# James Willcocks

General Sir James Willcocks, GCB, GCMG, KCSI, DSO (1 April 1857 – 18 December 1926) was a British Army officer who spent most of his career in India and Africa and held high command during the First World War.

## Early life and education

Willcocks was born in Baraut, Meerut District, British India, the son of an officer in the East India Company's army. He was educated in England and passed out from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in January 1878 (having only got in on the third attempt), being commissioned into the 100th Foot in the Punjab.

## Military career as a company and field officer

In late 1879, shortly after being promoted lieutenant, Willcocks persuaded his superiors to send him to the Second Afghan War (although his regiment was not engaged there), where he served as a transport officer. In 1881 he again served as a transport officer in the Mahsud Waziri expedition, rejoining his regiment the following year. In 1884 he was seconded to the newly formed Army Transport Department and posted to Assam. He was promoted captain in what was by now the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment in August 1884. He served in the Sudan in 1885–1886 and then returned to Assam before serving in Burma in 1886, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). In December 1887 he was offered a permanent transfer to the Commissariat and Transport Department, but declined in favour of the adjutantcy of the 1st Battalion of his regiment.
In 1889 Willcocks served as an intelligence officer in the Chin-Lushai expedition and in 1891 in the Manipur expedition. In June 1897 he was appointed assistant adjutant-general of the Baluchistan field force, and in November 1897 second-in-command of the new West African Frontier Force as a temporary lieutenant-colonel, under the command of Frederick Lugard. He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1899 New Year Honours. In July 1899, while on half-pay, he was promoted substantive lieutenant-colonel (having received his brevet in May 1898). On the 23 September 1899 Willcocks is recorded as being aboard the British and African Steam Navigation Company Royal Mail ship SS Bornu, embarking from Liverpool with the destination being Forçados. He was accompanied aboard ship by a number of officers who took part in the War of the Golden Stool.
Colonel Lugard became High Commissioner following the proclamation of the new Protectorate of Northern Nigeria on 1 January 1900, and Willcocks succeeded him as colonel-commandant of the Frontier Force, being granted the local rank of colonel on the same day. For his relief of Kumasi during the Ashanti War of 1900, Willcocks was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) and promoted to brevet colonel.

## Military career as a general officer

In early January 1902, Willcocks received orders to go to South Africa, and issued a statement to say how welcome he found this order, as he had never before been unemployed. He was graded as a colonel on the staff while employed on special service in South Africa.
After serving only a couple of weeks in the late stages of the Second Boer War, Willcocks was transferred to India in late February, to assume command of the Belgaum district. He was promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 29 March 1902, on the day he took up command with the temporary rank of brigadier-general while so employed. He was promoted major-general and given a brigade in 1906, commanded the Bazar Valley Field Force against the Zakka Khel clan of the Afridi in February and March 1908, was given command a division in March 1908 and promoted lieutenant-general for distinguished service in the field following his command of the Mohmand Field Force in July 1908. He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1907 Birthday Honours. In October 1910 he was appointed to the command of the Northern Army. In the 1913 New Year Honours he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI). He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1914.
In 1914 Willcocks was given command of the Indian Corps in France. He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in the 1915 Birthday Honours, and was promoted general in May 1915, but resigned in September 1915 after friction with Sir Douglas Haig, who commanded the First Army.
Willcocks was given the colonelcy of The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) from 1916 until his death.

## Governor of Bermuda and General Officer Commanding Bermuda, retirement and death

In May 1917, Willcocks was appointed Governor and General Officer Commanding the Imperial fortress of Bermuda (where a large Bermuda Garrison protected the Royal Naval Dockyard and other strategic assets), being sworn in by the Chief Justice of Bermuda at the entrance to the Council Chambers in Hamilton on 2 June 1917.
Serving under Willcocks in Bermuda as General Staff Officer, 2nd Grade, was his son, Major James Lugard Willcocks, DSO, MC (1893–1963) of the Black Watch. His granddaughter (the daughter of James Lugard Willcocks and his wife, Muriel Kathleen Price, the daughter of the late Colonel Gordon Price, I.M.S.), Wendy Winifred Willcocks, was born at Bermuda on 15 November 1919.
The depot ship at the Royal Naval Dockyard Bermuda at the time was the old troopship HMS Malabar, which had been assigned to that role in 1897 and was renamed HMS Terror (the name of her predecessor as depot ship) in 1901. She was placed on the sale list in 1914 and was sold in 1918. She was the first ship Willcocks saw at Bermuda when he arrived in 1917. Shortly after visiting her alongside the wharf at Front Street in the city of Hamilton, he wrote a letter for the Royal Gazette newspaper (dated 3 September 1918 and published on the front page on 7 September 1918) in which he fondly recalled his passage to India aboard her when he was a subaltern at the start of his career as a military officer. Willcocks also memorably was carried aloft in the first flight over Bermuda (by a Burgess-built Curtiss N-9H Jenny floatplane (A2646) of the United States Navy from the former USS Elinor) on 22 May 1919 (strictly the second flight: US Navy Ensigns G. L. Richard and W. H. Cushing flew the seaplane from Murray's Anchorage to Hamilton Harbour, where they set down to collect Willcocks, who took Cushing's place in the two-seater). Willcocks dropped a message of goodwill to the people of Bermuda, which was Bermuda's first air mail. Willcocks was also a passenger in the first descent by a submarine in local waters. He was the life patron of the Bermuda War Veterans Society.
He served in these posts until 1922. He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the 1921 Birthday Honours. He authored his memoirs The Romance of Soldiering and Sport, which was published in 1925. He later returned to India and died at Bharatpur in 1926.

## Personal life

Willcocks married Winifred Way, the second daughter of Colonel George Augustus Way, CB, BSC, on 29 July 1889, at Calcutta. James Lugard Willcocks, born 5 January 1893, in Delhi, was their only child.

## Death

Willcocks died at Moti Hahal Palace, Bharatpur, Rajputana, India, on 18 December 1926. News of his death was received at Bermuda on 21 December. A ball scheduled to take place that evening at Government House was postponed until 23 December. The Legislative council was sitting, but limited business to one matter other than sending a letter to the Governor asking that the council's sympathies be expressed to Lady Willcocks. The House of Assembly of Bermuda also sent a message to the Governor, on the motion of Major Thomas Melville Dill, MCP, asking that the profound regret of the Legislature and people of Bermuda and an expression of sympathy be sent to Lady Willcocks by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. General Willcocks' final message to Bermuda was printed in the Royal Gazette on 29 December 1926.
   Camp, foot of Himalayas,
   India, 21st November, 1926.
   The Editor, "Royal Gazette."
   Very Happy Xmas and New Year to all in Bermuda-It was with genuine grief I read of the fearful hurricane, which lately passed over your beautiful islands and the great loss of life in His Majesty's Navy.
   I wired to the War Veterans for their gathering on 11th November and I mean one day to again visit Bermuda and meet such old friends as may still remember me.
   God bless you all, JAMES WILLCOCKS,
   General.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "No. 24547". The London Gazette. 29 January 1878. p. 461.
* ↑ "No. 24798". The London Gazette. 6 January 1880. p. 50.
* ↑ "No. 25401". The London Gazette. 3 October 1884. p. 4333.
* ↑ "No. 25761". The London Gazette. 25 November 1887. p. 6374.
* ↑ "No. 25789". The London Gazette. 21 February 1888. p. 1155.
* ↑ "No. 26931". The London Gazette. 21 January 1898. p. 378.
* ↑ "No. 27038". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 1899. p. 2.
* ↑ "No. 27096". The London Gazette. 7 July 1899. p. 4211.
* ↑ "No. 27094". The London Gazette. 30 June 1899. p. 4074.
* ↑ "The Liverpool Mercury, 25 September 1899". The Liverpool Mercury. 25 September 1899.
* ↑ "No. 27156". The London Gazette. 23 January 1900. p. 431.
* ↑ "No. 27214". The London Gazette. 27 July 1900. p. 4656.
* ↑ "The War – Departure of Sir James Willcocks". The Times. No. 36673. London. 24 January 1902. p. 9.
* ↑ "No. 27405". The London Gazette. 11 February 1902. p. 847.
* ↑ "Latest intelligence – The War – Sir James Willcocks". The Times. No. 36698. London. 22 February 1902. p. 7.
* ↑ "No. 27486". The London Gazette. 21 October 1902. p. 6652.
* ↑ "No. 27456". The London Gazette. 22 July 1902. p. 4673.
* ↑ "No. 27974". The London Gazette. 7 December 1906. p. 8648.
* ↑ "No. 228121". The London Gazette. 20 March 1908. p. 2169.
* ↑ "No. 28168". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 August 1908. p. 6066.
* ↑ "No. 28034". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 June 1907. p. 4430.
* ↑ "No. 28437". The London Gazette. 15 November 1910. p. 8181.
* ↑ "No. 28677". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1912. p. 2.
* ↑ "No. 29202". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 June 1915. p. 6113.
* ↑ "No. 29459". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 February 1916. p. 1326.
* ↑ "The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
* ↑ "No. 30069". The London Gazette. 15 May 1917. p. 4648.
* ↑ "HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR TAKES THE OATHS OF OFFICE". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. 5 June 1917.
* ↑ THE MONTHLY ARMY LIST FOR DECEMBER, 1919. British Government. 27 November 1919. p. 86.
* ↑ "James Lugard WILLCOCKS (1893-1963)". Gwulo: Old Hong Kong.
* ↑ "Memories of the old Malabar: H.E. the Governor Visits the Famous Indian Troopship as she Lies off Front Street and Tells of his experiences Aboard her in the ByGone Days". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. 7 September 1919.
* ↑ Partridge, Ewan; Singfield, Tom (2014). WINGS OVER BERMUDA: 100 Years of Aviation in the West Atlantic. Royal Naval Dockyard, Ireland Island, Sandys, Bermuda: National Museum of Bermuda Press. ISBN 978-1-927750-32-2.
* ↑ "100th Anniversary – The First Plane To Fly Over Bermuda – May 22, 1919". Bermuda.com. Bermuda.com Limited. 22 May 2019.
* ↑ "War Veterans and General Wilcocks". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. 22 December 1926. p. 1.
* ↑ "No. 32346". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1921. p. 4532.
* ↑ Willcocks, Sir James (1925). The Romance of Soldiering and Sport. Cassell.
* ↑ "Government House". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. 21 December 1926. p. 1.
* ↑ "Government house". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. 22 December 1926. p. 1.
* ↑ "Legislative Council". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. 22 December 1926. p. 1.
* ↑ "IN THE HOUSE". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. 21 December 1926. p. 1.
* ↑ "A Message to Bermuda from the Late General Willcocks". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. 29 December 1926. p. 1.