# 1st Council of the North-West Territories

The 1st Council of the North-West Territories, also known as the North-West Council in Canada, lasted from October 7, 1876, to 1888. It was created as a permanent replacement to the Temporary North-West Council which existed prior to 1876.
A 2nd Council of the North-West Territories was elected in 1888. It was replaced in 1891 by the 1st North-West Assembly when the quota of elected members was reached.
(A different 2nd Council of the Northwest Territories (1905-1951) was created in 1905, when the NWT lost most of its population, to differentiate the new one from the two legislative councils of the NWT that had existed 1876 to 1891.)

## Early history and development

The first members of the new council were appointed under the Northwest Territories Act and consisted of the Lieutenant Governor, appointed men and Stipendiary Magistrates. Elected representatives were added later and could join the council. If an area of 1,000 square miles (2,600 km$^2$) had 1000 people, an electoral district could be set up and a district member elected. This created a patchwork of represented and unrepresented areas, and there was no official or independent boundaries commission; all electoral law at the beginning was under the purview of the Lieutenant Governor.
Three electoral districts were created in 1881 and for an unknown reason writs were only issued in the district of Lorne, which returned the first elected member, Lawrence Clarke.
Electors participating in the Northwest Territories elections did not vote by secret ballot until the 1893 Whitewood by-election.

## Early sessions

When the first council formed under the new appointed government in 1876, the council consisted of the lieutenant governor who acted as the chairman (speaker), and two appointed members. Because a quorum could not be maintained, the council had to be adjourned if one member went to the washroom.

## Elections

Numerous elections took place during the period of 1876–1891 - 11 separate by-elections electing one or two members, 9 by-elections held on one day in September 1885 (1885 Northwest Territories election), and the 1888 North-West Territories general election.
The election of 1885 took place on September 15, 1885. The election saw 11 members in 9 new districts returned to the council, due to high rate of population growth in the North-west Territories at the time.
After the 1885 election, elected members became the majority in the council vis a vis the appointed members, although they had to fight to wrest control from the "colonial" officials. It became a full assembly.
The other elections, other than the 1888 general election, are not considered general elections, as there was no dissolution of the assembly - not all the members were up for election. However, after three years from an election, a district had to have another election - the seat was declared empty to be filled in an election.
For list of elected members please see below.

## By-election dates and summaries
### March 23, 1881 Lorne by-election #1

Election summary
| Candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | # of candidates | # | % |
| Elected candidates | 1 | 250 | 63.61% |
| Defeated candidates | 1 | 143 | 36.39% |
| Total | 2 | 393 | 100% |

### May 29, 1883 Edmonton by-election

Election summary -- Frank Oliver elected
| Candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | # of candidates | # | % |
| Elected candidates | 1 | 155 | 59.62% |
| Defeated candidates | 2 | 105 | 40.38% |
| Total | 3 | 260 | 100% |

### June 5, 1883 Lorne by-election

Election summary
| Candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | # of candidates | # | % |
| Elected candidates | 1 | 279 | 69.92% |
| Defeated candidates | 1 | 120 | 30.08% |
| Total | 2 | 399 | 100% |

### August 13, 1883 Moose Jaw, Regina, Qu'Appelle sub-election

Election summary
| Candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | # of candidates | # | % |
| Elected candidates | 3 | 517 | 72.82% |
| Defeated candidates | 5 | 193 | 27.18% |
| Total | 8 | 710 | 100% |

### August 31, 1883 Broadview by-election

Election summary
| Candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | # of candidates | # | % |
| Elected candidates | 1 | 91 | 55.83% |
| Defeated candidates | 1 | 72 | 44.17% |
| Total | 2 | 163 | 100% |

### June 28, 1884 Calgary by-election

Election summary - James Geddes elected
| Candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | # of candidates | # | % |
| Elected candidates | 1 | 100 | 53.19 |
| Defeated candidates | 1 | 88 | 46.81 |
| Total | 2 | 188 | |
(vote totals not recorded in Mardon and Mardon Alberta Election Results)

### June 28, 1884 Moose Mountain by-election

Election summary
| Candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | # of candidates | # | % |
| Elected candidates | 1 | 98 | 64.9 |
| Defeated candidates | 1 | 53 | 35.1 |
| Total | 2 | 151 | |
(1885 Northwest Territories election -- almost a dozen by-elections were held in September 1885)

### July 8, 1886 Moose Mountain by-election

Election summary
| Candidates | # of candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | Incumbent | New | # | % |
| Acclaimed candidates | 1 | - | - | - |
| Total | 1 | 1 | - | - |

### July 16, 1886 Calgary by-election

Source:
Each voter could cast up to two votes.
Election summary - Hugh St. Q. Cayley and John D. Lauder elected
| Candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | # of candidates | # | % |
| Elected candidates | 2 | 427 | 61.88% |
| Defeated candidates | 2 | 263 | 38.12% |
| Total | 4 | 690 | 100% |

### October 14, 1886 Qu'Appelle by-election

Election summary
| Candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | # of candidates | # | % |
| Elected candidates | 1 | 332 | 53.37% |
| Defeated candidates | 1 | 290 | 46.62% |
| Total | 2 | 622 | 100% |

### May 24, 1887 Qu'Appelle by-election

Election summary
| Candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | # of candidates | # | % |
| Elected candidates | 1 | 427 | 61.88% |
| Defeated candidates | 1 | 263 | 38.12% |
| Total | 2 | 690 | 100% |

### September 5, 1887 Macleod by-election

Election summary
| Candidates | # of candidates | Popular vote | Popular vote |
| Candidates | # of candidates | # | % |
| Elected candidates | 1 | 301 | 65.86% |
| Defeated candidates | 1 | 156 | 34.14% |
| Total | 2 | 457 (1888 North-West Territories general election) | 100% |

## Legislative session dates

* 1st Legislative Session, March 8, 1877, to March 22, 1877
* 2nd Legislative Session, July 10, 1878, to August 2, 1878
* 3rd Legislative Session, August 28, 1879, to September 22, 1879
* 4th Legislative Session, May 26, 1881, to June 11, 1881
* 5th Legislative Session, August 20, 1883, to October 4, 1883
* 6th Legislative Session, July 3, 1884, to August 16, 1884
* 7th Legislative Session, November 5, 1885, to December 18, 1885
* 8th Legislative Session, October 13, 1886, to November 19, 1886
* 9th Legislative Session, October 14, 1887, to November 19, 1887

## Elected members of the 1st Council of the Northwest Territories

For complete electoral history, see individual districts
| District | Member | Date elected | Date left office | Reason for leaving office |
| Broadview | John Claude Hamilton | August 31, 1883 | September 14, 1887 | Retirement? |
| Broadview | Charles Marshallsay | September 16, 1885 | November 5, 1887 | Death |
| Calgary | James Davidson Geddes | June 28, 1884 | 1886 | |
| Calgary | John D. Lauder | July 14, 1886 | June 30, 1888 | Retirement |
| Calgary | Hugh Cayley | July 14, 1886 | June 30, 1888 | Re-elected 1888 election |
| Edmonton | Frank Oliver | May 29, 1883 | September 15, 1885 | Defeated |
| Edmonton | Herbert Charles Wilson | September 15, 1885 | June 30, 1888 | Re-elected 1888 election |
| Lorne | Lawrence Clarke | March 23, 1881 | June 4, 1883 | Retirement |
| Lorne | Day Hort MacDowall | June 5, 1883 | September 14, 1885 | Retirement |
| Lorne | Owen Hughes | September 15, 1885 | June 30, 1888 | Retirement |
| Macleod | Richard Henry Boyle | September 15, 1885 | August, 1887 | Resignation |
| Macleod | Frederick Haultain | September 5, 1887 | June 30, 1888 | Re-elected 1888 election |
| Moose Jaw | James Hamilton Ross | August 13, 1883 | June 30, 1888 | Re-elected 1888 election |
| Moose Mountain | John Gillanders Turriff | June 29, 1884 | June 30, 1888 | Re-elected 1888 election |
| Moosomin | Spencer Bedford | September 15, 1885 | June 30, 1888 | Retirement |
| Qu'Appelle | Thomas Wesley Jackson | August 13, 1883 | September, 1886 | Resignation |
| Qu'Appelle | William Dell Perley | September 15, 1885 | February 22, 1887 | Elected in 1887 federal election |
| Qu'Appelle | Robert Crawford | October 14, 1886 | June 30, 1888 | Retirement |
| Qu'Appelle | William Sutherland | May 24, 1887 | June 30, 1888 | Re-elected 1888 election |
| Regina | William White | August 13, 1883 | August 12, 1885 | Retirement |
| Regina | David Jelly | September 15, 1885 | June 30, 1888 | Re-elected 1888 election |
| Regina | John Secord | September 15, 1885 | June 30, 1888 | Re-elected 1888 election |
| St. Albert | Samuel Cunningham | September 15, 1885 | June 30, 1888 | Defeated 1888 election |

## Appointed members of the 1st Council of the Northwest Territories

| Member | Date joined council | Date left office | Reason for leaving office |
| Matthew Ryan | January 1, 1876 | 1883 | Retirement? |
| Hugh Richardson | January 1, 1876 | June 30, 1888 | Re-appointed after the election of 1888 |
| James Macleod | January 1, 1876 | June 30, 1888 | Re-appointed after the election of 1888 |
| Pascal Breland | July 10, 1878 | June 30, 1888 | Lost appointment when Legislature dissolved |
| Acheson Gosford Irvine | August 20, 1883 | June 30, 1888 | Lost appointment when Legislature dissolved |
| Hayter Reed | August 20, 1883 | June 30, 1888 | Lost appointment when Legislature dissolved |
| Charles Rouleau | July 3, 1883 | June 30, 1888 | Re-appointed after the election of 1888 |
| Jeremiah Travis | 1885? | ? | ? |