OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dư Quốc Đống

Dư Quốc Đống (1932 – 22 April 2008) was a Lieutenant general in the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN).

## Career

In 1965 Đống served as commander of the Airborne which together with the Marines formed the South Vietnamese general reserve and had a significant political role to play in Saigon. Đống allied with General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, while General Lê Nguyên Khang commanding the Marines was an ally of Đống's rival Air Vice Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ. The general reserve troops represented the muscle of the Saigon-based Directory members and balanced power between the rival officer cliques.$^{:32}$
In 1966 US advisers reported that Đống was highly resistant to American advice. Because of his close relationship with Thiệu, Joint General Staff chief General Cao Văn Viên, his nominal superior, was reluctant to discipline Đống and instead passed on American misgivings to Thiệu. Thiệu valued the support of Đống's Saigon-based paratroopers, but, to appease his American critics, apparently reprimanded Đống in private over his lackadaisical approach. The result was a supposed "changed attitude" in Đống, but by the end of the year the Airborne senior adviser, Col. James B. Bartholomees, again reported that Đống "was still not applying himself to his job."$^{:191–2}$
In 1972 Thiệu moved both Đống and Khang out of their Divisions, transferring Đống to command the Capital Military District and Khang to a nebulous "special assistant" post under Viên on the Joint General Staff.$^{:487}$
He served as the commander of III Corps, which oversaw the region of the country surrounding Saigon, from 30 October 1974 until January 1975, when he was replaced by Lieutenant General Nguyễn Văn Toàn.

## Awards
### National Honours

* Grand Officer of the National Order of Vietnam

### Foreign honours

* USA :
** Silver Star Medal
# Gyanmala Bhajan Khala

Gyānmālā Bhajan Khala (Devanagari: ज्ञानमाला भजन खल) is a Nepalese hymn society formed in Kathmandu in 1937. It helped to raise awareness against the oppression of the Rana regime (1846-1951), and is also a symbol of the movement for religious freedom in Nepal.
Gyānmālā Bhajan Khala mostly performs Buddhist devotional songs. It is based in Swayambhu, Kathmandu, and has chapters across the country and abroad.

## Early history

Gyānmālā Bhajan Khala popularized the singing of bhajans to the accompaniment of the harmonium. This style entered Nepal in the 1880s. The traditional devotional songs sung in the Kathmandu Valley are known as "dāpā" or "dāphā", and are accompanied by the "khin" (double-headed drums) and "tā" (small cymbals).
Gyānmālā Bhajan Khala was established in the face of state suppression against Buddhism and Nepal Bhasa. The Ranas were harsh against Buddhism and the language of the Newar people, and any religious or literary expression was quashed. Members of Gyānmālā Bhajan Khala were arrested for singing Buddhist hymns in Nepal Bhasa, and their hymn books confiscated.
The founding of Gyānmālā Bhajan Khala coincided with the resurgence of Theravada Buddhism in Nepal in the 1930s. Newly ordained monks encouraged their followers to sing Buddhist hymns, and they published song books for them from India as it was illegal to do so in Nepal. Bhikshu Pragyabhivamsha published the first hymn book in Kushinagar, and another monk Bhikshu Dhammalok brought hundreds of copies to Kathmandu. Dhammalok was later punished for his activities to promote Buddhism. In 1944, he and seven other monks were expelled from the country by the Rana regime.
As hymn singing became popular and a number of groups were formed, there was a move towards making the songs educational instead of keeping them purely devotional. So from 1943, the hymns and hymn groups were called Gyānmālā ("garland of wisdom").

## Police harassment

The hymn singers had to suffer repeated police harassment for singing in Nepal Bhasa. They were also accused of converting Hindus to Buddhists. In 1944, members of Gyanmala singing Buddhist hymns led a procession from Swayambhu to Jana Baha in Kathmandu. The police stopped the procession and confiscated their song books.
On another occasion in 1945, the police broke up a singing session at the rest house at Swayambhu where they usually held their recitals. They ransacked the place and took away all the hymn books they could find.

## Present times

After the fall of the Ranas with the revolution of 1951, the group was formally organized and dedicated itself to recitation of hymns, preservation of the sacred site of Swayambhu and humanitarian work. In 1990, it was restructured as a national organization.
Swayambhu Gyanmala Bhajan Khala is based in a rest house at Swayambhu. Recitals are held here in the morning on holidays and daily during the Buddhist holy month of Gunla. It presently has 70 chapters nationwide and one each in Kalimpong, India and London, UK.
# Gus Kartes

Gus Kartes (born October 19, 1981), also known by his Greek name Kostas Karterouliotis, is an American retired soccer player who played as a striker.
Kartes initially became notable in 1996 when, at the age of 15, he signed a five-year, $2 million contract with Greek club Olympiacos, becoming the youngest player to ever sign a first-division contract in Greece. Kartes did not fulfill Olympiakos's hopes, however, garnering little first team playing time, and eventually bought out his contract with a year remaining in order to return to America and play in Major League Soccer. Upon returning to the United States, the Colorado Rapids acquired Kartes in a lottery, but traded him to his hometown Tampa Bay Mutiny in exchange for draft picks. Kartes played the 2001 season for the Mutiny, but was largely unimpressive, registering no points in 516 minutes. After the Mutiny were contracted at the end of the 2001 season, Kartes went undrafted in the allocation and dispersal drafts.
Following this, Kartes returned to Greece to play for Kalamata FC of the Greek second division. He returned to the United States in 2004 to sign with the Chicago Storm of the Major Indoor Soccer League. The Storm was coached by fellow Greek-American Frank Klopas.
# Pluto Records

Pluto Records is a record label started in 1999 by Eric Shirey and Brian Cobbel. Since 2002, it has been owned and operated by Brian Cobbel and based near Dallas, TX. It is primarily known for punk, metal and hardcore releases, although not exclusively. The label has been home and launching pad to such bands as Grammy-nominated metal act As I Lay Dying, HORSE the band, Luti-Kriss (Norma Jean), Society's Finest and more. Pluto Records is currently a member of the Warner Music Group division of East West Records.

## History

As I Lay Dying released their debut album, Beneath the Encasing of Ashes on Pluto Records in 2001 and also a split album with the band American Tragedy in 2002. They are now on Metal Blade Records where they have released additional albums, 2003's Frail Words Collapse, 2005's Shadows Are Security, 2007's An Ocean Between Us and The Powerless Rise in 2010. Their releases on Pluto have also been compiled and re-released by Metal Blade Records in 2006 as A Long March: The First Recordings. As I Lay Dying has gone on to sell over half a million records worldwide, and were nominated for a Grammy Award in 2008 for Best Metal Performance.

## Current band list

* Imperial
* My America Is Watching Tigers Die
* Spark is a Diamond

## Former bands

* As I Lay Dying
* Evelynn
* Horse the band
* The Jonbenet
* Life in Pictures
* Luti-Kriss/Norma Jean
* Mindrage
* Nailed Promise
* Society's Finest
* Travail
# Chrissy Rogers

Chrissy Rogers (née Morgan) is a fictional character in the Channel 4 soap opera Brookside played by Eithne Browne from 1987 to 1991. She was married to Frank Rogers; they had two daughters, Sammy and Katie, and a son, Geoff. She left in 1991 on the collapse on their marriage, but briefly returned two years later, after Frank's death in a car crash.

## Character

Chrissy was a fairly politicised character known for her left wing views, which were often similar to those of Bobby Grant. In 1989, she becomes a school governor. The following year, Chrissy attempts to mobilise the neighbours in to protesting against the building of Brookside Parade near their homes, a campaign that is ultimately fruitless. Later in the year, she is made redundant; however, she later gets a job as a school secretary.

## Reception

In 1998, writers from Inside Soap published an article about the top ten characters they wanted to return to soap. Chrissy was featured and they described her as "Katie's strong-willed mother who outgrew her marriage to Neanderthal truck driver husband, Frank."
# Fedir Lyzohub

Fedir Andriyovych Lyzohub (Ukrainian: Федір Андрійович Лизогуб; Russian: Фёдор Андреевич Лизогуб, Fyodor Andreevich Lizogub; 1851 — 1928) was a Ukrainian public and state figure, politician and the Otaman of Council of Ministers (Ukrainian State) in 1918. In 1917 he headed department of Foreign Subjects at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Republic.

## Biography

He was the son of Nadezhda Dmitrievna Dunin-Borkowska and Andriy Ivanovych Lyzohub, a poet and a friend of Taras Shevchenko.
Fedir Lyzohub founded the Poltava Museum of Regional Studies, ensured that the Poltava administration building was built in the Ukrainian style, and installed a monument to Ivan Kotlyarevsky in Poltava. He also financially supported the Mykola Hohol School of Visual Arts in Myrhorod (Ukrainian: Школа художнього промислу ім. М.Гоголя).
On 19 August 1918 Lyzohub gave interview to German newspaper Berliner Tageblatt und Handels-Zeitung as Minister-President Lyzogub.
In 8-14 November 1918 along with Skoropadsky, Lyzohub participated in secret negotiations with the Russian Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia in Crimea. Negotiations were taking place at the Dulber Palace in Koreiz (Crimean Southern Coast). In his absence, plenary sessions of government were chaired by Minister of Finance Anton Rzhepetsky. Talks about the Lyzohub's resignation appeared already on 11 November 1918 that were originated by Ukrainian activist Yevhen Chykalenko, according to whom three ministers Lyzohub, Rzhepetsky and Rohoza have resigned.
The Minister of Internal Affairs in the Lyzohub government Viktor Reinbot in his memoirs has explained the situation as following: "Soon Premier Lyzohub departed for Odessa to adjust relations with the High Command of the Austria-Hungary and for negotiations with the Crimea, with which obviously groundlessly was instigated unnecessary customs war. In Odessa it was expected to arrange a conference about the "Southern Alliance" of Ukraine, Don, Kuban, and Terek".
That trip was crucially needed due to change of political situation in Europe with the end of the World War I. The military occupation of Ukraine by armed forces of the Central Powers was nearing the end. The military commandant of Austria-Hungary in Odessa field marshal Eduard Edler von Böltz committed suicide when he found out that Austria-Hungary lost the war. At the same time field marshal Alfred Krauß who led the Austrian Ost-Armee (East Army) left earlier for homeland.

## Family

Fedir Lyzohub was a distant descendant of Yakiv Lyzohub who was the acting Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host after the death of Danylo Apostol.
He had two brothers, Dmytro and Illya (who was married to Sofia Barshevska).
Fedir Lyzohub had four daughters (Olena, 1890; Lysaveta, 1892; Vira, 1897; Sofia, 1900).
# HaeIII

HaeIII is one of many restriction enzymes (endonucleases) a type of prokaryotic DNA that protects organisms from unknown, foreign DNA. It is a restriction enzyme used in molecular biology laboratories. It was the third endonuclease to be isolated from the Haemophilus aegyptius bacteria. The enzyme's recognition site—the place where it cuts DNA molecules—is the GGCC nucleotide sequence which means it cleaves DNA at the site 5′-GG/CC-3. The recognition site is usually around 4-8 bps. This enzyme's gene has been sequenced and cloned. This is done to make DNA fragments in blunt ends. HaeIII is not effective for single stranded DNA cleavage.

## Properties

HaeIII has a molecular weight of 37126. After a 2-10-fold of HaeIII takes place, there is overdigestion of a DNA substrate. This results in 100% being cut, more than 50% of fragments being ligated, and more than 95% being recut. Heat inactivation comes at about 80 °C for 20 minutes. The locus of the HaeIII enzyme is on AF05137, and is linear with 957 base pairs.

## History

HaeIII along with other restriction enzymes were discovered in 1970 by Werner Arber and Matthew Meselson. The HaeIII methyltransferase also known as MTase gene from Haemophilus aegyptius (recognition sequence: 5′-GGCC-3′) was made into Escherichia coli (E.coli) in the plasmid vector pBR322. The gene was extracted from a single EcoRI fragment and a single HindIII enzyme fragment. Clones carrying additional adjacent fragments were found to code for the HaeIII restriction enzyme.

## Function

The enzyme cleaves the DNA at the positions where the GGCC sequence is found. The cleavage occurs between the second and the third nucleotides (G and C). The resulting DNA fragments are known as restriction fragments. HaeIII cuts both strands of DNA in the same location, yielding restriction fragments with blunt ends. Heat denaturation occurs at 80°C after 20 minutes.

## Methylase

Haemophilus aegyptius also carries a methylase dubbed HaeIIIM (P20589) that methylates the internal cytosines in the GGCC sequence. It protects sequences from being cut by HaeIII, and forms a restriction modification system. HaeIII enzyme comes from an E. coli strain that carries the cloned HaeIII modification gene from Haemophilus aegyptius.
# NBR 141 Class

The NBR 141 Class consisted of two steam 2-4-0 locomotives built by the North British Railway (NBR) in 1869. They were the direct antecedents of the NBR 224 Class 4-4-0.

## History

Thomas Wheatley became locomotive superintendent of the North British Railway (NBR) at the start of February 1867. During his tenure of seven years, he provided the NBR with 185 new locomotives; but only eight of these were suitable for hauling express passenger trains, the first two of which were these 2-4-0s, nos. 141 and 164, which were built in 1869; the remaining six were the 4-4-0s of the 224 and 420 Classes, introduced in 1871 and 1873 respectively.
Originally the 141 Class had leading wheels of 4 feet 0 inches (1.22 m) diameter, coupled wheels of 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) diameter, and cylinders measuring 16 by 24 inches (406 by 610 mm). The boilers were domeless, with the safety-valves mounted above the firebox. The frames were single, the driving wheel splashers had eight slots; there was no cab, but a weatherboard with two circular windows. The six-wheel tender held 1,650 imperial gallons (7,500 L) of water. They were very good locomotives, and when the cylinder diameter was increased by 1 inch (25 mm), the performance was not adversely affected.

### Rebuilding

On the NBR, locomotives were generally rebuilt when their boilers wore out. Matthew Holmes, locomotive superintendent of the NBR between 1882 and 1903, rebuilt both locomotives in 1890; amongst the improvements were a domed boiler, Westinghouse brake and a cab. In later years, no. 141 was used on trains between Glasgow and Dundee.

### Final years

Every six months, the NBR renumbered some of its older locomotives into a "duplicate list", in order to vacate numbers for new construction. Accordingly, in 1912, nos. 141 and 164 were placed on the duplicate list, becoming nos. 1158/60 respectively. They were both withdrawn from service in 1915 and scrapped in 1923.

## Summary

| Original number | Built | Rebuilt | Renumbered (year) | Withdrawn |
| 141 | 1869 | 1890 | 1158 (1912) | 1915 |
| 164 | 1869 | 1890 | 1160 (1912) | 1915 |
The locomotives may have been named after 1875 – it has been stated that Drummond, who replaced Wheatley in 1875, named NBR engines "including those already in service".
# Bernardo Pérez de Vargas

Bernardo Perez de Vargas (fl. 1545-1569) was a Spanish writer on several topics. He translated and wrote works in astronomy, alchemy and on mining. His most important work, De re metalica (1569), was on mining and metallurgy and drew extensively from previously published works in other language. He titled himself as "magnífico caballero" (= grand knight) but very little is known about him.
De Vargas was born in Madrid but grew up in the town of Coín (Málaga) where his father worked (possibly as a tax collector) in the service of the Marquis of Villena, who was also Lord of Monda and Tolox. He described himself as the son of Bernardo Pérez (or possibly Juan) de Vargas and Guiomar de Cárdenas (or Torres), both from Madrid and little else is known. His main work De re metalica (1569) included translations from and references to the work of Georgius Agricola (who wrote a De re Metallica in 1556). He also drew from De la pirotechnia (1540) by Vannoccio Biringuccio. About seven copies of his book are known and it was printed in Madrid by the French printer Pierres Cosin who opened the first printing press in Madrid in 1566 with the bookseller Alonso Gómez. The book was translated into French in the mid-18th century. De Vargas also wrote a book on chivalry in 1545 titled Los cuatro libros del valeroso Caballero D. Cirongilio de Tracia printed in Seville by Cromberger. (This book is mentioned in the satire of Cervantes' Don Quixote as being in the library of the innkeeper Palomeque.) In 1563 he wrote a book on astrology titled La Fabrica del Universo o Repertorio Perpetuo (="Factory of the Universe or Perpetual Repertoire") published by Juan de Ayala [Toledo].
# Dynorphin A

Dynorphin A is a dynorphin, an endogenous opioid peptide that activates the κ-opioid receptor. Its amino acid sequence is Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile-Arg-Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys, a tridecapeptide.
Dynorphin A$_{1–8}$ is a truncated form of dynorphin A with the amino acid sequence: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile. Dynorphin A$_{1–8}$ is an agonist at the mu-, kappa-, and delta-opioid receptors; it has the highest binding affinity for the kappa-opioid receptor. Structures of dynorphin A bound to the κ-opioid receptor have been reported.
# Walter Hadwen

Walter Robert Hadwen MRCS MRCP (3 August 1854 – 27 December 1932) was an English general practitioner, pharmaceutical chemist and writer. He was president of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) and an anti-vaccination campaigner, known for his denial of the germ theory of disease.

## Biography

Walter Robert Hadwen was born in Woolwich on 3 August 1854. He began his career as a pharmacist in Highbridge, Somerset, then subsequently trained as a doctor at Bristol University. After qualifying, he moved to Gloucester in 1896. Hadwen was recruited as a member of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection by its founder and then president Frances Power Cobbe who hired a private investigator to assess his credentials (he was a vegetarian and total abstainer, had a reputation as a "firebrand" orator and was held in "high local esteem"). She subsequently selected him as her successor.
He later became a member of the Plymouth Brethren and married Alice Harral in 1878; they had three children. Hadwen was a frequent speaker for the National Anti-Vaccination League. He was also a member of the London Association for the Prevention of Premature Burial (founded in 1896). Hadwen stated that the "modern germ theory is all bosh".
Hadwen was active in general practice until he died from a severe heart attack in 1932, age 78. In his honour the Dr Hadwen Trust was founded in 1970 to fund exclusive non-animal techniques to replace animal experiments.
Hadwen's pamphlets on anti-vivisection are archived at the Special Collections Research Center in NC State University Libraries.

## Vegetarianism

Hadwen became a vegetarian in his early twenties when taking a bet from a fellow student that he could live six months without eating meat. His bet was successful and he stated that "For my part I am quite satisfied with my trial of vegetarianism, and it would take more than mortal power to persuade me once again to make my stomach a graveyard for the purpose of burying dead bodies in."

## Manslaughter trial

In 1924, having applied his rejection of the germ theory of disease, and his refusal to use diphtheria anti-serum produced by inoculation of animals to the treatment of Nellie Burnham, a young girl, she died and he was tried for manslaughter by criminal medical negligence. He was acquitted of all charges.

## Selected publications

* Is Flesh-Eating Harmful?, 1895
* The Case Against Vaccination, 1896
* Smallpox at Gloucester: A Reply to Dr. Coupland’s Report, 1902. Reprinted from "The Reformer," National Anti-Vaccination League: Gloucester.
* Vivisection: Its Follies and Cruelties, 1905
* A Debate on Should Vivisection be Abolished?, 1907
* A Correspondence in "The Daily Mail" Between Sir Victor Horsley and Walter R. Hadwen, on Vivisection (1908)
* A Debate on Is Vivisection Immoral, Cruel, Useless and Unscientific? (1908)
* Dr. Walter Robert Hadwen's Works, 1908
* A Vivisection Controversy, 1911
* Jennerism and Pasteurism, 1914
* Experiments on Living Animals, Useless and Cruel, 1914
* The Difficulties of Dr. Deguerre, 1926 (illustrated by Arthur Moreland)
# Piotr Dunin

Piotr Dunin (c. 1415 – 1484) was a Polish leader. He was Starost of Malbork from 1478–1484, castellan of Sieradz from 1478, and voivode of Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship from 1481.

## Early life

Born into an old Dunin family, as the son of Włodzimierz (Warsz) Dunin (d. 1414) and his wife, Anna Dunin.

## Career

On 17 September 1462 he led the Polish army to victory over the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Świecino. This Thirteen Years' War battle brought an end to Teutonic control of the region, as the Knights never recovered from it and those that followed.
# Emmanuelle Claret

Emmanuelle Claret (30 October 1968 – 11 May 2013) was a French biathlete. Her best performance came in 1996 when she became world champion in the Biathlon World Championships 1996 in Ruhpolding at 15 km. She also won a silver medal with the French relay at the same championships. She won the overall World Cup in 1996. She has won three individual victories in the world cup. She died of leukemia on 11 May 2013, aged 44.
# Mount Vancouver (New Zealand)

Mount Vancouver is a peak in the Southern Alps. At 3,309 metres (10,856 feet) it is New Zealand's fourth-highest named summit. It is an elevation on the ridge leading north from Aoraki / Mount Cook (3,724 m), between Mount Dampier (3,440 m) and the Clarke Saddle (2,978 m).
The peak is named after Captain George Vancouver, who was part of the second voyage of James Cook in 1773 and who returned in 1791 as commander of the Vancouver Expedition. The New Zealand Geographic Board adopted the name Mount Vancouver in November 1953.