# List of rulers in the British Isles

This is a list of rulers in the British Isles. The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles and over six thousand smaller islands.
In 1603, King James VI of Scotland also became James I of England, joining the crowns of England and Scotland in personal union. By royal proclamation, James styled himself "King of Great Britain", but no such kingdom was actually created until 1707, when England and Scotland united to form the new Kingdom of Great Britain, with a single British parliament sitting at Westminster, during the reign of Queen Anne.

## England
### House of Wessex

Alfred was king of Wessex from 871.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Alfred the Great c. 886 – 26 October 899 | | 849Son of Æthelwulf of Wessex and Osburh | Ealhswith Gainsborough 868 5 children | 26 October 899 Aged about 50 | Son of Æthelwulf of WessexTreaty of Wedmore | [2] [3] [4] |
| Edward the Elder 26 October 899 – 17 July 924 (24 years, 266 days) | | c. 874Son of Alfred and Ealhswith | (1) Ecgwynn c. 893 2 children(2) Ælfflæd c. 900 8 children(3) Eadgifu c. 919 4 children | 17 July 924 Aged about 50 | Son of Alfred | |

### Disputed

There is some evidence that Ælfweard of Wessex may have been king in 924, between his father Edward the Elder and his brother Æthelstan, although he was not crowned. A 12th-century list of kings gives him a reign length of four weeks, though one manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says he died only 16 days after his father. However, that he ruled is not accepted by all historians. Also, it is unclear whether—if Ælfweard was declared king—it was over the whole kingdom or of Wessex only. One interpretation of the ambiguous evidence is that when Edward died, Ælfweard was declared king in Wessex and Æthelstan in Mercia.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim |
| Ælfweard c. 17 July 924 – 2 August 924 (16 days) | Does not appear | c. 901Son of Edward the Elder and Ælfflæd | Does not appear Unmarried? No children | 2 August 924 Aged about 23 | Son of Edward the Elder |
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Æthelstan 924 King of the Anglo-Saxons (924–927) – King of the English (927–939) 27 October 939 (14–15 years) | 894Son of Edward the Elder and Ecgwynn | Does not appear Unmarried | 27 October 939 Aged about 45 | Son of Edward the Elder | [11] [12] |
| Edmund I 27 October 939 – 26 May 946 (6 years, 212 days) | c. 921Son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent | (1) Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury 2 sons(2) Æthelflæd of Damerham 944 No children | 26 May 946 Pucklechurch Killed in a brawl aged about 25 | Son of Edward the Elder | [13] [14] [15] |
| Eadred 26 May 946 – 23 November 955 (9 years, 182 days) | c. 923Son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent | Does not appear Unmarried | 23 November 955 Frome Aged about 32 | Son of Edward the Elder | [16] [17] [18] |
| Eadwig 23 November 955 – 1 October 959 (3 years, 313 days) | c. 940Son of Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury | Ælfgifu No verified children | 1 October 959 Aged about 19 | Son of Edmund I | [19] [20] [21] |
| Edgar the Peaceful 1 October 959 – 8 July 975 (15 years, 281 days) | c. 943 WessexSon of Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury | (1) Æthelflæd c. 960 1 son(2) Ælfthryth c. 964 2 sons | 8 July 975 Winchester Aged 31 | Son of Edmund I | [22] [23] [24] |
| Edward the Martyr 8 July 975 – 18 March 978 (2 years, 254 days) | c. 962Son of Edgar the Peaceful and Æthelflæd | Does not appear Unmarried | 18 March 978 Corfe Castle Murdered aged about 16 | Son of Edgar the Peaceful | [25] [26] |
| (1st reign) Æthelred Æthelred the Unready 18 March 978 – 1013 (34–35 years) | c. 968Son of Edgar the Peaceful and Ælfthryth | (1) Ælfgifu of York 991 9 children(2) Emma of Normandy 1002 3 children | 23 April 1016 London Aged about 48 | Son of Edgar the Peaceful | [28] [27] [29] |

### House of Denmark

England came under the control of Sweyn Forkbeard, a Danish king, after an invasion in 1013, during which Æthelred abandoned the throne and went into exile in Normandy.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Sweyn Sweyn Forkbeard 25 December 1013 – 3 February 1014 (41 days) | | 17 April 963 DenmarkSon of Tove of the Obotrites and Harald Bluetooth | (1) Gunhild of Wenden c. 990 7 children(2) Sigrid the Haughty c. 1000 1 daughter | 3 February 1014 Gainsborough Aged 50 | Right of conquest | [30] [31] [32] [33] |

### House of Wessex (restored, first time)

Following the death of Sweyn Forkbeard, Æthelred the Unready returned from exile and was again proclaimed king on 3 February 1014. His son succeeded him after being chosen king by the citizens of London and a part of the Witan, despite ongoing Danish efforts to wrest the crown from the West Saxons.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| (2nd reign) Æthelred Æthelred the Unready 3 February 1014 – 23 April 1016 (2 years, 81 days) | | c. 968Son of Edgar the Peaceful and Ælfthryth | (1) Ælfgifu of York 991 9 children(2) Emma of Normandy 1002 3 children | 23 April 1016 London Aged about 48 | Son of Edgar the Peaceful | [28] [27] [29] |
| Edmund Ironside 23 April 1016 – 30 November 1016 (222 days) | | c. 990Son of Æthelred and Ælfgifu of York | Edith of East Anglia 2 children | 30 November 1016 Glastonbury Aged 26 | Son of Æthelred | [34] [35] [36] |

### House of Denmark (restored)

Following the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016, King Edmund signed a treaty with Cnut (Canute) under which all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Cnut. Upon Edmund's death just over a month later on 30 November, Cnut ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king for nineteen years.
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Canute Cnut the Great 18 October 1016 – 12 November 1035 (19 years, 26 days) | c. 995Son of Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunhilda of Poland | (1) Ælfgifu of Northampton 2 sons(2) Emma of Normandy 1017 2 children | 12 November 1035 Shaftesbury Aged about 40 | Son of SweynTreaty of Deerhurst | [38] [39] |
| Harold Harefoot 12 November 1035 – 17 March 1040 (4 years, 127 days) | c. 1016Son of Canute and Ælfgifu of Northampton | Ælfgifu? 1 son? | 17 March 1040 Oxford Aged about 24 | Son of Canute | [41] [40] [42] |
| Harthacnut 17 March 1040 – 8 June 1042 (2 years, 84 days) | 1018Son of Canute and Emma of Normandy | Does not appear Unmarried | 8 June 1042 Lambeth Aged about 24 | Son of Canute | [43] [44] [45] |

### House of Wessex (restored, second time)

After Harthacnut, there was a brief Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Edward the Confessor 8 June 1042 – 5 January 1066 (23 years, 212 days) | | c. 1003 IslipSon of Æthelred and Emma of Normandy | Edith of Wessex 23 January 1045 No children | 5 January 1066 Westminster Palace Aged about 63 | Son of Æthelred | |

### House of Godwin

| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Harold Godwinson 6 January 1066 – 14 October 1066 (282 days) | | c. 1022Son of Godwin of Wessex and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir | (1) Edith Swannesha 5 children(2) Ealdgyth c. 1064 2 sons | 14 October 1066 Hastings Died in battle aged about 44 | Supposedly named heir by Edward the ConfessorElected by the Witenagemot | |

### House of Wessex (restored, third time)

After King Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings, the Witan elected Edgar Ætheling as king. He ruled but was never crowned. He eventually abdicated his kingship and submitted to King William the Conqueror.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Edgar Ætheling 15 October 1066 – 17 December 1066 (64 days) | | c. 1051Son of Edward the Exile and Agatha | Does not appear Unmarried | c. 1126 Aged about 75 | Grandson of Edmund IronsideElected by the Witenagemot | [48] [49] |

### House of Normandy

In 1066, several rival claimants to the English throne emerged. Among them were Harold Godwinson, recognised as king by the Witenagemot after the death of Edward the Confessor, as well as Harald Hardrada, King of Norway who claimed to be the rightful heir of Harthacnut, and Duke William II of Normandy, vassal to the King of France, and first cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor. Harald and William both invaded separately in 1066. Godwinson successfully repelled the invasion by Hardrada, but ultimately lost the throne of England in the Norman conquest of England.
After the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, William the Conqueror made permanent the recent removal of the capital from Winchester to London. Following the death of Harold Godwinson at Hastings, the Anglo-Saxon Witenagemot elected as king Edgar the Ætheling, the son of Edward the Exile and grandson of Edmund Ironside. The young monarch was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned. William was crowned King William I of England on Christmas Day 1066, in Westminster Abbey, and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I.
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| William I William the Conqueror 25 December 1066 – 9 September 1087 (20 years, 259 days) | c. 1028 Falaise CastleSon of Robert the Magnificent and Herleva | Matilda of Flanders Normandy 1053 9 children | 9 September 1087 Rouen Aged about 59 | Supposedly named heir in 1052 by Edward the ConfessorFirst cousin once removed of Edward the ConfessorRight of conquest | [51] [52] |
| William II William Rufus 26 September 1087 – 2 August 1100 (12 years, 311 days) | c. 1056 NormandySon of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders | Does not appear Unmarried | 2 August 1100 New Forest Shot with an arrow aged 44 | Son of William IGranted the Kingdom of England over elder brother Robert Curthose | [53] [54] |
| Henry I Henry Beauclerc 5 August 1100 – 1 December 1135 (35 years, 119 days) | September 1068 SelbySon of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders | (1) Matilda of Scotland Westminster Abbey 11 November 1100 2 children(2) Adeliza of Louvain Windsor Castle 29 January 1121 No children | 1 December 1135 Saint-Denis-en-Lyons Aged 67 | Son of William ISeizure of the Crown (from Robert Curthose) | [55] [54] |

### House of Blois

Henry I left no legitimate male heirs, his son William Adelin having died in the White Ship disaster. This ended the direct Norman line of kings in England. Henry named his eldest daughter, Matilda (Countess of Anjou by her second marriage to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as well as widow of her first husband, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor), as his heir. Before naming Matilda as heir, he had been in negotiations to name his nephew Stephen of Blois as his heir. When Henry died, Stephen invaded England, and in a coup d'etat had himself crowned instead of Matilda. The period which followed is known as The Anarchy, as parties supporting each side fought in open warfare both in Britain and on the continent for the better part of two decades.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Stephen Stephen of Blois 22 December 1135 – 25 October 1154 (18 years, 308 days) | | c. 1096 BloisSon of Stephen II of Blois and Adela of Normandy | Matilda of Boulogne Westminster 1125 6 children | 25 October 1154 Dover Castle Aged about 58 | Grandson of William IAppointment / usurpation | [54] [56] |

### Disputed claimants

Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father, Henry I, after the death of her brother on the White Ship, and acknowledged as such by the barons. Upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, Stephen of Blois. During the ensuing Anarchy, Matilda controlled England for a few months in 1141—the first woman to do so—but was never crowned and is rarely listed as a monarch of England.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| (Title disputed) Matilda Empress Matilda 7 April 1141 – 1 November 1141 (209 days) | | 7 February 1102 Sutton CourtenayDaughter of Henry I and Edith of Scotland | (1) Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire Mainz Cathedral 6 January 1114 No children(2) Geoffrey Plantagenet Le Mans Cathedral 22 May 1128 3 sons | 10 September 1167 Rouen Aged 65 | Daughter of Henry ISeizure of the Crown | [57] [56] |
Count Eustace IV of Boulogne (c. 1130 – 17 August 1153) was appointed co-king of England by his father, King Stephen, on 6 April 1152, in order to guarantee his succession to the throne (as was the custom in France, but not in England). The Pope and the Church would not agree to this, and Eustace was not crowned. Eustace died the next year aged 23, during his father's lifetime, and so never became king in his own right.

### House of Anjou

King Stephen came to an agreement with Matilda in November 1153 with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford, where Stephen recognised Henry, son of Matilda and her second husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as the designated heir. The royal house descended from Matilda and Geoffrey is widely known by two names, the House of Anjou (after Geoffrey's title as Count of Anjou) or the House of Plantagenet, after his sobriquet. Some historians prefer to group the subsequent kings into two groups, before and after the loss of the bulk of their French possessions, although they are not different royal houses.
The Angevins (from the French term meaning "from Anjou") ruled over the Angevin Empire during the 12th and 13th centuries, an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland. They did not regard England as their primary home until most of their continental domains were lost by King John. The direct, eldest male line from Henry II includes monarchs commonly grouped together as the House of Plantagenet, which was the name given to the dynasty after the loss of most of their continental possessions, while cadet branches of this line became known as the House of Lancaster and the House of York during the War of the Roses.
The Angevins formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time. Dieu et mon droit has generally been used as the motto of English monarchs since being adopted by Edward III, but it was first used as a battle cry by Richard I in 1198 at the Battle of Gisors, when he defeated the forces of Philip II of France, after which he made it his motto.
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Henry II Henry Curtmantle 19 December 1154 – 6 July 1189 (34 years, 200 days) | 5 March 1133 Le MansSon of Geoffrey V of Anjou and Matilda | Eleanor of Aquitaine Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152 8 children | 6 July 1189 Chinon Aged 56 | Grandson of Henry ITreaty of Wallingford | [61] [62] |
| Richard I Richard the Lionheart 3 September 1189 – 6 April 1199 (9 years, 216 days) | 8 September 1157 Beaumont PalaceSon of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine | Berengaria of Navarre Limassol 12 May 1191 No children | 6 April 1199 Châlus Shot by a quarrel aged 41 | Son of Henry IIPrimogeniture | [63] [62] |
| John John Lackland 27 May 1199 – 19 October 1216 (17 years, 146 days) | 24 December 1166 Beaumont PalaceSon of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine | (1) Isabel of Gloucester Marlborough Castle 29 August 1189 No children(2) Isabella of Angoulême Bordeaux Cathedral 24 August 1200 5 children | 19 October 1216 Newark-on-Trent Aged 49 | Son of Henry IIProximity of blood | [64] [65] |
Henry II named his son, another Henry (1155–1183), as co-ruler with him. But this was a Norman custom of designating an heir, and the younger Henry did not outlive his father and rule in his own right, so he is not counted as a monarch on lists of kings.

### Disputed claimant

Louis VIII of France briefly won about half of England over to his side from 1216 to 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons' War against King John. On marching into London he was openly received by the rebel barons and citizens of London and proclaimed (though not crowned) king at St Paul's cathedral. Many nobles, including Alexander II of Scotland, gathered to give homage to him. However, in signing the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217, Louis conceded that he had never been the legitimate king of England.
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim |
| (Title disputed) Louis Louis VIII the Lion 1216 – 22 September 1217 (1 year) | | | 5 September 1187 ParisSon of Philip II of France and Isabella of Hainault | Blanche of Castile Port-Mort 23 May 1200 13 children | 8 November 1226 Montpensier Aged 39 | Right of conquest |

### House of Plantagenet

The House of Plantagenet takes its name from Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, husband of the Empress Matilda and father of Henry II. The name Plantagenet itself was unknown as a family name per se until Richard of York adopted it as his family name in the 15th century. It has since been retroactively applied to English monarchs from Henry II onward. It is common among modern historians to refer to Henry II and his sons as the "Angevins" due to their vast continental Empire, and most of the Angevin kings before John spent more time in their continental possessions than in England.
It is from the time of Henry III, after the loss of most of the family's continental possessions, that the Plantagenet kings became more English in nature. The Houses of Lancaster and York are cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet.
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Henry III Henry of Winchester 28 October 1216 – 16 November 1272 (56 years, 20 days) | 1 October 1207 Winchester CastleSon of John and Isabella of Angoulême | Eleanor of Provence Canterbury Cathedral 14 January 1236 5 children | 16 November 1272 Westminster Palace Aged 65 | Son of JohnPrimogeniture | [66] [65] |
| Edward I Edward Longshanks 20 November 1272 – 7 July 1307 (34 years, 230 days) | 17 June 1239 Palace of WestminsterSon of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence | (1) Eleanor of Castile Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas 18 October 1254 16 children(2) Margaret of France Canterbury 10 September 1299 3 children | 7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands Aged 68 | Son of Henry IIIPrimogeniture | [67] [68] |
| Edward II Edward of Caernarfon 8 July 1307 – 20 January 1327 (19 years, 197 days) | 25 April 1284 Caernarfon CastleSon of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile | Isabella of France Boulogne Cathedral 24 January 1308 4 children | 21 September 1327 Berkeley Castle Murdered aged 43 | Son of Edward IPrimogeniture | [70] [71] |
| Edward III 25 January 1327 – 21 June 1377 (50 years, 148 days) | 13 November 1312 Windsor CastleSon of Edward II and Isabella of France | Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children | 21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64 | Son of Edward IIPrimogeniture | [72] [71] |
| Richard II 22 June 1377 – 29 September 1399 (22 years, 100 days) | 6 January 1367 BordeauxSon of Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent | (1) Anne of Bohemia 14 January 1382 No children(2) Isabella of Valois Calais 4 November 1396 No children | 14 February 1400 Pontefract Castle Aged 33 | Grandson of Edward IIIPrimogeniture | [73] [74] |

### House of Lancaster

This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt. Henry IV seized power from Richard II (and also displaced the next in line to the throne, Edmund Mortimer (then aged 7), a descendant of Edward III's second son, Lionel of Antwerp).
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Henry IV Henry of Bolingbroke 30 September 1399 – 20 March 1413 (13 years, 172 days) | 15 April 1367 Bolingbroke CastleSon of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster | (1) Mary de Bohun Arundel Castle 27 July 1380 6 children(2) Joanna of Navarre Winchester Cathedral 7 February 1403 No children | 20 March 1413 Westminster Abbey Aged 45 | Grandson / heir male of Edward IIIUsurpation / agnatic primogeniture | [75] [76] [74] |
| Henry V 21 March 1413 – 31 August 1422 (9 years, 164 days) | 16 September 1386 Monmouth CastleSon of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun | Catherine of Valois Troyes Cathedral 2 June 1420 1 son | 31 August 1422 Château de Vincennes Aged 36 | Son of Henry IVAgnatic primogeniture | [77] [78] [79] |
| (1st reign) Henry VI 1 September 1422 – 4 March 1461 (38 years, 185 days) | 6 December 1421 Windsor CastleSon of Henry V and Catherine of Valois | Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son | 21 May 1471 Tower of London Allegedly murdered aged 49 | Son of Henry VAgnatic primogeniture | [80] [79] |

### House of York

The House of York claimed the right to the throne through Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, but it inherited its name from Edward's fourth surviving son, Edmund of Langley, first Duke of York.
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) saw the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and York.
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| (1st reign) Edward IV 4 March 1461 – 3 October 1470 (9 years, 214 days) | | | 28 April 1442 RouenSon of Richard of York and Cecily Neville | Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 10 children | 9 April 1483 Westminster Palace Aged 40 | Great-great-grandson / heir general of Edward IIISeizure of the CrownCognatic primogeniture | |

### House of Lancaster (restored)

| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| (2nd reign) Henry VI 3 October 1470 – 11 April 1471 (191 days) | | | 6 December 1421 Windsor CastleSon of Henry V and Catherine of Valois | Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son | 21 May 1471 Tower of London Allegedly murdered aged 49 | Son of Henry VSeizure of the Crown | |

### House of York (restored)

| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| (2nd reign) Edward IV 11 April 1471 – 9 April 1483 (11 years, 364 days) | 28 April 1442 RouenSon of Richard of York and Cecily Neville | Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 10 children | 9 April 1483 Westminster Palace Aged 40 | Great-great-grandson / heir general of Edward IIISeizure of the CrownCognatic primogeniture | |
| Edward V 9 April 1483 – 25 June 1483 (78 days) | 2 November 1470 WestminsterSon of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville | Does not appear Unmarried | Disappeared mid-1483 London Allegedly murdered aged 12 | Son of Edward IVCognatic primogeniture | [82] [83] [79] |
| Richard III 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485 (2 years, 58 days) | 2 October 1452 Fotheringhay CastleSon of Richard of York and Cecily Neville | Anne Neville Westminster Abbey 12 July 1472 1 son | 22 August 1485 Bosworth Field Killed in battle aged 32 | Great-great-grandson of Edward IIITitulus Regius | [84] [85] |

### House of Tudor

The Tudors descended in the female line from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (third surviving son of Edward III), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. Those descended from English monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year. Parliament did the same in an Act in 1397. A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne. Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster.
John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort was married to Edmund Tudor. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tudur (anglicised to Owen Tudor) and Catherine of Valois, the widow of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed.
By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, winning the Wars of the Roses. King Henry married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages. (See family tree.)
With Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church, the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church of England and of the Church of Ireland. Elizabeth I's title became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Henry VII 22 August 1485 – 21 April 1509 (23 years, 243 days) | 28 January 1457 Pembroke CastleSon of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort | Elizabeth of York Westminster Abbey 18 January 1486 8 children | 21 April 1509 Richmond Palace Aged 52 | Great-great-great-grandson of Edward IIIRight of conquest | |
| Henry VIII 22 April 1509 – 28 January 1547 (37 years, 282 days) | 28 June 1491 Greenwich PalaceSon of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York | (1) Catherine of Aragon Greenwich 11 June 1509 1 daughter(2) Anne Boleyn Westminster Palace 25 January 1533 1 daughter(3) Jane Seymour Whitehall Palace 30 May 1536 1 son3 further marriages No more children | 28 January 1547 Whitehall Palace Aged 55 | Son of Henry VIIPrimogeniture | [90] [91] |
| Edward VI 28 January 1547 – 6 July 1553 (6 years, 160 days) | 12 October 1537 Hampton Court PalaceSon of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour | Does not appear Unmarried | 6 July 1553 Greenwich Palace Aged 15 | Son of Henry VIIIPrimogeniture | |

### Disputed claimant

Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir in his will, overruling the order of succession laid down by Parliament in the Third Succession Act. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen—the first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the Privy Council switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary queen. Jane was executed for treason in 1554, aged 16.
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| (Title disputed) Jane 10 July 1553 – 19 July 1553 (Overthrown after 9 days) | | | October 1537 Bradgate ParkDaughter of the 1st Duke of Suffolk and Frances Brandon | Guildford Dudley The Strand 21 May 1553 No children | 12 February 1554 Tower of London Executed aged 16 | Great-granddaughter of Henry VIIDevise for the Succession | [93] [94] |
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Mary I Bloody Mary 19 July 1553 – 17 November 1558 (5 years, 122 days) | | | 18 February 1516 Greenwich PalaceDaughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon | Philip II of Spain Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 No children | 17 November 1558 St James's Palace Aged 42 | Daughter of Henry VIIIThird Succession Act | |
| (Jure uxoris) Philip 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 (4 years, 116 days) | | | 21 May 1527 ValladolidSon of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and Isabella of Portugal | Mary I of England Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 No children3 other marriages 7 children | 13 September 1598 El Escorial Aged 71 | Husband of Mary IAct for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain | — |
Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip I of Naples (Philip II of Spain from 15 January 1556) and Queen Mary I, Philip was to enjoy Mary's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness … in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions" (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.
As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish. Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the coat of arms of England (pictured right) was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign. Acts which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed in England (see Treason Act 1554) and Ireland. In 1555, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Elizabeth I 17 November 1558 – 24 March 1603 (44 years, 128 days) | | | 7 September 1533 Greenwich PalaceDaughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn | Does not appear Unmarried | 24 March 1603 Richmond Palace Aged 69 | Daughter of Henry VIIIThird Succession Act | |

### House of Stuart

Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue, her first cousin twice removed, King James VI of Scotland, succeeded to the English throne as James I in the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII and wife of James IV of Scotland. In 1604, he adopted the title King of Great Britain. However, the two parliaments remained separate until the Acts of Union 1707.
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| James I 24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625 (22 years, 4 days) | | | 19 June 1566 Edinburgh CastleSon of Mary, Queen of Scots and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley | Anne of Denmark Oslo 23 November 1589 7 children | 27 March 1625 Theobalds House Aged 58 | Great-great-grandson / heir general of Henry VII | |
| Charles I 27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649 (23 years, 310 days) | | | 19 November 1600 Dunfermline PalaceSon of James I and Anne of Denmark | Henrietta Maria of France St Augustine's Abbey 13 June 1625 9 children | 30 January 1649 Whitehall Palace Executed aged 48 | Son of James ICognatic primogeniture | |

### Interregnum

No monarch reigned between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Between 1649 and 1653, there was no single English head of state, as England was ruled directly by the Rump Parliament with the English Council of State acting as executive power during a period known as the Commonwealth of England. After a coup d'etat in 1653, Oliver Cromwell forcibly took control of England from Parliament. He dissolved the Rump Parliament at the head of a military force and England entered a period known as The Protectorate, under Cromwell's direct control with the title Lord Protector.
It was within the power of the Lord Protector to choose his heir and Oliver Cromwell chose his eldest son, Richard Cromwell, to succeed him. Richard lacked both the ability to rule and confidence of the Army, and he was forcibly removed by the English Committee of Safety under the leadership of Charles Fleetwood in May 1659. England again lacked any single head of state during several months of conflict between Fleetwood's party and that of George Monck. Monck took control of the country in December 1659, and after almost a year of anarchy, the monarchy was formally restored when Charles II returned from France to accept the throne of England. This was following the Declaration of Breda and an invitation to reclaim the throne from the Convention Parliament of 1660.
Lords Protector :
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |

### House of Stuart (restored)

After the Monarchy was restored, England came under the rule of Charles II, whose reign was relatively peaceful domestically, given the tumultuous time of the Interregnum years. Tensions still existed between Catholics and Protestants. With the ascension of Charles's brother, the openly Catholic James II, England was again sent into a period of political turmoil.
James II was ousted by Parliament less than three years after ascending to the throne, replaced by his daughter Mary II and her husband (also his nephew) William III during the Glorious Revolution. While James and his descendants would continue to claim the throne, all Catholics (such as James and his son Charles) were barred from the throne by the Act of Settlement 1701, enacted by Anne, another of James's Protestant daughters. After the Acts of Union 1707, England as a sovereign state ceased to exist, replaced by the new Kingdom of Great Britain.
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| (Recognised by Royalists in 1649) Charles II 29 May 1660 – 6 February 1685 (24 years, 254 days) | | | 29 May 1630 St James's PalaceSon of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France | Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth 21 May 1662 No children | 6 February 1685 Whitehall Palace Aged 54 | Son of Charles ICognatic primogenitureEnglish Restoration | [112] [113] |
| James II 6 February 1685 – 23 December 1688 (Overthrown after 3 years, 321 days) | | | 14 October 1633 St James's PalaceSon of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France | (1) Anne Hyde The Strand 3 September 1660 8 children(2) Mary of Modena Dover 21 November 1673 7 children | 16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Aged 67 | Son of Charles ICognatic primogeniture | |
| Mary II 13 February 1689 – 28 December 1694 (5 years, 319 days) | | | 30 April 1662 St James's PalaceDaughter of James II and Anne Hyde | William III of England St James's Palace 4 November 1677 No children | 28 December 1694 Kensington Palace Aged 32 | Daughter of James IIOffered the Crown by Parliament | |
| William III William of Orange 13 February 1689 – 8 March 1702 (13 years, 24 days) | | | 4 November 1650 The HagueSon of William II of Orange and Mary of England | Mary II of England St James's Palace 4 November 1677 No children | 8 March 1702 Kensington Palace Aged 51 | Grandson of Charles IOffered the Crown by Parliament | [116] [115] |
| Anne 8 March 1702 – 1 May 1707 (5 years, 55 days) (Queen of Great Britain until 1 August 1714) (12 years, 147 days) | | | 6 February 1665 St James's PalaceDaughter of James II and Anne Hyde | George of Denmark St James's Palace 28 July 1683 No surviving children | 1 August 1714 Kensington Palace Aged 49 | Daughter of James IICognatic primogenitureBill of Rights 1689 | |
| After the Acts of Union 1707 → | After the Acts of Union 1707 → | See List of British monarchs. | See List of British monarchs. | See List of British monarchs. | See List of British monarchs. | See List of British monarchs. | See List of British monarchs. |

## Wales

King of Wales was a very rarely used title, because Wales, much like Ireland, never achieved a degree of political unity, like that of England or Scotland during the Middle Ages. While many different leaders in Wales claimed the title of 'King of Wales', the country was only truly united once and that occurred under the rule of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn from 1055 to 1063.

## Scotland
### House of Alpin (848–1034)

The reign of Kenneth MacAlpin begins what is often called the House of Alpin, an entirely modern concept. The descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin were divided into two branches; the crown would alternate between the two, the death of a king from one branch often hastened by war or assassination by a pretender from the other. Malcolm II was the last king of the House of Alpin; in his reign, he successfully crushed all opposition to him and, having no sons, was able to pass the crown to his daughter's son, Duncan I, who inaugurated the House of Dunkeld.
| Traditional modern English regnal name (with modern Gaelic equivalent) | Medieval Gaelic name | Dynastic Status | Reign | Title | Epithet |
| Kenneth I MacAlpin (Coinneach mac Ailpein) | Cináed mac Ailpín Ciniod m. Ailpin | son of Alpin king of Dál Riata | 843/848 – 13 February 858 | Rex Pictorum ("King of the Picts") | An Ferbasach, "The Conqueror" |
| Donald I (Dòmhnall mac Ailpein) | Domnall mac Ailpín | son of Alpin king of Dál Riata, and brother of Kenneth I | 858 – 13 April 862 | Rex Pictorum ("King of the Picts") | |
| Constantine I (Còiseam mac Choinnich) | Causantín mac Cináeda | Son of Kenneth I | 862–877 | Rex Pictorum ("King of the Picts") | An Finn-Shoichleach, "The Wine-Bountiful" |
| Áed (Aodh mac Choinnich) | Áed mac Cináeda | Son of Kenneth I | 877–878 | Rex Pictorum ("King of the Picts") | |
| Giric (Griogair mac Dhunghail) | Giric mac Dúngail | Son of Donald I? | 878–889 | Rex Pictorum ("King of the Picts") | Mac Rath, "Son of Fortune" |
| Eochaid | Eochaid mac Run | grandson of Kenneth I* | 878–889?* | Rex Pictorum ("King of the Picts") | |
| Donald II (Dòmhnall mac Chòiseim) | Domnall mac Causantín | Son of Constantine I | 889–900 | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") | Dásachtach, "the Madman" |
| Constantine II (Còiseam mac Aoidh) | Causantín mac Áeda | Son of Áed | 900–943 | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") | An Midhaise, "the Middle Aged" |
| Malcolm I (Maol Chaluim mac Dhòmhnaill) | Máel Coluim mac Domnall | Son of Donald II | 943–954 | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") | An Bodhbhdercc, "the Dangerous Red" |
| Indulf | Ildulb mac Causantín | Son of Constantine II | 954–962 | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") | An Ionsaighthigh, "the Aggressor" |
| Dub (Dubh or Duff) (Dubh mac Mhaoil Chaluim) | Dub mac Maíl Choluim | Son of Malcolm I | 962–967 | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") | Dén, "the Vehement" |
| Cuilén (Cailean) | Cuilén mac Ilduilb | Son of Indulf | 967–971 | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") | An Fionn, "the White" |
| Amlaíb (Amhlaigh) | Amlaíb mac Ilduilb | Son of Indulf | 973–977‡ | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") | |
| Kenneth II (Coinneach mac Mhaoil Chaluim) | Cináed mac Maíl Choluim | Son of Malcolm I | 971–995 | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") | An Fionnghalach, "the Fratricide" |
| Constantine III (Còiseam mac Chailein) | Causantín mac Cuiléin | Son of Cuilén | 995–997 | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") | |
| Kenneth III (Coinneach mac Dhuibh) | Cináed mac Duib | Son of Dub | 997 – 25 March 1005 | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") | An Donn, "the Chief"/ "the Brown" |
| Malcolm II (Maol Chaluim mac Choinnich) | Máel Coluim mac Cináeda | Son of Kenneth II | 1005–1034 | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") | Forranach, "the Destroyer" |
*Eochaid was a son of Run, King of Strathclyde, but his mother was a daughter of Kenneth I. Evidence of his reign is unclear. He may have never actually been king and if he was, he was co-king with Giric.
‡Amlaíb is known only by a reference to his death in 977, which reports him as King of Alba; since Kenneth II is known to have still been King in 972–973, Amlaíb must have taken power between 973 and 977.

### House of Dunkeld (1034–1286)

Duncan succeeded to the throne as the maternal grandson of Malcolm II. He was also the heir-general of Malcolm I, as his paternal grandfather, Duncan of Atholl was the third son of Malcolm I. The House of Dunkeld was therefore closely related to the House of Alpin. Duncan was killed in battle by Macbeth, who had a long and relatively successful reign. In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach, claiming the throne. The dynastic feuds did not end there: on Malcolm III's death in battle, his brother Donald III, known as "Bán", claimed the throne, expelling Malcolm III's sons from Scotland. A civil war in the family ensued, with Donald III and Malcolm III's son Edmund opposed by Malcolm III's English-backed sons, led first by Duncan II and then by Edgar. Edgar triumphed, sending his uncle and brother to monasteries. After the reign of David I, the Scottish throne was passed according to rules of primogeniture, moving from father to son, or where not possible, brother to brother.
| Modern English & Regnal Name (Modern Gaelic Name) (Medieval Gaelic Name) Reign | Medieval Title | Epithet Nickname | Marriages | Dynastic Status (Father's Family) |
| Duncan I (Donnchadh mac Crìonain) (Donnchad mac Crínáin) 1034–1040 | Rí Alban | An t-Ilgarach "the Diseased" or "the Sick" | Suthen at least two sons | Grandson of Malcolm II |
| Macbeth (MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh) (Mac Bethad mac Findláich) 1040–1057 | Rí Alban | Rí Deircc "the Red King" | Gruoch of Scotland no children | Son of Mormaer Findláech |
| Lulach (Lughlagh mac Gille Chomghain) (Lulach mac Gille Comgaín) 1057–1058 | Rí Alban | Tairbith "the Unfortunate" - Fatuus "the Foolish" | Unknown two children | Son of Gille Coemgáin, Mormaer of Moray and Gruoch of Scotland Step-son of Macbeth |
| Malcolm III (Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh) (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) 1058–1093 | Rí Alban / Scottorum basileus | ? Cenn Mór ("Canmore") "Great Chief" | Ingibiorg Finnsdottir three sons Margaret of Wessex 1070 eight children | Son of Duncan I |
| Donald III (Dòmhnall mac Dhonnchaidh) (Domnall mac Donnchada) 1093–1097 | Rí Alban | Bán, "the Fair" | Unknown at least one daughter | Son of Duncan I |
| Duncan II (Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim) (Donnchad mac Maíl Choluim) 1094 | Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum | | Uchtreda of Northumbria one son | Son of Malcolm III |
| Edgar (Eagar mac Mhaoil Chaluim) (Étgar mac Maíl Choluim) 1097–1107 | Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum | Probus, "the Valiant" | None | Son of Malcolm III |
| Alexander I (Alasdair mac Mhaoil Chaluim) (Alaxandair mac Maíl Choluim) 1107–1124 | Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum | "the Fierce" | Sybilla of Normandy no children | Son of Malcolm III |
| David I (Dàibhidh mac Mhaoil Chaluim) (Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim) 1124–1153 | Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum | "the Saint" | Maud, Countess of Huntingdon 1113 four children | Son of Malcolm III |
| Malcolm IV (Maol Chaluim mac Eanraig) (Máel Coluim mac Eanric) 1153–1165 | Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum | Virgo "the Maiden" - Cenn Mór, "Great Chief" | None | Grandson of David I |
| William I (Uilleam mac Eanraig) (Uilliam mac Eanric) 1165–1214 | Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum | "the Lion" - Garbh, "the Rough" | Ermengarde de Beaumont Woodstock Palace, Oxford, England 5 September 1186 four children | Grandson of David I |
| Alexander II (Alasdair mac Uilleim) (Alaxandair mac Uilliam) 1214–1249 | Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum | | Joan of England York Minster, England 21 June 1221 no children Marie de Coucy Roxburgh 15 May 1239 one son | Son of William I |
| Alexander III (Alasdair mac Alasdair) (Alaxandair mac Alaxandair) 1249–1286 | Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum | | Margaret of England York Minster, England 25 December 1251 three children Yolande de Dreux Jedburgh Abbey 15 October 1285 no children | Son of Alexander II |

### House of Sverre (1286–1290)

The status of Margaret, Maid of Norway, as a Scottish monarch is debated by historians. One of her biographers, Archie Duncan, argues that because she was "never inaugurated, she was never queen of Scots". Another, Norman H. Reid, insists that Margaret was "accepted as queen" by her contemporaries but that, owing to the lack of Inauguration, "[her] reign never started".
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Dynastic status |
| Margaret the Maid of Norway 1286–1290 | | c. April 1283 Tønsberg, Norway daughter of Eric II of Norway and Margaret of Scotland | None | September/October 1290 St Margaret's Hope, Orkney aged 7 | granddaughter of Alexander III |

## Monarchy of Scotland restored
### House of Balliol (1292–1296)

The death of Margaret of Norway began a two-year interregnum in Scotland caused by a succession crisis. With her death, the descent of William I became extinct and there was no obvious heir. Thirteen candidates presented themselves; the most prominent were John Balliol, great-grandson of William I's younger brother David of Huntingdon, and Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, David of Huntingdon's grandson. The Scottish magnates invited Edward I of England to arbitrate the claims. He did so but forced the Scots to swear allegiance to him as overlord. Eventually, it was decided that John Balliol should become king. He proved weak and incapable and, in 1296, was forced to abdicate by Edward I who then attempted to annex Scotland into the Kingdom of England.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Dynastic status |
| John Balliol Toom Tabard ("Empty Cloak") (Iain Balliol) 1292–1296 | | c. 1249 | Isabella de Warenne 9 February 1281 at least one son | c. 25 November 1314 Picardy, France | great-grandson of David of Huntingdon (brother of William I) |

## Monarchy of Scotland restored (second time)
### House of Bruce (1306–1371)

For ten years, Scotland had no king. The Scots, however, refused to tolerate English rule. First William Wallace then John Comyn and finally Robert the Bruce (the grandson of the 1292 competitor, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale) fought against the English. Bruce and his supporters had murdered their rival to the throne of Scotland, John Comyn, on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Church in Dumfries. Shortly after in 1306, Robert was crowned King of Scots at Scone. Robert Bruce was then hunted down for his crime of murder, and subsequently he escaped to the outskirt islands. Leaving the country completely leaderless and the English invaded once again. Bruce would return a year later and gain support for his cause. His energy, and the corresponding replacement of the vigorous Edward I with his weaker son Edward II in 1307, allowed Scotland to free itself from English rule. At the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Scots routed the English, and by 1328 the English had agreed by treaty to accept Scottish independence. Robert's son, David, acceded to the throne as a child. The English renewed their war with Scotland, and David was forced to flee the kingdom by Edward Balliol, son of King John, who managed to get himself crowned (1332–1356) and to give away Scotland's southern counties to England before being driven out again. David spent much of his life in exile, first in freedom with his ally, France, and then in prison in England. He was only able to return to Scotland in 1357. Upon his death, childless, in 1371, the House of Bruce came to an end.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Dynastic status |
| Robert I the Bruce (Raibeart a Briuis) 1306–1329 | | 11 July 1274 Turnberry Castle, Ayrshire son of Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale and Marjorie, Countess of Carrick | Isabella of Mar 1295 one daughter Elizabeth de Burgh Writtle, Essex, England 1302 four children | 7 June 1329 Manor of Cardross, Dunbartonshire aged 54 | great-great-grandson of David of Huntingdon (brother of William I) (election) |
| David II (Dàibhidh Bruis) 1329–1371 | | 5 March 1324 Dunfermline Palace, Fife son of Robert I and Elizabeth de Burgh | Joan of England Berwick-upon-Tweed 17 July 1328 no children Margaret Drummond Inchmurdach, Fife 20 February 1364 no children | 22 February 1371 Edinburgh Castle aged 46 | son of Robert I (primogeniture) |
Disputed claimant

### House of Balliol (1332–1356)

Edward Balliol was the son of King John Balliol, who had himself ruled for four years following his election in the Great Cause. Following his abdication, John Balliol lived out his life in obscurity in Picardy, France. During the minority of David II, Edward Balliol seized the opportunity to assert his claim to the throne, and backed by the English, he defeated the forces of David's regency and was himself crowned king at Scone in 1332. He was quickly defeated by loyalist forces, and sent back to England. With English support, he would mount two more attempts to seize the throne again, in 1333 and 1335, each time his actual control of the throne was brief before being sent back to England, for the last time in 1336. When David returned from exile in 1341 to rule in his own right, Edward lost most of his support. When David II was captured in battle in 1346, Edward made one last attempt to seize the throne for himself, but had little support and the campaign fizzled before it gained much traction. In 1356 he renounced all claims to the throne.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim |
| Edward Balliol 1332–1356 In opposition to David II | | 1283 Son of John Balliol and Isabella de Warenne | None | 1367 Doncaster, Yorkshire, England aged 83–84 | Son of John Balliol, candidate of the English to replace the exiled David II |

### House of Stewart/Stuart (1371–1651)

Robert the Stewart was a grandson of Robert I by the latter's daughter, Marjorie. Having been born in 1316, he was older than his uncle, David II. Consequently, he was at his accession a middle aged man, already 55, and unable to reign vigorously, a problem also faced by his son Robert III, who also ascended in middle age at 53 in 1390, and suffered lasting damage in a horse-riding accident. These two were followed by a series of regencies, caused by the youth of the succeeding five boy kings. Consequently, the Stewart era saw periods of royal inertia, during which the nobles usurped power from the crown, followed by periods of personal rule by the monarch, during which he or she would attempt to address the issues created by their own minority and the long-term effects of previous reigns. Governing Scotland became increasingly difficult, as the powerful nobility became increasingly intractable. James I's attempts to curb the disorder of the realm ended in his assassination. James III was killed in a civil war between himself and the nobility, led by his own son. When James IV, who had governed sternly and suppressed the aristocrats, died in the Battle of Flodden, his wife Margaret Tudor, who had been nominated regent for their young son James V, was unseated by noble feuding, and James V's own wife, Mary of Guise, succeeded in ruling Scotland during the regency for her young daughter Mary I only by dividing and conquering the noble factions, distributing French bribes with a liberal hand. Finally, Mary I, the daughter of James V, found herself unable to govern Scotland faced with the surliness of the aristocracy and the intransigence of the population, who favoured Calvinism and disapproved of her Catholicism. She was forced to abdicate, and fled to England, where she was imprisoned in various castles and manor houses for eighteen years and finally executed for treason against the English queen Elizabeth I. Upon her abdication, her son, fathered by Henry, Lord Darnley, a junior member of the Stewart family, became King as James VI.
James VI became King of England and Ireland as James I in 1603, when his cousin Elizabeth I died. Thereafter, although the two crowns of England and Scotland remained separate, the monarchy was based chiefly in England. Charles I, James's son, found himself faced with Civil War. The resultant conflict lasted eight years, and ended in his execution. The English Parliament then decreed their monarchy to be at an end. The Scots Parliament, after some deliberation, broke their links with England, and declared that Charles II, son and heir of Charles I, would become King. He ruled until 1651 when the armies of Oliver Cromwell occupied Scotland and drove him into exile.
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Dynastic status |
| Robert II the Stewart (Raibeart II Stiùbhairt) 1371–1390 | 2 March 1316 Paisley, Renfrewshire son of Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland and Marjorie Bruce | Elizabeth Mure 1336 (uncertain canonicity) 1349 (with Papal dispensation) ten children Euphemia de Ross 2 May 1355 four children | 19 April 1390 Dundonald Castle, Ayrshire aged 74 | grandson of Robert I (primogeniture) |
| Robert III (born John Stewart) the Lame King (Raibeart III Stiùbhairt, An Righ Bhacaigh) 1390–1406 | c. 1337 Scone Palace, Perth son of Robert II and Elizabeth Mure | Anabella Drummond 1367 seven children | 4 April 1406 Rothesay Castle aged about 69 | son of Robert II (primogeniture) |
| James I (Seumas I Stiùbhairt) 1406–1437 | late July 1394 Dunfermline Palace, Fife son of Robert III and Anabella Drummond | Joan Beaufort Southwark Cathedral 2 February 1424 eight children | 21 February 1437 Blackfriars, Perth aged about 42 | son of Robert III (primogeniture) |
| James II Fiery Face (Seumas II Stiùbhairt) 1437–1460 | 16 October 1430 Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh son of James I and Joan Beaufort | Mary of Guelders Holyrood Abbey 3 July 1449 seven children | 3 August 1460 Roxburgh Castle aged 29 | son of James I (primogeniture) |
| James III (Seumas III Stiùbhairt) 1460–1488 | 10 July 1451 Stirling Castle or St Andrews Castle son of James II and Mary of Guelders | Margaret of Denmark Holyrood Abbey 13 July 1469 three children | 11 June 1488 Sauchie Burn aged 36 | son of James II (primogeniture) |
| James IV (Seumas IV Stiùbhairt) 1488–1513 | 17 March 1473 Stirling Castle son of James III and Margaret of Denmark | Margaret Tudor Holyrood Abbey 8 August 1503 six children | 9 September 1513 Flodden Field, Northumberland, England aged 40 | son of James III (primogeniture) |
| James V (Seumas V Stiùbhairt) 1513–1542 | 15 April 1512 Linlithgow Palace, West Lothian son of James IV and Margaret Tudor | Madeleine of Valois Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France 1 January 1537 no children Mary of Guise Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France 18 May 1538 three children | 14 December 1542 Falkland Palace, Fife aged 30 | son of James IV (primogeniture) |
| Mary I (Màiri Stiùbhairt) 1542–1567 | 8 December 1542 Linlithgow Palace daughter of James V and Mary of Guise | François II, King of France 24 April 1558 no children Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh 9 July 1565 one child James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell Holyrood Palace 15 May 1567 no children | 8 February 1587 Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England aged 44 (executed) | daughter of James V (cognatic primogeniture) |
| James VI (Seumas VI Stiùbhairt) 1567–1625 | 19 June 1566 Edinburgh Castle son of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and Mary I | Anne of Denmark Old Bishop's Palace, Oslo, Norway 23 November 1589 seven children | 27 March 1625 Theobalds House, Hertfordshire, England aged 58 | son of Mary I (primogeniture) |
| Charles I (Teàrlach I Stiùbhairt) 1625–1649 | 19 November 1600 Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline son of James VI and Anne of Denmark | Henrietta Maria of France St Augustine's Church, Canterbury, England 13 June 1625 nine children | 30 January 1649 Palace of Whitehall, Westminster, England aged 48 (executed) | son of James VI (primogeniture) |
| Charles II (Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt) 1649–1651 | 29 May 1630 St James's Palace, Westminster, England son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France | Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth, England 14 May 1662 no children | 6 February 1685 Palace of Whitehall, Westminster, England aged 54 | son of Charles I (primogeniture) |

## Monarchy of Scotland restored (third time)
### House of Stuart restored (1660–1707)

With the Scottish Restoration, the Stuarts became Kings of Scotland once more but Scotland's rights were not respected. During the reign of Charles II the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and James was appointed Governor of Scotland. James II himself became James VII in 1685. His Catholicism was not tolerated, and he was driven out of England after three years. In his place came his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, the ruler of the Dutch Republic. The two were accepted as monarchs of Scotland after a period of deliberation by the Scottish Parliament, and ruled together as William II and Mary II.
An attempt to establish a Scottish colonial empire through the Darien Scheme, in rivalry to that of England, failed, leaving the Scottish nobles who financed the venture for their own profit bankrupt. This coincided with the accession of Queen Anne, daughter of James VII. Anne had multiple children but none of these survived her, leaving as her heir her half-brother, James, then living in exile in France. The English favoured the Protestant Sophia of Hanover (a granddaughter of James VI) as heir. Many Scots preferred Prince James, who as a Stuart was a Scot by ancestry, and threatened to break the Union of Crowns between England and Scotland by choosing him for themselves. To preserve the union, the English elaborated a plan whereby the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England would merge into a single Kingdom, the Kingdom of Great Britain, ruled by a common monarch, and with a single Parliament. Both national parliaments agreed to this (the Scots albeit reluctantly, motivated primarily by the national finances), and some subterfuge as a total majority of signatories was needed to ratify the Scottish parliament's assent, bribes and payments. Thereafter, although monarchs continued to rule over the nation of Scotland, they did so first as monarchs of Great Britain, and from 1801 of the United Kingdom.
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Dynastic status |
| Charles II (Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt) 1660–1685 | 29 May 1630 St James's Palace, Westminster, England son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France | Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth, England 14 May 1662 no children | 6 February 1685 Palace of Whitehall, Westminster, England aged 54 | son of Charles I (primogeniture) |
| James VII (Seumas VII Stiùbhairt) 1685–1688 | 14 October 1633 St James's Palace, Westminster, England son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France | Anne Hyde The Strand, London, England 3 September 1660 eight children Mary of Modena Dover, England 21 November 1673 seven children | 16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France aged 67 | son of Charles I (primogeniture) |
| Mary II (Màiri II Stiùbhairt) 1689–1694 | 30 April 1662 St James's Palace, England daughter of James VII (II of England) and Anne Hyde | St James's Palace 4 November 1677 three children (none survived infancy) | 28 December 1694 Kensington Palace, England aged 32 | grandchildren of Charles I (offered the crown by the Parliament) |
| William II (Uilleam Orains, "William of Orange") 1689–1702 | 4 November 1650 The Hague, Dutch Republic son of William II, Prince of Orange and Mary, Princess Royal | St James's Palace 4 November 1677 three children (none survived infancy) | 8 March 1702 Kensington Palace aged 51 | grandchildren of Charles I (offered the crown by the Parliament) |
| Anne (Anna Stiùbhairt) 1702–1707 Queen of Great Britain and Ireland 1707–1714 | 6 February 1665 St James's Palace daughter of James VII and Anne Hyde | George of Denmark St James's Palace 28 July 1683 17 children | 1 August 1714 Kensington Palace aged 49 | daughter of James VII (primogeniture; Bill of Rights 1689) |

## Britain
### House of Stuart (1707–1714)

Anne had been Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland since 8 March 1702, and so became Queen of Great Britain upon the Union of England and Scotland. (Her total reign was 12 years and 21 weeks.)
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim | Ref. |
| Before the Acts of Union 1707 → | Before the Acts of Union 1707 → | See List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs | See List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs | See List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs | See List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs | See List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs | See List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs |
| Anne 1 May 1707 – 1 August 1714 (7 years, 92 days) | | | 6 February 1665 St James's PalaceDaughter of James II and VII and Anne Hyde | Prince George of Denmark St James's Palace 28 July 1683 No surviving children | 1 August 1714 Kensington Palace Aged: 49 years, 176 days | Daughter of James II and VIICognatic primogenitureBill of Rights 1689 | |

### House of Hanover (1714–1901)

The Hanoverian succession came about as a result of the Act of Settlement 1701, passed by the Parliament of England, which excluded "Papists" (i.e. Roman Catholics) from the succession. In return for access to the English plantations in North America and the West Indies, the Hanoverian succession and the Union were ratified by the Parliament of Scotland in 1707.
After the death of Anne, with no living children, her second cousin, George Louis, was the closest heir to the throne who was not Catholic. George was the son of Sophia of Hanover—granddaughter of James VI and I through his daughter Elizabeth. The Hanoverian kings of Great Britain retained their German titles, first as electors of Hanover/dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg and later as kings of Hanover; the two lands were ruled as separate states in personal union. The Hanoverian lands were separated when Queen Victoria ascended the throne of Great Britain; as German succession law prevented women from inheriting the Hanoverian throne, her uncle Ernest Augustus inherited in her stead.
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim |
| George I George Louis 1 August 1714 – 11 June 1727 (12 years, 315 days) | 28 May 1660 LeineschlossSon of Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Sophia of Hanover | Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle 21 November 1682 2 children | 11 June 1727 Osnabrück Aged 67 years, 30 days | Great-grandson of James VI and IAct of SettlementEldest son of Sophia of Hanover |
| George II George Augustus 11 June 1727 – 25 October 1760 (33 years, 126 days) | 30 October 1683 HerrenhausenSon of George I and Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle | Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 22 August 1705 Herrenhausen 8 children | 25 October 1760 Kensington Palace Aged 76 years, 361 days | Son of George I |
| George III George William Frederick 25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820 (59 years, 97 days) | 4 June 1738 Norfolk HouseSon of Prince Frederick and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha | Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz St James's Palace 8 September 1761 15 children | 29 January 1820 Windsor Castle Aged 81 years, 239 days | Grandson of George II |
| George IV George Augustus Frederick 29 January 1820 – 26 June 1830 (10 years, 149 days) | 12 August 1762 St James's PalaceSon of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | (1) Maria Fitzherbert Park Lane 15 September 1785 No verified children(2) Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel St James's Palace 8 April 1795 1 daughter | 26 June 1830 Windsor Castle Aged 67 years, 318 days | Sons of George III |
| William IV William Henry 26 June 1830 – 20 June 1837 (6 years, 360 days) | 21 August 1765 Buckingham PalaceSon of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Kew Palace 13 July 1818 2 daughters | 20 June 1837 Windsor Castle Aged 71 years, 303 days | Sons of George III |
| Victoria Alexandrina Victoria 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901 (63 years, 217 days) | 24 May 1819 Kensington PalaceDaughter of the Duke of Kent and Strathearn and Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld | Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha St James's Palace 10 February 1840 9 children | 22 January 1901 Osborne House aged 81 years, 243 days | Granddaughter of George III |

### Houses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1901–1917) and Windsor (from 1917)

Because his father, Albert, Prince Consort, was of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward VII inaugurated a new royal house when he succeeded his mother Victoria, the last monarch of the House of Hanover, in 1901. George V changed the name of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to the House of Windsor on 17 July 1917, during the First World War, because of wartime anti-German sentiment in the country. Descendants of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Elizabeth II belong to the House of Windsor by Royal Command (9 April 1952 Declaration by Queen Elizabeth II to her Privy Council) although under the usual rules of genealogy they are, by paternal descent, also members of the Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg (the ruling House of Denmark and of the former Kingdom of Greece). Accordingly, King Charles III is the first monarch of the House of Windsor who is a patrilineal descendant of the Glücksburg dynasty.
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Claim |
| Edward VII Albert Edward 22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910 (9 years, 105 days) | 9 November 1841 Buckingham PalaceSon of Queen Victoria and Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha | Alexandra of Denmark St George's Chapel 10 March 1863 6 children | 6 May 1910 Buckingham Palace aged 68 years, 178 days | Son of Victoria |
| George V George Frederick Ernest Albert 6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936 (25 years, 260 days) | 3 June 1865 Marlborough HouseSon of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark | Mary of Teck St James's Palace 6 July 1893 6 children | 20 January 1936 Sandringham House aged 70 years, 231 days | Son of Edward VII |
| Edward VIII Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David 20 January 1936 – 11 December 1936 (Abdicated after 326 days) | 23 June 1894 White LodgeSon of George V and Mary of Teck | Wallis Simpson Château de Candé 3 June 1937 No children | 28 May 1972 Neuilly-sur-Seine aged 77 years, 340 days | Sons of George V |
| George VI Albert Frederick Arthur George 11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952 (15 years, 58 days) | 14 December 1895 Sandringham HouseSon of George V and Mary of Teck | Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Westminster Abbey 26 April 1923 2 daughters | 6 February 1952 Sandringham House aged 56 years, 54 days | Sons of George V |
| Elizabeth II Elizabeth Alexandra Mary 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 (70 years, 214 days) | 21 April 1926 MayfairDaughter of George VI and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark Westminster Abbey 20 November 1947 4 children | 8 September 2022 Balmoral Castle Aged 96 Years, 140 Days | Daughter of George VI |
| Charles III Charles Philip Arthur George 8 September 2022 – present (2 years, 156 days) | 14 November 1948 Buckingham Palace Son of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | (1) Diana Spencer St Paul's Cathedral 29 July 1981 2 sons(2) Camilla Parker Bowles St George's Chapel 9 April 2005 No children | Living | Son of Elizabeth II |