# Gamo-Gofa-Dawro language

Gamo-Gofa-Dawro is an Omotic language of the Afroasiatic family (Te-Ne-Omotic according to Glottolog) spoken in the Dawro, Gamo Gofa and Wolayita Zones of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region in Ethiopia. Varieties are spoken by the Gamo, Gofa, Dawro; Blench (2006) and Ethnologue treat these as separate languages. Zala presumably belongs here as well. Dialects of Dawro (Kullo-Konta) are Konta and Kucha. In 1992, Alemayehu Abebe collected a word-list of 322 entries for all three related dialects.

## Phonology

Segmentally, Gamo phonology operates with a system of twenty-six consonants and five vowel qualities, and in nearly every case a segment may occur short or long.
Consonants in Gamo language :
| | | Labial | Dental | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Laryngeal |
| Stops | Glottalized | p’ | ɗ | ts’ | tʃʼ ⟨čʼ⟩ | k’ | ʔ |
| Stops | Voiced | b | d | dz | dʒ ⟨j⟩ | g | |
| Stops | Voiceless | p | t | ts | tʃ ⟨č⟩ | k | |
| Fricatives | Voiced | | | z | | | |
| Fricatives | Voiceless | | | s | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | | h |
| Sonorants | Nasals | m | n | n | ɲ ⟨ň⟩ | | |
| Sonorants | Lateral | | l | l | | | |
| Sonorants | Vibrant | | r | r | | | |
| Sonorants | Glides | w | | | j ⟨y⟩ | | |
Vowels sound in Gamo language
| | palatal | | round |
| high | i | | u |
| mid | e | | o |
| low | | a | |
(Reference page 21/22)

## Morphology
### Noun plural

The morphology of plural making in Gamo is straightforward and uniform.
In masculine nouns, plural is marked by means of a suffix -t, affixed to the oblique case form. The oblique is also the base for the suffixation of definiteness marking.
Examples of masculine plurals :
| Gloss | Absolutive singular | Oblique singular | Absolutive plural |
| 'dog' | kaná | kaná | kanatá |
| 'man' | addé | addé | addetá |
| 'thing' | yóó | yóó | yóotá |
| 'tear' | apúntsi | apúntsa | apúntsata |
Feminine nouns take a suffix -int to form their plurals. This is affixed to the absolutive singular:
Examples of feminine plurals :
| Gloss | Absolutive singular | Absolutive plural | Nominative | Oblique |
| 'sister' | miččó | miččointa | miččóinti | miččointa |
(Reference page 81)

### Adjectives

By comparison with certain other languages of Ethiopia, Gamo has a large vocabulary of adjectives. Like nominals, adjectives fall into declension classes, and although, being adjectives, they do not inflect for nominative case and there is no agreement within the phrase for number or definiteness, the declensional differences relating to oblique case marking do appear in U-declension adjectives when they function attributively.
The correlation between which particular TV an adjective has and its membership of a declension class appears to hold exactly as in nouns; thus, adjectives having a TV-o are always S-declension, adjective having a TV-i are always U-declension, while those having the TVs-a and -e are distributed between the two declensions, although almost all are S-declension.
Example;
| absolutive | oblique | declension | gloss |
| hó'o | hó'o | S-declension | hot |
| páč'e | páč'e | S-declension | incomplete, not full |
| č'áač'a | č'áač'a | S-declension | fried, roasted |
| bóottsi | bóottsa | U-declension | white |
| góošši | góošša | U-declension | mad |
| kaušé | kaušá | U-declension | light-in weight |
    (Reference page 150)

### Adjective and noun agreement

In the definite noun phrases where the noun is modified by an adjective the definite marker does not shift to the adjective, but remains on the noun
Example:
Gita
big.OBL
mittsai
tree.M-DEF
kundides
fall.PF-3M
Gita mittsai kundides
big.OBL tree.M-DEF fall.PF-3M
The big tree fell down Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Boottsa
white.OBL
miizati
cow.PL-DEF.NOM
haik'k'ida
die.PF-3PL
Boottsa miizati haik'k'ida
white.OBL cow.PL-DEF.NOM die.PF-3PL
The white cows died Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
    (Reference page 151)

### Adverbs

Adverbial notion however, can be expressed in a wide variety of ways. In terms of syntactic constructions the two most frequent means of expressing adverbial notions are postpositional phrases and converbial clauses.
A number of verb lexemes contain some intrinsic reference to temporal or spatial features. Thus,
Examples:
* gam’-‘~k’am’-‘ ‘be(come)/last a long time’
* giddotsiss-‘ ‘stay late’
* na’at-‘ ‘act childishly’
* minétt- ‘act bravely’
* miizat- ‘behave naively
* godat-‘ ‘behave in a masterly way
Other more examples
K’uma
Lunch
katso
cook-VNO
wontara
dawn
oikkadus
OBL+PP(-ra)
start.PF-3F
K’uma katso wontara oikkadus
Lunch cook-VNO dawn OBL+PP(-ra) start.PF-3F
She started cooking lunch very early in the morning Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 4 word(s) in line 1, 5 word(s) in line 2 (help); Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Zilaittsape
Last-year.OBL+PP(-ppe)
oikkidi
begin.PF.CVB.3PL.PRON.NOM
isti
secret.OBL+PP(-ra)send-a-message-to-one-another.IMPF-3PL
k’otara
kiitetettes
Zilaittsape oikkidi isti k’otara kiitetettes
Last-year.OBL+PP(-ppe) begin.PF.CVB.3PL.PRON.NOM secret.OBL+PP(-ra)send-a-message-to-one-another.IMPF-3PL
Since last year they have been corresponding secretly. Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 5 word(s) in line 1, 3 word(s) in line 2 (help); Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
    (Reference page 300)

### Postpositions

Gamo has very few postpositions; my analysis recognizes just six;
(-n), (-s), (-ppe), (-kko), (-ra) and (-u).
Phonologically, these are fairly minimal and in all cases their phonological structure obliges them to occur as attachments to other words.
There are however, instances where a postposition attaches to other clitic elements, such as to the inclusivity marker (-kka) or to the hypotheticality marker (-kko).
Example
Awokkonka
LOC.INT.PRON
demmakad
UNI.E+PP(-N)+INCL
find.IMPF-2SG-NEG
Awokkonka demmakad
LOC.INT.PRON + UNI.E+PP(-N)+INCL find.IMPF-2SG-NEG
You won't find (it) anywhere at all Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 2 word(s) in line 1, 4 word(s) in line 2 (help); Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Banga
barley.OBI
buuts'an
straw.OBL+PP(-n)house
keettse
cover.PF-SG
kammadis
Banga buuts'an keettse kammadis
barley.OBI straw.OBL+PP(-n)house cover.PF-SG
I thatched a house with barley straw Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 4 word(s) in line 1, 3 word(s) in line 2 (help); Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
The range of senses for the postposition (-s) may not appear to be quite so extensive but perhaps this is because English itself uses the preposition "for" so widely
Example;
Ne
2SG.DET
butaletappe
puppy.PL-DEF+PP(-ppe)
taas
1SG.DET.JN-OBL+PP(-s)
dičča
rear.IMPT-2SG
Ne butaletappe taas dičča
2SG.DET puppy.PL-DEF+PP(-ppe) 1SG.DET.JN-OBL+PP(-s) rear.IMPT-2SG
Bring up one of your puppies for me Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
    (Reference page 155)

### Pronouns

Personal pronouns have long and short forms, but while, for most of them, the short form can clearly be identified with the leftmost portion of the long form, in the 3rd person singular pronouns the short form consists of the rightmost portion of the long form.
Example:
| | verb complement | verb complement | clause subject | clause subject | noun phrase modifier | noun phrase modifier |
| | long | short | long | short | long | short |
| 1Sg | tána | - | táni | tá | - | tá |
| 2Sg | néna | - | néni | né | - | né |
| 1Pl | nứna | - | nứni | nứ | - | nứ |
| 2Pl/Pol | íntena | - | ínteni | ínte | - | ínte |
| 3M | íza | a | ízi | í | íza | a |
| 3F | ízo | o | íza | á | ízi | i |
| 3pl/Pol | ísta | - | ísti | - | ísta | - |
(Reference page 99)

### Negation of verb

Negation in all subordinate clauses employs the simple-base with (-onta), which is also the form that functions in converbial negation. Since this form shows no agreement with its clause subject, the 'same subject': 'changed subject' marking which distinguishes converbial from subordinate clauses is neutralized. This situation is apparent in sentences (a - c). In other cases a subordinate clause status is made clearer periphrastically by the addition of the perfect or imperfect forms of the inherently negative verb (-agg).
Examples:
Na'ita
child.PL-DEF
č'oo-gissonta
cause-to-shut-up.SUB.NEG
haasa'oi
have-a-conversation.infO.NOM
hanenna
be-possible.ImpF-3M-NEG
Na'ita č'oo-gissonta haasa'oi hanenna
child.PL-DEF cause-to-shut-up.SUB.NEG have-a-conversation.infO.NOM be-possible.ImpF-3M-NEG
Without (someone) making the children shut up, it's not possible to have a conversation
Iza
3F.PRON
zore
advice
siyo
hear-VNO
itts'
refuse.SUB.NEG
onta
remain-silent.3PL
muumi
cause-a-disaster.PF-3PL
godoltsida
Iza zore siyo itts' onta muumi godoltsida
3F.PRON advice hear-VNO refuse.SUB.NEG remain-silent.3PL cause-a-disaster.PF-3PL
Remaining silent (at the time) when she would not have refused to listen to advice, they allowed her to get into a real disaster Mismatch in the number of words between lines: 7 word(s) in line 1, 6 word(s) in line 2 (help); Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Ta
1SG.DET]N
šammonta
buy.SUB.NEG
aggi-šin
fail.1.IMPF.SUB-DS
uyees!
drink.IMPF-3M
Ta šammonta aggi-šin uyees!
1SG.DET]N buy.SUB.NEG fail.1.IMPF.SUB-DS drink.IMPF-3M
He drinks when I don't buy it! Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
    (Reference page 266)

## Numerals

In Gamo, the counting forms are in general identical to the citation (absolutive) forms, except in the case of issinno ‘one’, for which a variant form ista can be used.
| Numeral | absolutive | nominative | oblique |
| 1 | issinnó ~ istá | issinnóì ~ isstóì | issί |
| 2 | nam’á ~ na’’á | nam’áì ~ nam’ί | nam’ί |
| 3 | heeddzá | heeddzί | heeddzί |
| 4 | oiddá | oiddí | oiddí |
| 5 | iččáča ~ iččáč | iččáci | iččáč |
| 6 | usúppuna ~ usúppun | usúppuni | usúppun |
| 7 | láappuna ~ laappun | láappuni | láappun |
| 8 | όspuna ~ όspun | όspuni | όspun |
| 9 | uddúpuna ~ uddúpun | uddúpuni | uddúpun |
| 10 | támma | támmi | támmi |
| 100 | ts’eetá |
| 1000 | kúma |
The forms denoting multiples of ten are based on tamma, which is preceded by the appropriate cardinal numeral in its pre-nominal oblique case form.
Examples
| 20   na’í | tamma~nam’í | tam~láatama |
| 30   heeddzí | tamma~heeddzí | tam~heestama |
| 40   oiddí | tamma~oiddí | tam~όitama |
| 50   iččáč | tamma~iččáči | tamma |
| 60   usúppun | tamma~usúppun | tam |
| 70   láappun | tamma~láappun | tam |
| 80   όspun | tamma~όspun | tam |
| 90   uddúpun | tamma~uddúpun | tam |
(Reference page 141)