OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kestell Kestell-Cornish

Robert Kestell Kestell-Cornish (called Kestell; 1824 – 7 March 1909) was the first Bishop of Madagascar. from 1874 to 1896
He was born in 1824; educated at Winchester and Corpus Christi College, Oxford; and ordained in 1847. He began his career with a curacy at St Mary Fittleworth and later was Vicar of Landkey before his appointment to the colonial episcopate. Since the appointment of any Church of England bishop for Madagascar (i.e. by Queen Victoria) was politically inexpedient, Kestell-Cornish was consecrated by bishops of the Scottish Episcopal Church on 2 February 1874. On his return to England he was Rector of Down St Mary. His son, George Kestell-Cornish was a later Bishop of Madagascar.
The first Anglican cathedral in Antananarivo, Saint Lawrence's (in French Saint Laurent), was built during his time in 1883 on the hill of Ambohimanoro.
He died on 7 March 1909.
# Endon

Endon is a village within the Staffordshire Moorlands district of Staffordshire, England. It is 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Leek and 6 miles (9.7 km) north-northeast of Stoke-on-Trent. Endon was formerly a township in civil parish of Leek.
Together with neighbouring Stanley, Endon forms the civil parish of Endon and Stanley.
The local education consists of three schools; St. Luke's Church of England Primary School, Endon Hall Primary School and Endon High School.

## Local features

The Caldon Canal, a branch of the Trent & Mersey Canal, passes around Endon.
The Ashes, a 17th-century house, lies to the north of the village.

## Railway

The Endon railway station was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway on 1 November 1867 and operated for almost 100 years, closing in 1963. There are ambitious plans in hand to develop passenger facilities at Endon, bringing the village station back to life after decades of disuse. The project to reconnect Endon is a joint partnership between Moorland & City Railways and Churnet Valley Railway. Volunteers working on behalf of Churnet Valley Railway, will carry out repairs on the four-mile stretch of track, supported by contractors.
Reaching Endon will be a major milestone for the expansion project, and will mean that passenger trains will reconnect the outskirts of the Potteries with the Churnet Valley and Leek area for the first time since the cut backs of the Beeching Axe. It is also intended to make it possible to travel directly from Endon to Alton towers on this passenger train. Later, the intention is to reconnect Endon to Stoke-on-Trent. Large amounts of funding are required to meet this aim.

## Well dressing

The village is unusual in the respect that it is one of only a few outside Derbyshire which practises the ancient custom of Well dressing. A weekend fair accompanies the dressing of the well at which a local girl is crowned as the Well Dressing Queen. The fair also includes a contest called "Tossing the Sheaf" where local men compete to see who can toss a bale of straw the highest over a raised bar. The fair is known for bringing the entire village together, which is a rare occasion for most modern villages.

## Literary and musical associations

T. E. Hulme (1883–1917), an English critic and poet, was born at Gratton Hall. Through his writings on art, literature and politics, he had a notable influence upon modernism.
The opening line of the iconic 1976 Sutherland Brothers and Quiver hit "Arms of Mary": "the lights shine down the valley", was written by Iain Sutherland who was looking from a Stockton Brook farm house down over Endon.
# Triplex (espionage)

Triplex or XXX was the code name of a British espionage operation in World War II which involved secretly copying the contents of diplomatic pouches of neutral countries. It is still highly classified in Britain, and the only documents from it are in Moscow, where they were sent by Anthony Blunt, who was a supervisor of the Triplex operation while working for MI5.
Due to travel security restrictions to and from Britain during some periods of the war, the government was able to forbid the use of the embassies' own couriers to transport pouches or was able to separate the courier from the pouch to "censor" the passenger. This provided opportunities to access the pouch and copy the contents for later analysis.
# Lokenath Debnath

Lokenath Debnath (September 30, 1935 – March 2, 2023) was an Indian-American mathematician.

## Biography

Debnath was born on September 30, 1935, in India. He received both Masters and a doctorate degree from University of Calcutta in Pure Mathematics in 1965. He obtained a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics at University of London in 1967. His doctoral advisor was Simon Rosenblat. He was a professor of mathematics at University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. He was a professor at University of Central Florida from 1983 to 2001.
Debnath was a founder of the mathematical journal International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences. He died on March 2, 2023, at the age of 87.

## Publications
### Books

* Debnath, L., Shah F.A. (2015). Wavelet Transforms and Their Applications. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0817684174.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Yang, B., Debnath, L. (2014). Half-Discrete Hilbert-Type Inequalities. World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-9814504973.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Debnath, L. (2012). Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0817682644.
* Debnath, L. (2009). The Legacy of Leonhard Euler: A Tricentennial Tribute. Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1848165250.
* Debnath, L. (2008). Sir James Lighthill And Modern Fluid Mechanics. Icp. ASIN B00LX9SRRK.
* Debnath, L., Bhatta, D. (2006). Integral Transforms and Their Applications. Chapman and Hall/CRC. ISBN 978-1584885757.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Myint-U, T., Debnath, L. (2006). Linear Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0817643935.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Debnath, L., Mikusinski, P. (2005). Introduction to Hilbert Spaces with Applications. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0122084386.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Debnath, L. (2003). Wavelet Transforms & Signal Processing. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0683300871.
* Debnath, L. (2001). Wavelet Transforms and Time-Frequency Signal Analysis. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780817641047.
* Debnath, L., Riahi D.N. (1998). Nonlinear instability, chaos and turbulence. WIT Press/Computational Mechanics Publications. ISBN 9781853125157.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Debnath, L. (1994). Nonlinear Water Waves. Elsevier. ASIN B000OHRU98.
* Chandrasekharaiah D.S., Debnath, L. (1994). Continuum Mechanics. Academic Press. ISBN 9780121678807.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Thomas Coward

Thomas Alfred Coward FZS FRES MBOU (8 January 1867 – 29 January 1933), was an English ornithologist and an amateur astronomer. He wrote extensively on natural history, local history and Cheshire.

## Life

He was born at 8 Higher Downs, Bowdon, Cheshire (now Greater Manchester) on 8 January 1867, the fourth and last child of Thomas and Sarah Coward. His father was a Congregational minister and in business as a partner in the firm of Melland and Coward, textile bleachers. Coward's siblings were Charles, Alice and Annie.
After an education at Brooklands School, Sale and at Owens College (now Manchester University), Coward worked in the family business for 19 years, before it was taken over by the Bleachers' Association. His share of the proceeds from the sale of Melland and Coward was sufficient to allow him to retire from business and concentrate on his love of wildlife and the study of birds, which had developed as a child. He began writing articles on natural history for newspapers including The Liverpool Daily Post, The Chester Cournant and The Manchester Guardian for which he wrote the "Country Diary" column until his death. General interest magazines for which he wrote included The Field and Country Life and in specialist journals such as The Zoologist, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London and British Birds.
His first book was The Birds of Cheshire, published in 1900, when he was living in Hale. His three-volume The Birds of the British Isles and their eggs (1920–25) was illustrated by Archibald Thorburn and was "acknowledged as being the book that did more to popularise the study of birds than any other publication produced during the first part of the twentieth century". It was revised by Arnold Boyd for a new edition in 1950.
He co-wrote articles and books on ornithology with Charles Oldham, a former schoolmate.
He married his cousin Mary Milne in 1904. There is a Blue Plaque at his former home, Brentwood Villa, 6 Grange Road, Bowdon, to which he moved in 1911.
In the 1920s, he gave a number of talks in natural history subjects, on 2ZY, the BBC's Manchester-based radio station.
On his death, the 14-acre (57,000 m$^2$) Cotterill Clough Nature Reserve was bought, by public subscription, in his honour.
His field notes are archived in the Department of Zoology at Oxford.

### Jizz

Coward is credited with the first use in print of the term "Jizz", in his "Country Diary" column of 6 December 1921 - the piece was subsequently included in his 1922 book "Bird Haunts and Nature Memories". He attributed it to "a west-coast Irishman".

## Positions

* Acting Keeper of the Manchester Museum (During World War I)
* Chairman and President of the Altrincham and District Natural History and Literary Society
* President of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society from 1921 to 1923
# Johan Renat

Johan Gustaf Renat (1682–1744) was a Swedish soldier and cartographer. He is primarily known for his role in bringing detailed maps of Central Asia to Europe after close to two decades in captivity.

## Early career and Russian captivity

Renat was the son of Dutch Jewish immigrants to Sweden, who converted to Christianity and took Swedish citizenship in 1681, the year before his birth.
During the Great Northern War against Russia, he served in the army of Charles XII as a warrant officer (styckjunkare) in the artillery. He was taken prisoner after the Battle of Poltava in 1709. In 1711, Renat was sent to Tobolsk—then the capital of Russian Siberia—where many Swedish officers were kept as prisoners of war. He entered Russian military service on the condition of not fighting against Sweden. Renat helped produce maps of Siberia for the Russian government.
In 1716, Renat and other Swedish prisoners of war took part in Ivan Buchholz [ru]'s expedition to explore the gold deposits around Lake Yamysh on the Irtysh River. The expedition was ambushed by a Dzungar force, and Renat spent the following seventeen years as an Oirat slave.

## Dzungarian captivity and return to Sweden

In Dzungaria, Renat helped the khans Tsewang Rabtan and Galdan Tseren organize their campaigns against Qing rule in Central Asia. Among other things, he organized an artillery regiment and helped the Dzungars to cast cannons.
Renat also met a Swedish woman who was also a Dzungar captive. This was Brigitta Scherzenfeldt, who hailed from Scania. Twice widowed, she had married a German prisoner who had taken Russian service and been assigned to Siberia. Their convoy was seized by Dzungar raiders in 1716, who killed her husband. She later married Renat.
In 1733, Renat and his wife were allowed to leave. They returned the following year to Stockholm, accompanied by four Dzungar female servants, who were baptized when they arrived in Sweden. Renat's family bought a house in Gamla stan, where they settled down. In 1739, Renat was promoted to the rank of captain in the Swedish army. The same year, he remarried the industrialist Elisabet Fritz.

## Central Asian maps

Renat brought two detailed maps of Central Asia back to Sweden. But these maps were left in relative obscurity for many years. In 1878, copies of the maps were discovered by the Swedish author August Strindberg, then an assistant librarian at the Swedish Royal Library. He sponsored their republication in Russia in 1881. A decade later, the originals were discovered in the library of Uppsala University, where they are still held.
Strindberg remained interested in the maps for many years.

## Media

* His book is not available in English.
* He appears in a Russian film called The Conquest of Siberia ("Tobol"), but it completely changes his story.
# 2010 Santiago prison fire

The 2010 Santiago prison fire occurred in the San Miguel prison in Santiago, Chile on 8 December 2010, in which 81 inmates were killed, making it the country's deadliest prison incident.
The fire broke out at 5:30am Chile Daylight Time (8:30am GMT) on the fourth floor during a fight between rival gangs. An improvised flamethrower was reportedly used, setting mattresses and other flammable material alight. Those killed were trapped behind closed gates.
Local firefighters took around three hours to bring the fire under control.
At least 81 inmates were reported killed, and 14 suffered life-threatening burns, according to the Health Minister Jaime Mañalich. One firefighter and two prison guards also suffered lesser injuries. According to Chile's Fundacion Paz Ciudadana, the prison's capacity is 892, but was heavily overcrowded with 1,654 inmates. An investigation found out there was not a suitable emergency procedure in place.
During the fire at a prison in Santiago, Chile, though the fire occurred at 5:30, the firefighters were not informed until 5:48 when they received an emergency call from inside the prison. Once they were notified, 60 inmates had to be evacuated immediately to ensure the firefighters could quickly be in control of the fire. The situation was difficult, since the prison held 1,900 prisoners, which is double the number that the prison was originally designed to hold. Chile’s prison system is more than seventy percent over its maximum capacity. The fire occurred on visiting day, so about 5,000 relatives were gathered outside when word of the deaths spread. When the prison police director began to read survivors’ names over a megaphone, the relatives thought he was identifying the dead and some began to burst into tears or screaming, some fainting, and others throwing stones. Many family members waited for hours before receiving an update on their loved ones. Some visitors pressed their faces up against the fence and called out to inmates still inside. Some of the inmates managed to put their hands though the bars of their cell windows and waved T-shirts and bedsheets to show their relatives that they were still alive. Along with the 81 inmates killeded, and the 14 that suffered from injuries, 11 prison guards and 1 firefighter were also injured as a result from this tragedy. Inside the prison there were only 6 guards, 26 of the guards remained outside. It was reported that many of the prison guards had prevented firefighters from entering the prison once they had arrived.
The incident prompted Chile's president Sebastián Piñera to launch an investigation and he called for an end to the overcrowding in the country's prison system, saying: "We cannot keep living with a prison system which is absolutely inhumane. We are going to speed up the process to ensure our country has a humane, dignified prison system that befits a civilised country."
# Arena Flowers

Arena Flowers is a flower and gifts retailer based in the United Kingdom. Arena Flowers’ first website was launched in 2006. Arena Flowers is an e-commerce company that sells flowers originating from England, the Netherlands and Africa as well as through bilateral fulfilment agreements worldwide.

## Background

Arena Flowers, based in Worcestershire, was launched in August 2006 by William Wynne and Steven France. France and Wynne are friends from the University of Oxford.

## Ethical flowers

From inception Arena Flowers supplied ethically produced flowers. Arena was the first UK member of Fair Flowers Fair Plants, an important ethical flowers standard, in 2008 Arena Flowers won the IMRGËs Online Green Awards for small retailers and, in 2013, Arena Flowers was formally accredited as a Fairtrade UK flower supplier (as of February 2014, one of only 8 UK organisations to be so accredited.
Arena Flowers is one of only two specialist UK florists with a Fairtrade certification. In 2020 the company came top of the Good Shopping Guide's comparison table of ethical flower delivery companies with a 100% rating, and was rated number one by Country Living UK for ethical flower deliver services. Arena Flowers has a Butterfly Mark from Positive Luxury, which is a third-party accreditation mark that recognises that the brand meets the highest standards of verified innovation and environmental performance, based on their use of environmentally friendly packaging, energy efficiency, and worker's welfare programmes.

## Partners
### Commercial

Arena Flowers has a partnership with US florist ProFlowers.

### Charitable

Arena has a number of charitable partners:
* The British Heart Foundation
* Cancer Research UK
* Crisis
* Women's Aid
* Sue Ryder (charity)
* The Lullaby Trust

## Controversy

* Arena was falsely identified as sending out phishing emails by MessageLabs.
* Valentine's 2013: Arena failed to deliver a reported 5% of orders for Valentine's Day 2013 and attracted a social media backlash, in particular from the Money Saving Expert community.
# Lashly Formation

The Lashly Formation is a Late Triassic (Carnian) geologic formation in Victoria Land of the Ross dependency in Antarctica. The formation has provided fossil flora and indeterminate reptiles and dicynodonts.
Tuff found in combination with Dicroidium fragments were interpreted as the result of a forest fire during the Triassic.

## Description

The Lashly Formation comprises carbonaceous mudstones and conglomeratic sandstones deposited in channels and on floodplains of a meandering fluvial environment.
Lashly member C consists of fining-upward cycles of medium- to fine-grained sandstone grading upward into carbonaceous siltstone and mudstone, and thin coal beds. Quartz pebbles and cobbles and mudstone clasts occur near the base of major sandstone units. Irregular lenses of coal occur along bedding planes and over large scours. Dicroidium fronds and other plant fragments are common in carbonaceous beds.

## Fossil content

The following fossils have been reported from the formation:
* Therapsids
** Dicynodontia indet.
* Reptiles
** Reptilia indet.
* Flora
** Craterisporites rotundus
** Playfordiaspora crenulata
** Alisporites spp.
** Aratrisporites spp.
** Dicroidium sp.
** Uvaesporites spp.
# Benge, Washington

Benge (/ˈbɛndʒ/) is an unincorporated community in Adams County, Washington. Benge School District serves the community, and downtown Benge contains Benge Elementary School.
At the 2000 census, the Benge ZIP code (99105) had a population of 57 people, with 33 housing units. The median household income was $37,500.

## History

The Mullan Military Road, started in 1859 by Lieutenant John Mullan, connected the upper navigable Missouri River with the Columbia River. This 624-mile (1004 km) road, which passed through what was later to become the town of Benge, was completed in 1862 at a cost of $280,000. The Benge section of the road was completed on May 22, 1861; the wagon ruts were still visible in 2008 just northeast of town at the site of the First Benge School. Although built as a military road, it was used by civilians for both travelers and cargo transport until the Northern Pacific Railroad was completed in 1883.
The town is named after Frank H. Benge, who represented Adams County in the State Legislature in 1904. Benge and his wife donated the land upon which the town site was platted on May 13, 1907.
Frank & Mary Crouch Benge and daughters came to Adams County in 1892. They had lived on the current site of Benge for 15 years when the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway surveyed the rail line to pass right through their ranch house. The Benges were paid $5,000 to move their house. They built an 11-room house with the rock excavated from a nearby rail cut. The house became a boarding house and served as a community center for a number of years.
# Raiamas batesii

Raiamas batesii is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus Raiamas. It occurs in the Dja River, Sanaga River and Nyong River in Cameroon where it forms part of a fishery.

## Etymology

The fish is named in honor of an American farmer and amateur ornithologist, George Latimer Bates (1863–1940), who collected specimens for the Natural History Museum in the Cameroons, including the holotype specimen of this species.
# France Darget Savarit

France Darget Savarit (26 December 1886 – 26 August 1965) was a French writer. Her work was part of the literature event in the art competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
Her poetry began being published in newspapers in Tours. When she was just fourteen years old in 1901, a book of her poetry was published and well received by critics. The topics of her poems included a volcanic eruption in Martinique, the legendary figure Semiramis and the Franco-Prussian War.
# Duthie Books

Duthie Books was a chain of bookstores operating in Vancouver from 1957 to 2010.

## History

Duthie Books was founded by Bill Duthie in 1957. The first store opened on Robson Street near the public library. The stores were run by his three children – Cathy, Celia, and David – following his death in 1984.
The shop had then expanded to locations on W. 10th Avenue, Seymour Street, Hastings Street, and the Arbutus Village by the time of Duthie's death. A series of expansions through the 1990s led to a peak of ten shops throughout the city, but also left the bookseller in poor financial condition.
The company declared bankruptcy in 1999. A single store remained open at 2239 West 4th Avenue, which closed in January 2010.