OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2023 Damascus airstrike

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On 18 February, an airstrike, suspected to have been carried out by the Israeli Air Force, targeted sites in the Damascus Governorate, including a residential building. Fifteen people were killed, and another fifteen were injured.

## Background

Since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011, many international airstrikes have been carried out. In Syria, there is a large presence of Iranian troops as well as allies including Hezbollah and foreign militias from Iraq and Afghanistan. The strike took place in the same area where Hezbollah's senior commander, Imad Mughniyeh, was assassinated in 2008.

## Attack

On 18 February, targets in Damascus were struck by alleged Israeli missiles from the Golan Heights. The Kafr Sousa neighborhood was struck near highly guarded Iranian installations. According to the Syrian Observatory of Human Rights (SOHR), the strike hit a warehouse used by Iranian and Hezbollah fighters. Historic buildings near the Citadel of Damascus were damaged, which was blamed on the strike. The strike damaged buildings near Umayyad Square, where multiple security installations are located. Other civilian buildings were also damaged, resulting in 15 injuries.
A woman was killed in the Marzaa District, possibly due to Syrian anti-aircraft munitions.
Initial reports stated only 5 people were killed, but this number later rose to 15, including at least 2 civilian deaths, as per the SOHR. It was reported that Colonel Amjad Ali, nicknamed the 'butcher of Damascus', was among the dead. Sources told Reuters that the airstrike targeted an installation where Iranian officials were meeting to advance military programs aimed at developing drone or missile capabilities.

## Reactions

The Russian Foreign Ministry condemned the attack, considering it a "flagrant violation of international law". The Lebanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs strongly denounced the strikes in Damascus, expressing their outrage at the destruction and civilian casualties caused. Hamas strongly "condemned the Israeli attack and its targeting of residential neighborhoods in the capital, Damascus..." while the Islamic Jihad Movement stated that the bombing "reveals Israel's continuous efforts to target Syria and deepen the tragedy of its people who are healing their wounds after the devastating earthquake."
# Proffer

A proffer is an offer made prior to any formal negotiations.
In a trial, to proffer (sometimes profer) is to offer evidence in support of an argument (for example, as used in U.S. law), or elements of an affirmative defense or offense. A party with the burden of proof must proffer sufficient evidence to carry that burden. For example, in support of a particular argument, a party may proffer documentary evidence or witnesses.
Where a party is denied the right to introduce evidence because that evidence would be inflammatory, hearsay, or would lack sufficient authentication, that party must make a proffer of what the evidence would have shown in order to preserve the issue for appeal through a formal procedure, such as an offer of proof.
As in business, a proffer can be a sign of "good faith" a first offer or proposal, to show a willingness to "barter".

## Etymology

The word proffer is derived from Anglo-French "por-", forth, and "offrir", to offer.
# Georgetown District High School

Georgetown District High School (GDHS) is a high school located in Georgetown, Ontario, Canada. The school is under the jurisdiction of the Halton District School Board. As of the 2019–20 school year, approximately 1,500 students were enrolled at Georgetown District High School.

## History

Georgetown District High School was first opened on January 3, 1887. At the time, there were a total of 69 students, with 2 teachers. In 2012 the school celebrated its 125th anniversary with a ceremony and town festivities. The cost to build GDHS was $12,000, and it was designed by Canadian architect Edward J. Lennox

## Athletics and nickname controversy

Georgetown's swimming team has consistently placed in the top 3 or won the OFSAA championships. The GDHS swim program has won 49 OFSAA titles starting in 1981. GDHS are the current OFSAA champions (2020) and have won the last twelve overall titles, setting the record for most consecutive OFSAA wins in history, in any sport.

### "Rebels"

Until 1961, the school's nickname used in athletic competitions, was "the G's", until a schoolwide competition prompted by an improving football team resulted in a change to "Rebels"—a name inspired, according to the proponents, by rebellious notions current at the time, and a fancy for the movie Rebel Without A Cause and the song "Rebel-'Rouser". A logo was devised of a fox with an eye patch (and a "rebel hat"), symbolizing "the valiant underdog, the fearless fighter, the humble warrior"; The Confederate flag was added later, including on athletic jerseys. Only one teacher, Lyn McLaren, protested at the time, realizing the associations prompted by the nickname and the flag. One student, in a letter to a newspaper in 2004 (after McLaren's death), recollected "events like slave day with the yearbook showing an awkward photograph of a black student as a slave. I recall the rebel flag and the overt bigotry. I recall Jewish teachers hiding their ethnicity".
In the wake of the 2015 Charleston church shooting, the association with racism and slavery was again questioned, though there had been earlier protests, including by an opposing wrestler of African descent in the 1980s; after 1992 the flag no longer appeared in the yearbook. By 2015, the flag had been removed, though the nickname stuck. The official process to change the nickname took place in the spring of 2017, and by the fall the nickname had been dropped. In 2019 the new nickname, "87s", was unveiled.

## 2019 Weapons incident

At approximately 2:30pm on April 19, 2019 police were alerted to what appeared to be individuals carrying weapons on school grounds. The school was immediately put under lockdown until police could clear each room in the school to confirm that the threat subsided. It took several hours for the lockdown to be fully lifted with some students being trapped in their classrooms as a result until 6:45pm.
It was quickly discovered that there was no threat since the suspected weapons were actually fake props taken from the drama room of the school. The perpetrators were subsequently apprehended by police and some faced charges. No injuries were reported.
# Ad Hoc Liaison Committee

The Ad Hoc Liaison Committee (AHLC) is a body whose primary function is to coordinate the delivery of international aid to Palestinians and the Palestinian Authority. It normally meets twice a year usually in New York or Brussels. The AHLC was established in November 1993.
The entities that provide such aid are categorized into seven groups: the Arab nations, the European Union, the United States, Japan, international institutions (including agencies of the UN system), European countries, and other nations. In July 2018, Australia ceased providing direct aid to the PA, saying the donations could increase the PA's capacity to pay Palestinians convicted of politically motivated violence, and that it will direct its funds through United Nations programs.

## Background

The AHLC was formed in the aftermath of the Oslo Accords, a set of peace agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The committee was created to ensure effective coordination of international aid efforts and provide a forum for the Palestinian Authority and the Government of Israel to discuss economic, development, and security issues related to the peace process.

## Structure

The AHLC has 15 members: United States, European Union, United Nations, IMF, World Bank, Russia, Norway, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Palestinian Authority, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, and Tunisia. The AHLC receives reports from UNSCO, the Quartet, the IMF, as well as the World Bank, the latter acting as the AHLC Secretariat.

## Membership

The Ad Hoc Liaison Committee is chaired by Norway and co-sponsored by the United States and the European Union. Other key members include the IMF and the World Bank.

## Chairmanship

Meetings of the AHLC are chaired by Norway, a role for which it was nominated by Saudi Arabia when the US and the EU were at odds over which of them should be chair.

## Meetings

While in recent years meetings have been held biannually, in 2018, there were three meetings at ministerial level.
Following a virtual meeting in February 2021, a physical and virtual meeting was held in Oslo on 17 November 2021.
Following the outbreak of the Israel-Hamas war of October 2023, a special meeting was held in May 2024.
# 2014 Ecuador earthquake

On August 12, 2014, a magnitude 5.1 earthquake struck the South American country of Ecuador 23 km (14 mi) northeast of the capital, Quito, at a depth of 7.7 km (4.8 mi). The earthquake shook the city and surrounding areas, causing large dust clouds and prompting the temporary shutdown of the international airport. The earthquake killed at least 4 people including two men who were buried by a landslide in a local quarry. It also injured at least 8 others. Earthquakes are commonplace in Ecuador because of its position along the "Ring of Fire", an area of high seismic activity that encircles the Pacific Ocean.
# William Ingram (priest)

William Clavell Ingram was an Anglican priest and the Dean of Peterborough in the Church of England from 1893 until his death in 1901.
Born on 11 August 1834 at Chedburgh, Suffolk, the son of Rev. George Ingram and Jane Kaines Clavell, he was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge,. He was a master at Lancing College then a chaplain to HM Forces before being appointed vicar of Kirk Michael, Isle of Man. From 1874, he was vicar of St Matthew's Church, Leicester before his elevation to the deanery. In 1900–1901, he wrote and published a biography of his friend, the Rev. Canon Henry Twells.
He died on 26 April 1901, and three years later a memorial to him was put in place at Peterborough Cathedral. The life-size marble effigy was carved by his brother Walter Rowlands Ingram. The monument stands in the south-east section close to the burial place of Mary, Queen of Scots.
# Ilmari Vesamaa

Ilmari Vesamaa (4 December 1893, Artjärvi – 24 January 1973) was a Finnish track and field athlete who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he was eliminated in the semifinals of the 3000 metre steeplechase competition as well as of the 5000 metres event. He finished 14th in the individual cross country event. Due to being not one of the best three performer of the Finnish team he was not awarded with a gold medal in the team cross country competition.
# Frankie Emerson

Frankie Emerson, also known as Frankie Teardrop, is an American indie multi-instrumentalist, best known as a current member and for his work with the neo-psychedelic rock band, The Brian Jonestown Massacre.

## The Brian Jonestown Massacre

Emerson joined The BJM in March, 2000, and is notable for his twelve-string guitar and various other contributions, playing lead guitar on the song "When Jokers Attack", among others, and co-writing "You Have Been Disconnected".

## Spindrift

Emerson is a multi-instrumentalist (guitar, keyboards, percussion) and original member of the music line-up of the neo-psychedelic rock band, Spindrift.

## Other projects

Emerson has also contributed to other American rock bands; The Situation and playing bass for neo-psychedelic rock band, The Cold War Direction.
# 2008 Kufra conflict

The 2008 Kufra conflict was an armed conflict in the Kufra region of Libya, between the pro-Toubou Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya (TFSL) faction, and the Libyan Government.

## Background

After a successful coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi in 1969, and the republic being established; Gaddafi, an Arab nationalist like Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, started to Arabize the country. A couple of months later, a new law was passed which made Libya an Arab state and replaced it with the 1951 constitution. The 1951 constitution states, "Libyans shall be equal before the law" and also it also mentioned "shall enjoy equal civil and political rights without distinction of religion, belief, race, language, weight kinship, or political or social opinion." Since then Arabic became the sole official language of Libya; both languages and cultures from minority groups like Aujila, Ghat, Ghadames, Hun, Imazighen, Jalo, Toubou, Socra and Zuwara peoples had no room in the country. Especially the Imazighen and the Toubou tribes who were persecuted and harassed by the regime. Until August 2007 a controversial law which bans Imazighen women giving birth to their children an Imazighen name. School-age children were also forced to adopt an Arabic name before they can register themselves for school.

## Conflict

The conflict started in early November 2008 when the Libyan Government stripped ethnic Toubous of their citizenship, claiming that their leaders had sided with their rival Chad. The clashes began when TFSL set a local government's office on fire.
Following the incident the government dispatched army units and helicopters to the region, putting Kufra under siege. The clashes stopped in mid-November when both parties agreed to a cease-fire. On 20 November 2008, a Toubou tribal meeting with Libyan officials was held in Kufra to end the conflict. The conflict had led to the deaths of 11 to 30 people, with over a hundred being wounded.
# 2016 Hurghada attack

On 8 January 2016, two suspected militants, armed with a melee weapon and a signal flare, allegedly arrived by sea and stormed the Bella Vista Hotel in the Red Sea city of Hurghada, Egypt, stabbing two foreign tourists from Austria and one from Sweden. (Early reports incorrectly stated that the victims were one German and one Danish national.) One of the attackers, 21-year-old student Mohammed Hassan Mohammed Mahfouz, was killed by police as he tried to take a woman hostage. The other attacker was injured. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility.

## Attack

An Egyptian court found that the attack was incited by a Syria-based operative of the Islamic State who was in contact with the perpetrators.
According to The Independent, both attackers carried knives and pellet guns. According to Al Jazeera, they carried "a gun, a knife and a suicide belt."
All roads into and out of Hurghada were closed as Egyptian security searched for additional attackers. According to BBC security analyst Frank Gardner, the ISIS goal in inciting such attacks is to undermine crucial support tourism provides to the Egyptian economy.

## Assailants

There were two attackers, Mohamad Hassan Mohamed Mahfouz and Mohamed Magdy Abul Kheir. Mahfouz was shot dead at the scene; Kheir was wounded. Kheir was charged with possessing ammunition and firearms, joining an illegal group, and attempted murder. He was given a life sentence.
An operative of the Islamic State, Ahmad Abdel Salam Mansour, an Egyptian national operating out of Syrian, was tried in absentia by an Egyptian court on charges of having incited the two attackers. He was sentenced in absentia to life in prison.

## Response

Hisham Zaazou, Egypt's Minister of Tourism, responded by announcing new security measures to protect tourists.
The attack was one of 78 described by Donald Trump as underreported terrorist attacks.

## Impact

Egypt, which is a country that depends on tourism saw tourism nosedive during the revolution. Once the country's government began to stabilize and tourism began picking up, terrorists began targeting tourism sites. Due to this and other attacks, 2016 was a "tough year" for the tourism industry in Egypt.
# Ramal do Seixal

Ramal do Seixal is a closed railway branch, which connected the stations of Barreioro-A and Seixal, in Portugal. It was opened on 29 July 1923 and closed in 1969.
# Young Joni

Young Joni is a restaurant in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was included in The New York Times's 2024 list of the 22 best pizzerias in the U.S. In addition to pizza, the restaurant serves small plates such as Korean sweet potatoes and charred savoy cabbage.
# Timo Nieminen (sport shooter)

Timo Nieminen (born 2 March 1951) is a Finnish sports shooter. He competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Belgian railway line 124

The Belgian railway line 124 is a railway line in Belgium connecting Brussels to Charleroi. The first section, between Luttre and Charleroi, was built in 1843. The complete line, which runs 55.9 km, was opened on 1 June 1874.
The line passes through the following stations:
* Brussels-South
* Forest-East
* Uccle-Stalle
* Uccle-Calevoet
* Linkebeek
* Holleken
* Sint-Genesius-Rode
* De Hoek
* Waterloo
* Braine-l'Alleud
* Lillois
* Nivelles
* Obaix-Buzet
* Luttre
* Courcelles-Motte
* Roux
* Marchienne-au-Pont
* Charleroi-South
# Hernandia stenura

Hernandia stenura is a species of plant in the Hernandiaceae family. It is found in Costa Rica, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Gulf, Nicaragua, and Panama.
# Leonida Tonelli

Leonida Tonelli (19 April 1885 – 12 March 1946) was an Italian mathematician, noted for proving Tonelli's theorem, a variation of Fubini's theorem, and for introducing semicontinuity methods as a common tool for the direct method in the calculus of variations.

## Education

Tonelli graduated from the University of Bologna in 1907; his Ph.D. thesis was written under the direction of Cesare Arzelà.

## Work

   He is one of the founders of Modern Theory of Functions of Real Variables and his work on the Calculus of Variations is a milestone in analysis.
   The present writer's father, W. H. Young, used to recall that this very question — what principle can we use as the foundation of the calculus of variations — had been put him by a young Italian mathematician. His reply was a question: "Can you use semicontinuity?" The young Italian was Leonida Tonelli. Semicontinuity was then still a recent concept, known only to a few. In the hands of Tonelli, it became an important tool in a fundamental new approach to the calculus of variations.

## Selected publications

* Opere scelte, a cura dell'Unione matematica italiana e col contributo del Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, 1900
* Fondamenti di Calcolo delle Variazioni. Zanichelli, Bologna, vol. 1: 1922, vol. 2: 1923
* Tonelli, Leonida (1925). "The Calculus of Variations". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 31 (3–4): 163–172. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1925-04002-1. MR 1561014.
* Serie trigonometriche. Zanichelli, Bologna 1928
# Kodial

Kodial may refer to:
# Surendra Dubey

Surendra Dubey is an Indian poet and writer of comic poems. An ayurvedic physician by profession, Dubey was born on 8 august 1953 at Bemetra, Durg, in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. He has authored five books and has appeared on several stage and television shows. In 2010, the Government of India awarded him with the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award. He is also a recipient of Hasya Ratna Award from Kaka Hathsri in 2008.
# Ralph E. Quattrociocchi

Raffaele "Ralph" E. Quattrociocchi (June 11, 1929 – February 24, 1996) was a 20th-century politician most notable for having served as New York State Senator. He was a Democrat for most of his political career.

## Life

Quattrociocchi was born on June 11, 1929, in Rochester, New York. He attended Edison Technical and Industrial High School. After graduation, he served the United States Air Force where he became Airman First Class in a radar unit. He then began a 30-year career as a communications technician at AT&T, where he joined the Communications Workers of America.
His first foray into politics was an unsuccessful run for the Monroe County, New York legislature in 1973. He prevailed in the election two years later for the same seat, representing part of Greece, New York, and held that office for a total of five consecutive terms.
In 1984, he unseated incumbent William M. Steinfeldt for the 55th district Senate seat. Quattrociocchi was a member of the New York State Senate from 1985 to 1992, sitting in the 186th, 187th, 188th and 189th New York State Legislatures.
Quattrociocchi's accomplishments include securing state funding to extend New York State Route 531 to Ogden, New York, forming a Senate task force on teen stress, and instituting "Operation Watch" to reduce the likelihood of mishaps at railroad crossing signals.
In 1988, Quattrociocchi was swept up in Robert M. Morgenthau's investigation of Senate Minority Leader Manfred Ohrenstein and the alleged misuse of state monies to fund the 1986 campaigns of several state Senators. The presiding judge found that Quattrociocchi was aware that a full-time aide had been hired for the sole purpose of campaigning, but since the deed had taken place outside of New York County, the District Attorney had no jurisdiction. District Attorneys in Albany and Monroe counties subsequently declined to prosecute.
In the early 1990s, the 55th senate district was redrawn to include Brighton, Monroe County, New York and parts of the city of Rochester, ultimately leading to his defeat in both the 1992 Democratic primary and the general election. Quattrociocchi switched political parties the year before the 1994 election, only to be defeated again.
He died of a heart attack in 1996 and is interred in Holy Sepulchre Cemetery.
# Max Chancy

Max Chancy (May 9, 1928 – March 25, 2002) was a Haitian intellectual, labor leader, and political activist.
Chancy was a co-founder of the Centre d’Études Secondaires and of a major teachers' union in Haiti. He participated in the leftist resistance to the Duvalier dictatorship and was exiled to Canada in the 1960s, where he continued his political and educational work, before returning to Haiti after the dictatorship's fall.

## Early life

Max Chancy was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, in 1928. He studied at the l'École normale supérieure at the Université d'État d'Haïti, and he also obtained a philosophy degree from the Sorbonne in France and a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Mainz in Germany.

## Career

After completing his university studies in Europe, Chancy returned to Haiti and taught at the Université d'État d'Haïti as well as Toussaint Louverture High School. In 1954, he co-founded the Centre d’Études Secondaires, a distinguished school in Port-au-Prince.
In parallel to his educational activities, Chancy was also engaged in syndicalism, and he was one of the founding members of Haiti's national secondary school teachers' union, UNMES. He also fought against the dictatorship of François Duvalier, joining the Marxist-Leninist People's Party of National Liberation and subsequently the Unified Party of Haitian Communists. He was arrested and tortured by the authorities in 1963.
After being released, he was exiled to Canada alongside his family, settling as political refugees in Outremont, Montreal, in 1965.
In Canada, Chancy continued his work as an educator, teaching philosophy at Cégep Édouard-Montpetit from 1970 until 1985 and lecturing at the Université du Québec à Montréal from 1973 until 1977. In 1980, he became a member of Quebec's Council of Education, where he oversaw various committees, notably one on "Quebecois Schools and Cultural Communities." His work on this committee led to the "Chancy Report," which introduced the concept of intercultural education for the first time in the province.
He also continued his trade unionist work, including through the 1974 International Conference of Worker Solidarity, alongside Michel Chartrand.
Chancy continued to engage with Haiti's educational system from afar. Along with his wife, fellow educator and activist Adeline Magloire Chancy, he helped found the Maison d'Haïti, an organization dedicated to education, in Montreal in 1972.
After Jean-Claude Duvalier was ousted in 1986, Chancy returned to Haiti. He died in Pétion-Ville in 2002, after a long illness.

## Personal life

Max Chancy married Adeline Magloire Chancy, a feminist activist, educator, and public servant, in 1955. The couple had three sons: Bernard Chancy, Jean-Pierre Chancy, and Michel Chancy.