# Presidency of the Council of the European Union

The presidency of the Council of the European Union is responsible for the functioning of the Council of the European Union, which is the co-legislator of the EU legislature alongside the European Parliament. It rotates among the member states of the EU every six months. The presidency is not an individual, but rather the position is held by a national government. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "president of the European Union". The presidency's function is to chair meetings of the council, determine its agendas, set a work program and facilitate dialogue both at Council meetings and with other EU institutions. The presidency is currently, as of January 2025, held by Poland.
Three successive presidencies are known as presidency trios. The current trio is made up of Poland (January–June 2025), Denmark (July–December 2025), and Cyprus (January–June 2026). The 2020 German presidency began the second cycle of presidencies, after the system was introduced in 2007.

## History

When the council was established, its work was minimal and the presidency rotated between each of the then six members every six months. However, as the work load of the Council grew and the membership increased, the lack of coordination between each successive six-month presidency hindered the development of long-term priorities for the EU.
In order to rectify the lack of coordination, the idea of trio presidencies was put forward where groups of three successive presidencies cooperated on a common political program. This was implemented in 2007 and formally laid down in the EU treaties in 2009 by the Treaty of Lisbon.
Until 2009, the Presidency had assumed political responsibility in all areas of European integration and it played a vital role in brokering high-level political decisions.
The Treaty of Lisbon reduced the importance of the Presidency significantly by officially separating the European Council from the Council of the European Union. Simultaneously it split the foreign affairs Council configuration from the General Affairs configuration and created the position of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.
After the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union in 2016 and its subsequent relinquishment of its scheduled presidency in the Council of the European Union which was due to take place from July to December 2017, the rotation of presidencies was brought six months forward. Estonia was scheduled to take over the UK's six-month slot instead. The presidency is currently (as of January 2025) held by Poland.

## Functioning

The Council meets in various formations where its composition depends on the topic discussed. For example, the Agriculture Council is composed of the national ministers responsible for Agriculture.
The primary responsibility of the Presidency is to organise and chair all meetings of the council, apart from the Foreign Affairs Council which is chaired by the High Representative. So, for instance, the Minister of Agriculture for the state holding the presidency chairs the Agriculture council. This role includes working out compromises capable of resolving difficulties.
Article 16(9) of the Treaty on European Union provides:
   The Presidency of Council configurations, other than that of Foreign Affairs, shall be held by Member State representatives in the Council on the basis of equal rotation, in accordance with the conditions established in accordance with Article 236 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
Each three successive presidencies cooperate on a "triple-shared presidency" work together over an 18-month period to accomplish a common agenda by the current president simply continuing the work of the previous "lead-president" after the end of his/her term. This ensures more consistency in comparison to a usual single six-month presidency and each three includes a new member state. This allows new member states to hold the presidency sooner and helps old member states pass their experience to the new members.
The role of the rotating Council Presidency includes:
* agenda-setting powers: in its 6-month programme, it decides on the order to discuss propositions, after they have been submitted by the Commission in its agenda monopoly powers
* brokering inter-institutional compromise: Formal Trilogue meetings between Commission, Parliament and Council are held to reach early consensus in the codecision legislative procedure; the Presidency takes part to the Conciliation Committee between Parliament and Council in the third stage of the codecision legislative procedure
* coordinating national policies and brokering compromise between member states in the council ("confessional system")
* management and administration of the council, external and internal representation
Holding the rotating Council Presidency includes both advantages and disadvantages for member states; The opportunities include:
* member states have the possibility to show their negotiating skills, as "honest brokers", thus gaining influence and prestige
* member states gain a privileged access to information: at the end of their term, they know member states' preferences better than anyone else
* the Council programme may enable member states to focus Council discussion on issues of particular national/regional interest (for example Finland and the Northern Dimension initiative)
The burdens include:
* lack of administrative capacities and experience, especially for small and new member states; the concept of trio/troika has been introduced to enable member states to share experiences and ensure coherence on an 18-months base
* expenses in time and money, needed to support the administrative machine
* not being able to push through their own interests, as the role of Council Presidency is seen as an impartial instance; member states trying to push for initiatives of their own national interest are likely to see them failing in the medium run (for example the French 2008 Presidency and the Union for the Mediterranean project), as they need consensus and do not have enough time to reach it. This element is particularly substantial: holding the presidency may be, on balance, a disadvantage for member states

## List of rotations

| Period | Period | Trio | Holder | Head of government |
| 1958 | January–June | | Belgium | Achille Van Acker Gaston Eyskens (from 26 June) |
| 1958 | July–December | | West Germany | Konrad Adenauer |
| 1959 | January–June | | France | Charles de Gaulle* Michel Debré (from 8 January) |
| 1959 | July–December | | Italy | Antonio Segni |
| 1960 | January–June | | Luxembourg | Pierre Werner |
| 1960 | July–December | | Netherlands | Jan de Quay |
| 1961 | January–June | | Belgium | Gaston Eyskens Théo Lefèvre (from 25 April) |
| 1961 | July–December | | West Germany | Konrad Adenauer |
| 1962 | January–June | | France | Michel Debré Georges Pompidou (from 14 April) |
| 1962 | July–December | | Italy | Amintore Fanfani |
| 1963 | January–June | | Luxembourg | Pierre Werner |
| 1963 | July–December | | Netherlands | Jan de Quay Victor Marijnen (from 24 July) |
| 1964 | January–June | | Belgium | Théo Lefèvre |
| 1964 | July–December | | West Germany | Ludwig Erhard |
| 1965 | January–June | | France | Georges Pompidou |
| 1965 | July–December | | Italy | Aldo Moro |
| 1966 | January–June | | Luxembourg | Pierre Werner |
| 1966 | July–December | | Netherlands | Jo Cals Jelle Zijlstra (from 22 November) |
| 1967 | January–June | | Belgium | Paul Vanden Boeynants |
| 1967 | July–December | | West Germany | Kurt Georg Kiesinger |
| 1968 | January–June | | France | Georges Pompidou |
| 1968 | July–December | | Italy | Giovanni Leone Mariano Rumor (from 12 December) |
| 1969 | January–June | | Luxembourg | Pierre Werner |
| 1969 | July–December | | Netherlands | Piet de Jong |
| 1970 | January–June | | Belgium | Gaston Eyskens |
| 1970 | July–December | | West Germany | Willy Brandt |
| 1971 | January–June | | France | Jacques Chaban-Delmas |
| 1971 | July–December | | Italy | Emilio Colombo |
| 1972 | January–June | | Luxembourg | Pierre Werner |
| 1972 | July–December | | Netherlands | Barend Biesheuvel |
| 1973 | January–June | | Belgium | Gaston Eyskens Edmond Leburton (from 26 January) |
| 1973 | July–December | | Denmark | Anker Jørgensen Poul Hartling (from 19 December) |
| 1974 | January–June | | West Germany | Willy Brandt Walter Scheel (7–16 May) Helmut Schmidt (from 16 May) |
| 1974 | July–December | | France | Jacques Chirac |
| 1975 | January–June | | Ireland | Liam Cosgrave |
| 1975 | July–December | | Italy | Aldo Moro |
| 1976 | January–June | | Luxembourg | Gaston Thorn |
| 1976 | July–December | | Netherlands | Joop den Uyl |
| 1977 | January–June | | United Kingdom | James Callaghan |
| 1977 | July–December | | Belgium | Leo Tindemans |
| 1978 | January–June | | Denmark | Anker Jørgensen |
| 1978 | July–December | | West Germany | Helmut Schmidt |
| 1979 | January–June | | France | Raymond Barre |
| 1979 | July–December | | Ireland | Jack Lynch Charles Haughey (from 11 December) |
| 1980 | January–June | | Italy | Francesco Cossiga |
| 1980 | July–December | | Luxembourg | Pierre Werner |
| 1981 | January–June | | Netherlands | Dries van Agt |
| 1981 | July–December | | United Kingdom | Margaret Thatcher |
| 1982 | January–June | | Belgium | Wilfried Martens |
| 1982 | July–December | | Denmark | Anker Jørgensen Poul Schlüter (from 10 September) |
| 1983 | January–June | | West Germany | Helmut Kohl |
| 1983 | July–December | | Greece | Andreas Papandreou |
| 1984 | January–June | | France | Pierre Mauroy |
| 1984 | July–December | | Ireland | Garret FitzGerald |
| 1985 | January–June | | Italy | Bettino Craxi |
| 1985 | July–December | | Luxembourg | Jacques Santer |
| 1986 | January–June | | Netherlands | Ruud Lubbers |
| 1986 | July–December | | United Kingdom | Margaret Thatcher |
| 1987 | January–June | | Belgium | Wilfried Martens |
| 1987 | July–December | | Denmark | Poul Schlüter |
| 1988 | January–June | | West Germany | Helmut Kohl |
| 1988 | July–December | | Greece | Andreas Papandreou |
| 1989 | January–June | | Spain | Felipe González |
| 1989 | July–December | | France | Michel Rocard |
| 1990 | January–June | | Ireland | Charles Haughey |
| 1990 | July–December | | Italy | Giulio Andreotti |
| 1991 | January–June | | Luxembourg | Jacques Santer |
| 1991 | July–December | | Netherlands | Ruud Lubbers |
| 1992 | January–June | | Portugal | Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| 1992 | July–December | | United Kingdom | John Major |
| 1993 | January–June | | Denmark | Poul Schlüter Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (from 25 January) |
| 1993 | July–December | | Belgium | Jean-Luc Dehaene |
| 1994 | January–June | | Greece | Andreas Papandreou |
| 1994 | July–December | | Germany | Helmut Kohl |
| 1995 | January–June | | France | Édouard Balladur Alain Juppé (from 17 May) |
| 1995 | July–December | | Spain | Felipe González |
| 1996 | January–June | | Italy | Lamberto Dini Romano Prodi (from 17 May) |
| 1996 | July–December | | Ireland | John Bruton |
| 1997 | January–June | | Netherlands | Wim Kok |
| 1997 | July–December | | Luxembourg | Jean-Claude Juncker |
| 1998 | January–June | | United Kingdom | Tony Blair |
| 1998 | July–December | | Austria | Viktor Klima |
| 1999 | January–June | | Germany | Gerhard Schröder |
| 1999 | July–December | | Finland | Paavo Lipponen |
| 2000 | January–June | | Portugal | António Guterres |
| 2000 | July–December | | France | Lionel Jospin |
| 2001 | January–June | | Sweden | Göran Persson |
| 2001 | July–December | | Belgium | Guy Verhofstadt |
| 2002 | January–June | | Spain | José María Aznar |
| 2002 | July–December | | Denmark | Anders Fogh Rasmussen |
| 2003 | January–June | | Greece | Costas Simitis |
| 2003 | July–December | | Italy | Silvio Berlusconi |
| 2004 | January–June | | Ireland | Bertie Ahern |
| 2004 | July–December | | Netherlands | Jan Peter Balkenende |
| 2005 | January–June | | Luxembourg | Jean-Claude Juncker |
| 2005 | July–December | | United Kingdom | Tony Blair |
| 2006 | January–June | | Austria | Wolfgang Schüssel |
| 2006 | July–December | | Finland | Matti Vanhanen |
| 2007 | January–June | T1 | Germany | Angela Merkel |
| 2007 | July–December | T1 | Portugal | José Sócrates |
| 2008 | January–June | T1 | Slovenia | Janez Janša |
| 2008 | July–December | T2 | France | François Fillon |
| 2009 | January–June | T2 | Czech Republic | Mirek Topolánek Jan Fischer (from 8 May) |
| 2009 | July–December | T2 | Sweden | Fredrik Reinfeldt |
| 2010 | January–June | T3 | Spain | José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero |
| 2010 | July–December | T3 | Belgium | Yves Leterme |
| 2011 | January–June | T3 | Hungary | Viktor Orbán |
| 2011 | July–December | T4 | Poland | Donald Tusk |
| 2012 | January–June | T4 | Denmark | Helle Thorning-Schmidt |
| 2012 | July–December | T4 | Cyprus | Demetris Christofias* |
| 2013 | January–June | T5 | Ireland | Enda Kenny |
| 2013 | July–December | T5 | Lithuania | Algirdas Butkevičius |
| 2014 | January–June | T5 | Greece | Antonis Samaras |
| 2014 | July–December | T6 | Italy | Matteo Renzi |
| 2015 | January–June | T6 | Latvia | Laimdota Straujuma |
| 2015 | July–December | T6 | Luxembourg | Xavier Bettel |
| 2016 | January–June | T7 | Netherlands | Mark Rutte |
| 2016 | July–December | T7 | Slovakia | Robert Fico |
| 2017 | January–June | T7 | Malta | Joseph Muscat |
| 2017 | July–December | T8 | Estonia | Jüri Ratas |
| 2018 | January–June | T8 | Bulgaria | Boyko Borisov |
| 2018 | July–December | T8 | Austria | Sebastian Kurz |
| 2019 | January–June | T9 | Romania | Viorica Dăncilă |
| 2019 | July–December | T9 | Finland | Antti Rinne Sanna Marin (from 10 December) |
| 2020 | January–June | T9 | Croatia | Andrej Plenković |
| 2020 | July–December | T10 | Germany | Angela Merkel |
| 2021 | January–June | T10 | Portugal | António Costa |
| 2021 | July–December | T10 | Slovenia | Janez Janša |
| 2022 | January–June | T11 | France | Jean Castex Élisabeth Borne (from 16 May) |
| 2022 | July–December | T11 | Czech Republic | Petr Fiala |
| 2023 | January–June | T11 | Sweden | Ulf Kristersson |
| 2023 | July–December | T12 | Spain | Pedro Sánchez |
| 2024 | January–June | T12 | Belgium | Alexander De Croo |
| 2024 | July–December | T12 | Hungary | Viktor Orbán |
| 2025 | January–June | T13 | Poland | Donald Tusk |
| 2025 | July–December | T13 | Denmark | TBD |
| 2026 | January–June | T13 | Cyprus | TBD |
| 2026 | July–December | T14 | Ireland | TBD |
| 2027 | January–June | T14 | Lithuania | TBD |
| 2027 | July–December | T14 | Greece | TBD |
| 2028 | January–June | T15 | Italy | TBD |
| 2028 | July–December | T15 | Latvia | TBD |
| 2029 | January–June | T15 | Luxembourg | TBD |
| 2029 | July–December | T16 | Netherlands | TBD |
| 2030 | January–June | T16 | Slovakia | TBD |
| 2030 | July–December | T16 | Malta | TBD |