# Copyright of official texts

Official texts, as defined in Article 2(4) of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, are texts of a legislative, administrative and legal nature (e.g. statute laws, administrative regulations and court decisions) and the official translations of such texts.
The Convention indicates that it shall be left to the discretion of each member country of the Berne Convention to determine the protection to be granted to such official texts in that country.
Generally, member countries of the Convention include official texts in the public domain. However, the governments of the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries claim a Crown copyright in their works. Many republics of the Commonwealth also copyright their official works, though they have no crown copyright.

## Table

| Countries and areas | Types of official texts | Terms of copyright protection | References and related articles |
| Albania | Literary and artistic works being summaries of the official gazette of legislative and administrative nature and their official translations | 0, no copyright | Art. 3, Law no. 7564 of 19 April 1992, as modified by Law no. 7923 of 19 May 1995 |
| Algeria | Laws and regulations, decisions and administrative acts of state bodies and local authorities, court decisions, and their official translations | 0, no copyright | Art. 11, Ordonnance n° 03-05 du 19 Joumada El Oula 1424 correspondant au 19 juillet 2003 relative aux droits d’auteur et aux droits voisins |
| Algeria | Other state works | Freely usable for non-profit when respecting the source and integrity of the works | Art. 9, Ordonnance n° 03-05 du 19 Joumada El Oula 1424 correspondant au 19 juillet 2003 relative aux droits d’auteur et aux droits voisins |
| Andorra | Official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, and its official translation | 0, no copyright | Art. 4, Law on Copyright and Related Rights of 1999 |
| Angola | Laws and judicial and administrative decisions | 0, no copyright | Art. 9, Copyright Law n° 4/90, March 1990 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Public record | 0, no copyright (may make or supply to any person of any copy of the work) | s. 67, Copyright Act, 2002 |
| Armenia | Official documents (laws, decisions, decrees, etc.) as well as their official translations state emblems and signs (flags, coats of arms (armorial bearings), medals (decorations), monetary signs, etc.) | 0, no copyright | Art. 6, Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights |
| Austria | Laws, ordinances and official decrees issued by Austrian federal and state authorities | 0, no copyright | Austrian copyright law (§7 UrhG) |
| Australia | Work, film or sound recording made by or under the direction or control of the Government, and any work first published by or under the direction or control of the Government. | 50 years until year end from publication | Part VII of the Copyright Act 1968 Main article: Crown copyright § Australia |
| Azerbaijan | Official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative or judicial character) and official translations thereof State emblems and official signs (flags, armorial bearings, decorations, monetary signs and other State symbols and official signs) | 0, no copyright | Art. 7, Law of Azerbaijan Republic "on Copyright and Neighbouring Right |
| Bahrain | Court judgments passed by the law courts in various degrees and translations of such judgments Official documents such as texts of laws, Amiri Decrees, administrative orders, international treaties, their translations and all official documents Unless published in compiled publications for a reason that is attributed to creative efforts, arrangement or any other personal effort | 0, no copyright | Art. 4(1)(a), (b), (2), Legislative Decree no. 10 of 1993 |
| Belarus | Formal documents (laws, judgements, other texts of legal, administrative and judicial nature), and also their official translations State symbols and signs (flag, coat of arms, anthem, awards, banknotes and other signs) | 0, no copyright | Law of the Republic of Belarus: No. 370-XIII of May 16, 1996: Section 2, Article 8 (in Russian, in English) |
| Belgium | Official texts of the government | 0, no copyright | Art. XI.172, §2 of the Commercial Code (in Dutch, in French) |
| Brazil | Formal documents (laws, judgements, other texts of legal, administrative and judicial nature) | 0, no copyright | Law 9610/98, article 8 (, |
| Canada | Canadian governmental works | 50 years until year end from publication (the first publication) | Section 12 of the Copyright Act (French: Loi sur le droit d'auteur) Main article: Crown copyright § Canada |
| Canada | Federal laws | Reproductions are allowed with certain conditions, whether under Crown Copyright or not. | Reproduction of Federal Law Order (French: Décret sur la reproduction de la législation fédérale et des décisions des tribunaux de constitution fédérale) |
| China, People's Republic of (Mainland) | Laws; regulations; resolutions, decisions and orders of state organs; other documents of legislative, administrative and judicial nature; and their official translations | 0, no copyright | Article 5 of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China |
| Czech Republic | An official work, such as a legal regulation, decision, public charter, publicly accessible register and the collection of its records, and also An official draft of an official work and other preparatory official documentation including the official translation of such work, Chamber of Deputies and Senate publications, A memorial chronicle of a municipality (municipal chronicle), A state symbol and symbol of a regional self-governing unit, and Other such works where there is public interest in their exclusion from copyright protection. | 0, no copyright | Czech Copyright Act (Law No. 121/2000, Section 3, Letter a) |
| Djibouti | Laws, judicial and administrative decisions as well as their official translations | 0, no copyright | Art. 7(a), Loi n°114/AN/96/3e L relatif à la protection du droit d'auteur |
| Georgia | a) official documents (laws, decisions of courts, other texts of administrative and normative character), as well as their official translations; b) official symbols of state (flag, emblem, anthem, award, monetary symbols, other official signs and symbols of state); c) information of events and facts. When using the works mentioned in subparagraph "b" of this Article under the other person's name, it is possible to protect the right of author's name. | 0, no copyright | Article 8 of the Law of Georgia No. 2388-Is of September 9, 1999 on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights (in Russian, in English) |
| Georgia | Proposed official symbols and drafts of formal documents | Can be copyrighted | Article 8 of the Law of Georgia No. 2388-Is of September 9, 1999 on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights (in Russian, in English) |
| Germany | A statute, ordinance, official decree or judgment (official work) issued by a German federal or state authority or court | 0, no copyright | German copyright law (§ 5 Abs.1 UrhG). |
| Ghana | Governmental works (Art. 3) | 70 years from creation or publication, whichever is later | Copyright Act, 2005 (Art. 13) |
| Greece | Official texts expressive of the authority of the State, notably to legislative, administrative or judicial texts | 0, no copyright | Art. 2(5), Law 2121/1993 |
| Guatemala | Works of the state or its public entities, municipalities, universities and other educational establishments in the country. | 75 years until year end from publication | Chapter 5, and specifically Art. 49, Law on Copyright and Related Rights (Decree No. 33-98 last modified by Decree No. 56-2000) |
| Guatemala | Laws, decrees, regulations, orders, agreements, resolutions, judicial decisions and decisions of governmental bodies, as well as official translations of these texts. | Freely usable when respecting the source and integrity of the works | Art. 68, Law on Copyright and Related Rights (Decree No. 33-98 last modified by Decree No. 56-2000) |
| Hong Kong | Public record | 0, no copyright (may be copied for any purpose without infringement of copyright) | Article 58, Chapter 528 of the Law of Hong Kong, the Copyright Ordinance (Chinese: 版權條例) |
| Hong Kong | Work made by an on-duty officer of the Government | 50 years from publication or 125 years from creation, whichever is shorter (until year end) | Chapter 528 of the Law of Hong Kong, the Copyright Ordinance Article 182, Article 183, and Article 184. |
| Hong Kong | Ordinances (laws) | 50 years from publication in the Gazette (until year end) | Chapter 528 of the Law of Hong Kong, the Copyright Ordinance Article 182, Article 183, and Article 184. |
| Hong Kong | Work made by or under the direction or control of the Legislative Council | 50 years after creation (until year end) | Chapter 528 of the Law of Hong Kong, the Copyright Ordinance Article 182, Article 183, and Article 184. |
| India | Government work | 60 years until year end since publication | S. 28, Copyright Act, 1957 |
| Indonesia | Result of open meetings of State institutions Laws or regulations Courts decisions or judge provisions | 0, no copyright | Art. 42, Law No. 28 of Copyright Law of 2014 |
| Italy | Texts of official acts of the State or of public administrations, whether Italian or foreign | 0, no copyright | Art. 5, Law No. 633 of 22 April 1941, as amended by Art. 17, Law No. 52 of 6 February 1996 |
| Japan | Official texts | 0, no copyright | Art. 13, Law No. 48 of 6 May 1970, as amended |
| Korea, Republic of (South) | Official texts | 0, no copyright | Art. 7, Copyright Act of 30 December 1989 |
| Latvia | Regulatory enactments and administrative rulings, other documents issued by the State and Local Governments and adjudications of courts (laws, court judgments, decisions and other official documents), as well as official translations of such texts; State approved as well as internationally recognized official symbols and signs (flags, coats of arms, anthems, decorations, banknotes, and the like), the use of which is subject to specific regulatory enactments; Maps, the preparation and use of which are determined by regulatory enactments; | 0, no copyright | |
| Macau | Official texts, in particular the texts of treaties, laws and regulations and those of reports or decisions by authorities of any kind, and translations thereof | 0, no copyright | Article 6 of Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M |
| Malaysia | Works of the Government, Government organizations and international bodies | 50 years until year end since publication | s. 23, Copyright Act 1987 |
| Nigeria | Governmental literary, musical or non-photograph artistic works | 70 years until year end since publication | Schedule I, Copyright Act (Cap. 68) 1990 |
| Netherlands | Laws, decisions and regulations by a public authority, as well as judgements and administrative decisions. | 0, no copyright | Article 11 of Dutch Copyright Law (Auteurswet) |
| New Zealand | General Crown copyright | 100 years until year end (Section 26(3)(b)) | Sections 2(1), 26 and 27 of the Copyright Act 1994 Main article: Crown copyright § New_Zealand |
| New Zealand | Typographical arrangements of published material | 25 years until year end | Sections 2(1), 26 and 27 of the Copyright Act 1994 Main article: Crown copyright § New_Zealand |
| Pakistan | Government work | 50 years until year end from its publication | S. 22 of the Copyright Ordinance, 1962 |
| Philippines | Any official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature and official translation thereof | 0, no copyright | Section 175, Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines |
| Poland | (1) Normative texts and the drafts thereof (2) Official documents, documentary material, devices and symbols. | 0, no copyright | Article 4 of Law of February 4, 1994, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights |
| Romania | Official texts of a political, legislative, administrative or judicial nature, and official translations thereof | 0, no copyright | Article 9 of Law No. 8 of March 14, 1996, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights |
| Russia | Shall not be objects of copyright: official documents of state government agencies and local government agencies of municipal formations, including laws, other legal texts, judicial decisions, other materials of legislative, administrative and judicial character, official documents of international organizations, as well as their official translations; state symbols and signs (flags, emblems, orders, banknotes, and the like), as well as symbols and signs of municipal formations; | 0, no copyright | Article 1259 of Civil Code of Russian Federation |
| Singapore | Literary, dramatic or musical work, or engraving or a photograph made by or under the direction or control of the Government | 70 years until year end from publication | s. 197(3), (4A), Copyright Act |
| Singapore | Artistic work, other than engraving or a photograph, made by or under the direction or control of the Government | 70 years until year end after making | s. 197(4), Copyright Act |
| Slovakia | Legal regulation, decision, public charter, publicly accessible register, official document, Slovak technical standard; this includes the preparatory documents and translations Daily news Public speeches (with except of the right of inclusion in a collection or edition) | 0, no copyright | Slovak Copyright Act (Law No. 618/2003, Section 7, Par. 3, Let. b) |
| South Africa | State works otherwise eligible for copyright | 50 years until year end from publication | S. 5, Copyright Act, 1978 |
| South Africa | Official texts of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, or in official translations of such texts, or in speeches of a political nature or in speeches delivered in the course of legal proceedings, or in news of the day that are mere items of press information | 0, no copyright | S. 12(8)(a), of the Copyright Act, 1978 |
| Sudan | Official documents | 0, no copyright | S. 6(b) of the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act 1996 |
| Taiwan, Republic of China | Constitution, acts, regulations, and official documents (proclamations, text of speeches, news releases, and other documents prepared by civil servants in the course of carrying out their duties), and their translations and compilations by central and local government agencies Test questions and alternative test questions from all kinds of examinations held pursuant to laws or regulations | 0, no copyright | Article 9 of the Copyright Act of the Republic of China |
| Thailand | Official documents | 0, no copyright | Section 7 of the Copyright Act, BE 2537 (1994) |
| Ukraine | Official documents of political, legislative and administrative nature (laws, decrees, resolutions, court awards, State standards, etc.), and their official translations; State symbols of Ukraine, government awards; symbols and signs of government authorities, the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations; symbols of territorial communities; symbols and signs of enterprises, institutions and organizations; Banknotes; | 0, no copyright | Article 10, Paragraph II, Law of Ukraine "On Copyright and Related Rights" |
| United Kingdom | Works produced by the British Government | 50 years from the date of publication | Main article: Crown copyright § United_Kingdom |
| United States | Work of the United States Government Edicts of government, such as judicial opinions, administrative rulings, legislative enactments, public ordinances, and similar official legal documents | 0, no copyright 0, no copyright | 17 U.S.C. § 105 § 206.01 of the Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices |
| Venezuela | Texts of laws, decrees, official regulations, public treaties, judicial decisions and other official acts | 0, no copyright | Art. 4, Ley sobre el Dercho de Autor as modified by the Decreto del 14 de agosto de 1993 |
| Zimbabwe | Publications of the State | 50 years until year end from publication generally, with perpetual copyright if never published | S. 49, Copyright Act (Chapter 26:1) |