OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# In the City

In the City may refer to:

## Music

* In the City (The Jam album), 1977
** "In the City" (The Jam song), the title song
* In the City (Tavares album), 1975
* In the City (Kevin Rudolf album), or the title song
* In the City (Chromatics album), 2010
* "In the City" (Joe Walsh song), 1979, also recorded by the Eagles
* "In the City" (Charli XCX and Sam Smith song), 2023
* "In the City", a song by Bloom 06 from Crash Test 01
* "In the City", a song by Chromatics from In Shining Violence EP
* "In the City", a song by Good Shoes from Think Before You Speak
* "In the City", a song by Hanson from This Time Around
* "In the City", a song by Lauri Ylönen from New World
* "In the City", a song by Madness, the B-side from the single "Cardiac Arrest"
* "In the City", a song by Razorlight from Up All Night
* "In the City", a song by White Lion from Fight to Survive
* "In the City", a song by The Who, the B-side from the single "I'm a Boy"
* In the City (South African festival), an annual music festival that takes place in Johannesburg, South Africa

## Other media

* In the City (video game), a game developed by Deadline Games
* In the City (film), a 2003 Spanish film
* In the City (TV series), an Armenian comedy drama television series
# Nagore E. M. Hanifa

Nagore Esmail Mohammed Hanifa (25 December 1919 – 8 April 2015) was a Tamil Muslim lyricist, playback singer and politician. He was known as Isai Murasu for his deep stentorian voice.

## Early life

Esmail Mohammed Hanifa, born on 25 December 1919 in Vellipattinam, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu. His father Mohammed Ismail Rowther was from Nagore and his mother was from Ramanathapuram. his maternal great-grandfather Muthu Rowther was a Armory Custodian and Guardian of the Kingdom of Ramnad.

## Politics and cinema

Hanifa, who spent his early childhood in his mother’s hometown of Ramanathapuram, later went to work for his paternal uncle Abu Bakr Rowther in Tiruvarur. It was during this period, in his early teenage years, that he struck up a friendship with Muthuvel Karunanidhi, who was gaining a reputation for oratory even as a schoolboy Nagore Hanifa penned many devotional songs independently which are widely used in Tamil Nadu, during festivals and marriages. During the 1950s the songs which he sang for Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) boosted the fortunes of the party. He was also a film playback singer. Iraivanidam Kaiyenthungal is very well known song from him among all the Tamils. It was written by Kiliyanur, (near Mayiladuthurai) R. Abdul Salam. The lyrics are beyond any specific religion. It is liked by not only Muslims but Hindus and Christians, even today sung by many singers on stages. He is considered one of the greatest and most influential singers of South India and beyond.
| Year | Film | Language | Song title | Music Director | Co-Singer |
| 1954 | Sorgavasal | Tamil | Aagum Neriyedhu | Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy | K. R. Ramasamy |
| 1955 | Gulebakavali | Tamil | Naayagamae Nabi Naayagamae | Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy | S. C. Krishnan |
| 1961 | Paava Mannippu | Tamil | Ellorum Kondaduvom | Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy | T. M. Soundararajan |
| 1992 | Chembaruthi | Tamil | Kadalilae Thanimaiyile | Ilaiyaraaja | Mano |
| 1993 | Dharma Seelan | Tamil | Engumulla Allah | Ilaiyaraaja | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |
| 1997 | Raman Abdullah | Tamil | Un Madhama En | Ilaiyaraaja | |
| 1997 | Vallal | Tamil | Etti Uthachathamma | Deva | |
| 1999 | Endrendrum Kadhal | Tamil | Nadodi Nanba Pogaadhe | Manoj Bhatnagar | P. Unnikrishnan & K. S. Chithra |
| 2002 | Kamarasu | Tamil | Oru Muraithaan Indha Vaazhkaiye | S. A. Rajkumar | |
During the 1970s, he was the member of the now-defunct Tamil Nadu Legislative Council.

## Death

He died on 8 April 2015, aged 95.
# Narayi

Narayi is a suburb of Kaduna city. It's situated in Chikun Local Government Area of southern Kaduna State in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. The postal code of the area is 800. Places within Narayi include Highcost, Bayan Dutse,, and Shagari Low-cost.

## Schools

Narayi is a residential area with some known schools within the suburb. These includes both government and privately owned schools as follows;
* Government Day Secondary School, Narayi.
* LGEA Primary School, Narayi.
* EWCA Goodnews Schools, Narayi
* Ideal International Schools, Narayi.
# Unicity (data analysis)

Unicity ($\varepsilon _{p}$) is a risk metric for measuring the re-identifiability of high-dimensional anonymous data. First introduced in 2013, unicity is measured by the number of points p needed to uniquely identify an individual in a data set. The fewer points needed, the more unique the traces are and the easier they would be to re-identify using outside information.
In a high-dimensional, human behavioural data set, such as mobile phone meta-data, for each person, there exists potentially thousands of different records. In the case of mobile phone meta-data, credit card transaction histories and many other types of personal data, this information includes the time and location of an individual.
In research, unicity is widely used to illustrate the re-identifiability of anonymous data sets. In 2013 researchers from the MIT Media Lab showed that only 4 points needed to uniquely identify 95% of individual trajectories in a de-identified data set of 1.5 million mobility trajectories. These points were location-time pairs that appeared with the resolution of 1 hour and 0.15 km² to 15 km². These results were shown to hold true for credit card transaction data as well with 4 points being enough to re-identify 90% of trajectories. Further research studied the unicity of the apps installed by people on their smartphones, the trajectories of vehicles, mobile phone data from Boston and Singapore, and, public transport data in Singapore obtained from smartcards.

## Measuring unicity

Unicity ($\varepsilon _{p}$) is formally defined as the expected value of the fraction of uniquely identifiable trajectories, given p points selected from those trajectories uniformly at random. A full computation of $\varepsilon _{p}$ of a data set $D$ requires picking p points uniformly at random from each trajectory $T_{i}\in D$, and then checking whether or not any other trajectory also contains those p points. Averaging over all possible sets of p points for each trajectory results in a value for $\varepsilon _{p}$. This is usually prohibitively expensive as it requires considering every possible set of p points for each trajectory in the data set — trajectories that sometimes contain thousands of points.
Instead, unicity is usually estimated using sampling techniques. Specifically, given a data set $D$, the estimated unicity is computed by sampling from $D$ a fraction of the trajectories $S$ and then checking whether each of the trajectories $T_{j}\in S$ are unique in $D$ given p randomly selected points from each $T_{j}$. The fraction of $S$ that is uniquely identifiable is then the unicity estimate.
# Unification National Party

The Unification National Party (Korean: 통일국민당, romanized: Tongilgugmindang) was a political party which was founded in 1992 by Chung Ju-yung, founder of Hyundai Group.

## History

The party was founded in January 1992 ahead of the 1992 legislative election in March, for which Chung announced his candidacy. The use of the word "unification" in the party's name reflects a common theme in earlier South Korean politics to consider Korean reunification an important issue, something which has become less common today. Nonetheless, Chung and his party formed primarily in reaction to the government's strict attempts to regulate chaebol conglomerates and called for economic deregulation and liberalisation. The party also criticised the nascent Gyeongbu high-speed railway as a government fundraising project for the upcoming election. The party succeeded in winning 31 seats, which was the main reason for the ruling Democratic Justice Party's loss of an outright majority.
In the 1992 presidential election held in December, the UNP ran on a primarily economic agenda, criticising both the Democratic Liberal Party (DLP) of Kim Young-sam for falling behind on economic growth as well as Kim Dae-jung for being too "radical." It was speculated at the time that Chung would seek to primarily win over moderately conservative voters from the DLP, particularly the upper-middle class, but his performance was below expectations, obtaining only 16.1% of the popular vote and ending up in third place behind both Kims. After the election defeat, many members of the UNP defected in favour of the ruling DLP.
Sometime after the election, Chung was subjected to financial investigations and, in February 1993, resigned from the National Assembly and left the party while these investigations were ongoing. Chung was eventually sentenced to three years in prison for violating the Election Act and the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Economic Crimes Act. He was found guilty of diverting $62.8 million from Hyundai Group to his political campaigns, although he was not jailed due to his age.
In 1994, the New Political Reform Party merged with the Unification National Party in order to form the New Democratic Party.

## Leadership

| No. | Leader | Tenure |
| 1 | Chung Ju-yung | 8 February 1992 – 10 February 1993 |
| Acting | Park Young-rok | 11 February 1993 – 19 February 1993 |
| 2 | Kim Dong-gil | 20 February 1993 – 24 February 1993 |

## Electoral results
### President

| Election | Candidate | Votes | % | Result |
| 1992 | Chung Ju-yung | 3,880,067 | 16.32 | Not elected |

### Legislature

| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | Seats | Seats | Position | Status |
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Constituency | Party list | Total | Position | Status |
| 1992 | Chung Ju-yung | 3,574,419 | 17.37 | 24 / 237 | 7 / 62 | 31 / 299 | 3rd | Opposition |
# Owl Creek (Wisconsin)

Owl Creek is a stream in Wood County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is a tributary of the Yellow River within Lake Dexter.
Owl Creek was named for the owls in the area.
# Oldenburg G 1

The Oldenburg Class G1s were German steam locomotives procured by the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways (Großherzoglich Oldenburgische Staatseisenbahnen) from 1867 to 1877. They were intended to work both as tank engines as well as with a tender.

## Design

The G1 class were 0-4-0 locomotives, a configuration chosen for its simplicity and cheapness of construction. It had horizontal outside cylinders and a number of original design features, including a radially-stayed, round-top firebox and a small 'regulator box' that replaced the usual steam dome.
The locomotive frame was designed as a box with riveted steel plates that enabled it to double up as a feedwater tank, an arrangement known as the Krauss system. It had an Allan valve gear. The connecting and coupling rods were made of fluted I-section steel, the first time such a form had been used, although Belpaire in Belgium was developing the same idea, independently, at the time.

## The first engine, Landwührden

At the world exhibition in Paris in 1867 the first locomotive, named Landwührden (see table photo), won a gold medal for excellence and design of workmanship. This engine - which was also the first one built by Georg Krauss of Munich and therefore had the works number 1 – was withdrawn from service in 1900 and may be viewed today in the Deutsches Museum in Munich. It is the only surviving locomotive from the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways.

## Retirement

Nineteen of the engines were to have been taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn as DRG Class 51.70, but this did not happen because by the time the final renumbering plan was drawn up in 1925, all the locomotives had been retired.

## Importance

According to Ransome-Wallis, "there is no doubt that this locomotive was, in many ways, an important 'landmark' in the history of locomotive development in Europe."
# Gratia (mayfly)

Gratia is a genus of small minnow mayflies in the family Baetidae. There are at least two described species in Gratia.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Gratia:
* Gratia narumonae Boonsong, Thomas & Sangpradub, 2002$^{cg}$
* Gratia sororculaenadinae Thomas, 1992$^{cg}$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# BR ex-WD Austerity 2-8-0

The British Railways (BR) ex-WD Austerity 2-8-0 was a class of 733 2-8-0 steam locomotives designed for heavy freight. These locomotives of the WD Austerity 2-8-0 type had been constructed by the War Department, as war locomotives 1943–1945. After the war, they were surplus and so in 1946 the LNER bought 200 of them, classifying them as LNER Class O7, and by the end of 1947 when the LNER was nationalised, had taken another 278 O7s on loan. After nationalisation, BR purchased 533 more 2-8-0s, including all of those on loan, giving a class total of 733. As many of these needed overhauling before being put to work, they were activated slowly. BR chose to reclassify from LNER Class O7 and renumbered them from the 6xxxx LNER series in the 90000–732 series for BR standard designs.

## Naming

90732 was named Vulcan after the Vulcan Foundry.

## Classification

BR considered them as standard classes, numbering them in the numbering series allocated for BR standard classes, assigned them the boiler diagram BR10; while their tenders were assigned the diagram BR5. BR built 53 new boilers at Crewe between 1951 and 1954.

## Operation

The class were used almost entirely on freight services, and were always unusual on passenger work. Well over half the total number were always on the former LNER system, from East Anglia up to Scotland, and there was also a large number across the former Lancashire & Yorkshire railway depots. Some were initially used on the Southern Region, but later left there, while another smaller group was on the Western Region for much of their lives. The Scottish ones later spread from just the ex-LNER lines across the rest of the Region.

## Accidents and incidents

* On 16 January 1958, locomotive 90277 was standing foul of the line at Preston when it was run into by a passenger train due to a signalman's error. The passenger train was derailed, 90277 ended up on its side. Thirteen people were injured.

## Withdrawal

The engines were withdrawn from service as follows:
| Year | No. withdrawn | Nos |
| 1959 | 1 | 90083 |
| 1960 | 2 | 90062 etc. |
| 1961 | 0 | |
| 1962 | 80 | |
| 1963 | 97 | |
| 1964 | 125 | |
| 1965 | 201 | |
| 1966 | 104 | |
| 1967 | 123 | |

## Preservation

None of the BR Austerity 2-8-0s was preserved. However, one Austerity 2-8-0 (out of a total of 935 engines) has survived; WD No. 79257. This has returned to Britain via the Netherlands and Sweden, and has been restored to original condition and given the "BR number" 90733. It is based at the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway.
# Miodrag Perunović

Miodrag Perunović (born 10 December 1957 in Cetinje) is a Montenegrin former professional boxer. He is also the author of several poetic writings and an autobiography.
# 1947 Amritsar train massacre

An attack on a railway train carrying Muslim refugees during the Partition of India was carried out at Amritsar in Indian Punjab on 22 September 1947. Three thousand Muslim refugees were killed and a further one thousand wounded. Only one hundred passengers remained uninjured. These murders demonstrated that railway carriages provided very little protection from physical assault. After several such attacks on Muslim refugees by Sikhs armed with rifles, swords, and spears, the Government of Pakistan stopped all trains from the Indian Punjab to the Pakistani Punjab at the end of September 1947. The Sikh Jathas, which were ruthless, led the attacks for ethnically cleansing the Eastern Punjab of its Muslim population. Earlier in September, they had massacred 1,000 Muslim refugees on a Pakistan-bound train near Khalsa College, Amritsar. The violence was the most pronounced in the Indian East Punjab. Sir Francis Mudie who had become governor of the West Punjab in mid-August 1947, noted that a quick succession of attacks on refugee trains headed west to the border from Amritsar and Jullundur districts in East Punjab, India, between 21 and 23 September 1947 included one on a train aboard which every occupant was killed.

## Massacre

On Monday, 22 September 1947, a train was leaving 30 miles east from Amritsar and was attacked by Sikhs. This attack was repulsed. Trains carrying Sikh troops did pass by during the attack, but they did not intervene. However, when the same train arrived at Amritsar, crowds of armed Sikh people opened fire at it from both sides of the track. Hindu Jats, the train's escorts, were ordered by the commanding British officer to shoot at the attackers but they deliberately missed the attackers. The commanding officer of the train was left alone to fend for the train. He reportedly shot back at the raiders with a machine gun until it ran out of ammunition. He was killed soon after, reportedly by his own men. Men, women, and children were attacked by Sikhs who swept through the train. The weapons used by the Sikhs during the three hour attack included swords, spears and rifles. The next day, the train was returned to its platform.

## Effects

The West Punjab Government announced other attacks that happened during the 1947 Partition of India. This included the attack of a refugee train in Kamoke carrying Sikh-Hindu passengers around 25 miles west of Lahore on Wednesday, 24 September. This attack was responsible for a further 340 deaths of both Sikhs and Hindus and wounded a further 250. Following the massacre the West Punjab Government announced a ban on refugee convoys from West Punjab.
Meetings within the Indian cabinet to stop further attacks were called the next day, as reported by the Associated Press of Great Britain. Military spokesmen reported on the mounting tensions in the Punjab and the serious attacks on refugee trains and convoys.
# Białogarda

Białogarda (German: Belgard an der Leba; Kashubian: Biôłogarda) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wicko, within Lębork County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.
It is situated east of the Łeba river in the historic Pomerelian region, approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Wicko, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Lębork, and 71 km (44 mi) north-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

## History

Białogarda is one of the oldest documented settlements of the region, mentioned in a 1209 deed, after Duke Sambor I of Pomerania had granted the castellany near the border with the Pomeranian Lands of Schlawe and Stolp to his younger brother Mestwin I. Mestwin's son, the Pomerelian duke Ratibor (Racibor Białogardzki), made Białogarda his residence between 1233 and 1262.
After Ratibor had invaded the adjacent Stolpe Land, then held by his elder brother Duke Swietopelk II, his castle was devastated in the following fratricidal war within the ruling Samborides dynasty. Ratibor was imprisoned, he later joined the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, to whose he bequested his Pomerelian lands. After the extinction of the Samborides, the State of the Teutonic Order purchased Pomerelia from Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg in the 1309 Treaty of Soldin.
After the Order's defeat in the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66), the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon gave Białogarda with the Lauenburg and Bütow Land in trust to his ally Duke Eric II of Pomerania, who joined the Second Peace of Thorn in 1467.
# Dominik Hrušovský

Dominik Hrušovský (1 June 1926 – 27 July 2016) was a prelate of the Catholic Church who served outside his homeland during its years of Communist control, largely devoted to the pastoral care of Catholic Slovaks abroad. Late in his career he returned to Slovakia. He was also Apostolic Nuncio to Belarus.

## Biography

He was born in Veľká Maňa, Slovakia, on 1 June 1926. He began his theological studies in Bratislava and then from 1946 in Rome at the Pontifical Lateran University. Because of the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia, he did not return home.
He was ordained on 23 December 1950 and worked as a pastor in the Diocese of Belluno. From 1955 to 1962 he taught philosophy and theology at the regional seminar in Viterbo. From 1962 to 1966 he was a member of the Slovak Catholic Mission in Paris. He then worked in the Slovak Institute of Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Rome and became its head in 1975.
On 18 December 1982, Pope John Paul II appointed him titular bishop of Tubia and assigned to him the pastoral care of Slovak Catholics in foreign lands. He was ordained a bishop on 6 January 1983, continuing to head the Institute of Sts. Cyril and Methodius. His mandate grew with the fall of communism, which allowed him to reach Slovak communities in the former Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe.
On 24 September 1992, he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Trnava and on 17 December was made vicar of that archdiocese for Bratislava. Following the establishment of Slovakia as an independent nation, the first meeting of the Bishops Conference of Slovakia elected Hrušovský Secretary General and Chair of the Commission on Slovaks Abroad on 4 April 1993.
On 30 January 1995, he was named to a five-year term as a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants.
On 13 April 1996, Pope John Paul II elevated him to titular archbishop of Tubia and named him Apostolic Nuncio to Belarus. He retired when his successor in Belarus was appointed on 28 July 2001.
Hrušovský died on 27 July 2016 in Nitra, Slovakia, where he spent the last years of his life in retirement.
# Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party

This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
The Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party of Palestine (Hebrew: מִפְלֶגֶת פּוֹעָלִים הַשׁוֹמֵר הַצָעִיר בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Mifleget Poalim Hashomer Hatzair be'Eretz Yisrael) was a Marxist-Zionist political party in the British Mandate of Palestine, connected to the Hashomer Hatzair movement.

## History

At the time of its foundation, in 1946, the party had around 10,000 members, two-thirds of whom hailed from the Kibbutz Artzi movement. The remainder came from the urban-based Socialist League of Palestine, which was dissolved into the party.
The Hashomer Hatzair movement had positioned itself politically between the moderate mainstream Mapai and the radical communists since the 1920s. The movement had however been reluctant to form a political party, since its leaders had felt that entering into party politics could push the movement into ideological deviations. The movement had tried to seek unity with Mapai and Ahdut HaAvoda before forming a party of its own, but those merger talks had failed as the other parties rejected the bi-nationalist positions of Hashomer Hatzair.
In contrast with Mapai, the main Labour Zionist party in Palestine at the time, the Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party put heavier emphasis on class struggle. The party could not achieve unity in action with the Communist Party, as the Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party supported aliyah whilst the communists had ambiguous positions on the issue.
The Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party was the sole Zionist political organization in Palestine at the time that recognized the national rights of the Palestinian Arabs. The party advocated a bi-national state, to be shared between Jews and Arabs. The party was repeatedly criticized by other Zionist groups for their bi-national position, accusing the party of breaking the united Zionist front. The party opposed partitioning Palestine, instead preferring converting the British Mandate into an international trusteeship. In the longer perspective, a 'Palestinian Commonwealth' with Jewish majority would be established. The party maintained links with Ihud, a small circle of Jewish intellectuals who shared the bi-national vision of the party.
In 1948 the party merged with Ahdut HaAvoda-Poalei Zion, forming the United Workers Party (MAPAM).
The party's newspaper was Al HaMishmar which subsequently transferred its affiliation to MAPAM.