OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Dalrymple (politician, born 1678)

William Dalrymple (1678 – 30 November 1744) was a Scottish Whig politician who sat in the Parliament of Scotland from 1702 to 1707 and in the British House of Commons between 1707 and 1741.
Dalrymple was baptized on 11 October 1678, the fifth but second surviving son of John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair and his wife Elizabeth Dundas daughter of Sir James Dundas of Newliston, Linlithgow. He married his cousin Penelope, suo jure Countess of Dumfries daughter of Charles, Lord Crichton on 26 February 1698.
Dalrymple was a Shire commissioner for Ayrshire in the Parliament of Scotland from 1702 to 1707. He was a court representative there who made little contribution. He was appointed joint muster master general for Scotland in 1706. He followed the Court line faithfully over the Union, and was appointed a commissioner of the Equivalent in 1707 and as one of the Scottish representatives to the first Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1708. At the 1708 British general election he was returned in a fierce contest as Member of Parliament for Clackmannanshire. He was supported by Lord Mar, the principal magnate in the shire, who was said to have created some 'fictitious votes' for him. There was a petition but it was ignored. He was Sheriff of Clackmannan from 1708 to his death. In February 1709 Dalrymple was granted a vacant company in the 3rd Foot Guards (Scots Guards), at the request of his father. He probably did not go to Spain with his regiment, and so avoided its surrender at the Battle of Brihuega. He continued to support the Court in Parliament and presented documents from the Equivalent commissioners on 3 March 1709. In 1710 he voted for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell. Clackmannanshire did not elect at the 1710 British general election and Dalrymple was no longer on good terms with Mar by the time of the 1713 British general election.
At the 1722 British general election Dalrymple was returned as MP for Wigtown Burghs on his family's interest. He continued to support the Administration. At the 1727 British general election he was returned as MP for both Wigtown Boroughs and for Wigtownshire and chose to sit for Wigtownshire. He went into opposition in 1733 with his brother, the 2nd Earl of Stair, and stayed there. He was returned again at the 1734 British general election.
Dalrymple died on 30 November 1744. He had six sons and two daughters. His eldest surviving son, William, had succeeded to his mother's title as Earl of Dumfries. His second son, James, inherited the earldom of Stair in 1747, which on his death in 1760 also passed to William.
# William Dalrymple (British Army officer)

William Dalrymple (1736 – 16 February 1807) was a British Army officer and politician who sat in the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland. He was the son of George Dalrymple, a brother of John Dalrymple, 5th Earl of Stair. Father of John Dalrymple, 7th Earl of Stair.

## Life

He was educated at Glasgow University, graduating in 1749. In 1752 he joined the British Army, becoming an ensign in the 52nd Regiment of Foot. He became a lieutenant in 1759 and a captain (in the 91st Regiment of Foot) from 1760. By 1762 he was a major, and served in the campaign against the Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762). After a period on half pay in 1763, he was appointed to the 14th Regiment of Foot in 1764. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1765.
Between 1766 and 1768, Dalrymple was in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1768, he was placed in command of a detachment of two regiments sent to Boston, Massachusetts, to support embattled royal officials who were having trouble enforcing the unpopular Townshend Acts. Troops in his command (although he was not directly involved) were involved in the Boston Massacre, in which five Bostonians were killed during a confrontation with a group of soldiers. Amid continuing hostility, Dalrymple acceded to the request of Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson to remove his troops to Castle William, an island fortress in Boston harbour.
In 1772-1773 Dalrymple received a local promotion to major general and commanded a force which captured the West Indian island of St Vincent. He returned to Britain in 1773. He continued to be in touch with his American Loyalist friends in Boston. He was saddened but not surprised by the Boston Tea Party.
After the American War of Independence broke out in 1775, Dalrymple returned to North America. He served as quartermaster general 1779-1783. He was promoted to brigadier general (1779) and then major general (1782).
After the end of the war Dalrymple was attacked for alleged corruption, but General William Howe stoutly defended his former subordinate and the allegations were dropped.
Dalrymple then went into politics. He represented Wigtown Burghs in the British House of Commons from 1784 to 1790. Between 1796 and 1798 he sat for Duleek in the Irish House of Commons.
Dalrymple was promoted to lieutenant general 1793 and general 1798.
Lt. Governor of Royal Hospital Chelsea 22 Mar 1798 to 2 Apr 1804; and 19 Oct. 1804 to his death.
He was Colonel of the 47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot from 1794 to his death.
# Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth

Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth [1995] UKHL 8 is an English contract law case, concerning the choice between an award of damages for the cost of curing a defect in a building contract or (when that is unreasonable) for awarding damages for loss of "amenity".

## Facts

Ruxley agreed to build a swimming pool in Forsyth's garden. The contract specified that the pool would have a diving area seven feet, six inches deep. When constructed, the diving area was only six feet deep. This was still a safe depth for diving and one which did not affect value of the pool. Forsyth was not happy, however, and he brought an action for breach of contract claiming the cost of having a pool demolished and rebuilt (the cost of cure), a sum of £21,540.
At first instance the judge rejected the claim for 'cost of cure' damages on the ground that it was an unreasonable claim in the circumstances, but awarded Forsyth 'loss of amenity damages' of £2500. This award was reversed by the Court of Appeal which held that damages should be awarded at the amount required to place Forsyth in the same position as he would have been in had the contract been performed, which in the circumstances was the cost of rebuilding the pool. Ruxley appealed to the House of Lords.

## Judgment

The House of Lords allowed the appeal and upheld the judge's award of £2500 for loss of amenity. Lord Mustill said ‘the law must cater for those occasions where the value of the promise to the promisee exceeds the financial enhancement of his position which full performance will secure.’ So ‘consumer surplus’ was recognised in an award for breach of contract. To award them nothing would be to say the promise was illusory, and that was unsatisfactory. But correcting was too expensive, and too much for the loss of Mr Forsyth. It would be contrary to ‘common sense’ and unreasonable. So we must look to ‘the loss truly suffered by the promisee’.
   a common feature of small building works performed on residential property that the cost of the work is not fully reflected by an increase in the market value of the house, and that comparatively minor deviations from specification or sound workmanship may have no direct financial effect at all.
Lord Lloyd said that though courts do not care what damages will be used for, the intention of the innocent party for what he does with them may be relevant to the issue of reasonableness in awarding damages.
# William Cobb (designer)

William L. Cobb (1917 – December 17, 1990) was an American designer and engineer of roller coasters, as the founder and head of William Cobb & Associates. He is particularly noted for his work on designing and relocating several major wooden roller coasters in the 1970s and 1980s. A number of these coasters were world-record holders at the time of their opening.
On the subject of roller coaster design, Cobb has been quoted as saying, "You have to be a little bit mean. Sometimes you have to be a little bit sneaky. You get them going on a nice straight track and they think 'This looks smooth,' and then you dip it down a little to give them a good jolt. Or you have it so that when they go over a hill it looks like they're going to get their heads chopped off at the bottom."

## List of roller coasters

William Cobb designed 11 roller coasters around the world.
| Name | Model | Park | Country | Opened | Status |
| Great American Scream Machine | Wood support structure | Six Flags Over Georgia | United States | 1973 | Operating |
| Screamin' Eagle | Wood support structure | Six Flags St. Louis | United States | 1976 | Operating |
| Texas Cyclone | Wood support structure | Six Flags AstroWorld | United States | 1976 | Removed |
| Tornado | Wood support structure | Adventureland | United States | 1978 | Operating |
| Rolling Thunder | Wood support structure | Six Flags Great Adventure | United States | 1979 | Removed |
| Judge Roy Scream | Wood support structure | Six Flags Over Texas | United States | 1980 | Operating |
| Cyclone Formerly Riverside Cyclone | Wood support structure | Six Flags New England | United States | 1983 | Converted Now known as Wicked Cyclone |
| Monstre | Wood support structure | La Ronde | Canada | 1985 | Operating |
| Roller Coaster Formerly Tree Topper | Wood support structure | Upper Clements Park | Canada | 1989 | Removed |
| Anaconda | Wood support structure | Walygator Parc | France | 1989 | Operating |
| Sierra Tonante | Wood support structure | Mirabilandia | Italy | 1992 | Removed |
# Francesco Gioli

Francesco Gioli (29 June 1846, San Frediano a Settimo – 4 February 1922, Florence) was an Italian painter and member of the Macchiaioli movement. His brother Luigi, was also a painter of some note.

## Biography

He was born to a wealthy family. His first studies were at the Accademia d'Arte di Pisa with Annibale Mariani (1840-1891), followed by the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze, under Antonio Ciseri and Enrico Pollastrini. He initially painted historical scenes. His depiction of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, dispatching the Spanish Ambassador (1868), was first exhibited in Florence, and awarded a prize at an exhibition in Pistoia.
In the early 1870s, he came under the influence of the Macchiaioli; especially Giovanni Fattori and Telemaco Signorini. He spent a considerable amount time painting and sketching in the Pisan countryside. During this time, he also began to exhibit regularly; throughout Italy and in Paris. While in Paris, he also came under the influence of the Barbizon school. His wife, Matilde, was the daughter of the statesman, Ferdinando Bartolommei. Their villa in Fauglia became a cultural gathering point.
In 1888, Francesco was named a Professor at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna and, the following year, in Florence. In the 1890s, his works brightened and took on a nostalgic character. He also began exhibiting outside Europe; in Buenos Aires (1913), San Francisco, and Melbourne (both 1915). His largest showing was at the Venice Biennale of 1914.
He is best known for rural scenes of grape harvesting. Among his paintings are Goldoni visits Rousseau (1869); dal Sola alle Renaiole, dalle Macchiaiole di San Rossore alla Vendemmia allegra; l'Autunno, and la Vendemmia (1885); il Tempo di Vendemmia (1886); il Ritornando dalla vendemmia (1889); nel Vendemmia allegra (1908). In 1872 he painted l'Acqua; a year later he painted La Portatrice d'acqua, depicting a young female water porter in the countryside. He also painted la Gioventù (1891), in Tuscan Peasant (1892), Tramonto a Castiglioncello; Sera di luna, Pesca a sciabica, Venditrice di arselle, and Renaioli. In 1909 he presented at Venice: Florentine Harmonies, four vedute of Florence.
# Régine Raufast

Régine Raufast (died 1946) was a French Surrealist poet and writer, a member of the clandestine group La main à plume during the Nazi occupation of France.

## Life

Alongside the poet Laurence Iché and the Czech artist Tita, Raufast was active in La main à plume, writing a poem for its first collective publication.
She had a relationship with Raoul Ubac, and was the model for Ubac's 1939 photograph La Nébuleuse. Her subsequent relationship with Christian Dotremont lasted from April 1941 to March 1943. She was the inspiration for two long poems by Dotremont in 1942, Oleossoonne or the Speculative Moment and The Queen of the Walls.
Raufast committed suicide in 1946. Dotremont wrote a posthumous tribute to her in the Belgian surrealist journal Suractuel.

## Work

* 'Image et photographie', in La Conquête du Monde par l'Image, Paris: Éditions de la Main à Plume, 1942.
* 'Der Kubismus und die Gegenwart', in Wort und Tat, No. 2 (September 1946)
# Newcastle United (disambiguation)

Newcastle United F.C. is an English men's professional association football club
Newcastle United may also refer to:
* Newcastle KB United, a defunct Australian men's association football club
* Newcastle Rosebud United, former name used by Adamstown Rosebuds FC, an Australian men's semi-professional association football club in Northern NSW
* Newcastle United, the original name of Newcastle West A.F.C., an Irish men's semi-professional association football club
* Newcastle United Jets FC, an Australian men's professional association football club
* Newcastle United Jets FC W-League, an Australian women's semi-professional association football club
* Newcastle United W.F.C., an English women's semi-professional association football club
* Newcastle United F.C., former name of Gibraltarian semi-professional association football club Lincoln Red Imps F.C.
# William Gifford (disambiguation)

William Gifford (1756–1826) was an English writer.
William Gifford may also refer to:
* William Gifford (MP for Reading)
* William Gifford (Royal Navy officer) (c. 1649–1724), Royal Navy officer and Member of Parliament for Portsmouth
* Will Gifford (born 1985), English first-class cricketer
* Gabriel Gifford, name in religion of William Gifford (1554–1629), English Roman Catholic churchman, Benedictine and Archbishop of Reims
# Francis A. Marzen

Francis A. Marzen (March 14, 1925 – July 19, 2004) was a priest of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu, former editor of the Hawaii Catholic Herald and an information specialist for the City & County of Honolulu in the administration of Mayor Frank Fasi.
Born in East Mauch Chunk — present-day Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania — Marzen studied at the Pontifical College Josephinum in Worthington, Ohio and was ordained in the fledgling diocese in the Hawaiian Islands in 1951 alongside his classmate, Bernard J. Eikmeier. Marzen was the founding pastor of Our Lady of Good Counsel Church and School in Pearl City as well as Saints Peter and Paul Church in the Kapi`olani Business District of Honolulu.
Marzen was appointed a Chaplain of His Holiness with the title of Monsignor by Pope John XXIII in 1963. His classmate Eikmeier joined him in the ranks of the monsignori many years later during the episcopate of Joseph Anthony Ferrario.
After thirty years with the Hawaii Catholic Herald, twenty of which were spent as editor, Marzen was dismissed from his position by the newly appointed Bishop Ferrario. In 1986, Marzen retired from his position as pastor of Saints Peter and Paul Church. He was subsequently hired in 1987 by Mayor Frank Fasi as an information specialist.
# Francisco Costa

Francisco Costa may refer to:
* Francisco Costa (designer) (born 1964), Brazilian designer
* Francisco Costa (tennis) (born 1973), Brazilian tennis player
* Francisco Costa (handballer) (born 2005), Portuguese handball player
* Francisco José Fernandes Costa (1867–1925), Portuguese lawyer and politician
# David Handley (farmer)

David Handley is the leader of the militant pressure group Farmers for Action.

## Biography

He was a leader of the UK fuel protestors in September 2000. He unsuccessfully challenged for the leadership of the British National Farmers Union and was backed by senior Conservative Party activist Mark MacGregor.
In spite of this, he is still a popular and well-known figure among UK farmers, having twice been voted by readers of Farmers Weekly their Personality of the Year. In 2005, he was presented with the Dairy Industry Award. On 10 May 2007, he was presented with the Princess Royal Award for his significant contribution to the UK dairy industry by The Princess Royal at a private reception at Buckingham Palace. On 6 June 2012, Handley, who leads a group called Farmers for Action, was interviewed on the Today Programme about the price of milk. He said "we are looking at disruption of the milk supply, and that could come in many forms and this country is now running into something that is going to be very special to a lot of people, and that is the Olympic Games". He also said that "part of our action is likely to disrupt that".
In March 2016 Farmers For Action led by Handley marched in London joined by more than 5000 farmers, producers and supporters of British agriculture from across the UK, through Whitehall to 10 Downing Street to present a letter to David Cameron then PM, highlighting the crisis in British agriculture. He has spoken on a number of issues, including the uneconomic nature of dairy farming, having sold his dairy herd in 2015.
He continues, through his role as Chairman of Farmers For Action, campaigning on many issues concerning farmers and producers in the UK. He is still called upon by the media to comment on aspects affecting the farming industry and writes a fortnightly column in the South West newspaper Western Daily Press.
# Naganuma Castle

Naganuma Castle (長沼城) was a Japanese castle located in Naganuma, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The site has 300 cherry blossom trees.

## History

This castle is thought to have been built by Takatoki Naganuma in 1260 (Bun'ō gannen). The castle is possibly the main base for the Naganuma clan, a branch of the Oyama clan, which is a traditional samurai clan of the Nasu area of the Tochigi prefecture.
In the mid-15th century, the Naganuma clan moved their main base to the Shigiyama castle in the captured Aizu Tajima area, but kept the Naganuma castle. Following an alliance in approximately 1560 with the Ashina clan (Japan), which soon declined due to military overextension and the death of an heir, the Naganuma clan had a brief alliance with the Date clan.
After the Date clan fell out of favor with central ruler Toyotomi Hideyoshi, control of the castle transferred to the warlord Gamō Ujisato, who rebuilt a number of hill castles, including Naganuma Castle, on the model of his own Matsusaka Castle.
Upon his death, his territory was transferred to Uesugi Kagekatsu (1556-1623), who posted Tadanao Shimazu, an important retainer, in the Naganuma Castle. The castle was probably destroyed after a 1615 (Genna gannen) decree mandating only one castle per province (一国一城令).

## Structure

The castle is located on Hidakami-Yama mountain, a peninsula-like hill of 40 meters in height spreading from the Taishaku mountains toward Koriyama basin, at the center of the former Naganuma Town. Naganuma town is located in a valley formed by the Ebana-Gawa river and Sunoko-Gawa river at the western edge of the Koriyama basin, in the western part of current Sukagawa.
The central area of Naganuma castle is a pentagonal, about 70 x 50 meters. At the west side of the central area sits an oblong area about 50 meters long with a stone wall on its south side. Another long and narrow area is at the east side. These three areas at the top of the hill likely were constructed by the Naganuma or Ashina clans. Surrounding these core areas, several terraces of about 40 meters long were built halfway down the hill. These areas are connected by a small buffer area formed by clay walls. While the western part of the castle is connected to the mountains behind it, this side is protected by a deep dry moat about 20 meters wide.
The total size of the upper hill area is about 250 x 100 meters, making it a moderately-sized branch castle. The east side of the hill is not protected by marsh. A line of outer barriers separated two rivers. Though most of this part of the castle is lost, a line of clay wall and a dry moat with the shape of a gate remains on private property. The size of the outer barrier is extremely large for a branch castle, and this shows the importance of Naganuma castle for the Gamo clan.
Every spring the castle site, now a park, becomes fully covered by cherry blossoms.
# Saint-Fromond

Saint-Fromond (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Saint-Fromond | The arms of Saint-Fromond are blazoned : Argent, 3 fleurs de lys gules. These arms are borrowed from the du Hommet family (extinct), former lords of Saint-Fromond and of the barony Hommet. |
# Cannan

Cannan is a surname of Manx origin, and may refer to:
* David Cannan
* Denis Cannan
* Edwin Cannan, British economist
* Gilbert Cannan
* James Harold Cannan
* Joanna Cannan
* John Cannan, a British convicted murderer
* May Wedderburn Cannan
* Ron Cannan
# Corticirama

Corticirama is a genus of fungi in the family Corticiaceae. The genus contains two species found in Europe.
# Molde panorama

The Molde panorama is the renowned panoramic view of some 222 partly snow-clad peaks, seen from the town of Molde in Molde Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It can be observed from all over the town, but the viewpoint from the top of Varden, a 404-metre (1,325 ft) tall hill behind the city, is generally considered to offer the best view.
The mountains of the panorama are located about 15–40 kilometres (9.3–24.9 mi) to the south, southeast, and southwest of Molde, and therefore often creates dramatic displays of changing colors and contrasts in the shifting light throughout the day, and when reflecting in the Romsdalsfjord.
The panorama has been a major tourist attraction for over 150 years.
# Monaldi & Sorti

Monaldi & Sorti is the pen name of the Italian married couple writer duo Rita Monaldi and Francesco Sorti. Rita Monaldi (born 1966) is an Italian journalist and writer. She majored in classical philology and specialized in the history of religions. Francesco Sorti (born 1964) is an Italian journalist and author. He majored in musicology and specialized in the 17th century. They both live with their two young children in Vienna.

## Works

A series of literary-historical books, with Atto Melani as a central character:
* Imprimatur
* Secretum
* Veritas
* Mysterium
All the book titles of the series will create the sentence Imprimatur secretum, veritas mysterium. Unicum … The authors translate this as follows: “Even when a secret is printed, the truth is always a mystery. It remains only…” The authors are keeping secret the titles of the final two volumes. They claim the novel was boycotted in Italy.
* Malaparte. Morte come me (2016)
# Monoptilon bellidiforme

Monoptilon bellidiforme is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names daisy desertstar and small desert star. It is native to the desert southwest of the United States, where it grows in typical desert habitat such as sandy flats and washes. It is similar to the other Monoptilon, M. bellioides, but it is usually smaller. Its stem is just a few centimeters long, sometimes small enough so that the inflorescence sits at ground level. The leaves are no more than a centimeter long. The flower head has many ray florets which are usually white, sometimes purple-tinged. They are 5 to 7 millimeters long. The fruit is an achene about half a centimeter long including the pappus, which is an elongated bristle surrounded by fused scales.
# Warren J. Winstead

Warren J. Winstead (November 10, 1927 – December 3, 2001) was an American academic, and was the first president of Nova Southeastern University. Winstead graduated from Harvard University with a PhD. (NSU says "He obtained his B.A. and M.S. from the University of Richmond. He later obtained a C.A.S. and Ed.D. from Harvard University.") He became the President of Nova Southeastern University in 1964 and was president until 1970.