# Transport for Wales Rail

Transport for Wales Rail Limited, branded as Transport for Wales and TfW Rail (Welsh: Trafnidiaeth Cymru and TrC Trenau), is a Welsh publicly owned train operating company, a subsidiary of Transport for Wales (TfW), a Welsh Government-owned company. It commenced operations of the day to day services of the Wales & Borders franchise on 7 February 2021, as an operator of last resort, succeeding KeolisAmey Wales.
Transport for Wales Rail manages 248 National Rail stations, including all 223 in Wales, and operates all passenger mainline services wholly within Wales, and services along the England–Wales border, many of which run into or through England.

## History

During May 2018, the Wales & Borders franchise was awarded by Transport for Wales to KeolisAmey Wales. Operations commenced in October 2018; at this point, the franchise was scheduled to run for 15 years.
Within two years, the franchisee had experienced a collapse in revenues and a significant reduction in passenger numbers, which was largely attributable to the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic; this trend led to the financial circumstances of the KeolisAmey Wales franchise becoming untenable. In response, during October 2020, the Welsh Government announced that it would be transferring operations of the Wales & Borders franchise from KeolisAmey Wales to an operator of last resort. It was also stated that, despite the early termination of the franchise, KeolisAmey and Transport for Wales would continue a partnership to enact further improvements on the network; specifically, Amey Infrastructure Wales (AIW) would remain involved in the delivery of various key projects, such as upgrading the Core Valley Lines.
On 7 February 2021, the Welsh Government-owned operator Transport for Wales Rail Limited took over running the franchise's services.
Perhaps one of the most prominent undertaking for TfW Rail is the implementation and future operation of the South Wales Metro; this will involve various infrastructure changes, including a brand new depot at Taff's Well, as well as a new fleet of trains built by Stadler Rail. One of the more unusual elements of this programme is the fleet of Class 398 battery-electric tram-trains, which will operate on both on-street tracks and conventional railways.
Since taking on operations, Transport for Wales has introduced numerous changes to ticketing. On 24 January 2021, it launched a pilot scheme involving 90 convenience stores across South Wales to provide a new means of purchasing rail tickets; this scheme operated via a partnership with Payzone and used SilverRail retailing technology. TfW is the first UK-based train operating company to partner with Payzone. During August 2023, this arrangement was extended to North Wales and the Wirral via a partnership between Transport for Wales and numerous local businesses under which train tickets became available for purchase from local retail outlets offering a Payzone facility. That same year, a new ticketing arrangement with Unicard came into effect, enabling Transport for Wales to become the first British train operator outside of London to deploy contactless EMV services.
Funding for Transport for Wales Rail's operations is sourced from both the Welsh and British governments. Cost increases, such as the South Wales Metro's original budget of £738 million having risen to in excess of £1 billion, have been politically controversial. During October 2023, the Welsh government announced that it would provide an additional £125 million for Transport for Wales in response to a revenue shortfall from fares; this funding top-up was a substantial rise at a time of considerably budgetary pressure.

## Services

As of June 2024, Transport for Wales Rail operates these regular and daily services Monday to Friday:
North Wales to South Wales :
| Route | tpd | Calling at |
| Holyhead to Cardiff Central | 8 | Valley, Rhosneigr, Tŷ Croes, Bodorgan, Llanfairpwll, Bangor, Llanfairfechan, Penmaenmawr, Conwy, Llandudno Junction, Colwyn Bay, Abergele & Pensarn, Rhyl, Prestatyn, Flint, Shotton, Chester, Wrexham General, Ruabon, Chirk, Gobowen, Shrewsbury, Church Stretton, Craven Arms, Ludlow, Leominster, Hereford, Abergavenny, Pontypool and New Inn, Cwmbran, Newport |
| Marches, West Wales, Crewe–Shrewsbury Lines and Swanline |||
| Route | tph | Calling at |
| Manchester Piccadilly to Cardiff Central | 1 | Stockport, Wilmslow, Crewe, Nantwich, Wrenbury, Whitchurch, Prees, Wem, Yorton, Shrewsbury, Church Stretton, Craven Arms, Ludlow, Leominster, Hereford, Abergavenny, Pontypool and New Inn, Cwmbran, Newport 6 trains per day are extended to Swansea calling at Bridgend, Port Talbot Parkway and Neath of which 5 extend to Carmarthen calling at Gowerton, Llanelli, Pembrey and Burry Port, Kidwelly and Ferryside and 1 tpd extends to Tenby calling at Whitland, Narberth, Kilgetty and Saundersfoot |
| Swansea to Fishguard Harbour | 4tpd | Gowerton, Llanelli, Pembrey and Burry Port, Kidwelly, Ferryside, Carmarthen, Whitland, Clunderwen, Clarbeston Road, Fishguard and Goodwick |
| Cardiff Central to Milford Haven | 1tp2h | Bridgend, Port Talbot Parkway, Neath, Swansea, Gowerton, Llanelli, Pembrey and Burry Port, Kidwelly, Ferryside, Carmarthen, Whitland, Clunderwen, Clarbeston Road, Haverfordwest, Johnston 5 trains per day Cardiff-bound extend to Manchester Piccadilly, calling at Newport, Cwmbran, Pontypool and New Inn (2tpd), Abergavenny, Hereford, Leominster, Ludlow, Craven Arms, Church Stretton, Shrewsbury, Nantwich, Crewe, Wilmslow, and Stockport. |
| Swansea to Pembroke Dock | 1tp2h | Gowerton, Llanelli, Pembrey and Burry Port, Kidwelly, Ferryside, Carmarthen, Whitland, Narberth, Kilgetty, Saundersfoot, Tenby, Penally, Manorbier, Lamphey, Pembroke |
| Cardiff Central to Swansea | 1 | Pontyclun, Llanharan, Pencoed, Bridgend, Pyle, Port Talbot Parkway, Baglan, Briton Ferry, Neath, Skewen, Llansamlet |
| Crewe to Shrewsbury | 1tp2h | Nantwich, Wrenbury, Whitchurch, Prees, Wem, Yorton |
| Cambrian Line |||
| Route | tph | Calling at |
| Birmingham International to Aberystwyth | 1tp2h | Birmingham New Street, Sandwell & Dudley, Wolverhampton, Telford Central, Wellington, Shrewsbury, Welshpool, Newtown, Caersws, Machynlleth, Dovey Junction, Borth, Bow Street This route splits/merges at Machynlleth with the route to Pwllheli (see below) |
| Birmingham International to Pwllheli | 1tp2h | Birmingham New Street, Sandwell & Dudley, Wolverhampton, Telford Central, Wellington, Shrewsbury, Welshpool, Newtown, Caersws, Machynlleth, Dovey Junction, Penhelig, Aberdovey, Tywyn, Tonfanau, Llwyngwril, Fairbourne, Morfa Mawddach, Barmouth, Llanaber, Talybont, Dyffryn Ardudwy, Llanbedr, Pensarn, Llandanwg, Harlech, Tygwyn, Talsarnau, Llandecwyn, Penrhyndeudraeth, Minffordd, Porthmadog, Criccieth, Penychain, Abererch This route splits/merges at Machynlleth with the route to Aberystwyth (see above) |
| Heart of Wales line |||
| Route | tpd | Calling at |
| Shrewsbury to Swansea | 4 | Church Stretton, Craven Arms, Broome, Hopton Heath, Bucknell, Knighton, Knucklas, Llangynllo, Llanbister Road, Dolau, Pen-y-Bont, Llandrindod, Builth Road, Cilmeri, Garth, Llangammarch, Llanwrtyd, Sugar Loaf, Cynghordy, Llandovery, Llanwrda, Llangadog, Llandeilo, Ffairfach , Llandybie, Ammanford, Pantyffynnon, Pontarddulais, Llangennech, Bynea, Llanelli, Gowerton |
| North Wales Coast Line |||
| Route | tph | Calling at |
| Birmingham International to Holyhead | 1tp2h | Birmingham New Street, Sandwell & Dudley, Wolverhampton, Bilbrook, Codsall, Albrighton, Cosford, Shifnal, Telford Central, Oakengates, Wellington, Shrewsbury, Gobowen, Chirk, Ruabon, Wrexham General, Chester, Shotton, Flint, Prestatyn, Rhyl, Abergele & Pensarn, Colwyn Bay, Llandudno Junction, Conwy, Penmaenmawr, Llanfairfechan, Bangor, Llanfairpwll, Bodorgan, Tŷ Croes, Rhosneigr, Valley |
| Conwy Valley line |||
| Route | tpd | Calling at |
| Llandudno to Blaenau Ffestiniog | 6 | Deganwy, Llandudno Junction, Glan Conwy, Tal-y-Cafn, Dolgarrog, North Llanrwst, Llanrwst, Betws-y-Coed, Pont-y-Pant, Dolwyddelan, Roman Bridge |
| Borderlands line |||
| Route | tph | Calling at |
| Bidston to Wrexham Central | 4⁄3 | Upton, Heswall, Neston, Hawarden Bridge, Shotton, Hawarden, Buckley, Penyffordd, Hope, Caergwrle, Cefn-y-Bedd, Gwersyllt, Wrexham General |
| Llandudno–Manchester, Chester–Crewe, and Liverpool–Wrexham |||
| Route | tph | Calling at |
| Llandudno to Manchester Airport | 1 | Deganwy, Llandudno Junction, Colwyn Bay, Abergele & Pensarn, Rhyl, Prestatyn, Flint, Shotton, Chester, Helsby, Frodsham, Runcorn East, Warrington Bank Quay, Earlestown, Newton-le-Willows, Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester Piccadilly, East Didsbury |
| Chester to Crewe | 1 | Shuttle service |
| Liverpool Lime Street to Chester | 1 | Liverpool South Parkway, Runcorn, Frodsham, Helsby |
| Cardiff–Cheltenham |||
| Route | tph | Calling at |
| Cardiff Central to Cheltenham Spa | 1 | Newport, Severn Tunnel Junction, Caldicot, Chepstow, Lydney, Gloucester |
| Ebbw Valley Railway and Maesteg line |||
| Route | tph | Calling at |
| Ebbw Vale Town to Maesteg | 1 | Ebbw Vale Parkway, Llanhilleth, Newbridge, Crosskeys, Risca and Pontymister, Rogerstone, Pye Corner, Cardiff Central, Pontyclun, Llanharan, Pencoed, Bridgend, Wildmill, Sarn, Tondu, Garth, Maesteg (Ewenny Road) |
| Ebbw Vale Town to Newport | 1 | Ebbw Vale Parkway, Llanhilleth, Newbridge, Crosskeys, Risca and Pontymister, Rogerstone, Pye Corner |
| Rhondda, Merthyr, City and Butetown branch lines |||
| Route | tph | Calling at |
| Cardiff Central to Treherbert | 2 | Cardiff Queen Street, Cathays, Llandaf, Radyr, Taffs Well, Trefforest Estate, Trefforest, Pontypridd, Trehafod, Porth, Dinas Rhondda, Tonypandy, Llwynypia, Ystrad Rhondda, Ton Pentre, Treorchy, Ynyswen |
| Merthyr Tydfil to Aberdare via Cardiff Central | 2 | Pentre-bach, Troed-y-rhiw, Merthyr Vale, Quakers Yard, Abercynon, Pontypridd, Trefforest, Trefforest Estate, Taffs Well, Radyr, Llandaf, Cathays, Cardiff Queen Street, Cardiff Central, Ninian Park, Waun-gron Park, Fairwater, Danescourt, Radyr, Taffs Well, Trefforest Estate, Trefforest, Pontypridd, Abercynon, Penrhiwceiber, Mountain Ash, Fernhill, Cwmbach |
| Cardiff Bay to Pontypridd | 2 | Cardiff Queen Street, Cathays, Llandaf, Radyr, Taffs Well, Trefforest Estate, Trefforest |
| Cardiff Bay to Cardiff Queen Street | 2 | Shuttle service |
| Rhymney, Vale of Glamorgan and Coryton lines |||
| Bridgend to Rhymney | 1 | Llantwit Major, Rhoose Cardiff International Airport, Barry, Barry Docks, Cadoxton, Dinas Powys, Eastbrook, Cogan, Grangetown, Cardiff Central, Cardiff Queen Street, Heath High Level, Llanishen, Lisvane and Thornhill, Caerphilly, Aber, Llanbradach, Ystrad Mynach, Hengoed, Pengam, Bargoed, Brithdir, Tir-Phil, Pontlottyn |
| Barry Island to Rhymney | 1 | Barry, Barry Docks, Cadoxton, Dinas Powys, Eastbrook, Cogan, Grangetown, Cardiff Central, Cardiff Queen Street, Heath High Level, Llanishen, Lisvane and Thornhill, Caerphilly, Aber, Llanbradach, Ystrad Mynach, Hengoed, Pengam, Bargoed |
| Barry Island to Bargoed | 2 | Barry, Barry Docks, Cadoxton, Dinas Powys, Eastbrook, Cogan, Grangetown, Cardiff Central, Cardiff Queen Street, Heath High Level, Llanishen, Lisvane and Thornhill, Caerphilly, Aber, Energlyn & Churchill Park, Llanbradach, Ystrad Mynach, Hengoed, Pengam, Gilfach Fargoed (1tph) |
| Penarth to Caerphilly | 2 | Dingle Road, Grangetown, Cardiff Central, Cardiff Queen Street, Heath High Level, Llanishen, Lisvane and Thornhill |
| Penarth to Coryton | 2 | Dingle Road, Grangetown, Cardiff Central, Cardiff Queen Street, Heath Low Level, Ty Glas, Birchgrove, Rhiwbina, Whitchurch |
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Request stop
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Request stop for services towards Swansea
* ↑ Request stop for services towards Shrewsbury
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Limited service
* ↑ Request stop for services towards Llandudno

## Rolling stock
### Overview

Transport for Wales Rail inherited KeolisAmey Wales's fleet, which consisted of Class 143, 150, 153, 158, 170 and 175 diesel multiple units, Class 230 diesel-battery electric multiple units, Class 769 bi-mode multiple units and Mark 4 and DVT sets with an allocation of Class 67 locomotives.
During its first years of operation, TfW Rail enacted multiple fleet changes. This was largely driven by pre-existing procurement arrangements that had been arranged by KeolisAmey Wales; at one point, it was intended for the majority of TfW Rail's inherited rolling stock, along with additional temporary vehicles, to be replaced by 2023 (with the exception of the Class 67 locomotives). Under these plans, the Class 197 and 231 diesel multiple units, Class 756 tri-mode multiple units and Class 398 tram-trains were set to replace the Class 150, Class 153, and Class 158 fleets.

### Current fleet

| Family | Class | Image | Type | Top speed | Top speed | Number | Carriages | Routes operated | Built |
| Family | Class | Image | Type | mph | km/h | Number | Carriages | Routes operated | Built |
| Locomotive-hauled stock ||||||||||
| Premier Service | 67 | | Diesel locomotive | 125 | 200 | 12 | – | Manchester Piccadilly–Cardiff Central/Swansea Holyhead–Cardiff Central | 1999–2000 |
| Premier Service | Mark 4 | | Coach | 140 | 225 | 37 | 4 or 5 | Manchester Piccadilly–Cardiff Central/Swansea Holyhead–Cardiff Central To run as 7 x 4 or 5 coach + DVT sets with a spare DVT, SV and TOE | 1989–1992 |
| Premier Service | Driving Van Trailer | | Control car | 140 | 225 | 8 | 1 | Manchester Piccadilly–Cardiff Central/Swansea Holyhead–Cardiff Central To run as 7 x 4 or 5 coach + DVT sets with a spare DVT, SV and TOE | 1989–1992 |
| Diesel multiple unit ||||||||||
| Sprinter | 150 | | DMU | 75 | 120 | 31 | 2 | Valley Lines & Cardiff local routes Heart of Wales/West Wales lines Regional services between south and west Wales, north-west England and south-west England | 1987 |
| Sprinter | 153 Super Sprinter | | DMU | 75 | 120 | 26 | 1 | Valley Lines & Cardiff local routes Heart of Wales/West Wales lines Regional services between south and west Wales, north-west England and south-west England | 1987–1988 |
| Sprinter | 158 Express Sprinter | | DMU | 90 | 145 | 24 | 2 | Cambrian line West Wales lines North Wales Coast Line Shrewsbury–Chester line Regional services between south and north Wales, north-west England and south-west England | 1989–1992 |
| CAF Civity | 197 | | DMU | 100 | 161 | 51 | 2 | Regional services between North, South and West Wales and England Borderlands line Conwy Valley line | From 2020 |
| CAF Civity | 197 | | DMU | 100 | 161 | 26 | 3 | Regional services between North, South and West Wales and England Borderlands line Conwy Valley line | From 2020 |
| Diesel-battery electric multiple unit ||||||||||
| Vivarail D-Train | 230 | | DBEMU | 60 | 97 | 5 | 3 | Borderlands line | 2019–2020 |
| Diesel-electric multiple unit ||||||||||
| Stadler FLIRT | 231 | | DEMU | 90 | 145 | 11 | 4 | Valley Lines (Rhymney line and southwards to Barry Island and Bridgend via Vale of Glamorgan Line) | 2020–2022 |
| Tri-mode multiple units ||||||||||
| Stadler FLIRT | 756 | | TMU | 75 | 120 | 7 | 3 | Valley Lines (Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare lines) | 2021–2023 |
| Stadler FLIRT | 756 | | TMU | 75 | 120 | 17 | 4 | Valley Lines (Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare lines) | 2021–2023 |

### Newly introduced / future fleet
#### Cascades and refurbishments
##### Class 67-hauled Mark 4 set

Six Class 67 locomotives have been adapted to work with three sets each comprising four Mark 4 carriages and a Mark 4 Driving Van Trailer, which will replace the Mark 3 stock previously used on locomotive-hauled services. The twelve carriages and three DVTs were able to cascade from London North Eastern Railway, as a result of the introduction of Class 800s and Class 801s on the East Coast Main Line. The Mark 4 coaches have retained the Virgin Trains East Coast livery, but with Transport for Wales labels attached. The Mark 4 Driving Van Trailers will be repainted into the new Transport for Wales livery. Four of the six Class 67 locomotives have been repainted into TfW Rail livery. TfW Rail introduced the Mark 4 sets in June 2021 on Cardiff to Holyhead services, and from December 2022 they will operate services between Swansea and Manchester using trains which had previously been planned to be used on the Blackpool route by Grand Central. The three Mark 4 sets will be retained and will remain on the routes they will work from their date of introduction on TfW Rail services.

##### Class 153

TfW Rail will retain eight Class 153 units to operate services on the Heart of Wales line.

#### New trains

For the longer term fleet replacement, 148 brand new trains will be introduced including 77 CAF Civity trains (Class 197), 35 FLIRT trains (Class 231 & Class 756) and 36 Citylink tram-trains (Class 398) have been ordered. The addition of these trains to the fleet, from 2021 to 2024 but mostly in 2022–23, will allow the 109 (total) Class 150, 153 (13 by then), 158, 175 and 769 units to be withdrawn.

##### Class 197 Civity

A total of 77 Class 197 Civity diesel multiple units were ordered from CAF for long-distance routes. These trains have end gangways, but fewer toilets than the Class 158 and Class 175 DMUs they replace. They are however faster, with more powerful engines and more efficient transmissions for better acceleration, as well as a higher top speed than the Class 158. 51 units are two-cars in length and 26 are three-cars in length.
CAF undertook the fabrication, welding and painting of the Class 197 fleet in their factory in Beasain, Spain. The first Driving Motor carriage vehicle bodyshell had largely passed this stage by 12 February 2020, when it was pictured in the Beasain factory. The painted bodyshells were shipped to Newport, South Wales, for further assembly and component fit-out at CAF's new UK factory in Llanwern.

##### Class 230 D-Train

Five Class 230 D-Train diesel-battery electric multiple units were built in England from former London Underground D78 Stock aluminium bodyshells by start-up rolling stock manufacturer Vivarail between 2019 and 2020. Originally expected to enter service from May 2022, they began operations on the Borderlands line at the beginning of April 2023.

##### Class 756/231 FLIRT and Class 398 Citylink

A total of 35 Stadler FLIRT units have been ordered (consisting of 24 Class 756 tri-modes – 7 three-car & 17 four-car units – and 11 Class 231 diesel-electrics), along with 36 Class 398 Stadler Citylink tram-trains. These units will be manufactured at Stadler's factory in Szolnok, Hungary, and assembled at their plant in Bussnang, Switzerland. The Class 398 tram-trains are particularly unusual, being able to operate on both heavy rail and at street-level; accordingly, each three car unit features level boarding and has a maximum passenger capacity of 256. In March 2023, the first of these tram-trains was delivered; testing commenced nine months later. In November 2024, the first of the Class 756 tri-mode trains entered service on the Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare lines.

#### Future fleet summary

| Family | Class | Image | Type | Top speed | Top speed | Number | Carriages | Routes operated | Built | In service |
| Family | Class | Image | Type | mph | km/h | Number | Carriages | Routes operated | Built | In service |
| Tram-trains |||||||||||
| Stadler Citylink | 398 | | Tram-train | 62 | 100 | 36 | 3 | Light Rapid Transit Services between Cardiff and Treherbert, Aberdare and Merthyr Tydfil | From 2020 | Planned for 2025 |

### Past fleet

On 29 May 2021, TfW Rail permanently withdrew its fleet of Class 143 Pacers, which were not compliant with persons with reduced mobility legislation (PRM) and their PRM dispensation expired; their duties were taken over by PRM-compliant vehicles.
Between September 2021 and November 2022, all of TfW Rail's two-car Class 170 sets were transferred to East Midlands Railway. Operation of the three-car Class 170 continued through to spring 2023, at which point the last of TfW Rail's three-car units was transferred to the East Midlands. The final 170 transferred on 29 January 2024.
In May 2022, Transport for Wales announced the abrupt withdrawal of two Class 150 trains from service after they were involved with a collision at Craven Arms. In May 2023, Transport for Wales withdrew the last of its Class 769 fleet from service. In February 2023, the first of the Class 175 sets was withdrawn from service partially as a result of multiple fires. The entire Class 175 fleet was withdrawn on 17 October 2023.
| Family | Class | Image | Type | Top Speed | Top Speed | Number | Carriages | Routes Operated | Withdrawn | Built | Notes |
| Family | Class | Image | Type | mph | km/h | Number | Carriages | Routes Operated | Withdrawn | Built | Notes |
| | Diesel multiple units | Diesel multiple units | Diesel multiple units | Diesel multiple units | Diesel multiple units | Diesel multiple units | Diesel multiple units | Diesel multiple units | Diesel multiple units | Diesel multiple units | |
| Sprinter | 150 | | DMU | 75 | 120 | 5 | 2 | Valley Lines & Cardiff local routes Heart of Wales/West Wales lines Regional services between south and west Wales, north-west England and south-west England | 2022–2024 | 1987 | Stored or scrapped |
| Bombardier Turbostar | 170 | | DMU | 100 | 161 | 4 | 2 | Maesteg Line Ebbw Valley Railway South Wales Main Line | 2021–2024 | 1999–2002 | Transferred to East Midlands Railway |
| Bombardier Turbostar | 170 | | DMU | 100 | 161 | 8 | 3 | Maesteg Line Ebbw Valley Railway South Wales Main Line | 2021–2024 | 1999–2002 | Transferred to East Midlands Railway |
| Alstom Coradia | 175 Coradia 1000 | | DMU | 100 | 161 | 11 | 2 | Regional services between North, South and West Wales and England | 2023 | 1999–2001 | Stored, unit 175008 converted to 1 car, by donating a driving vehicle to unit 175101 |
| Alstom Coradia | 175 Coradia 1000 | | DMU | 100 | 161 | 16 | 3 | Regional services between North, South and West Wales and England | 2023 | 1999–2001 | Stored, unit 175008 converted to 1 car, by donating a driving vehicle to unit 175101 |
| BR Second Generation (Mark 3) | 769 Flex | | BMU | 100 | 161 | 8 | 4 | Valley Lines (Rhymney line and southwards to Penarth via Vale of Glamorgan Line) | 2023 | 2019–2020 | Stored |