# Chuj language

Chuj (Spanish:) is a Mayan language spoken by around 40,000 members of the Chuj people in Guatemala and around 3,000 members in Mexico. Chuj is a member of the Qʼanjobʼalan branch along with the languages of Tojolabʼal, Qʼanjobʼal, Akateko, Poptiʼ, and Mochoʼ which, together with the Chʼolan branch, Chuj forms the Western branch of the Mayan family. The Chujean branch emerged approximately 2,000 years ago. In Guatemala, Chuj speakers mainly reside in the municipalities of San Mateo Ixtatán, San Sebastián Coatán and Nentón in the Huehuetenango Department. Some communities in Barillas and Ixcán also speak Chuj. The two main dialects of Chuj are the San Mateo Ixtatán dialect and the San Sebastián Coatán dialect.
The Chuj language has been influenced by Spanish, and Chuj speakers have a tendency to borrow Spanish words or code-mix. It is estimated that 70% of the Chuj language is purely Chuj. There are language conservation and revitalization efforts taking place in San Mateo Ixtatán, through groups like the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.

## Phonology
### Phonemic inventory

Vowels :
| | Front | Back |
| High | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Low | a | a |
Consonants :
| | | Labial | Alveolar | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | n | | ŋ ⟨nh⟩ | | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | Plain | p | t | t͡s ⟨tz⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | k | | ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩ |
| Plosive/ Affricate | Glottalic | | tʼ | t͡sʼ ⟨tzʼ⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩ | kʼ | | ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩ |
| Plosive/ Affricate | Implosive | ɓ ⟨bʼ⟩ | | | | | | |
| Fricative | Fricative | | s | s | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | | χ ⟨j⟩ | |
| Approximant | Approximant | w | l | l | j ⟨y⟩ | | | |
| Trill | Trill | | r | r | | | | |

## Orthography

| Orthography | IPA | Example | Translation |
| a | /a/ | atzʼam | salt |
| bʼ | /ɓ/ | bʼeyi | to walk |
| ch | /t͡ʃ/ | chich | rabbit |
| chʼ | /t͡ʃʼ/ | chʼal | thread |
| e | /e/ | ewi | yesterday |
| i | /i/ | ix | woman |
| j | /χ/ | jun | one |
| k | /k/ | kukay | firefly |
| kʼ | /kʼ/ | kʼatzitz | firewood |
| l | /l/ | lolonel | word |
| m | /m/ | much | bird |
| n | /n/ | nun | parent |
| nh | /ŋ/ | nhabʼ | rain |
| o | /o/ | okʼ | foot |
| p | /p/ | pat | house |
| r | /r/ | retet | woodpecker |
| s | /s/ | sak | white |
| t | /t/ | tut | beans |
| tʼ | /tʼ/ | tʼoy | soft |
| tz | /t͡s/ | tzatz | hard |
| tzʼ | /t͡sʼ/ | tzʼiʼ | dog |
| u | /u/ | unin | child |
| w | /w/ | winak | man |
| x | /ʃ/ | xanhap | shoe |
| y | /j/ | yax | green |
| ʼ | /ʔ/ | ʼonh | avocado |
The letter 'h' is conventionally used in words with initial vowels to distinguish them from words that begin with a glottal stop.

## Grammar
### Verb stem morphology

Below is a template for the verbal stem in Chuj. Verbal predicates in Chuj appear with a status suffix: -a with transitive verbs and –i with intransitive verbs. Finite clauses inflect for Tense-Aspect, person, and number.
Verb structure :
* Tense/aspect/moodtz-IPFVAbsolutive markerach-2SG.ABSErgative markerin-1SG.ERGVerb rootchel-hugStatus suffixaʼTRTense/aspect/mood {Absolutive marker} {Ergative marker} {Verb root} {Status suffix}tz- ach- in- chel- aʼIPFV 2SG.ABS 1SG.ERG hug TRtzachinchela' 'I am hugging you.'

### Non-verbal predicates

Non-verbal predicates are non-verbal words like adjectives, nouns, positionals, or directionals that act as the main predicate and are semantically stative. These constructions do not inflect for Tense-Aspect, but do inflect for person and number. There is no overt copula in Chuj and copula constructions are expressed through non-verbal predicates.
a
top/foc
ix
CL
Malin
Maria
kʼaybʼum
teacher
ix.
CL
a ix Malin kʼaybʼum ix.
top/foc CL Maria teacher CL
Maria is a teacher.
Ay
top/foc
ix
CL
hin-nun
my-mother
niwakil
large
ix.
CL
Ay ix hin-nun niwakil ix.
top/foc CL my-mother large CL
My mother is large.

### Person-markers

Chuj is an ergative-absolutive language. The subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb are both cross-referenced with an absolutive marker, which appears in the verbal stem. The subject of a transitive verb is cross-referenced with an ergative marker in the verbal stem.
Person markers :
| | | Ergative marker | Ergative marker | Absolutive marker |
| | | pre-consonantal | pre-vocalic | pre-consonantal/ pre-vocalic |
| 3rd person | singular | hin- | w- | hin- |
| 3rd person | plural | ko- | k- | honh- |
| 2nd person | singular | ha- | h- | hach- |
| 2nd person | plural | he- | hey- | hex- |
| 3rd person | singular | s- | y- | Ø |
| 3rd person | plural | s-... hebʼ | y-... hebʼ | hebʼ |

### Tense-Aspect

Chuj has four attested Tense-Aspect markers. Finite clauses inflect obligatorily for Tense-Aspect.
Tense-Aspect markers :
| Marker | Meaning |
| tz- | imperfective |
| ix- | perfective |
| lan | progressive |
| ol- | prospective |

### Nominal classifiers

Chuj nominal classifiers represent a closed class of approximately a dozen words. They specify gender for humans, and the base material for objects, such as wood (teʼ) for houses and metal (kʼen) for knives.
Nominal classifiers :
| Classifier | Domain |
| aʼ | water |
| anh | plant [grow from ground] |
| atzʼam | salt |
| chanh | vine |
| ix | female |
| ixim | grain |
| kʼak | cloth |
| kʼen | metal |
| lum | earth |
| nokʼ | animal |
| teʼ | wood |
| waj | male name |
| winh | male |
Chuj nominal classifiers have two main functions: they act as articles for referential nouns, and as pronouns. They have a lexical origin, but have undergone semantic bleaching and may therefore refer to a larger semantic field than the nominals that they are derived from.

#### Articles for referential nouns

Hebʼ
PL
winh
CL.MASC
unin
child
ix-s-loʼ
PFV-a3s-eat
[teʼ
CL.wood
manzan]
apple
hebʼ
PL
winh.
CL.MASC
Hebʼ winh unin ix-s-loʼ [teʼ manzan] hebʼ winh.
PL CL.MASC child PFV-a3s-eat CL.wood apple PL CL.MASC
As for the boys, they ate the apple.

#### Pronouns

Ol-s-lo
Prosp-b3s-a3s-eat
teʼ
CL.wood
ix.
CL.FEM
Ol-s-lo teʼ ix.
Prosp-b3s-a3s-eat CL.wood CL.FEM
She (Elsa) will eat it (the apple).

### Numbers 1 through 10 in Chuj

| San Mateo Ixtatán | San Sebastián Coatán |
| Juʼun | Jun |
| Chaʼabʼ | Chaʼabʼ/chabʼ |
| Oxeʼ | Oxeʼ |
| Chanheʼ | Chanheʼ |
| Hoyeʼ | Oʼeʼ |
| Wakeʼ | Wakeʼ |
| Hukeʼ | Hukeʼ |
| Wajxakeʼ | Wajxkeʼ |
| Bʼalunheʼ | Bʼalnheʼ |
| Lajunheʼ | Lajnheʼ |

### A tongue twister in Chuj from San Sebastián Coatán

Source:
   Nokʼ Xankatat yetʼ nokʼxeʼen Xenhxni xekxni xanhxni hinbʼeyi Xankatak xanhbʼ wekʼ a stixalu Xchi nokʼ xankat a nokʼ xeʼen, Xwila xwabi, xelabʼa to ojinwekla, to jinxekla manhx ojinwekla.

## Sample Text

| English | Chuj |
| One | Ju'un |
| Two | Cha'ab' |
| Three | Oxe' |
| Man | Winak |
| Woman | 'Ix |
| Dog | Tz'i' |
| Sun | K'u |
| Moon | Chi'ich |
| Water | Ha' |
| Dog | Tz'i' |
| Deer | Chej |
| Coyote | Okes |
| Monkey | Maxtin |
| Rabbit | Tzich |
| Mouse | Cho |
| Bird | Much |
| Fish | Chay |
| Snake | Kan |
| Black | K'ik' |
| White | Sak |
| Red | Chak |
| Yellow | K'an |
| Blue | Ya'ax |
| Green | Ya'ax |