OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chaqchan Mosque

The Chaqchan Mosque (Urdu: مسجد چقچن, lit. 'The Miraculous Mosque') is a Sufi Noorbakshia mosque, located in the city of Khaplu, in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of northern Pakistan. Dating from 1370, the mosque is one of the oldest in the region, and during the time when the area's populace converted en masse from Tibetan Buddhism to Islam. The mosque shares similar architecture as those built in the Kashmir Valley. It features a blend of Tibetan, Mughal and Persian styles of architecture.

## History

According to some sources the mosque was built by Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani while other say on the arrival of Sufi saint Syed Nurbakhsh from Kashmir to Baltistan, the local ruling Raja converted to Islam and commissioned the building of the mosque in 1370 CE. However, the dating of the latter theory contradicts historical sources which suggests that the mosque was probably constructed more than two decades before the birth of Syed Nurbakhsh.

## Conservation

The Government of Pakistan has listed the Chaqchan Mosque as a Pakistan Heritage Site. The mosque is now currently in use after extensive conservation works.

## Architecture

Architecturally, the mosque displays a blend of Tibetan, Mughal and Persian styles, and consists of a two-story cubic complex: Semi-basement, ground floor with a turret atop. The perimetral walls of the cubic structure are composed of wooden slabs stacked to form a frame with its void spaces daubed with clay or mud that is in fact this technology is similar to the Roman opus craticum technique. This method of construction is one of the oldest known for making a weatherproof structures and it is also suitable for harsh winter conditions.

### Gallery

* The mosque's interior with extensive woodwork
* View over the valley from the mosque
* Chaqchan Mosque's Arches
* The mosque's exterior
* Chaqchan Mosque around 1st decade of 19 century
* The mosque's decorated mihrab
* Portion of the decorated ceiling
* Almost all surfaces of the mosque's interior, including its ceiling, are decorated
* Interior decorations make use of vibrant colours
# Washington Avenue Armory

The Washington Avenue Armory, officially known as the Washington Avenue Armory Sports and Convention Arena and listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Washington Avenue (Tenth Battalion) Armory, is now a multi-purpose arena on the corner of Washington Avenue and Lark Street in downtown Albany, New York. The Armory has a capacity of 4,300 for concerts and conventions and 3,600 for sports events.

## History

The Armory was built in 1890 for the Tenth Battalion of the New York National Guard, designed by state architect Isaac Perry. Since the earliest years of professional and collegiate basketball, several college and minor league basketball teams have played in the Armory, as there was no other suitable facility for basketball in the Albany area for many years. The Armory also hosts boxing matches. For many years in the 1960s and 1970s the armory hosted the WWF wrestling association owned by the McMahon family. The Friday night cards were always a sellout.
In 1956, the Armory hosted two regular season NBA games. The first was the Fort Wayne Pistons versus the Syracuse Nationals on December 4 and the Minneapolis Lakers versus the Rochester Royals on December 20. Both games failed to bring many fans, with the Lakers and Royals game only selling 1,500 seats.
Between 1982 and 1990, the Armory was home to the Albany Patroons of the Continental Basketball Association. After the Patroons moved to the then-new Knickerbocker Arena, the Armory fell into disuse and was the target of several reuse proposals including becoming the new home of the Albany Library System (whose main branch is next door to the Armory). The Armory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 2, 1995.
In 2004, Albany Basketball & Sports Corporation bought the Armory and the renovated facility opened in September 2005, later that year becoming the home for a reincarnated Patroons. In 2006, the CBA Patroons were joined by the former Pennsylvania ValleyDawgs of the USBL though their first home game as the USBL Patroons did not take place until 2007. It also became home to the New York Buzz of World TeamTennis prior to their 2008 season.
On December 15, 2007, the Armory had to cancel a concert of the rock band Brand New because the roof began to cave in.

## Facilities and management

The Armory has 38,000 square feet (3,500 m$^2$) of floor space, meeting facilities, and two video screens. Its website states that it will soon open an underground mall featuring stores and eateries.
Michael Corts is the Armory's general manager. Former Albany County Executive James Coyne served as general manager from 2005 to 2009. Jay Baron replaced Jim Coyne.
# Club Hípico de Santiago

Club Hípico de Santiago is a thoroughbred horse race track in Santiago, Chile.

## History

The Club Hípico de Santiago, opened in 1870, is Chile's oldest racetrack and home to South America's oldest stakes race, the Clásico El Ensayo. It is one of Chile's three main tracks, the others being Hipodromo Chile and Valparaiso Sporting Club.

## Physical attributes

Club Hípico features a wide right-handed turf course, approximately 2400 m (12 furlongs) long, and is landscaped with gardens, fountains and ponds.

## Concerts

Concerts at Club Hípico de Santiago :
| Date | Artist | Tour | Attendance |
| April 15, 2007 | Festival | Vive Latino | 30,079 |
| 9 March 2008 | Iron Maiden | Somewhere Back in Time World Tour | 65,000 |
| January 11, 2009 | Festival | La Cumbre Del Rock Chileno | — |
| May 20, 2009 | Jonas Brothers | Jonas Brothers World Tour 2009 | 33,376 |
| October 11, 2009 | Los Fabulosos Cadillacs | Satanico Pop Tour | 50,000 |
| October 15, 2009 | Depeche Mode | Tour of the Universe (tour) | 50,280 |
| January 26, 2010 | Metallica | World Magnetic Tour | 55,080 |
| October 9, 2010 | Linkin Park | A Thousand Suns World Tour | 45,000 |
| April 27, 2022 | Metallica | Metallica 2021–2022 Tour | 62,681 |

## Racing

Live racing takes place every Friday, every other Monday and on some Sundays. Racedays are extremely long by International standards, usually featuring around 18 races per card.

### 2007 Major Stakes Schedule

| Date | Race (Premio ...) | Distance | Age/Sex | Grade |
| Fri Feb 16 | Verano - Arturo Cousino | 2000 m | 3+ | G2 |
| Fri May 4 | Carlos Campino | 1800 m | 3+ | G2 |
| Sun May 20 | Club Hípico de Santiago - Falabella | 2000 m | 3+ | G1 |
| Fri Jun 22 | Alberto Vial Infante | 1600 m | 2M | G1 |
| Fri Jun 29 | Francisco Baeza | 2000 m | 3+ F&M | G2 |
| Fri Jun 29 | Arturo Lyon Pena | 1600 m | 2F | G1 |
| Fri Aug 10 | Criadores | 1600 m | 3M | G2 |
| Fri Aug 10 | Criadores - Dorana | 1600 m | 3F | G2 |
| Fri Aug 24 | Copa de Oro | 2000 m | 3+ | G2 |
| Fri Aug 31 | Polla de Potrillos | 1700 m | 3M | G1 |
| Fri Sep 7 | Polla de Potrancas | 1700 m | 3F | G1 |
| Fri Oct 5 | Nacional Ricardo Lyon | 2000 m | 3yo | G1 |
| Sun Nov 4 | El Ensayo | 2400 m | 3yo | G1 |
| Sun Dec 2 | Las Oaks | 2000 m | 3F | G1 |
| Mon Dec 10 | Velocidad | 1000 m | 3+ | G2 |
| Fri Dec 28 | Gran Clásico Coronación - Entel | 2000 m | 3+ | G2 |
# Giuseppe Castelli

Giuseppe Castelli (5 October 1907 – 19 December 1942) was an Italian athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres.

## Biography

He competed for Italy in the 1932 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, California, in the 4 x 100 metre relay where he won the bronze medal with his teammates Ruggero Maregatti, Gabriele Salviati and Edgardo Toetti. He was killed in action during World War II.

## Olympic results

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Performance | Notes |
| 1932 | Olympic Games | Los Angeles | 3rd | 4 × 100 m relay | 41.2 | |
# Alighiero Guglielmi

Alighiero Guglielmi (15 August 1912 - 1988) was an Italian racewalker.

## Biography

Guglielmi was one of the most celebrated Italian racewalkers of the 1940s. Several times winner of the grueling 100 km walk, one of the most famous competition of the racewalking at the time. He did not participate in the Olympic Games only due to World War II, because those of Tokyo 1940 were suppressed, while at the time of Helsinki 1952 he was close to retirement at the age of 40.

## National titles

Guglielmi won two titles at the national championships at individual senior level.
* Italian Athletics Championships
** 50 km walk: 1940, 1942
# Clark College (disambiguation)

Clark College is a community college in Vancouver, Washington, United States.
Clark College may also refer to:
* Clark Atlanta University, in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, which was formed in 1988 by the merger of Clark College and Atlanta University
* Clark State Community College, in Springfield, Ohio, United States
* Clark University, in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States
# Elena Romagnolo

Elena Romagnolo (born 5 October 1982 in Borgosesia) is an Italian steeplechaser, middle and long-distance runner. She is the national record holder in the 3000 metres steeplechase, but now competes mainly in the 5000 metres.

## Biography

She first established herself as a steeplechase runner, taking back-to-back national titles in 2006 and 2007. She represented her country in that event at the 2006 European Athletics Championships, the 2007 World Championships in Athletics and the 2008 Summer Olympics. At the latter event she ran an Italian record of 9:27.48 minutes in the heats and finished eleventh in the final. Her final global appearance in the steeplechase came at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, where she did not progress beyond the heats.
Romagnolo has been a frequent representative for Italy in cross country running, having competed at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2011. Her best finish came in 2010 in Bydgoszcz, where she placed 24th overall. She was tenth at the 2008 European Cross Country Championships. She participated at two editions of the Summer Olympics (2008, 2012), she has 22 caps in national team from 2006 to 2012.
Since 2009, she began to turn her attention to flat running rather than the steeplechase. She placed sixth in the 5000 metres final at the 2010 European Athletics Championships and was the silver medallist at the 2009 Mediterranean Games in Pescara (running a personal best of 15:13.19 minutes). Romagnolo did not perform well in the 2011 season but she showed a return to form at the Cinque Mulini in March 2012, where she was runner-up to Kenya's Priscah Jepleting. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she reached the final of the women's 5000 metres.

## National records

* 3000 metres steeplechase: 9:27:48 ( Beijing, 15 August 2008) - Current holder

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| 2006 | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 19th | 3000 m steeplechase | 9:52.38 |
| 2007 | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | 21st | 3000 m steeplechase | 9:52.38 |
| 2008 | Summer Olympics | Beijing, China | 11th | 3000 m steeplechase | 9:30.04 |
| 2009 | Mediterranean Games | Pescara, Italy | 2nd | 5000 m | 15:13.19 |
| 2009 | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 38th | 3000 m steeplechase | 9:56.61 |
| 2010 | European Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 5th | 5000 m | 15:14.40 |
| 2012 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 9th | 5000 m | 15:24.38 |
| 2012 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 8th | 10,000 m | 32:42.31 |
| 2012 | Summer Olympics | London, Great Britain | 15th | 5000 m | 15:39.69 |
| 2013 | Mediterranean Games | Mersin, Turkey | 3rd | 5000 m | 16:11.17 |

## National titles

She won 7 times the individual national championship.
* 3 wins in the 3000 metres steeplechase track (2005, 2007, 2007)
* 1 win in the 1500 metres (2009)
* 1 win in the 5000 metres (2008)
* 1 win in the cross country running (2010)
* 1 win in the 3000 metres indoor (2009)
# Kosowo, Świecie County

Kosowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świecie, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Świecie, 37 km (23 mi) north-east of Bydgoszcz, and 41 km (25 mi) north-west of Toruń.
# Clarke College

Clarke College may refer to:
* Clarke College, the former name of Clarke University, in Dubuque, Iowa, U.S.
* Clarke College, in 1992 merged into Mississippi College, in Clinton, Mississippi, U.S.
* William Clarke College, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
# Kowalewko, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Kowalewko is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kcynia, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Kcynia, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Nakło nad Notecią, and 39 km (24 mi) west of Bydgoszcz.
Kowalewko is the birthplace of Mieczysław Rakowski, the last First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party and former Prime Minister of Poland from 1988 to 1989.
# Kowalewko-Folwark

Kowalewko-Folwark is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kcynia, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
# Kozłowo, Świecie County

Kozłowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świecie, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) west of Świecie, 42 km (26 mi) north-east of Bydgoszcz, and 46 km (29 mi) north of Toruń.
# Kołuda Mała

Kołuda Mała is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Janikowo, within Inowrocław County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Janikowo, 13 km (8 mi) south-west of Inowrocław, 46 km (29 mi) south of Bydgoszcz, and 49 km (30 mi) south-west of Toruń.
# RAS-1

Richard Arthur Smith, known professionally as RAS-1, is a guitarist and singer known as a founder of Long Beach Shortbus, alongside Sublime bassist Eric Wilson, drummer Damien Ramirez, and Trey Pangborn. Smith was also one of the founding members of Long Beach Dub Allstars along with Eric Wilson and Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh.

## Biography

Smith was born in North Long Beach, California. He is the son of singer Dora Gail Smith, formerly of the all girl Long Beach jazz quartet Dream, and Union Pacific Railroad worker Richard Smith.
As a teenager, Smith was in a psychedelic rock band called The Griffin with his cousin J-Sun, later of the band Stonewing. Following this, he played guitar and sang with a reggae band called Jah Children, which played backyard parties in Long Beach and occasionally opened for Sublime. Smith was also a member of band All Day with Randy Bradbury of Pennywise and Paul McFadyen.
Along with other Skunk Records affiliates, Smith joined the Long Beach Dub Allstars in 1997. Their debut album, Right Back, was released on DreamWorks Records in 1999. Long Beach Dub Allstars second album Wonders of the World was released in 2001. However, the band broke up shortly after in 2002. Smith was not active in the band after they reunited in 2012. Smith and Eric Wilson went on to form Long Beach Shortbus. The band later split in October 2007.
On March 21, 2022, RAS-1 announced he was working on new music with Jungle Josh and Fat Mike of NOFX. In 2023, Smith released his self-titled solo EP Ras-1. The EP was released on Fat Mike's label Bottles To The Ground, an imprint of Fat Wreck Chords.
# German submarine U-17 (1935)

German submarine U-17 was a Type IIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine. It was built in Germaniawerft, Kiel, where it was laid down on 1 July 1935 and commissioned on 3 December 1935, under the command of Werner Fresdorf.

## Design

German Type IIB submarines were enlarged versions of the original Type IIs. U-17 had a displacement of 279 tonnes (275 long tons) when at the surface and 328 tonnes (323 long tons) while submerged. Officially, the standard tonnage was 250 long tons (254 t), however. The U-boat had a total length of 42.70 m (140 ft 1 in), a pressure hull length of 28.20 m (92 ft 6 in), a beam of 4.08 m (13 ft 5 in), a height of 8.60 m (28 ft 3 in), and a draught of 3.90 m (12 ft 10 in). The submarine was powered by two MWM RS 127 S four-stroke, six-cylinder diesel engines of 700 metric horsepower (510 kW; 690 shp) for cruising, two Siemens-Schuckert PG VV 322/36 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 460 metric horsepower (340 kW; 450 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 0.85 m (3 ft) propellers. (All the photos only show one propeller) The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 80–150 metres (260–490 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 35–42 nautical miles (65–78 km; 40–48 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 3,800 nautical miles (7,000 km; 4,400 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph). U-17 was fitted with three 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes at the bow, five torpedoes or up to twelve Type A torpedo mines, and a 2 cm (0.79 in) anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of twentyfive.

## Service history

Its career consisted of four patrols, all served while under the 1st U-boat Flotilla where it sank three ships for a total of 1,825 gross register tons (GRT). Later in the war it served under the 22nd U-boat Flotilla as a training boat, including Oberleutnant zur See Walter Sitek as an instructor. Sitek had previously avoided imprisonment after the disabling and sinking of U-581 by HMS Westcott in February 1942. He swam 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to Pico Island in the Azores, made his way through neutral Spain and returned to the Kriegsmarine to serve as an instructor on U-17, U-981, and U-3005.

## Fate

On 5 May 1945 U-17 was scuttled at Wilhelmshaven at the western entrance of the Raeder lock.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Name | Nationality | Tonnage (GRT) | Fate |
| 14 September 1939 | Hawarden Castle | United Kingdom | 210 | Sunk (mine) |
| 2 March 1940 | Rijnstroom | Netherlands | 695 | Sunk |
| 5 March 1940 | Grutto | Netherlands | 920 | Sunk |
# Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization

The Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, officially the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization, is the leader of the Executive Committee (EC) of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the executive body of the PLO, which was established in 1964. The Chairman represents the PLO and the Palestinian people before the international community, including the United Nations. The Chairman is chosen by the members of the PLO EC. Since 29 October 2004, Mahmoud Abbas has been the Chairman of the PLO EC.

## History

Yasser Arafat was appointed leader of the PLO on 4 February 1969 at the meeting of the Palestinian National Council (PNC) in Cairo. He continued to be PLO leader (sometimes called Chairman, sometimes President) for 35 years, until his death on 11 November 2004. Mahmoud Abbas was acting Chairman from 29 October 2004 to 11 November 2004, while Arafat was incapacitated, and was Chairman after that date.
On 22 August 2015, Mahmoud Abbas announced his resignation as a member and Chairman of the PLO Executive Committee. However, his resignation was conditional on the approval of the PNC, which was called for 15 September. Many Palestinians saw the move as just an attempt to replace some members in the Executive Committee, or to force a meeting of the PNC and remain in their jobs until the PNC decides whether to accept or to reject their resignations. The announcement was criticised by many Palestinian factions, as the PNC had not met for nearly 20 years, and had been postponed indefinitely. The Executive Committee members who announced their resignations were to continue to hold their positions until the PNC meets.

## List of chairmen (1964–present)

| No. | Portrait | Name (Kunya) (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Faction | Notes |
| No. | Portrait | Name (Kunya) (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Faction | Notes |
| 1 | | Ahmad Shukeiri (1908–1980) | 28 May 1964 | 24 December 1967 | 3 years, 210 days | — | |
| 2 | | Yahya Hammuda (1908–2006) | 24 December 1967 | 3 February 1969 | 1 year, 41 days | — | |
| 3 | | Yasser Arafat (Abu Amar) (1929–2004) | 4 February 1969 | 11 November 2004 (died in office) | 35 years, 281 days | Fatah | In exile in Jordan (to April 1971), Lebanon (1971 – December 1982) and Tunisia (December 1982 – May 1994). |
| 4 | | Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen) (born 1935) | 29 October 2004 | Incumbent | 20 years, 100 days | Fatah | Acting on behalf of Yasser Arafat to 11 November 2004. |
# Steve Nelson

Steve Nelson may refer to:
* Steve Nelson (activist) (1903–1993), Communist Party member, Spanish Civil War veteran and U.S. Supreme Court litigant
* Steve Nelson (songwriter) (1907–1981), radio producer and singer, co-writer of "Frosty the Snowman"
* Steve Nelson (American football) (born 1951), New England Patriots football player
* Steve Nelson (vibraphonist) (born 1954), American musician
* Steven Nelson (art historian) (born 1962), American art historian
* Stephen L. Nelson (born 1959), American author of computer books
* Stephen Nelson (sportscaster) (born 1989), American television personality and play-by-play commentator
* Steven Nelson (born 1993), American football player
* Steven Lawayne Nelson (1987–2025), American executed murderer
* Steven Sharp Nelson (born 1977), American cellist and songwriter
# Bush hid the facts

"Bush hid the facts" is a common name for a bug present in Microsoft Windows which causes text encoded in ASCII to be interpreted as if it were UTF-16LE, resulting in garbled text. When the string "Bush hid the facts", without quotes, was put in a new Notepad document and saved, closed, and reopened, the nonsensical sequence of the Chinese characters "畂桳栠摩琠敨映捡獴" would appear instead.
While "Bush hid the facts" is the sentence most commonly presented to induce the error, the bug can be triggered by other strings, for example "hhhh hhh hhh hhhhh" or "this app can break", and (even "a " or "z!".)
The bug occurs when the string is passed to the Win32 charset detection function IsTextUnicode. IsTextUnicode guesses it is Unicode if the "hi byte" (the odd indexes) changes three times less than the "low byte", if so it returns true, and the application then incorrectly interprets the text as UTF-16LE.
The bug had existed since IsTextUnicode was introduced with Windows NT 3.5 in 1994, but was not discovered until early 2004. Many text editors and tools exhibit this behavior on Windows because they use IsTextUnicode to determine the encoding of text files. As of Windows Vista, Notepad has been modified to use a different detection algorithm that does not exhibit the bug, but IsTextUnicode remains unchanged in the operating system, so any other tools that use the function are still affected.

## Workarounds

Several workarounds exist for this bug:
* Add a character so the string is an odd number of bytes long.
* Save the file as "UTF-8" (before 2018) or "UTF-8 with BOM" (after 2018) rather than "ANSI". This prepends a UTF-8 byte order mark which avoids the bug. UTF-8 without the byte order mark would still trigger the bug, as it is identical to the "ANSI" file.
* Saving as "Unicode", which in Microsoft Windows means UTF-16LE. When loading this text IsTextUnicode should (and does) return true and the text is correct.
* To retrieve the original text using Notepad, bring up the "Open a file" dialog box, select the file, select "ANSI" or "UTF-8" in the "Encoding" list box, and click Open. Under Windows 2000, Notepad lacks the "Encoding" list box. WordPad appears to load the text correctly without choosing the encoding, since it uses its own encoding detection.