OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Isopregnanolone

Isopregnanolone, also known as isoallopregnanolone and epiallopregnanolone, as well as sepranolone (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name), and as 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one or 3β,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone (3β,5α-THP), is an endogenous neurosteroid and a natural 3β-epimer of allopregnanolone. It has been reported to act as a subunit-selective negative allosteric modulator of the GABA$_A$ receptor, and antagonizes in animals and humans some but not all of the GABA$_A$ receptor-mediated effects of allopregnanolone, such as anesthesia, sedation, and reduced saccadic eye movements, but not learning impairment. Isopregnanolone has no hormonal effects and appears to have no effect on the GABA$_A$ receptor by itself; it selectively antagonizes allopregnanolone and does not affect the effects of other types of GABA$_A$ receptor positive allosteric modulators such as benzodiazepines or barbiturates.
Isopregnanolone is synthesized from progesterone in the body by the actions of the enzymes 5α-reductase and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (with 5α-dihydroprogesterone as the intermediate in this two-step transformation) and can be reversibly metabolized into allopregnanolone by the enzyme 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Levels of isopregnanolone, progesterone, and allopregnanolone are highly correlated across the menstrual cycle and throughout pregnancy. The concentrations of isopregnanolone are significantly less than those of progesterone and allopregnanolone; about half of those of allopregnanolone, to be precise. Isopregnanolone has a relatively long serum elimination half-life of 14 hours in humans.
Isopregnanolone (developmental code name UC-1010) is under development for the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. As of 2017, it is in phase II clinical trials for this indication.
# Peking gecko

The Peking gecko (Gekko swinhonis) is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to China.

## Etymology

The specific name, swinhonis, is in honor of English naturalist Robert Swinhoe.

## Geographic range

G. swinhonis occurs in northern China, north of the Yangtze River. But they had also been introduced to Incheon, South Korea via ships.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitats of G. swinhonis are arid and moist grasslands and plains.

## Reproduction

G. swinhonis is oviparous.

## Taxonomy

The species G. swinhonis was first described by British herpetologist Albert Günther in 1864.

## Conservation status

G. swinhonis has been assessed as "Vulnerable" due to an inferred 30% population decline over the last three generations due to harvest levels. This species has a relatively wide distribution but it is exploited for traditional medicine and is impacted by habitat loss and degradation.
# Alphonse Castex

Alphonse Castex (6 January 1899 – 16 December 1969) was a French rugby union player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the French team.
# Flag of Jordan

The flag of Jordan, officially adopted on 16 April 1928, is based on the 1916 flag of the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The flag consists of horizontal black, white, and green bands that are connected by a red chevron. The colors are the pan-Arab colors, representing the Abbasid (black band), Umayyad (white band), and Fatimid or Rashidun caliphates (green band). The red chevron represents the Hashemite dynasty, and the Arab Revolt.

## Features

In addition to the bands and chevron, a white star with seven points is featured on the hoist side of the red chevron. The star stands for the unity of the Arab people; its seven points refer to the seven verses of Al-Fatiha.

### History

* First flag (1921–1928)
* Second flag (1928–1939)

### Interpretation of the colors

| Scheme | Textile colour |
| Red | The Hashemite dynasty, bloody struggle for freedom |
| White | The Umayyad Caliphate, bright and peaceful future |
| Green | The Fatimid Caliphate or Rashidun Caliphate |
| Black | The Abbasid Caliphate |

### Colours scheme

| | Red | White | Green | Black |
| RGB | 206/17/38 | 255/255/255 | 0/122/61 | 0/0/0 |
| Hexadecimal | #ce1126 | #FFFFFF | #007a3d | #000000 |
| CMYK | 0/92/82/19 | 0/0/0/0 | 100/0/50/52 | 0/0/0/100 |

### Construction sheet

* Flag construction sheet
Notice that, given the proportions of height and width of the red chevron, its sides are coincident with the diagonals of the flag.

## Historical flags

* Flag of the Tanukhid Confederation (196 AD–c. 1100 AD)
* Banner of the Ghassanid Kingdom (220–638)
* Flag under Arab administration (1918–1920)
* Flag of the Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920)
* Flag of the Emirate of Transjordan (1921–1928)
* Flag of the Emirate of Transjordan (1928–1939)
* Flag of the Hashemite Arab Federation (1958)

## Military flags

* Flag of the Royal Jordanian Army
* Ensign of the Royal Jordanian Navy
* Ensign of the Royal Jordanian Air Force
# Cnemidochroma ohausi

Cnemidochroma ohausi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Schmidt in 1924. It is known from southeastern Brazil.
# Samuel Badger Monument

The Samuel Badger Monument is one of the most distinctive examples of funerary art in the United States state of Maine. Located in a small private cemetery in Kittery, it depicts the locally important shipbuilding magnate Samuel Badger (1794-1857). The monument was designed by David M. French of Newmarket, New Hampshire, and was completed in 1858. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

## Description and history

The Samuel Badger Monument is located in a small private cemetery in a residential area of Kittery Foreside, a village of Kittery on the banks of the Piscataqua River, not far from Badger's Island. The cemetery has a small number of graves, which all appear to be related to Samuel Badger and his immediate family, many of whom predeceased him. The cemetery is surrounded by houses, and is not readily accessible to the public. The monument is a stepped rectangular granite shaft, set on a granite foundation. In a niche on one side with a curved ceiling stands a marble bust of Badger. The tier at the base of the shaft has the Badger name in raised letters, and the next tier depicts a 19th-century sailing ship. The shaft is topped by a low gabled pediment with a star at its center. The bust of Badger was designed by David M. French of Newmarket, New Hampshire, and was installed in 1858. The circumstances of its commissioning are not known.
Samuel Badger was one of the major shipbuilders on the Piscataqua River in the mid-19th century. He was the nephew of William Badger, a shipbuilder for whom Badger's Island is named. He served for many years under his uncle at his shipyard, and took over that business upon the elder Badger's death in 1830. From then until his own death in 1857, the Badger shipyard produced 45 packet ships.
# Donald Bloxham

Donald Bloxham FRHistS is a Professor of Modern History, specialising in genocide, war crimes and other mass atrocities studies. He is the editor of the Journal of Holocaust Education.
He completed his undergraduate studies at Keele and postgraduate studies at Southampton, where he received a PhD in history. He worked as Research Director of the London-based Holocaust Educational Trust. He is Richard Pares Professor of European History at the University of Edinburgh, having previously been lecturer of Twentieth Century History at the university.
From 2007 to 2008, he was J.B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Senior Scholar-in-Residence at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

## Awards

* 2006 Philip Leverhulme Prize
* 2007 Edinburgh University Chancellor's Award
* 2007 Raphael Lemkin Award by the International Association of Genocide Scholars

## Books

* Genocide on Trial: War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory (Oxford University Press, 2001)
* The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford University Press, 2005)
* The Holocaust: Critical Historical Approaches (Manchester University Press, 2005)
* Genocide, The World Wars, and the Unweaving of Europe: essays by Donald Bloxham (Vallentine, Mitchell and Co., 2008)
* The Final Solution: A Genocide (Oxford University Press, 2009)
* The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies (editor, with A. Dirk Moses) (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
* Political Violence in Europe's Long Twentieth Century (editor, with Robert Gerwarth) (Cambridge University Press, 2011)
* Why History? A History (Oxford University Press, 2020)
* History and Morality (Oxford University Press, 2020)
# Venera Chernyshova

Venera Mikhailovna Chernyshova (Russian: Венера Михайловна Чернышова; born 5 March 1954) is a former Soviet biathlete.
Chernyshova was a part of the Soviet biathlon team during the 1980s. In five World Championships for women from 1984 to 1988, Chernyshova won five gold medals with the Soviet relay team.
At the 1984 World Championships Chernyshova became the first female World Champion in the 10 km individual and the 5 km sprint. With the Soviet relay team she also won the first relay at the World Championships for women. Chernyshova also won individual medals at the 1985 World Championships with a bronze in the sprint, at the 1987 World Championships with a silver in the sprint and at the 1988 World Championships with a bronze in the individual.

## Biathlon results

All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

### World Championships

10 medals (7 gold, 1 silver, 2 bronze)
| Event | Individual | Sprint | Relay |
| 1984 Chamonix | Gold | Gold | Gold |
| 1985 Egg am Etzel | 10th | Bronze | Gold |
| 1986 Falun | 6th | 4th | Gold |
| 1987 Lahti | 5th | Silver | Gold |
| 1988 Chamonix | Bronze | 6th | Gold |
    *During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
# Christophe Lamaison

Christophe "Titou" Lamaison (born 8 April 1971) is a former French rugby union footballer who represented France at international level, and Brive, Agen and Aviron Bayonnais at professional club level. He won 37 caps, and at the time of his retirement was the all-time leading points scorer for France, with 380 points, a mark surpassed in August 2015 by Frédéric Michalak. Lamaison played most of his rugby as a centre, and possessed reliable distribution and kicking skills, which made up for his only real weakness, a lack of pace. He could also play at fly-half. He made his international debut against South Africa on 30 November 1996 in Paris, and rose to prominence as a key member of France's Grand slam-winning sides of 1997 and 1998. His goalkicking ability also helped Brive win the Heineken Cup in 1997 and reach the final in 1998.
Lamaison's finest hour came at the 1999 Rugby World Cup in the semifinal against New Zealand at Twickenham. Selected at fly-half for the match, Lamaison scored a full house of points and set up several tries. He scored the first try of the game, but New Zealand hit back, with Jonah Lomu scoring two tries, to lead 24–10 in the second half. Then Lamaison kicked two drop goals and two penalties, bringing the score back to 24–22. In 13 minutes of rugby, the French scored 26 unanswered points and won 43–31 in one of the biggest upsets in Rugby World Cup history.
In 2000, Lamaison almost repeated his semifinal performance against New Zealand, scoring 27 points in a 42–33 victory. In 2004, he stopped his professional rugby union career despite lucrative offers from the English side Saracens and played for Saint-Médard-en-Jalles in the Fédérale 2. He retired from all rugby in 2006.
# Ruby (2012 TV series)

Ruby is an Arab dramatic series and a remake of the 2004 Mexican version produced by Televisa and written by Yolanda Vargas Dulche. It was produced in 2012 and aired on MBC1 and Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation.

## Plot

Ruby is a young, ambitious Lebanese woman who falls in love with a Syrian doctor but marries his Egyptian friend who is also her friend's fiancé. Ruby left her Syrian boyfriend simply because his Egyptian friend was a millionaire, and she fell for his money. Therefore, she breaks both her friend's heart and that of her lover. And then she undergoes the consequences of her mistake by committing a series other mistakes. When married to the millionaire, she makes his life miserable. At the end, he takes his revenge on her and makes her return poorer than she originally was.

## Cast

* Cyrine Abdelnour - Ruby
* Maxim Khalil - Omar
* Diamant Bou Abboud - Shereen
* Amir Karara - Tamer
* Takla Chamoun - Aliya
* Pierrette Katrib - Racha
* Janah Fakhoury - Em Abdo
* Nada Abou Farhat - Nagham
* Fady Ibrahim - Adib
* Chady Haddad - Achraf
* Khitam Ellaham - Wardeh
* Ezzat Abou Aouf - Riad
* Zaki Fatin Abdel Wahab - Fathi
* Hanane Youssef - Nabila
* Cynthia Khalifeh - Ghada
* Assaad Hattab - Karim
* Tarek Annich - Mazen
* Dina El Sherbiny - Sara
* Dori Al samarani - Samer
* Marinelle Sarkis - Em Omar
* Nicolas Mouawad - Fadi
* Nada Remy - Elissar
* Liza Debs - Maya
* Carla Boutros - Dalal
* Yusif Fawzi - Farouk
* Randa Kaady - Dounia
* Jihad Al Andari
# Red-spotted lizard

The red-spotted lizard (Mesalina rubropunctata) is a species of sand-dwelling lizard in the family Lacertidae. It occurs in Morocco, Western Sahara, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, and Sudan.
# Ondre Pipkins

Ondre Pipkins (born February 25, 1994) is a former American football defensive end. He played college football at Texas Tech. He signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2017.

## Early life

A native of Saginaw, Michigan, Pipkins grew up idolizing Saginaw High School players LaMarr Woodley, Charles Rogers, Roy Manning, and Anthony Roberson. His father, Al Pipkins, was an assistant coach at Saginaw. At the age of six, Pipkins moved to Atlanta, Georgia. He later returned to Michigan, spending his freshman high school season at Rochester Adams High School, before attending Park Hill High School in Kansas City, Missouri, for his remaining three years.
At Park Hill, Pipkins was an All-American defensive lineman. Regarded as a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Pipkins was listed as the third best defensive tackle in his class. In January 2012, he was rated by Rivals as 14th in its ranking of the Top 100 recruits in the country.

## College career

As a true freshman in 2012, Pipkins appeared in 12 games as a reserve defensive tackle. He made his career debut against Alabama, which featured All-American interior linemen Barrett Jones and Chance Warmack, registering one tackle.
Pipkins arrived in camp for the 2013 season, he had lost more than 30 pounds from 347 pounds as a freshman to 315 pounds in August 2013. Pipkins said he was in the best shape of his life. Through the first two games of the 2013 season, Pipkins registered two tackles before tearing his ACL and sitting out the rest of the season. In 2015, Pipkins, citing pressure to medically retire at Michigan, transferred to continue his career at Texas Tech.

## Professional career

Pipkins signed with the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent on May 4, 2017. He was waived on September 2, 2017, but later re-signed to the team's practice squad on October 19, 2017.
Pipkins signed a reserve/future contract with the Redskins on January 1, 2018. On September 1, 2018, he was waived for final roster cuts before the start of the 2018 season. He then signed with the Arizona Hotshots for the 2019 season, but was waived during final roster cuts on January 30, 2019. He signed with the Quad City Steamwheelers of the Indoor Football League on October 13, 2019.
# Marinucci

Marinucci is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Angela Marinucci, one of the six criminals jailed for the murder of Jennifer Daugherty
* Carla Marinucci, American political reporter
* Chris Marinucci (born 1971), American ice hockey player
# Flying Fish Cove

Flying Fish Cove (Chinese: 飛魚灣, Malay: Pantai Ikan Terbang) is the capital city and main settlement of Christmas Island. Although it was originally named after the British survey-ship Flying-Fish, many maps simply label it "The Settlement". It was the first British settlement on the island, established in 1888.
About a third of the territory's total population of 1,600 lives in Flying Fish Cove, which lies near the north-eastern tip of the island. There is a small harbour which serves tourists with yachts. It is possible to carry out recreational diving at the settlement's beach.
The settlement contains 3 villages apart from itself - Drumsite, Silver City and Poon Saan which are commonly listed as separate locations.

## Heritage

The settlement is listed on the Australian Commonwealth Heritage List, citing the following aspects of significance:
    The buildings that make up the residential precinct are of architectural significance, relatively intact and display considerable unity in a style derived from the British experience in Singapore/Malaya. This unity combines with consistent garden planting and ornamentation and the linear nexus of Gaze Road to create a strong streetscape. The presence of semi-detached servants' quarters are also of historic importance and are indicative of the social and economic stratification which prevailed on the island during the colonial period. The residential area is also historically significant as a reminder of the phase of Christmas Island history when the island came under the control of the British Phosphate Commission and the mining industry and the supporting community, underwent substantial expansion. The Services precinct is of social and historic significance. It includes a number of early Chinese terraced houses as well as a range of structures representing each of the various phases of phosphate mining, including one of the oldest structures on the Island. It was also the Island's main meeting place where Asian workers and European staff came together through a common reliance on retail, health, recreational and other services. The precinct contains a number of buildings of special significance to the community and, along with the three cemeteries, strongly reflects the mixed racial origins of the Island.
The historic Malay Kampong precinct within the town, the Industrial and Administrative Group precinct overlooking the town and the Administrator's House 1.5 km east of the town are also listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List.
# Axelopran

Axelopran (INN, USAN) (developmental code name TD-1211) is a drug which is under development by Theravance Biopharma and licensed to Glycyx for all indications. It acts as a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist and also acts on κ-, and δ-opioid receptors, with similar affinity for the μ- and κ-opioid receptors and about an order of magnitude lower affinity for the δ-opioid receptor. Recent data suggests that μ-opioid antagonists have a direct effect on overall survival in patients with advanced cancer.
A μ-opioid agonist (e.g., morphine) have been shown to have multiple pro-tumor effects in vivo and in vitro, which can be blocked with μ-opioid antagonists including promoting angiogenesis, accelerating tumor cell proliferation, and modifying the response to chemotherapeutics. An extensive body of literature has shown diverse and profound immunosuppressive effects of μ-opioid activation in vivo and in vitro.
Recent data for axelopran in three different pre-clinical models of cancer shows that a μ-opioid antagonist isolates distinct effects of the endogenous opioid system on tumor growth and works in combination with checkpoint inhibitors. The study of axelopran in melanoma in a zebrafish embryo model with an immature immune system and no microbiome tested axelopran direct effects on tumor growth and metastasis. The study of breast cancer in chicken eggs with a functional immune system and no microbiome tested the direct effect of axelopran on tumor weight, tumor immune infiltration, metastasis and angiogenesis. The study of axelopran in MC-38 syngeneic colorectal cancer in mice in combination with murine anti-PD-1 antibody tested the effect of a μ-opioid blockade on tumor volume and survival in a full in vivo model with both fully functional immune system and mature gut function and enteric microbiome.
All three pre-clinical studies showed a significant impact of axelopran on their respective endpoints, suggesting that μ-opioid blockade is useful across different tumor types and has multiple mechanisms of action, including direct suppression of tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis, and immune surveillance. Furthermore, axelopran and murine anti-PD-1 antibody were synergistic in slowing tumor growth and increasing survival in the syngeneic mouse model.
Axelopran has potent μ-opioid receptor antagonist activity on the gastrointestinal tract in vivo, and thus it produces a dose-dependent inhibition of opioid-induced delaying in gastric emptying in mice and rats following subcutaneous or oral administration.
# Caldanaerocella

Caldanaerocella is a bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae, with one known species (Caldanaerocella colombiensis).
# Countervalue

In nuclear strategy, countervalue is the targeting of an opponent's assets that are of value but not actually a military threat, such as cities and civilian populations. Counterforce is the targeting of an opponent's military forces and facilities. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., records the first use of the word in 1660 and the first use in the modern sense in 1965 in which it is described as a "euphemism for attacking cities".

## Theory

In warfare, particularly nuclear warfare, enemy targets can be divided into two general types: counterforce military targets and countervalue civilian targets. Those terms were not used during the Second World War bombing of civilian populations and other targets that were not directly military.
The rationale behind countervalue targeting is that if two sides have both achieved assured destruction capability, and the nuclear arsenals of both sides have the apparent ability to survive a wide range of counterforce attacks and carry out a second strike in response, the value diminishes in an all-out nuclear war of targeting the opponent's nuclear arsenal, and the value of targeting the opponent's cities and civilians increases. That line of reasoning, however, assumes that the opponent values its civilians over its military forces. One view argues that countervalue targeting upholds nuclear deterrence because both sides are more likely to believe in each other's no first use policy. The line of reasoning is that if an aggressor strikes first with nuclear weapons against an opponent's countervalue targets, such an attack, by definition, does not degrade its opponent's military capacity to retaliate. The opposing view counters that countervalue targeting is neither moral nor credible because, if an aggressor strikes first with nuclear weapons against only a limited number of a defender's counterforce military targets, the defender should not retaliate in this situation against the aggressor's civilian populace, as this would likely constitute a major escalation of such a conflict. However, another position is that because the aggressor starts the conflict, it should not be treated with a "gloves-on" approach (i.e., severity of retaliation should not be reduced deliberately to avoid escalation), which would give a further incentive to be an aggressor, or produce a presumptively weaker deterrent effect.

## International law

The intentional targeting of civilians with military force, such as nuclear weapons, is prohibited by international law. In particular, the Fourth Geneva Convention forbids attacks on certain types of civilian targets, and Protocol I states that civilian objects are not acceptable military targets. (Not all states are party to Protocol I.) Nonetheless, "proportional" collateral damage is allowed, which could justify attacks on military objectives in cities. Many strategic military facilities like bomber airfields were located near cities. Command and control centers were located in Moscow; Washington, DC; and other cities.