# 1988 Hong Kong legislative election

The 1988 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was an indirect election for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo); was held on 22 September 1988. It was the second ever election of the Legislative Council in Hong Kong history based on the 1987 Review of Developments in Representative Government, as the Government's democratisation process according to the agreement of the Sino-British Joint Declaration. There were 12 members elected by Electoral Colleges, 14 members from functional constituencies.
A total of 9,276 out of almost 17,000 registered votes turned out to return 13 candidates in 8 electoral college and 4 functional constituency seats while another 13 seats were returned unopposed. The liberal lobby suffered a major setback in the election as three of their outspoken leaders were defeated.

## Background

In May 1987, the government published the Green Paper, 1987 Review of Developments in Representative Government, to consider the next phase of the development of the representative government in Hong Kong after the 1985 Hong Kong electoral reform. The option of the direct elections in 1988 was strongly opposed by the Government of the People's Republic of China. Pro-Beijing organs including the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce and the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions were mobilised to send opposing submissions to the Hong Kong government. The Joint Committee on the Promotion of Democratic Government which was formed by pro-democracy activists including Legislative Councillors Martin Lee and Szeto Wah collected of 220,000 signatures demanding the direct elections.
Pressured by the Beijing government, the Hong Kong government issued the White Paper in February 1988 indicated that there was a strong public desire for further development of government, but there was no clear consensus timing or the extent of the introduction of direct elections. The 1988 direct elections proposal was therefore turned down and postponed until 1991. Instead, the government added two new functional constituencies from 12 to 14 and reduced appointed members from 22 to 20. The voting method was also changed to the preferential elimination system.

## Composition

The Financial constituency was enlarged into Financial and Accountancy constituency in which the electors of the Finance electoral division remained as the members of the Hong Kong Association of Banks entitled to vote at the general meetings of the Association and electors of the Accountancy electoral division were accountants registered by the Hong Kong Society of Accountants under the Professional Accountants Ordinance.
The Medical constituency were enlarged into Medical and Health Care constituency in which the Medical electoral division was elected by the medical and dental practitioners registered or deemed to be registered under the Medical Registration Ordinance or Dentists Registration Ordinance. The Health Care electoral division were elected by nurses registered and enrolled under the Nurses Registration Ordinance, midwives registered under the Midwives Registration Ordinance, pharmacists registered under the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance, and physiotherapists, occupational therapists, medical laboratory technologists, radiographers, and optometrists registered under the Supplementary Medical Profession Ordinance.

## Results

The turnout rate for the functional constituencies was 54 percent compared with 57.6 percent in the last election in 1985. The liberal lobby suffered a major setback in the election as three of their outspoken leaders were defeated.
In the functional constituency election, the conservative Group of 88 was forceful in lending its support to members Stephen Cheong Kam-chuen of the First Industrial (Federation of Hong Kong Industries) constituency and Veronica Wu who challenged Jimmy McGregor for the First Commercial (Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce) constituency. The Group persuaded Ian MacCallum and Philip Kwok Chi-kuen to quit in favour of Wu. McGregor won over Wu by 478 to 236 votes in the end claiming "this is a victory for greater democracy." While in Medical constituency, Dr. Leong Che-hung, a liberal candidate, also ousted Executive Councilor Dr. Chiu Hin-kwong with 1,359 to 816 votes.
In the electoral college elections, the liberal incumbents Conrad Lam Kui-shing was defeated by former district board chairman Michael Cheng Tak-kin in Wong Tai Sin and Desmond Lee Yu-tai defeated by Chan Ying-lun in Hong Kong Island East from the conservative faction. Richard Lai Sung-lung of New Territories South was also defeated by Lam Wai-keung from rural background. Other unelected liberal candidates included Fred Li Wah-ming, Michael Lai Kam-cheung and Choy Kan-pui.

### Electoral College Constituencies

| Constituency | Candidates | Affiliation | Votes |
| Urban Council | Elsie Tu | | Uncontested |
| Regional Council | Cheung Yan-lung | PHKS | 19 |
| Regional Council | Tang Kwok-yung | | 13 |
| Regional Council | Choy Kan-pui | HKAS | 8 |
| East Island | Chan Ying-lun | PHKS | 21 |
| East Island | Desmond Lee Yu-tai | Civic/ADPL | 20 |
| West Island | So Chau Yim-ping | Civic | 18 |
| West Island | Liu Lit-for | PHKS | 16 |
| West Island | Joseph Chan Yuek-sut | Civic | 11 |
| Kwun Tong | Poon Chi-fai | PHKS | 21 |
| Kwun Tong | Li Wah-ming | Meeting Point | 12 |
| Wong Tai Sin | Michael Cheng Tak-kin | PHKS | 16 |
| Wong Tai Sin | Conrad Lam Kui-shing | | 13 |
| Kowloon City | Daniel Tse Chi-wai | | Uncontested |
| Sham Shui Po | Chung Pui-lam | PHKS | Uncontested |
| South Kowloon | Kingsley Sit Ho-yin | PHKS | 12 |
| South Kowloon | Ng Kin-sun | PHKS | 10 |
| South Kowloon | Clement Tao Kwok-lau | | 5 |
| East New Territories | Andrew Wong Wang-fat | | 30 |
| East New Territories | Michael Lai Kam-cheung | | 25 |
| West New Territories | Tai Chin-wah | | 27 |
| West New Territories | Man For-tai | | 18 |
| South New Territories | Lam Wai-keung | | 38 |
| South New Territories | Yeung Fuk-kwong | PHKS | 31 |
| South New Territories | Richard Lai Sung-lung | ADPL | 20 |
| South New Territories | William Wan Hon-cheung | PHKS | 9 |

### Functional Constituencies

| Constituency | Candidates | Affiliation | Votes |
| First Commercial | James David McGregor | | 478 |
| First Commercial | Veronica Wu Shao-ching | | 236 |
| Second Commercial | Ho Sai-chu | | Uncontested |
| First Industrial | Stephen Cheong Kam-chuen | | Uncontested |
| Second Industrial | Ngai Shiu-kit | | Uncontested |
| Financial | David Li Kwok-po | | Uncontested |
| Labour (2 seats) | Pang Chun-hoi | | Uncontested |
| Labour (2 seats) | Tam Yiu-chung | | Uncontested |
| Social Services | Hui Yin-fat | | Uncontested |
| Medical | Edward Leong Che-hung | | 1,359 |
| Medical | Chiu Hin-kwong | | 816 |
| Teaching | Szeto Wah | | Uncontested |
| Legal | Martin Lee Chu-ming | | Uncontested |
| Engineering, Architectural, Surveying and Planning | Cheng Hon-kwan | | Uncontested |
| Health Care | Ronald Chow Mei-tak | ADPL | 2,866 |
| Health Care | Lam Po-wing | | 1,801 |
| Health Care | Wong Lung Heng-ling | | 609 |
| Accountancy | Peter Wong Hong-yuen | | 366 |
| Accountancy | Peter Chan Po-fun | | 301 |
| Accountancy | Fanny Lai Ip Po-ping | | 609 |