OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paul Becquerel

Paul Becquerel (14 April 1879 – 22 June 1955) was a French biologist who studied seeds, their metabolism, and viability. He was a nephew of the physicist Henri Becquerel and taught at the Faculty of Sciences in Nancy and at the University of Poitiers.
Becquerel was the son of farmer André Paul Becquerel (1856-1904). Paul was a grandson of Edmond Becquerel and a nephew of Henri Becquerel. He studied science in Paris in 1903 and obtained a doctorate in 1907. He taught at Nancy and then at the University of Poitiers. He began to study the viability of cells and demonstrated that spores and seeds became resistant after losing water and that rehydration could revive them.
Paul Becquerel had studied under Gaston Bonnier in Paris. Bonnier had refused to accept the evolution of life from inorganic matter and considered the idea of seeding from outer space as a more plausible origin of life. Becquerel experimented with bacteria, fungal spores and seeds to test if they could withstand the conditions of space such as radiation and concluded that panspermia could not be supported. Becquerel tested the viability of seeds obtained from French museums. He was able to germinate seeds of Cassia multijuga (now Senna multijuga) which was 158 years old.

## Major publications

Becquerel's most widely cited publications include:
* Becquerel P (1906): "Sur la respiration des graines à l’état de vie latente. Compte rendu des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences", 143:974-977
* Becquerel P (1906): "Sur la nature de la vie latente des graines et sur les véritables caractères de la vie". Compte rendu des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences", 143:1177-1179.
* Becquerel P (1907): "Recherches sur la vie latente des graines" Dissertation, University of Paris.
* Becquerel P (1909): "Sur la suspension de la vie chez certaines graines. Compte rendu des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences", 148:1052-54.
* Becquerel P (1910): "Recherches expérimentales sur la vie latente des spores Mucorinées et Ascomycètes. Compte rendu des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences", 150:1437-1439
* Becquerel P (1910): "L’action abiotique de l’ultraviolet et l’hypothèse de l’origine cosmique de la vie. Compte rendu des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences", 151:86-88
# George Brewer (writer)

George Brewer (born 1766) was an English miscellaneous writer.

## Life

Brewer was a son of John Brewer, well known as a connoisseur of art, and was born in 1766. In his youth he served as a midshipman under Lord Hugh Seymour, Rowland Cotton, and others, and visited America, India, China, and North Europe. In 1791 he was made a lieutenant in the Swedish navy. Afterwards abandoning the sea, he read for law in London, and established himself as an attorney.
The date of Brewer's death is not known. In his allusions to himself he speaks of having been "misplaced or displaced in life", of having had Vicissitude for his tutor, and of being luckless altogether.

## Works

He is believed to have written a novel, Tom Weston, when in the navy, but his first appeal to the public of which there is evidence was a comedy, How to be Happy acted at the Haymarket in August 1794. After three nights, "owing to the shaft of malevolence", this comedy was withdrawn, and was never printed. In 1795 Brewer wrote The Motto, or the History of Bill Woodcock; and he wrote Bannian Day, a musical entertainment in two acts, which was published and performed at the Haymarket in the same year for seven or eight nights, though but "a poor piece". In 1799 the Man in the Moon in one act, attributed to Brewer, was announced for the opening night of the season at the Haymarket, but its production was evaded, and it disappeared from the bills.
The next year (1800) Brewer published a pamphlet, The Rights of the Poor, dedicating it to "Men who have great power, by one without any" and this received copious notice in the Gentleman's Magazine (lxx. 1168 et seq.). He was writing at this time also in the European Magazine, among his contributions being Siamese Tales and Tales of the 12 Soubahs of Indostan; and some essays, announced as after the manner of Goldsmith, which were collected and published by subscription in 1806 as Hours of Leisure. In 1808 Brewer produced another two-volume tale, The Witch of Ravensworth, and at about the same time he published The Juvenile Lavater, stories for the young to illustrate Le Brun's "Passions", which bears no date, but of which there were two or more issues, with slightly varying title-pages. A periodical, The Town, attempted by Brewer after this, and stated by the authors of the Biographia Dramatica in 1812 to be "now publishing" would appear to have had but a short existence.
Another work, The Law of Creditor and Debtor, is set down in Biographia Dramatica, and in Allibone, as by Brewer; and Allibone gives in addition Maxims of Gallantry (1793), and states 1791 as the date of publication of Tom Weston but there is no trace of either of these works in the British Museum.
# Merriam glider

The Merriam glider was a single-seat monoplane glider, designed specifically for the first British gliding competition held at Itford Hill in 1922, an endurance event. It crashed at the start of its first competitive flight but went on to be converted into a dual control training glider.

## Design

In August 1922, the Daily Mail newspaper offered a £1,000 prize for the longest duration flight by an unpowered, heavier than air aircraft. The competition was to be organized by the Royal Aero Club, who chose the site (Itford Hill, on the Sussex South Downs near Lewes) and the date (16–21 October). This gave competitors six weeks to design, build and transport their entries. Thirteen machines arrived in time and one of these was the Merriam glider, competition number 18.
The Merriam glider was designed, built and flown by Frederick Warren Merriam. He built it in one of the sheds belonging to S. E. Saunders at Cowes, Isle of Wight where Newman was works manager. The latter took a close interest in the glider and came to Itford with it; it is sometimes referred to as the Merriam-Newman glider.
It was an all-wood aircraft, a parasol wing monoplane. Though several of the Itford contenders used thick airfoils, the Merriam used the thin R.A.F. 15 section and its wing required external wire bracing. A pair of flying wires on each side ran from a central, four strut pylon above the wing central section and three more pairs ran from the lower fuselage longerons to the wing undersides. The wing had constant chord and blunt wing tips, with ailerons which reached the tips and extended aft a little beyond the wing trailing edge.
The glider had a deep, rectangular cross-section fuselage, straight edged and roughly rhomboidal in profile. The underside sloped up rearwards, with an all-moving tailplane hinged at its extremity. Fin and rudder had a cropped parallelogram form, sloping up to allow clearance between rudder and elevator. The single open cockpit was ahead of the wing. Twin wheels were attached outside the fuselage, assisted by a tailskid.

## Operational history

Merriam and Newman arrived at Itford late on Saturday 14 October, the first of two pre-competition practice days. A competitive flight on the Monday was called off when the wind dropped. It was launched the following day and crashed immediately. Though Merriam was only slightly hurt, his glider was too damaged to continue.
After repair the Merriam went to the Whitely Bank School of gliding, set up by Merriam on the Isle of Wight where it was converted into a dual control two seater. In 1930 it was with the Isle of Wight Gliding Club, but there is no evidence that it was flown by this club.

## Specifications

Data from British Gliders and Sailplanes
General characteristics
* Capacity: 1
* Length: 19 ft 6 in (5.94 m)
* Wingspan: 38 ft 4 in (11.68 m)
* Wing area: 225.0 sq ft (20.90 m$^2$)
* Aspect ratio: 6.54
* Airfoil: R.A.F. 15
* Empty weight: 200 lb (91 kg)
* Gross weight: 360 lb (163 kg)
* Wing loading: 1.60 lb/sq ft (7.81 kg/m$^2$)
# SYSV checksum

The SYSV checksum algorithm was a commonly used, legacy checksum algorithm. It has been implemented in UNIX System V and is also available through the sum command line utility.
This algorithm is useless on a security perspective, and is weaker than the CRC-32 cksum for error detection.

## Description of the algorithm

The main part of this algorithm is simply adding up all bytes in a 32-bit sum. As a result, this algorithm has the characteristics of a simple sum:
* re-arranging the same bytes in another order (e.g. moving text from one place to another place) does not change the checksum.
* increasing one byte and decreasing another byte by the same amount does not change the checksum.
* adding or removing zero bytes does not change the checksum.
As a result, many common changes to text data are not detected by this method.
The FreeBSD pseudocode for this algorithm is:
The last part folds the value into 16 bits.
# Laurie E. Gaspar

Laurie E. Gaspar is a professor emerita in the department of radiation oncology at the University of Colorado. She specializes in lung cancer and brain tumors.

## Education

In 1982, Gaspar received her MD from the University of Western Ontario. She graduated a few months later than her class as a result of taking maternity leave. To fill the gap between receiving her degree and the next cycle of internships, she began doing research on cancer. She then completed a residency in radiation oncology at the University of Western Ontario.
In 2004, she completed an MBA from the University of Michigan.

## Career

Gaspar is a professor emerita in the department of radiation oncology at the University of Colorado. She was formerly the chair of the department.
Gaspar served as the 2019–2020 treasurer for the American Society of Clinical Oncology. She is a board member for the International Society for the Study of Lung Cancer.
# List of wars involving Suriname

This is a list of wars and conflicts involving Dutch Guiana and later Suriname from the Dutch colonisation of the Guianas to the present day.
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
| Battle of Suriname (1804) | Batavian Republic • Dutch Guiana France | United Kingdom | British occupation of Suriname Britain took part of Dutch Guiana. |
| Surinamese coup d'état (1980) | Henck Arron | Desi Bouterse | Military period Overthrow of the Prime Minister with a violent coup. |
| Suriname Guerrilla War (1986–1992) | Suriname | Jungle Commando Tucayana Amazonas | State victory Rebellion suppressed. |
| Surinamese coup d'état (1990) | Ramsewak Shankar | Ivan Graanoogst | Coup succeeds Overthrow of the President with a bloodless coup. |
# Oebares II

Oebares II (Old Persian: Vaubara) was, according to Herodotus (Herodotus 6.33) a son of Megabazus, himself a first degree cousin of Darius I. Oebares became satrap of Daskyleion (Hellespontine Phrygia) in 493 BC, after his father.
Herodotus mentions Oebares, when writing about the retaliatory actions of the Achaemenid fleet following the Ionian revolt:
   "The Phoenicians, having burnt these places aforesaid, turned against Proconnesus and Artace, and having given these also to the flames sailed back to the Chersonese to make an end of the remnant of the towns, as many as they had not destroyed at their former landing. But against Cyzicus they did not so much as sail at all; for the Cyzicenes had before this visitation of the fleet already made themselves the king's subjects, by an agreement which they made with the viceroy at Dascyleum, Oebares son of Megabazus."
Megabates was a brother of Oebares. He was a commander of the Achaemenid fleet that sailed against Naxos in 500/499 BC. He also was Satrap of Daskyleion in the early 470s.
In 479 BC, Artabazos was named the new satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia. He was the first official satrap of the Pharnacid dynasty, named after his illustrious father Pharnaces. This office was passed down to his descendants, down to the conquests of Alexander the Great.
# Paul Beeston

Paul McGill Beeston CM (born June 20, 1945) is a Canadian former professional baseball executive. He was the president and chief operating officer of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1997 to 2002, and the president of the Toronto Blue Jays from 1989 to 1997, and again from 2008 to 2015. He also worked as the president of the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL) in 1994.
Beeston retired on October 31, 2015, and was replaced by Mark Shapiro as president and CEO of the Blue Jays. On September 20, 2016, he was named the President Emeritus of the Toronto Blue Jays.

## Career

Beeston earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and political science from Huron University College at the University of Western Ontario in 1967. He obtained his Chartered Accountant designation in 1971 and worked for Coopers & Lybrand until 1976.
Beeston was the first employee of the Toronto Blue Jays, joining in 1976. He became vice president of business operations in 1977, executive vice president in 1984, president and chief operating officer in 1989, then was named president and chief executive officer in 1991. In 1994, he served as president of the CFL's Toronto Argonauts. From 1997 until 2002, he was president and chief operating officer of Major League Baseball.
In 1988, Beeston was named a Member of the Order of Canada. In 1998, he was elected to the board of directors of the Baseball Hall of Fame and in 2002 was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame.
He is a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario, and was awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of Western Ontario in 1994 and an honorary doctor of social sciences from Niagara University in 2001.
He was placed in the Blue Jays' Level of Excellence at Rogers Centre on April 4, 2008 prior to the Jays' home opener versus the Boston Red Sox.
After Paul Godfrey resigned as team president and CEO on September 29, 2008, it was announced that Beeston would return to the Blue Jays as interim president and CEO on October 14, 2008 where his primary responsibility was to identify and hire his own successor.
After a "very honest, straightforward and exhaustive search" the Blue Jays and Beeston decided on removing the interim tag, naming Beeston president and CEO on October 27, 2009.
On January 26, 2015, Beeston announced he would retire as president and CEO of the Blue Jays on October 31, 2015. On August 31, Cleveland Indians president Mark Shapiro was announced as Beeston's successor. Beeston retired on October 31, 2015, and Shapiro officially assumed the role of president of the organization. On September 20, 2016, he was named the President Emeritus of the Toronto Blue Jays.

## Personal life

Beeston is married to Kaye, and has a daughter, Aimee, and son, David, the executive vice president and chief strategy officer of MLB's Boston Red Sox.
# Richard Rogers (disambiguation)

Richard Rogers (1933–2021) was a British architect.
Richard Rogers may also refer to:
* Richard Rogers (bishop) (1532/33–1597), British religious leader
* Richard Birdsall Rogers (1857–1927), Canadian civil & mechanical engineer
* Richard Reid Rogers (1867–1949), American jurist & military governor of Panama Canal Zone
* Richard Dean Rogers (1921–2016), American jurist and politician in the Kansas state legislature
* Richard Rogers (psychologist) (born 1950), American psychologist & academic
* Richard Rogers (sound engineer), American sound engineer
* Richard Rogers (died 1643) (c. 1611–1643), English soldier who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1642
* Richard Rogers (theologian) (1550–1618), English nonconformist clergyman
* Dick Rogers (1912–1970), American jazz musician, composer, comedian
* Richard Saltonstall Rogers (1790–1873), East Indies merchant & Salem politician
* Richard Sanders Rogers (1861–1942), Australian medical doctor and authority on Australasian orchids
* Richard Rogers (serial killer) (born 1950), American serial killer
# Odontura

Odontura is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to:
* Odontura (fungus) – a genus of fungi in the family Odontotrematacea
* Odontura (katydid) – a genus of bush crickets or katydids in the family Tettigoniidae subfamily Phaneropterinae
# Liu Yu, Prince of Lu

Liu Yu (simplified Chinese: 刘馀; traditional Chinese: 劉餘; pinyin: Líu Yú; died 128 BC) was a prince of the Western Han dynasty. He was the fifth son of Emperor Jing. His mother was Consort Cheng (程妃). In 155 BC he was instated as Prince of Huaiyang (淮陽王), but a year later his title was later changed to Prince of Lu (魯王).

## Descendants

Liu Yu's descendants included the Three Kingdoms era warlords Liu Biao and Liu Yan, Liu Biao's sons Liu Qi and Liu Cong, and Liu Yan's son Liu Zhang.
# Robert Campbell (advocate)

Robert Campbell (19 December 1814 – 29 December 1868) was a Scottish advocate and hymn writer. Brought up as a Presbyterian, he later joined the Roman Catholic Church. He translated the Latin texts of various hymns and wrote many others. He is remembered for such hymns as "At the Lamb's high feast we sing", "Come, pure hearts, in sweetest measures", "Ye Choirs of New Jerusalem" and "Ye servants of a martyr'd God" which all appeared in the first edition of Hymns Ancient & Modern in 1861.
# Franz Wittmann

Franz Wittmann may refer to:
* Franz Wittmann (physicist) (1860–1932), Hungarian electrician and physicist
* Franz Wittmann, Sr. (born 1950), Austrian rally driver
* Franz Wittmann, Jr. (born 1983), Austrian rally driver, son of Franz Wittmann, Sr.
# Physalis longifolia

Physalis longifolia, known by the common names common groundcherry, longleaf groundcherry, and wild tomatillo, is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. It is native to North America, where it is native to eastern Canada, much of the continental United States, and northern Mexico. It has also been noted as an introduced species in other regions, including parts of the United States outside its native range. In some areas, such as California, it is an occasional noxious weed.
This species is a perennial herb growing 20–60 cm (7.9–23.6 in) tall with somewhat oval-shaped leaf blades 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long borne on petioles. Flowers occur in the leaf axils. The bell-shaped corolla is up to 2 cm (0.79 in) wide and is yellow with purplish markings around the center. The husk covering the berry is up to 3.5 cm (1.4 in) long with ten veins.
There are two varieties:
* P. longifolia var. longifolia
* P. longifolia var. subglabrata (syn. P. subglabrata)

## Uses

The yellow-green fruit is edible. The fresh fruit "tastes like an effervescent, under-ripened strawberry", and the dried berry "tastes like a cross between a raisin and dried cranberry." Native American groups used it for food. The Puebloan peoples called the fruits charoka and shuma charoka and ate them fresh or cooked.
The Zuni people referred to the plant and its relative Physalis hederifolia as Ke’tsitokia, and probably used them in similar ways. Women grew it in household gardens. The tomato-flavored berry was boiled and ground with onion, coriander, and chilis to make a dish considered to be a delicacy. The fruit was also dried and mixed into flour for bread. Today the Zuni use the closely related common tomatillo (P. philadelphica) in a sauce recipe derived from the traditional dishes that used wild species.
The var. subglabrata has been listed in government compendia of Louisiana restricted taxa believed to be hallucinogenic, but this is likely inaccurate.
P. longifolia is easy to grow in trials and produces a flavorful fruit.
# Link Stack

Link Stack (65°36′S 64°34′W﻿ / ﻿65.600°S 64.567°W﻿ / -65.600; -64.567) is a rocky pillar at the northwest end of Chavez Island, off the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was charted by the British Graham Land Expedition under John Rymill, 1934–37. The stack was so named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 because it was here that the 1957 winter surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey from the Prospect Point station were linked with the 1957–58 summer surveys by the British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit.
# Oebalus ypsilongriseus

Oebalus ypsilongriseus is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is native to South America, where it is known to feed on rice crops, as well as cotton, barley, oat, and wheat.
# Postage stamps and postal history of the Nyasaland Protectorate

On 6 July 1907 the British Central Africa Protectorate became the Nyasaland Protectorate and its first stamps were issued on 22 July 1908.
Stamps were marked Nyasaland Protectorate and later just Nyasaland. From 1953 to 1963 Nyasaland was united with Northern Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia and used stamps of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Nyasaland resumed issuing stamps in 1963 before becoming independent. After independence in 1964, stamps were marked Malawi.
# List of storms named Cleo

The name Cleo has been used for three tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean.
* Hurricane Cleo (1958), Category 4 hurricane that never made landfall.
* Hurricane Cleo (1960), formed just outside the Caribbean Sea; travelled north without making landfall.
* Hurricane Cleo (1964), travelled through the Caribbean Sea and later hit Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas before moving offshore; killed 156 people and caused approximately US$187 million in damages.
After the 1964 season, the name Cleo was retired in the Atlantic Basin and was replaced with the name Candy.
The name Cleo has been used for one tropical cyclone in the Southwest Indian Ocean.
# Odontura (katydid)

Odontura is a genus of bush crickets in the subfamily Phaneropterinae and typical of the tribe Odonturini. Species can be found in Africa and Europe (Iberian Peninsula).

## Species

The Orthoptera Species File lists:

### subgenus Odontura Rambur, 1838

* Odontura algerica Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
* Odontura borrei Bolívar, 1878
* Odontura brevis Werner, 1932
* Odontura calaritana Costa, 1883
* Odontura glabricauda (Charpentier, 1825) type species (as Barbitistes glabricauda Charpentier)
* Odontura liouvillei Werner, 1929
* Odontura maroccana Bolívar, 1908
* Odontura microptera Chopard, 1943
* Odontura moghrebica Morales-Agacino, 1950
* Odontura pulchra Bolívar, 1914
* Odontura quadridentata Krauss, 1893
* Odontura stenoxypha (Fieber, 1853)
* Odontura trilineata (Haan, 1843)
* Odontura uvarovi Werner, 1929

### subgenus Odonturella Bolívar, 1900

* Odontura aspericauda Rambur, 1838
* Odontura macphersoni Morales-Agacino, 1943
# Robert Campbell (Northern Ireland politician)

Robert Victor Campbell was a Northern Irish unionist politician.

## Political career

Campbell was an Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) alderman in North Down, and on 23 November 1972, he was made a freeman of the Borough of North Down – only the sixth person to receive the title. At the 1973 Northern Ireland local elections, he was elected to the reconstituted North Down Borough Council, topping the poll in North Down C, and he was also elected at the 1973 Northern Ireland Assembly election in North Down.
Campbell subsequently resigned from the UUP and joined the Unionist Party of Northern Ireland. He stood again in North Down for the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention, but was not elected, and did not contest his council seat in 1977.
# Franz Wittmann Jr.

Franz Wittmann (born October 27, 1983) is an Austrian rally driver. He was a regular competitor in the Intercontinental Rally Challenge, driving a Peugeot 207 S2000, for Interwetten Racing. Wittmann's father, also called Franz, was also a rally driver, who won the 1987 Rally New Zealand, a round of the World Rally Championship.