# Ksar Metlili Formation

The Ksar Metlili Formation is a geological formation in eastern High Atlas of Morocco, it is late Tithonian to Berriasian in age. It is approximately 80 metres (260 ft) thick and primarily consists of mudstone and sandstone, with thin calcareous beds. One of these calcareous beds near the middle of the sequence is an important microvertebrate locality. Subsequent to the original site, several other localities have been sampled. The depositional environment is thought to be near shore deltaic.

## Fossil content
### Fish

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
| Cypriniformes | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Bony Fish | |
| Egertonodus | E. basanus | Ksar Metlili | 16 isolated Teeth KM-A2-26, teeth KM-D1-22, teeth KM-D2-25, tooth | Hybodontid | |
| Ginglymodi | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-41, fin rays KM-A1-42, teeth; 46, scales; 47, scale; 49, scales; 50, scales KM-B'-58 and 60, 66, all ichthyoliths KM-B'-59, 61, 64-65, 72, 84, all scales KM-A2-22, mandibular fragments KM-A2-23, 27, both scales; 32. teeth KM-C-6, mandibular fragments KM-C-7, scales; 9, teeth KM-D1-21, teeth KM-D2-30, teeth | Bony Fish | |
| Hybodus | sp. | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Hybodontid | reconstruction of Hybodus |
| Lepidotes | sp. | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Lepidotidae | reconstruction of Lepidotes |
| Lonchidion | L. (Lissodus) marocensis | Ksar Metlili | MCM108, isolated tooth | Lonchidiid | |
| Mawsoniidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A2-11, left postparietal shield | Coelacanth | |
| Osteoglossiformes | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-B'-89, teeth | Bony Fish | |
| Polyacrodus | sp. | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Polyacrodontid | |
| Ptychoceratodontidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-B'-56, teeth KM-A2-24, teeth KM-D1-20, teeth KM-D2-22, teeth KM-D2-22, tooth | Lungfish | |
| Pycnodontidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-58, teeth KM-A2-25, tooth KM-D1-23, teeth | Pycnodontiform | |
| Semionotidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Bony Fish | |
| ?Siluriformes/?Polypteriformes | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-40, fin spine KM-B'-57, fin spine KM-D1-19, fin spines | Bony Fish | |

### Amphibians

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
| Alytidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-B'-18, dorsal vertebrae | Toad | |
| Anoualerpeton | A. unicus | Ksar Metlili | Right premaxilla (Holotype) KM-B'-12-13, left dentary KM-A2-7, fused frontals KM-A2-31, dentary KM-D2-28, fragmentary dentary | Albanerpetontid | Holotype maxilla |
| Anura | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | MCM 70-72, 74-76, 88-92, 97-99 KM-B'-15, right ilium; 16, scapula; 17, dorsal vertebrae; 27, dorsal vertebrae of a hatchling or neotenic; 86, long bone fragments KM-A2-2, radioulna KM-A2-3, coracoid; 4, femur; 5, scapula; 29, long bones KM-D1-25, long bones | Frogs | |
| Aygroua | A. anoualensis | Ksar Metlili | MCM 183 - holotype (proximal part of right ilium) MCM 57, 61, 67-69, 77, 81-82, 85-86, 95-96, 208-210(ilia, premaxilla, maxillae, atlantes, sacral vertebra, presacral vertebrae, scapulae) | Frog | |
| Enneabatrachus | aff.sp. | Ksar Metlili | ACMC60, left illium | Discoglossid Frog | |
| Rubricacaecilia | R. monbaroni | Ksar Metlili | Nearly complete right pseudodentary, partial left pseudodentaries, partial right pseudangular, partial palatine, atlas, postcranial vertebrae | Stem-caecilian | Rubricacaecilia holotype |

### Lepidosaurs

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes |
| Lacertilia | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Lizard |
| Paramacellodus | P. marocensis | Ksar Metlili | MCM 116 (holotype), left dentary with 12 teeth MCM 117, fragment of right dentary MCM 118, fragment of left dentary with 3 teeth | Paramacellodidae Lizard |
| Paramacellodidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Lizard |
| Scincomorpha | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-7, left dentary (fragmentary) KM-B'-19, right dentary | Lizard |
| Squamata | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-5, dorsal vertebra KM-A1-6, humerus, 8, dorsal vertebra KM-B'-28, dorsal vertebrae; 29, jaw fragment; 90, 92, single teeth KM-A2-6, right dentary KM-A2-28, long bones KM-D1-5, dorsal vertebra KM-D1-26, vertebrae KM-D2-27, "diverse elements" | Lizard? |
| Sphenodontia | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | "Sphenodontian B", teeth; KM-B'-14, dorsal vertebra | Distinct from Tingitana |
| Tarratosaurus | T. anoualensis | Ksar Metlili | MNHN MCM 140; KM-B'-20, right dentary | Lizard |
| Tingitana | T. anoualae | Ksar Metlili | MCM 120, a mandible | Sphenodontid |

### Turtles

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes |
| Araripemydidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Isolated Plastrons | Pelomedusoide Turtle |
| Cryptodira | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Isolated Plastrons | Turtle |
| Pleurodira | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Isolated Plastrons | Turtle |
| Taquetochelys | sp. | Ksar Metlili | Isolated Plastrons | An Araripemydid turtle |
| Testudinata | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-18, osteoderms KM-A1-20 to 24, osteoderms KM-B'-39, 41, osteoderms KM-A2-14 osteoderms KM-D1-10, osteoderms KM-D2-13, osteoderms Mo-GR.23-002, bone fragment | Turtle |

### Choristoderes

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
| Choristodera | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-19, dorsal vertebra KM-D1-18, vertebrae KM-D2-23 and -26 KM-B'-49, dorsal vertebrae | Similar to Cteniogenys | |

### Crocodrylomorphs

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes |
| Atoposauridae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-B'-47, 48, A1-28, 29, 34, all teeth KM-A2-18, teeth KM-C-2, tooth KM-D1-17, teeth KM-D2-14, -15 and -18, teeth; -19, tooth | Crocodrylomorph |
| Goniopholididae/Pholidosauridae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Mo-GR.23-001, Postcranial elements & osteoderms Mo-GR.23-001, complete skull | Crocodrylomorph |
| Crocodylomorpha | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-B'-40, KM-A1-25, KM-A2-13, osteoderms KM-B'-45, mandibular fragment; 46, 52, 91, A1-26, 27, 30 to 33, 35 KM-A2-15 to 17, 20 all teeth KM-D1-7 and 8, both single teeth KM-D1-11, osteoderms; 12, dorsal vertebra; 13, scapula/coracoid; 14-16, all teeth KM-D2-12, osteoderms KM-D2-16, teeth; -20, tooth | Crocodrylomorph |
| Teleosauridae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-B'-51, teeth KM-B'-53, tooth KM-A1-53, tooth KM-A2-30, tooth KM-C-5, teeth KM-C-8, tooth KM-D2-29, teeth | Marine Crocodrylomorph |
| Theriosuchus | Cf.T. sp. | Ksar Metlili | KM-B'-42, premaxillary | An Atoposaurid |

### Pterosaurs

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes |
| Ctenochasmatidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Pterosaur |
| Pterosauria | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-38 to 39 KM-B'-54-55 KM-A2-21, teeth KM-D2-17 and -21, teeth Numerous robust teeth Abundant small teeth | Pterosaur |
| Rhamphorhynchidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Pterosaur |

### Dinosaurs

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes |
| Dromeosauridae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-10, tooth KM-B'-26, teeth KM-D1-6, tooth KM-D2-11, teeth | Coelurosaur |
| Maniraptoriformes | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | "morphotype II" MNHN SA 2004/5A "morphotype III"; MNHN SA 2004/4E KM-B'-22, tooth KM-A2-9, teeth KM-D2-8, teeth | Coelurosaur |
| Ornithischia | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | 3 teeth varieties of unknown taxonomic meaning KM-A2-8, tooth | Ornithischian |
| Theropoda | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-9, claw (pedal?) KM-A1-11, claws; 12 to 13, both teeth; 55, claw (pedal?), 56, claw (ungual?) KM-B'-21, claw; KM-B'-23-25, teeth; 94, claw (ungual?) MNHN SA mcm 167, 2004/2A, 2004/2D, 2004/2C, 2004/2E, 2004/2F, 2004/2G, 2004/3B, 2004/4A, 2004/5C, 2004/5D KM-A2-10, teeth KM-C-1, claw KM-D1-9, teeth KM-D2-9, claw KM-D2-10, teeth | Theropod |
| Velociraptorinae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | "morphotype II"; MNHN SA 2004/5B "morphotype III"; MNHN SA mcm 158 | Coelurosaur |

### Mammals

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
| Afriquiamus | A. nessovi | Ksar Metlili | SA 84 (holotype upper left molar) | Peramurid | |
| Atlasodon | A. monbaroni | Ksar Metlili | MNHN SA 27 (holotype right upper molar) | Theriiform | |
| Amazighodon | A. orbis | Ksar Metlili | MCM 618, left lower molar KM-B’-2, right lower molar | Donodontid | |
| Amphilestidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Amphilestid | |
| Anoualestes | A. incidens | Ksar Metlili | KM-B’-97, left lower molar MCM 620, left lower molar MCM 623, right lower molar KM-B’-1, right lower molar KM-A1-1, left lower molar | Donodontid | |
| Cynodontia? | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-B’-44, KM-B’-43, KM-B’-98, teeth crowns KM-?-1, almost complete ?lower tooth | Two morphotypes, non tritylodontid | |
| Denisodon | D. moroccensis | Ksar Metlili | Isolated m2 MNHN SA 97 | Hahnodontidae Haramiyidan | |
| Donodon | D. prescriptoris, D. minor, sp. | Ksar Metlili | MNHN SA 31 (holotype right upper molar) SA 1, SA 44; MCM 595, right upper molar KM-A1-2, left upper molar KM-B'-2, left lower molar; 11, right upper molar; 95, right upper molar KM-D2-5, left upper molar | Donodontid | |
| Dryolestidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-D2-4, left lower molar | Dryolestid | |
| Dryolestoidea | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-1, left lower molar KM-B'-1, left lower molar; 37, teeth; 96-97, single left lower molars | Dryolestoid | |
| Dyskritodon | D. amazighi | Ksar Metlili | MNHN SA 92 (holotype right lower molar) | Eutriconodontan | Dyskritodon holotype |
| Eutriconodonta | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-3, tooth KM-B'-3, 6, single lower molars; 8, 30, single teeth KM-A2-1, tooth KM-D2-1, tooth | Eutriconodontan | |
| Gobiconodon | G. palaios | Ksar Metlili | SA 107, a right upper molar SA Ill, a right ?upper molar (M2?) SA 119, a right upper molar SA 130, a left upper molar (M2?) SA 138, a right upper molar SA 141, a left upper molar SA 146, anterior third of a left upper molar SA 153, anterior two-thirds of a left upper molar SA 80, a worn right upper molariform SA 93, a partial left ?upper premolar SA 129, a partial right ?upper premolar | Eutriconodontan | Gobiconodon |
| Hahnodon | H. taqueti | Ksar Metlili | left m2 | Hahnodontidae Haramiyidan | |
| Hahnodontidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Posterior upper premolar; Lower incisor | Hahnodontidae Haramiyidan | |
| Hypomylos | H. phelizoni, H. micros; sp. | Ksar Metlili | SA 82 (right lower molar), 83 (right lower tooth), 45 (right incomplete trigonid) SA 76 (small lower right molar; holotype) MNHN SA 54, lower right molar KM-B'-4, left lower molar; 9-10, single right lower molars | Tribosphenidan | |
| Ichthyoconodon | I. jaworowskorum | Ksar Metlili | MNHN SA 46 (holotype) SA 78 (right lower molars) | Volaticothere | Ichthyoconodon holotype |
| Kryptotherium | K. polysphenos | Ksar Metlili | SA 22, a right lower molar Sa 69, a right lower molar SA 70, a right lower molar SA 101, a left lower molar SA 34, anterior part of a left lower ?premolar | Eutriconodonta | |
| Mammalia | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-A1-16, incisor tooth KM-A1-17, left dentary KM-A1-36, mandibular fragments, -37, phalanx KM-B'-31-32, both single incisor teeth; 33-34, left dentary; 35, dentary; 38, right dentary; 50, mandibular fragment KM-A2-19, mandible KM-A2-12, left dentary KM-D1-1, tooth KM-D1-2, canine; 3, incisor teeth KM-D2-2, right dentary KM-D2-3, left dentary KM-D2-7, dentaries (fragments) | Mammal | |
| Microderson | M. laaroussii | Ksar Metlili | MNHN SA 40 (holotype upper right molar) | Mammal | |
| Minimus | M. richardfoxi | Ksar Metlili | SA 122 (holotype left lower molar), 10 (right lower molar), 64 (left lower molar) | Zatherian | |
| Peramuridae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Peramurid | |
| Peramus | sp. | Ksar Metlili | SA 37 (small tooth) | Peramurid | |
| Stylodens | S. amerrukensis | Ksar Metlili | MCM 578, right upper molar | Donodontid | |
| Symmetrodonta | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | KM-B'-36, teeth; | Mammal | |
| Thereuodon | T. dahmani | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Thereuodontid Symmetrodont | |
| Tribotheria | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | SA 55 (left trigonid), 4 (upper left labial tooth fragment) | Tribosphenidan | |
| Tribotherium | T. africanum | Ksar Metlili | MNHN SA 39 (holotype partial right upper molar) SA 72, 56 (teeth), 71, 56 (tooth fragments) KM-B'-5, right upper molar | Tribosphenidan | |
| Triconodontidae | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Triconodontid | |
| Zatheria | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Teeth | Cladotherian | |

### Plants

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
| Coniferophyta | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Branched Shoots | Conifer | |
| Phlebopteris/Piazopteris | Indeterminate | Ksar Metlili | Fronds | A Matoniaceae fern | Phlebopteris |
| Ruffordia? | R?. sp. | Ksar Metlili | Fronds | A Schizaeaceae fern | |