OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pollution Control Department

Pollution Control Department (PDC, Thai: กรมควบคุมมลพิษ) is a Thai dependent department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.
The department is tasked with reducing environmental pollution in Thailand, along with collecting data on pollution levels and sources.

## Organization

The most senior official in the Department is the Director-General. The position is currently held by Preeyaporn Suwannakes (Thai: ปรีญาพร สุวรรณเกษ, RTGS: Priyaphon Suwanket).

## History

In 2024, the PDC released a pollution control plan for 2025 that aimed to address haze pollution, including targeting forest, agricultural and urban sources.
The PCD operates vehicle checkpoints targeting "black smoke" emissions. In 2021, approximately half of all vehicles stopped by PCD checkpoints exceeded legal exhaust limits. These checkpoints were increased during the 2025 Bangkok smog.
On 1 February 2025, PCD Director-General Preeyaporn Suwannakes announced new measures targeting vehicles emitting black smoke in conjunction with the Traffic Police Division. These measures include mandating vehicle owners fix non-compliant vehicles within 15 days, a decrease from the previous requirement of 30 days. Under the authority of Thailand's Traffic Act and the Environmental Protection Act of 1992, police can now order vehicle owners to rectify excess emissions within the 15-day period.
# Gancho (dance move)

Gancho means "hook" in Spanish and Portuguese, and describes certain "hooking actions" in some dances of Latin American heritage, in Argentine Tango (leg action) and Salsa (arm action and foot action) in particular.

## Tango

In Argentine Tango, a gancho is a sharp move when a dancer hooks a leg around a partner's leg by bending the knee and then straightening. Both male and female partners may perform ganchos, however when followers perform them, they often happen as a consequence of their trailing leg running into one of the leader's (purposefully positioned) legs. This hooking may be done both from either side of the partner's leg.

## Salsa

In Salsa, the term "gancho" is used in two senses.
One is a synonym of the Hook Turn.
Another one is an arm action, usually performed by the man. The man holds the lady's left hand by his right hand at approximately the shoulder level, the joined arms are bent in the elbows. With hands still joined, the man hooks his elbow by a motion from the inside to the outside over the lady's arm and slightly presses the inside of his arm to the outside of the lady's arm, drawing the lady closer. This gancho action may be done by the either arm or by both arms, either simultaneously or in turn. The hand grip may either be kept, or immediately released after the hook. Exits from the resulting position vary.
# Awni Abd al-Hadi

Awni Abd al-Hadi, (Arabic: عوني عبد الهادي) aka Auni Bey Abdel Hadi and Awni Abdul Hadi (1889, Nablus, Ottoman Empire – 15 March 1970, Cairo, Egypt) was a Palestinian political figure. He was educated in Beirut, Istanbul, and at the Sorbonne University in Paris. His wife was Tarab Abd al-Hadi, a Palestinian activist and feminist.

## Political activity

In 1911 Abd al-Hadi, along with Rafiq al-Tamimi were founding members of the Paris-based underground al-Fatat ("the Young Arab Society") nationalist society, which was devoted to Arab independence and unity. He was among the organizers of the Arab Congress of 1913 in Paris. When Faisal I of Iraq arrived in Paris en route to London in December 1918 Ahmad Qadri located Abd al-Hadi introduced him to Faisal who appointed him as the head of the administrative office for the Arab delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Abd al-Hadi was later an adviser to Amir Abdullah in Transjordan.
On his return to Palestine in 1924, Abd al-Hadi became one of the chief spokesmen of the Palestinian Arab nationalist movement and was elected representative to the 5th (August 1922, Nablus) and 6th (June 1923, Jaffa) Congress of the Arab Executive Committee for Jenin and to the 7th (June 1928) for Beisan. He was secretary of the Executive Committee's Congress in 1928.
In 1930 Abd al-Hadi was a member of the Palestinian Arab delegation to the United Kingdom and a lawyer for the Supreme Muslim Council. In August 1932 he was a founder, general secretary and first elected president of the Independence Party of Palestine, the first regularly constituted Palestinian Arab political party. He was also the party's representative on the Arab Higher Committee, formed in April 1936, for which he served as general secretary. Abd al-Hadi was a moderate who was prepared to negotiate with members of the Yishuv.
Abd al-Hadi held some responsibility for the Arab revolt of 1936–39. The Istiqlal Party was banned and he, who was out of the territory at the time, was banned from re-entry to Palestine. The British administration also deported three committee members and two other political leaders in 1937 (until 1941). He was a member of the Palestinian delegation to the London Conference in February 1939.
After the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, Awni Abd al-Hadi ended up in Cairo, Egypt with his wife, Tarab Abdul Hadi. In 1948, Abd al-Hadi was a member and appointed Minister for Social Affairs of the Egyptian-sponsored All-Palestine Government headed by Amin al-Husayni. From 1951 to 1955, he was Jordan's minister and later ambassador to Cairo. He was Minister of Justice from July 1956 to October 1956. From 1955 to 1958, he was a Jordanian senator and from 1958 chairman of the Arab League's Legal committee in Cairo.
Abd al-Hadi died on 15 March 1970 in Cairo.
# Adsorption refrigeration

Adsorption refrigeration was invented by Michael Faraday in 1821, even though the basis of artificial modern refrigeration dates back to 1748 with William Cullen's experiments. Adsorption is sometimes referred to as solid sorption.
In adsorption refrigeration, adsorbate vapour molecules, the refrigerant, adsorb onto the surface of a solid instead of dissolving into a liquid. Adsorption refrigeration also includes a generation process where refrigerant vapour molecules desorb from the solid. In this process, there is no use of CFCs or ammonia; the thermally driven cooling process is environment friendly.
The characteristics of the adsorbent/refrigerant pair is crucial in determining the system performance of an adsorption refrigeration system. The typical system performance indicators for an adsorption refrigeration system are the coefficient of performance and the specific cooling effect. The adsorbent is a solid, such as silica gel, activated carbon, or zeolite. For example, an adsorption refrigeration device with active carbon fiber as the adsorbent and ammonia as the refrigerant was designed.
Adsorption refrigeration has been extensively researched in recent years because the technology is often noiseless, non-corrosive and environmentally friendly. The heat source for adsorption refrigeration can be fossil fuel, biomass fuel, nuclear fission, geothermal energy, waste heat, or solar thermal energy.
Adsorption refrigerators are available in the marketplace and are mainly used to produce chilled water from waste heat. Gas adsorption heat pumps are not currently available in the UK, but are just being introduced in Europe as small water or ground source packaged units that provide domestic, low-temperature space heating.
It is very similar to absorption refrigeration (note that the second letter is different) where an absorber absorbs the refrigerant vapour into a liquid. The refrigerants used in absorption systems are ammonia, water, or methanol, etc, which all experience phase changes between the vapor and liquid states - the same as in vapor compression refrigeration.
# Orophea hastata

Orophea hastata is a species of flowering plant in the family Annonaceae. It is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.
# Colmar Brunton

Colmar Brunton was a market research agency founded in New Zealand in 1981. It was later merged with Kantar in both Australia and New Zealand in 2020–21.

## Services

There are two Colmar Brunton organizations, which operate in the Asia Pacific Region. The first Colmar Brunton was founded in New Zealand and operated with its head office in Auckland. Colmar Brunton Australia is an international market research agency split from Colmar Brunton New Zealand in the 1990s.

## New Zealand

Colmar Brunton was formed by Dick Brunton and Pauline Colmar in 1986. Millward Brown bought a 20% stake in Colmar Brunton in 2005.
The brand was retired in 2021 after Colmar Brunton was merged with the Kantar Group.

## Australia

Colmar Brunton Australia is Australia's largest independent market research agency. Its head office is in Sydney, with offices in the cities of Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Canberra. It specialises in qualitative and quantitative research, using a wide variety of research methodologies. Its sister companies also provide performance benchmarking and marketing consultancy services.
Colmar Brunton has undertaken work for the Government of Australia through various agencies and departments. In 2011. The firm provided services related to "Evaluation of Welfare Reform and Employment" in the NTER. In 2015, Colmar Brunton provided services to the government agency Austrade.
Other agencies and departments that have engaged Colmar Brunton include the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Medicare Australia, Department of Health, Attorney-General's Department, Australian Taxation Office, Family Court and Federal Circuit Court, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Department of Finance, Department of Education, Department of the Treasury and the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission.
The Government of South Australia engaged Colmar Brunton to provide market research services for the Motor Accident Commission from 2008 to 2010 and 2011 until 2013. In 2016, Colmar Brunton won a $1 million 6-month contract to provide Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research Services to the Department of the Premier and Cabinet of the Government of South Australia. In February. the work was awarded during the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission, with work undertaken from June through December.
Colmar Brunton has worked for the Victorian Government and the Queensland Government.
Colmar Brunton's private sector clients include Fuji Xerox, Canstar Blue, the Australian Farmers Markets Association, the Bavarian Beer Cafe, and others.
In December 2019, the Kantar Group acquired Colmar Brunton as part of its acquisition of WPPAUNZ's Data Investment Management division. In February 2020, Colmar Brunton in Australia was fully integrated into Kantar, and the Colmar Brunton brand retired in Australia.
# SIPA S.1100

The SIPA S.1100 was a French twin engine observation and ground support aircraft flown in 1958. The first prototype was destroyed in a fatal crash only a few weeks after its first flight and no more were constructed.

## Design and development

In 1958 France was in the middle of the Algerian War and felt a need for a counter-insurgency aircraft capable of observation, photography and ground support. This official programme led to three aircraft: the SIPA S.1100, the Sud Aviation SE.116 Voltigeur and, slightly later the Dassault Spirale. All three were propeller driven designs with twin engines, though the SIPA was the only one never fitted with turboprops.
The SIPA SE.1100 was a mid wing cantilever monoplane. All its flying surfaces were straight tapered and square tipped; the wing carried flaps. Its 455 kW (610 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp nine cylinder radial engines were mounted ahead of the wing leading edges, with cowlings which extended rearwards, both above and below the wing, nearly to the trailing edge. Its main wheels retracted backwards into the lower cowling and the tail wheel also retracted.
Its crew compartment was in the extreme nose of a deepened forward fuselage, with multiple transparencies to provide good sideways and downward vision. For ground support work it was fitted with two 20 mm (0.79 in) guns. There were underwing attachment points for other armament packages.
Ten SE.1100 prototypes were ordered but then cancelled before the SE.1100's first flight, flown on 24 April 1958 by Pierre Ponthus. Less than three months later, Ponthus and his colleague André Bouthonnet were killed and the aircraft destroyed when it crashed at Villacoublay during a low level demonstration. The unfinished second prototype was then abandoned.

## Specifications

Data from Gaillard (1990) p. 187
General characteristics
* Crew: 3
* Length: 11.30 m (37 ft 1 in)
* Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 3 in)
* Height: 3.75 m (12 ft 4 in)
* Empty weight: 4,000 kg (8,818 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 6,200 kg (13,669 lb)
* Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp 9 cylinder radial, 450 kW (610 hp) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 380 km/h (240 mph, 210 kn) at sea level
* Range: 2,000 km (1,200 mi, 1,100 nmi)
Armament
* Guns: 2×20 mm (0.79 in)
# Rhizosmilodon

Rhizosmilodon is an extinct genus of saber-tooth cat of the subfamily Machairodontinae that lived during the Early Pliocene and was discovered in the U.S. state of Florida.

## History and Naming

The first fossils of Rhizosmilodon were discovered in fossil beds of central Florida by Steven C. Wallace and Richard C. Hulbert Jr and described in 2013. The holotype specimen, UF 124634, consists of a single right mandible. Many bones of Rhizosmilodon have been discovered including; Teeth; mandibles; foot bones; leg bones; and a single skull. All specimens of Rhizosmilodon have only been found in Florida.
The locality of Rhizosmilodon suggests a North American origin of the Dirk-Toothed cats.
Specimens of Rhizosmilodon were originally referred under Megantereon hesperus. The Etymology of the genus name was given by Wallace & Hubert to mean "root of Smilodon", with "rhizo" meaning "root" because of the apparent ancestral relation to Smilodon. The species name "fiteae" was named in honor of Barbara Fite, who donated the paratype specimen, UF 135626, to the Florida Museum of Natural History.

## Description

Comparable in size to a medium-sized modern jaguar at about 165 lb, some estimates ranging between 55.7 to 58.3 kg (122.9 to 128.5 lbs) and 76.6 to 85.0 kg (168.9 to 187.4 lbs).
Fossils of Rhizosmilodon are known only from Florida. The best specimens for this species are its lower jaw, a single skull, and teeth, which carry intermediate characteristics between advanced forms such as Smilodon and primitive forms such as Paramachairodus. Based on the mandible alone, Rhizosmilodon has the primitive traits traits: a large lower canine and a small but evident jaw flange. The derived traits include various measurements of the incisors, p3, p4, and m1 teeth, with the lower canine being laterally compressed.
Serrations only on the canine teeth support the placement of Rhizosmilodon within the tribe Smilodontini rather than the scimitar-toothed Homotherini. The severity of the serrations place Rhizosmilodon as a more ancestral genus than Megantereon and Smilodon.
It was likely an ambush predator, preying on animals such as deer, tapirs and horses. Its size and robustness would have allowed it to climb into trees.

## Phylogeny

Phylogenetic relationships of Rhizosmilodon with other Machairodonts based on analysis of 37 cranio-mandibular characters.
# 2013 Grand Prix of Baltimore

The 2013 Grand Prix of Baltimore, the third running of the event, was an IndyCar Series race held on September 1, 2013 on the streets of Baltimore, Maryland. The race was the sixteenth of the 2013 IndyCar Series season, and was the final running of the Grand Prix of Baltimore. Scott Dixon started on the pole position, while Simon Pagenaud of Sam Schmidt Motorsports won the race.

## Background

The previous race in the season, the GoPro Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma, was won by Will Power. The winner of the previous race was Ryan Hunter-Reay.
In the season, James Hinchcliffe and Scott Dixon were tied for the most wins with three. In the points race, Hélio Castroneves held the points lead with 479 points, followed by Dixon (440), Ryan Hunter-Reay (417), Marco Andretti (409), and Simon Pagenaud (380) rounded out the top five.

### Qualifying

Scott Dixon won the pole position with a lap time of 1:18.0838 and lap speed of 94.053 miles per hour (151.364 km/h) for his second pole of the year, becoming 14th all-time among IndyCar Series drivers for career poles, passing Danny Sullivan and drawing with Gordon Johncock. Will Power (94.013 miles per hour (151.299 km/h)), Simon Pagenaud (93.637 miles per hour (150.694 km/h)), Justin Wilson (93.115 miles per hour (149.854 km/h)) and Josef Newgarden (93.077 miles per hour (149.793 km/h)) filled out the top five starting spots. Tristan Vautier (92.917 miles per hour (149.535 km/h)), Hélio Castroneves (92.928 miles per hour (149.553 km/h)), Ryan Hunter-Reay (92.919 miles per hour (149.539 km/h)), Charlie Kimball (92.901 miles per hour (149.510 km/h)), and Takuma Sato (92.702 miles per hour (149.189 km/h)) filled out the bottom half of the top ten.

## Race

The race was marred by six cautions, five of which took place between laps 41 and 65, the lone exception occurring on lap 13 with Ed Carpenter's car stopping in turn 5 and Luca Filippi leaving the track in turn 3 due to a fire in the engine compartment. On lap 41, Stefan Wilson hit the turn 7 wall, while seven laps later, Scott Dixon was spun by Graham Rahal in turn 1. Five laps later, Will Power collided with Dixon and was sent spinning into the wall, and four laps later, Oriol Servia and Sebastian Bourdais also touched, and the latter was turned. On lap 63, six cars were involved in an accident. Also during the race, Hélio Castroneves was black-flagged for a safety violation. Meanwhile, Simon Pagenaud was able to take the lead and hold off Josef Newgarden to win with a four-second advantage, his second victory of the year. Bourdais finished third, Justin Wilson and Simona de Silvestro closed out the top five; Charlie Kimball, James Hinchcliffe, Sebastián Saavedra, Castroneves and Marco Andretti rounded out the top ten.
After the race, Castroneves continued to lead the points standings with 501 points. Dixon was 49 points behind with 452, while Pagenaud took third with 431. Andretti and Ryan Hunter-Reay were in fourth and fifth with 430 and 427 points, respectively. Wilson (393), Dario Franchitti (388), Hinchcliffe (376), Will Power (371), and Kimball (363) finished the top ten in points.
# Jewish Museum of Maryland

The Jewish Museum of Maryland is located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The museum tells the story of the American Jewish experience in the city of Baltimore and throughout the US state of Maryland.

## Description

The museum is one of the country's leading centers for exhibits on Jewish history and culture. The museum has two galleries that host changing exhibits of local and national interest. The museum's collections include works of art, historical photographs, clothing, Jewish ceremonial art, rare books, everyday objects, documents, oral histories, and memorabilia. The museum was founded in 1960.
The museum is the only museum in America with two historic synagogues, preserved and interpreted for the public. The first is the Lloyd Street Synagogue, a Greek revival design by architect Robert Cary Long Jr. which was finished in 1845. The second is the B'nai Israel Synagogue, which was designed in a modified Moorish revival style by Henry Berge and finished in 1876. Both synagogues are situated in the heart of an historic Jewish neighborhood where they tell the stories of two great waves of Jewish immigrants to Baltimore, the second largest port of immigration in the United States. In these restored synagogues you can explore a matzoh oven, mikvehs (ritual baths), a magnificent hand-carved Torah Ark, women's balconies, and an active archaeology dig. B'nai Israel synagogue is an active Modern Orthodox synagogue of 200 families with services every Shabbat and Jewish Holy Day.

## Location

The Jewish Museum of Maryland is located at 15 Lloyd Street in Baltimore and is a 10-minute walk from the National Aquarium in the Inner Harbor. The museum is closed for Jewish festivals and holy days: Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Shemini Atzeret, Simchat Torah, first two and last two days of Passover, and Shavuot.

## History

The museum was closed for renovations from June 12, 2023, until February 2, 2025.
In 2024, philanthropist and owner of the Baltimore Orioles baseball team David Rubenstein announced he would donate $1.5 million to the museum.
# 1941 Dominican Republic Constitutional Assembly election

Constitutional Assembly elections were held in the Dominican Republic on 16 December 1941. The role of the Assembly was to review and amend certain articles of the constitution.
# Sony Xperia P

The Sony Xperia P is an Android smartphone produced by Sony that sits above the Xperia U and below the Xperia S. It was announced at Mobile World Congress 2012 alongside the Xperia U and Xperia S.

## Hardware
### Screen

The Xperia P has a 4-inch screen of QHD (960 x 540) resolution with "Whitemagic technology". The addition of White magic technology to the display is done by adding another white sub-pixel at hardware level along with basic RGB pixels (RGBW). This facilitates optimum of 960 nits of brightness which makes it best of its class. According to claims by Sony officials, this technology increases the battery life by a great extent.
The device's exterior design resembles that of the Xperia S.

### Camera

The Xperia P comes with an 8 megapixel camera with Sony's EXMOR-R sensor for better photography during low light condition. It also produces 1080p full HD video supplemented by video light (flash continuously in on state).
The phone also has a built-in secondary camera (front-facing camera) for video calling and video chatting, the resolution is 640 x 480 VGA. The smartphone has various features including Smile detection, Sweep Panorama, 3D Sweep Multi angle and 3D Sweep panorama. Many users have reported problem with camera after updating the OS to Android ICS.
In various 3rd-party applications that used the camera of the phone, the viewfinder couldn't show the full image but rather a half blacked out image. Sometimes, the camera produced images that had a black patch when shooting with the 8MP (4:3 aspect ratio) mode in the stock camera application.
These issues were fixed in Android Jelly Bean 4.1.2 update released in April 2013. But, 3D Sweep Multi Angle and 3D Sweep Panorama features have been removed which were features since the launch of the device with the Android Gingerbread firmware.

## Software

The phone shipped with Android Gingerbread 2.3.7 in 2012. The first updates to Android Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0.4 were available since August 2012. There have been a number of minor updates for stability enhancements since then. The Xperia P was planned to receive an update to Android Jelly Bean 4.1.2 in late March 2013 but the update was delayed and was released on 24 April 2013.
# Edwin Ellis

Edwin Ellis may refer to:
* Edwin Ellis (poet) (1848–1916), British poet and illustrator
* Edwin Ellis (artist) (1842–1895), English artist
* Edwin Ellis (musician) (1844–1878), English musician
* Edwin E. Ellis (1924–1989), American inventor and photographer
* Jack Ellis (rugby league), born Edwin Horace Ellis, New Zealand rugby league player