# The Love for Three Oranges

L'amour des trois oranges, Op. 33, is a 1921 satirical French-language opera by Sergei Prokofiev. He wrote his own libretto, basing it on the Italian play L'amore delle tre melarance, or The Love for Three Oranges (Russian: Любовь к трём апельсинам Lyubov k tryom apyelsinam) by Carlo Gozzi, and conducted the premiere, which took place at the Auditorium Theatre in Chicago on 30 December 1921.

## History
### Composition

The opera resulted from a commission during Prokofiev's first visit to the United States in 1918. After well-received concerts of his works in Chicago, including his First Symphony, Prokofiev was approached by the director of the Chicago Opera Association, Cleofonte Campanini, to write an opera.
Conveniently the composer had already drafted a libretto during his voyage to America, one based on Gozzi's Italian play in mock commedia dell'arte style (itself an adaptation of Giambattista Basile's fairy tale). He had done so using Vsevolod Meyerhold's Russian translation of the Gozzi and had injected a dose of Surrealism into the commedia dell'arte mix. But Russian would have been unacceptable to an American audience, and Prokofiev's English was scanty, so, with possible help from soprano Vera Janacopoulos, he settled on French.

### Performance

Prokofiev conducted the premiere, which took place at the Auditorium Theatre in Chicago on 30 December 1921. Initial criticism was harsh. "It left many of our best people dazed and wondering"; "Russian jazz with Bolshevik trimmings"; and "The work is intended, one learns, to poke fun. As far as I am able to discern, it pokes fun chiefly at those who paid money for it". However, one newspaperman and author gave it an enthusiastic review. Ben Hecht wrote: "There is nothing difficult about this music, unless you are unfortunate enough to be a music critic. But to the untutored ear there is a charming capriciousness about the sounds from the orchestra".
Five years after the premiere, in 1926, the French opera received its first production in Russian, in Petrograd.
L'amour des trois oranges was not performed again in the United States until 1949 when the New York City Opera resurrected it. As staged by Vladimir Rosing and conducted by Laszlo Halasz, the production was successful. Life magazine featured it in a color photo spread. The New York City Opera mounted a touring company of the production, and the production was brought back in New York for five additional seasons (1949-51, 1954-55, 1963).
Memorably a 1988 production by Richard Jones for Opera North, later seen at English National Opera, New York City Opera and elsewhere, used "scratch'n'sniff" cards handed out to the audience, suggesting various scents matching events in the staging (gunshots, Truffaldino's "wind", the aroma of oranges).
The work has entered the standard repertory, with regular stagings on both sides of the Atlantic and at least a dozen complete recordings, six of them videos, to its credit.

### Popular culture

Its most familiar section is the March, used by CBS in the radio-drama series The FBI in Peace and War from 1944 to 1958, as an "FBI" leitmotiv in films such as The Brink's Job (1978). It is also quoted by Prokofiev himself in the ballet Cinderella. It also has been used for the TM Books & Video's warning screen. It is also the title of the thirty-third issue of The Maxx, a comic loosely based upon theories of Personality psychology and theory of mind.

## Roles

Roles, voice types, premiere cast :
| Role (name / equivalent in English) | Voice type | Premiere cast, 30 December 1921 conductor: Sergei Prokofiev |
| Le roi de trèfle / The King of Clubs — ruler of an imaginary kingdom | bass | James Francis |
| Le prince / The Prince — his son | tenor | José Mojica |
| Princesse Clarice / Princess Clarice — the king's niece | contralto | Irene Pavloska |
| Léandre / Leandro — prime minister | baritone | William Beck |
| Trouffaldino / Truffaldino — court jester | tenor | Octave Dua |
| Pantalon / Pantalone — the king's advisor | baritone | Désiré Defrère |
| Tchélio / Chelio — magician and the king's (and prince's) protector | bass | Hector Dufranne |
| Fata Morgana — witch and the prime minister's protectress | dramatic soprano | Nina Koshetz |
| Linette / Linetta — princess in Orange No. 1 | contralto | Philine Falco |
| Nicolette / Nicoletta — princess in Orange No. 2 | mezzo-soprano | Frances Paperte |
| Ninette / Ninetta — princess in Orange No. 3 | soprano | Jeanne Dusseau [de] |
| Sméraldine / Smeraldina — Fata Morgana's black slave | mezzo-soprano | Jeanne Schneider |
| Farfarello — a demon | baritone (or bass) | James Wolf |
| La cuisinière / Woman-Cook — Créonte in the form of a giant custodian of the oranges | bass | Constantin Nikolay |
| Le maître de cérémonies / The Master of Ceremonies | baritone (or tenor) | Lodovico Oliviero |
| L'héraut / The Herald | bass | Jerome Uhl |
| Advocates of Tragedy, Comedy, Lyric Drama and Farce; Ten "Ridicules" (Cranks); demons, courtiers, monsters, drunkards, gluttons, guards, servants and soldiers |||

## Synopsis
### Prologue

Advocates of Tragedy, Comedy, Lyric Drama, and Farce argue for their favourite form before the curtain goes up for a play. The Ridicules (Cranks) round them up and tell them they are to witness "The Love for Three Oranges".

### Act 1

The King of Clubs and his adviser Pantalone lament the sickness of the Prince, brought on by an indulgence in tragic poetry. Doctors inform the King that his son's hypochondria can only be cured with laughter, so Pantalone summons the jester Truffaldino to arrange a grand entertainment, together with the (secretly inimical) prime minister, Leandro.
The magician Tchelio, who supports the King, and the witch Fata Morgana, who supports Leandro and Clarice (niece of the King, lover of Leandro), play cards to see who will be successful. Tchelio loses three times in succession to Fata Morgana, who brandishes the King of Spades, alias of Leandro.
Leandro and Clarice plot to kill the Prince so that Clarice can succeed to the throne. The supporters of Tragedy are delighted at this turn of events. The servant Smeraldina reveals that she is also in the service of Fata Morgana, who will support Leandro.

### Act 2

All efforts to make the Prince laugh fail, despite the urgings of the supporters of Comedy, until Fata Morgana is knocked over by Truffaldino and falls down, revealing her underclothes—the Prince laughs, as do all the others except for Leandro and Clarice. Fata Morgana curses him: henceforth, he will be obsessed by a "love for three oranges". At once, the Prince and Truffaldino march off to seek them.

### Act 3

Tchelio tells the Prince and Truffaldino where the three oranges are, but warns them that they must have water available when the oranges are opened. He also gives Truffaldino a magic ribbon with which to seduce the giant (female) Cook (a bass voice) who guards the oranges in the palace of the witch Creonte.
They are blown to the palace with the aid of winds created by the demon Farfarello, who has been summoned by Tchelio. Using the ribbon to distract the Cook, they grab the oranges and carry them into the surrounding desert.
While the Prince sleeps, Truffaldino opens two of the oranges. Fairy princesses emerge but quickly die of thirst. The Ridicules give the Prince water to save the third princess, Ninette. The Prince and Ninette fall in love. Several soldiers conveniently appear, and the Prince orders them to bury the two dead princesses. He leaves to seek clothing for Ninette so he can take her home to marry her, but, while he is gone, Fata Morgana transforms Ninette into a giant rat and substitutes Smeraldina in disguise.

### Act 4

Everyone returns to the King's palace, where the Prince is now forced to prepare to marry Smeraldina. Tchelio and Fata Morgana meet, each accusing the other of cheating, but the Ridicules intervene and spirit the witch away, leaving the field clear for Tchelio. While Leandro and the Master of Ceremonies see that the palace is prepared for the wedding, Tchelio restores Ninette to her natural form. The plotters are sentenced to die but Fata Morgana helps them escape through a trapdoor, and the opera ends with everyone praising the Prince and his bride.

## Arrangements

Suite from The Love for Three Oranges, Op. 33bis
Prokofiev compiled a 15–20 minute orchestral suite from the opera for concert use. The suite is in 6 movements:
* The Ridicules
* The Magician Tchelio and Fata Morgana Play Cards (Infernal Scene)
* March
* Scherzo
* The Prince and the Princess
* Flight
March and Scherzo from The Love for Three Oranges, Op. 33ter
This is a transcription for piano solo prepared by the composer.

## Recordings
### Videos

In French
* 1982: Glyndebourne Festival Opera, conductor Bernard Haitink. Staging design by Maurice Sendak. Warner box.
* 1989: Gabriel Bacquier, Jean-Luc Viala, Georges Gautier, Catherine Dubosc, Jules Bastin, Chorus & Orchestra of the Lyon Opera, conductor Kent Nagano, stage director Louis Erlo.
* 2005: Alain Vernhes, Martial Defontaine, François Le Roux, Serghei Khomov, Sandrine Piau, Anna Shafajinskaja, Willard White. Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra & Chorus of De Nederlandse Opera, Stéphane Denève, Laurent Pelly (stage director). Recorded live at Het Muziektheater, Amsterdam. Opus Arte.
* 2005: Charles Workman [de] (Le Prince), José van Dam (Tchélio), Philippe Rouillon (Le roi de Trèfle), Barry Banks (Trouffaldino), Béatrice Uria-Monzon (Fata Morgana) & David Bizic (Le Héraut). Opéra National de Paris, Sylvain Cambreling (conductor), Gilbert Deflo (stage director), Set and costumes by William Orlandi.
In Russian
* 1970: The Love for Three Oranges [ru]
* 2004: Alexey Tanovitsky (King of Clubs), Andrey Ilyushnikov (the Prince), Nadezhda Serdjuk (Princess Clarissa), Eduard Tsanga (Leandro), Kirill Dusheschkin (Trouffaldino), Vladislas Sulimsky (Pantalone), Pavel Schmulevich (the magician, Chelio), Ekaterina Shimanovitch (Fata Morgana), Sophie Tellier (Linetta), Natalia Yevstafieva (Nicoletta), Julia Smorodina (Ninetta), Yuriy Vorobiev (the Cook), Alexander Gerasimov (Farfarello), Wojciek Ziarnik (Herald), Juan Noval (Master of Ceremonies), Michel Fau (The Diva). EuropaChorAkademie & Mahler Chamber Orchestra, conducted Tugan Sokhiev. Stage Direction, Philippe Calvario. Coproduction Festival d'Aix-en-Provence 2004, Teatro Real de Madrid. DVD Tugan Sokhiev Bel Air Classics. Russian subtitles.
In English
* 1989: Opera North, Mark Glanville (King of Clubs), Peter Jeffes (the Prince), Patricia Payne (Princess Clarissa), Andrew Shore (Leander), Paul Harrhy (Trouffaldino), Alan Oke (Pantalone), Roger Bryson (the magician, Chelio), Maria Moll (Fata Morgana), Lesley Roberts (Linetta), Victoria Sharp (Nicoletta), Juliet Booth (Ninetta), Richard Angas (the Cook), Mark Lufton (Farfarello), Stephen Dowson (Herald), Terry Whan (Acrobat), Maria Jagusz (Smeraldina). Chorus Opera North & English Northern Philharmonia, conducted David Lloyd-Jones. Stage Direction, Richard Jones.

### Audio

| Year | Cast: (King of Clubs, The Prince, The Princess, Leandro, Truffaldino, Pantalone, Tchelio, Fata Morgana | Conductor, opera house and orchestra | Label |
| 1961 | Viktor Ribinsky, Vladimir Markhov, Lyutsia Rashkovets, Boris Dobrin, Yuri Yelnikov, Ivan Budrin, Gennady Troitsky, Nina Polyakova | Dzemal Dalgat, All-Union Radio Chorus and Symphony Orchestra (Performed in Russian) | CD: Melodiya Cat: 100194 |
| 1989 | Gabriel Bacquier, Jean-Luc Viala, Hélène Perraguin, Vincent Le Texier, Georges Gautier, Didier Henry, Gregory Reinhart, Michèle Lagrange | Kent Nagano, Lyons Opera Orchestra and Chorus (Live performance in French) | CD: EMI Cat: 358694-2; Virgin Classics, Cat: 58694 DVD: Arthaus Musik Cat: 100404 |
| 1997/98 | Mikail Kit, Yevgeny Akimov, Larissa Diadkova, Alexander Morozov, Konstantin Pluzhnikov, Vassily Gerelo, Vladimir Vaneyev, Larissa Shevchenko | Valery Gergiev, Kirov Theater Orchestra and Chorus (Performed in Russian) | CD: Philips, Cat: 462 913-2 |
| 2005 | Bruce Martin, John MacMaster, Deborah Humble, Teddy Tahu Rhodes, William Ferguson, Warwick Fyfe, Jud Arthur, Elizabeth Whitehouse | Richard Hickox, Australian Opera and Ballet Orchestra and Opera Australia Chorus (Performed in English) | CD: Chandos Records Cat: CHAN 10347 |

### Recordings of the Suite

* National Symphony Orchestra cond. Leonard Slatkin, BMG Classics, 1998
* ORTF National Orchestra cond. Lorin Maazel, Sony Classical, 1991
* Royal Scottish National Orchestra cond. Neeme Järvi, Chandos, 1989
* Dallas Symphony Orchestra cond. Eduardo Mata, Red Seal Digital, 1985