OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Palladium compounds

Palladium forms a variety of ionic, coordination, and organopalladium compounds, typically with oxidation state Pd$^0$ or Pd$^{2+}$. Palladium(III) compounds have also been reported. Palladium compounds are frequently used as catalysts in cross-coupling reactions such as the Sonogashira coupling and Suzuki reaction.

## Ionic compounds

Most ionic compounds of palladium involve the Pd$^{2+}$ oxidation state. Palladium(II) chloride is a starting point in the synthesis of other palladium compounds and complexes. Palladium(II) acetate plus triphenylphosphine is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis.

## Coordination compounds

Coordination compounds of palladium contain ligands coordinated to a central Pd$^0$ or Pd$^{2+}$ center. They are typically synthesized by adding ligands to an ionic palladium compound. For example, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, or triphenylphosphine may be coordinated to palladium(II) chloride (PdCl$_2$) to form bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride (PdCl$_2$(NCC$_6$H$_5$)$_2$), bis(benzonitrile)palladium dichloride (PdCl$_2$(PPh$_3$)$_2$), or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium chloride (PdCl$_2$(PPh$_3$)$_2$), respectively. Many other more exotic ligands form a large variety of palladium-phosphine catalysts, such as 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) to form [1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (PdCl$_2$(dppf)).
Another precursor to coordination compounds of palladium is sodium tetrachloropalladate, to which dibenzylideneacetone (dba) and acetylacetonate may be coordinated to form tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd$_2$(dba)$_3$) and palladium(II) bis(acetylacetonate), respectively.
Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium chloride, which contains palladium as Pd$^{2+}$, may be reduced using hydrazine in the presence of triphenylphosphine to form tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd(PPh$_3$)$_4$), which contains Pd$^0$.

## Catalysis

${\begin{array}{c}\\{\color {Red}{\ce {R^{1}}}}{\ce {-X}}+{\color {Blue}{\ce {R^{2}-BY2}}}\ {\ce {->[{\text{[Pd] cat., base}}]}}\ {\color {Red}{\ce {R^{1}}}}{\ce {-}}{\color {Blue}{\ce {R^{2}}}}\\\end{array}}$
Both ionic and coordination palladium compounds are frequently used to catalyze cross-coupling reactions. The catalytic ability is due to palladium's ability to switch between the Pd$^0$ and Pd$^{2+}$ oxidation states. An organic compound adds across Pd$^0$ to form an organic Pd$^{2+}$ complex (oxidative addition). After transmetalation with an organometallic compound, two organic ligands to Pd$^{2+}$ may exit the palladium complex and combine, forming a coupling product and regenerating Pd$^0$ (reductive elimination).
For the Suzuki reaction, commonly used catalysts include Pd(PPh$_3$)$_4$, PdCl$_2$(PPh$_3$)$_2$, PdCl$_2$(dppf), as well as Pd(OAc)$_2$ plus triphenylphosphine (PPh$_3$). A large variety of phosphine-based ligands may be used in palladium-phosphine catalysts. Bulky, electron-rich ligands such as tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine result in catalysts that are more reactive in the oxidative addition step and can catalyze the coupling of aryl chlorides, which are typically unreactive.
# 1986 Rockdale state by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Rockdale on 2 August 1986. It was triggered by the resignation of sitting Labor MP Brian Bannon. The by-election was won by Labor candidate and Premier Barrie Unsworth.
The Rockdale by-election was held the same day as the Bass Hill by-election.

## Background

Barrie Unsworth had become Premier of New South Wales on 4 July 1986, by virtue of succeeding Neville Wran as parliamentary leader of the New South Wales Labor Party. Wran resigned the premiership after more than 10 years in the role. At that time, Unsworth was a member of the Legislative Council, whereas premiers are typically members of the Legislative Assembly. Rockdale MP Brian Bannon resigned his seat on 3 July 1986, officially to accept a government job as Chairman of the Homebush States Sports Centre Trust, but in reality to create a vacancy for Unsworth to fill.

## Results

Barrie Unsworth's transition from the upper house to the lower house was a very close run thing. Whilst Labor had held Rockdale at all times since the district's re-creation in 1941, it only barely retained the seat at the by-election. Labor suffered a large drop in its vote compared with the 1984 state election. In the end, Unsworth prevailed by only 54 votes after the distribution of preferences.
1986 Rockdale by-election Saturday 2 August :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labor | Barrie Unsworth | 11,251 | 46.17 | −17.10 |
| | Liberal | Bob Gemmell | 9,896 | 40.61 | +6.53 |
| | Independent | James McLean | 1,720 | 7.06 | +7.06 |
| | Socialist Workers | Valmai Frances Edwards | 725 | 2.98 | +2.98 |
| | Independent | John Badman | 375 | 1.54 | +1.54 |
| | Independent | Charles Bellchambers | 334 | 1.37 | −1.28 |
| | Uninflated Movement | Nadar Ponnuswamy | 67 | 0.27 | +0.27 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 24,368 | 96.50 | −0.21 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 885 | 3.50 | +0.21 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 25,253 | 79.59 | −13.17 |
| Two-party-preferred result ||||||
| | Labor | Barrie Unsworth | 11,946 | 50.11 | −14.5 |
| | Liberal | Bob Gemmell | 11,892 | 49.89 | +14.5 |
| | Labor hold | Labor hold | Swing | −14.5 | |
# Vince Vouyer

Vince Vouyer is a pornographic actor and director. He is sometimes credited as Vince, Vince Voyeur, Vince Voyer, or Vince Voyuer.
Breakin' 'Em In #9, in which Vouyer starred, won the AVN Award for Best Pro-Am Release at the 24th Annual AVN Awards Show, hosted by Jessica Drake at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas. The movie also earned Best Anal Sex Scene, Video for Vouyer and Amy Ried.

## Awards and nominations

* 1997 AVN Award – Best Couples Sex Scene (Conquest) with Jenna Jameson
* 1997 AVN Award – Male Performer of the Year
* 1997 AVN Award – Best Actor (Video)
* 1997 Hot d'Or Award winner – American Best Actor
* 1997 AVN Award – Most Outrageous Sex Scene (Shock) with Shayla LaVeaux & T.T. Boy
* 1997 AVN Award – Best Group Sex Scene (The Show) with Christy Canyon, Tony Tedeschi & Steven St. Croix
* 2007 AVN Award winner – Best Anal Sex Scene, Video (Breakin’ ‘Em In 9 – Vouyer Media) with Amy Ried

## TV guest appearances

* The Tera Patrick Show as himself (March 13, 2001)
# Samuel Nixon House

Samuel Nixon House is a historic plantation house located near Hertford, Perquimans County, North Carolina. It was built about 1790, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, frame dwelling with a gambrel roof and double-shouldered end chimney. It features a full-width front porch and one-story shed additions at the front and rear.
The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
# South Western franchise

South Western is a railway franchise for the provision of passenger services from London Waterloo to destinations in Surrey, Hampshire, Somerset, Dorset, Berkshire, Wiltshire and Devon on the South West, Portsmouth Direct and West of England main lines. In 2007, the franchise was combined with the smaller franchise for the Island Line on the Isle of Wight.

## History
### South West Trains

In December 1995, the Director of Passenger Rail Franchising awarded the franchise to South West Trains, a subsidiary of Stagecoach. Operations started on 4 February 1996.
In April 2001, the Strategic Rail Authority (SRA) awarded Stagecoach a new franchise after it beat bids from FirstGroup/NedRailways and Sea Containers. The 2001 franchises awarded were (as promulgated) to run for 20 years, but in 2002 the SRA reduced the duration of franchises and South West Trains was awarded a three-year franchise starting on 1 February 2004.
In December 2005, the Department for Transport (DfT) announced that Arriva, FirstGroup, MTR/Sea Containers, National Express and Stagecoach had been shortlisted to tender for the new South Western franchise, which combined the South West Trains and Island Line Trains franchises, both being operated by Stagecoach. National Express and MTR/Sea Containers later withdrew. In September 2006, the DfT awarded the franchise to Stagecoach commencing on 4 February 2007 for a period of ten years.
In March 2013, the Secretary of State for Transport announced the DfT were in talks with Stagecoach to extend the franchise until April 2019. However, after failing to negotiate an extension, in July 2015 the DfT announced the franchise would be relet.

### South Western Railway

In February 2016, the DfT announced FirstGroup and Stagecoach had been shortlisted to bid for the next franchise. In June 2016, MTR took a 30% shareholding in the FirstGroup bid.
In July 2016, the DfT issued the Invitation to Tender. In March 2017, the DfT awarded the franchise to First/MTR owned South Western Railway (SWR) to commence on 20 August 2017. It will run until at least August 2024, with an option for the DfT to extend for a further year.
In 2021, following COVID-19 emergency measures, the DfT gave SWR a direct award contract, replacing its franchise, until 28 May 2023. In February 2023, this was further extended until 25 May 2025.
# Shitong

The Shitong (Chinese:史通;pinyin:Shǐtōng;lit.'Generality of Historiography') is the first Chinese-language work about historiography compiled by Liu Zhiji between 708 and 710 during the Tang dynasty. The book describes the general pattern of the past official dynastic historiography on structure, method, order of arrangement, sequence, caption and commentary back to the pre-Qin era.
It contains about 88,000 words including Liu's commentaries, which are divided into 39 inner chapters and 13 outer chapters. Three of the inner chapters had been lost since the times of Ouyang Xiu, while the rest managed to survive. The inner chapters, the principal part of the book, provided information on the types, forms, rules, layout, the collecting of historical materials, outline, and the principle of historiography. The outer chapters describe the official system of the historiographer, origin and development of histories, and the success and failure of past historians.
The copies of the Song dynasty are no longer available, while the reprinted editions of the Ming dynasty are. The oldest are the 1535 edition by Lu Shen, and the most complete version is the 1577 edition by Zhang Zhixiang, which was published by Zhonghua Shuju in 1961.
In comparison with other contemporary Chinese works, the Shitong has several notable innovations in ideas and content, including:
* The Shitong rejected the idea of fatalism and stated that the successes or failures of dynasties were not determined by heaven's decree, but by the dynasties’ character and quality.
* The Shitong rejected the idea of using results as the only criteria to assess people.
* The Shitong rejected the idea of Sinocentrism and Han Chinese chauvinism and advocated a healthy skepticism about the established conceptions and ideas, which were not always correct or indisputable.
# If You Can't Stand the Heat...

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
If You Can't Stand the Heat... is the eleventh studio album by English rock band Status Quo. Recorded at Wisseloord Studios, Hilversum, Holland, and produced by Pip Williams, it was released in October 1978 and reached number three in the UK Albums Chart. The sleeve notes that Aphex Aural Exciter was used in the recording process. Unusually for a Status Quo record, a brass section, the David Katz Horns, was used, as well as a backing vocal trio: Jacquie Sullivan, Stevie Lange, and Joy Yates.
"Again and Again" was the first single released from the album, reaching number 13 in the UK Singles Chart.
The second single released from the album was an edited version of "Accident Prone", which peaked at number 36 in the UK.

## Track listing

* "Again and Again" (Rick Parfitt, Andy Bown, Jackie Lynton) — 3:41
* "I'm Giving Up My Worryin'" (Francis Rossi, Bernie Frost) — 3:02
* "Gonna Teach You to Love Me" (Alan Lancaster, Michael Green) — 3:11
* "Someone Show Me Home" (Rossi, Frost) — 3:49
* "Long Legged Linda" (Bown) — 3:29
* "Oh, What a Night" (Parfitt, Bown) — 3:46
* "Accident Prone" (Pip Williams, Peter Hutchins) — 5:08
* "Stones" (Lancaster) — 3:53
* "Let Me Fly" (Rossi, Frost) — 4:25
* "Like a Good Girl" (Rossi, Robert Young) — 3:26

### 2005 remaster bonus track

* "Accident Prone" (single version) (Williams, Hutchins)

## Personnel

Status Quo
* Francis Rossi – guitar, vocals
* Rick Parfitt – rhythm guitar, vocals
* Alan Lancaster – bass guitar, guitar, vocals
* John Coghlan – drums
Additional musicians
* Andy Bown – keyboards, backing vocals
* Frank Ricotti – percussion
* Jacquie Sullivan – backing vocals
* Stevie Lange – backing vocals
* Joy Yates – backing vocals
* The David Katz Horns – horns

## Charts

Weekly chart performance for If You Can't Stand the Heat... :
| Chart (1978–1979) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) | 21 |
| French Albums (SNEP) | 20 |
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) | 8 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 11 |
| Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) | 18 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 15 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 3 |
| Chart (2016) | Peak position |
| UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) | 17 |

## Certifications

Certifications for If You Can't Stand the Heat :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 20,000$^^$ |
| France (SNEP) | Gold | 100,000$^*$ |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Gold | 25,000$^^$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 100,000$^^$ |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Gaoshengqiao station

Gaoshengqiao (Chinese: 高升桥) is a transfer station on Line 3 and Line 5 of the Chengdu Metro in China.

## Gallery

* Concourse
* Ceiling art
* Steps to platform
* Escalators and steps to platform
* Line 3 platform
* Line 5 platform
* Concourse art wall
* Platform panorama of Gaoshengqiao Station
# Lowland akalat

The lowland akalat (Sheppardia cyornithopsis) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. Its disjunct range extends across the African tropical rainforest. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.
# Darwen Group

The Darwen Group was a bus manufacturer located in Blackburn, Lancashire, England. The company originated from the purchase of East Lancashire Coachbuilders who went into administration in August 2007. After a series of developments, in June 2008 Darwen performed a reverse takeover with the then bus manufacturer Optare (now Switch Mobility), with the Darwen name disappearing.

## History

Darwen rose from the ashes of East Lancashire Coachbuilders in August 2007, after they went into administration - Darwen saved them the next day. Darwen went about reorganising the business, making a number of redundancies and rebranding main bus side of the business as Darwen East Lancs, the repair arm as Darwen North West. The current East Lancs products at the time were continued by Darwen, with new brand names.
This was followed by the acquisition of Leyland Product Developments in November 2007, which was rebranded as Darwen LPD. Further progress came in February 2008, when the parent company Darwen Holdings floated on Alternative Investment Market.
In a further development, the Darwen Group owner Roy Stanley set up Jamesstan Investments, and on 12 March 2008 the Optare Group was purchased. In June 2008 the decision was made for Darwen to perform a reverse takeover on Optare under Jamesstan Investments. The Darwen name was dropped in favour of Optare's.
The company has also announced its intention to develop integral buses, with a prototype due by June 2008. It intends to develop both hybrid and diesel versions, the hybrid in partnership with Enova.
On 14 July 2008 the company was renamed Optare UK Ltd as a part of the reverse takeover of Optare.

## Products
### Single-decker

* Darwen Esteem
Built for the Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Dart, Scania N94UB Alexander Dennis Enviro300 and MAN 12.240 chassis. A former East Lancs product, previously known as the East Lancs Esteem. It is the successor to the East Lancs Myllennium.
* Darwen Panaire
This is a modified open-top Esteem. It is the only open-top single-decker bus offered in the UK although no orders were taken.

### Double-decker

* Darwen OmniDekka
Built for the Scania N230UD/N270UD chassis. A former East Lancs product, known as the East Lancs Omnidekka. It is a replacement for the ELC Scania N94UD based model.
* Darwen Olympus
Built for the Volvo B9TL, Alexander Dennis Enviro400 and Scania N230UD/N270UD chassis. A former East Lancs product, known as the East Lancs Olympus. It is a modified version of the double-decker Myllennium with the same enhancements as the Esteem.
* Darwen Visionaire
Built so far on the Volvo B9TL chassis. A former East Lancs product, known as the East Lancs Visionaire. It is essentially an open top version of the Olympus.
# Torosteus

Torosteus is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm from the Early Frasnian stage of the Late Devonian period. Fossils are found in the Kimberley region of Australia.

## Description

Torosteus's body size and morphology are similar to Incisoscutum and Compagopiscis, suggesting a possible pelagic lifestyle, although they were on different trophic levels of their ecosystem. Bite force analysis has suggested that it was an active predator, and fossils have been found in numbers, suggesting possible schooling behavior.

## Phylogeny

Torosteus was originally classified as a member of the family Plourdosteidae. However, phylogenetic analysis later found Plourdosteidae to be an invalid grouping, and the family was dismissed. Torosteus is now considered to be a member of the superfamily Incisoscutoidea, which belongs to the clade Coccosteomorphi, one of the two major clades within Eubrachythoraci. The cladogram below shows the phylogeny of Torosteus:
# Pierre Kompany

Pierre Kompany (born 8 September 1947) is a Belgian politician of Les Engagés and formerly the Humanist Democratic Centre. He was elected mayor of Ganshoren in 2018 and is the father of the footballers Vincent Kompany and François Kompany. He is the first Congolese mayor in Belgium.
Kompany was born in the Belgian Congo and came to Belgium in 1975 as a political refugee from Zaïre, where he had been interned for opposing dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. He drove a taxi while studying for a mechanical engineering degree to support his wife and three children. Kompany faced racism for marrying Jocelyne, a rural white woman. The couple divorced when Vincent Kompany was 14 and she died when he was 20.
In 2014, he was elected to the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region, and he was re-elected in 2019.
He was elected to the Chamber of Representatives in the 2024 Belgian federal election.
# Glebe, Lincoln

Glebe is an inner-city ward of Lincoln in Lincolnshire, England. The population of the City of Lincoln ward at the 2021 census was 8,719. The ward is one of the eleven electoral districts within the City of Lincoln Council.

## Geography

The ward encompasses the northeastern part of the city centre and includes the suburb of St Giles Estate. Part of the ward also overspills into the neighbouring district of West Lindsey at Wolsey Way and Hawthorne Road/Wragby Road East.

## Demographics

At the 2021 census, the ward profile population was 8,719. Of the findings, the ethnicity and religious composition of the ward was:
Glebe: Ethnicity: 2021 Census :
| Ethnic group | Population | % |
| White | 8,246 | 94.6% |
| Asian or Asian British | 184 | 2.1% |
| Mixed | 145 | 1.7% |
| Other Ethnic Group | 71 | 0.8% |
| Black or Black British | 63 | 0.7% |
| Arab | 10 | 0.2% |
| Total | 8,719 | 100% |
The religious composition of the ward at the 2021 Census was recorded as:
Glebe: Religion: 2021 Census :
| Religious | Population | % |
| Irreligious | 4,152 | 50.4% |
| Christian | 3,855 | 46.8% |
| Muslim | 113 | 1.4% |
| Other religion | 61 | 0.7% |
| Hindu | 32 | 0.4% |
| Buddhist | 17 | 0.2% |
| Jewish | 1 | 0.1% |
| Total | 8,719 | 100% |
# Horn effect

The horn effect, closely related to the halo effect, is a form of cognitive bias that causes one's perception of another to be unduly influenced by a single negative trait. An example of the horn effect may be that an observer is more likely to assume a physically unattractive person is morally inferior to an attractive person, despite the lack of relationship between morality and physical appearance.

## Etymology

The term is derived from the word "horn" and refers to the devil's horns. This is in contrast to the word halo and the halo effect, based on the concept of a saint's halo.
In a 1920 study published by Thorndike that focused on the halo effect, it was noted that "ratings were apparently affected by a marked tendency to think of the person in general as rather good or rather interior [sic] and to color the judgments of the qualities by this general feeling".

### Alternate terminology

It is sometimes called the horns effect, reverse-halo effect, or devil effect.

## Bias in action

The horn effect occurs when "individuals believe that negative traits are connected to each other." It is a phenomenon in which an observer's judgment of a person is adversely affected by the presence of (for the observer) an unfavorable aspect of this person.
* The Guardian wrote of the devil effect in relation to Hugo Chavez: "Some leaders can become so demonised that it's impossible to assess their achievements and failures in a balanced way."
* The relation of crime to attractiveness is also subject to the halo effect. A study presented two hypothetical crimes: a burglary and a swindle. The burglary involved a woman illegally obtaining a key and stealing $2,200; the swindle involved a woman manipulating a man to invest $2,200 in a nonexistent corporation. The results showed that when the offense was not related to attractiveness (as in the burglary) the unattractive defendant was punished more severely than the attractive one. However, when the offense was related to attractiveness (the swindle), the attractive defendant was punished more severely than the unattractive one. The study imputes that the usual leniency given to the attractive woman (as a result of the halo effect) was negated or reversed when the nature of the crime involved her looks.
# Jamal Petgrave

Jamal Petgrave (born 14 May 1997) is an English international judoka. He has represented England at the Commonwealth Games and won a gold medal.

## Biography

Petgrave is a three-time British champion having claimed the national crown at the British Judo Championships in 2017, 2019, and 2021. In 2018, he won silver at the U23 European Championships.
In 2022, he was selected for the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham where he competed in the men's 90 kg, reaching the final and winning the gold medal.
# Trematosteus

Trematosteus is an extinct monospecific genus of arthrodire placoderm from the Late Frasnian stage of the Late Devonian period. Fossils are found from Bad Wildungen, Germany.

## Phylogeny

Trematosteus is a member of the superfamily Incisoscutoidea, which belongs to the clade Coccosteomorphi, one of the two major clades within Eubrachythoraci. The cladogram below shows the phylogeny of Trematosteus:
# Sonia Vigati

Sonia Vigati (born 30 June 1970, in Camposampiero) is a former Italian sprinter.

## Biography

Sonia Vigati has 14 caps in national team from 1988 to 1994.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Italy ||||||
| 1988 | World Junior Championships | Sudbury, Canada | 20th (sf) | 100m | 12.04 (wind: -0.9 m/s) |
| 1990 | European Indoor Championships | Glasgow, United Kingdom | SF | 60 metres | 7.41 |
| 1994 | European Indoor Championships | Paris, France | H | 60 metres | 7.40 |

## National titles

Sonia Vigati has won three times the individual national championship.
* 1 win on 100 metres (1989)
* 2 wins on 60 metres indoor (1989, 1900)