OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Preemption Act of 1841

The Preemption Act of 1841, also known as the Distributive Preemption Act (27 Cong., Ch. 16; 5 Stat. 453), was a US federal law approved on September 4, 1841. It was designed to "appropriate the proceeds of the sales of public lands... and to grant 'pre-emption rights' to individuals" who were living on federal lands (commonly referred to as "squatters".)

## Provisions

The Preemption Act of 1841 permitted "squatters" who were living on federal government-owned land to purchase up to 160 acres (65 ha) for $1.25 per acre ($3.09 per hectare) before the land would be offered for sale to the general public. To qualify under the law, the "squatter" had to be the following:
* a "head of household";
* a single man over 21 or a widow;
* a citizen of the United States or an immigrant intending to become naturalized; and
* a resident of the claimed land for a minimum of 14 months.
The Act further provided that Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas and Michigan, or any state thereafter admitted to the Union would be paid 10% of the proceeds from the sale of such public land.
The Preemption Act allowed individuals to claim federal land as their personal property. To preserve ownership, the claimant had to accomplish specific things to legitimize the claim. One way was to reside on the land. Another was to work consistently to improve the land for at least five years. It was not necessary that the claimant have title to the land; living there and working toward improving the stake were enough. However, if the land remained idle for six months, the government could step in and take the property.
Sections 8 and 9 of the Preemption Act granted 500,000 acres of land to each included state and provided that the proceeds from the sales of such lands "shall be faithfully applied to objects of internal improvement [...] namely, roads, railways, bridges, canals and improvement of water-courses, and draining of swamps."

## Results

The Preemption Act of 1841 helped to establish the doctrine of Manifest Destiny in North America. The Kansas and Nebraska Territories were largely settled by such claims. In 1891, the Preemption Act was repealed by Congress and replaced by the Land Revision Act.
# Renato da Rocinha

Renato Baptista dos Santos, better known by the name Renato da Rocinha (Rio de Janeiro, September 21, 1978), is a Brazilian samba singer and songwriter.

## Career

Renato was born and raised in the Rocinha community of Rio de Janeiro, and frequented several samba wheels in the city as a child, alongside his father. At 16, when he was working as an assistant at a car dealership, he took a course in radio presenting, later helping as an audio operator for Rocinha community radio locator, Avelino da Silva. On the radio, he was responsible for the program "Papo de Samba", without qualifying several known sambistas in the carioca scenario.
He was a radio announcer and official voice of the Academic da Rocinha samba school for three years. In 2010, he released his first CD, "Anywhere", performed at the samba school G.R.E.S. Academics of Rocinha. In 2015, being an independent singer and songwriter, he released the CD "Moleque Bom".
In the year 2019, Renato released the album in honor of his 10 years of career, "Renato da Rocinha 10 years (Live)", which featured his main hits and several special appearances, such as Xande de Pilares, João Martins, Galocantô, and Arlindinho, among others.
# İdris Bal

İdris Bal (born 25 April 1968 in Altıntaş Kütahya) is a Turkish politician and academic who led the Democratic Progress Party (DGP) between 4 November 2014 and 31 March 2015. He serves as a Member of Parliament for Kütahya Province, having been first elected to the Grand National Assembly in the 2011 general election from the Justice and Development Party (AKP). He is seen as a close supporter of Fethullah Gülen, having left the AKP following a dispute between AKP Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Gülen's Cemaat movement in 2013. He founded the DGP in 2014, which is seen as the political force of Gülenism in Turkey. He is a graduate from the Faculty of Political Studies at Istanbul University and pursued a doctorate at the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom. He was a visiting academic at Harvard University in the United States and a lecturer at Başkent University in Ankara. He is married with six children and speaks fluent English. On 31 March, Bal resigned from his party and launched an attack against the Gülen Movement, accusing it and the government of censorship.
# Pine Creek Township, Pennsylvania

Pine Creek Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania:
* Pine Creek Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania
* Pine Creek Township, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania
# California State University Employees Union

The California State University Employees Union (CSUEU)/SEIU 2579 is a labor union representing approximately 16,000 healthcare, operations, administrative and technical support staff at the California State University's 23 campuses and the Office of the Chancellor. CSUEU, representing Bargaining Units 2, 5, 7, 9, and 13, is affiliated with the Service Employees International Union and the California State Employees Association.
On February 23, 2024, the California Public Employee Relations Board (PERB) announced that Student Assistants employed at the 23 CSU Campuses and the Chancellor's Office had voted to join CSUEU. Pending final certification expected on March 4, 2024, CSUEU will represent nearly 20,000 additional Student Employees employed by the CSU. This will bring the total number of employees represented by CSUEU up to approximately 36,000.
# Saionji Cabinet

Saionji Cabinet may refer to:
* First Saionji Cabinet, the Japanese government led by Saionji Kinmochi from 1906 to 1908
* Second Saionji Cabinet, the Japanese government led by Saionji Kinmochi from 1911 to 1912
# Pariyapuram

Pariyapuram is a village in Malappuram district in the state of Kerala, India. The village was part of the Kingdom of Tanur (Vettattnad) kingdom in medieval times.

## Demographics

As of the 2001 India census, Pariyapuram had a population of 22,766 with 11,102 males and 11,664 females.

## Transportation

The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at Parappanangadi.
# Laure Killing

Laure Killing (12 January 1959 – 18 November 2019) was a French actress who appeared in more than fifty films from 1986 on.
Killing died of cancer on 18 November 2019, aged 60.

## Selected filmography

Film :
| Year | Title |
| 2013 | Before the Winter Chill |
| 1994 | The Teddy Bear |
| 1992 | Love After Love |
| 1989 | My Nights Are More Beautiful Than Your Days |
| 1987 | Beyond Therapy |
TV :
| Year | Title | Role |
| 2007–2008 | Paris enquêtes criminelles | Juge Fontana |
| 1993 | Spender - Episode 3 | Janet Thornton |
| 1992 | Moon and Son | Cecile Coulmier |
# Principal Holy Day (Anglicanism)

Principal Holy Days are a type of observance in the Anglican Communion, including the Church of England. All Principal Feasts are also Principal Holy Days. All Principal Holy Days share equal status; however those which are not Principal Feasts, being fast days within the season of Lent, lack a festal character. They are considered to be the most significant type of observance, the others being Festivals, Lesser Festivals, and Commemorations. Observance of Principal Holy Days is considered obligatory.

## Principal Holy Days (other than Principal Feasts) in the Church of England

* Ash Wednesday
* Maundy Thursday
* Good Friday

## Church of Ireland

The Church of Ireland recognises ten principal feast days and holy days.
# Preemption (land)

Preemption was a term used in the nineteenth century to refer to a settler's right to purchase public land at a federally set minimum price; it was a right of first refusal. Usually this was conferred to male heads of households who developed the property into a farm. If he was a citizen or was taking steps to become one and he and his family developed the land (buildings, fields, fences) he had the right to then buy that land for the minimum price. Land was otherwise sold through auction, typically at a price too high for these settlers. Preemption is similar to squatter's rights and mining claims.
Preemption was politically controversial, primarily among land speculators and their allies in government. In the early history of the United States, and even to some degree during the colonial era, settlers were moving into the "virgin wilderness" and building homes and farms without regard to land title. The improvements increased the value of all the nearby property. Eventually the political opposition by the speculators crumbled and the Preemption Act of 1841 was passed.
The Preemption Act of 1841 was abused by speculators who now operated as money lending businesses, or were able to coerce accomplices to falsely claim they were living on land that they wanted. A common example of the latter practice was in the logging industry in the upper Midwest, where mill workers who lived in mill towns made a preemption claim on timber land that would then be harvested by the mill owners. Another avenue of fraud was the Desert Land Act, which did not include the residence requirement, although the preempting claimant still needed to improve the land, primarily by providing a water source. In California, tens of thousands of acres of land were claimed via false preemptors – "dummy entrymen" – on behalf of several large land speculating companies.
The Preemption Act of 1841 was pivotal, but was neither the beginning nor the end of the issue of preemption. The Land Act of 1804, the Homestead Act, the aforementioned Desert Land Act, and other similar land acts addressed the issue of preemption.
# Matthew Turk

Matthew Turk is the President of the Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, and a professor emeritus and former department chair of the Department of Computer Science and the Media Arts and Technology Program at the University of California, Santa Barbara, California. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2013 for his contributions to computer vision and perceptual interfaces. In 2014, Turk was also named a Fellow of the International Association for Pattern Recognition (IAPR) for his contributions to computer vision and vision based interaction. In January 2021, he was named a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for contributions to face recognition, computer vision, and multimodal interaction. he was named a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for contributions to face recognition, computer vision, and multimodal interaction. Matthew Turk served in the Steering Committee of ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction between 2002-2015, and chaired the committee between 2007-2009 and received the ICMI Community Service Award in 2014.
Turk received a PhD at the MIT Media Lab in 1991.
# List of divers

This is a list of divers, who competed on the international level:

## A

* Inga Afonina
* Rafael Álvarez
* Joakim Andersson
* Robert Andersson
* Jennifer Abel

## B

* Jorge Betancourt
* Hobie Billingsley
* Myriam Boileau
* Noemi Batki
* Elena Bertocchi

## C

* Franco Cagnotto
* Tania Cagnotto
* César Castro
* Jennifer Chandler
* Chen Ruolin
* Philippe Comtois
* Iohana Cruz
* Cao Yuan

## D

* Thomas Daley
* Yasemin Dalkılıç
* Alexandre Despatie
* Klaus Dibiasi
* Alexander Dobroskok
* Scott Donie
* Troy Dumais
* Cassius Duran

## E

* Janet Ely
* Paola Espinosa
* Dick Eve

## F

* Heike Fischer
* Erick Fornaris
* Fu Mingxia

## G

* Gao Min
* Rebecca Gilmore
* Daniel Goodfellow
* José Guerra
* Guo Jingjing

## H

* Blythe Hartley
* Mathew Helm
* Émilie Heymans
* Hu Jia

## I

* Vera Ilyina

## J

* Jia Tong
* Edwin Jongejans
* Daphne Jongejans

## K

* Bruce Kimball
* Dick Kimball
* Albin Killat
* Micki King
* Ditte Kotzian
* Ulrika Knape
* Beatrice Kyle

## L

* Irina Lashko
* Mark Lenzi
* Lao Lishi
* Anna Lindberg
* Li Na
* Li Ting
* Davide Lorenzini
* Greg Louganis
* Wendy Lucero
* Igor Lukashin

## M

* Pat McCormick
* Heiko Meyer
* Yelena Miroshina
* Anne Montminy
* Bobby Morgan

## N

* Yeoh Ken Nee
* Chantelle Newbery
* Robert Newbery
* Bryan Nickson
* Axel Norling

## O

* Yevgeniya Olshevskaya
* Yolanda Ortíz

## P

* Rommel Pacheco
* Yuliya Pakhalina
* Hugo Parisi
* Annie Pelletier
* Peng Bo
* Fernando Platas
* Dean Pullar

## Q

* Qin Kai
* Qiu Bo

## R

* Aileen Riggin
* Axel Runström

## S

* Sang Xue
* Sun Shuwei
* Dmitri Sautin
* Tobias Schellenberg
* Conny Schmalfuss
* Nora Subschinski
* Jacqueline Schneider
* Andrey Semenyuk

## T

* Leon Taylor
* Tian Liang
* Vladimir Timoshinin
* Svetlana Timoshinina
* Hjördis Töpel
* Loudy Tourky
* Tan Liangde

## V

* Juliana Veloso

## W

* Peter Waterfield
* Bob Webster
* Andreas Wels
* Ute Wetzig
* Laura Wilkinson
* Melissa Wu
* Wu Minxia

## X

* Xiao Hailiang
* Xiong Ni

## Y

* Yang Jinghui

## Z

* Zhou Jihong
* Zhang Yanquan
# Cabbage patch

Cabbage patch may refer to:
* Cabbage Patch, California, an unincorporated community in Yuba County, California, US
* Cabbage Patch, Dublin, also known as the Cabbage Garden, a park and former burial ground in Dublin, Ireland
* Cabbage Patch Kids, a line of dolls
* Cabbage Patch, a dance involving putting the hands together in the form of fists and moving them in a horizontal, circular motion
* A plot of land on which cabbage is grown
* Twickenham Stadium, a stadium in Twickenham, London, UK
# LATIN

LATIN (always referenced in upper case) was a cooperation scheme among 13 newspapers in Latin America which was organized by Reuters and lasted from 1970 until 1981. It was not a news agency per se, but rather a permanent exchange mechanism. In 1975, The New York Times revealed that LATIN was used by the CIA to in covert operations of counterinformation and influencing public opinion in Latin America.
Today, similar schemes are carried through the Periódicos Asociados Latinoamericanos and Grupo de Diarios América.
# Parapediasia cervinellus

Parapediasia cervinellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Zeller in 1863. It is found in Brazil.
# Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona (1609–1674)

Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona, iuniore (1609–1674) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.
He was Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals between 1669 and 1671 and he participated in 3 conclaves (1665, 1667 and 1669–1670).
# LVL UP

LVL UP was an American lo-fi band from Purchase, New York, United States.

## History

LVL UP formed in 2011 at SUNY Purchase as a recording project between Mike Caridi, Dave Benton, and their friend Ben Smith, with the original intention of releasing a split cassette with Nick Corbo's then-solo material. They instead released their debut album, Space Brothers via Evil Weevil Records, as one band, and Greg Rutkin joined shortly afterwards for the group's first show. Smith left the band for personal reasons just before the release of second album Hoodwink'd, a joint release on Caridi and Benton's label Double Double Whammy and Exploding in Sound.
In 2016, the band's third LP Return to Love was released by Sub Pop. The album received favorable reviews with comparisons being drawn to the works of Dinosaur Jr. and Pavement.
On June 11, 2018, the band announced they were retiring the project after their fall tour. Their last show was September 28 in New York City.

## Band members

* Mike Caridi – guitar, vocals
* Dave Benton – guitar, vocals
* Nick Corbo – bass, vocals
* Greg Rutkin – drums
* Ben Smith – guitar

## Discography

Studio albums
* Space Brothers (2011)
* Hoodwink'd (2014)
* Return to Love (2016)
EPs
* Extra Worlds (2013)
* Three Songs (2015)
Splits
* LVL UP / Porches 7" (2013)
* LVL UP / Krill / Ovlov / Radiator Hospital 7" (2014)
* LVL UP / Frankie Cosmos 7" (2018)
# Ravine Poisson

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
Ravine Poisson is a second-order subdivision of Saint Lucia with a population of 560 in Castries District of Saint Lucia. Ravine Poisson is also the name of a village in the Ravine Poisson subdivision (13°55′48″N 60°58′30″W﻿ / ﻿13.92999°N 60.97498°W﻿ / 13.92999; -60.97498﻿ (Ravine Poisson village)). The is also a stream with the name Ravine Poisson River (13°55′48″N 60°58′17″W﻿ / ﻿13.93005°N 60.97132°W﻿ / 13.93005; -60.97132﻿ (Ravine Poisson river)).
# Matthew Arther

Matthew Arther (or Arthur) (c. 1835—1890) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.

## Biography

Arther was born in about 1835 in Scotland, and joined the US Navy from Boston, Massachusetts in August 1861. He served during the Civil War as a signal quartermaster on the USS Carondelet. During the Battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862, he performed his duties as signal quartermaster and captain of the ship's bow gun "faithfully, effectively and valiantly". For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor the next year, on July 10, 1863, and was discharged from the Navy two weeks later.
Arther's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
   Served on board the U.S.S. Carondelet at the reduction of Forts Henry and Donelson, 6 and 14 February 1862 and other actions. Carrying out his duties as signal quartermaster and captain of the rifled bow gun, S/Q.M. Arther was conspicuous for valor and devotion, serving most faithfully, effectively and valiantly.
# Dominique Jameux

Dominique Jameux (24 December 1939 – 2 July 2015) was a French musicologist, radio producer and writer.

## Biography

Dominique Jameux collaborated with the Atelier de création radiophonique [fr] created by Alain Trutat [fr] on France Culture and hosted La Musique prend la parole. He later joined France Musique, where he became a producer. He hosted Le Matin des musiciens between 1978 and 1991, as well as programs such as Le Fauteuil de Monsieur Dimanche and Histoires de musique.
Dominique Jameux founded and directed the magazine Musique en jeu, devoted to music of the twentieth century, which appeared every quarter between 1970 and 1978. He dedicated works to Richard Strauss and Alban Berg, which appeared in the series Solfèges of the Éditions du Seuil. In 1984, Fayard published his biography of Pierre Boulez. In 2009, he evoked his professional activity in Radio.

## Awards

The Société civile des auteurs multimédia [fr] (SCAM) prize was awarded to Dominique Jameux in 1994 for the whole of his radio work. In 2006, he was made a Chevalier of the Ordre du Mérite.

## Publications

* 1971: Richard Strauss, Le Seuil, series Solfèges
* 1980: Berg, Le Seuil, series Solfèges, ISBN 2-0200-5515-5
* 1984: Pierre Boulez, Fayard, series Musiciens d'aujourd'hui, ISBN 2-2130-1077-3
* 1986: Richard Strauss, Hachette, series Pluriel, ISBN 2-0101-1127-3
* 1996: Fausto Coppi, L'Echappée belle, Italie 1945 - 1960, Arte Editions, reissued by Denoël, 2003 ISBN 2207255107
* 2002: L'École de Vienne, Fayard, ISBN 2-2135-9969-6
* 2009: Radio, Fayard, ISBN 2-2136-4326-1
* 2012: Opéra Eros et le pouvoir, Fayard, ISBN 978-2-213-67104-8
* 2014: Chopin ou la fureur de soi, Buchet/Chastel, ISBN 978-2-283-02792-9
# Friedrich Karl Joseph von Schönborn

Friedrich Karl Joseph von Schönborn (2 August 1781 – 24 March 1849) was a German aristocrat and composer.

## Early life

Franz Philipp Joseph was born on 2 August 1781 in the Electorate of Mainz and named after his great-grandfather's brother, Friedrich Karl von Schönborn. He was the youngest son of Count Hugo Damian Erwein von Schönborn-Wiesentheid and Countess Maria Anna von Stadion zu Thannhausen und Warthausen (1746–1817). Among his siblings were Franz Philipp von Schönborn-Buchheim (who married Countess Maria Sophie von der Leyen), Sophie Theresia von Schönborn (who married Prince Philip Francis of Leyen), Franz Erwein von Schönborn-Wiesentheid (who married Countess Fernandine of Westphalia zu Fürstenberg, daughter of Count Clemens August von Westphalen).
His paternal grandparents were Joseph Franz Bonaventura von Schönborn-Wiesentheid (only surviving son of Count Rudolf Franz Erwein von Schönborn) and Countess Bernhardine von Plettenberg.

## Career

Upon his father's death in 1817, the family's many estates were divided among Friedrich and his brothers. His eldest brother, Franz Philipp, who is considered the founder of the Austrian branch of the family (who became known as Schönborn-Buchheim), inherited the Göllersdorf and Weyerburg estates, in Lower Austria, and the Palais Schönborn-Batthyány in Vienna. Another brother, Franz Erwein, who is considered the founder of the Franconian branch (who became known as Schönborn-Wiesentheid), inherited castles at Wiesentheid, Pommersfelden, Gaibach, Geisenheim and the wine estates Hallburg near Volkach and Hattenheim.
Friedrich, as the youngest son, is considered the founder of the Bohemian branch, and inherited Schönborn Palace in Prague (built between 1643 and 1656 for Rudolf von Colloredo; today the U.S. embassy), and Skalka Castle (in today's Czech Republic which remained in the family until expropriation by the communists in 1946). He served as Chamberlain and Hereditary Cupbearer.
Like his ancestor, Rudolf Franz Erwein von Schönborn, he was a noted composer.

## Personal life

On 12 May 1811 Schönborn was married to Baroness Maria Anna von Kerpen (1784–1862), a daughter of Baron Wilhelm von Kerpen and Maria Antoinette von Hornstein-Göffingen. Her elder sister, Karolina Maria von Kerpen, was the wife of Ferdinand, 5th Prince Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau. Together, they were the parents of three sons, only one of whom lived to maturity:
* Erwein Damian Hugo Damian Hugo von Schönborn (1812–1881), who married Countess Christina Maria Josefa von Brühl, a daughter of Count Friedrich August von Brühl.
* Franz von Schönborn (1818–1818), who died young.
* Philipp Rudolf von Schönborn (1820–1830), who also died young.
The Count of Schönborn died on 24 March 1849.

### Descendants

Through his son Erwein, he was a grandfather of Franziskus von Paula von Schönborn (1844–1899), the Bishop of České Budějovice and Archbishop of Prague who was created Cardinal in 1889.
# French ship Triomphant (1779)

Triomphant was an 80-gun ship of the line of the French Navy.

## Career

Laid down in Toulon in March 1778 by the designer-builder Joseph-Marie-Blaise Coulomb, she was launched on 31 March 1779 and completed in June 1779. In 1779, Triomphant was the flagship of the White-and-Blue squadron (van) of the fleet of Guichen, under Chef d'escadre de Sade, with Gras-Préville as flag captain. As such, he took part in the Battle of Martinique on 17 April 1780, and in the actions of 15 May and 19 May 1780. She then sailed back to France.
In 1781, she was under Chérisey de Nouroy.
On 12 April 1782, she took part in the Battle of the Saintes under Chef d'escadre Vaudreuil, with Cheyron du Pavillon as flag captain.
She was captured at Toulon by the Anglo-Spanish forces in August 1793, and was burnt there on 18 December 1793 during the evacuation of the port. Her remains were refloated in 1805 and broken up.

## Citations

* ↑ Contenson (1934), p. 186.
* ↑ Contenson (1934), p. 157.
* ↑ Contenson (1934), p. 241.
* ↑ Troude (1867), p. 140.
* ↑ Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 648.
# Křelovice

Křelovice may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
* Křelovice (Pelhřimov District), a municipality and village in the Vysočina Region
* Křelovice (Plzeň-North District), a municipality and village in the Plzeň Region
# No. 23 Elementary Flying Training School

No. 23 Elementary Flying Training School was a Second World War, pilot training school that was established as a component of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan(BCATP). The school was originally established by the Royal Canadian Air Force on 9 November 1942 at RCAF Station Davidson, Saskatchewan. On 19 January 1945 the school was moved to RCAF Station Yorkton, Saskatchewan. The school was disbanded on 15 September 1945 as both the war and the BCATP were being wound down and the requirement for additional air crew was reduced.