OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Multiplicity (statistical mechanics)

In statistical mechanics, multiplicity (also called statistical weight) refers to the number of microstates corresponding to a particular macrostate of a thermodynamic system. Commonly denoted $\Omega$, it is related to the configuration entropy of an isolated system via Boltzmann's entropy formula $S=k_{\text{B}}\log \Omega ,$ where $S$ is the entropy and $k_{\text{B}}$ is the Boltzmann constant.

## Example: the two-state paramagnet

A simplified model of the two-state paramagnet provides an example of the process of calculating the multiplicity of particular macrostate. This model consists of a system of N microscopic dipoles μ which may either be aligned or anti-aligned with an externally applied magnetic field B. Let $N_{\uparrow }$ represent the number of dipoles that are aligned with the external field and $N_{\downarrow }$ represent the number of anti-aligned dipoles. The energy of a single aligned dipole is $U_{\uparrow }=-\mu B,$ while the energy of an anti-aligned dipole is $U_{\downarrow }=\mu B;$ thus the overall energy of the system is $U=(N_{\downarrow }-N_{\uparrow })\mu B.$
The goal is to determine the multiplicity as a function of U; from there, the entropy and other thermodynamic properties of the system can be determined. However, it is useful as an intermediate step to calculate multiplicity as a function of $N_{\uparrow }$ and $N_{\downarrow }.$ This approach shows that the number of available macrostates is N + 1. For example, in a very small system with N = 2 dipoles, there are three macrostates, corresponding to $N_{\uparrow }=0,1,2.$ Since the $N_{\uparrow }=0$ and $N_{\uparrow }=2$ macrostates require both dipoles to be either anti-aligned or aligned, respectively, the multiplicity of either of these states is 1. However, in the $N_{\uparrow }=1,$ either dipole can be chosen for the aligned dipole, so the multiplicity is 2. In the general case, the multiplicity of a state, or the number of microstates, with $N_{\uparrow }$ aligned dipoles follows from combinatorics, resulting in $\Omega ={\frac {N!}{N_{\uparrow }!(N-N_{\uparrow })!}}={\frac {N!}{N_{\uparrow }!N_{\downarrow }!}},$ where the second step follows from the fact that $N_{\uparrow }+N_{\downarrow }=N.$
Since $N_{\uparrow }-N_{\downarrow }=-{\tfrac {U}{\mu B}},$ the energy U can be related to $N_{\uparrow }$ and $N_{\downarrow }$ as follows: ${\begin{aligned}N_{\uparrow }&={\frac {N}{2}}-{\frac {U}{2\mu B}}\\[4pt]N_{\downarrow }&={\frac {N}{2}}+{\frac {U}{2\mu B}}.\end{aligned}}$
Thus the final expression for multiplicity as a function of internal energy is $\Omega ={\frac {N!}{\left({\frac {N}{2}}-{\frac {U}{2\mu B}}\right)!\left({\frac {N}{2}}+{\frac {U}{2\mu B}}\right)!}}.$
This can be used to calculate entropy in accordance with Boltzmann's entropy formula; from there one can calculate other useful properties such as temperature and heat capacity.
# Multiplicity function for N noninteracting spins

The multiplicity function for a two state paramagnet, W(n,N), is the number of spin states such that n of the N spins point in the z-direction. This function is given by the combinatoric function C(N,n). That is:
$W(n,N)={N \choose n}={{N!} \over {n!(N-n)!}}$
It is primarily used in introductory statistical mechanics and thermodynamics textbooks to explain the microscopic definition of entropy to students. If the spins are non-interacting, then the multiplicity function counts the number of states which have the same energy in an external magnetic field. By definition, the entropy S is then given by the natural logarithm of this number:
$S=k\ln {W}\,$
Where k is the Boltzmann constant
# Mullally

Mullally, Mulally, Mullaly or Mulaly are anglicized variants of the Irish language surname Ó Maolalaidh thought to have originated from County Galway where it has since been shortened to the form of Lally.
The surname is most numerous in the south east of Ireland in the counties of Tipperary and Kilkenny.
Notable people with the surname include:
* Alan Mulally (born 1945), American business executive, president of Ford Motor Company
* Alan Mullally (born 1969), English cricketer
* Anthony Mullally (born 1991), Irish rugby player
* Dick Mullaly (1892–1971), Australian rules footballer
* Erin Mullally (born 1990), Australian actor and model
* Frederic Mullally (1918–2014), British journalist, public relations executive and novelist
* John Mullaly (1835–1915), American newspaper reporter and editor, "father of the Bronx's park system"
* John Mullally (1930-2021), Canadian teacher and politician
* John E. Mullally, (1875–1912) member of the California State Assembly, 30th District, 1910–1912
* Megan Mullally (born 1958), American actress, talk show host and singer
* Mike Mullally (1939–2021), American college athletics administrator
* Paddy Mullally (born 1976), Irish hurler
* Richie Mullally (born 1978), Irish hurler
* Dame Sarah Mullally (born 1962), British former nurse, now a Church of England bishop
* Seán Ó Maolalaidh (fl. 1419–1480), Chief of the Name
* Una Mullally (born 1982/3), Irish broadcaster and journalist
* William Ó Mullally (c. 1530 – 1595), Archbishop of Tuam in the Church of Ireland
# Euphoria monticola

Euphoria monticola is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
# Eupithecia mirificata

Eupithecia mirificata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Iran.
# Eupithecia molestissima

Eupithecia molestissima is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in China (Yunnan).
# R6 (cigarette)

R6 is a German brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Reemtsma, a subsidiary of Imperial Brands.

## History

Hans Domizlaff developed the brands, R6 (launched in 1921) and Ernte 23. The filterless R6 variant was taken off the market for a short period of time, but was re-introduced in 1932.
In 1949, R6 cigarettes were once again taken off the market and only returned in the late 1969 after an absence of over 20 years. R6 is available as a filter cigarette in King size and 100 mm format.

## Marketing

From 1932 until 1939, Reemtsma created various advertisement posters for the time-consuming reintroduction campaign of the R6 brand, which was temporarily taken off the market. 54 consecutive ads explained in detail the route of the tobacco from sowing to the finished cigarette. The original photos from the cultivation countries and from the production in Bahrenfeld guaranteed the noble origin of the Oriental tobaccos and the careful handling of the valuable natural product. In high circulation, the series was also distributed as an informational brochure on the fermentation. A later campaign for the R6 used the prestige as the "most modern cigarettes factory in the world" (Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung 1930) and proved it with pictures from the factory and technical details. Also in 1932, Reemtsma settled a collection of R6 image checks to collect. A complete set of these image checks were given to collectors, and the images were glued into albums. These albums had a wide range of topics, for example the 1932 Summer Olympics and the 1936 Summer Olympics, as well as German fairy tales and Gothic paintings.
From 1933 to 1941, there was also a picture series on Nazi topics as the "Battle For The Third Reich" and the "Raubstaat England".
In the 1970s and 1980s, Reemtsma also made various advertising posters to promote R6.

## Markets

R6 is mainly sold in Germany, but is also available in other places including Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Greece and Argentina.

## Products

* R6
Below are all the current brands of R6 cigarettes sold, with the levels of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide included.
| Pack | Tar | Nicotine | Carbon monoxide |
| R6 | 4 mg | 0,4 mg | 4 mg |
# R6 road (Zimbabwe)

The R6 Highway is a primary road, a trunk road and regional road corridor link road in Zimbabwe.

## Background

The R6 begins in Chivhu at the junction with the R1 Highway which runs from Harare to Masvingo. 19°01′11″S 30°53′51″E﻿ / ﻿19.01963°S 30.897472°E﻿ / -19.01963; 30.897472﻿ (R6 Chivhu-Nyazura Highway) It ends in Nyazura at the junction with A3 Harare-Mutare Highway. ( 18°42′46″S 32°10′22″E﻿ / ﻿18.712831°S 32.17266°E﻿ / -18.712831; 32.17266﻿ (R6 Chivhu-Nyazura Highway A3 end) )
It is also known as Buhere Road because the main waypoint and halfway house is Buhera.
[Source Map: Chapter 9: Road Transport Services and Infrastructure -African: Map 9.2. Road Transport Network of Zimbabwe]

## Operations

This road is the R1 link road to the R5 for traffic from Gweru to Mutare. It works in conjunction with the R7/A17 53 km from Chivhu towards Masvingo which links the R1/A4 with the R2/A5 for traffic from Mutare to Gweru.
It is tolled at Magamba Toll Plaza 17.5 km from Chivhu.
# R311 road

R311 road may refer to:
* R311 road (Ireland)
* R311 road (South Africa)
# CyberHound

Cyberhound Pty Ltd (formerly Netbox Blue Pty Ltd, as of November 2015), is an Australian-owned provider of internet and email security, filtering and management solutions founded in Brisbane by John Oxnam, Justin Cook and Trent Davis in 1999. It is a privately held company. CyberHound's head office is located in Fortitude Valley, Queensland, Australia. The company provides products for internet compliance, management and security.

## History

John Fison became chairman of Netbox Blue in 2006 and is a director and shareholder in the company. In January 2016, Bloomberg acquired some IP and assets of Netbox Blue for Bloomberg Vault to monitor social media. Trent Davis now works for Bloomberg.

## Platform

In 2008 Netbox Blue launched an internet and email filtering appliance specifically for the education sector. The technology offers cyberbullying protection, category web filtering, spam filtering, virus protection, internet quota management and a firewall.

## Partnerships

* IBM
In late 2006 Netbox Blue partnered with the IT corporation IBM.
* Canon ITS Japan
In April 2008 Global IT vendor Canon IT Solutions (ITS) Japan signed a distribution agreement with Netbox Blue. Netbox Blue agreed to provide its SpamChecker appliance—as it is known in Japan—to Canon ITS Japan's customers for email filtering and content control. The drop-in appliance was the result of nine months of co-development between Netbox Blue and Canon Japan and is specifically designed for the SME market in Japan.
* ESET
Netbox Blue partnered with anti-virus software provider ESET. The partnership offered customers ESET NOD32 Antivirus as an option in Netbox Blue's line of UTM and virtualised security products. As a result of the union, small- to medium-sized businesses (SMBs) also have access to Netbox Blue's integrated security and management suite.
* EdgeWave USA
In June 2012 Netbox Blue partnered with EdgeWave, Inc. The deal enables EdgeWave to provide its customers with Netbox Blue's social media management technology SafeChat.
# R. Garcia y Robertson

Rodrigo Garcia y Robertson (born 1949) is an American writer of historical and fantasy fiction. He holds a Ph.D. in history and taught at UCLA and Villanova University before becoming a full-time writer. In addition to his eight novels, he has had numerous short stories published in fantasy and science fiction anthologies. He lives in Mount Vernon, Washington.
# Whitney Kershaw

Whitney Kershaw (born April 10, 1962) is an American singer and actress, best known for her roles on television. Her most well known role was that of Merilee Gunderson during the first season of Major Dad in 1989 and 1990.
Kershaw originated the role of Sillabub in the Broadway production of Cats.
Additional television credits include Something Wilder, The Wonder Years, Valerie, Jake and the Fatman, Longarm, Simon & Simon, L.A. Law, Hunter, Quicksilver, A Letter to Three Wives, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, HeartBeat, Covenant, Two Fathers' Justice and Knots Landing and for singing the closing theme song for Big Blue Marble, a mid-1970s syndicated children's TV program produced by her father, Robert Wiemer.
She is married to Glenn Kershaw and her eldest daughter Lily is a singer-songwriter based in Los Angeles.
# R. Gnanagurusamy

Rajunaidu Gnanagurusamy is an Indian politician belonging to the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.He was elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of Indian Parliament from Periyakulam.He did his graduation in Thiagaraja College in Madurai and later did Bachelor of Law in Madras Law College.
# Euryphura concordia

Euryphura concordia, the speckled lilac nymph, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Democratic Republic of the Congo (Ituri, Kinshasa, Kasai, Sankuru, Shaba, Lomami, Lualaba), eastern Angola, northern Zambia, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The habitat consists of Brachystegia woodland.
Adults are attracted to fermenting fruit. They are on wing from August to October and in February, April and May.
The larvae feed on Brachystegia spiciformis.
# Munchirai block

Munchirai block is a revenue block in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. It has a total of 11 panchayat villages.
# R59

R59 may refer to:
* R59 (London Underground car)
* R59 (South Africa), a road
* HMS Wakeful (R59), a destroyer of the Royal Navy
* Mini Roadster, a car
* R59: Dangerous for the ozone layer, a risk phrase
# R587 road (Ireland)

The R587 road is a regional road in Ireland, located in County Cork.
# Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures

In the Eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures (abbreviated EN 1996 or, informally, EC 6) describes how to design buildings and civil engineering works, or parts thereof, in unreinforced, reinforced, prestressed and confined masonry, using the limit state design philosophy. It was approved by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) on 23 June 2005.
EN 1996 deals only with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of masonry structures and is divided into the following parts.

## Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings

In EN 1996-1-1, the basis for the design of buildings and civil engineering works in masonry is given, which deals with unreinforced masonry and reinforced masonry where the reinforcement is added to provide ductility, strength or improve serviceability.

### Contents

* General
* Basis of design
* Materials
* Durability
* Structural analysis
* Ultimate limit states
* Serviceability limit states
* Detailing
* Execution.

## Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire design

EN 1996-1-2 deals with the design of masonry structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure, and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1996-1-1, EN 1996-2, 1996-3 and EN 1991-1-2. This part only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design and it deals only with passive methods of fire protection. Active methods are not covered.

## Part 2: Design, selection of materials and execution of masonry

EN 1996-2 provides the necessary Principles and Application Rules for masonry to be designed and constructed satisfactorily in order to comply with the design assumptions of other parts of EN 1996.

## Part 3: Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry structures

EN 1996-3 provides simplified calculation methods or simple rules to facilitate the design of particular types of masonry walls.
# Eurypodea

Eurypodea is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea.
# RASGRF1

Ras protein-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the RASGRF1 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) similar to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC25 gene product. Functional analysis has demonstrated that this protein stimulates the dissociation of GDP from RAS protein.
The studies of the similar gene in mice suggested that the Ras-GEF activity of this protein in the brain can be activated by Ca2+ influx, muscarinic receptors, and G protein beta-gamma subunit. Mouse studies also indicated that the Ras-GEF signaling pathway mediated by this protein may be important for long-term memory. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009].
# CyberSpeed

CyberSpeed is a video game developed and published by Mindscape for the PlayStation and Windows.

## Gameplay

CyberSpeed is a racing game where the vehicles are suspended from a force beam of energy.

## Reception

Next Generation reviewed the PlayStation version of the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "It's not in the same league as Wipeout, but it's different and enjoyable in its own right."
Next Generation reviewed the PC version of the game, rating it one star out of five, and stated that "The only winning grace is the mock commercials that run between races, and those are more ridiculous than funny. If you want a racing sim, check out Whiplash and avoid CyberSpeed like, well, Roseanne in a bikini."
Computer Game Review was broadly negative toward the game; the three reviewers concluded, "It is a damn good thing that Mindscape has other projects in the oven." PC Entertainment offered the game a rating of D.

## Reviews

* GamePro - Feb, 1996
* All Game Guide - 1998
# Wildebeest (disambiguation)

A wildebeest is a type of African antelope.
Wildebeest may also refer to:
* Wildebeest (character), several characters in DC Comics
* The Vickers Vildebeest, a 20th-century torpedo bomber
* Baby Wildebeest, a fictional character in DC Comics' New Titans series
* Wildebeest (ride), a water slide at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari in Santa Claus, Indiana
* Wildebeest chess, a chess variant by R. Wayne Schmittberger
# Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet

Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for white wine from Chardonnay in the Côte de Beaune subregion of Burgundy. It is located within the commune of Puligny-Montrachet. Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet borders on the Grand Cru vineyard Bâtard-Montrachet in the west and south, on the Puligny-Montrachet Premier Cru vineyard Les Pucelles in the north and on village-level Puligny-Montrachet vineyards in the east. The AOC was created in 1937.

## Production

In 2008, 3.53 hectares (8.7 acres) of vineyard surface was in production within the AOC, and 146 hectoliter of wine was produced, corresponding to just under 20,000 bottles.

## AOC regulations

The only grape variety allowed for Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet is Chardonnay. The allowed base yield is 40 hectoliter per hectare, and the minimum grape maturity is 11.5 per cent potential alcohol.
# Fluviatispora

Fluviatispora is a genus of fungi in the Halosphaeriaceae family. The genus contains three species.
# Xellia

Xellia ApS is a Danish multinational pharmaceutical and life sciences company headquartered in Copenhagen specialized in the production of anti-biotics, including Vancomycin and Bacitracin.
The company's US base of operations is in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, with additional facilities in Ohio, and North Carolina. In 2018, Xellia's sales in the United States accounted for 60% of its total revenue.

## Products

The company's main output is bulk drug chemicals which are wholesaled to other companies for packaging and distribution. Recently some prepackaged goods have been produced.
Active drug substances manufactured are:
| ATC | Substance | Formulation for sale | Production started |
| D06AX05 (WHO) (FK) J01XX10 (WHO) (FK) R02AB04 (WHO) (FK) QA07AA93 (WHO) (FK) | Bacitracin (MT) | Bacitracin | 1952 |
| D06AX05 (WHO) (FK) J01XX10 (WHO) (FK) R02AB04 (WHO) (FK) QA07AA93 (WHO) (FK) | Bacitracin (MT) | Bacitracin zinc | 1958 |
| | | | Colistimethate natrium (CMS) |
| A07AA10 (WHO) (FK) J01XB01 (WHO) (FK) QJ51XB01 (WHO) (FK) | Colistin | Colistin sulfate | 1969 |
| J01X X09 | Daptomycin (MT) | Daptomycin | |
| R02AB30 (WHO) (FK) | | Gramicidin | |
| A07AA05 (WHO) (FK) J01XB02 (WHO) (FK) S01AA18 (WHO) (FK) S02AA11 (WHO) (FK) S03AA03 (WHO) (FK) QJ51XB02 (WHO) (FK) | Polymyxin B (MT) | Polymyxin B-sulfate | 1968 |
| J01GB01 (WHO) (FK) S01AA12 (WHO) (FK) | Tobramycin (MT) | Tobramycin sulfate | 2005 |
| D06AX08 (WHO) (FK) R02AB02 (WHO) (FK) S01AA05 (WHO) (FK) | Tyrothricin | Tyrothricin | |
| A07AA09 (WHO) (FK) J01XA01 (WHO) (FK) | Vancomycin (MT) | Vancomycin hydrochloride | 2003 |
| A01AB04 (WHO) (FK) A07AA07 (WHO) (FK) G01AA03 (WHO) (FK) J02AA01 (WHO) (FK) | Amfotericin B (MT) | Amfotericin B | 1985 |
| J02AX04 (WHO) (FK) | Caspofungin (MT) | Caspofungin acetate | |
| D07AC17 (WHO) (FK) R01AD08 (WHO) (FK) R01AD58 (WHO) (FK) R03BA05 (WHO) (FK) | Fluticasone (MT) | Fluticasone propionate | |
| D07AC13 (WHO) (FK) R01AD09 (WHO) (FK) R03BA07 (WHO) (FK) | Mometasone (MT) | Mometasone furoate | |

### Discontinued products

Previously the company also produced:
| Ingredient | Produced |
| Neomycin | 1952-? |
| Tetracycline | 1961-? |

## Partnerships

In 2019, Xellia partnered with Civica Rx to produce generic Vancomycin and Daptomycin. The partnership's stated aim is to remedy chronic drug shortages that have affected the American pharmaceutical market.

## China-US Trade War

Xellia has been discussed as a potential alternative to Chinese companies for anti-biotic primary ingredients in the context of the China-United States trade war.
# Aarthi (TV series)

Aarthi is a 2005 soap opera which aired on Raj TV. The show starred Sithara, Vijay Adhiraj, Raja Ravindra and Y. Vijaya. The serial was produced by AVM's 2nd son AVM. Kumaran along with his son AVM.K. Shanmugam for AVM Productions. The story, screenplay and dialogue was created by Devi Bala and it was directed by L. Raja and K. Rangaraj.
The music was composed by Dhina and the title song was penned by lyricist Vairamuthu and sung by Sadhana Sargam. The show ended with 1054 episodes.

## Cast

* Sithara as Aarthi
* Vijay Adhiraj as Santhosh
* Raja Ravindra as Santhosh-Post surgery
* Y. Vijaya as Parvathi (Santhosh's Aunt)
* Deepa Venkat
* Nithya Ravindran
* Manjari Vinodhini
* Shakti Kumar
* Ajay Kapoor
* Monicka
* Archana
* Seetha
* Bharath Kalyan
* Jhanvi
* Achamillai Gopi
* Jayanth
* Shilpa Mary Theresa
* Sivakavitha
* Premi
* Daniel Balaji
* SN.Lakshmi
* J. Lalitha
* Bombay Gnanam as Santhosh's Mother
* Delhi Kumar
* Shrikala Paramasivam
* Sairam
* M. Banumathi
* KS. Jayalakshmi
* Gayathri Priya
* Engineer Srinivas
* Santhi Anandraj
# Kisaburo Osawa

Kisaburo Osawa (Japanese: 大澤喜三郎, Hepburn: Ōsawa Kisaburō, 1910 – May 26, 1991) was an influential aikido teacher who taught for many years at the Aikikai Hombu Dojo and was a close advisor to Kisshomaru Ueshiba.
Born in Kumagaya, Saitama prefecture, Japan, he started practicing judo at the age of 17 in order to fortify his body. In 1939 he was introduced to Morihei Ueshiba and entered the Kobukan dojo.
He became one of the most important and influential aikido teachers during the 1950s to 1970s, being the director of the Aikikai Hombu Dojo for many years until 1986 when he was replaced by Morihei's grandson and present dōshu, Moriteru Ueshiba. He held the rank of 9th dan.
His son, Hayato Osawa (b. 1951) is currently a prominent Hombu Dojo shihan holding the rank of 8th dan.
| Preceded byKisshomaru Ueshiba (de jure) | de facto Dōjōchō of Aikikai Hombu Dōjō 1989–1999 | Succeeded byMoriteru Ueshiba (de jure) |
One of his most prominent students is Katsuyuki Shimamoto, who holds the rank of 8th dan.
# Leukotriene B4 receptor 1

Leukotriene B$_4$ receptor 1, also known as BLT1 or BLT1 receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTB4R gene.