OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Fletcher (valet)

William Fletcher (c. 1775–1839), Lord Byron's valet, was often the butt of humour by his famous master.

## Life

Fletcher was born sometime in the mid-1770s in Southwell. His parents' names are not known, but a Byron letter of January 1809 noted his valet's father had died and left some property. A Southwell farmer called Richard Fletcher was buried on 14 January and might have been he. A William Fletcher, a "servingman", had married "spinster" Sarah Bye "both of Southwell" on 23 July 1804 at Southwell Minster. At Southwell, the Fletchers had a son, William, in March 1805, but he died as a baby the following July. A second son, George, was born in May 1806.
Fletcher served the Byron family from about 1804, at first as a footman and groom. Around October 1806, Byron's valet Frank Boyce was sacked and later tried and transported for theft. Fletcher became Byron's valet soon after that and remained so until the poet's death in 1824. A third child, William, later William Frederick, was born in late June 1809, just as Fletcher was about to travel to Europe and the East with Byron and John Cam Hobhouse. Byron eventually sent Fletcher home to England, after many tribulations, near the end of 1810. Widowed a few years later, Fletcher married Anne Rood, who was also Lady Byron's maid, in January 1816. Fletcher joined Byron in exile in Europe following the marriage scandal, leaving behind his newly wedded wife to cope with two motherless sons. He was at Byron's bedside constantly during the poet's last illness and accompanied the body to England.
Byron almost certainly meant to leave his valet a generous annuity. As any will he had made abroad was not found, an earlier will was proved which left Fletcher no pension. Fletcher and Lega Zambelli, Byron's Italian secretary, tried to set up a macaroni manufacturing business in London, but it seems to have failed around the mid-1830s when the government lifted the duty on importing Italian spaghetti. Zambelli continued the business by importing Italian comestibles and the enterprise eventually passed to Fletcher's son. who married Zambelli's daughter. Fletcher had to rely on the impecunious Augusta Leigh for funds but she was forced to stop his allowance in 1838 and his decline and death seem to have followed rapidly. Byron biographer Doris Langley-Moore claimed that Fletcher lived into his 80s, but Byron scholar Ralph Lloyd-Jones has discovered a newspaper report that Fletcher died in 1839. Shortly before his death, Fletcher was interviewed by the author Jane Roberts, with a view to writing his biography, or to ghosting an autobiography, but the project was never undertaken; Roberts also tried to obtain the position of Collector of the Royal Free Hospital for Fletcher, without success.
# William Dick (Manitoba politician)

William Robert Dick (December 31, 1821 – March 31, 1904) was a Canadian lumber merchant and political figure in the province of Manitoba. He represented Springfield from 1875 to 1878 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba.
He was born in Kingston, Upper Canada and grew up in Victoria County. In 1845, Dick married Isabella Willock. He served twelve years as reeve of Fenelon Township. Dick moved to Manitoba in 1871 and became the first reeve of Springfield in 1873. He established a lumber business with his son-in-law William Ward Banning and later bought businesses in Rat Portage and Norman. Dick died in Winnipeg at the age of 82.
# Ryan Well Historical Reserve

Ryan Well Historical Reserve, formerly Reserve No. 1343, is a protected area in the Northern Territory of Australia located in the locality of Anmatjere about 129 kilometres (80 mi) north of Alice Springs.$^{:1}$
The historical reserve consists of two parcels of land located on opposite sides of the Stuart Highway and its road reserve. The parcel on the west side of the highway contains the remains of Ryan Well, a well excavated in the 19th century to provide water to livestock moving along the Overland Telegraph Line, and a car park while the parcel on the east side of the highway contains the remains of a building known as the Glen Maggie Homestead.$^{:iv,1–2}$
It first acquired protected area status as a "a place of historic interest" declared under section 103 of the Crown Lands Ordinance 1931-1971 on 30 April 1974 by the Australian government in respect to the western parcel of land and was given the name Reserve No. 1343. On 3 May 1974, the eastern parcel of land was added to the reserve.$^{:1}$ On 30 June 1978, it was declared as Reserve No 1343 (Ryan Well Historical Reserve) under the Territory Parks and Wildlife Act and on 10 September 1979, it was renamed as Ryan Well Historical Reserve.$^{:2}$
In 1980, it was described as follows:
   Ryan's Well is significant as one of the surviving wells dug by overland telegraph teams to provide water for men working on the telegraph and for stock driven to provide meat for telegraph staff. Glen Maggie clearly demonstrates the characteristics of a vernacular structure built of local materials…
   Ryan's Well was dug in 1889 and is 96 feet deep. It is substantially timbered. A windlass, camel whip, buckets, 10,000 gallon tank and 100 feet of trough were originally on site. A large stone surround was built at the top of the well. Today all that remains on site is the well and the stone surround. Glen Maggie Homestead was built in 1917 of local stone, with local timber for the door and window frames. In 1932 it served as a Post Office and turning-off point for The Granites gold rush. The building was abandoned about 1933…
The historical reserve was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate on 21 October 1980 and on the Northern Territory Heritage Register on 18 February 1995. As of 2016, it had not given an International Union for Conservation of Nature protected area category.
Ryan Well was the destination of one of the survivors of a plane crash on Woodgreen Station in September 1935, when a General Aircraft Monospar ST-12 operated by Australian Transcontinental Airways (ATA) suffered engine failure, and made an emergency landing on the property. The pilot and his two passengers all survived, in difficult circumstances.
# Newen Afrobeat

Newen Afrobeat is an Afrobeat band that started in 2009 in Chile. Newen Afrobeat revisits Fela Kuti's musical heritage. The word Newén means 'strength' in the Mapuche language.

## History

Newen Afrobeat was founded in 2009 by the Chilean composer and singer Nicholás Urbina, who composed the music for the first, eponymous, album released in 2013. The intro of the first song Santiago incorporates parts of José Mujica's speech originally delivered in front of the 2013 UN General Assembly.
Urbina relocated to the United States in the mid-2010s. The group's last concert with Urbina was at the Felabration Festival in Lagos in 2016 (founded by Yeni Kuti in 1998).
Without Urbina the group continued after various member changes and reformed into a collective releasing the EP Newen Plays Fela in 2017.
A third album, Curiche (a Mapuchian word meaning 'black person'), was released in February 2019.
The EP Newen Plays Fela Vol. II was released in 2021.
In March 2024, Newen Afrobeat released the EP GRIETAS.

## Style

Their style finds its inspiration in the Nigerian Afrobeat of Fela Kuti and their repertoire includes a number of Kuti's titles. Their music is also influenced by the aboriginal roots of their own country. Their songs celebrate the environment, indigenous rights, women's empowerment, and multiculturalism. Newen Afrobeat's live performances are also demonstrations in support of the Mapuche cause.

## Discography
### Albums

* Newen Afrobeat (2014)
* Newen Plays Fela (EP) (2017)
* Curiche (2019)
* Newen Plays Fela Vol. II (EP) (2021)
* GRIETAS (EP) (2024)

### Singles

* Chaltumay (2018)
* Open Your Eyes feat. Oghene Kologbo (2019)
* Cántaros (2019)
* No Les Creeré (2020)
* Somos el presente (feat. Joe Vasconcellos) (2023)
* Mare Mare (feat. Dele Sosimi) (2023)
* Grietas (feat. Lido Pimienta) (2023)
* Es la vida (feat. Chico Cesar) (2024)
# Saint-Maurice-en-Rivière

Saint-Maurice-en-Rivière is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
# Naganishia bhutanensis

Naganishia bhutanensis is a species of fungus in the family Filobasidiaceae. It was isolated in its yeast state from soil in Bhutan. The cell is encapsulated with an extended ovoid shape. When the cell buds, it creates birth scars, and the neck of the new yeast fits inside of the bud scar neck. The new cell typically only buds from the birth scar present from where it budded off the parent cell. In over half of the dividing cells in N. bhutanensis cultures the cell walls were holoblastic, meaning that the new cell wall was continuous with the old cell wall on the parent cell; the remaining portion of dividing cells in N. bhutanensis cultures divide enteroblastically, meaning that only the inner layer of the new cell wall is continuous with the inner layer of the parental cell wall. After the cells bud off they produce a collar on the parent cell. One thing of note with N. bhutanensis is that mitosis is not intranuclear. This species does not produce urease.
# Dempseytown, Pennsylvania

Dempseytown is an unincorporated community located in the Oakland Township, Venango County, Pennsylvania at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 428 and 417. The town was named after its first settlers, the Dempsey family, who built their home in the 1800s. There are no stop lights in Dempseytown. Two Mile Run is a local attraction with camping and fishing.
41°30′47″N 79°46′41″W﻿ / ﻿41.51306°N 79.77806°W﻿ / 41.51306; -79.77806
* This Venango County, Pennsylvania state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Lafoole University

Lafoole University, sometimes referred to as Lafoole College, is a teaching institution in Lafoole, Afgooye District, situated in the Lower Shebelle region in southern Somalia.

## Background

Lafoole University, Somalia's premier teacher training college, was part of the Somali National University (SNU). Lafoole lies 22 km west of Mogadishu on the road to Afooye.
The term, "Lafoole College", was sometimes applied to nearby Lafoole Orphanage Boys College on the other side of the Mogadishu-Afoi corridor. "The Lafoole College" had two high schools, one regular secondary school and the other, a technical training school supported by West Germany.

## History

Lafoole University started as two-year technical training college for various skills including agricultural sciences, livestock and civil servant services. The college took a new from in 1965 when it was made a stand-alone college and renamed Lafoole University in 1973.

## Departments

Lafoole University had 13 major programs or departments with student enrollment of 1,344 students for 1983–84 school year with 24% being female.
Although education or teacher training was the description of Lafoole University, it also produced thousands of students with non-teaching degrees.
# Full Disclosure (mailing list)

Full Disclosure is a "lightly moderated" security mailing list generally used for discussion about information security and disclosure of vulnerabilities. The list was created on July 9, 2002, by Len Rose and also administered by him, who later handed it off to John Cartwright. After Len Rose shut down netsys.com, the list was hosted and sponsored by Secunia.
The Full Disclosure mailing list was originally created because many people felt that the Bugtraq mailing list had "changed for the worse".
In March 2014 Cartwright shutdown the original Full-Disclosure mailing list because an "unnamed" security researcher made requests for large-scale deletion of information and threatened legal action. Cartwright wrote on the list's homepage, "I always assumed that the turning point would be a sweeping request for large-scale deletion of information that some vendor or other had taken exception to. I never imagined that request might come from a researcher within the 'community' itself."
On March 25, 2014, the list was "rebooted" by Fyodor. The site is now part of seclists.org and no longer associated with grok.org.uk.

## Notable 0-days first disclosed in Full Disclosure

| Email subject | Software | Date |
| Defense in depth -- the Microsoft way (part 14): incomplete, misleading and dangerous documentation | Windows NT | 2013-11-24 |
| Defense in depth -- the Microsoft way (part 11): privilege escalation for dummies | Windows NT | 2013-10-02 |
| The history of a -probably- 13 years old Oracle bug: TNS Poison | Oracle Database | 2012-04-18 |
| Apache Killer | Apache HTTP Server | 2011-08-26 |
| Microsoft Windows Help Centre Handles Malformed Escape Sequences Incorrectly | Help and Support Center | 2010-06-10 |
| Microsoft Windows NT #GP Trap Handler Allows Users to Switch Kernel Stack | Windows NT | 2010-01-19 |
# Fürst-Plattner Rule

The Fürst-Plattner rule (also known as the trans-diaxial effect) describes the stereoselective addition of nucleophiles to cyclohexene derivatives.

## Introduction

Cyclohexene derivatives, such as imines, epoxides, and halonium ions, react with nucleophiles in a stereoselective fashion, affording trans-diaxial addition products. The term “Trans-diaxial addition” describes the mechanism of the addition, however the products are likely to equilibrate by ring flip to the lower energy conformer, placing the new substituents in the equatorial position.

## Mechanism and Stereochemistry

Epoxidation of a substituted cyclohexene affords a product where the R group resides in the pseudo-equatorial position. Nucleophilic ring-opening of this class of epoxides can occur by an attack at either the C1 or C2-position. It is well known that nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of these substrates can proceed with excellent regioselectivity. The Fürst-Plattner rule attributes this regiochemical control to a large preference for the reaction pathway that follows the more stable chair-like transition state (attack at the C1-position) compared to the one proceeding through the unfavored twist boat-like transition state (attack at the C2-position). The attack at the C1-position follows a substantially lower reaction barrier of around 5 kcal mol$^{–1}$ depending on the specific conditions. Similarly, the Fürst-Plattner rule applies to nucleophilic additions to imines and halonium ions.

## Examples
### Epoxide addition

A recent example of the Fürst-Plattner rule can be seen from Chrisman et al. where limonene is epoxidized to give a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers. Exposure to a nitrogen nucleophile in water at reflux provides only one ring opened product in 75-85% ee.

#### Mechanism

The half-chair conformation indicates that attack occurs stereoselectively on the diastereomer where the electrophilic carbon can receive the nucleophile and proceed to the favored chair conformation.

### Woodward's Reserpine Synthesis

Although not well understood at the time, the Fürst-Plattner rule played a critical role during R. B. Woodward's synthesis of Reserpine. The problematic stereocenter is highlighted in red, below.
Woodward's synthetic strategy used a Bischler-Napieralski reaction to form the tetrahydrocarbazole portion of Reserpine. The subsequent imine intermediate was treated with sodium borohydride, affording the wrong stereoisomer due to the Fürst-Plattner effect.
Examining the intermediate structure shows that the hydride preferentially added to the 3-carbon via the top face of the imine to avoid an unfavorable twist-boat intermediate. Unfortunately, this outcome required Woodward to perform several additional steps to complete the total synthesis of reserpine with the proper stereochemistry.
# Samir Khuller

Samir Khuller (born 1965) is a professor of Computer Science and the Peter and Adrienne Barris Chair of Computer Science at Northwestern University. He was previously Professor and Elizabeth Stevinson Iribe Chair of Computer Science in the University of Maryland's Department of Computer Science. His research is in the area of algorithm design, specifically on combinatorial optimization, graphs and networks and scheduling.

## Biography

Khuller obtained his undergraduate degree from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur and was awarded a PhD in 1990 from Cornell University as a student of Vijay Vazirani. From 1990 to 1992, he was a research associate at UMIACS (the Institute for Advanced Computer Studies), a division of the University of Maryland. In 1992 he joined the faculty of the University of Maryland Department of Computer Science. He became the Elizabeth Stevinson Iribe Chair of Computer Science at the Department of Computer Science in 2012, a position he held until 2017.
He was named a Distinguished Scholar Teacher and received a Google Research Award in 2007.
Khuller joined Northwestern University's McCormick School of Engineering in March 2019 as the first Peter and Adrienne Barris Chair of Computer Science at the Department of Computer Science.
He was named an EATCS Fellow in 2021, and elected to the Board of Directors of the Computing Research Association in 2023. He was named to the 2022 class of ACM Fellows, "for contributions to algorithm design with real-world implications and for mentoring and community-building".

### Selected scientific works

Khuller and Guha designed an approximation algorithms for the minimum connected dominating set problem that achieves a factor of 2 ln Δ + O(1), where Δ is the maximum degree of a vertex in G.
# Samsung Omnia Pro

Samsung Omnia Pro may refer to:

## Mobile phones

* Samsung Omnia Pro B7320
* Samsung Omnia Pro B7330
* Samsung Omnia Pro B7610
# Fürstenstein (Fichtel Mountains)

Fürstenstein is a mountain of the Fichtel Mountains in Bavaria, Germany.
# Nonhar

Nonhar is a village of Rohtas district, Bihar, India. The village has a population of about 5992 of which 3190 are males while 2802 are females as per Population Census 2011. The village is the origin of the Thora River, an underground river. Nonhar presents the Indian Social Culture. It is quite a model village. It has a post office, has two temples, two ponds and three private schools.
Nonhar is 4 km west of Bikramganj near Dhangain and 1 km south of Surajpura.
# Nor Azli Yusoff

Nor Azli Yusoff was a Singaporean footballer who played as a midfielder in the Sleague.

## Career

He started his career with the Cheetahs before moving to the Protectors. After his contract ended with Home United, he move to the Eagles in 2015 and stay on till now.

## Honours
### Club

Home United
* Singapore Cup: 2013
* S.League: 2013 Runners Up
Tanjong Pagar
* Singapore League Cup: 2014 Runners Up

## Career statistics

    As of 8 January 2017
| Club | Season | S.League | S.League | Singapore Cup | Singapore Cup | Singapore League Cup | Singapore League Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Hougang United | 2009 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hougang United | 2010 | 26 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| Home United | 2011 | 19 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| Home United | 2012 | 20 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| Home United | 2013 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| Tanjong Pagar United | 2014 | 19 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| Geylang International | 2015 | 23 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
| Geylang International | 2016 | 17 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| Geylang International | 2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 159 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 180 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | 159 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 180 | 0 |
# Norma Doggett

Norma Doggett (August 3, 1925 – May 4, 2020) was an American dancer and actress.
Doggett began her career as a dancer, performing in the Chez Paree Club's ensemble in Chicago. She later worked at the Blackhawk Club.
Doggett's Broadway credits included Bells Are Ringing (1956), Fanny (1954), Wish You Were Here (1952), Miss Liberty (1949), All for Love (1949), and Magdalena (1948-1948).
Her films included Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954).
# M4 (Warsaw)

The M4 line is the planned fourth line of the Warsaw Metro. It will have a length of approximately 26 kilometers (16 mi) and will consist of 23 stations, linking Wilanów with Tarchomin. It will also include a new metro depot, STP Polfa.
The line will be an important element of the metro network and the overall transport system in Warsaw. According to initial findings, it is expected to be used by up to 30,000 people per hour. It will connect the districts of Białołęka, Bielany, Żoliborz, Śródmieście, Wola, Ochota, Włochy, Mokotów, and Wilanów, as well as enable interchange to M1, M2, M3, and M5 metro lines and the main public transport lines: trams, buses, and railways.
Upon its completion, M4 is planned to be the longest line in the Warsaw Metro system.

## History

The line was initially announced in February 2023 by the mayor of Warsaw, Rafał Trzaskowski, in the city's plan to construct five metro lines by 2050.
On March 14, 2024, Warsaw City Council allocated 56 million PLN for pre-design works for the M4 line. On March 19, a tender for the works was issued. In September 2024 the contract for the pre-design works was signed, with the works expected to be finished by 2027.
Construction of the M4 line is expected to take place at the same time as the M3 line, starting somewhere in the 2030s.

## Stations

The initial station plan for the line was shared on the Warsaw Metro website:
| Code | Name |
| G01 | Wilanów |
| G02 | Sobieskiego |
| G03 | Patkowskiego |
| G04 | Dolina Służewiecka |
| G05 | Wilanowska |
| G06 | Smoluchowskiego |
| G07 | Rondo Unii Europejskiej |
| G08 | Służewiec |
| G09 | Żwirki i Wigury |
| G10 | Wiślicka |
| G11 | Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 |
| G12 | Plac Narutowicza |
| G13 | Plac Zawiszy |
| G14 | Rondo Daszyńskiego |
| G15 | Okopowa |
| G16 | Cmentarz Żydowski |
| G17 | Rondo Radosława |
| G18 | Rydygiera |
| G19 | Marymont |
| G20 | Ruda |
| G21 | Płochocińska |
| G22 | Obrazkowa |
| G23 | Myśliborska |
| | STP Polfa |