# International Union of Pure and Applied Physics

The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP; /ˈaɪjuːpæp, ˈjuː-/) is an international non-governmental organization whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of physics, to foster international cooperation in physics, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity. It was established in 1922 and the first General Assembly was held in 1923 in Paris. The Union is domiciled in Geneva, Switzerland.
IUPAP carries out this mission by: sponsoring international meetings; fostering communications and publications; encouraging research and education; fostering the free circulation of scientists; promoting international agreements on the use of symbols, units, nomenclature and standards; and cooperating with other organizations on disciplinary and interdisciplinary problems.
IUPAP is a member of the International Science Council.
IUPAP is the lead organization promoting the adoption of the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development, a proposal to be considered by the 76th session of the UN General Assembly.

## History

In 1919 was formed the International Research Council “largely through the representatives of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, and of the Royal Society, London, to coordinate international efforts in the different branches of sciences, under whose aegis international associations or unions in different branches of science could be formed".
In accordance with this principle, the 1922 General Assembly of the IRC convened at Brussels and a number of physicists present decided that the formation of a Physics Union was imperative.
Thirteen countries (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Empire of Japan, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Union of South Africa) immediately announced their adherence to the new Union.
An Executive committee was formed which undertook to prepare rules, regulations, and activities of the organization. The committee consisted of ten distinguished physicists: W.H. Bragg, M. Brillouin, O.M. Corbino, M. Knudsen, M. Leblanc, R.A. Millikan, H. Nagaoka, E. Van Aubel, and H. Abraham. The committee had Bragg as President, Van Aubel as Vice-President, and Abraham as Secretary. This was the birth of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.
The year 2022 marked the centenary of the IUPAP, organized and run by the physics communities of the world. In this context, the IUPAP sponsored the publication of Globalizing Physics: One Hundred Years of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, edited by Roberto Lalli and Jaume Navarro. This anthology brings together contributions on the history of IUPAP since its foundation.

## Committees and governance

The Union is governed by its General Assembly, which meets every three years. The Council is its top executive body, supervising the activities of the nineteen specialized International Commissions and the four Affiliated Commissions – it typically meets once or twice per year. The Union is composed of Members representing identified physics communities. At present 60 Members adhere to IUPAP. The Members are represented by Liaison Committees. Members of the Council and Commissions are elected by the General Assembly, based on nominations received from Liaison Committees and existing Council and Commission members.
The IUPAP specialised Commissions are:
C1. Commission on Policy and Finance
C2. Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses & Fundamental Constants
C3. Commission on Statistical Physics
C4. Commission on Astroparticle Physics. The commission was previously known as the Commission on Cosmic Rays.
C5. Commission on Low Temperature Physics
C6. Commission on Biological Physics
C8. Commission on Semiconductors
C9. Commission on Magnetism
C10. Commission on the Structure and Dynamics of Condensed Matter
C11. Commission on Particles and Fields
C12. Commission on Nuclear Physics
C13. Commission on Physics for Development
C14. Commission on Physics Education
C15. Commission on Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
C16. Commission on Plasma Physics
C17. Commission on Laser Physics and Photonics
C18. Commission on Mathematical Physics
C19. Commission on Astrophysics
C20. Commission on Computational Physics
The Affiliated Commissions are:
AC1. International Commission for Optics
AC2. International Commission on General Relativity and Gravitation
AC3. International Commission for Acoustics
AC4. International Commission on Medical Physics
AC5. International Association of Physics Students
AC6. History and Philosophy of Physics
In addition IUPAP has established a number of Working Groups, among others the International Committee for Future Accelerators (WG1) and Women in Physics (WG5), to provide an overview of important areas of international collaboration in physics.

## Sponsored conferences

Each year, IUPAP endorses approximately 30 international conferences and awards grants to the majority of them. Applications for sponsorship can be made via the IUPAP website.
Sponsored conferences fall into four categories:
General Conferences - Type A
These provide a broad overview of an entire field (typically the field of interest to a Commission), and normally occur at two- or three-year intervals, as advances in the field warrant. Attendance in the range of 750–1000 would be anticipated.
Topical Conferences - Type B
These concentrate on broad sub-fields (e.g. nuclear spectroscopy, nuclear reaction mechanisms, heavy ion physics, are possible sub-fields in the field of Nuclear Physics). They would normally be scheduled in the years between the corresponding Type A General conferences. Attendance in the range of 300-600 individuals would be anticipated.
Special Conferences - Type C
These concentrate on much more specialised topics than in the case of Type B Conferences (e.g. angular correlations, lifetime measurements, neutron resonance studies in the field of Nuclear Physics). Attendance in the range of 50-200 would be anticipated.
Workshops in Developing Countries - Type D
These concentrate on meeting the needs of a developing region. Unlike the Type A, B and C conferences, they do not need to be truly international, but should involve neighbouring countries, and they should address the needs of the region. One Type D conference will be approved each year. All applications for Type-D Conferences must be submitted to the Commission on Physics for Development (C13).

## Sponsored awards

IUPAP commissions sponsor various awards for scientists. These include:
* The IUPAP Young Scientist Prize, approved and adopted at the 2005 General Assembly for all commissions. The prize was renamed Early Career Scientist Prize at the General Assembly 2021.
* The SUNAMCO Medal, given by the Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (C2)
* The Boltzmann Medal, awarded by the Commission on Statistical Physics (C3)
* The Shakti Duggal Award, established in 1983, to recognize outstanding work by a young scientist in the field of cosmic ray physics, awarded by the Commission on Astroparticle Physics (C4), on behalf of the Bartol Research Institute.
* The Yodh Prize, awarded by the Commission on Astroparticle Physics (C4) on behalf of the University of California Irvine Foundation
* The Fritz London Memorial Prize, given by the Commission on Low Temperature Physics (C5)
* The Young Author Best Paper Award, established by the Commission on Semiconductors (C8) and sponsored by the semiconductor industries of USA, Japan and Europe
* ICM Award in Magnetism, established by the Commission on Magnetism (C9)
* The Kennedy Reed Medal for Outstanding Contributions to the Enhancement of Physics in Developing Countries (C13)
* The ICPE Medal, sponsored by the Commission on Physics Education (C14)
* Penning Award Excellence in Low-Temperature Plasma Physics, established by the Commission on Plasma Physics (C16)
* ICO Prize, awarded by the Affiliated Commission for Optics (AC1)
* ICO Galileo Galilei Award, awarded by the Affiliated Commission for Optics (AC1)

## Sponsored symposiums and conferences

* C3: STATPHYS
* C4: International Cosmic Ray Conference
* C5: International Conference on Low Temperature Physics
* C11: International Conference on High Energy Physics
* C17: Symposium on Laser Physics

## Territorial members

IUPAP was founded in 1922 with 13 members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Empire of Japan, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and South Africa. Since, then many new members have joined the union. Today, the IUPAP consists of 56 territorial member.
Below is the list of IUPAP territorial members:
List of the Current and Former Territorial Members of IUPAP :
| | Country | Shares (2015) | Votes (2015) | Year of Joining | Year of ceasing to be a member | Rejoining (1) | Rejoining (2) |
| 1 | Algeria | 1 | 1 | 2009 | | | |
| 2 | Argentina | 1 | 1 | 1951 | | 1984 | |
| 3 | Australia | 4 | 3 | 1925 | | | |
| 4 | Austria | 2 | 2 | 1957 | | | |
| 5 | Belgium | 4 | 3 | 1922 | | | |
| 6 | Brazil | 8 | 4 | 1951 | | | |
| 7 | Canada | 8 | 4 | 1922 | | | |
| 8 | Chile | 1 | 1 | 1984 | | | |
| 9 | China-Beijing (PRC) | 15 | 5 | 1984 | | | |
| 10 | China-Taipei (Taiwan) | 5 | 3 | 1984 | | | |
| 11 | Costa Rica | 1 | 1 | 2009 | 2017 | | |
| 12 | Croatia | 1 | 1 | 1993 | | | |
| 13 | Cyprus | 1 | 1 | 2003 | | | |
| 14 | Czech Republic | 4 | 3 | 1993 | | | |
| 15 | Denmark | 3 | 2 | 1922 | | | |
| 16 | Estonia | 1 | 1 | 2002 | | | |
| 17 | Ethiopia | 1 | 1 | 2009 | No Voting rights | | |
| 18 | Finland | 3 | 2 | 1947 | | | |
| 19 | France | 15 | 5 | 1922 | | | |
| 20 | Germany | 15 | 5 | 1954 | | | |
| 21 | Ghana | 1 | 1 | ? | | | |
| 22 | Greece | 1 | 1 | 2009 | | | |
| 23 | Hungary | 3 | 2 | 1948 | | | |
| 24 | India | 8 | 4 | 1948 | | | |
| 25 | Iran | 1 | 1 | ? | | | |
| 26 | Ireland | 1 | 1 | 1966 | | | |
| 27 | Israel | 2 | 2 | 1951 | | | |
| 28 | Italy | 12 | 5 | 1923 | | | |
| 29 | Japan | 15 | 5 | 1922 | | | |
| 30 | Jordan | 2 | 1 | 2018 | | | |
| 31 | Korea (ROK) | 10 | 5 | 1969 | | | |
| 32 | Latvia | 1 | 1 | 2002 | | | |
| 33 | Lithuania | 1 | 1 | 2002 | | | |
| 34 | Mexico | 2 | 2 | 1925 | | | |
| 35 | Netherlands | 4 | 3 | 1922 | | | |
| 36 | New Zealand | 1 | 1 | 1954 | | | |
| 37 | Norway | 3 | 2 | 1922 | | | |
| 38 | Pakistan | 0 | 0 | 1951 | | 2017 | |
| 39 | Peru | 1 | 1 | 2009 | | | |
| 40 | Philippines | 1 | 1 | 2009 | | | |
| 41 | Poland | 4 | 3 | 1922 | | | |
| 42 | Portugal | 1 | 1 | 1984 | | | |
| 43 | Romania | 1 | 1 | 1947 | | 1960-87 | 2009 |
| 44 | Russia | 18 | 6 | 1992 | | | |
| 45 | Saudi Arabia | 1 | 1 | 1990 | | | |
| 46 | Senegal | 1 | 1 | ? | No voting rights | | |
| 47 | Singapore | 2 | 2 | 2009 | | | |
| 48 | Slovakia | 1 | 1 | 1993 | | | |
| 49 | Slovenia | 1 | 1 | 1993 | | | |
| 50 | South Africa | 3 | 2 | 1922 | | | |
| 51 | Spain | 8 | 4 | 1922 | | | |
| 52 | Sweden | 8 | 4 | 1923 | | | |
| 53 | Switzerland | 4 | 3 | 1922 | | | |
| 54 | Tunisia | 1 | 1 | 2005 | | | |
| 55 | United Kingdom | 15 | 5 | 1922 | | | |
| 56 | United States | 18 | 6 | 1922 | | | |
| | Bolivia | 0 | 0 | 1963 | | | |
| | Bulgaria | 0 | 0 | 1957 | | | |
| | Cameroon | 1 | 1 | 2009 | 2017 | | |
| | Colombia | 1 | 1 | 2009 | 2017 | | |
| | Cuba | 1 | 1 | 1969 | No voting rights | | |
| | Egypt | 1 | 1 | 1948 | 2017 | | |
| | East Germany | | | 1960 | | | |
| | Kenya | 1 | 1 | 1995 | 2017 | | |
| | Nigeria | 0 | 0 | 1990 | | | |
| | Republic of China (membership renewed as China-Taipei) | | | 1934 | 1984 | | |
| | Soviet Union (succeeded by Russia) | 18 | 6 | 1957 | 1991 | | |
| | Yugoslavia | 0 | 0 | 1954 | 1992 | | |

## List of IUPAP Presidents

The IUPAP President is the head of the Executive Council. IUPAP Presidents are elected by the General Assembly. During the election of the Executive Council, the future President is also elected to the post of President-Designate. Thus in every Executive Council the current President-Designate will succeed the incumbent President.
Below is the list of IUPAP Presidents since its inception in 1922.
| Term | President | Nationality |
| 1922–1931 | Sir William Henry Bragg | United Kingdom |
| 1931–1934 | Robert Andrews Millikan | United States |
| 1934–1947 | Mann Siegbahn | Sweden |
| 1947–1951 | Hendrik Anthony Kramers | Netherlands |
| 1951–1957 | Sir Nevill Francis Mott | United Kingdom |
| 1957–1960 | Edoardo Amaldi | Italy |
| 1960–1963 | Homi Jehangir Bhabha | India |
| 1963–1966 | Louis Eugène Félix Néel | France |
| 1966–1969 | Dmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev | Soviet Union |
| 1969–1972 | Robert Fox Bacher | United States |
| 1972–1975 | Heinz Maier-Leibnitz | Germany |
| 1975–1978 | Sir Clifford Charles Butler | United Kingdom |
| 1978–1981 | Leonard Sosnowski | Poland |
| 1981–1984 | Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn | Sweden |
| 1984–1987 | David Allan Bromley | Canada/ United States |
| 1987–1990 | Larkin Kerwin | Canada |
| 1990–1993 | Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan | Russia |
| 1993–1996 | Yasatuka Yamaguchi | Japan |
| 1996–1999 | Jan S. Nilsson | Sweden |
| 1999–2002 | Burton Richter | United States |
| 2002–2005 | Yves Pierre Petroff | France |
| 2005–2008 | Alan Astbury | Canada |
| 2008–2011 | Sukekatsu Ushioda | Japan |
| 2011–2014 | Cecilia Jarlskog | Sweden |
| 2014–2017 | Bruce McKellar | Australia |
| 2017–2020 | Kennedy J. Reed | United States |
| 2020–2024 | Michel Spiro | France |
| 2025-2027 | Silvina Ponce Dawson | Argentina |

## IUPAP reactions to sanctions in science

IUPAP, whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of physics, to foster international cooperation, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity, has throughout its history defended the stand that no scientists should be barred from participating in conferences or events on the basis of their nationality or their affiliation. Shortly after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, IUPAP issued a statement against the military offensive, while advocating for continued international scientific cooperation. To alleviate sanctions in science and to promote principles and policies for international scientific collaboration, IUPAP offers physicists, including students, from any country around the world, who feel excluded from academic exchange based exclusively on their affiliation and/or country of origin, to apply to use the IUPAP as their affiliation.