OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Stryker Gummere

William Stryker Gummere (/ɡʌˈmɛər/; 1852–1933) was chief justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. Gummere was captain of the Princeton football team that met Rutgers in 1869 in the first intercollegiate football game played in America.
After graduating from Princeton in 1870 at the age of 18, Gummere studied law at his father's office in Trenton and was admitted to the bar in 1873, the same year he received his A.M. from Princeton. Gummere received an honorary LL.D. in June 1902 from Princeton. In the Class of 1870s twentieth reunion book, Gummere said he was a Republican. "Consequently," he added, "I have never held office. Republicans don't as a usual thing hold office in New Jersey." This pessimism proved premature because five years later a Democratic governor appointed Gummere to the Supreme Court of New Jersey, and six years after that a Republican governor appointed him Chief Justice, a position he held until his death thirty-two years later.
Gummere was appointed an associate justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court in 1895. On January 28, 1901, he was appointed to the position of chief justice and sworn in as such on November 19, 1901 along with Mahlon Pitney who was sworn in on same day as associate justice. Prior to serving on the NJ Supreme Court, Gummere became popularly known as "Dollar-a-life Gummere" after his ruling in a Jersey City case where a child had been killed in a street railroad accident. The parents brought suit for $50,000 compensation, but Justice Gummere ruled that a child's life is financially not worth more than $1 to its parents. After stubborn fighting in the courts, and taking the case to the highest tribunal in the State, Justice Gummere was overborne and $1000 awarded the parents of the dead child. (Abram Graham vs. Jersey City Consolidated Traction Company. Case came into court April 10, 1896. Justice Gummere made his ruling July 20, 1896. Appeal was taken and the case was settled November 11, 1901.
Gummere died of pneumonia on January 26, 1933 and was buried in Newark, NJ.
# Ramesh Venkata Sonti

Ramesh Venkata Sonti is an Indian plant Geneticist. He did his MPhil in life sciences from University of Hyderabad. He holds Doctor of philosophy in bacterial genetics from the University of Utah, supplemented with Post Doctoral training in Plant genetics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was positioned as a Senior Scientist at the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in Hyderabad, India. He was awarded in June 2004 the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, the highest science award in India, in the Biological sciences category.

## Prizes and honours

* National Bioscience Award for Career Development of the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India.
* Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology for 2004.

## Research highlights

* Virulence mechanisms of the important bacterial leaf blight pathogen of the rice plant.
* Introduction of bacterial leaf blight resistance characteristics into the background of commercially important but disease susceptible rice varieties.
# Ramosomyia

Ramosomyia is a genus in family Trochilidae, the hummingbirds, that was created in 2021 to replace Leucolia.

## Taxonomy and species list

The genus contains three species:
Genus Ramosomyia – M.D. Bruce & F.G. Stiles, 2021 – three species :
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
| Violet-crowned hummingbird | Ramosomyia violiceps (Gould, 1859) Two subspecies R. v. violiceps R. v. ellioti | Mexico and the southwestern United States. | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Green-fronted hummingbird | Ramosomyia viridifrons (Elliot, 1871) | Mexico and possibly Guatemala | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Cinnamon-sided hummingbird | Ramosomyia wagneri (Phillips, AR, 1966) | Mexico | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
These species were early placed in the genus Amazilia. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that the genus Amazilia was polyphyletic. In the revised classification to create monophyletic genera, these Mexican species were placed in the resurrected genus Leucolia by some taxonomic systems. However, a study published in 2021 showed that Leucolia was not available because of the principle of priority. The authors proposed the new genus Ramosomyia and in mid-2022 it was adopted by the North American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society and the International Ornithological Committee. As of that date the Clements taxonomy retains the three species in Leucolia and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World in the earlier Amazilia.
# Rancho Viejo

Rancho Viejo may refer to:

## Dominican Republic

* Rancho Viejo, Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
* Rancho Viejo, La Vega, Dominican Republic

## United States

* Rancho Mission Viejo, California, often called Rancho Viejo by locals
* Rancho Viejo, Texas
* Rancho Viejo, Starr County, Texas
# William II, Landgrave of Hesse

William II (29 April 1469 – 11 July 1509) was Landgrave of Lower Hesse from 1493 and Landgrave of Upper Hesse after the death of his cousin, William III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse in 1500. This immediately sparked the War of the Katzenelnbogen Succession, in which William sought to enforce his claim on the County of Katzenelnbogen with military might.
William II is also called "William the Middle" to distinguish him from his elder brother "William I the Elder", and his cousin "William III, the Younger". His parents were Louis II the Frank (1438–1471) and Mechthild, daughter of Count Louis II of Württemberg.
William II became Landgrave of Lower Hesse in 1493, after his brother William I resigned.
On 9 November 1497 William II married Yolande, daughter of Frederick II of Vaudémont. She died on 21 May 1500 after the marriage produced one child, William (27 March 1500 – 8 April 1500). The same year on 20 October, his second marriage was to Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (14 September 1485 – 12 May 1525), who bore him three children:
* Elisabeth (4 March 1502 – 6 December 1557)
* Magdalena (18 July 1503 – September 1504)
* Philip I, (13 November 1504 – 31 March 1567)
In 1500, William II reunited the Landgraviate of Hesse after the death of his cousin William III. In 1503, Emperor Maximilian I commissioned William with executing the ban on Elector Philip of the Palatinate.

## Ancestors

Ancestors of William II, Landgrave of Hesse :
# Dan Kimosho

Dan Atwijukire Kimosho (born September 11, 1984) is a Ugandan politician and a member of the Ugandan parliament representing Kazo County on the ticket of National Resistance Movement (NRM) party.

## Early life and education

Kimosho was born in Kazo County to Kosia Mugume and Peter Mugume. His early education started at Bugarihe Primary School before transferring to Kazo Model Primary School where he obtained his first school leaving certificate. He received his O’Level certificate at Buremba SS and then moved to Kampala where he completed his A’Level. After this, he was admitted to Uganda Christian University where he studied for a bachelor’s degree in journalism and mass communication. Atwijukire interned at Radio West and later became a host of talk shows before moving to Kampala where he worked as a freelance reporter.

## Political career

Kimosho first ran for the Western Youth Member of Parliament in 2011 but lost. He ran for the Kazo County parliamentary seat in the January 14, 2021 general election on the ticket of NRM polling 17,733 votes defeating the incumbent member of the parliament representing the district, Gordon Bafaki who received 10,235 votes. Upon inauguration to the parliament he was appointed as spokesperson of the 11th Parliament.
# Dana Heller

Dana Heller is the dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Eastern Michigan University. Previously she was the chair of the English Department at Old Dominion University (ODU) and in 2016–2017, was interim dean at their College of Arts and Letters.
Heller is on the board of Jurors for the Peabody Awards.

## Early life and education

Her undergraduate degree is from Goddard College where she majored in English and theater. From Columbia University she earned a master's degree in creative writing. The Graduate Center, CUNY awarded her a Ph.D. in English.

## Career

At ODU, she was also Director of the Humanities Institute and Graduate Program.

## Publications

* Family Plots: The De-Oedipalization of Popular Culture
* editor of Cross Purposes: Lesbians, Feminists, and the Limits of Alliance
# N8 (South Africa)

The N8 is a national route in South Africa that connects Groblershoop (south-east of Upington) with Maseru in Lesotho via Kimberley and Bloemfontein. It is maintained by the South African National Roads Agency.
The section of road from Groblershoop through Griekwastad and Schmidtsdrift to Kimberley was previously designated as part of the R64.

## Route
### Northern Cape

The road starts at Groblershoop in the Northern Cape (115 km south-east of Upington) at a junction with the N10. It runs east for 285 km, through Griekwastad, crossing the Vaal River at Schmidtsdrift, to Kimberley (Capital of the Northern Cape). It enters as Schmidtsdrift Road, then Long Street, and reaches a junction with the N12, just west of the N12's intersection with the R64 (an alternative route to Bloemfontein).
It turns south-east to be co-signed with the N12 as Bultfontein Road up to the Bishops Road junction, where the N12 turns south, leaving the N8 as the south-easterly road. At the roundabout by Kimberley Boys High School, the N8 turns south as Oliver Street, then south-east as Nathan Street (where it bypasses the Kimberley Airport), to exit the Northern Cape and cross into the Free State province.

### Free State

From Kimberley, the N8 goes eastwards for 150 kilometres, crossing the Modder River, through Petrusburg (where it meets the northern terminus of the R48), to Bloemfontein (Capital of the Free State and judicial capital of South Africa), where it meets the N1 highway (Bloemfontein Western Bypass) at a ramp junction.
The N8 joins the N1 highway northwards for 3 km up to the next off-ramp, where it meets the eastern terminus of the R64 (an alternative route from Kimberley). As the R64 is the road to the west, the N8 becomes the road to the east (Nelson Mandela Drive), bypassing the University of the Free State, into Bloemfontein Central. In the Bloemfontein CBD, the N8 passes through as two one-way streets (Nelson Mandela Drive westwards and Zastron Street eastwards). At the junction with the M30 metropolitan route, the N8 becomes one street eastwards again (Alexandra Avenue).
After the Bloemfontein town centre, the N8 heads eastwards to form an interchange with the M10 metropolitan route (George Lubbe Street) and proceeds to bypass the Bram Fischer International Airport and the Air Force Base Bloemspruit. From the airport, it runs eastwards for 78 kilometres, through Botshabelo and Thaba Nchu, to reach the southern outskirts of Ladybrand. Just before Ladybrand, the N8 is joined by the R26 route and they are co-signed eastwards for 12 km up to the southern part of Ladybrand, where the N8 becomes its own road southwards while the R26 turns north towards Ladybrand CBD.
From the R26 split, the N8 goes southwards for 12 kilometres to end on the Lesotho border at the Maseru Bridge on the Mohokare River (Caledon River), with the city of Maseru, Lesotho's Capital, on the other side of the river.
# Weightlifting at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's 63 kg

The Women's 63 kg weightlifting event at the 2006 Commonwealth Games took place at the Melbourne Exhibition Centre on 19 March 2006. The weightlifter from Wales won the gold, lifting a total weight of 220 kg.

## Schedule

All times are Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10)
| Date | Time | Event |
| 19 March 2006 | 18:30 | Group A |

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world, Commonwealth and Games records were as follows:
| World record | Snatch | Pawina Thongsuk (THA) | 116 kg | Doha, Qatar | 12 November 2005 |
| World record | Clean & Jerk | Pawina Thongsuk (THA) | 140 kg | Doha, Qatar | 12 November 2005 |
| World record | Total | Pawina Thongsuk (THA) | 256 kg | Doha, Qatar | 12 November 2005 |
| Commonwealth record | Snatch | Karnam Malleswari (IND) | 105 kg | Bangkok, Thailand | 10 December 1998 |
| Commonwealth record | Clean & Jerk | | | | |
| Commonwealth record | Total | | | | |
| Games record | Snatch | Pratima Kumari (IND) | 87 kg | Manchester, Great Britain | 1 August 2002 |
| Games record | Clean & Jerk | Pratima Kumari (IND) | 117 kg | Manchester, Great Britain | 1 August 2002 |
| Games record | Total | Pratima Kumari (IND) | 205 kg | Manchester, Great Britain | 1 August 2002 |
The following records were established during the competition:
| Snatch | 91 kg | Christine Girard (CAN) | GR |
| Snatch | 95 kg | Michaela Breeze (WAL) | GR |
| Snatch | 98 kg | Michaela Breeze (WAL) | GR |
| Snatch | 100 kg | Michaela Breeze (WAL) | GR |
| Clean & Jerk | 120 kg | Michaela Breeze (WAL) | GR |
| Clean & Jerk | 121 kg | Christine Girard (CAN) | GR |
| Total | 216 kg | Michaela Breeze (WAL) | GR |
| Total | 220 kg | Michaela Breeze (WAL) | GR |

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Nation | Group | Body weight | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Total |
| Rank | Athlete | Nation | Group | Body weight | 1 | 2 | 3 | Result | 1 | 2 | 3 | Result | Total |
| | Michaela Breeze | Wales | A | 62.12 | 95 | 98 | 100 | 100 | 116 | 120 | 122 | 120 | 220 |
| | Christine Girard | Canada | A | 62.51 | 87 | 87 | 91 | 91 | 117 | 121 | 126 | 121 | 212 |
| | Miel McGerrigle | Canada | A | 62.16 | 85 | 90 | 91 | 85 | 105 | 110 | 110 | 105 | 190 |
| 4 | Nurul Farhanah Johari | Malaysia | A | 62.65 | 75 | 78 | 80 | 80 | 91 | 95 | 97 | 95 | 175 |
| 5 | Gaëlle Nayo-Ketchanke | Cameroon | A | 62.47 | 72 | 75 | 80 | 75 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 170 |
| 6 | Annette Campbell | England | A | 62.51 | 72 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 87 | 90 | 92 | 90 | 165 |
| 7 | Mercy Obiero | Kenya | A | 62.67 | 70 | 75 | 76 | 70 | 91 | 96 | 96 | 91 | 161 |
# Vilhelmína Lever

Vilhelmína Lever (1 March 1802 – 19 June 1879) was an Icelandic shopkeeper and restaurateur from Akureyri in northern Iceland. She is remembered for voting in the municipal elections in 1863 and 1866 before women were officially given voting rights.

## Biography

Born on 1 March 1802, Vilhelmína Lever was the daughter of Hans Vilhelms Lever, a merchant, and his wife Þuríður Sigfúsdóttir. She married Thord Daníelsson but obtained a divorce in 1824, becoming the first woman in Iceland to apply for a divorce. She bought a plot of land in Akureyri in 1834, built a small house and opened a shop in 1835.
After spending a few years in Krossanes, she returned to Akureyri in 1852 to run a shop combined with a restaurant. In 1861, she opened a restaurant in the Oddeyri district of Akureyri. She ran it for years, gaining the nickname "Vertshús-Mína" or Tavern-Mina.
New regulations in Danish stated that the town council could be elected by "alle fuldmyndige Mænd" (all men who have reached their majority) who had lived in the town for two years and paid municipal dues. Assuming "mænd" meant all people (as in Icelandic) and not just men, Vilhelmína voted in the municipal elections in both 1863 and 1866.
Later Vilhelmína lived in Nonnahús (Nonni's House), Akureyri's oldest house. She died in Akureyri on 19 June 1879.
# Lanthanum aluminate

Lanthanum aluminate is an inorganic compound with the formula LaAlO$_3$, often abbreviated as LAO. It is an optically transparent ceramic oxide with a distorted perovskite structure.

## Properties

Crystalline LaAlO$_3$ has a relatively high relative dielectric constant of ~25. LAO's crystal structure is a rhombohedral distorted perovskite with a pseudocubic lattice parameter of 3.787 angstroms at room temperature (although one source claims the lattice parameter is 3.82). Polished single crystal LAO surfaces show twin defects visible to the naked eye.

## Uses
### Epitaxial thin films

Epitaxially grown thin films of LAO can serve various purposes for correlated electrons heterostructures and devices. LAO is sometimes used as an epitaxial insulator between two conductive layers. Epitaxial LAO films can be grown by several methods, most commonly by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).
LAO-STO interfaces
The most important and common use for epitaxial LAO is at the lanthanum aluminate-strontium titanate interface. In 2004, it was discovered that when 4 or more unit cells of LAO are epitaxially grown on strontium titanate (SrTiO$_3$, STO), a conductive 2-dimensional layer is formed at their interface. Individually, LaAlO$_3$ and SrTiO$_3$ are non-magnetic insulators, yet LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ interfaces exhibit electrical conductivity, superconductivity, ferromagnetism, large negative in-plane magnetoresistance, and giant persistent photoconductivity. The study of how these properties emerge at the LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ interface is a growing area of research in condensed matter physics.

### Substrates

Single crystals of lanthanum aluminate are commercially available as a substrate for the epitaxial growth of perovskites, and particularly for cuprate superconductors.

### Non-epitaxial thin films

Thin films of lanthanum aluminate were considered as candidate materials for high-k dielectrics in the early-mid 2000s. Despite their attractive relative dielectric constant of ~25, they were not stable enough in contact with silicon at the relevant temperatures (~1000 °C).
# Adenomera lutzi

Adenomera lutzi is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is endemic to Guyana. First described from the upper Potaro River based on specimens collected before 1905, it is now known from a number of sites around the Pakaraima Mountains in west-central Guyana. The specific name lutzi honors Adolfo Lutz, a Brazilian medical entomologist and parasitologist and a pioneer of herpetology. Common names Lutz's tropical bullfrog and Lutz's thin-toed frog have been coined for the species.

## Description

Adult males measure 26–34 mm (1.0–1.3 in) and adult females 27–34 mm (1.1–1.3 in) in snout–vent length. The snout is sub-elliptical when seen above and rounded-acute in profile. The canthus rostralis is rounded. The tympanum is distinct. The toe tips are expanded into small discs but lack circummarginal grooves. The forearms bear tubercles, and the lower surface of tarsus has distinct, white-tipped tubercles. The dorsal coloration is highly variable, and there are five major forms: (1) dark brown, grey or black ground color without or with a barely discernible pattern, (2) light–medium grey ground color with a well-defined pattern (a strongly marked dark brown–black inter-orbital bar and post-orbital ridges; chevron between shoulders almost continuous with round lumbar spots and irregular dark brown–black markings on the back), (3) as (2) but light grey, brown or reddish brown ground color and lighter, smaller, and much less evident/absent markings on the back, (4) similar to (2) but with dark brown to black mottling instead of well-defined markings on the back, and (5) dark grey to black ground color with large orange–orangish brown oblique lateral stripe, possibly with discernible darker markings. Most specimens have a white stripe that passes from the eye to the arm insertion, sometimes partly encompassing the tympanum. A narrow, yellow mid-dorsal stripe is often present but may be intermittent. The posterior surfaces of thighs are black with distinct yellow, orange, or red spotting or mottling. Males have yellow to orangish yellow throats and bellies. Vocal sac is internal.

## Reproduction

Kok and colleagues hypothesize that males use their shovel-shaped snouts to excavate underground nesting chambers. Reproduction takes place during the wettest part of the year—excavation of egg chambers requires wet soils. The male advertisement call is a sequence of regular notes repeated about 17–23 times per minute. The dominant frequency is about 3300–3600 Hz. Female fecundity is 3–10 eggs.

## Habitat and conservation

Adenomera lutzi occurs lowland and montane tropical primary forests at elevations of 430–1,500 m (1,410–4,920 ft) above sea level. It is a primarily nocturnal that lives in and on leaf litter. Reproduction does not depend on bodies of water.
This species can be locally common. There are no known threats to it. It occurs in an area of undisturbed remote forest, and it is also known from the Kaieteur National Park.
# Francesco di Bartolommeo Alfei

Francesco di Bartolommeo Alfei (Montalcino, 1421 - Siena, 1495) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance, active in Siena. Like other Sienese painters, and different from the contemporary Florentine style, Alfei maintained a gothic and mystical style of painting.

## Biography

Like many of lesser painters of the era, there is much confusion around his life and attributed works. There is in fact, no work known to be by his hand with documentary assurance. He was for many years only known as a name, but in the late 1940s, the art critic Roberto Longhi began to question the attribution of a large predella from the Basilica dell'Osservanza in Siena. Initially the predella had been attributed to Sassetta or Sano di Pietro (by Cesare Brandi). In 2010, documents were found to argue for Sano di Pietro as the Master of the Osservanza Triptych.
Of the documents relating to Alfei are that:
* In 1454, he is sued for failing to complete the painting of a chapel for Ser Lorenzo di Giusu.
* In 1456, he is at Castel-Mozo.
* In 1474, he was paid for painting a chataletto.
* In 1483, in Valdichiana, he was engaged in some designs.
* In 1488, in Siena, he is aged impoverished and afflicted with gout.
Additionally, in 1464, along with the painter, Sano di Pietro, he asks for payment for work done for the artist Antonio di Simone, to aid in completion of some paintings for Pietro Trecerchi.
Other sources say he had a studio in Siena in Compagnia di Rialto e Cartagine. He worked for Pope Pius II in 1460, for the diplomat Leonardo Benvoglienti, for the Ottieri della Ciaia family and for Sinolfo di Castellottieri. In 1455 the magistrates of Siena paid Alfei for work done at Monte Argentario near Orbetello; works till recently attributed to Ambrogio Lorenzetti and to Sassetta. In 1473 he may have worked in the Marche region for the papal legate, Cardinal Bartolomeo Roverella.
Among works attributed to Alessi are:
* Birth of the Virgin (Museo Asciano)
* Crucifixion and St Ambrose (Civic Museum, Siena)
* Martyrdom of St Bartholemew (Civic Museum, Siena)
* Madonna and Chile (Civic Museum, Siena)
* Resurrection of Christ (Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon)
* St Anthony Abbot at Mass (Gemaldegalerie, Berlin)
Another person named or with the surname Bartolomeo Alfei (Macerata, 1460 - Ancona, 1557) was an Italian writer.
# Mount Kamui

Mount Kamui may refer to:
* Mount Kamui (Lake Mashū caldera), a stratovolcano of the Lake Mashū caldera in Akan National park in Hokkaidō
* Mount Kamui (Niikappu-Kasai), a mountain in the Hidaka Mountains between the Niikappu and Kasai districts in Hokkaidō
* Mount Kamui (Okushiri), the highest point on Okushiri Island, Hokkaidō
* Mount Kamui (Urakawa-Hirō), a mountain in the Hidaka Mountains between the Urakawa and Hirō districts in Hokkaidō
# Enigmazomus

Enigmazomus is a genus of hubbardiid short-tailed whipscorpions, first described by Mark Harvey in 2006.

## Species

As of September 2022, the World Schizomida Catalog accepts the following two species:
* Enigmazomus benoiti (Lawrence, 1969) – Somalia
* Enigmazomus eruptoclausus Harvey, 2006 – Oman
# Devil's sword dance

The Devil's Sword Dance (鬼剣舞, onikenbai) is a sword dance usually performed by a group of eight dancers, especially popular in northeastern Japan. It is so called because the dancers wear face masks which look like demons (鬼, oni).