# Video game adaptations in film and television

A video game adaptation is primarily a film or television series that is based on a video game, usually incorporating elements of the game's plot or gameplay.

## History
### 1986–1992: First feature films

Super Mario Bros.: The Great Mission to Rescue Princess Peach! and Running Boy Star Soldier no Himitsu were the first two feature films adapted from video games. Both films were adapted from Family Computer and Nintendo Entertainment System games in 1986. The first live action film adapted from a video game was the 1988 direct-to-video film Mirai Ninja, based on the Namco arcade game of the same name. Between 1991 and 1992, anime films and television series based on Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai were released.

### 1993–2001: Mainstream breakthrough

The first live action film based on a video game, the eponymous Super Mario Bros., was released on May 28, 1993, to both critical and commercial failure. Critics including Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert criticized the film's lack of faithfulness to the source material. Other films include Street Fighter, Mortal Kombat, and Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.
Super Mario Bros. was followed in 1994 by other adaptations, such as Double Dragon and Street Fighter, which received similarly negative reviews. This changed with the 1995 film Mortal Kombat, directed by Paul W.S. Anderson, which was the first adaptation to gain a critical and commercial success; the film remains one of the highest-rated video game films among critics.
Animated films and shows also began gaining mainstream success. The anime series Pokémon (1997–present) became the most successful video game adaptation of all time. The anime films Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie (1994), Pokémon: The First Movie (1998) and Pokémon: The Movie 2000 (1999) became internationally successful. Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001) was a major milestone in computer animation, but was a box office failure.

### 2002–2017: Expansion and mixed success

Video game film adaptations in Hollywood gained notoriety during this period due to large number of films drew mixed-to-negative or panned response. Some of the more successful film adaptations during this time include the Resident Evil series (2002–2016), Silent Hill (2006), Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (2010) and Warcraft (2016).
Among one of the most notorious video game filmmakers is Uwe Boll, a German writer, director, and producer whose works include House of the Dead, Alone in the Dark, BloodRayne, In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale, Postal, and Far Cry, all of which were almost universally panned by critics and are considered among the worst films ever made. Conversely, Paul W. S. Anderson has gained a reputation for his panned video game adaptations in the 21st century, particularly Resident Evil series and Monster Hunter.

#### Critics and developers' response

Similar to comic book-based films in the past, adaptations tended to carry a reputation of lackluster quality and receive negative reaction from both film critics and fans of the source material. This is generally due to difficulties in adopting a story meant to be played interactively into a linear movie-going experience.
The reason for the failure of video game adaptations is that structural conversion from video game to film format can be challenging for filmmakers. Shigeru Miyamoto, creator of Nintendo franchises including Mario and Zelda, said in a 2007 interview:
   I think that part of the problem with translating games to movies is that the structure of what makes a good game is very different from the structure of what makes a good movie. Movies are a much more passive medium, where the movie itself is telling a story and you, as the viewer, are relaxing and taking that in passively. Whereas video games are a much more active medium where you are playing along with the story. ... I think that video games, as a whole, have a very simple flow in terms of what’s going on in the game. We make that flow entertaining by implementing many different elements to the video game to keep the player entertained. Movies have much more complex stories, or flow, to them, but the elements that affect that flow are limited in number. So I think that because these surrounding elements in these two different mediums vary so greatly, when you fail to take that into account then you run into problems.
In an interview with Fortune in August 2015, Miyamoto said, "Because games and movies seem like similar mediums, people’s natural expectation is we want to take our games and turn them into movies. … I’ve always felt video games, being an interactive medium, and movies, being a passive medium, mean the two are quite different."
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times stated that video games are "inherently inferior to film and literature" and that "video games by their nature require player choices, which is the opposite of the strategy of serious film and literature, which requires authorial control."

### 2017–present: Modern age and critical success

Observers noted a substantial uptick in the critical and commercial success of video game adaptations in the late 2010s and 2020s. Until 2019, no video game film–live-action or animated–had received a Rotten Tomatoes "fresh" rating, with a score over 60%. Since then, Detective Pikachu, The Angry Birds Movie 2, and Sonic the Hedgehog have been able to attain a "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Both Detective Pikachu and Sonic the Hedgehog posted better-than-expected domestic takes, with Sonic having the highest domestic opening in 2020. Sonic's success led to two sequels, Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (2022) and Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (2024), and a fourth film is in development.
The success of newer video game adaptations led to television series using both live-action and animation. Successful live-action series include The Last of Us (2023–present) and Fallout (2024–present); both were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series. Successful animated series during this time include Castlevania (2017–2021), Arcane (2021–2024) and Cyberpunk: Edgerunners (2022).
Creators of film and television adaptations quickly found that to help appeal them to video game audiences, they had to assure that the work is faithful to the source material, both in narratives and appearance. Video game adaptations in film and television have also led to growth of players in the original video games, such as the case with Cyberpunk 2077 and the Fallout series.

## Reception
### Revenue

Though video game films are generally critically panned, they tend to do well from the international take at box offices. The Super Mario Bros. Movie, based on the Mario game franchise, holds the highest take of any video game adaptation with US$1.36 billion, and was considered the most profitable film of 2023 by Deadline Hollywood, while the six Resident Evil films hold the highest take for a live-action series of US$1.2 billion on an average production budget between US$30 to 50 million and Pokémon is the overall highest-grossing video game film franchise with US$1.5 billion. With Sonic the Hedgehog 3, the trilogy of Sonic films surpassed a total box office of $1 billion by the start of 2025.
Only six films have grossed more than $400 million in the box office worldwide as of April 2023: Warcraft (2016), Rampage (2018), Detective Pikachu (2019), Uncharted (2022), Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (2022), and The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023), with the latter becoming the first video game film to ever pass the $1 billion mark, making it one of the top 50 highest-grossing films of all time.

### Awards

Video game adaptations have top-notched the main recognitions in major award ceremonies, most primarily the divisions of Emmy Awards, started in the late-2010s.
* Skylanders Academy was nominated Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program at the 45th Daytime Emmy Awards.
* Carmen Sandiego was nominated Outstanding Children's Program and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation at the 71st Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, winning only the latter. And again was received four nominations, including Outstanding Special Class Animated Program, winning Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation at the 47th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.
* Arcane won the Outstanding Animated Program and three Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation at the 74th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.
* The Cuphead Show! received four nominations at the Children's and Family Emmy Awards, winning an Individual Achievement in Animation and Outstanding Directing for an Animated Program.
* The Last of Us received five nominations at the 75th Primetime Emmy Awards, including the Outstanding Drama Series (the first to be nominated in majority), and nineteen at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards, making it the first live-action video game adaptation to receive major awards consideration; winning only eight awards from the latter.
* Sonic Prime won an Individual Achievement in Animation at the 2nd Children's and Family Emmy Awards.
* The Super Mario Bros. Movie is the first video game film to received major award nominations, especially the animation and original song categories, despite the film's polarized response. This including three Golden Globes (Best Animated Feature, Best Original Song, and the newly established Cinematic Achievement) and PGA Award for Best Animated Feature.
* Fallout received three nominations at the 76th Primetime Emmy Awards, including the Outstanding Drama Series, and thirteen at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards; winning Outstanding Emerging Media Program and Outstanding Music Supervision.
* Silent Hill: Ascension won the Outstanding Emerging Media Program at the 76th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.