OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Khirbat al-Wa'ra al-Sawda'

Khirbat al-Wa'ra al-Sawda' (Arabic: خربة الوعرة السوداء) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Tiberias Subdistrict. In 1945, the village had a population of 1,870 Arabs. It was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on April 18, 1948. It was located 7.5 km northeast of Tiberias. Some of the villagers fled to Syria while others migrated to the central Galilee.

## History

Khirbat al-Wa'ra al-Sawda' was classified as a hamlet by the Palestine Index Gazetteer. Situated on a small plateau composed of volcanic stone, it was connected to Hittin by a dirt road and overlooked Wadi Hamam and Lake Tiberias.

### British Mandate era

During the British Mandate period in Palestine, the village's houses—which were constructed from stone—were clustered together in an irregular pattern. Bedouin tents were set up for inhabitants who had not built permanent homes. Most of the residents, all of whom were Muslims, belonged to the 'Arab al-Mawasi tribe, while the remainder were members of the Arab al-Wuhayb tribe.
Shrines were built for two local sheikhs, Umar al-Qadhim and Musa al-Qadhim, at the northern outskirts of Khirbat al-Wa'ra al-Sawda. Religious ceremonies were held by the villagers at the tombs.
The village comprised a total area of 7,036 dunums in the 1945 statistics. Agriculture was the primary economic sector, with olives and grain being the principal crops grown, with a large number of inhabitants were employed in cereal farming, which occupied about 29% of the land area.
| Land Usage | Dunums |
| Cereal | 2,027 |
| Urban | 10 |
| Cultivable | 2,027 |
| Non-cultivable | 4,999 |
| Owner | Dunums |
| Arab | 7,036 |
| Jewish | 0 |
| Public | 0 |
| Total | 7,036 |

### 1948 war and aftermath

According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, no published accounts of Khirbat al-Wa'ra al-Sawda's capture by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War have been recorded. Khalidi suggests it was possible that the village was occupied in the wake of Tiberias' fall on April 18, 1948, when Haganah forces attacked a few nearby villages afterward. A second possibility was that it was seized in the course of Operation Dekel in mid-July as Israeli forces advanced eastward after capturing Nazareth.
An oral report from the village's residents claims a massacre occurred in late October and early November 1948. The report entailed that Jewish troops rounded up 15 men from Khirbat al-Wa'ra al-Sawda' who were later taken to the nearby Arab village of Eilabun and shot them, killing all but one. He fled to Syria with most of the Arab al-Mawasi. The remaining inhabitants relocated to the central Galilee where they joined other Bedouin tribes.
No Jewish towns were built on village lands, but Arbel was constructed 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) southeast of the village site in 1949, on the land of Hittin, and Ravid was constructed 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) west of the village site. Khalidi states "No traces of the houses remain. Stone terraces provide the only indication of a former village on the site. The site and lands are used largely as grazing areas, although some of the lands are cultivated by Israelis."
# Gulbahar, Afghanistan

Gulbahar (Persian: گلبهار) is located 76 km north the Afghanistan capital Kabul. Gulbahar is a green, lush area with the best mulberry in the country.

## History

This war torn district, which was the battlefield between different forces in different eras, is located half in Parwan province and half in Kapisa province. A major textile company and Al-Beroni University exist within the Kapisa section of Gulbahar.

## Images

* Shutool River reaching the location to join Panjshir river in Gulbahar
* An old traditional tree trunk used as a water pipe
* Gulbahar Textile Plant
# J. Edward Richardson

J. Edward Richardson (born 1873) was an American architect from Dover, New Hampshire.
Richardson was born in Dover on September 27, 1873, to J. Herbert and Jettie (Huntress) Richardson. After completing his education in the public schools, he began the study of architecture. He opened his own office at a young age in 1894. Richardson would grow to become a prominent local architect, especially after the retirement of Alvah T. Ramsdell a few years before World War II.

## Architectural work

Richardson designed two important public buildings in Dover, bookending his known career. The first of these is the Central Fire Station, on Broadway. Built in 1899, this is a spare Queen Anne-style design. It does, however, hint of the coming Classical and Colonial Revivals. The other design is the large Dover Municipal Building, or City Hall. Dover's third, it is a much more academic interpretation of the Colonial Revival, inspired by Independence Hall. An important semi-public work was the New Hampshire Odd Fellows Home in Concord, designed in 1931 in the Colonial Revival style.
He also designed several schools, most notably the campus of the Austin-Cate Academy in Center Strafford. Built in 1902, this was a typical wooden Colonial Revival school. Richardson also designed a dormitory for the academy, built in 1910. In 1933, the school was destroyed in a fire. Richardson was brought back to rebuild it in brick, and it remains. The former campus is now owned by the New Hampshire National Guard. In 1927 Richardson designed the High School at Berwick, Maine, to replace a building that had burned. It is sparsely ornamented in the Colonial Revival style. The school was vacated in 2001 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.
In 1908 Richardson rebuilt the American House in Dover, which had been heavily damaged in a fire. He chose to keep the Greek Revival portico, but replace the upper floors with more modern Colonial Revival styling. The hotel was demolished circa 1960. In 1929 he designed a fraternity house in Durham for the Zeta chapter of Theta Chi. At 22 Madbury Road, this is a large, Georgian Revival house with a gambrel roof. The house was later converted into apartments. The architect's other identified private commission was the Grant Block of 1933, at Main and Fore streets in Somersworth. In keeping with the Depression, he designed the building almost entirely without ornament, and it is enlivened only by its colored tapestry brick facade.

## Gallery

* Cate Academy, Center Strafford, 1902
* High School, Berwick, 1927
# Howard Street (novel)

Howard Street is a 1968 novel by Nathan C. Heard. Howard Street was first published in 1968/ in hard copy by Dial Press. The paperback was published the same year by Signet Books. After the first publishing in 1968, over one million copies of the book were sold. Howard Street was Heard's first novel, and was published "shortly before he was released from jail."

## Overview

Howard Street tells the story of a multitude of characters living in the ghetto in Newark, New Jersey. Gypsy Pearl is described as the most beautiful whore on Howard Street, which is a high social and professional position in this community. She hustles for her pimp, Hip, and proudly gives him her money. Hip has a very expensive drug habit. Both Hip and Pearl are mutually dependent and accept one another in this loveless partnership.
Franchot, who is Hip's brother, is an outsider on Howard Street because he chooses to work for a living at a corny job. However, it is Franchot that Hip turns to when his luck runs out, and it is also Franchot that Pearl dreams of briefly when imagining another way of life.
Jackie, one of the few who were able to escape from Howard Street, leaves as a promising athlete, but returns as a broken man. Jimmy, the boy who had idolized the former basketball star, is destroyed by Jackie's downfall, because Jackie was only hope he had for a better life.
Although the novel takes place in Newark, New Jersey, the patterns and people of Howard Street share many similarities with any urban city. The novel provides insight into the lives of prostitutes, their Johns, drug dealers, drug addicts and other lost souls who have never known any other way to live.

## Reception

Howard Street is described as one of the best traditional books about ghetto life, and is often placed in the genre with other literary classics as Down These Mean Streets and Manchild In the Promised Land
The San Francisco Sun-Reporter called Howard Street, "...the raw shocker of the year...you must read it."
# Shinji Ohara

Shinji Ohara (大原 慎司, Ohara Shinji, born July 30, 1985 in Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan) is a professional Japanese baseball player. He plays pitcher for the Yokohama DeNA BayStars.
# Niels Hansen Basketball Stadium

Niels Hansen Basketball Stadium is a purpose-built basketball stadium located in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. It is the home of the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Basketball Association (KBBA) and the Goldfields Giants.
The stadium is named after local Goldfields basketball stalwart, Niels Hansen. He became the KBBA's fifth life member in 1980.

## History

The stadium was built in 1979 and was renovated in the late 1990s. In 2018, planning for an expansion of the stadium began. In 2022, it was confirmed that two new courts would be added to the existing three at the facility. In July 2024, the Goldfields Giants played their final home game on the traditional main court before switching to a brand-new show court in 2025.
In January 2025, the official opening of the $14.8 million stadium redevelopment took place.

## Notable games

On 23 February 2004, the stadium played host to the Perth Wildcats in an official National Basketball League regular season game against the Hunter Pirates.
The stadium also hosted an official Women's National Basketball League regular season game featuring the Perth Lynx in 2009.
# A Stitch in Time (Lively novel)

A Stitch in Time is a 1976 children's novel by British writer Penelope Lively. It won the 1976 Whitbread Award for children's book. 40 years later, it was re-published by Collins under the modern classics range.
The book follows Maria Foster during a summer holiday in Lyme Regis. She begins to hear sounds that no one else can and connects with a Victorian girl called Harriet, but as she becomes more immersed in Harriet's World she wonders if something tragic took place.
# Lee Richardson (speedway rider)

Lee Stewart Richardson (25 April 1979 – 13 May 2012) was a British international motorcycle speedway rider.

## Career

Richardson made his British debut for the Reading Racers in 1995.
Richardson represented Great Britain at senior and under-21 level and featured in several World Cup tournaments. Richardson was World Under 21 champion in 1999.
In October 2002, during the Speedway Grand Prix Qualification he won the GP Challenge, which ensured that he claimed a permanent slot for the 2003 Grand Prix. He won the Elite League Riders' Championship, held at Brandon Stadium on 18 October 2003.
He was also a fully fledged Grand Prix rider for four seasons from 2003 until 2006. Richardson joined the Lakeside Hammers for the 2009 season.

## Death

On 13 May 2012, Richardson died of internal bleeding in a Wrocław hospital following a collision with a safety fence during a Polish League match.

## Family

Richardson's mother Julie was a presenter for ScreenSport Television. His father Colin is a former rider. His uncle Steve Weatherley, another rider, was paralysed in a crash with Vic Harding whilst racing in a meeting at the Hackney Wick Stadium (Harding later died in hospital).

## Speedway Grand Prix results

| Year | Position | Points | Best finish | Notes |
| 2000 | 31st | 3 | 19th | 1 wild card appearance |
| 2002 | 25th | 17 | 5th | 2 wild card appearances. 5th in British Grand Prix |
| 2003 | 16th | 45 | 7th | Missed 2 Grands Prix through injury |
| 2004 | 11th | 76 | 3rd | 3rd in British Grand Prix |
| 2005 | 13th | 55 | 2nd | 2nd in Polish Grand Prix |
| 2006 | 15th | 39 | 8th | |
# Walker Township, Moniteau County, Missouri

Walker Township is an inactive township that is located in Moniteau County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Walker Township was established in 1845, and most likely was named after a pioneer citizen.
The township included the city of California.
# Chris Louis

Christopher Louis (born 9 July 1969) is a former international motorcycle speedway rider from England, who primarily rode for the Ipswich Witches. He earned 41 international caps for the England national speedway team and 3 caps for the Great Britain team. He is the son of former Great Britain International John Louis.

## Career

Louis is former schoolboy grasstrack champion. He started his professional career at Hackney before moving to Ipswich in 1989 where he rode to the end of his riding career. He has missed a couple of seasons due to injury. He became the World Under-21 Champion after winning the 1990 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship.
Chris Louis made history in 1993 when he became the first son of a former World Finalist to also qualify for the World Final when he finished in third place in Pocking, Germany. Louis tied with former champion Hans Nielsen of Denmark in 11 points, only 1 point behind winner Sam Ermolenko of the United States. In a run-off to decide overall second place, Nielsen defeated Chris Louis who had to settle for third in his World Final debut.
Louis also qualified for the 1994 World Final in Vojens, Denmark but was unable to repeat his 1993 form and finished a disappointing 12th scoring only six points.
Chris Louis qualified for the new Speedway Grand Prix series which replaced the former World Final in 1995. He finished a career best 7th in the 1995 SGP with a best finish of third in 1995 Speedway Grand Prix of Poland. In 1996, he was extremely unfortunate not to be crowned the Premier League Riders Champion, after an engine failure denied him when he was leading on the last lap of the final.
He continued to take part in the SGP series as a regular rider until 2000, with his best finishes being second placings in the 1998 Danish and Swedish GP's and the 1999 British GP. He rode in selected events in 2001 before making his last appearance as wild card in 2004.
During his career, Chris won trophies in the UK, Poland, Sweden and Germany, and in 1998 and 2000 he followed his father's footsteps by becoming British Speedway Champion (John Louis won in 1975). Chris Louis remained an ever present for Ipswich for 19 seasons, from 1989 to 2008, with the exception of missing the 2003 season with a back injury.
Louis maintained his relationship with Ipswich becoming both their team manager and promoter but he stepped down as team manager in 2014. He remained as promoter leading into the SGB Premiership 2025 season.

## World Final appearances

* 1993 – Pocking, Rottalstadion – 3rd – 11pts + 2pts
* 1994 – Vojens, Speedway Center – 12th – 6pts

## Speedway Grand Prix results

| Year | Position | Points | Best finish | Notes |
| 1995 | 7th | 77 | 3rd | 3rd Polish GP |
| 1996 | 8th | 54 | 5th | Best finish in German GP |
| 1997 | 9th | 59 | 5th | Best finish in Danish GP |
| 1998 | 5th | 59 | 2nd | 2nd in Denmark and Sweden |
| 1999 | 12th | 50 | 2nd | 2nd in British GP |
| 2000 | 10th | 60 | 3rd | Best finish in Czech Republic and Poland |
| 2001 | 27th | 6 | 19th | Best finish in German GP |
| 2004 | 32nd | 4 | | |
# Chronic egg laying

Chronic egg laying is a maladaptive, behavioural disorder commonly seen in pet birds which repeatedly lay clutches of infertile eggs in the absence of a mate. It is particularly common in cockatiels, budgerigars, lovebirds, macaws and amazon parrots. Birds exhibiting chronic egg laying behavior will frequently lay eggs one after the other without stopping to brood them once the typical clutch size for their particular species has been reached. Excessive egg laying places a strain on the hen's body, depleting resources such as calcium, protein and vitamins from her body and may lead to conditions such as egg binding, osteoporosis, seizures, prolapse of the oviduct, or peritonitis – which may lead to her death.

## Causes

While a single specific cause is unknown, chronic egg laying is believed to be triggered by hormonal imbalances influenced by a series of external factors. As in the domestic chicken, female parrots are capable of producing eggs without the involvement of a male – it is a biological process that may be triggered by environmental cues such as day length (days becoming longer, indicating the arrival of spring) and food availability, or the presence of a dark, enclosed space (such as a cupboard or space beneath furniture) in which the bird in question can hide and is not a conscious decision. An overabundance of easily available, nutritious food may trigger the bird's reproductive cycle, as can the presence of a male bird in the vicinity of her cage, or even a circumstance where the hen becomes mistakenly attracted to a mirror or other cage toy. Removing the eggs from a bird demonstrating this behavior may make the problem worse by inducing her to lay even more eggs. It is also possible for the bird's owner to inadvertently trigger chronic egg laying by regularly petting her on the back or under the wings or feeding her from the mouth, which the bird may misinterpret as courtship behaviour.

## Treatment

Unlike cats, dogs and other pet mammals, parrots are not routinely neutered. While it is possible to spay a female parrot, it is a difficult and dangerous procedure that is seldom performed except in extreme circumstances. Instead, treatment and prevention of chronic egg laying behavior involves behavioral modification and environmental changes.
Such changes may include:
* Shortening the parrot's perceived day length by putting her to bed early, giving her 12 hours of uninterrupted sleep
* Denying her access to dark, enclosed spaces
* Separating her from any birds to which she appears to be bonded in a sexual manner
* Discouraging sexual behaviors from the bird towards humans or favored objects
* Regularly changing around the layout of her cage
* Permitting the bird to continue sitting on her eggs until she loses interest if she has already laid a clutch and then stopped
Hormonal treatment, such as injection of leuprolide acetate (Lupron) or a deslorelin implant placed beneath the skin, may cause the egg-laying to cease, but does not resolve the underlying cause of the behavior.
# Margaret Shields

Dame Margaret Kerslake Shields DNZM QSO JP (née Porter, 18 December 1941 – 29 May 2013) was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party. She had three terms in the House of Representatives in the 1980s and was afterwards a member of the Greater Wellington Regional Council, including as chairman.

## Early life

Shields was born on 18 December 1941 in Wellington, and was educated at Wellington Girls' College from 1955 to 1959. She campaigned for women's rights throughout her career. In 1966, she was one of a group of Wellington women (members of Newlands Playcentre) who founded the Society for Research on Women (SROW). She was a founding member of the Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL) in 1975 which aimed to get more women into parliament and public offices. She worked at the Department of Statistics from 1973 to 1981, and served on the Wellington Hospital Board from 1977 to 1980.
She was on the organising committee of the 1975 United Women's Convention, working alongside leading feminist organisers such as Sue Piper, Deidre Milne and Ros Noonan.

## Political career

Shields first stood for Labour in the 1975 election in the Karori electorate, coming second to Hugh Templeton. Shields had initially been declared the winner of the 1978 election in the Kapiti electorate, but she lost by 83 votes on a magisterial recount to Barry Brill.
From the 1981 election she represented the Kapiti electorate in Parliament, but in the 1990 election she was defeated by Roger Sowry; one of a number of losses contributing to the fall of the Fourth Labour Government. In 1983 Shields was appointed as Labour's spokesperson for Science & Technology and Statistics by Labour leader David Lange. She was Minister of Customs and Consumer Affairs from 1984 and the Minister of Women's Affairs from 1987 to 1990.

## Post-parliamentary career

In 1990, she took up a position as director of INSTRAW, the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women, based in the Dominican Republic. She also held offices with the UN Development Fund for Women, the National Council of Women and the Federation of Graduate Women.
In 1995, Shields was elected to the Greater Wellington Regional Council. She became its deputy chairwoman in 1998, and was its first female chair from 2001 to 2004.

## Honours

In 1993, Shields was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal. In the 1996 Queen's Birthday Honours, she was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services, and later in the 2008 New Year Honours was appointed a Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit. In the 2009 Special Honours, Shields accepted redesignation as a Dame Companion, following the reintroduction of titular honours by the government.

## Death

Shields died in Paraparaumu in 2013 and was survived by her husband Pat and one of her two daughters.
# Fletcher Boyd

Fletcher Boyd (born 26 January 2008) is a Scottish footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Scottish Premiership side Aberdeen.

## Career

Fletcher Boyd is from Portsoy, Aberdeenshire and moved to the SFA Performance School. He was then was approached by the youth academy at Aberdeen.
In May 2023 whilst at Aberdeen F.C. Academy Boyd won the 2023–24 Club Academy Scotland U18 (Elite) League, with 30 goal contributions. He earned his first team debut against Hibernian on 12 May 2024. He was substituted on in the 82' minute, and scored in the 90+2 minute. In his second appearance, against Livingston on 15 May 2024, he scored in the 90+3 minute.
Boyd has represented Scotland 8 times at U16 level. He scored 2 goals against Norway on 4 March 2024.

## Career statistics

As of match played 20 July 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Aberdeen | 2023-24 | Scottish Premiership | 2 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 2 |
| Aberdeen | 2024-25 | Scottish Premiership | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 2 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 4 | 2 |
# KM-8 Gran

KM-8 Gran, (КМ-8 "Грань" - "Borderline"), is a Russian 120mm guided mortar weapon system. It uses the Malakhit semi-active laser guidance fire control system to perform top attacks, and is able to attack moving and stationary targets.
Several mortars using this system can fire simultaneously without interfering with each other. The system uses common data for targets spaced at up to 300m. Gran projectiles can be fired from smoothbore and rifled mortars.