OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Xiguan Mosque

The Xiguan Mosque (simplified Chinese: 西关清真寺; traditional Chinese: 西關清真寺; pinyin: Xīguān Qīngzhēnsì), is a mosque in Chengguan District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China.

## History

The mosque was originally built during the Wanli Emperor of the Ming dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, the mosque underwent two big reconstructions. The mosque was rebuilt in 1990. In 2023 the Lanzhou government transformed Xiguan mosque and redesigned its façades and dome.

## Architecture

The style of the mosque follows the Arabic Islamic style and the minimalist style, while the prayer hall combines the Chinese classical and Arabic architectural style. The mosque covers an area of 467 m$^2$ with its prayer hall spans over 141 m$^2$.
# DATAmatic 1000

The DATAmatic 1000 is an obsolete computer system from Honeywell introduced in 1957. It uses vacuum tubes and crystal diodes for logic, and featured a unique magnetic tape format for storage.
The CPU uses a 48-bit word (plus four check bits). A word can hold 12 decimal digits (11 digits plus sign) or 8 six-bit alphanumeric characters. The system includes magnetic core storage of 2000 words or 24,000 digits in two banks, called "High-Speed Memory." Words in High-Speed Memory are also called "registers" in the documentation.$^{:p.1–3}$ The system also includes two input and two output tape buffer storage units of 62 words (744 digits) each.$^{:p.0–5}$
The instructions are three address and all operations are storage-to-storage.

## History

Datamatic Corporation was established in 1954 as a joint venture of Raytheon and Honeywell. In 1955 Honeywell bought out Raytheon's interest and the company became known as "Honeywell DATAmatic." Later Datamatic was renamed Honeywell Information Systems (HIS).

## Tape format

The DATAmatic uses 2,700 feet (820 m) long reels of 3 inches (7.6 cm) wide magnetic tape. The tape format uses 36 tracks ("channels")—31 data and 5 for checking. Data is recorded as blocks of 62 words. Within a block two words are recorded serially on each of the 31 tracks. A full reel of tape can contain 50,000 blocks (37,200,000 words). Data transfer rate is 60,000 digits per second. A DATAmatic 1000 system can attach up to 100 tape units.
When the tape is initially written data is recorded only in alternate blocks. When the end of the reel is reached the tape is recorded in reverse in previously unused blocks. This eliminates a rewind operation when reading or writing full reels. The format allows individual blocks to be rewritten in place.

## Other peripherals

Standard card, paper tape, and line printer output was via offline input and output converters that wrote or read magnetic tape. Available peripheral devices included:
* Punched card reader, standard 80-column punched cards, 900 cards per minute
* Punched tape reader, 60 characters per second
* Line printer, 900 lines per minute
* Punched card output – 100 cards per minute

## Staffing

Typical staffing for a DATAmatic 1000 installation (per shift) might be 32 people tasked with:
* Supervisors 1
* Analysts 5
* Programmers 11
* Coders 2
* Clerks 3
* Operators 2
* In-Output Operators 6
* Tape Handlers 2
(Bank of Boston, 1961)
# GBM

GBM may refer to:

## Medicine

* Glioblastoma multiforme, an outdated term for glioblastoma
* Glomerular basement membrane

## Science and technology

* Gateway belief model, a model in psychology and the communication sciences
* Geometric Brownian motion, continuous stochastic process where the logarithm of a variable follows a Brownian movement, that is a Wiener process
* Gradient boosting, a machine learning technique
* Generic Buffer Management, a graphics API
* Gamma-ray Burst Monitor, aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
* Game Boy Micro, a 2005 handheld game console and the last model in the Game Boy line

## Other uses

* Grand Besançon Métropole, a French intercommunal structure
* GBM (League of Legends player) (born 1994), Korean video gamer
* Garbaharey Airport, in Somalia
* Garhwali language
* Grand Bauhinia Medal, an honour of Hong Kong
* Greater Britain Movement, a short-lived far-right group
* Green Belt Movement, a Kenyan environmental organisation
# Random seed

A random seed (or seed state, or just seed) is a number (or vector) used to initialize a pseudorandom number generator.
A pseudorandom number generator's number sequence is completely determined by the seed: thus, if a pseudorandom number generator is later reinitialized with the same seed, it will produce the same sequence of numbers.
For a seed to be used in a pseudorandom number generator, it does not need to be random. Because of the nature of number generating algorithms, so long as the original seed is ignored, the rest of the values that the algorithm generates will follow probability distribution in a pseudorandom manner.
The choice of a good random seed is crucial in the field of computer security. When a secret encryption key is pseudorandomly generated, having the seed will allow one to obtain the key. High entropy is important for selecting good random seed data.
Random seeds need to be chosen carefully in order to ensure random number generation. If a seed is chosen that doesn't provide actual random results, the numbers given by the PRNG (pseudo random number generator) will not work properly in an application that needs them. Charting the output values of a PRNG with a scatter plot is a good way to find out if the seed is working. If the graph shows static, then the PRNG is giving random results, but if a pattern appears, the seed needs to be fixed.
If the same random seed is deliberately shared, it becomes a secret key, so two or more systems using matching pseudorandom number algorithms and matching seeds can generate matching sequences of non-repeating numbers which can be used to synchronize remote systems, such as GPS satellites and receivers.
Random seeds are often generated from the state of the computer system (such as the time), a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator or from a hardware random number generator.
# Platon Chirnoagă

Platon Chirnoagă (October 24, 1894 – March 29, 1974) was a Romanian brigadier-general during World War II.
Chirnoagă was born in 1894 in Poduri, Bacău County, one of eight children of Gheorghe Chirnoagă, a teacher, and his wife, Olimpia; one of his brothers, Eugen Chirnoagă, became a chemist.
He attended military school from 1913 to 1915, graduating with the rank of second lieutenant. He then fought in World War I in Transylvania and Moldavia, and was promoted to lieutenant in 1917. In 1919 he fought in the Hungarian–Romanian War, advancing to the rank of captain. From 1923 to 1925 he attended the Higher War School; he was promoted to major (1926), lieutenant colonel (May 1934), and then colonel (February 1939).
In 1941, Chirnoagă was Chief Operation 3rd Army and then Vice Chief of Staff 3rd Army. He became Commanding Officer 7th Artillery Regiment and subsequently Vice Chief of Staff 3rd Army in 1942. In January 1944, he was promoted to brigadier general. Later that year, he was Commanding Officer 4th Artillery Brigade, General Officer Commanding 4th Division, and finally a German prisoner. In 1945, Chirnoagă was declared Minister of Defence in a puppet government in exile established by Nazi Germany.
On 8 May 1945 he was arrested and interned at the Glasenbach camp, an Allied POW camp near Salzburg where members of Nazi organizations and war criminals were held. On March 21, 1946, he was sentenced to death in absentia by the Bucharest People's Tribunal. He was freed in April 1947, after which he lived in Austria. A CIA report from May 1949 identified Chirnoagă as a member of the Iron Guard, who had close contacts with Horia Sima. His wife, Lucia (born 1907) stayed in Bucharest, and as of 1953, was under investigation by the Securitate. He later moved to France, and published his war memoirs in 1965. After 1968 he went to Stuttgart, where he died in 1974.
# Powałkowice

Powałkowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osięciny, within Radziejów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Osięciny, 14 km (9 mi) south-east of Radziejów, and 51 km (32 mi) south of Toruń.
# Least rasbora

The least rasbora or exclamation point rasbora (Boraras urophthalmoides) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Boraras, native to freshwater habitats in mainland southeast Asia. This species is very small, ranging from 12 to 16 mm (0.47 to 0.63 in).
# Lawesson's reagent

Lawesson's reagent (LR) is a chemical compound used in organic synthesis as a thiation agent. Lawesson's reagent was first made popular by Sven-Olov Lawesson, who did not, however, invent it. Lawesson's reagent was first made in 1956 during a systematic study of the reactions of arenes with P$_4$S$_{10}$.

## Preparation

Lawesson's reagent is commercially available. It can also be conveniently prepared in the laboratory by heating a mixture of anisole with phosphorus pentasulfide until the mixture is clear and no more hydrogen sulfide is formed, then recrystallized from toluene or xylene.
Samples give a strong odor of hydrogen sulfide owing to partial hydrolysis. One common and effective method of destroying the foul smelling residues is to use an excess of sodium hypochlorite (chlorine bleach).

## Mechanism of action

Lawesson's reagent has a four membered ring of alternating sulfur and phosphorus atoms. The central phosphorus/sulfur four-membered ring dissociates to form two reactive dithiophosphine ylides (R-PS$_2$). Much of the chemistry of Lawessons's reagent is in fact the chemistry of this reactive intermediate.
In general, the more electron rich a carbonyl is, the faster the carbonyl group will be converted into the corresponding thiocarbonyl by Lawesson's reagent.

## Applications

The chemistry of Lawesson's reagent and related substances has been reviewed several times. The main use of Lawesson's reagent is the thionation of carbonyl compounds. For instance, Lawesson's reagent will convert a carbonyl into a thiocarbonyl. Additionally, Lawesson's reagent has been used to thionate enones, esters, lactones, amides, lactams, and quinones.
In one study, reaction of maltol with LR results in a selective oxygen replacement in two positions.
A combination of silver perchlorate and Lawesson's reagent is able to act as an oxophilic Lewis acid with the ability to catalyze the Diels–Alder reaction of dienes with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.
in some cases, alcohols may be converted to thiols by treatment with Lawesson's reagent.
Lawesson's reagent reacts with sulfoxides to form thioethers.
# List of Czech regions by GDP

This is a list of Czech regions by GDP and GDP per capita by The Czech Statistical Office. All exchange rates are based on the average for 2022. (USDCZK - 23.36)

## List of Regions by GDP

Regions by GDP in 2022 according to data by the Czech Statistical Office.
| Rank | Region | GDP in billions CZK | GDP in billions USD |
| 1 | Prague | 1,926,323 | 82,462 |
| 2 | Central Bohemia | 775,682 | 33,206 |
| 3 | South Moravian | 745,193 | 31,900 |
| 4 | Moravian-Silesian | 597,665 | 25,585 |
| 5 | Ústí nad Labem | 360,731 | 15,442 |
| 6 | Plzeň | 326,669 | 13,984 |
| 7 | Olomouc | 317,890 | 13,608 |
| 8 | South Bohemia | 309,007 | 13,228 |
| 9 | Zlín | 304,826 | 13,049 |
| 10 | Hradec Králové | 299,250 | 12,810 |
| 11 | Pardubice | 268,290 | 11,485 |
| 12 | Vysočina | 241,562 | 10,341 |
| 13 | Liberec | 202,639 | 8,675 |
| 14 | Karlovy Vary | 111,015 | 4,752 |
| | Czech Republic | 6,786,742 | 290,528 |

## List of Regions by GDP per capita

Regions by GDP per capita in 2022 according to data by the Czech Statistical Office.
| Rank | Region | GDP per capita in CZK | GDP per capita in USD |
| 1 | Prague | 1,453,579 | 62,225 |
| 2 | South Moravian | 624,757 | 26,745 |
| 3 | Central Bohemia | 557,641 | 23,872 |
| 4 | Plzeň | 553,512 | 23,695 |
| 5 | Hradec Králové | 543,106 | 23,249 |
| 6 | Zlín | 524,888 | 22,470 |
| 7 | Pardubice | 513,222 | 21,970 |
| 8 | Olomouc | 503,709 | 21,563 |
| 9 | Moravian-Silesian | 499,813 | 21,396 |
| 10 | South Bohemia | 480,506 | 20,570 |
| 11 | Vysočina | 474,282 | 20,303 |
| 12 | Liberec | 457,749 | 19,595 |
| 13 | Ústí nad Labem | 440,737 | 18,867 |
| 14 | Karlovy Vary | 377,886 | 16,177 |
| | Czech Republic | 634,993 | 27,183 |
# Prochy, Wąbrzeźno County

Prochy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wąbrzeźno, within Wąbrzeźno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Wąbrzeźno and 37 km (23 mi) north-east of Toruń.
# 1989 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire

The 1989 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire, which occurred on 22 September 1989, was a fire that took place at Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa (also known as Madrasah Pondok Pak Ya) in Guar Chempedak, Kedah, Malaysia. Around 27 students, mostly girls, were killed in the incident. All bodies of the victimes were later buried in a special Muslim cemetery at Padang Lumat, they were named as the "27 Syuhada Peristiwa Kebakaran Pondok Pak Ya" (27 Martyrs of the Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire).

## Victims

A total of 27 victims, all women, were killed in the fire.
2. Kamisah binti Sudin 3. Norazura binti Abdul Wahab 4. Siti Mariam binti Zakaria 5. Khairul Asma binti Abdullah 6. Faridah binti Baharom 7. Mariani binti Lebai Hassan 8. Norasmah binti Md. Nor 9. Hamidah binti Abd. Hamid 10. Asmah binti Osman 11. Siti Noraini binti Yaacob 12. Rokiah binti Abdullah 13. Zuraini binti Md. Fadzil 14. Sarina binti Shaari 15. Norasiah binti Mehad 16. Zaharah binti Ramli 17. Asnidar binti Abu Bakar 18. Paizah binti Isa 19. Nurul Uyun binti Abdullah 20. Anisah binti Osman 21. Mashitoh binti Yaacob 22. Ezzah binti Ismail 23. Siti Aishah binti Nayan 24. Syafinaz binti Ishak 25. Suhaibah binti Mahmud 26. Rosnani binti Ismail
# Jeremiah Madimetja Masela

Jeremiah Madimetja Masela (born 28 June 1958) is a South African Catholic bishop who serves as Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Polokwane. He was appointed Bishop of Polokwane on 10 June 2013, by Pope Francis.

## Background and education

He was born on 28 June 1958, at Doornspruit, near Polokwane, Limpopo Province, South Africa. He attended elementary school in his home area. He attended Pax College High School in Limpopo for his secondary schooling. He then joined St John Vianney Seminary in Pretoria. He holds a Master's degree in Spirituality from St Augustine College of South Africa in Johannesburg.

## Priest

He was ordained a priest on 15 December 1984. As priest of the diocese of Polokwane, he served in several roles inside and outside the diocese. He served as a priest of Polokwane diocese until 10 June 2013.
Among the tasks assigned to him as priest of Polokwane included as:
* Administrator of the Sacred Heart Cathedral from 2005 until 2008
* Vicar General of Polokwane Diocese from 1990 until 2004
* Spiritual director and lecturer at St John Vianney Seminary.
* While still a priest, The Holy Father appointed him Apostolic Administrator of Polokwane Diocese, working in that capacity from 9 December 2011 until 10 June 2013.

## As bishop

Father Jeremiah Madimetja Masela was appointed Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Polokwane on 10 June 2013. He received episcopal consecration at the Peter Mokaba Stadium in Polokwane, on 7 September 2013. The Principal Consecrator was Archbishop Buti Joseph Tlhagale, Archbishop of Johannesburg assisted by Archbishop William Matthew Slattery, Archbishop of Pretoria and Bishop João Noé Rodrigues, Bishop of Tzaneen.
While Bishop of Polokwane, he led the centenary celebrations of the establishment of his home parish of "Our Lady of Good Counsel Parish" in Doornspruit, Ga-Mashashane, outside Polokwane, on 17 September 2023. Founded by priests and nuns from Belgium, the Catholic mission includes "Motse Maria School" for girls, "St. Joseph's Hospital" and "Our Lady of Good Counsel Parish Church" which was erected in 1922.
# Kiryat Menachem bus bombing

A Palestinian suicide bombing occurred on November 21, 2002 in a public bus in the neighborhood of Kiryat Menachem in Jerusalem. 11 people were murdered in the attack and over 50 were injured.
The Palestinian Islamist militant organization Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack.

## The attack

On November 21, 2002, at around 7:00 am, Palestinian suicide bomber Na'el Abu Hilail, wearing an explosives belt packed with five-kilograms of explosives and shrapnel, boarded the public bus on Mexico Street in Jerusalem.
The suicide bomber detonated the explosives in the crowded bus, before the bus reached the next stop, while the bus was in the suburban neighborhood of Kiryat Menachem. 11 people were killed in the attack and over 50 were injured.

## The perpetrators

Hamas took credit for the attack, which was carried out by Na'el Abu Hilail, 22, from el-Khader, just south of Bethlehem. Four of the victims were children on their way to school. Abu Hilail's father said he was pleased with his son, saying "Our religion says we are proud of him until the day of resurrection." His friends said he was a supporter of Islamic Jihad.
# Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag

The Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag is a cultural heritage group that claims descendancy from the Massachusett people, an Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands.
While they identify as a Native American tribe, they are unrecognized, meaning they are neither a federally recognized tribe nor a state-recognized tribe.

## Nonprofit organizations

The Massachuset-Ponkapoag Tribal Council, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization established in 2002; however, GuideStar reports that their nonprofit status was revoked for failing to file 990 tax forms with the IRS for three consecutive years. As a cultural awareness organization, their stated mission is "The Education of the Massachuset people in our history, customs and culture." Gilbert Solomon is the principal officer, based in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Their agent is Massachusetts Registered Agent, LLC.
The Ponkapoag Land Corporation is an active nonprofit organization, also founded in 2002 with Gilbert Solomon serving as agent. Its registered address is in Holliston, Massachusetts.

## Officers

The officers of the Massachuset-Ponkapoag Tribal Council, Inc., and Ponkapoag Land Corporation are as follows:
* Gilbert Solomon, president
* Thomas Green, vice president
* Elizabeth Solomon, treasurer
* Alysha Gray, clerk.
Robin Harris became the director of the Massachusetts-Ponkapoag Tribal Council, Inc. in 2021. Jean Oliver Foster became director of the Ponkapoag Land Corporation in 2021.
Elizabeth Solomon, a member and officer of the Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag and a Harvard University alumna and director of administration at the Harvard School of Public Health, has delivered land acknowledgments for the university and other area institutions.

## Activities

As the Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag, the organization released an open letter in 2020 opposing the use of Native American sports mascots. Members participated in the Wessagussett Wetlands and Woodlands site's unveiling of public signage of local history in Weymouth, Massachusetts. The Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag has publicly called on Boston University to rename its Myles Standish Hall to Wituwamat Memorial Hall after a Neponset tribal member killed by colonists in 1623.
# Mohammad Abdur Razzaque (economist)

Mohammad Abdur Razzaque is a British-Bangladeshi economist and the chairman of the Research and Policy Integration for Development (RAPID). He is the former head of International Trade Policy at the Commonwealth Secretariat. He was a faculty member of the Department of Economics at the University of Dhaka. He is a director of Policy Research Institute.

## Early life

Razzaque was born in May 1970. He has a PhD from the University of Sussex.

## Career

From 1995 to 1997, Razzaque worked at the Centre for Policy Dialogue. He was a lecturer of the Department of Economics at the University of Dhaka.
Razzaque worked at the Commonwealth Secretariat from 2007 to 2017. He was the head of International Trade Policy at the Commonwealth Secretariat. He has spoken at the House of Lords and the House of Commons Committees. He has worked for the Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department of the World Bank.
Razzaque is the editor of the magazine Policy Insights. He is a director of United Kingdom-based International Economics Consulting Limited. He is a director of Policy Research Institute.
# Paul Jean Rigollot

Paul Jean Rigollot (12 May 1810, Saint-Étienne - 12 March 1873, Paris), was a French pharmacist.
In 1866 he invented the “Paper Rigollot”, poultice made from black mustard deoiled used to facilitate breathing during respiratory disease. The invention was shown at the Universal Exhibition in 1867. It was adopted by the Paris hospitals, military hospitals and the British and French Navy.
In 1872, he directed the poultice plant of Fontenay-sous-Bois.

## Family

Paul Jean Rigollot was the son of Gratien, gunsmith, and Marie Philibert. He was the grandson of Paul Rigollot, officer of Health Master Surgeon.
He married Sophie Marie Alexia Troyon. They have one daughter who married Auguste Frémont, lawyer and friend of Léon Gambetta.
His sister Pierrette Sophie married Dr. François Bourgaud, who succeeded Paul Rigollot (the grandfather of Paul Jean) as Master Surgeon.

## Biography

In 1825, he successfully continued his studies at the School of Pharmacy of Paris. He then returned to his shop in Saint-Étienne. He invented a gas regulator and a firedamp detector which were not retained by the manufacturers.
In 1849, his experiences swallowed up proceeds from the sale of his pharmacy. Penniless, he returned to Paris. During the French coup of 1851, he was imprisoned a few days with the sculptor David d'Angers, who became his friend.
In 1853, Émile-Justin Menier (Menier Chocolate) moved the family pharmacy in Saint-Denis and placed Paul Jean Rigollot. In 1860, the pharmacist Boggio imagined the mustard plaster in sheets, and Menier launched into rubber production: Paul Jean Rigollot worked and improved the sheets by using a rubber adhesive solution.
He died in 1873 in Paris. He was buried in Asnois, Nièvre, where his bust with the epitaph: “Savant disinterested one aim, to relieve humanity otherwise it was a hundred other celebrities”.
Chocolate has generated much interest among pharmacists, as a tidbit but as an excipient. Paul Jean Rigollot has worked extensively with the firm Menier, was cited in an 1896 book, The Science of Advertising: a huge amount of chocolate that had turned white because of cooling, the sale was compromised. He had the clever idea to print a new ad: “Chocolat Menier, the only one who whitens with age”. The entire production was sold, and had to try to reproduce the phenomenon for the following productions.
# Bob Skelton

Bob Skelton may refer to:
* Bob Skelton (jockey) (1934–2016), jockey in New Zealand and Australian Thoroughbred horse racing
* Bob Skelton (swimmer) (1903–1977), American swimmer
# Gałczewo

Gałczewo is a village in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, located in the municipality of Golub-Dobrzyń, Golub-Dobrzyń County.