OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shan Morgan

Dame Shan Elizabeth Morgan DCMG (born 12 March 1955) is a former British civil servant. Formerly the Deputy Permanent Representative, UK Representation to the European Union, she was the Permanent Secretary to the Welsh Government until October 2021.

## Early life

Dame Shan Morgan was born in London, the daughter of Air Commodore Alun Morgan CBE and Yvonne Morgan nee Davies. She attended South Park Girls' High School (a girls' grammar school) in Lincoln, Wycombe High School (a girls' grammar school), and then the Royal Latin School, a coeducational grammar school in Buckingham.
Morgan studied French Literature and Language at the University of Kent, gaining a BA in 1977.

## Career

Morgan joined the Manpower Services Commission in 1977. In 1984 she worked at the European Commission in Brussels. In 1987 she returned to the UK, and became the Private Secretary to the Permanent Secretary at the Department of Employment. In 1991 she became a policy analyst in the National Training Task Force.
In 1992 Morgan became the Head of the Employment and Training Strategy Unit at the Government Office for London. In 1994 at the Department for Education and Employment, she was the UK's delegate to the International Labour Organization's governing body.

### FCO

In 1997 Morgan became an attaché at the British Embassy in Paris. In 2001 she returned to Brussels, becoming Director for the European Union at the FCO in 2006.

### Ambassador

It was announced that Morgan would become the Ambassador to Argentina on 5 September 2008, and she took up the post in October 2008. On 22 July 2009 she kissed hands with the Queen at Buckingham Palace, to officially become the Ambassador to the Argentine Republic and to the Republic of Paraguay (a combined post, based in Buenos Aires).
Her time in office coincided with sabre-rattling by President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who described the British as "an occupying colonial force in the Falkland Islands" in October 2010, when she complained to the UN about "militarisation of the South Atlantic". Britain has over 1,000 troops on the Falkland Islands, and four Eurofighter Typhoons (No. 1435 Flight RAF) at RAF Mount Pleasant. She left Argentina in May 2012.
From 2012 to 2016, Morgan was UK representative to the EU Council's Committee of the Deputy Representatives of the Member States (Coreper) in Brussels.

### Permanent Secretary

On 9 November 2016 it was announced that Morgan had been appointed as the new Permanent Secretary for the Welsh Government. She assumed her post in February 2017. She retired from the role in October 2021.

## Honours

Morgan was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2012 New Year Honours and Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (DCMG) in the 2017 Birthday Honours.
# Alfred Lichtenstein (writer)

Alfred Lichtenstein (23 August 1889 – 25 September 1914) was a German expressionist writer.
From a Jewish family, Lichtenstein grew up in Berlin as the son of a manufacturer. He studied law in Erlangen. His was first noticed after publishing poems and short stories in a grotesque style, which invited comparison with a friend of his, Jakob van Hoddis.
Indeed, there were claims of imitation: while Hoddis created the style, Lichtenstein has enlarged it, it was said. Lichtenstein played with this reputation by writing a short story, called "The Winner", which describes in a scurillous way the random friendship of two young men, wherein one falls victim to the other. By using false names he often made fun of real people from the Berlin literary scene, including himself as Kuno Kohn, a silent shy boy; in "The Winner" a virile van Hoddis kills Kuno Kohn at the end of the story. Lichtenstein admired the style of the French Symbolist poet Alfred Jarry and not only for his ironic writings. Like Jarry, Lichtenstein rode his bicycle through the town. However he was not to grow old: in 1914, he fell at the front in World War I.
   Der einzige Trost ist: traurig sein. Wenn die Traurigkeit in Verzweiflung ausartet, soll man grotesk werden. Man soll spaßeshalber weiter leben. Soll versuchen, in der Erkenntnis, dass das Dasein aus lauter brutalen, hundsgemeinen Scherzen besteht, Erhebung zu finden.
   The only solace is: to be sad! If sadness becomes despair: then one should be grotesque! Be a clown, trying to find one's amusement by recognizing that existence consists of sheer brutal and shabby strokes.
Sadly he didn’t get to tell the love of his life about his feelings for him before he fell at the front. His multiple poems imply his fondness of his childhood best friend Franz Stadler. Franz and Alfred met at school where they immediately liked each other. Later on in their life they went on trips together and Alfred slowly developed feelings towards Franz.
One of the poems he wrote about his trip with Franz is called 'der Ausflug'. In which you can read the following quote:
   Komm, wir müssen von der Stadt
   Weit hinweg. Wollen uns in eine sanfte Wiese legen. Werden drohend und so hilflos Gegen den unsinnig großen, Tödlich blauen, blanken Himmel Die entfleischten, dumpfen Augen, Die verwunschnen,
   Und verheulte Hände heben
   Come, we need to get out of the city
   Far away. Want to lie on a soft Meadow. Will threatening and so helpless Against the nonsensical great, Deadly blue, blank sky The defleshed, dull eyes, The cursed,
   And the tearful hands we will raise
# 1986 Tunisian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Tunisia on 2 November 1986. The Socialist Destourian Party and the Tunisian General Labour Union, which had run in the previous election under the National Front banner, were joined in a Patriotic Union alliance by the employers', farmers' and women's unions. All opposition parties boycotted the election, and only 15 independents remained, although they also pulled out prior to election day.
As a result, the Patriotic Union won all 125 seats. Voter turnout was 82.94%.

## Results

| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| | Patriotic Union (PSD–UGTT) | | | 125 | –11 |
| | Independents | | | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | | | 125 | –11 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 2,165,057 | 99.54 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 10,036 | 0.46 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 2,175,093 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 2,622,482 | 82.94 | | |
| Source: Nohlen et al. ||||||
# 1986 Houston Oilers season

The 1986 Houston Oilers season was the 27th season overall and 17th with the National Football League (NFL). The team matched their previous season's output of 5–11, and missed the playoffs for the sixth consecutive season.

## Offseason
### NFL draft

1986 Houston Oilers draft :
| Round | Pick | Player | Position | College | Notes |
| 1 | 3 | Jim Everett * | Quarterback | Purdue | |
| Made roster * Made at least one Pro Bowl during career ||||||

## Schedule

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Attendance |
| 1 | September 7 | at Green Bay Packers | W 31–3 | 1–0 | Lambeau Field | 54,065 |
| 2 | September 14 | Cleveland Browns | L 20–23 | 1–1 | Astrodome | 46,049 |
| 3 | September 21 | at Kansas City Chiefs | L 13–27 | 1–2 | Arrowhead Stadium | 43,699 |
| 4 | September 28 | Pittsburgh Steelers | L 16–22 | 1–3 | Astrodome | 42,001 |
| 5 | October 5 | at Detroit Lions | L 13–24 | 1–4 | Pontiac Silverdome | 41,960 |
| 6 | October 12 | Chicago Bears | L 7–20 | 1–5 | Astrodome | 46,026 |
| 7 | October 19 | at Cincinnati Bengals | L 28–31 | 1–6 | Riverfront Stadium | 53,844 |
| 8 | October 26 | Los Angeles Raiders | L 17–28 | 1–7 | Astrodome | 41,641 |
| 9 | November 2 | at Miami Dolphins | L 7–28 | 1–8 | Miami Orange Bowl | 43,804 |
| 10 | November 9 | Cincinnati Bengals | W 32–28 | 2–8 | Astrodome | 32,130 |
| 11 | November 16 | at Pittsburgh Steelers | L 10–21 | 2–9 | Three Rivers Stadium | 49,724 |
| 12 | November 23 | Indianapolis Colts | W 31–17 | 3–9 | Astrodome | 31,792 |
| 13 | November 30 | at Cleveland Browns | L 10–13 | 3–10 | Cleveland Municipal Stadium | 62,309 |
| 14 | December 7 | at San Diego Chargers | L 0–27 | 3–11 | Jack Murphy Stadium | 40,103 |
| 15 | December 14 | Minnesota Vikings | W 23–10 | 4–11 | Astrodome | 32,738 |
| 16 | December 21 | Buffalo Bills | W 16–7 | 5–11 | Astrodome | 31,409 |
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

## Standings

AFC Central :
| viewtalkedit | W | L | T | PCT | DIV | CONF | PF | PA | STK |
| Cleveland Browns$^{(1)}$ | 12 | 4 | 0 | .750 | 5–1 | 10–2 | 391 | 310 | W5 |
| Cincinnati Bengals | 10 | 6 | 0 | .625 | 3–3 | 7–5 | 409 | 394 | W1 |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | 6 | 10 | 0 | .375 | 3–3 | 4–8 | 307 | 336 | L1 |
| Houston Oilers | 5 | 11 | 0 | .313 | 1–5 | 3–9 | 274 | 329 | W2 |
# Samuel J. Ritchie

Samuel J. Ritchie, an American millionaire from Ohio, founded the Canadian Copper Company (CCC) in 1886 to exploit the minerals near what was to become known after 1902 as Copper Cliff. He was also president of the Central Ontario Railroad (COR).

## Biography

In the early 1880s, Ritchie invested in Ontario and became president of the Central Ontario Railroad, and founded the CCC, which began in May 1886 to mine at what became known as Copper Cliff. In 1888 the Copper Cliff smelter was born. During the 1890s, it harnessed the output of six mines with its 13 Herreshoff furnaces of 125-ton capacity each.
Meanwhile, Robert Means Thompson contracted through his Orford Copper Company with the CCC to refine ore which was supposed to contain 7% copper. The ore from the CCC was "found to contain only 4.5 percent copper but it also contained 2.5 percent nickel. This was not what had been expected nor what was wanted. Since Thompson and Ritchie were primarily interested in copper they had to solve three problems: copper and nickel had to be separated and refined; a nickel market had to be developed; and a profit had to be made." This prompted the development of the Orford "tops and bottoms" process by 1893.
Ritchie was ousted from the board of the CCC in 1891. In 1892 they hired Jules Garnier and in 1893 Carl Hoepfner, both fruitlessly, in their quest to make nickel at a competitive cost to the Orford Nickel Company. Ritchie then lobbied for a Nickel export tax from Canada, with which to subsidize a smelter and refinery operation. He was partially successful in 1897 with the passage through Parliament in Ottawa of 60-61 Victoria chapter 17 An Act respecting Export Duties but in order to levy the duty this text required the consent of the Governor-General, which was never forthcoming because Sir Wilfrid Laurier prevented it. Meanwhile in 1902 the CCC and Orford and other companies amalgamated into the International Nickel Company (INCO).
Ritchie finally obtained his dream in 1916: the Big Nickel scandal forced INCO to re-situate its Constable Hook operations to near the hydroelectric power source of Niagara Falls in Port Colborne.
Ritchie began a $10 million lawsuit in 1893 against Judge Stevenson Burke, ex-Senator Henry B. Payne, H.P. McIntosh, Charles W. Gingham and others.
His successful 1895 argument in Ritchie v McMullen allowed the courts of the US to enforce judgment of a Canadian court.

## Family

Ritchie married Sophronia Jane Hale; together they raised three children: a daughter called Clara Belle, and sons called Lewis Andrew and Charles Edward (Ned). It was Ritchie's daughter that bequeathed five linear feet of familial photographs to the Western Reserve Historical Society.
Sophronia was an elder sibling to Charles Oviatt Hale, a noted state legislator.
# Esgueva

The Esgueva is one of the rivers of the Iberian Peninsula, flowing from its source near Peña Cervera in the province of Burgos. Its total length is 116 kilometres (72 mi). It is a tributary of the Pisuerga River.
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# Mud Lick Creek (Rocky River tributary)

Mud Lick Creek is a 5.57 mi (8.96 km) long 3rd order tributary to the Rocky River in Chatham County, North Carolina.

## Course

Mud Lick Creek rises about 2 miles northeast of Crutchfield Crossroads, North Carolina in Chatham County. Mud Lick Creek then flows southwest to join the Rocky River about 2 miles southwest of Crutchfield Crossroads.

## Watershed

Mud Lick Creek drains 8.60 square miles (22.3 km$^2$) of area, receives about 47.7 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 440.67 and is about 41% forested.
# Orr v. Orr

Orr v. Orr, 440 U.S. 268 (1979), was a United States Supreme Court case that held that Alabama statutes that imposed alimony obligations on husbands but not on wives was an unconstitutional equal protection violation.

## Background

The state of Alabama had adopted statutes that imposed alimony obligations on husbands but not on wives for the stated purpose of addressing the economic disparity between men and women by providing support for needy women after divorce.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Margaret Moses Young filed a brief for the American Civil Liberties Union as amicus curiae urging reversal.

## Opinion of the Court

Applying intermediate scrutiny, the Court determined that the statute was not substantially related to the stated purpose. The Court observed that a gender neutral statute would still have the effect of providing for needy women. The Court further observed that the only difference created by the Alabama statute was to also provide support for well off women that did not need support, and to exclude needy men from support.
# 1986 Togolese presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Togo on 21 December 1986. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Rally of the Togolese People as the sole legal party. Its leader, incumbent President Gnassingbé Eyadéma, was the only candidate and was re-elected unopposed. Voter turnout was reported to be 99%.

## Results

| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| | Gnassingbé Eyadéma | Rally of the Togolese People | 1,737,771 | 100.00 |
| Total | Total | Total | 1,737,771 | 100.00 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | Valid votes | 1,737,771 | 99.95 |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 840 | 0.05 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 1,738,611 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 1,757,426 | 98.93 |
| Source: Nohlen et al. |||||
# Muddy Creek (Deep River tributary)

Muddy Creek is a 14.28 mi (22.98 km) long 4th order tributary to the Deep River in Guilford and Randolph Counties, North Carolina.

## Course

Muddy Creek rises on the east side of Archdale, North Carolina in Guilford County and then flows southeast into Randolph County to join the Deep River about 1.5 miles northwest of Randleman, North Carolina.

## Watershed

Muddy Creek drains 26.45 square miles (68.5 km$^2$) of area, receives about 46.3 in/year of precipitation, and has a wetness index of 418.90 and is about 24% forested.
# Alpha Pictoris

Alpha Pictoris (α Pic, α Pictoris) is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Pictor. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.27, which is bright enough to be viewed from urban areas in the southern hemisphere. This is actually a binary star system, whose components complete an orbit every three years and seven months. It is close enough for its distance to be measured using parallax shifts, which yields a value of roughly 97 light-years (30 parsecs) from the Sun, with a 5% margin of error. Alpha Pictoris has the distinction of being the south pole star of the planet Mercury.

## Properties

With an estimated age of 660 million years, the primary component is a relatively young Lambda Boötis star. The stellar classification of A8 Vn kA6 shows this peculiarity, with the kA6 notation indicating weaker than normal calcium K-lines in the spectrum. The 'n' following the main sequence luminosity class of V indicates the absorption lines in the spectrum are broad and nebulous. This is caused by the rapid spin of the star, which has a high projected rotational velocity of 206 km/s. Spectroscopy shows narrow, time-varying absorption features being caused by circumstellar gas moving toward the star. This is not the result of interstellar matter, but a shell of gas along the orbital plane. Alpha Pictoris is categorized as a rapidly rotating shell star that may have recently ejected mass from its outer atmosphere.
Alpha Pictoris A is larger than the Sun, with a 60% greater mass and radius. and 355% greater radius. It is radiating 40 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,550 K. At this heat, the star glows with the white hue of an A-type star. It is also one of the brightest known Delta Scuti variables. The space velocity components of this star in the galactic coordinate system are U = -22, V = -20 and W = -9 km/s.
Data from the Hipparcos mission uncovered the presence of a binary companion with a companion orbiting at a semimajor axis of around 3.25 AU, or three times the distance from Earth to the Sun. Alpha Pictoris is an X-ray source, which is unusual for an A-type star since stellar models don't predict them to have magnetic dynamos. This emission may instead be originating from the companion.
# Kim Si-eun

Kim Si-eun may refer to:
* Kim Si-eun (born 1887) [ko], South Korean independence activist
* Kim Si-eun (born 1987) [ko], South Korean actress
* Kim Si-eun (actress, born 1999)
* Kim Si-eun (actress, born 2000)
* Kim Si-eun (born 2008) [ko], South Korean actress
# 1986 Sudan Airways Fokker F-27 shootdown

On 16 August 1986 a Sudan Airways Fokker F-27 Friendship 400M was performing a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Malakal (in present South Sudan) to Khartoum in Sudan, when it was shot down by the SPLA militants. All 60 people on board the aircraft were killed. As of February 2024, the shootdown remains the deadliest incident involving a Fokker F-27 and the deadliest aviation incident in South Sudan.

## Background

During the Second Sudanese Civil War, on 5 August 1986, the SPLA militants announced they would shoot down all unauthorized military or civilian aircraft, claiming that the government was using them to transport soldiers and weapons. Approximately at the time of the 1986 shootdown the militants singled out one humanitarian charter company, alleging that the company had a government contract "to spy on and take aerial photographs of" rebel operations. In May 1986 the militants brought down a passenger plane, killing all 13 aboard.
The aircraft involved in the August 1986 shootdown had a serial number 10277. It made its maiden flight in 1965 and accrued a total of 25,702 airframe hours and 19,290 flight cycles.

## Shootdown

Shortly after takeoff from Malakal the aircraft was brought down by a Soviet-made Strela 2 surface-to-air missile, fired by a Shilluk contingent of the SPLA. According to contemporary press reports, the missile was captured from the Sudanese army.
# Neills Creek

Neills Creek is a 12.94 mi (20.82 km) long 4th order tributary to the Cape Fear River in Harnett County, North Carolina. Neill Creek is the only stream of its name in the United States.

## Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:
* Kenneth Creek
* Neal Creek
* Neals Creek
* Neils Creek

## Course

Neills Creek rises in a pond in Holland, North Carolina in Wake County and then flows south to Harnett County to join the Cape Fear River about 1 mile north of Lillington, North Carolina.

## Watershed

Neills Creek drains 38.92 square miles (100.8 km$^2$) of area, receives about 46.6 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 446.81 and is about 33% forested.
# Operation Egret

Operation Egret was a military operation in Angola during September 1985 by the South African Defence Force (SADF) against People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War.

## Background

In order to interrupt a planned raid into South-West Africa/Namibia from Angola by PLAN's Charlie detachment, the SADF planned an operation into Angola on 15 September 1985 to counter the proposed incursion.$^{:Chp11}$ This would be the first deliberate operation into Angola since Operation Askari with strict instructions to avoid FAPLA forces.$^{:134}$ 500 men of 101 Battalion and Puma, Alouette and Impala aircraft of the SAAF, would sweep the areas between Evale, Anhanca and Dova for the PLAN units.$^{:Ch11}$ In nine separate contacts and one air attack, the SADF killed 15 PLAN soldiers and captured 103 with the operation ending on 22 September.$^{:Chp11}$$^{:134}$

## Order of battle
### South African and South West Africa Territorial Forces

* 101 Battalion

### PLAN Forces

* PLAN "Charlie" detachment - Eighth Battalion
# Rzywno

Rzywno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łabiszyn, within Żnin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of Łabiszyn, 23 km (14 mi) north-east of Żnin, and 15 km (9 mi) south of Bydgoszcz.
# Francisco Javier Losada

Francisco Javier Losada y Pardo de Figueroa (1777–1847), 8th Count of Maceda, 6th Count of San Román, was a Spanish military commander.

## Early career

Losada joined the Provincial Regiment of Santiago as a captain in 1797. Shortly after the start of the war against England in 1805, he was promoted to colonel of the Provincial Regiment of Compostela and was garrisoned at La Coruña until the outbreak of the Peninsular War.

## Peninsular War (1807–1814)

In June 1808 the Junta de Galicia promoted him to brigadier and he was given command of the La Coruña Volunteers Regiment, which saw action Zornoza, Balmaseda y Espinosa de los Monteros, before withdrawing to León and Galicia.
In 1809 he fought at Villafranca (18 March) and was given command of the 1st Division of the Army of the Left the following month. After fighting at Lugo, he was promoted to field marshal that July.
Serving under the orders of the Duque del Parque, Losada fought at Tamames, Alba de Tormes and Medina del Campo. In May 1810, Losada was commissioned to oversee the training of the regiments being sent to Galicia.
In July 1810 Losada was appointed second-in-command of the region of Asturias, where he saw combat against Bonet's forces on several occasions. On 18 March 1811 his troops were defeated at Puelo.
In Summer 1811, Losada commanded the 1st Division (Asturians) of Santocildes's 6th Army.
In June 1812, General Castaños named Losada commander of the Reserve Division of Santocildes's 6th Army.
He then participated in the siege and surrender of Tamames, Alba de Tormes and Medina del Campo. During the withdrawal from that defeat, he distinguished himself at Villamuriel.
As part of the reorganisation of the 4th Army, he was given command of its 3rd Division, which saw action at Tolosa, Irún, and San Marcial (31 August 1813), where he was wounded.

## Post-war career

During the Hundred Days, Losada served in the Observation Corps of Navarra and Guipúzcoa, under Enrique O'Donnell, until September 1815, when he was given command of the 3rd Division of Ballesteros's Army of the Reserve, after having been promoted to lieutenant general the previous May.
In 1820, as governor of Santiago, he fought against the liberals, having to flee Galicia when the Constitution was proclaimed.
In 1823, Fernando VII appointed Losada inspector general of the Militias and commander-in-chief of the Provincial Royal Guard, post he held until 1836, when he was dismissed following the 1836 La Granja Mutiny.
In 1840 he supported General Espartero's pronunciamiento.