OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Madeleine Chapelle

Madame Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1782 – 27 July 1849), also known by her maiden name Madeleine Chapelle, was the first wife of Jean Auguste-Dominique Ingres, a French Neoclassical painter. Chapelle was the subject of a portrait painting and nine portrait drawings by Ingres and often served him as a figure model.

## Early life

Chapelle was born in Châlons-sur-Marne (now known as Châlons-en-Champagne) in 1782. She was the sixth and youngest child of the cabinetmaker Joseph-Mathieu-Lambert-Chapelle and Jeanne (née) Nicaise.
Chapelle had three brothers and two sisters, Marie and Sophie. Sophie married Pierre-Antoine Dubreuil, a musician, and settled in Guéret. When the couple's second child was born, Chapelle was sent for to look after the children. In Gueret, Chapelle worked as a cashier in a cafe and later ran her own linen shop.

## Marriage to Jean Auguste-Dominque Ingres

Chapelle was introduced to the artist, Jean Auguste-Dominque Ingres, by her cousin, Adele. Ingres sent a letter to Chapelle dated 7 August 1813. In it he described his physical and personality traits.
After further correspondence by letter, Chapelle travelled to Rome in September 1813 and the couple met for the first time at the Tomb of Nero. Chapelle and Ingres married on 4 December 1813 in the church of San Martino ai Monti. In letters sent to a friend, Ingres described their marriage as a happy one and expressed his devotion and adoration to his wife. Their only child was stillborn.

## Death

Chapelle took ill in May 1849 and died on 27 July 1849.
# Sony Xperia Go

The Sony Xperia Go, also known as ST27i, is a mid-range smartphone developed by Sony. The Xperia Go is IP67-certified, enabling water-resistance and dust-resistance (up to 1 meter for 30 minutes). It has a 3.5-inch HVGA capacitive display with multi-touch support and Sony Mobile Bravia engine. The phone is equipped with a 5 megapixel rear-facing camera capable of shooting up to HD videos and capturing high-resolution stills with autofocus and LED flash. The Xperia Go is powered by a ST-Ericsson NovaThor U8500 SoC with 1 GHz dual core CPU and Mali-400 MP1 GPU. It has 8 GB of internal storage (4 GB system-reserved + 4 GB usable) that can be further expandable up to 32 GB using microSD cards.
It ships with Android 2.3 Gingerbread, preloaded with an official OTA (Over The Air) upgrade to Android 4.0. It received Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean on 24 April 2013 after a 1 month delay by Sony.
The Sony Xperia Go has limited amount RAM available for running applications, so the system frequently needs to swap out data to disk.
# Mignon (1915 film)

Mignon is a 1915 American silent drama film directed by William Nigh with production supervised by Alexander E. Beyfuss. It is based on the 1866 opera Mignon that was from the 1795-96 novel Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

## Plot

The nobleman Lothario seduces Musette, the daughter of Giarno, the leader of the nearby Gypsy camp. When Musette learns that Lothario is married and has a baby, Mignon, she jumps off a cliff. For revenge, Giarno kidnaps Mignon. After Lothario's wife dies of grief, Lothario becomes a mad, wandering minstrel.
When Mignon is sixteen, the young nobleman Wilhelm Meister, seeing her mistreatment, buys Mignon from Giarno. Mignon falls in love with Wilhelm, but she believes that he loves the actress Filina. At a fete, Filina locks Mignon, whom Lothario has befriended, into her room. Filina traps Wilhelm into proposing, but as he announces their engagement, Lothario, acting on Mignon's earlier suggestions, sets the castle on fire. Wilhelm rescues Mignon, but because she still believes that he loves Filina, she leaves with Lothario. When an innkeeper recognizes Lothario and shows him a piece of the baby Mignon's belt, Lothario's memory returns. As Mignon has the other piece, she is revealed to be his daughter. Wilhelm finds them, and he and Mignon vow to marry.

## Cast

* Beatriz Michelena as Mignon
* Robert House Peters as Wilhelm Meister
* Clara Beyers as Filina
* Belle Bennett as Musette
* Ernest Joy as Laertes
* Emil Krushe as Giarno
* Andrew Robson as Lothario
* Baby Wallace as Mignon (as a child)
* Frank Hollins as Lothario's servant
* Mrs. Frank Hollins as Baby Mignon's nurse
* Harold B. Meade as Lothario's servant
* Demetrios Mitsoras as Innkeeper
* William Pike as Frederick
* Rollin Warwick as Baron Rosenberg

### Uncredited

* George Cheseboro
* Ted Edlin
# Charles Hackett

Charles Hackett (November 4, 1889 – January 1, 1942) sometimes referred to as Carlo Hackett, was an American lyric tenor.

## Biography

He was born on November 4, 1889, in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Hackett studied first at the New England Conservatory in Boston with Arthur J. Hubbard, and later with Vincenzo Lombardi in Florence. He made his stage debut in Genoa, as Wilhelm Meister in Mignon, in 1914.
He sang in Italy and South America, before making his debut at the Metropolitan Opera on January 31, 1919, as Almaviva. He appeared there for three seasons, also as Lindoro, Roméo, Il duca di Mantova, Alfredo, Rodolfo, Pinkerton, Wilhelm Meister, Cavaradossi, Don Ottavio, Vincent and Des Grieux. He also sang at the Lyric Opera of Chicago from 1923 until 1934. He returned to the Metropolitan on February 3, 1934, as Roméo, and performed there for another five years. Hackett made a number of recordings for Edison and Columbia, notably duets with Maria Barrientos and Rosa Ponselle, in which one can appreciate a singer with a fine technique and a certain elegance.
He died on New Year's Day, January 1, 1942, in Manhattan, New York City

## Sources

* The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1987) ISBN 0-671-61732-X
* Metropolitan Opera Database Archived 2018-08-12 at the Wayback Machine
# Pavel Kotraba

Pavel Kotraba (born 3 November 1970) is a Slovak biathlete. He competed in the men's sprint event at the 1994 Winter Olympics.
# Battle of Xicheng

The Battle of Xicheng was a military conflict between the Yehe Jurchens, their Ming allies, and the Later Jin. In the fall of 1619 Nurhaci invaded Xicheng, the home of the Yehe Jurchens. Nurhaci personally led the vanguard and took the east wall. After capturing the city the Yehe inhabitants were spared, but their Ming allies who had fought beside them were executed.
# The Power of Darkness (1909 film)

The Power of Darkness (Russian: Власть тьмы) is a 1909 Russian short silent art film. It is a film adaptation of the eponymous 1886 play by Leo Tolstoy, starring Pyotr Chardynin and Aleksandra Goncharova, and directed by Chardynin in his directorial debut.
Like most Russian films of the era, it is considered lost.

## Plot

Nikita is a Russian peasant working for a married couple with two children. The wife, Anisya, is dissastified in her marriage, and with the help of Nikita's mother, poisons her husband to death in order to be with Nikita instead. However, after they are married, Nikita spurns her for her daughter (and his step-daughter) Akulina. Akulina becomes bethrothed to a neighbor, but has also become pregnant by Nikita. After the baby is born in secret, Nikita murders it at the urging of both his wife and mother, but he is consumed by guilt over his sins. He confesses to the police on the day of Akulina's wedding, and is taken away.

## Cast

The cast for this film was recruited from Vvedensky People's House, a theater which staged the play in 1908.
* Pyotr Chardynin as Nikita
* Aleksandra Goncharova

## Production

During the early 20th century, the film market in the Russian Empire was largely controlled by foreign films, especially those produced by the French company Pathé. Their adaptation of Resurrection was the first film based on the works of Leo Tolstoy to play in Russian theaters, in October 1909. However, these foreign films met with local criticism for inaccurate portrayals of Russian life.
Film producer Aleksandr Khanzhonkov selected The Power of Darkness to begin a series of domestically-produced film adaptations of Tolstoy's works. Many of the personnel he selected for this production would remain fixtures of Khanzhonkov's company, including cinematographer Vladimir Siversen and several actors from the Vvedensky People's House troupe, including Pyotr Chardynin. This film also marked Chardynin's directorial debut, a role he continued to fill in Khanzhonkov's films for several years.
All of the Khanzhonkov Tolstoy films shared similar stylistic elements. They were intended for audiences already familiar with the adapted works, and presented only a selection of key scenes without any context or transitions. The intention was to illustrate the play in a manner similar to lubok literature, rather than present the entire play on film. For The Power of Darkness, seven scenes were filmed. These scenes occupied 365 meters of film, giving it a run-time of about twenty minutes, and making it the longest domestically produced Russian film at the time of its première on 14 November 1909.

## Reception and legacy

The Russian trade journal Cine-Phono [ru] gave the film a positive review. The film was also a financial success, with Khanzhonkov later writing that it was one of the three most successful of the 1909–10 film season.
Most Russian films of this era, including all of Khanzhonkov's Tolstoy adaptations, are believed lost.
# Richard Verreau

Richard Verreau, OC OQ (January 1, 1926 – July 6, 2005) was a French-Canadian operatic tenor, particularly associated with the French and Italian repertories.

## Biography

Born Richard Verreault, in Château-Richer, near Quebec City, he began singing as a child in church choir. He studied at the Laval University with Émile Larochelle. In 1949, on a Quebec government scholarship, he went to Paris and studied with Raoul Jobin. He made his debut at the Opéra de Lyon in 1951, where he sang the lead tenor roles in Lakmé, Manon, Mireille, and Les pêcheurs de perles.
In Europe, Verreau performed in Belgium, Italy, Austria, and even Russia (then the USSR). He made his debut at the Royal Opera House in London, as the Duke in Rigoletto and Iopas in Les Troyens in 1957, other roles there included: Alfredo in La traviata, Rodolfo in La bohème, Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly.
Back in North America, he appeared regularly with the Opera Guild of Montréal and the Théâtre lyrique de Nouvelle-France. He made his debut at the New York City Opera in 1956, as Wilhelm Meister in Mignon, followed by his debut at the Metropolitan Opera as Faust, in 1963. He appeared at the San Francisco Opera, as Roméo in Roméo et Juliette.
He also performed as soloist with the Montreal Symphony Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.
Verreau was praised for the velvety quality of his voice, and his warm tone, unfortunately, an unsuccessful throat surgery ended his career in 1977.
In 1998, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2000, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.

## Sources

* The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada, Cécile Huot.
# Hybomitra

Hybomitra is a genus of horse flies in the family Tabanidae. There are at least 240 described species in Hybomitra.
# Desmochloris

Desmochloris is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Chlorocystidaceae.
# Jibrin Ndajiwo

Jibrin Ndatsu Ndajiwo (29 March 1948 – 11 August 2020) was a teacher and jurist who served as Chief Judge of the Niger States from 1991 to retirement in 2013, he also held a chieftain title of Magajin Garin Nupe till deceased. He was succeeded by Fati Lami Abubakar as acting chief judge.

## Background

Ndajiwo was born in Doko town of Lavun, Niger State. He began his early education at hometown Doko primary school from 1956 to 1959 then he moved to Bida in 1960 to attend Ndayako Senior Primary School to 1962. He did his secondary from 1963 to 1969 at Government College Bida and in 1970 to 1973 he graduated from the Ahmadu Bello University. He also attended the Nigerian Law School from 1973 to 1974 and went to QMC University, London from 1979 to 1980. He did attend University of Lagos for Institute of Advanced Legal Studies in 1981.

## Career

He started as teacher in Women Teachers’ College, Minna in 1970 to 1973 where he was transferred to Area Court as an inspector, the State Counsel in 1974. He became acting Chief Magistrate in 1977 and moved to be Chief Magistrate in 1979. In 1980 he was appointed the Chief Registrar of the High Court, Minna then was in 1983 moved to Niger State Ministry of Justice as Solicitor General and Permanent Secretary to 1985. He was a member and Amiral Hajj for two terms. He became the Chief Justice of Niger State High Court, appointed in December 1991 to March 2013 serving for 22 years.
He also served as Chairman Niger State Hajj and Pilgrim commission from 2013 to deceased.
Positions held
Ndajiwo held various positions in the state and federal level which include:
* Chairman Judicial service commission of Niger State
* Secretary Ministry of Justice (1977) and States counsel (1977)
* Chief Registrar Niger state High Court (1980-1985)
* Chairman, Niger State Committee on Management of Education (1984)
* Chairman, Niger State Committee on Activities of Pilgrim Welfare Board (1984)
* Chairman Niger State Election Appeal Tribunal
* Member, Board of Governors Niger State College of Agriculture, Mokwa (1985)
* Member, Niger State Land Use & Allocation Committee (1985)
* Member, Niger State Prerogative Power of Mercy Committee (1982-1985)
* Member, Body of Benchers
* Member, International Bar Association Nigeria
* Chairman, Niger State Judicial Committee (1991)

## Personal life

He was married to Aishetu Aliyu Lemu in 1974 and had three sons, three daughters.
# Ab Qorqoru

Ab Qorqoru (Persian: اب قرقرو, also Romanized as Āb Qorqorū) is a village in Paskhan Rural District, in the Central District of Darab County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 36, in 8 families.
# Sony Ericsson Xperia pro

The Sony Ericsson Xperia pro is an Android smartphone from Sony Ericsson which was launched in October 2011. The Xperia Pro has a 3.7-inch (94 mm) capacitive touch-screen, slider keyboard, smart phone with mobile BRAVIA engine which optimises the picture and runs at a resolution of 854×480 pixels, a 1 GHz Snapdragon processor, an 8.1 mega-pixel camera, a dedicated Two-step camera key, USB host port, HDMI-out, 512 MB of onboard RAM, and an 8 GB microSD card (expandable up to 32 GB with Android 2.3; up to 256 GB with Android 4.04). The Sony Ericsson Xperia Pro is available in black, silver, or red.

## Overview

The Xperia Pro comes pre-installed with the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) operating system. As of June 2012, Sony Xperia Pro users can upgrade their phone through Sony Update to Android 4.0.4 (Ice Cream Sandwich).
A number of users have, after upgrading to Android 4.0.x Ice Cream Sandwich, encountered a problem with the QWERTY physical keyboard being changed to AZERTY format and vice versa. This issue has been resolved as of 1 September 2012.
It has one front-facing camera, one rear camera with flash, and a back-lit, sliding, qwerty keyboard – just like other Xperia pro variants.
The display features a Sony Mobile BRAVIA Engine which allows users to view pictures and video on the 3.7" Reality display.
It also features an Exmor R sensor that allows for the capture of high definition movies and stills in low lit areas, which can then be shown in HD on a TV via the HDMI connector.
Today The Xperia Pro can be used as a digital High End Musicplayer. It supports mp3, alac, flac, wav etc. Even flac 24/96 is supported. And of course it plays gapless.

## Reception

The Xperia Pro was first revealed on 13 February 2011, a day before MWC 2011, along with Xperia Play and Xperia Neo.
# Laven language

Laven is a Mon–Khmer dialect cluster of southern Laos. Laven is the exonym given by the Laotian government, while the autonym of many of those speakers is Jru'. Varieties are:
* Jru' (also spelled Jruq)
* Juk
* Su' (also spelled Suq)
Laven varieties are described in detail by Therapan L-Thongkum and Paul Sidwell (2003).
# Itamar Procaccia

Itamar Procaccia (Hebrew: איתמר פרוקצ'יה; born September 29, 1949, in Tel Aviv) is an Israeli physicist and chemist who has made contributions to areas in statistical physics, nonlinear dynamics, soft matter, and turbulence.
Procaccia studied chemistry at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem with and obtained a bachelor's degree in 1973 and obtained a doctorate in theoretical chemistry in 1976. From 1977 to 1979, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Since 1979 he has been at the Weizmann Institute, where he became a professor in 1985.
With Peter Grassberger, he introduced the correlation dimension as a measure of fractal dimension in 1983 (often referred to as the Grassberger–Procaccia algorithm).
He has held guest appointments at the City University of New York, the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Nordita, the Isaac Newton Institute, Rockefeller University, the École normale supérieure de Lyon, and the University of Chicago, among others.
He is a fellow of the American Physical Society, the Institute of Physics and a member of the Leopoldina and the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. In 2009 he received the Israel Prize for physics. In 2017 he received the EPS Statistical and Nonlinear Physics Prize.

## Selected publications

* Peter Grassberger, Itamar Procaccia Measuring the Strangeness of Strange Attractors, Physica D, 9, (1983), 189–208
* Peter Grassberger, Itamar Procaccia Characterization of strange attractors, Physical Review Letters, 50, (1983), 346–349
* Thomas C. Halsey, Mogens H. Jensen, Leo P. Kadanoff, Itamar Procaccia, and Boris I. Shraiman "Fractal measures and their singularities: The characterization of strange sets", Physics A, 33 1141 (1986)
# Ignaz Jastrow

Ignaz Jastrow (13 September 1856 in Nakel – 2 May 1937 in Berlin) was a German economist and historian.

## Biography

He was educated at the universities of Breslau, Berlin, and Göttingen. He became a university docent at Berlin in 1885 and was Leopold von Ranke's assistant in historical work. In 1904 he pursued industrial investigations in the United States, and in 1905 became professor of Administrative Science at Berlin. One daughter, Elisabeth Jastrow, was a classical archaeologist; the other Beate Jastrow Hahn, was an accomplished horticulturalist and author of 5 books. His granddaughter, Cornelia Oberlander was a highly respected landscape architect.

## Works

* Die Volkszahl deutscher Städte zu Ende des Mittelalters und zu Beginn der Neuzeit. Historische Untersuchungen ;Heft 1. R. Gaertner. 1886.
* Geschichte des deutschen Einheitstraumes und seiner Erfüllung (1884; fourth edition, 1891)
* Socialliberal (1893, second edition, 1894)
* Die Einrichtung von Arbeitsnachweisverbänden (second edition, 1900)
* Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Hohenstaufen (1879-1901), with George Winter
* Kaufmannsbildung und Hochschulbildung (1907)
* Bürgertum und Staatsverwaltung (1907)
* Handelshochschulen (1909)
* Gedächtnisrede auf Dunker (1911)
* Arbeiterschutz (1912)
* Geld und Kredit (1914)
He edited the Jahresberichte der Geschichtswissenschaft (1881–94); Sociale Praxis (1895–97); Das Gewerbegericht (1896 et seq.); and Der Arbeitsmarkt (1897 et seq.).
# Buffalo Creek (Deep River tributary)

Buffalo Creek is a 12.73 mi (20.49 km) long 3rd order tributary to the Deep River in Moore County, North Carolina.

## Course

Buffalo Creek rises in a pond about 0.5 miles northeast of Zion Grove, North Carolina in Moore County and then flows north to join the Deep River about 0.5 miles southeast of High Falls, North Carolina.

## Watershed

Buffalo Creek drains 21.80 square miles (56.5 km$^2$) of area, receives about 48.1 in/year of precipitation, and has a wetness index of 423.53 and is about 65% forested.
# PG 1159 star

A PG 1159 star, often also called a pre-degenerate, is a star with a hydrogen-deficient atmosphere that is in transition between being the central star of a planetary nebula and being a hot white dwarf. These stars are hot, with surface temperatures between 75,000 K and 200,000 K, and are characterized by atmospheres with little hydrogen and absorption lines for helium, carbon and oxygen. Their surface gravity is typically between 10$^4$ and 10$^6$ meters per second squared. Some PG 1159 stars are still fusing helium.$^{,§2.1.1,2.1.2,Table2.}$ The PG 1159 stars are named after their prototype, PG 1159-035. This star, found in the Palomar-Green survey of ultraviolet-excess stellar objects, was the first PG 1159 star discovered.
It is thought that the atmospheric composition of PG 1159 stars is odd because, after they have left the asymptotic giant branch, they have reignited helium fusion. As a result, a PG 1159 star's atmosphere is a mixture of material which was between the hydrogen- and helium-burning shells of its AGB star progenitor.$^{,§1.}$ They are believed to eventually lose mass, cool, and become DO white dwarfs.$^;$$^{,§4.}$
Some PG 1159 stars have varying luminosities. These stars vary slightly (5–10%) in brightness due to non-radial gravity wave pulsations within themselves. They vibrate in a number of modes simultaneously, with typical periods between 300 and 3,000 seconds.$^{,Table1.}$ The first known star of this type is also PG 1159-035, which was found to be variable in 1979, and was given the variable star designation GW Virginis in 1985. These stars are called GW Vir stars, after their prototype, or the class may be split into DOV and PNNV stars.$^{,§1.1;}$
# Joasaph II of Constantinople

Joasaph II of Constantinople, known as "the Magnificent" (Greek: Ἰωάσαφ ὁ Μεγαλοπρεπής; died after 1565), was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1556 to 1565.

## Life

Joasaph was born in Thrace. He studied in Ioannina and then in Nafplio, learning Arabic, Persian and Turkish. In 1535 he was consecrated bishop of Adrianople by Patriarch Jeremias I of Constantinople.
After the death of the Dionysius II of Constantinople, he was elected Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in July or August 1556. He was successful in reducing the appointment fee (peshtesh) due to the Ottoman Sultan to one thousand Écus.
Joasaph II promoted learning among the clergy, reformed the administration of the Church assets, and improved the finances reducing by half the debts of the Patriarchate. He also began a major enlargement of the Patriarchal palace. Due to these achievements, he was given the sobriquet the Magnificent (Greek: ὁ Μεγαλοπρεπής). In 1556 he established in Constantinople a Patriarchal School, the forerunner of the Great School of the Nation.
He showed interest in the Protestant Reformation, in particular Lutheranism, and in 1558 he sent to Wittenberg the Serbian deacon Dimitrije Ljubavić to collect information. In 1559 the Lutheran theologian Philip Melanchthon sent him a letter along with a Greek translation of the Augsburg Confession, but it didn't produce any effect. Some scholars suggest that Melanchthon's letter never reached Constantinople.
Joasaph II's expensive works, his haughty manner towards the clergy and his independent management of the finances created many opponents among the Greek community. The ultimate cause of his deposition was related to the request, in 1557, by Ivan the Terrible of Russia to have his title of Tsar formally confirmed. In place of summoning a synod to deliberate the issue, Joasaph II sent to Russia a counterfeit synodical document in order to collect the rich reward for himself. His deceit was discovered, and he was deposed by a synod of sixty bishops on 15 January 1565 and exiled to Mount Athos.
Some time later he was allowed by the Holy Synod to be reinstated in the Diocese of Adrianopolis, where he remained until his death.