OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1930 Cuban parliamentary election

Mid-term parliamentary elections were held in Cuba on 1 November 1930 in order to fill half the seats in the House of Representatives, as well as 24 seats in the Senate. The Liberal Party was the biggest winner, taking 28 of the 59 seats in the House and 18 of the 24 seats in the Senate.

## Results
### Senate

| Party | Party | Seats |
| | Liberal Party of Cuba | 18 |
| | National Conservative Party | 6 |
| Total | Total | 24 |
| Source: Nohlen |||

### House of Representatives

| Party | Party | Seats |
| | Liberal Party of Cuba | 28 |
| | National Conservative Party | 23 |
| | Cuban Popular Party | 8 |
| Total | Total | 59 |
| Source: Nohlen |||
# Mickaël Capelli

Mickaël Capelli (born 18 March 1997) is a French rugby union player who plays as a lock for Pau in the Top 14 competition and the France national under-20 team. He made his Top 14 debut with his club in October 2016.

## Playing career
### Early career

Mickaël Capelli was born on 18 March 1997, in Échirolles, Isère. He debuted his rugby career at Voreppe Rugby Club before moving on to Rugby Club Chartreuse Néron. In 2009, he signed for SO Voiron before ultimately joining the FC Grenoble training center in 2012.

### Club career
#### FC Grenoble

Mickaël Capelli began his professional rugby career at FC Grenoble Rugby from 2016 to 2020. He debuted in June 2016 against Stade Toulousain and earned his first Top 14 start in October 2016. During the 2016–17 Top 14 season, he played 10 matches as well as 6 EPCR Challenge Cup matches. He played in the 2017 World Rugby Under 20 Championship.
After Grenoble was relegated to Pro D2, Capelli scored his first professional try in September 2017. He suffered injuries but returned to play, contributing to Grenoble's matches in both Pro D2 and promotion playoffs. Despite injuries, he renewed his contract until 2021.

#### Montpellier HR

Capelli joined Montpellier Hérault Rugby in 2020, signing until 2023. He started the 2020–21 Top 14 season but faced injury setbacks. In the 2021–22 season, Montpellier reached the Top 14 final, where Capelli played as a substitute, contributing to the team's victory. He played twelve matches that season, including the playoffs, and scored a try. Despite his contributions, he opted to leave Montpellier after two seasons.

#### Section Paloise

In June 2022, Capelli signed a three-year contract with Section Paloise. During the 2022–23 Top 14 season, he played nine matches and two EPCR Challenge Cup matches. However, his season was marred by repeated concussions, leading to a significant absence. In the 2023–24 season, Capelli continued to be a key player for Pau, playing in nine matches before suffering a season-ending knee injury in January 2024.
# Szafarnia, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Szafarnia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Radomin, within Golub-Dobrzyń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Golub-Dobrzyń and 36 km (22 mi) east of Toruń. It is part of historic Dobrzyń Land.

## Chopin

At the age of 14 and 15, Frédéric Chopin visited Szafarnia as the guest of Polish nobleman Juliusz Dziewanowski, father of Chopin's schoolmate Dominik Dziewanowski. Chopin's father was a tutor to the Dziewanowski family and Juliusz was the godfather to Chopin's sister. The families maintained warm relations past Frédéric's death
The manor where Chopin stayed during his 1824 and 1825 summer vacations, has been turned into a museum.
# Duke Ling of Jin

Duke Ling of Jin (Chinese: 晉靈公; pinyin: Jìn Líng Gōng), personal name Ji Yigao, was from 620 to 607 BC the duke of the Jin state. He ascended the throne with the support of his regent, Zhao Dun (Viscount Xuan of Zhao).
In 607 BC, 14 years after ascending the throne, Duke Ling had reached adulthood and become increasingly despotic. He was known to have had his chef killed for not cooking his bear paws well. Zhao Dun, who enjoyed a reputation for integrity and incorruptibility, tried to stop him. Resentful of Zhao Dun's influence, Duke Ling tried to have Zhao Dun assassinated. Zhao Dun managed to escape, and on 19 August, his half-brother Zhao Chuan (趙穿) rebelled and killed Duke Ling. Zhao Dun and Zhao Chuan then installed Duke Ling's uncle, Duke Cheng, on the throne of Jin.
# Pill Prizes

Pill prizes are the idea put forth by Joseph E. Stiglitz when he wrote "Prizes, not patents", in order to address shortfalls of using patents from a pharmaceutical drug perspective. Patents are awarded to inventors and firms in order to promote innovation by providing incentives beyond traditional market incentives. Stiglitz is critical of patents and how they fail provide similar incentives to innovations which are not marketable to the normal consumer society while simply restricting information which is inefficient. Stiglitz provides the idea of prizes instead of patents to be awarded in order to further advance pharmaceutical solutions to global problems such as AIDS.
Patents essentially provide a temporary monopoly on a product to the first inventor or firm which comes up with the product. Patents vary in length but are designed to last long enough for the innovator to make a return on investment. The nature of patents makes them an incentive so long as the product being invented is distributed to consumers through markets. While patented products are in the market, the producer can place any price on the product, regardless of the price of production which typically dictates prices in markets. If a product is not being distributed through markets then a patent cannot provide proper incentive for innovation. Patents do however provide gain through the restriction of information to others. Stiglitz identifies this as a problem of patents for the innovation of drugs and other products being distributed not with the purpose of making a profit, but to solve global problems.
Offering a prize as opposed to a patent, according to Stiglitz, would address the lack of incentive for problems such as disease in developing countries and it would provide products immediately affordable instead of pending on a patent expiration. Awarding prizes offers a fixed amount appropriate for reimbursing research into drugs. Today, many drug companies spend much of money earned through patents on marketing and advertising as opposed to the research for the actual drugs
Until generic versions of drugs reach the shelves, which occurs after a patent expires, the costs burden consumers due to prices not being dictated by the markets. These burdens are overwhelming in developing countries and Stiglitz suggests they be lowered by offering prizes instead of patents. Stiglitz discusses the idea of using foreign aid assistance funds to finance prizes as it would provide greater foreign aid than what funds are being used for currently.
# Mattubby Creek

Mattubby Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
Mattubby is a name derived from the Chickasaw language purported to mean "the one who kills all". Variant names are "Mattuby Creek", "Matubba Creek", "Matubbie Creek", and "Matubby Creek".
# Viscount Stansgate

Viscount Stansgate, of Stansgate in the County of Essex, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1942 for the Labour politician, former Secretary of State for India and future Secretary of State for Air, William Wedgwood Benn. He was the second son of Sir John Benn, 1st Baronet, of The Old Knoll. Stansgate's eldest son and heir apparent, Michael Benn, was later killed in the Second World War. Consequently, he was succeeded in the title by his second son, the Labour politician Tony Benn, who disclaimed the peerage on 31 July 1963, the day the Peerage Act 1963 passed into law and made it possible for him to do so. As of 2022, the title is held by Tony Benn's eldest son, Stephen Benn, 3rd Viscount Stansgate.
Stansgate is a hamlet near the village of Steeple, Essex, on the southern side of the River Blackwater estuary. The village has been home to several generations of the Benn family since about 1900. They live in Stansgate Abbey, described by Chris Mullin as "an ungainly, rambling 1920s house in a stunning location".

## Viscounts Stansgate (1942—present)

* William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate (1877–1960)
** Hon. Michael Julius Wedgwood Benn (1921–1944)
** Anthony Neil Wedgwood Benn, 2nd Viscount Stansgate (1925–2014) (disclaimed 1963)
*** Stephen Michael Wedgwood Benn, 3rd Viscount Stansgate (b. 1951)
**** (1) Hon. Daniel John Wedgwood Benn (b. 1991)
*** (2) Hon. Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (b. 1953)
**** (3) James Leon C. Benn (b. 1983)
**** (4) Jonathan Anthony C. Benn (b. 1987)
*** (5) Hon. Joshua William Wedgwood Benn (b. 1958)
**** (6) William Wedgwood Benn (b. 1984)
** Hon. David Julian Wedgwood Benn (1928–2017)
*** (7) Piers Michael Wedgwood Benn (b. 1962)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Daniel John Wedgwood Benn (born 1991).
The heir apparent's heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, the Hon. Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 1953).
# What's Next? The Future with Bill Gates

What's Next? The Future with Bill Gates is a 2024 documentary series hosted by Bill Gates which explores contemporary societal issues including artificial intelligence and income inequality.
# Szczuka

Szczuka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brodnica, within Brodnica County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Brodnica and 60 km (37 mi) east of Toruń.
# Ydrissa M'Barke

Ydrissa M'Barke (born 30 March 1983 in Rouen, France) is a French athlete who specialises in the 400 meters. M'Barke competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
# Equity release

Equity release is a means of retaining use of a house or other asset which has capital value, while also obtaining a lump sum or a steady stream of income, using the value of the asset. It is also possible to make multiple withdrawals with equity release instead of just unlocking one big lump sum.

## History of equity release in England

First recorded use of equity release dates back to 1971. During the period between 1971 and 1991 there was no legislation regulating equity release. In 1992, a ruling under the Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman case ruled that the company's directors did not have unlimited power over pension investments. Later on, more legislations were passed, such as the Retirement Income Act of 2000 and Equity Release Council Regulations 2003, which set a debt cap for equity release loans.
Anyone offering advice on equity release or providing an equity release product is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), the UK's financial services regulator and watchdog. Equity release brokers, advisers and lenders are required to follow the FCA's strict rules and standards when providing information, advice or equity release products.
The Equity Release Council is the UK's equity release industry body that sets standards to protect consumers. Its members commit to following a set of five product standards: fixed or capped interest rates (for lifetime mortgages), the right to remain in the property, the right to move to another property, the ‘no negative equity guarantee’ and the right to make penalty free payments.

### Types of equity release plan

Two types of equity release product are available in the UK: a lifetime mortgage and a home reversion plan. A lifetime mortgage is a loan secured against the borrower's property where the borrower retains full ownership of their home. Interest accrues on a compound interest basis unless the borrower pays the interest in full each month. A home reversion plan is where a customer sells all or a proportion of their home at below market value and continues to live in the property as a rent-free tenant. With both types of product, repayment to the equity release provider is typically made through the sale of the property when the customer passes away or moves into long-term residential care.

## Pricing of no negative equity guarantee

The UK Prudential Regulation Authority expressed concerns in 2018 that firms investing in ERMs should 'properly reflect' the cost of the no-negative-equity guarantee. Its consultation paper CP 13/18, published 2 July 2018, provided a benchmark for valuing the guarantee. The paper recommended modelling the guarantee as a series of put options expiring at each period in which cash flows could mature, weighted by the probability of mortality, morbidity and pre-payment, using a version of the Black–Scholes pricing formula. It recommended that the underlying price of the option should reflect the cost of deferred possession of the property, independent of any assumptions about future property growth, warning that many of the approaches presented to it implicitly assumed negative deferment rates.
# Duke Zhao of Qi

Duke Zhao of Qi (Chinese: 齊昭公; pinyin: Qí Zhāo Gōng), personal name Lü Pan, was from 632 BC to 613 BC the ruler of the Qi state.

## Accession to the throne

Duke Zhao's father was Duke Huan of Qi, who was the first of the Five Hegemons, the most powerful rulers of the Spring and Autumn period. Duke Huan had at least three main wives who bore no sons, six favoured concubines, and more than ten sons. Duke Zhao was then known as Prince Pan, and his mother was Ge Ying, a princess of the minor state of Ge (葛). Five other sons of Duke Huan also contended for the throne: Prince Wukui, Crown Prince Zhao (later Duke Xiao), Prince Shangren (later Duke Yi), Prince Yuan (later Duke Hui), and Prince Yong.
When Duke Huan died in the tenth month of 643 BC, the six princes fought one another for the throne. Wukui prevailed at first, but he sat on the throne for only three months before being killed by supporters of Crown Prince Zhao. Prince Zhao ascended the throne with the help of Duke Xiang of Song and was known as Duke Xiao of Qi.
Duke Xiao reigned for ten years. After he died in 633 BC, Prince Kaifang of Wey, who had been a trusted official of Duke Huan, killed Duke Xiao's son and helped Prince Pan usurp the throne. Prince Pan is posthumously known as Duke Zhao of Qi.

## Reign and succession

In 632 BC, Duke Wen of Jin defeated the State of Chu at the Battle of Chengpu, and was declared the Hegemon of China, a title that was previously held by Duke Zhao's father Duke Huan.
In 627 BC, the sixth year of Duke Zhao's reign, the Di tribes invaded Qi.
In the fifth month of 613 BC, Duke Zhao died and was succeeded by his son She. However, just two months later She was murdered by Duke Zhao's younger brother Shangren, who usurped the throne and was posthumously known as Duke Yì of Qi.

## Family

Wives:
* Zi Shu Ji, of the Ji clan (子叔姬 姬姓), the mother of Prince She
Sons:
* Prince She (公子舍; d. 613 BC), ruled as the Duke of Qi in 613 BC
# 3073 Kursk

3073 Kursk, provisionally known as 1979 SW$_{11}$, is a stony Florian asteroid and synchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 September 1979, by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula.

## Orbit and characterization

Kursk is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony S-type asteroid in the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,227 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, a S-type asteroid and the family's largest member and namesake – and derives a diameter of 4.67 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.86.

### Satellite

A 1.67 kilometer-large minor-planet moon was discovered orbiting Kursk in 44.96 hours (or 1 day, 20 hours, and 57 minutes).

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the old Russian city Kursk. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 July 1985 (M.P.C. 9771).
# Szczuplinki, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Szczuplinki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Książki, within Wąbrzeźno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Książki, 8 km (5 mi) north of Wąbrzeźno, and 43 km (27 mi) north-east of Toruń.

## History

The first information about Szczuplinki dates back to 1268. It was when Chełmno Land (ziemia chełmińska) was raided by Prussians. Invaders burnt a fortification belonging to Cippel, a liege knight. Jeroschin, a chronicler, in a document dating from 1335 spells Cippel's name as Zipfil. According to the oldest sources of the Order of the Teutonic Knights, the village Szczuplinki (called Czhippiln) covered about 13 włóka. In a book from 1444, in which damage and losses were written down, the village is called Schippelsdorf. It was owned by Johannes von Czyppelyn (Jan from Szczuplinki). Other information about that settlement dates from 1667, so from a church inspection of the canon Strzesz in a church in Radzyń. It states that the village was the property of Łukasz Trzciński, a country gentleman. During the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655–1660, the village was completely destroyed. It was owned by Tomasz Czapski in 1776. Its next owner was Jakub Zaleski. Konstancja Małachowska (maiden name Zaleska) granted the estate to farmers who lived there in perpetual lease. The village was sold to the descendants of leaseholders in 1835. Szczuplinki became a part of Poland once again in 1920.
# Strontium selenide

Strontium selenide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula SrSe.

## Preparation

Strontium selenide can be prepared by reducing strontium selenate with hydrogen at 600 °C. It can also be produced by reacting strontium and hydrogen selenide in liquid ammonia.

## Properties

Strontium selenide crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with space group Fm3m. It has a NaCl structure. It transforms into a CsCl structure with a space group Pm3m under high pressure (14 GPa).
It reacts with mercury selenide and germanium diselenide at high temperature to obtain the SrHgGeSe$_4$ crystal. It reacts with thorium and selenium at high temperature in the presence of tin to obtain SrTh$_2$Se$_5$.
# Paphinia seegeri

Paphinia seegeri is a species of orchid endemic to Colombia.

## Taxonomy

The classification of this orchid species was published by Dr. Günter Gerlach in Die Orchidee Dr. Gerlach is a noted expert on the genus Coryanthes.
# King Cheng of Chu

King Cheng of Chu (Chinese: 楚成王; pinyin: Chǔ Chéng Wáng), personal name Xiong Yun, was a ruler of the Chu state, ruling from 671 BC to 626 BC.
In 672 BC, King Cheng's older brother, Du'ao, attempted to have him killed. King Cheng escaped to the Sui state. He then attacked and killed Du'ao with the help of Sui, and succeeded Du'ao as king of Chu.

## Life

In the summer of 648 BC, the State of Huang was annexed by the state of Chu.
King Cheng's wife was Zheng Mao. Their son was possibly King Mu of Chu.
The Shiji gives a detailed account of the events surrounding King Cheng's succession and untimely end. In the forty-sixth year of his reign (626 BC), Cheng wanted to make Shangchen (商臣), the future King Mu, his crown prince. Lingyin (title for prime minister of Chu) Zishang (子上) advised against this, fearing that there were many contenders for the position and that, if the king were to change his mind and act to replace the crown prince, a disturbance would ensue. He also warned the king that Shangchen was a cruel and fierce man who was unsuitable for the position. Not heeding the advice, King Cheng made Shangchen his crown prince.
Soon, the king did indeed change his mind, and rumors spread that the crown prince was about to be deposed, and another son Zhi (職) was going to be made the new crown prince. The crown prince was unsure whether to believe the rumors. His tutor advised him to throw a banquet for the king's favorite concubine but to treat her disrespectfully during the banquet. The prince did what was suggested, and the concubine, angered by her poor treatment, told the crown prince, "It is suitable that the king wants to kill you and make Zhi his crown prince!" Now sure of the king's intentions, the prince's tutor asked him, "Are you able to serve under Zhi?" "No," he answered. "Are you able to go into exile?" "No," he answered. Finally, he asked, "Are you able to do something big?" "Yes," the prince replied.
During the tenth month, Shangchen led palace troops to surround King Cheng and force him to commit suicide. King Cheng asked to eat a bear paw before dying, but he was rebuffed. On day dingwei, King Cheng hanged himself, and Shangchen ascended the throne.
# Yavé Cahard

Yavé Cahard (born 26 December 1957) is a cyclist from France. He competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow, Soviet Union in the individual sprint event where he finished in second place. Cahard also won one silver and two bronze medals in the professional sprint events at the 1982, 1983, and 1984 UCI World Track Cycling Championships.
# Michael Joseph Gross

Michael Joseph Gross (born 1970) is an American author and journalist.
He is a contributing editor to Vanity Fair, where he covers topics including politics, technology, and national security. He has also written extensively for publications such as Blender, The New York Times, The Boston Globe, and GQ. Gross is the author of the book Starstruck: When a Fan Gets Close to Fame, published in 2006 by Bloomsbury Publishing.
Gross attended Williams College, and later studied at Princeton Theological Seminary. After graduating, he wrote speeches for Massachusetts Governor William Weld, a Republican.
# Leaf mold

Leaf mold (spelled leaf mould outside of the United States) is the compost produced by decomposition of shaded deciduous shrub and tree leaves, primarily by fungal breakdown in a slower, cooler manner as opposed to the bacterial degradation of leaves.

## Description

Leaves shed in autumn tend to have a very low nitrogen content and are often dry. Their main constituents, cellulose and lignin, are two recalcitrant molecules resistant to degradation. Because of this, autumn leaves break down far more slowly than most other compost ingredients which may take a very long time on their own. Specialised biota, such as molds, produce extracellular enzymes which can easily break down those complex plant polymers(cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose) into biologically accessible forms enriching the soil environment.
The importance of this decomposition of the leaves and other shed plant litter is that their degradation and decomposition forms a critical step in the mineralization of organic nutrients and their recycling.

## Time and process

Fungal decomposition of a heap of leaves in damp temperate climates can take between one and three years to break down into a dark brown fine powdery humic matter. A succession of different fungal species may be involved. A range of micro detritivores are also involved in converting the leaf material into a fine-grained humus, including many isopods, millipedes, earthworms, etc.

## Uses

In the natural environment, the decomposition of leaves provides a moist growing medium for young plants and protects the ground from drying out during periods of low rainfall. It is a significant component of soil organic matter, particularly in temperate deciduous woodland. The slow rate of decomposition gradually releases plant nutrients bound up in the leaves back into the environment to be re-used by plants. Autumn leaves are often collected in gardens and farms into pits or containers for the resultant leaf mold to be used later.
Oxygen and moisture are essential for leaf decomposition. Leaf mold is not high in nutrient content but is an excellent humic soil conditioner because its structure and moisture retention provide a good growing medium for seedling roots.
Leaves collected from roads and pavements may be contaminated by pollutants which can become more concentrated as the leaves decompose into a smaller volume