OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India

Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India also known as the Mandal verdict was an Indian landmark public interest litigation case delivered by a 9-judge constitution bench.

## Facts

The constitution recognized social and educational backwardness, but not economic backwardness. The court upheld separate reservation for OBC in central government jobs, but excluded these to the "creamy layer" (the forward section of a backward class, above a certain income). At no point should the reservation exceed 50%.
The genesis of the debate was in 1980, when the Second Backward Classes Committee, headed by BP Mandal, submitted its report. The report recommended 27 percent reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and 22.5 percent for the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes.
The Central government, however, acted on the report a decade later, by issuing an office memorandum (OM), providing 27 percent vacancies for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes to be filled by direct recruitment.
Indra Sawhney, the petitioner in this case, made three principal arguments against the Order:
* The extension of reservation violated the Constitutional guarantee of equality of opportunity.
* Caste was not a reliable indicator of backwardness.
* The efficiency of public institutions was at risk.
The five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court issued a stay on the operation of the Government Order of 13 August till the final disposal of the case.

## Judgement

On 16 November 1992, the Supreme Court, in its verdict, upheld the government order, being of the opinion that caste was an acceptable indicator of backwardness. Thus, the recommendation of reservations for OBCs in central government services was finally implemented in 1992. The Supreme Court of India gave verdict that 27% central government reservation for OBCs is valid. However, some states denied the existence of the creamy layer, and a report commissioned by the supreme court was implemented. The case was pressed again in 1999 and, in 2006, the supreme court reaffirmed the creamy layer exclusion and extended it to SCs and STs. This judgement also overruled General Manager Southern Railway v. Rangachari and Akhil Bharatiya Soshit Karamchari Sangh (Railway) v. Union of India verdicts, which said that reservations could be made in promotions as well as appointments. Indra Sawhney v. Union of India held that reservations cannot be applied in promotions.
1992 Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India judgment laid down the limits of the state's powers: it upheld the ceiling of 50 per cent quotas, emphasized the concept of "social backwardness", and prescribed 11 indicators to ascertain backwardness. The nine-Judge Bench judgement also established the concept of qualitative exclusion, such as "creamy layer". The creamy layer is only applicable in the case of Other Backward Castes and not applicable on other group like SC or ST. The creamy layer criterion was introduced at Rs 100,000 in 1993, and revised to Rs 250,000 in 2004, Rs 450,000 in 2008, Rs 600,000 in 2013 and 800,000 in 2015.
# Lubiszewo Tczewskie

Lubiszewo Tczewskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tczew, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) south-west of Tczew and 32 km (20 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie in the historic region of Pomerania.
There is a historic Holy Trinity church in Lubiszewo Tczewskie, built about 1348.
Lubiszewo was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1941, the Germans expelled several Polish farmers from the village, whose farms were then handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.
# Nicolò Parisini

Nicolò Parisini (born 25 April 2000) is an Italian racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam Q36.5 Pro Cycling Team. His professional accomplishments include winning Stage 3 of the 2023 CRO Race.

## Major results
### 2018

    1st Overall Tre Giorni Ciclista Bresciana
       1st Stages 1 & 3
    2nd Road race, National Junior Road Championships
    4th Overall Aubel–Thimister–Stavelot
    6th Trofeo Comune di Vertova
    7th Gran Premio dell'Arno

### 2021

    7th Giro del Medio Brenta

### 2022

    6th Road race, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships

### 2023 (1 pro win)

    6th Overall CRO Race
       1st Stage 3
# Alfieri Maserati

Alfieri Maserati (23 September 1887 – 3 March 1932) was an Italian automotive engineer, known for establishing and leading the Maserati racing car manufacturer with the other Maserati Brothers.
Maserati was born in Voghera. In 1903 he and his brother Bindo Maserati started working for Isotta Fraschini in Milan, on their older brother Carlo Maserati's recommendation. He followed Carlo to Bianchi in 1905, with whom he also raced and won in 1909. On Bindo's recommendation, Alfieri and Ettore Maserati went back to Isotta Fraschini on a mission to Argentina in 1912, returning to Italy to found the new Milan-based workshop Societa Anonima Officine Alfieri Maserati in 1914.
Both served in World War I and the workshop was run by his brother Ernesto Maserati, who led a large production of spark plugs to the war effort. After the war a larger production plant was set up in Bologna.
Alfieri won a number of races in the 1920s and he was head mechanic for Diatto from 1922 until 1926, when he joined his brothers and they created the Maserati Tipo 26 based on Diatto chassis he had brought.
In 1927 while racing his Type 26 at the 312 km 1st Coppa Messina on the Circuit of Monti Peloritani, Alfieri lost control in the first lap and the car overturned after hitting a ditch. Alfieri was gravely injured. He had emergency surgery, one of his kidneys being irreparably damaged. In 1932, during a poorly executed surgery on the remaining kidney, Alfieri died unexpectedly from complications while in the recovery room on the third of March, in Ospedale Maggiore in Bologna. He was commemorated in the "Maserati Alfieri" concept car, presented in 2014 for the 100-year anniversary of Maserati.
# John Gilbert (broadcaster)

John Gilbert (14 September 1930 – 14 September 1998) was a Canadian radio broadcaster.

## Early life, family and education

Gilbert was raised in the Cabbagetown section of Toronto before running away from home to join a carnival when he was 13 years old.

## Career

He began his broadcasting career in Cornwall, Ontario at age 17 and hosted his first talk show in Saint John, New Brunswick, around 1966.
Gilbert was a broadcaster with CJCH Halifax, which was acquired by CHUM Limited in 1970. In February 1971, Toronto's 1050 CHUM announced that he would succeed Larry Solway as host of the talk show Speak Your Mind. In 1973, he became the most successful radio talk show host in Canada with 120 000 measured listeners, more than Vancouver media legend Jack Webster. In 1976, Gilbert recorded "No Charge", a cover version of a song also recorded by Melba Montgomery and J. J. Barrie, which charted nationally. Gilbert's term with CHUM ended in 1977.
In 1980, Gilbert hosted Night Talk, a weekday late night program planned as a national talk show. However, the CRTC ordered that the network of stations broadcasting the program be cut back from 13 to the six stations then owned by Maclean-Hunter: CKEY Toronto (host station), CFCN Calgary, CFCO Chatham, CHNS Halifax, CKGL-FM Kitchener, and CKOY Ottawa. A year after it launched, it was also broadcast by CJJD Hamilton, CJBQ Belleville, CJNH Bancroft, CHSC St. Catharines, and CHEX Peterborough. The show ran until 1982, when Gilbert re-joined Night Talk co-creator Taylor Parnaby, who had become station manager of CKO.

## Career

* years unknown: CKSF, Cornwall, Ontario
* c. 1962: CHEX, Peterborough, Ontario
* years unknown: CFBC, Saint John, New Brunswick
* ???-1971: CJCH, Halifax
* 1971-1977: CHUM, Toronto
* 1978-1980: CKFH, Toronto
* 1980-1982: CKEY Toronto
* 1982-1986: CKO, Toronto (national radio network)
* 1990s: CKTB, St. Catharines, Ontario

## Discography

| Chart (1976) | Peak position |
| Canada RPM Top Singles | 55 |
# Cycas condaoensis

Cycas condaoensis is a species of cycad endemic to the Côn Đảo Islands off the coast of southern Vietnam.
# Yoshiyuki Ogata

Yoshiyuki Ogata (緒方 良行 Ogata Yoshiyuki, born February 4, 1998) is a Japanese professional competition climber and boulderer. He has won multiple medals in competition bouldering at IFSC Climbing World Cup events, including gold medals at Vail in 2019 and at Innsbruck in 2021. Ogata won the overall IFSC Men's Bouldering title for the 2021 and 2022 seasons and finished third overall in 2019.

## Early life and youth competitions

Born in Kurume, Fukuoka prefecture, Ogata began bouldering at age 10 after he saw the sport on television. At age 17, he won the lead competition at the 2015 Japan Youth National Championships, as well as the bouldering competitions at the IFSC Climbing World Youth Championships and the IFSC Climbing Asian Youth Championships in the Male Youth A (age 15–17) category. He won another bouldering gold medal as well as a combined silver medal at the World Youth Championships in 2017 in the Male Junior (age 17 to 19) category.

## Competition climbing

Ogata began competing in senior competitions at age 16, entering the Chongqing and Laval World Cups in 2014. At age 18, he won the gold medal in men's bouldering event at the 2016 IFSC Climbing Asian Championships, and collected a silver in bouldering and bronze in lead the following year. Ogata won gold at the men's bouldering event at the 2017 World Games, where he qualified as the 2016 Asian champion. He made his first World Cup podium finish with a bronze medal at the Vail World Cup in 2017,. Ogata won his first World Cup event in bouldering at Vail in 2019 and won his second at Innsbruck in 2021. At the 2021 IFSC Climbing World Championships, Ogata advanced to the men's final in lead, finishing 7th overall. In 2022, Ogata made the finals in all six IFSC World Cup bouldering events, taking home one gold, two silver, and two bronze medals, and winning the overall title.

## Rankings
### IFSC Climbing World Cup

| Discipline | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
| Lead | - | - | - | 20 | 27 | - | - | - | 9 | 7 | 16 |
| Bouldering | 83 | 40 | 18 | 8 | 8 | 3 | - | 1 | 1 | 6 | 26 |

## Climbing World Championships

Youth
| Discipline | 2014 Youth A | 2015 Youth A | 2016 Juniors | 2017 Juniors |
| Lead | 13 | 7 | - | 1 |
| Bouldering | - | 1 | 19 | 1 |
| Speed | - | - | - | - |
| Combined | - | - | - | 2 |
Adult
| Discipline | 2018 | 2019 | 2021 | 2023 |
| Lead | 31 | - | 7 | 27 |
| Bouldering | 15 | 14 | 8 | 7 |
| Speed | 110 | - | - | - |
| Combined | 29 | - | - | 17 |

## World Cup podiums
### Bouldering

| Season | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 2017 | | | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 | 1 | | 1 | 2 |
| 2021 | 1 | 1 | | 2 |
| 2022 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 2023 | | | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 3 | 3 | 5 | 11 |

### Combined

| Season | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 2022 | | 1 | | 1 |
| Total | | 1 | | 1 |
# Mervyn Bessen

Mervyn Oscar Bessen (29 August 1913 – 13 July 2002) was an Australian sportsman who played both Australian rules football and cricket at high levels. He played senior football for Subiaco in the Western Australian National Football League (WANFL), as well as one match of first-class cricket for Western Australia.
Bessen was born in Tambellup, Western Australia, a small town in the state's Great Southern region. He attended Albany High School. Bessen was recruited to the Subiaco Football Club for the 1937 WANFL season, and played twelve games after making his debut in round two. He kicked 18 goals, including six in one game against East Perth, but did not return to the WANFL the following season. A left-handed middle-order batsman, Bessen played his sole match of first-class cricket in March 1938, appearing for Western Australia against an Australian XI on its way to a tour of England. In the match, played at the WACA Ground, he scored 39 runs in the first innings and one run in the second, with his team suffering a heavy defeat.
# Anselmo Silvino

Anselmo Silvino (born 23 November 1945) is a retired Italian middleweight weightlifter. He won bronze medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics, 1971 and 1972 world championships, and 1972 European Championships.
# Giusto Pellanera

Giusto Corrado Pellanera (12 March 1938 – 4 May 2024) was an Italian basketball player. He won a gold medal at the 1963 Mediterranean Games and finished fifth and eighth at the 1964 and 1968 Olympics, respectively. His team placed fourth at EuroBasket 1965. He played 107 matches with the Italian national team, making 582 points. After his retirement in 1973, he served as a coach for the Serie A2 team Pordenone, and as a president for Teramo Basket. Pellanera died in Bologna on 4 May 2024, at the age of 86.
# Özkaya

Özkaya is a Turkish surname.

## People

* Ali Özkaya, a Justice and Development Party politician
* Serkan Özkaya, a Turkish-American conceptual artist
* Naci Özkaya, a footballer who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics
* Özgür Özkaya, a footballer for Altay S.K.
# John Duren

John Thomas Duren (born October 30, 1958) is an American former professional basketball player. He was a 6'3" (191 cm) 195 lb (89 kg) point guard and played collegiately at Georgetown University from 1976 to 1980.
Duren was selected with the 19th overall pick in the 1980 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. He played for the Jazz for two seasons before signing as a free agent for the Indiana Pacers for 1982–83, his final NBA season.
# Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte

Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte (1484–1564) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. On his mother's side, he was a first cousin of Pope Julius III.

## Biography

Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte was born in Arezzo in 1484, the son of Cecco di Cristofano Guidalotti, a patrician of Perugia, and Margherita Ciocchi del Monte. After the premature death of their father, he and his brothers Pietro, Federico, Fabiano and sister Laura were placed under the guardianship of their uncle, Cardinal Antonio Maria Ciocchi del Monte, at whose wish they assumed his surname.
As a young man, he traveled to Rome and studied under his uncle Cardinal Antonio Maria Ciocchi del Monte, becoming a doctor in "utroque iure" (civil and canon law). Through a preferment from his uncle, he became archpriest of Sant'Angelo in Vado.
On 21 August 1517 he was elected titular Bishop of Bethlehem, a position previously held by his cousin Gaspare Antonio del Monte. He was transferred to the Diocese of Cagli e Pergola on 10 February 1525, and later to the Diocese of Marseille on 27 June 1550. On 20 October 1550 he became titular Patriarch of Alexandria, while retaining the Diocese of Marseille. He resigned the patriarchate sometime before 8 January 1552.
His cousin Pope Julius III made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of 20 November 1551. He received the red hat and on 4 December 1551 the titular church of Santa Prassede, which had previously been held by both his uncle and cousin.
As cardinal, he was a participant in both the papal conclave of April 1555 that elected Pope Marcellus II and the papal conclave of May 1555 that elected Pope Paul IV.
With the death of Canon Giovanni Ciocchi del Monte, the Diocese of Cagli became vacant. Cardinal Cristoforo resigned from the Diocese of Marseille to resume Cagli on 9 March 1556. He returned to Rome for the funeral of Paul IV and participated in the papal conclave of 1559 that elected Pope Pius IV.
He died in Rome on 27 October 1564 and was buried in Sant'Angelo in Vado.
# David Nata

David Nata (18 March 1951 – 22 December 1982) was a Zambian boxer. He competed in the men's light flyweight event at the 1968 Summer Olympics. At the 1968 Summer Olympics, he lost to Tahar Aziz of Morocco.
# The Hillview

The Hillview, also known as Hillview Apartments, Historic Hillview Hollywood, The Hudson Apartments, and The Harlan Residences, is a historic building located at 6533 Hollywood Boulevard, Hollywood, California, on the corner of Hollywood Blvd and Hudson Ave. Considered Hollywood's first artist's high-rise, it was a hotspot during the silent era.

## History

The Hillview was founded in 1917 by movie moguls Jesse L. Lasky, co-founder of Paramount Pictures, and his brother-in-law Samuel Goldwyn, co-founder of MGM. Designed by the Tifal brothers in the Mediterranean Revival style, the building was Hollywood's first apartment complex built specifically to accommodate actors and from 1917 to 1922 was the tallest building in Hollywood. Amenities included a parlor lobby, writing room, ladies waiting room, garbage incinerators, and automatic elevators.
During Hollywood's silent era, The Hillview became a local hotspot, with residents that included Viola Dana, Mae Busch, Oliver Hardy, Evelyn Brent, and more. Charlie Chaplin was once the building's proprietor, and the basement was used as rehearsal space until Rudolph Valentino reputedly converted it to a speakeasy.
In 1984, the Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District was added to the National Register of Historic Places, with Hillview Apartments listed as a contributing property in the district."
Tenants resided in The Hillview until 1994, when the building suffered structural damage, first from the Northridge Earthquake and later during construction of the B Line. A building fire caused further damage in 2002, at which point the building was saved from destruction and refurbished. Further renovations were performed in 2006, after which tenants filled the building once again.
In October 2009, The Hillview's owner filed for bankruptcy, forcing the building into foreclosure, after which the new owner changed the building's name to The Hudson Apartments. In July 2010, real estate investment group CIM purchased the building for $13 million ($15.3 million in 2023).
In October 2021, True Urban USA and JCI Development bought The Hillview from Adolfo Suaya for $19.2 million ($21.6 million in 2023). They then restored the building and renamed it The Harlan Residences.

## Filming Location

The Hillview was featured in the Crazy Ex-Girlfriend episode I'm Making up for Lost Time (season 4 episode 4).
# Empress Xiaoyuanzhen

Empress Xiaoyuanzhen (1580–1613), of the Guo clan, was the first wife of the Taichang Emperor when he was crown prince. She died before he ascended the throne, but is more commonly known by her posthumous name.

## Biography

Lady Guo was selected as concubine to the crown prince, Zhu Changluo, in 1601.Her father, Guo Weicheng, was enfeoffed as Count of Boping (Chinese: 博平) as a result of her status, and later raised to the rank of marquis. She died in 1613.

## Titles

* During the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620):
** Lady Guo (郭氏; from 1580)
** Crown Princess (太子妃; from 1601)
** Crown Princess Gongjing (恭靖太子妃; from 1613)
* During the reign of the Tianqi Emperor (r. 1621–1627):
** Empress Xiàoyuán Zhāoyì Zhéhuì Zhuāngrén Hétiān Bìshèng Zhēn (孝元昭懿哲惠莊仁合天弼聖貞皇后; from 1621)

## Issue

* As Crown Princess:
** Princess Daoyi of Huaishu (懷淑悼懿公主; 1604–1610), personal name Huijian (徽娟), the Taichang Emperor's second daughter

## Burial

Lady Guo died while her husband was still crown prince, and her burial with the accoutrements and rituals of an imperial crown prince's concubine was prevented by her father-in-law, the Wanli Emperor. It was not until an assassination attempt against Zhu Changluo in 1615, allegedly orchestrated by his father's favourite concubine Noble Consort Zheng, that popular opinion forced the emperor to acknowledge his eldest son and grant Lady Guo a proper burial. At this time, she was granted the posthumous name of Crown Princess Gongjing. When the Tianqi Emperor, her husband's son by a concubine, ascended the throne, he granted her the posthumous title of Empress and had her remains moved to the Ming tombs, where she was buried alongside the short-lived Taichang Emperor and included in the family shrine.
# Five Hundred Pounds

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Five Hundred Pounds is an album by Canadian rock band Big Sugar, released in 1993 on Hypnotic Records. In 1995, the album was released in the United States as 500 Pounds, with an alternate album cover and an alternate track listing.

## Commercial performance

Based on Big Sugar's burgeoning reputation as a live band, the album sold 10,000 copies solely by word of mouth before it garnered any significant radio airplay. The album was certified Gold in Canada in 1999.

## Influence

Jack White is a fan of Five Hundred Pounds, having bought the album at a Big Sugar concert in Detroit in 1993. He has stated that the album is "the best blues-based record to ever come out of Canada." White performed "Ride Like Hell" live during his concert in Toronto in 2022 and has continued to perform it live occasionally.

## Track listing

* "Ride Like Hell" – 4:48
* "Standing Around Crying" – 3:56
* "I'm a Ram" – 3:31
* "Sugar in My Coffee" – 5:12
* "All Over Now" – 3:41
* "AAA Aardvark Hotel" – 2:13
* "How Many Times" – 4:05
* "Deliver Me" – 4:16
* "Still Waitin'" – 5:31
* "Wild Ox Moan" – 5:41
* "Ride On" – 6:49

## Personnel
### Big Sugar

* Gordie Johnson: Guitars, vocals
* Al Cross: Drums

### Additional Personnel

* Dave Wall: drums (Standing Around Crying)
* Kelly Hoppe: harmonica, saxophone
* Michael Johnson: trumpet
* Gene Hardy: saxophone
* James Monroe, Chris Brown: trombone
* Patrick Ballantyne: vocals, acoustic guitar
* A. Whitman: "for loan of Merc" (according to liner notes)
# Yakari, A Spectacular Journey

Yakari, A Spectacular Journey is a 2020 French-Belgian-German animated film directed by Xavier Giacometti. It was distributed by BAC Films.
The film is an adaptation of Yakari, the Belgian comic book series, originally written by Job and illustrated by Derib, both from Switzerland.

## Plot

Yakari, a little Sioux Native American boy, and his faithful steed, Little Thunder, in the great prairie. Yakari has the ability to communicate with all animals, a gift that was transmitted to him by his totem, the Great Eagle. The tribe's migration is imminent. Yakari the little Sioux leaves the protective circle of his village and heads off into the unknown to follow the trail of Little Thunder, the legendary mustang. Yakari absolutely wants to become the friend of this little horse reputed to be untamable. On the way, Yakari will be visited by Great Eagle, his totem animal, from whom he will receive a superb feather of bravery and a fantastic gift: that of being able to speak with animals. This quest will take the little Sioux across the plains and mountains of the North American continent, passing through the territory of the terrible puma-skin hunters. But how will he find his way back to his tribe? At the end of the journey, the breath of adventure will forever seal the friendship between the bravest of papooses and the mustang faster than the wind. Inspired by the first comic book album, "Yakari et grand-Aigle", by Derib and Job, released fifty years ago, this first feature film of 2020 traces the genesis of this young timeless hero.
A second feature film is in preparation; it will be released on screens in 2026.

## Cast

* Diana Amft
* Callum Malloney (US/Irish)
* Oscar Douieb
* Alan Stanford (Irish)
* Martin Sheen (US)
* Kathleen Renish
* Tara Flynn (US/Irish)
* Hans Sigl
* Joey D'Auria (US)
* Tom Trouffier
* Paul Tylak (US/Irish)

## Reception

The film was one of the few films released in 2020 to be a box office success.