colerain Township. Pennsylvania Route 472 passes through the center of town, leading northwest 6 miles (10 km) to Quarryville and southeast 7 miles (11 km) to Oxford in Chester County.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Kirkwood CDP has a total area of 2.22 square miles (5.76 km$^2$), of which 0.004 square miles (0.01 km$^2$), or 0.18%, are water. The community drains west to the West Branch of Octoraro Creek and east to the East Branch. Via Octoraro Creek, the Kirkwood is part of the Susquehanna River water. The village center has an elevation of 522 feet (159 m).

## Demographics

According to the 2010 census, there were 396 people residing in Kirkwood. The population density was 110.84 inhabitants per km$^2$. Of the 396 inhabitants, Kirkwood was made up of 98.23% white, 0% were African-American, 0.25% were Amerindian, 0% were Asian, 0.25% were Pacific Islanders, 1.26% were from other races, and 0% belonged to two or more races. Of the total population, 4.29% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
# Tanyard Run (Middle Wheeling Creek tributary)

Tanyard Run is a 1.53 mi (2.46 km) long 1st order tributary to Middle Wheeling Creek in Ohio County, West Virginia.

## Course

Tanyard Run rises about 2 miles northeast of Valley Camp, West Virginia, and then flows southwest to join Middle Wheeling Creek at Twilight.

## Watershed

Tanyard Run drains 1.33 square miles (3.4 km$^2$) of area, receives about 41.1 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 267.53, and is about 69% forested.
# Al Aidh Emirate

The Al Aidh Emirate (Arabic: إمارة آل عائض) fully known as the Al Aidh Emirate of 'Asir or simply the 'Asiri Emirate, was an autonomous and independent Muslim kingdom that arose in 'Asir after the demise of Ali bin Mujathal al-Mughaidi. It coexisted with the nearby Idrisid Emirate of Asir. The Emirate's territories included Taif, as well as domains in Yemen. Their small wars against the Ottoman Empire led to them being temporarily overtaken by the Ottomans, until they withdrew after losing the First World War. The Emirate finally ended in 1919, and 'Asir itself was then annexed by Ibn Saud into the country of Saudi Arabia.
The Emirate was led by rulers from the Aidh family, an Arab ruling family of Saudi descent. In 1916, the Sheikdom of Upper 'Asir was formed by members of the Aidh family, which had broken away from the Idrisid Emirate of 'Asir.

## List of Emirs

* Aidh bin Mar'i al-Yazidi (r. 1833–1857)
* Muhammad bin Aidh (r. 1857–1873)
* Nasser bin Aidh (r. 1873–1875)
* Abdul Rahman bin Aidh (Territory taken over temporarily by the Ottoman Empire)
* Ali bin Muhammad bin Aidh (Territory taken over temporarily by the Ottoman Empire)
* Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Aidh (Last Emir under Ottoman rule before they left in 1908)
* Hasan bin Ali al-Aidh (1908–1910/1919), leader of the Sheikdom of Upper 'Asir
# D19Er

The D19Er locomotive or Hữu Nghị locomotive is a diesel locomotive and currently used on Vietnam Railways network. (almost in Northern Vietnam railway network).

## Design

These locomotives were built by CRRC Ziyang company in China in 2006. They build 5 locomotives only. The D19Er locomotive is almost use for Passenger train and freight train and now, there is a line connecting Vietnam with Europe by rail and Vietnam Railways use these locomotives.

## Information

* Manufacturer: CRRC Ziyang (China)
* Model: SDD3
* Built: 2006
* Gauge: 1,435 mm (Standard-gauge)
* Power Type: Diesel
* Loco weight: 108 t
* Maximum speed: 120 km/h
* UIC: Co'Co'