OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Restoration of the Scottish Catholic hierarchy

The re-establishment of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church in Scotland took effect on 15 March 1878. This followed the restoration of the English hierarchy in 1850.
The restoration was carried out on the instructions of Pope Leo XIII and was one of the first acts of his papacy.
The "old" hierarchy had ended in 1603 when Archbishop Beaton of the Archdiocese of Glasgow died in Paris. In the intervening period from the Scottish Reformation until the restoration of the hierarchy, Scottish Catholics were ministered to by an underground network of priests (such as Saint John Ogilvie, Martyr) who were overseen by Apostolic prefects and then Apostolic Vicars as the oppression of Catholics became less severe.
The restored hierarchy were members of the Apostolic Vicariate and the territories of the new dioceses and archdioceses were based on the ancient (pre-reformation) ones.
There were two archbishops and four bishops in the new hierarchy:
* Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh
** Bishop of Aberdeen
** Bishop of Argyll and the Isles
** Bishop of Dunkeld
** Bishop of Galloway
* Archbishop of Glasgow
The Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh was to be the Metropolitan See for Scotland with the Archdiocese of Glasgow to be under control of the Holy See.
It was nearly another 100 years before Scotland had its first post-Reformation cardinal appointed. In 1969 Archbishop Gray of St Andrews and Edinburgh was elevated to the rank of Cardinal. Since then Cardinal Winning of Glasgow, and Cardinal O'Brien of St Andrews and Edinburgh have been appointed to the College of Cardinals.
# Abbot of Shaolin

Abbot of Shaolin (少林英雄榜), also known as Shaolin Abbot or A Slice of Death, is a Shaw Brothers film directed by Ho Meng Hua. It is a Shaolin Temple-themed martial arts film about their rebellion against the Qing, featuring David Chiang and Lo Lieh as Priest Pai Mei.

## Plot

The Monk Chi San (David Chiang) is sent by his Shaolin masters to learn a special kung fu from a Wu-Tang priest and befriends his niece Wu Mei (Lily Li). The priest's brother is Pai Mei (Lo Lieh), who disapproves of his associating with Shaolin rebels who oppose the Qing, leaves as his nephew Dao De (Ku Kuan Chun) remains behind to cause trouble for Chi San. While Chi San is in training, the Qing soldiers and a northern Lama attack and destroy Shaolin Temple. Chi San arrives too late as the attack has already run its course. His master orders him to go to the south to search for loyal Shaolin men and rebuild the temple.
Pai Mei is promoted by the court, returns to his brother's temple, and arranges for his nephew to poison him. He then attacks the priest himself and kills him for teaching Chi San kung fu. Pai Mei orders the search for Chi San so that he may kill him. Chi San arrives in the south and assists a local businessman, Mr. Li who is being robbed. The grateful man takes Chi San into his home. At this point Chi San gains his first student, Jin Lun nephew of Mr Li and goes through various integrity "tests" from local businessmen to prove if he is a true Shaolin monk. Chi San succeeds and the impressed businessmen offer to help him rebuild the temple. Chi San also gains more students after a butcher and a knife grinder fail in their attempts to beat him at kung fu.
Pai Mei and his nephew then attempt to kill Wu Mei, but she is rescued by Chi San and his students. Chi San orders his students to head south to wait on a ferry while he pursues Pai Mei and the Lama. Chi San meets the lama in the woods and defeats him but Pai Mei intercepts Wu Mei and the students. Chi San arrives before Pai Mei can kill them and defeats Pai Mei.

## Cast

* David Chiang a.k.a. David Chiang Da-Wei as Monk Chi San
* Lo Lieh as Pai Mei
* Ching Miao a.k.a. Cheng Miu as Mr. Li
* Ku Kuan-Chung as Dao De
* Lily Li a.k.a. Lily Li-Li as Wu Mei
* Norman Chui as Li Jin-Lun
* Yeung Chi-Hing as Wu Chan
* Chiang Tao as Tibetan Lama/Yuan Guan
* Helen Poon Bing-Seung as Miss Jinbao
* Si Wai as Emperor
* Bruce Tong Yim-Chaan as Shaolin recruit Hong Xi-Guan
* Chan Shen as Dan Tian-Gang
* Shum Lo as Head Abbot
* Yue Wing as General Yue Ying-Qi
* Chiang Nan as General Li
* Sai Gwa-Pau as Stuttering servant
* Wong Ching-Ho as Wang
* Jamie Luk Kim-Ming as Shaolin recruit Lin
* Wang Han-Chen as Magistrate
* Ng Hong-Sang as Shaolin recruit Gong Qian-Jin
* Keung Hon as Li Ba-Shan
* Lee Sau-Kei as Rich man
* Wong Chi-Ming as Bandit
* Hsu Hsia as Soldier
* Siu Tak-Foo as Shaolin student
* Chik Ngai-Hung as Bandit
* Tam Bo as Monk
* Kwok Yan-Chi as Shaolin recruit Gui Jue-Qi
* Lui Tat as Rich man
* Tai Gwan-Tak as Traitor monk
* Huang Ha as Soldier
* Kong Chuen as Soldier
* Lau Cheun as Servant
* Gam Tin-Chue as Rich man
* Wong Kung-Miu as Servant
* Fung Ging-Man as Man at palace
# Deep Creek Mountains

The Deep Creek Range, often referred to as the Deep Creek Mountains (Goshute: Pi'a-roi-ya-bi), are a mountain range in the Great Basin located in extreme western Tooele and Juab counties in Utah, United States. The range trends north–south (with a curl to the west at the southern end, 16% of range in White Pine County, Nevada), and is composed of granite in its central highest portion. The valley to the east is Snake Valley, and to the west is Deep Creek Valley. Nearby communities include Callao, Utah to the east and the community of Ibapah and the lands of the Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation to the west.
The highest point in the Deep Creek Range is Ibapah Peak, an ultra prominent peak, which rises to 12,087 feet (3,684 m). Other peaks include Haystack Peak at 12,020 feet (3,660 m) and Red Mountain at 11,588 feet (3,532 m). The range is the source of several perennial streams and supports a diverse coniferous forest, with an "island" of alpine tundra on the highest summits. The range has a vertical relief of 7,800 feet (2,400 m) above the salt flats of the Great Salt Lake Desert lying to the northeast and rises about 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the semiarid plains to the west.
# Aarthie Ramaswamy

Aarthie Ramaswamy (born 28 June 1981) is an Indian chess player. She was awarded the title Woman Grandmaster (WGM) by FIDE in 2003.
In 1993, Ramaswamy won the India under-12 girls championship. In 1995, she won the under-14 and under-16 girls championships. In 1998 and 1999, she won the under-18 girls national title. Also in 1999, Ramaswamy won the Girls U18 section of the World Youth Championships, held in Oropesa del Mar, Spain. In 2001, she competed in the Women's World Chess Championship. Ramaswamy won the Indian women's championship in 2003, edging out S. Vijayalakshmi on tiebreak.
She is married to Indian chess grandmaster R. B. Ramesh.
# Per Isak Juuso

Per Isak Nikolaus Juuso, born 1 May 1953 in Karesuando parish, Norrbotten County, Sweden, is a Swedish-Sámi artisan and teacher.

## Biography

Per Isak Juuso grew up in Mertajärvi, south of Karesuando. His parents were active reindeer herders and he learned to be an artisan from them. He trained to become a silversmith, then furthered his education in metal and design, the latter for the textile artist Wanja Djanaieff. He has also studied pedagogy at the Sámi University of Applied Sciences in Kautokeino.
Juuso has worked in metal, wood, horn, leather and textiles and has been a leading developer of modern Sámi handicrafts (daidda duodji). He has worked as a Sámi handicraft teacher at the Sámi Folk High School in Jokkmokk and then as a teacher in duodji (the traditional Sámi handicraft) part-time at the Sámi University in Kautokeino.
Juuso lives and works in Mertajärvi, where he has his studio. He received a Sámi Artists' Council work scholarship of 200,000 Norwegian kroner in January 2012. He has had exhibitions of his work in Sápmi, Canada, Japan, USA and Iceland, and his works have been bought by government and public bodies as well as by private collectors.
# Xquic

Xquic (or Ixquic /ˈʃkikʼ/, ALMG: Xkikʼ, sometimes glossed as "Blood Moon" or "Blood Girl/Maiden" in English) is a mythological figure known from the 16th century Kʼicheʼ manuscript Popol Vuh. She was the daughter of one of the lords of Xibalba, called Cuchumaquic, Xibalba being the Maya underworld. Noted particularly for being the mother of the Maya Hero Twins, Hunahpu and Xbalanque, she is sometimes considered to be the Maya goddess associated with the waning moon. However, there is no evidence for this in the Popol Vuh text itself.

## Tale summary

In the account told by the Popol Vuh, Xquic went to investigate a calabash tree where the Lords of Xibalba had displayed the severed head of Hun Hunahpu, whom they had sacrificed. Upon arriving she was curious as to the strange fruit that it bore, in the shape of a skull, and the head of Hun Hunahpu instructed the maiden to reach out and take one. As she did so the skull spat upon her hand, and through this act she became pregnant with Hun Hunahpu's twin sons.
When six months had passed and her pregnancy obvious, she was questioned regarding the father. She honestly answered that she had known no man's face (the Maya equivalent of the biblical "know", and a play on the fact that a skull has no face). The fetuses she carried were declared to be bastards, and the Lords of Xibalba sentenced her to be sacrificed in exile. The messengers who had been sent to escort her far from the city and to sacrifice her had pity on the woman, and fashioned a false heart out of tree sap to return to the Lords. They were unable to see through the deceit, and were subsequently tricked into accepting burned sacrifices that were not genuine.
Xquic sought the protection of Xmucane, the mother of Hun Hunahpu, identifying herself as the woman's daughter-in-law. Knowing her sons to be dead, Xmucane demanded proof of the fetuses' lineage, and devised a test for the maiden. If she could go into the garden and return with a sack full of corn she would be accepted. There was however but one stalk of corn to be found. Xquic was able to pass the test by invoking two female daybearers related to corn (Ixtoj and Ixqʼanil, also called Ixkakaw and Ixtziya), and then plucking the corn silk from the ear, which transformed into corn, thus filling the net sack. Xmucane initially responded angrily to Xquic's success, but after seeing the impression her net had left on the ground in the garden, was convinced of the truth of Xquic's story. Dennis Tedlock suggests that the net impression is a reference to the daybearer Kʼat and a thus possible reference to the emergence of Venus as a morning star; Xmucane, one of the original pair of daykeepers, was certainly able to read such signs.
After being accepted into the household and giving birth to her sons alone "at the mountain", Xquic's significance in the story is greatly diminished, and while she is mentioned again in a few places in short conversations, her role as an active player in the creation myth seems to end.
# Reviews in Clinical Gerontology

Reviews in Clinical Gerontology is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering gerontology. It was established in 1991 and is published by Cambridge University Press. The editor-in-chief is Antony Bayer (Cardiff University).
# Decimate the Weak

Decimate the Weak is the debut studio album by American deathcore band Winds of Plague. Released February 5, 2008, the album is the first by Winds of Plague to be released through major label Century Media, and is the last to include drummer Jeff Tenney and keyboardist Matt Feinman. A music video for "The Impaler" was released.

## Promotion and release

The album features the songs "A Cold Day in Hell", "Anthems of Apocalypse", "Legions" and "One Body Too Many", all of which were originally available on their debut album, A Cold Day in Hell, but were re-recorded for Decimate the Weak.
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| About.com | |
| AllMusic | |
| Lambgoat | |

## Commercial performance

Decimate the Weak peaked at No. 9 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart and sold more than 3,600 copies its first week.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Winds of Plague

## Personnel
### Winds of Plague

* Jonathan "Johnny Plague" Cooke-Hayden – vocals
* Nick Eash – lead guitar
* Nick Piunno – rhythm guitar
* Andrew Glover – bass
* Jeff Tenney – drums, percussion
* Matt Feinman – keyboards

### Additional musicians

* Sal Lococo of Sworn Enemy – guest vocals on track 4
* John Cairoli – guest vocals on track 6
* John Mishima – guest vocals on track 7

### Additional personnel

* Daniel Castleman – production, engineering, recording
* Tue Madsen – mixing, mastering
# YIG sphere

Yttrium iron garnet spheres (YIG spheres) serve as magnetically tunable filters and resonators for microwave frequencies. YIG filters are used for their high Q factors, typically between 100 and 200. A sphere made from a single crystal of synthetic yttrium iron garnet acts as a resonator.
The field from an electromagnet changes the resonance frequency of the sphere and hence the frequency it will allow to pass. The advantage of this type of filter is that the garnet can be tuned over a very wide frequency range by varying the strength of the magnetic field. Some filters can be tuned from 3 GHz up to 50 GHz.

## Construction

The YIG spheres themselves are on the order of 0.5 mm in diameter and are manufactured from slightly larger cubes of diced material by tumbling, as is done in the manufacture of jewelry.
The garnet is mounted on a ceramic rod, and a pair of small loops around the sphere couple fields into and out of the sphere; the loops are half-turns, positioned at right-angles to each other to prevent direct electromagnetic coupling between them and each is grounded at one end.
The input and output coils are oriented at right angles to one another around the YIG crystal. They are cross-coupled when energized by the ferrimagnetic resonance frequency, which depends on the external magnetic field supplied by an electromagnet.
YIG filters usually consist of several coupled stages, each stage consisting of a sphere and a pair of loops.

## Applications

YIG filters are often used as preselectors. YIG filters tuned by a sweep current are used in spectrum analyzers. Another YIG application is YIG oscillators, where the sphere acts as a tunable frequency-determining element. It is coupled to an amplifier which provides the required feedback for oscillation.
# Peritiba

Peritiba is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.
# Peristyle, Three Lines

Peristyle, Three Lines is a public art work by artist George Rickey located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The kinetic sculpture consists of three tapering spear-like forms thrusting vertically; it is installed on the lawn.
# Abdul Faisal

Abdul Faisal (born March 27, 1986) is an Indonesian former footballer.

## Club statistics

| Club | Season | Super League | Super League | Premier Division | Premier Division | Piala Indonesia | Piala Indonesia | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| PSAP Sigli | 2011-12 | 33 | 2 | - | - | - | - | 33 | 2 |
| Total | Total | 33 | 2 | - | - | - | - | 33 | 2 |
# Abdelaziz Touilbini

Abdelaziz Touilbini (born October 16, 1978) is an Algerian boxer. He is best known for having competed in the 2008 Olympics in the Heavyweight division.

## Career

In 2007, Touilbini won bronze at the All-Africa Games after losing to eventual winner Mourad Sahraoui in the semifinal.
Touibini beat David Assienne and Mohamed Arjaoui at the Olympic qualifier. He lost his Olympic debut to Deontay Wilder 4:10.
# Xu Ang

Xu Ang (Chinese: 徐昂; pinyin: Xú Áng) was a Chinese court astronomer of the Tang dynasty.
Shortly after Emperor Xianzong's ascension in 805, he created the Guanxiang Calendar (觀象曆), which was used throughout Emperor Xianzong's reign beginning in 807.
In 822, during Emperor Muzong's reign, he created the Xuanming calendar, one of the most influential calendars in the world. It was used for 71 years in China, for at least 475 years in Korea, and for 823 years in Japan.
# Xu Bin (disambiguation)

Xu Bin is a Chinese-born Singaporean actor.
Xu Bin may also refer to:
* Xu Bin (footballer), a Chinese footballer
* Xu Bin, born 1989, a Chinese footballer who participated 2020 China League Two
* Xu Bin, an athlete and competitor in Athletics at the 1991 Summer Universiade – Men's long jump and Athletics at the 1995 Summer Universiade – Men's long jump
* Xu Bin, a character in Ming Dynasty (2019 TV series)
* Xu Bin, chairman of the Shide Group and brother of Xu Ming
# Abacetus ceylanoides

Abacetus ceylanoides is a species in the beetle family Carabidae. It is found in Indonesia.
# Aarne Tarkas

Aarne Tarkas (until 1947 Saastamoinen, 19 December 1923 – 7 October 1976) was a Finnish film director, screenwriter, producer and actor. Tarkas started his career as a screenwriter for Matti Kassila film Radio tekee murron (1951) for which they shared a Jussi Award. In 1952, he founded a production company Junior-Filmi, which produced internationally recognized Erik Blomberg film Valkoinen peura.
Tarkas was known as a very fast writer who, during his most productive years, finished up to five movies per year. All in all, Tarkas wrote 35 scripts and directed 33 feature films. During his final years, he worked mostly for television. Aarne Tarkas died of a heart failure at the age of 52.

## Selected filmography

* Yö on pitkä (1952)
* Kovanaama (1954)
* Olemme kaikki syyllisiä (1954)
* Sankarialokas (1955)
* Villi Pohjola (1955)
* Kulkurin masurkka (1958)
* Paksunahka (1958)
* Sotapojan heilat (1958)
* Ei ruumiita makuuhuoneeseen (1959)
* Vatsa sisään, rinta ulos! (1959)
* Isaskar Keturin ihmeelliset seikkailut (1960)
* Kankkulan kaivolla (1960)
* Nina ja Erik (1960)
* Opettajatar seikkailee (1960)
* Pekka ja Pätkä neekereinä (1960)
* Hän varasti elämän (1962)
* Turkasen tenava! (1963)
* Villin Pohjolan kulta (1963)
* Villin Pohjolan salattu laakso (1963)
* Johan nyt on markkinat! (1966)
# Perl PG-130 Penetrator

The Perl PG-130 Penetrator is an American mid-wing, single-seat glider that was designed and constructed by Harry Perl.

## Design and development

The PG-130 was completed in 1953. The aircraft has a wooden structure, with the wings and tail covered in doped aircraft fabric covering. The 48 ft (14.6 m) span wing employs a Göttingen Gö 549 airfoil and features dive brakes. The wing has a foam-filled leading edge. The tail is an all-flying design. The aircraft originally took off from a jettisonable take-off dolly and landed on a fixed skid, but was later modified with a fixed monowheel.
The sole example of the PG-130 was registered with the US Federal Aviation Administration as an Experimental - Amateur-built.

## Operational history

Soaring Magazine reported in 1983 that Perl still owned the aircraft and was flying it at that time. The PG-130 was removed from the FAA register prior to 1989 and now belongs to the National Soaring Museum, where it was listed as "in storage" in June 2011.

## Aircraft on display

* National Soaring Museum - in storage

## Specifications (PG-130)

Data from Sailplane Directory, Soaring and The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Wingspan: 48 ft 0 in (14.63 m)
* Wing area: 130 sq ft (12 m$^2$)
* Aspect ratio: 17.75:1
* Airfoil: Göttingen Gö 549
* Empty weight: 480 lb (218 kg)
* Gross weight: 680 lb (308 kg)
Performance
* Maximum glide ratio: 33 at 52 mph (84 km/h)
* Rate of sink: 126 ft/min (0.64 m/s) at 44 mph (71 km/h)
* Wing loading: 5.23 lb/sq ft (25.5 kg/m$^2$)
# Abdul Razaq (Guantanamo detainee 356)

Abdul Razaq (born 1971), a young Afghani man, was the first detainee to be released from the U.S. military detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Razaq was released after four months when officials determined that he was of no further intelligence value, nor a threat to the United States, and was affected by schizophrenia. Razaq was repatriated on May 11, 2002. Newsweek conducted an interview with Razeq in a high security mental institution on May 20, 2002.
Razaq, a member of the Uzbek ethnic group, said that he was captured because American authorities did not believe he was not a foreigner. Razak told U.S. military personnel on the day he was released that he was a heroin addict on the streets of Kandahar after the attacks of September 11, 2001, and that to support his habit he picked up an AK-47 for the Taliban. Once captured and brought to Gitmo, he became a cold turkey heroin addict in forced recovery, and off of his schizophrenia medication. These two facts led to his bizarre behavior at Camp X-Ray, and the nickname, "Wild Bill." Razaq was prone to "wild" behavior prior to his diagnosis and treatment before his release. He was observed eating his flip-flops, hanging objects from his genitals, causing verbal disruptions and throwing urine, feces and other bodily fluids at and on U.S. military police guards. This story is corroborated and discussed in the nonfiction autobiography, "Saving Grace at Guantanamo Bay: A Memoir of a Citizen Warrior," by Maj. (Ret.) Montgomery J. Granger. Granger was one of a small liaison detachment of the Joint Detainee Operations Group at Gitmo who were selected for Razaq's repatriation. Granger drove the HMMWV that took Razaq to his freedom bird, and spent several hours with Razaq, his colleagues, a psych nurse and interpreter prior to the arrival of his exit plane and had conversations with Razaq about his activities before being captured.
Razaq reported observing a hunger strike, and a detainee who tried to commit suicide. But he also reported that he was happy with the food he was served, and that the detainees were given Qu'rans and allowed to pray without interference.
# Abdul Razak Thaheem

Justice (R) Abdul Razzaq A.Thaheem (18 October 1927 – 1 September 2010) was a Pakistani judge and politician who served as an advocate. He has also served as a Senator from March 2006 to March 2012. He was a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP).

## Early life and education

Thaheem was born on 18 October 1927 in Sheran Pur, Garhi Khairo, Jacobabad District of Sindh. He studied LL.B from University of Karachi. After study he joined as an advocate of the Sindh High Court. Later he joined the Supreme Court of Pakistan as an advocate.

## Death

He died on 1 September 2010.
# Xu Hong Yan

Xu Hong Yan is a paralympic athlete from China competing mainly in category F12 shot put and discus events.
She competed in three consecutive paralympics games, winning medals each time. She first appeared in 1996 Summer Paralympics where she made her only appearance in the javelin and won a silver in the Discus and gold in the shot put. The following games in Sydney in 2000 Summer Paralympics Hong Yan reversed her medals winning the gold medal in the discus and silver in the shot put. This was a performance she repeated in her last games in 2004 Summer Paralympics where she again won silver in the shot and gold in the discus.
# Philalethes

Philalethes (Greek: φιλαλήθης, philaléthēs, pronounced [filalétɛːs]) was an Ancient Greek name, also often adopted in pseudonyms (based on its literal translation, "lover of truth"). It may apply to:
* Philalethes, book by Severus of Antioch
* Alazonomastix Philalethes, pseudonym of Henry More
* Alexander Philalethes
* Demosthenes Philalethes
* Eirenaeus Philalethes, alchemical writer, now usually identified with George Starkey
* Eugenius Philalethes, alchemical writer, now usually identified with Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)
* Irenaeus Philalethes, pseudonym of Lewis Du Moulin
* Philalethes Cantabrigiensis, pseudonym of James Jurin
* Philalethes, pen-name of William Hazlitt
* Philalethes, pseudonym of John of Saxony as translator of Dante's Divine Comedy
* Philalethes, pen-name of Henry Portsmouth, author of an index to William Penn's works (1730)
* Philalethes is a character in Humphry Davy's Consolations in Travel (1830)