OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Changsang Line

The Changsang Line is an electrified freight-only railway line of the Korean State Railway in South P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from Hyangjang on the P'yŏngdŏk Line to Changsang.

## History

On 21 June 1940, the West Chosen Central Railway, which since 1939 had been operating a line between Sŭnghori and P'yŏngnam Kangdong, received approval from the Railway Bureau of the Government-General of Korea to build a line to the Changsang coal fields via Tŏkch'ŏn; the Chosen Anthracite Company had opened mines around Changsang and Tŏkch'ŏn in 1938
From Tŏkch'ŏn, which it had reached in the summer of 1945, the West Chosen Central Railway planned its Tŏkpal Line (덕팔선; 德八線) line to run from Tŏkch'ŏn to Kujang via Changsangri (today's Changsang Station), to connect there with the Chosen Government Railway's Manp'o Line. However, the terrain proved too difficult, and, after adding a signal station at Hyangjang between Hyangwŏn and Changsangri, construction on the current alignment of the line to Kujang began. However, this wasn't completed before the end of the Pacific War, and it was only after the end of the Korean War that the connection to Kujang and the Manp'o Line was finally made.
After the partition of Korea following Japan's defeat in the war, all railways in North Korea were nationalised and made part of the Korean State Railway. The P'yŏngyang Colliery Line (P'yŏngyang–Sinsŏngch'ŏn) and the former West Chosen Central Railway mainline (Sinsŏngch'ŏn–Tŏkch'ŏn) were joined together to form the P'yŏngdŏk Line; after the Tŏkpal Line was extended to Kujang after the end of the Korean War, it was later merged with the P'yŏngdŏk Line, but the line's name was not changed, while the Hyangjang–Changsangri section became the Changsang Line. Electrification of the line was completed in June 1979.

## Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.
| Distance (km) | Distance (km) | Station Name | Station Name | Former Name | Former Name | |
| Total | S2S | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Connections |
| -5.7 | 0.0 | Hyangwŏn | 향원 (鄕元) | | | P'yŏngdŏk Line |
| 0.0 | 5.7 | Hyangjang | 향장 (鄕長) | | | P'yŏngdŏk Line |
| 1.9 | 1.9 | Changsang | 장상 (長上) | Changsangri | 장상리 (長上里) | |
# Jindřich Zeman

Jindřich Zeman (born 30 September 1950) was a Czechoslovakian luger who competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He won the bronze medal in the men's doubles event at the 1978 FIL European Luge Championships in Hammarstrand, Sweden.
Zeman also finished eighth in the men's doubles event at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York.
He is currently a coach of the Czech national team.
# Johan van Angelbeek

Johan Gerard van Angelbeek (1727 – 2 September 1799) was a Dutch colonial officer who commanded Dutch forces on the island of Ceylon during the colony's final year in the Dutch Empire before its seizure by a British expeditionary force.
Van Angelbeek was born in East Frisia in 1727 and in 1751 left the Netherlands for the East, in the ship "Schakenbos", travelling to India and Batavia and returning to the Netherlands in 1755. In 1756, he joined the Dutch East India Company returning to the Indian Ocean and serving as a merchant at Batavia and in Bengal. In 1764 he took an official position in the capital of Dutch Ceylon at Colombo and in 1767 moved to the port of Tuticorin in India, serving as Koopman and eventually becoming senior official of the port in 1770, retaining the position until 1783.
In 1783, Van Angelbeek was made governor of Malabar, and in 1787 was appointed as the governor of all Dutch India. In 1794, during the French Revolutionary Wars, Van Angelbeek took command of the Dutch colony of Ceylon, and was in command when a British expeditionary force arrived the following year. Most of the Dutch ports fell rapidly, Colombo the last to surrender in February 1796. He remained in Colombo during the British occupation, dying in 1799. He was the last Dutch governor of the colony as the British retained it for 152 years. He was married to Jacomina Lever and had two children, both his son Christian and his son-in-law Willem Jacob van de Graaf, husband of his daughter Christina Elisabeth van Angelbeek, were prominent in the administration of the Dutch Indian Ocean colonies.
# John J. Coutts

John J. Coutts (born 1934) is a Scottish poet, preacher, and broadcaster. He served as the Poet in Residence at Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum from 2015 to 2021.

## Early life and education

Coutts was born in 1934 in Clydebank, Scotland. He earned a first-class degree in English language and literature from Lincoln College, Oxford.

## Career

Coutts pursued his career in Nigeria and England.
Coutts has translated sections of The Complete Works of Alexander Pushkin in English (Milner and Co, 1999), including the epic poem Poltava and various lyrical pieces. In 2010, The Handsel Press published his poetry collection titled Lines of a Lifetime.
His theatrical works include Shakespeare in Stirling, a play that imagines William Shakespeare visiting Scotland. The play was part of the Royal Shakespeare Company's Open Stage project and was performed by the Riverside Drama Club. Coutts also created A Box of Surprises, a solo performance piece that combines poetry and storytelling. He also writes scripts and performance poetry for young audiences.
From 1953 to 1954, Coutts studied Russian and played rugby at the Joint Services School for Linguists. In the 1980s, he briefly held the position of Keston's representative in Moscow.
Coutts has contributed to BBC Radio Scotland's Thought for the Day program. In 2015, he published his autobiography, Was That Me? Memories of a Long Spent Youth.
In September 2015, Coutts was appointed Poet in Residence at The Smith Art Gallery and Museum by its then-director, Elspeth King. He organized the monthly Poetry Roundabout at the museum, an open event where participants can present their own poetry or share their favorite poems, until 2021.
In 2017, together with David Smith, Coutts compiled a book of poetry themed around the museum's cat, Oswald. Titled Oswald's Invitation: Oswald the Cat’s Book of Poems for Fun and Finding Out, the book was distributed to every school within the Stirling Council area.
Coutts is a lifelong member of The Salvation Army.

## Awards and recognition

* 2017: National Drama Award
# No fixed abode

In law, no fixed abode or without fixed abode is not having a fixed geographical location as a residence, commonly referred to as no fixed address. This is applicable to several groups:
* People who have a home, but which is not always in the same place:
** Those whose occupation requires them to live permanently on boats, ships or movable oil platforms, or to travel constantly (as showmen, for example).
** Nomadic peoples (e.g. Indigenous Norwegian Travellers and Romanichal) and traveller groups (e.g. Irish Travellers, Scottish Gypsy and Traveller groups, New Age travellers, Norwegian and Swedish Travellers); as well as individuals who adopt a mobile lifestyle, living in narrowboats, recreational vehicles or the like.
** People with multiple residences who frequently move around these addresses.
** Persons who temporarily live with people such as friends and family.
* People considered to be homeless. The term "of no fixed abode" or "no fixed address" is frequently used as a description by the police and a euphemism by the media for somebody who is without a home.
* People may be homeless because of some natural disaster or conflict, which may have destroyed their home. Refugees fleeing a war zone are also regarded as homeless.
A person with no fixed address may have mail addressed to a Poste restante service. Such individuals may also encounter challenges in accessing government social services, registering to vote, and may be deprived of many common services.

## Ships

Ships may have a mobile letter box that can be placed on the dockside whilst a ship is moored in port or the crew are on shore leave, allowing the delivery of mail to those living on the ship—for as long as the vessel is in that port.
# Uma longhouse

Uma houses are traditional vernacular houses found on the western part of the island of Siberut in Indonesia. The island is part of the Mentawai islands off the west coast of Sumatra.
The structures are influenced by the Acehnese style, built on a much larger scale. They were formerly used as uma longhouses by the Sakuddei tribe before they were forced to abandon their traditional way of life through government intervention in the 1950s and 1960s. Since then, some attempts have been made to re-establish them in their former areas of settlement. Uma longhouses are rectangular, with a verandah at each end. They can be 300 m$^2$ in area. Built on piles, they traditionally have no windows. The insides are separated into different dwelling spaces by partitions with inter-connecting doors.
Villages are built alongside riverbanks and are made of one or more communal Uma longhouses and single-story family houses called lalep. Villages housed up to 300 people and the larger villages were divided into sections along patrilineal clans of families with their own uma. Rusuk were dwellings for widows and bachelors, similar to the family longhouse but without an altar. The uma is the centre of social, religious, and political life, where every village member of egalitarian Mentawai society contributes to meetings about matters affecting the community. Like many Indonesians, Mentawaians believe in a separable soul that leaves the body upon death becoming a ghost. To protect themselves from these spirits, fetish sticks are placed by the entrances of the log wall that surrounds and fortifies the village and forms a stockade for cattle.
# Chupyong Line

The Ch'up'yŏng Line is a non-electrified railway line of the Korean State Railway in Hŭich'ŏn city, Ryanggang Province, North Korea, running from Hŭich'ŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn Station on the Manp'o Line to industrial suburbs on the opposite side of the Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River.

## Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.
| Distance (km) | Distance (km) | Station Name | Station Name | Former Name | Former Name | |
| Total | S2S | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Transcribed | Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) | Connections |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | Hŭich'ŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn | 희천청년 (煕川靑年) | Hŭich'ŏn | 희천 (煕川) | Manp'o Line |
| 3.2 | 3.2 | Ch'up'yŏng 2-dong | 추평2동 (楸坪二洞) | | | |
| 4.6 | 1.4 | P'ungsan-dong | 풍산동 (風山洞) | | | |
# Toni Simić

Toni Simić (born June 8, 1976) is a Macedonian former professional basketball player who last played for Gostivar. He was also member of Macedonian national basketball team.
His son Teodor Simić is also a basketball player. He is a member of Kožuv.
# Halabja Governorate

Halabja Governorate (Kurdish: پارێزگای ھەڵەبجە, romanized: Parêzgay Helebceyê, Arabic: محافظة حلبجة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Ḥalabja) is a governorate in the semi-autonomous region of Kurdistan Region in Iraq. The governorate was established in 2014, splitting off from Sulaymaniyah Governorate and becoming the fourth governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Its capital is the city of Halabja. Halabja Governorate is the least populated governorate.
Although officially recognized by Kurdistan Regional Government, the Iraqi government has not officially recognized it due to postponing of the hearing regarding its status multiple times by the Council of Representatives of Iraq, which is the only legislature in Iraq capable of declaring it as such.

## History

The Kurdish Parliament first agreed to turn Halabja District into a province in 1999, but it was not enacted at the time. The Kurdistan Region approved of it becoming a governorate in June 2013. Iraq's Council of Ministers approved a bill on 31 December 2013 to enable it. The Iraqi Parliament had to pass the bill but failed to do so. However, the Speaker of the house, Osama Nujaifi, advised that Kurdistan had the power to make Halabja a province. On 13 March 2014, Nechirvan Barzani, Prime Minister of Kurdistan, signed the decision of making Halabja district the fourth governorate of Kurdistan Region; that happened just three days before the remembrance of Halabja chemical attack, which happened on 16 March 1988. On March 16, 2014, Kurdistan Region President Masoud Barzani signed a regional directive to promote Halabja from district status to a province. The Kurdish Parliament passed a bill in February 2015 to establish the legal framework for selecting a provincial council and a governor. As of December 2015, the Iraqi Parliament had not yet officially recognised the province, apparently because of issues with budgeting finance for it. In August 2018, the then Iraqi Interior Minister, Qasim al-Araji, approved authorization for the opening of federal offices that would issue passports, national ID cards, and other civil documents under its own name. On the 13th of March 2023, the Iraqi council of ministers recognised Halabja as an official governorate of Iraq, but the council of representatives delayed hearing for this bill numerous times.

## Districts

Halabja comprises the central district, Halabja, and three other districts, Sîrwan, Xurmal, Biyare and Bemo. Three other districts of the Sulaymaniyah Governorate had the option of joining the province, but decided against it.
# Robert Aschberg

Robert Aschberg (born 19 March 1952 on Kungsholmen, in Stockholm) is a Swedish journalist and media executive. He works for the Swedish television channel TV3. Robert Aschberg was a Maoist in his youth, but in the seventies he left communism for mainstream entertainment. Robert is the grandson of Olof Aschberg, a Swedish bank entrepreneur.
# Hadith of Jesus praying behind Mahdi

Hadith of Jesus Praying Behind Mahdi (Persian: حدیث نماز خواندن عیسی به امامت مهدی) refers to a collection of hadith (sayings of Muhammad) related to the prophecy that after Jesus (Isa) descends and joins the Mahdi and his followers in the final days before the destruction of Earth, Jesus will decline the offer of the Mahdi to lead the Mahdi and company in salat (Islamic ritual prayer which Muslims perform five times a day) telling the Mahdi to lead. The Mahdi is an Islamic figure in Islamic eschatology, and salat is the Islamic practice of worship of God. The prophecy is narrated in numerous hadith collections. A total of 29 hadiths relate the return of Jesus, and his prayer with Mahdi's lead.

## Hadith

Both Sunni and Shia hadith narrate this story.
A hadith attributed to Abu Hurairah reports:Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 55, Hadith 658
Allamah Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar Rizvi quotes the above tradition in his book "Muhammad (S) is the Last Prophet" and concludes:
   This refers to the fact that prophet Jesus (a.s.) will not lead in the prayer, but the Imam of the Muslims who will leading them will lead in the prayers, and prophet Jesus will follow him.
A hadith attributed to Jabir ibn Abd Allah reports:Sahih Muslim Book 1, Hadith 293
Abu Ya’ala provides another version of this hadith in his musnad with more clear terms. A hadith attributed to Jabir ibn Abd Allah reports:
A hadith attributed to Al-Husayn Al-Ajiri reports:
A hadith attributed to Sa'id ibn Jubayr reports:

## Interpretation

Sunni and Shia Muslims hold that Isa (Jesus) and the Mahdi will be present at the same time, that the leaders who will carry out their commands will be from the Quraysh tribe, It's also believed that he will perform the prayer behind Mahdi. Jalaluddin al-Suyuti writes in his Nuzool Isa Ibn Maryam Akhir al-Zaman that:
   I have heard some of the deniers of (truth) deny what has been conveyed about Jesus that when he descends will pray the Fajr prayer behind al-Mahdi. They say, Jesus has higher status than to pray behind a non-Prophet. This is a bizarre opinion since the issue of prayer of Jesus behind al-Mahdi has been proven strongly via numerous authentic traditions from the Messenger of Allah, who is the most truthful.
# Liujianian station

Liujianian (Chinese: 刘家碾) is a station on Line 10 of the Chengdu Metro in China. It was opened on 27 December 2019.
# Cubital index

Cubital index is the ratio of two of the wing vein segments of honeybees. The cubital index is used in morphology, the study of form and structure, one way to differentiate species and sub species of living organisms. The pattern of the veins of the fore wings is specific for each breed of bees. The cubital index is consistent for a given race of bee. It can be used to distinguish between similar populations of honeybees and to determine degrees of hybridization.

## Procedure

To obtain reliable average results, at least 100 bee fore wings have to be analyzed. Measurements are taken under a dissecting microscope with a magnification of 10x to 20x.
# USS Menominee (AT-73)

USS Menominee (AT-73) was a Navajo-class fleet tug constructed for the United States Navy during World War II. Her purpose was to aid ships, usually by towing, on the high seas or in combat or post-combat areas, plus "other duties as assigned." During World War II she was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater where she participated in four campaigns earning four battle stars.

## Description

Menominee was laid down 27 September 1941, at United Engineering Co. in San Francisco and launched on 14 February 1942. She was commissioned 25 September 1942.

## Decommission and sale

After the war, Menominee sailed for home. In Portland on 15 November 1946, she was decommissioned and entered the Pacific Reserve Fleet. She was struck from the Naval Register 1 November 1959, and transferred to Indonesia on 26 January 1961 as part of the Military Assistance Program. She served in Indonesia as Rakata (928). While in Indonesian service, the Oerlikon 20 mm cannons located in bridge wings were replaced with 2M-3 twin 25 mm cannons of Soviet origin. In the 1980s, her pennant number were changed to 922. As of 2004, the ship was mostly used as patrol ship. Rakata was sunk as target by KRI Nanggala (402) in a joint exercise in Indian Ocean between 8 April and 2 May 2004.

## Citations

This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
* 1 2 3 "USS Menominee". NavSource Naval History. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
* ↑ Moore 1979, p. 252
* ↑ Sharpe 1989, p. 273
* ↑ Saunders 2004, p. 338
* ↑ "KRI Nanggala-402, Submarine Purchased 1982 From Germany, Most Senior In Indonesian Navy". voi.id. 21 April 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
* ↑ "Mengenal KRI Nanggala 402, kapal selam tangguh andalan TNI AL". merdeka.com (in Indonesian). 10 December 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
# KFKK-LD

KFKK-LD (channel 32) is a low-power television station licensed to Stockton, California, United States, serving the Sacramento area, airing paid programming. It is owned by Innovate Corp.
Despite the station's city of license of Stockton, the station does not cover any part of the Stockton area and actually covers Modesto, California, and its immediate area to the southeast.

## Technical information
### Subchannels

The station's signal is multiplexed:
Subchannels of KFKK-LD :
| Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| 32.1 | 480i | 4:3 | KFKK-LD | Infomercials |
| 32.2 | 480i | 16:9 | KFKK-LD | 365BLK |
| 32.3 | 480i | 16:9 | KFKK-LD | Defy |
| 32.4 | 480i | 16:9 | KFKK-LD | Outlaw |
| 32.5 | 480i | 4:3 | KFKK-LD | Infomercials |
| 32.6 | 480i | 4:3 | KFKK-LD | Infomercials |
| 32.7 | 480i | 16:9 | KFKK-LD | Salem News Channel |

### Former affiliations

KFKK-LD was affiliated with DrTV, a healthy-lifestyle specialty network that launched in the first quarter of 2014. The network ceased operations in 2019.
# Bland's rule

In mathematical optimization, Bland's rule (also known as Bland's algorithm, Bland's anti-cycling rule or Bland's pivot rule) is an algorithmic refinement of the simplex method for linear optimization.
With Bland's rule, the simplex algorithm solves feasible linear optimization problems without cycling.
The original simplex algorithm starts with an arbitrary basic feasible solution, and then changes the basis in order to decrease the minimization target and find an optimal solution. Usually, the target indeed decreases in every step, and thus after a bounded number of steps an optimal solution is found. However, there are examples of degenerate linear programs, on which the original simplex algorithm cycles forever. It gets stuck at a basic feasible solution (a corner of the feasible polytope) and changes bases in a cyclic way without decreasing the minimization target.
Such cycles are avoided by Bland's rule for choosing a column to enter and a column to leave the basis.
Bland's rule was developed by Robert G. Bland while he was a research fellow at the Center for Operations Research and Econometrics in Belgium.

## Algorithm

One uses Bland's rule during an iteration of the simplex method to decide first what column (known as the entering variable) and then row (known as the leaving variable) in the tableau to pivot on. Assuming that the problem is to minimize the objective function, the algorithm is loosely defined as follows:
* Choose the lowest-numbered (i.e., leftmost) nonbasic column with a negative (reduced) cost.
* Now among the rows, choose the one with the lowest ratio between the (transformed) right hand side and the coefficient in the pivot tableau where the coefficient is greater than zero. If the minimum ratio is shared by several rows, choose the row with the lowest-numbered column (variable) basic in it.
It can be formally proven that, with Bland's selection rule, the simplex algorithm never cycles, so it is guaranteed to terminate in a bounded time.
While Bland's pivot rule is theoretically important, from a practical perspective it is quite inefficient and takes a long time to converge. In practice, other pivot rules are used, and cycling almost never happens.$^{:72–76}$

## Extensions to oriented matroids

In the abstract setting of oriented matroids, Bland's rule cycles on some examples. A restricted class of oriented matroids on which Bland's rule avoids cycling has been termed "Bland oriented matroids" by Jack Edmonds. Another pivoting rule, the criss-cross algorithm, avoids cycles on all oriented-matroid linear-programs.