# List of adrenergic drugs

This is a list of adrenergic drugs. These are pharmaceutical drugs, naturally occurring compounds and other chemicals that influence the function of the neurotransmitter epinephrine (adrenaline).

## Receptor ligands
### α$_1$-adrenergic receptor ligands
#### Agonists

* Amidephrine
* Anisodamine
* Anisodine
* Cirazoline
* Dipivefrine
* Dopamine
* Ephedrine
* Epinephrine (adrenaline)
* Etilefrine
* Ethylnorepinephrine
* 5-Fluoronorepinephrine
* 6-Fluoronorepinephrine
* Indanidine
* Levonordefrin
* Metaraminol
* Methoxamine
* Methyldopa
* Midodrine
* Naphazoline
* Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
* Octopamine
* Oxymetazoline
* Phenylephrine
* Phenylpropanolamine
* Pseudoephedrine
* Synephrine
* Tetrahydrozoline

#### Antagonists

* Abanoquil
* Adimolol
* Ajmalicine
* Alfuzosin
* Amosulalol
* Arotinolol
* Atiprosin
* Benoxathian
* Buflomedil
* Bunazosin
* Carvedilol
* CI-926
* Corynanthine
* Dapiprazole
* DL-017
* Domesticine
* Doxazosin
* Eugenodilol
* Fenspiride
* GYKI-12,743
* GYKI-16,084
* Indoramin
* Ketanserin
* L-765,314
* Labetalol
* Mephendioxan
* Metazosin
* Monatepil
* Moxisylyte (thymoxamine)
* Naftopidil
* Nantenine
* Neldazosin
* Nicergoline
* Niguldipine
* Pelanserin
* Phendioxan
* Phenoxybenzamine
* Phentolamine
* Piperoxan
* Prazosin
* Quinazosin
* Ritanserin
* RS-97,078
* SGB-1,534
* Silodosin
* SL-89.0591
* Spiperone
* Talipexole
* Tamsulosin
* Terazosin
* Tibalosin
* Tiodazosin
* Tipentosin
* Tolazoline
* Trimazosin
* Upidosin
* Urapidil
* Zolertine
Many tricyclic antidepressants, tetracyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, ergolines, and some piperazines like buspirone, trazodone, nefazodone, etoperidone, and mepiprazole antagonize α$_1$-adrenergic receptors as well, which contributes to their side effects such as orthostatic hypotension.

### α$_2$-adrenergic receptor ligands
#### Agonists

* Adrenoswitches (photoswitchable agonists)
* Amitraz
* Apraclonidine
* Brimonidine
* Cannabivarin
* Clonidine
* Detomidine
* Dexmedetomidine
* Dihydroergotamine
* Dipivefrine
* Dopamine
* Ephedrine
* Ergotamine
* Epinephrine (adrenaline)
* Esproquin
* Etilefrine
* Ethylnorepinephrine
* 6-Fluoronorepinephrine
* Guanabenz
* Guanfacine
* Guanoxabenz
* Levonordefrin
* Lofexidine
* Medetomidine
* Methyldopa
* Mivazerol
* Naphazoline
* 4-NEMD
* (R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
* Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
* Phenylpropanolamine
* Piperoxan
* Pseudoephedrine
* Rilmenidine
* Romifidine
* Talipexole
* Tetrahydrozoline
* Tizanidine
* Tolonidine
* Urapidil
* Xylazine
* Xylometazoline

#### Antagonists

* Adimolol
* Aptazapine
* Atipamezole
* BRL-44408
* Buflomedil
* Cirazoline
* Efaroxan
* Esmirtazapine
* Fenmetozole
* Fluparoxan
* GYKI-12,743
* GYKI-16,084
* Idazoxan
* Mianserin
* Mirtazapine
* MK-912
* NAN-190
* Olanzapine
* Phentolamine
* Phenoxybenzamine
* Piperoxan
* Piribedil
* Pyrimidinylpiperazine
* Rauwolscine
* Rotigotine
* SB-269,970
* Setiptiline
* Spiroxatrine
* Sunepitron
* Tolazoline
* Yohimbine
Many atypical antipsychotics and azapirones like buspirone and gepirone (via metabolite pyrimidinylpiperazine) antagonize α$_2$-adrenergic receptors as well.

### β-adrenergic receptor ligands
#### Agonists

* Abediterol
* Amibegron
* Arbutamine
* Arformoterol
* Arotinolol
* Bambuterol
* Befunolol
* Bitolterol
* Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane (BAAM)
* Broxaterol
* Buphenine
* Carbuterol
* Cimaterol
* Clenbuterol
* Denopamine
* Deterenol
* Dipivefrine
* Dobutamine
* Dopamine
* Dopexamine
* Ephedrine
* Epinephrine (adrenaline)
* Etafedrine
* Etilefrine
* Ethylnorepinephrine
* Fenoterol
* 2-Fluoronorepinephrine
* 5-Fluoronorepinephrine
* Formoterol
* Hexoprenaline
* Higenamine
* Indacaterol
* Isoetarine
* Isoprenaline (isoproterenol)
* N-Isopropyloctopamine
* Isoxsuprine
* Labetalol
* Levonordefrin
* Levosalbutamol
* Mabuterol
* Methoxyphenamine
* Methyldopa
* Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
* Orciprenaline
* Oxyfedrine
* Phenylpropanolamine
* Pirbuterol
* Prenalterol
* Ractopamine
* Procaterol
* Pseudoephedrine
* Quinterenol
* Reproterol
* Rimiterol
* Ritodrine
* Salbutamol (albuterol)
* Salmeterol
* Solabegron
* Terbutaline
* Tretoquinol
* Tulobuterol
* Xamoterol
* Zilpaterol
* Zinterol

#### Antagonists

* Acebutolol
* Adaprolol
* Adimolol
* Afurolol
* Alprenolol
* Alprenoxime
* Amosulalol
* Ancarolol
* Arnolol
* Arotinolol
* Atenolol
* Befunolol
* Betaxolol
* Bevantolol
* Bisoprolol
* Bopindolol
* Bornaprolol
* Brefonalol
* Bucindolol
* Bucumolol
* Bufetolol
* Bufuralol
* Bunitrolol
* Bunolol
* Bupranolol
* Butaxamine
* Butidrine
* Butofilolol
* Capsinolol
* Carazolol
* Carpindolol
* Carteolol
* Carvedilol
* Celiprolol
* Cetamolol
* Cicloprolol
* Cinamolol
* Cloranolol
* Cyanopindolol
* Dalbraminol
* Dexpropranolol
* Diacetolol
* Dichloroisoprenaline
* Dihydroalprenolol
* Dilevalol
* Diprafenone
* Draquinolol
* Ecastolol
* Epanolol
* Ericolol
* Ersentilide
* Esatenolol
* Esmolol
* Eugenodilol
* Exaprolol
* Falintolol
* Flestolol
* Flusoxolol
* Hydroxycarteolol
* Hydroxytertatolol
* ICI-118,551
* Idropranolol
* Indenolol
* Indopanolol
* Iodocyanopindolol
* Iprocrolol
* Isoxaprolol
* Isamoltane
* Labetalol
* Landiolol
* Levobetaxolol
* Levobunolol
* Levocicloprolol
* Levomoprolol
* Medroxalol
* Mepindolol
* Metalol
* Metipranolol
* Metoprolol
* Moprolol
* Nadolol
* Nadoxolol
* Nafetolol
* Nebivolol
* Neraminol
* Nifenalol
* Nipradilol
* Oberadilol
* Oxprenolol
* Pacrinolol
* Pafenolol
* Pamatolol
* Pargolol
* Parodilol
* Penbutolol
* Penirolol
* PhQA-33
* Pindolol
* Pirepolol
* Practolol
* Primidolol
* Procinolol
* Pronethalol
* Propafenone
* Propranolol
* Ridazolol
* Ronactolol
* Soquinolol
* Sotalol
* Spirendolol
* SR 59230A
* Sulfinalol
* TA-2005
* Talinolol
* Tazolol
* Teoprolol
* Tertatolol
* Tienoxolol
* Tilisolol
* Timolol
* Tiprenolol
* Tolamolol
* Toliprolol
* Tribendilol
* Trigevolol
* Xibenolol
* Xipranolol

## Reuptake inhibitors
### Norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitors
#### Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

    Amedalin
    Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
    Ciclazindol
    Daledalin
    Esreboxetine
    Lortalamine
    Mazindol
    Nisoxetine
    Reboxetine
    Talopram
    Talsupram
    Tandamine
    Viloxazine

#### Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors

    Amineptine
    Bupropion (amfebutamone)
    Fencamine
    Fencamfamine
    Lefetamine
    Levophacetoperane
    LR-5182
    Manifaxine
    Methylphenidate
    Nomifensine
    O-2172
    Radafaxine

#### Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

    Bicifadine
    Desvenlafaxine
    Duloxetine
    Eclanamine
    Levomilnacipran
    Milnacipran
    Sibutramine
    Venlafaxine

#### Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors

    Brasofensine
    Diclofensine
    DOV-102,677
    DOV-21,947
    DOV-216,303
    JNJ-7925476
    JZ-IV-10
    Methylnaphthidate
    Naphyrone
    NS-2359
    PRC200-SS
    SEP-225,289
    SEP-227,162
    Tesofensine

#### Tricyclic antidepressants

    Amitriptyline
    Butriptyline
    Cianopramine
    Clomipramine
    Desipramine
    Dosulepin
    Doxepin
    Imipramine
    Lofepramine
    melitracen
    Nortriptyline
    Protriptyline
    Trimipramine

#### Tetracyclic antidepressants

    Amoxapine
    Maprotiline
    Mianserin
    Oxaprotiline
    Setiptiline

#### Others

    Cocaine
    CP-39,332
    EXP-561
    Fezolamine
    Ginkgo biloba
    Indeloxazine
    Nefazodone
    Nefopam
    Pridefrine
    Tapentadol
    Teniloxazine
    Tramadol
    Ziprasidone

### Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) inhibitors

* Ibogaine
* Reserpine
* Tetrabenazine
* Bietaserpine

## Releasing agents
### Morpholines

    Fenbutrazate
    Morazone
    Phendimetrazine
    Phenmetrazine

### Oxazolines

    Aminorex
    Clominorex
    Cyclazodone
    Fenozolone
    Fluminorex
    4-Methylaminorex
    Pemoline
    Thozalinone

### Phenethylamines (also amphetamines, cathinones, phentermines, etc.)

    2-OH-PEA
    4-CAB
    4-FA
    4-FMA
    4-MA
    4-MMA
    Alfetamine
    Amfecloral
    Amfepentorex
    Amfepramone
    Amphetamine
   * dextroamphetamine
   * levoamphetamine
    Amphetaminil
    β-Me-PEA
    BDB
    Benzphetamine
    BOH
    Buphedrone
    Butylone
    Cathine
    Cathinone
    Clobenzorex
    Clortermine
    D-Deprenyl
    Dimethylamphetamine
    Dimethylcathinone (dimethylpropion, metamfepramone)
    DMA
    DMMA
    EBDB
    Ephedrine
    Ethcathinone
    Ethylamphetamine
    Ethylone
    Famprofazone
    Fenethylline
    Fenproporex
    Flephedrone
    Fludorex
    Furfenorex
    Hordenine
    IAP
    IMP
    Lisdexamfetamine
    Lophophine
    MBDB
    MDA (tenamfetamine)
    MDEA
    MDMA
    MDMPEA
    MDOH
    MDPEA
    Mefenorex
    Mephedrone
    Mephentermine
    Methamphetamine
   * dextromethamphetamine
   * levomethamphetamine
    Methcathinone
    Methedrone
    Methylone
    NAP
    Ortetamine
    Paredrine
    pBA
    pCA
    Pentorex (phenpentermine)
    Phenethylamine
    Pholedrine
    Phenpromethamine
    Phentermine
    Phenylpropanolamine
    pIA
    Prenylamine
    Propylamphetamine
    Pseudoephedrine
    Selegiline (L-deprenyl)
    Tiflorex
    Tyramine
    Xylopropamine
    Zylofuramine

### Piperazines

    Benzylpiperazine (BZP)
    2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromobenzylpiperazine (2C-B-BZP)
    Methylbenzylpiperazine (MBZP)
    Metachlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP)
    Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine (MDBZP)
    Methoxyphenylpiperazine (MeOPP)
    Parafluorophenylpiperazine (pFPP)

### Others

    2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
    2-Aminoindane
    2-Aminotetralin
    2-Benzylpiperidine
    4-Benzylpiperidine
    Clofenciclan
    Cyclopentamine
    Cypenamine
    Cyprodenate
    Feprosidnine
    Gilutensin
    Heptaminol
    Hexacyclonate
    Indanorex
    5-Iodo-2-aminoindane (5-IAI)
    Isometheptene
    Methylhexanamine
    Octodrine
    Phthalimidopropiophenone
    Propylhexedrine
   * levopropylhexedrine
    Tuaminoheptane

## Enzyme inhibitors
### Anabolism
#### Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) inhibitors

* 3,4-Dihydroxystyrene

#### Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors

* 3-Iodotyrosine
* Aquayamycin
* Bulbocapnine
* Metirosine
* Oudenone

#### Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitors

* Benserazide
* Carbidopa
* Genistein
* Methyldopa

#### Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitors

* Bupicomide
* Disulfiram
* Dopastin
* Fusaric acid
* Nepicastat
* Phenopicolinic acid
* Tropolone

#### Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) inhibitors

* CGS-19281A
* SKF-64139
* SKF-7698

### Catabolism
#### Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
##### Nonselective

    Benmoxin
    Caroxazone
    Echinopsidine
    Furazolidone
    Hydralazine
    Indantadol
    Iproclozide
    Iproniazid
    Isocarboxazid
    Isoniazid
    Linezolid
    Mebanazine
    Metfendrazine
    Nialamide
    Octamoxin
    Paraxazone
    Phenelzine
    Pheniprazine
    Phenoxypropazine
    Pivalylbenzhydrazine
    Procarbazine
    Safrazine
    Tranylcypromine

##### MAO-A selective

    Amiflamine
    Bazinaprine
    Befloxatone
    Befol
    Brofaromine
    Cimoxatone
    Clorgiline
    Esuprone
    Harmala alkaloids
   * harmine
   * harmaline
   * tetrahydroharmine
   * harman
   * norharman
   * etc.
    Methylene Blue
    Metralindole
    Minaprine
    Moclobemide
    Pirlindole
    Sercloremine
    Tetrindole
    Toloxatone
    Tyrima

##### MAO-B selective

    D-Deprenyl
    Selegiline (L-deprenyl)
    Ladostigil
    Lazabemide
    Milacemide
    Mofegiline
    Pargyline
    Rasagiline
    Safinamide
MAO-B inhibitors also influence norepinephrine/epinephrine levels since they inhibit the breakdown of their precursor dopamine.

#### Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors

* Entacapone
* Tolcapone

## Others
### Precursors

* L-Phenylalanine → L-tyrosine → L-DOPA (levodopa) → dopamine
* L-DOPS (droxidopa)

### Cofactors

* Ferrous iron (Fe$^{2+}$)
* S-Adenosyl-L-methionine
* Vitamin B$_3$
** niacin
** nicotinamide → NADPH
* Vitamin B$_6$ (pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal → Pyridoxal phosphate)
* Vitamin B$_9$ (folic acid → tetrahydrofolic acid)
* Vitamin C
** ascorbic acid
* Zinc (Zn$^{2+}$)

### Activity enhancers

* Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP)
* Phenylpropylaminopentane (PPAP)

### Release blockers

* Bethanidine
* Bretylium
* Guanadrel
* Guanazodine
* Guanclofine
* Guanethidine
* Guanoxan

### Toxins

* Oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine)