# Macro-Mayan languages

Macro-Mayan is a proposal linking the clearly established Mayan family with neighboring families that show similarities to Mayan. The term was apparently coined by McQuown (1942), but suggestions for historical relationships relevant to this hypothesis can be traced back to the Squier (1861), who offered comparisons between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean languages, and Radin (1916, 1919, 1924), who did the same for Mixe-Zoquean, Huave, and Mayan.

## History of proposals

McQuown (1942, 1956) defined Macro-Mayan as the hypothetical ancestor of Mayan, Mije-Sokean, and Totonacan, further promoting the hypothesis. However, his hypothesis relied on the presence of "a glottalized series" of consonants in both Mayan and Totonakan. Such a trait could have potentially spread through contact. McQuown also admitted that “the relatively small number of coincidences in vocabulary indicates to us that this kinship is quite distant” (McQuown 1942:37-38).
The hypothesis was not elaborated until 1979 when Brown and Witkowski put forth a proposal with 62 cognate sets and supposed sound correspondences between the two families. They also published two articles proposing a "Mesoamerican Phylum" composed of Macro-Mayan and other language families of Mesoamerica. This proposal was examined closely by Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman who rejected the proposal because of serious flaws in the methodology that had been applied. They rejected almost all of the 62 cognates. First and foremost they found it important to identify all cases of linguistic diffusion before collecting possible cognates because diffusion has been widespread within the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area. The exchanges between Brown and Witkowski and Campbell and Kaufman took place in the journal American Anthropologist between 1978 and 1983.
In the late 1990s, Campbell (1997) expressed that he believed that Mayan would indeed some day prove to be related to Mixe–Zoquean and Totonacan, but that previous studies have not proven sufficient.
Nevertheless, since then, Brown et al. (2011) have presented arguments in favor of a Totozoquean, a common ancestor between Totonacan and Mixe-Zoquean. Moreover, Mora-Marín (2014, 2016) constitutes the most recent attempt to test the relationship between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean. He proposes the existence of regular sound correspondences among lexical and grammatical comparanda between the two. By transitivity, these two proposals would connect all three language families, rekindling the Macro-Mayan hypothesis as framed by McQuown.
According to Campbell (1997), previous efforts to link Huave to Mayan, Mixe-Zoquean, Totonacan, or for that matter, any other language or family, has proven unfruitful, and Huave "should thus be considered an isolate" (Campbell 1997:161).
Campbell (2024) considers the proposed connection between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean to be likely, but doubts that the greater Macro-Mayan hypothesis is valid.

## Related proposals

Stark (1972) proposed a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily linking Mayan with the Chimuan and Uru–Chipaya language families of South America.

## Vocabulary

Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items.

### Abbreviations

* CM = Proto-Central Mayan
* SM = Proto-Southern Mayan
* M = Proto-Totonacan reconstructions from MacKay & Trechsel (2018); other reconstructions are from Brown, Wichmann & Beck (2014)
    glossProto-MayanChitimachaProto-TotozoqueanProto-TotonacanProto-Mixe-ZoqueanProto-Huave head SM *joʔlkut*kuk-*ko-pɑk*-mála hair *wiʔkuh (hair, fur, feathers)*wɑ(ʔ)y*-ndɪ̀ca eye *Hatykani*-nìːka, *-nɪːko ear *xikinwaʔaš*akə*tɑːcɨk*-làːka nose *nhiiʔ*kʸin*hɨp(ɨ)*-síngi tooth *ʔeehʔiʔM *ta¢a-*tɨːc*-láːkɪ tongue *ʔaʔq’wenʔ*kAːtM *siimaq’aati*toːc*-nìwi mouth *tyiiʔšaʔ*kʸwehʔɬM *kiɬni*ʔɑw*-mbeye hand *q’ab’waši*məhʔkʸ; *ɬkʸəːʔM *maka- (prefix)*kɨʔ*-wísi foot *ʔaqansoʔ, soʔo*mɑŋ-kuy (P-Zoquean)*-lehe breast *ʔiimmiʔM *¢’ík’iiti*kuk-pɑk (P-Zoquean) meat CM *tiʔ.b’ejkipi*kʸiniː*kiníːt*sis(i)*-nìhi blood *kèheʔuybi*pIn*nɨʔpin*kèhe bone *b’aaqkaci*pak*lukuti*pɑk*-làːca person *winaqpanš*pǝn*hɑyɑ́(w), *pɨn*na-sɨ̀yɪ name *b’ih*nɨyi (P-Zoquean)*-natɪ dog CM *tz’iʔ*tɑkɑ*kɪsA; *patɪ fish *karmakš*ʔɑksɑ, *kɑkʔe louse *ʔuk’*skʸwaːtM *skaata*ʔɑːwɑt*mbáta tree *tyeeʔ*kʸƗCI*kuy*simi-sata leaf *xaqči·š*ʔɑy*(-)opo flower ša·mu*ša'ná (v.)*pɨhi(k)*mbáha water *Haʔkuʔ*nəhnq*škaːn*nɨːʔ*ewe fire *q’ahq’tep*Hikʸʔ ~ *Hukʸʔ*šqu*hukʔ-ut*(m)bìmbɨ stone SM *toonhnuš*čahʔM *čiwiš*cɑːʔ*kanga earth *ch’ohch’neyʔ*ti'ya't*nɑːs*ìtɨ salt *ʔaʔtz’aam*ma¢*kɑːnɑ*kɪnìkɨ road *b’eehmiš*tu:ʔ-ʔɑw*tɪ̀ːtɨ eat *waʔgušt-M *wahin-ya 'eats'*muks (~ una cosa tostada)*-tɪ die *kamnu·p-*ʔoːʔk (P-Mixean); *kɑʔ (P-Zoquean)*-ndewe I *ʔiin*ʔɨːci ~ *ʔɨc*sik-V you *ʔat*mwiš*miš (Proto-Oaxaca Mixean)*ikV