# Mennonites in Belize

Mennonites in Belize form different religious bodies and come from different ethnic backgrounds. There are groups of Mennonites living in Belize who are quite traditional and conservative (e. g. in Shipyard and Upper Barton Creek), while others have modernized to various degrees (e. g. in Spanish Lookout and Blue Creek).
There were 4,961 members as of 2014, but the total number including children and young unbaptized adults was around 12,000. Of these some 10,000 were ethnic Mennonites, most of them Russian Mennonites, who speak Plautdietsch, a Low German dialect. There are also some hundreds of Pennsylvania German speaking Old Order Mennonites in Belize. In addition to this, there were another 2,000 mostly Kriol and Mestizo Belizeans who had converted to Mennonitism.
The so-called Holdeman Mennonites and the Beachy Amish are groups originally of German descent that also welcome people of other ethnic background to join their congregations.

## History

The Friesian and Flemish ancestors of the vast majority of Belizean Mennonites settled in the Vistula delta, starting in the middle of the 16th century and migrated to southern Russia between 1789 and the early 1800s, settling the Chortitza and Molotschna Mennonite colonies. During the years in Russia they became an ethnoreligious group.
In the years after 1873, some 11,000 of them left the Russian Empire and settled in Manitoba, Canada and an equal number went to the US. The more conservative ones left Canada between 1922 and 1925 and settled in Mexico. In the years after 1958, some 1,700 Mennonites from the Mexican settlements moved to what was then British Honduras.
The Russian Mennonites speak Plautdietsch in everyday life among themselves. There are also some hundred Pennsylvania German-speaking Old Order Mennonites who came from the USA and Canada in the late 1960s and settle now in Upper Barton Creek and daughter settlements.
Mennonites from El Salvador moved to Belize during their civil war.

## Customs and traditions

Mennonites are easily identified by their clothing, except from the ones who have modernized to a large degree or have never been traditional, because they have converted in recent times. The women wear bonnets and long dresses while the men wear denim overalls and hats. The men may wear traditional suspenders and dark trousers. The women wear brightly colored dresses. In many of the Mennonite communities there is a softening of the old tradition. In Upper Barton Creek and daughter settlements, men and women dress similar to the Old Order Amish. Both Old Colony Mennonites and Noah Hoover Mennonites use horse-drawn buggies for transportation, but only the Noah Hoovers also till fields with horse-drawn implements.
Traditional Mennonites conduct burial services mainly in German, but with some parts in English so that visitors can take part. After the service the whole congregation files orderly to the front of the church to pay their last respect. In Spanish Lookout, members and friends of the deceased address the congregation after the obituary has been read. Tombs are not used, but a cross marks the name and spot. Before burying the body to the earth, hymns are sung. Members of the community take turns shoveling the earth until the burial is complete. After that the community comes together and eat bread, sausages and coffee with the bereaved family.
Marriages usually start with courtship, which can last for six months to a year. The boy's parents ask the girl's father for permission. After that the parents get together and set the wedding date. The penultimate Saturday evening before the wedding is called "Falafnes" (Standard German: Verlöbnis). On this event, the friend of the bride and the groom share the Bible reading. Weddings are performed on Sundays. They usually consist of two ministers: one to explain the meaning of matrimony, and the other to do the blessings. Gifts given are usually tools and household items.
Mennonites from the Noah Hoover group in Upper Barton Creek and daughter settlements are extremely restrictive concerning the use of motors and electricity, that is, both motors and electricity are forbidden in the settlement by the members of the group. Their clothing is very similar to the Old Order Amish, and men wear beards like the Amish. Therefore, they are often perceived as Amish and called Amish, even though this is not the case.
The Mennonites have made it a point to have their own school, church, and financial institution in their community.

## Languages

The vast majority – more than 95% – of ethnic Mennonites in Belize speak Plautdietsch in everyday life. A small minority of very conservative Mennonites that came from North America mostly in the second half of the 1960s speak Pennsylvania German instead. Both groups use Standard German for reading the Bible, in school and in Church. English and Belizean Spanish are used mainly by men for communication outside their communities, Belizean Spanish is also spoken by descendants of Mexican Mennonites and Salvadoran Mennonites. Almost all Mennonites from churches who do outreach in Belize, e. g. Beachy Amish Mennonites, speak mainly English. Mennonites from other ethnic backgrounds use their ethno-languages.

## Colonies and villages

The total population of Mennonites, including unbaptized children, stood at 4,959 in 1987. The major colonies with their population in 1987 were Shipyard (1,946), Spanish Lookout (1,125) and Little Belize (1,004). Richmond Hill existed only from 1960 to 1965. Presently in Belize there are different communities of Mennonites, namely the colonies Shipyard, Blue Creek, Little Belize, Spanish Lookout, Indian Creek and the villages Upper and Lower Barton Creek, Springfield and Pine Hill. A 2020 survey found that there are more than 200 Mennonite colonies in nine Latin American countries, with 15 in Belize.
| Colony | District | Established | Parent | Affiliation | Orientation | Population (1987) | Population (2000) | Population (2010) | Population (2022) | Average household size[2022] |
| Shipyard | Orange Walk | 1958 | | Old Colony | Traditional | 1,946 | 2,334 | 3,345 | 4,070 | 5.1 |
| Spanish Lookout | Cayo | 1958 | | Kleine Gemeinde | Very modern | 1,125 | 1,899 | 2,253 | 3,108 | 4.0 |
| Blue Creek | Orange Walk | 1958 | | EMMC, Kl. Gem.* | Very modern | ~400 | 767 | 407 | 841 | 3.4 |
| Upper Barton Creek | Cayo | 1969 | | Noah Hoover?? | Very conservative?? | ~157 | | 380 | 110 | 4.2 |
| Lower Barton Creek | Cayo | 1973 | | Old Colony | Very conservative | ~100 | | 193 | 518 | 6.0 |
| Little Belize | Corozal | 1978 | Shipyard | Old Colony | Traditional | 1,004 | 2,207 | 2,650 | 2,888 | 5.6 |
| Indian Creek | Orange Walk | 1988 (c.) | Shipyard | Old Colony | Traditional | | 747 | 904 | 1,080 | 5.0 |
| Springfield | Cayo | 1996 | U. Barton Creek | Noah Hoover | Very conservative | | | 270 | 240 | 6.4 |
| Pine Hill | Toledo | 1997 | | Noah Hoover | Very conservative | | 97 | 206 | 334 | 5.7 |
| Neuland | Corozal | 2010 | Shipyard | Old Colony | Traditional | | 780 | | 1,080 | 5.6 |
| Viva Esperanza | Corozal | 2010 | Little Belize | Kleine Gemeinde | Moderate Modern | | | | | |
| Bird Walk | Belize | 2011 | Springfield | Noah Hoover | | | | | 147 | 5.5 |
| Green Hill Manatee | Belize | | Pine Hill | Noah Hoover | Very conservative | | | | 177 | 5.7 |
| Roseville | Toledo | 2012 | Springfield | Noah Hoover | Very conservative | | | | 159 | 6.2 |
| Nieelaund | Toledo | 2012 | L. Barton Creek | Old Colony | Very conservative | | | | 210 | 6.6 |
| Mountain Valley | Stann Creek | 2020 | Roseville | Noah Hoover | Very conservative | | | | 101 | 7.7 |
| New Holland | Cayo | | | | | | | | 162 | 5.2 |
| Total in Belize | | | | | | | ~4,739 | 10,908 (12,027) | 15,227 (15,249) | |
* Blue Creek was founded by Old Colony Mennonites but in 1966 many joined EMMC and the remaining Old Colony members moved away. In 1978 members of the Kleine Gemeinde moved there.
In 1999, the Mennonites – when not counting converts from other groups – had a birth rate of 42.53 per 1000, which was well above the national average of 30.71 per 1000. Because it is not possible to establish new large colonies in Belize, Plautdietsch speaking Mennonites from Belize emigrated to several other Latin American countries but mainly to Bolivia.
There are four newer villages: Bird Walk (founded 2011) and Roseville (founded 2012), which are daughter villages from Upper Barton Creek and Springfield and Green Hills which is affiliated with the Mennonites of Pine Hill and Neuland (New Land).
Smaller outreaches of Conservative Mennonites can be found in numerous communities throughout Belize.

## Mennonite Groups and membership

As Mennonites accept only adults as members, the total population of the Mennonite congregations in Belize is underestimated by membership counts. The largest denomination was Altkolonier Mennoniten Gemeinde, with 2,052 members. Other denominations were Kleine Gemeinde zu Spanish Lookout (with 710 members) and Kleine Gemeinde zu Blue Creek (with 60 members), Iglesia Evangélica Menonita de Belice (with 400 members, mostly Mestizos), Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference (with 388 members), Beachy Amish Mennonite Fellowship (with 140 members), Caribbean Light and Truth (with 137 members, mostly Kriol) and Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (with 42 members, mostly Kriol) (All figures as of 2006).
| Mennonite group | Member- ship in 2009 | Congre- gations in 2009 | Member- ship in 2012 | Congre- gations in 2012 |
| Altkolonier Mennonitengemeinde | 2,052 | 3 | 2,532 | 3 |
| Beachy Amish Church | 164 | 6 | 176 | 6 |
| Church of God in Christ, Mennonite | 51 | 2 | 61 | 2 |
| Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference | 482 | 3 | 535 | 5 |
| Iglesia Evangélica Menonita de Belice | 420 | 10 | 544 | 8 |
| Kleine Gemeinde | | | 770 | 5 |
| Kleine Gemeinde zu Blue Creek | 60 | 1 | | |
| Kleine Gemeinde zu Spanish Lookout | 710 | 4 | | |
| Independent & unaffiliated | 190 | 18 | 199 | 15 |
| Total | 4,129 | 47 | 4,817 | 44 |

## Economic contributions to Belize

Mennonites in Belize contribute to the carpentry, engineering and agricultural industries of Belize. They produce milk, cheese, beans, corn, melons, honey, chicken, and eggs. They have turned sections of tropical jungle into highly productive farmland. They are also skilled in manufacturing household furniture as well as constructing houses.

## Controversy

While the Mennonites in Belize have been very prosperous in agriculture, geography professor Michael Trapasso wrote, in a 1992 article published in the academic journal GeoJournal, that there have been complaints that they often do so with no regard for the environment or environmental laws. Trapasso wrote that the environmental impact of their farming methods leads to large-scale deforestation.
On the other hand, a paper of the FAO states the following about Mennonites in Belize. (Even though the report speaks of "Amish", it refers to Old Order Mennonites of the Noah Hoover group who live in settlements like Upper Barton Creek, Springfield and Pine Hill):
   Amish agriculture is characterized by the use of animal power and natural forms of energy, and is almost completely independent from fossil fuels as a form of energy. Success is measured in a number of ways foremost amongst these are the capacity to feed themselves, contribute to national food security, create sustainable livelihoods based on farming for all community members, be independent from government financial support, social, and educational services, though they use health services. Last but not least, their capacity to purchase their own production resources. Amish agriculture is well planned, sustainable, and expanding.