# Interior of a Mosque

Interior of a Mosque was painted by Jean-Léon Gérôme, with painting beginning in 1890 and finishing by 1899. It is oil on canvas and measures 23 3/8 inches by 35 3/8 inches. This work of art is currently on view in the Memorial Art Gallery in Rochester, New York and belongs to the Hiram Sibley Collection. Hiram Sibley was a philanthropist and art collector in the 19th century, whose daughter, Emily Sibley, actually founded the Memorial Art Gallery. He donated his art collection to the MAG and it has remained ever since. Gérôme is a very well-known name associated with the beginnings of the Orientalist art movement. He is responsible for some of the most widely debated depictions of Orientalism in the context of art, which is loosely defined as depictions or imitations of Eastern culture without deep understanding or knowledge. These shallow understandings of Eastern culture were developed and defined alongside the industrialization of the Western World during the 19th century.

## Formal Analysis

This work is characterized by the figures who are all facing away from us. The setting they appear in is one we can understand to be a mosque from the title of the work. Because we know the setting of the work, we are led to understand that the figures are present in the space to worship and practice their religion. The forms, including both the physical space and the figures, are more life-like in the style of painting used. This also contributes to the smooth texture that the work appears to have. Similar to works like Diogenes and Prayer in the Desert, the curves are all extremely natural and give a more life-like feel.
The composition of the work features vertical and horizontal lines that create the interior and make the viewer feel like an observer in the mosque as well. The eye line of the viewer is at the same height as the other figures in the work, which also aides in drawing us in as viewers in the mosque. Some of the figures present in the work in are kneeling on the group in positions of prayer while others are standing. Some are more hunched over while some stand straight and tall. They are all in these varying positions and places which creates a sense depth and enhances the scale of the space. We cannot see their faces, so we cannot tell for sure what the genders of the figures are. All the figures are also wearing some sort of fabric on their heads. They do not drop onto their shoulders, which might mean that they are turbans. The actually structure of the mosque is characterized by lots of natural lighting that comes from a hole in the ceiling. It creates shadows on the ground below, cast by both the figures and the tall supports that connect to the ceiling. The light source coming from the ceiling helps to create a feeling of serenity and holiness as it fills the space in a softer way. The figures are much smaller compared to the surrounding space in order to convey the grandeur of the structure.
There are some patterns on the arches of the mosque, but nothing is colored unnaturally. The mosque is a combination of browns, tans and yellows. There is also a green gate that can be seen further back in the space. Because of some of the details that have already been described, this work does not really take on an overly dramatic form of expression. It is more easily described as having serene, calm and peaceful themes and undertones. This was one of many works that Gérôme created that expressed more Orientalist point of views. A work that can be compared to Interior of a Mosque that showcases blatant Orientalist thinking is The Snake Charmer. This work depicts a naked woman wrapped in a snake while being watched by others. The work also includes shimmering, intricate blue and silver tiles in the background that Edward Said describes to be along the lines of "Western Orientalists claiming to know and love better than decadent locals did".

## Short History of the Work

In 1852, Gérôme was commissioned by the government to create a large-scale Augustan allegory. This work was meant to impress Napoleon III at the 1855 World's Fair. Thus, in search of inspiration, he sets off to Eastern Europe. He travelled along the Danube through the Balkans to Constantinople while furiously sketching along the way. Although very brief, it was this trip that would spark a lifelong interest in the culture/society of the Middle East. In 1856, he organized a much longer trip to Egypt that lasted 8 months. Over the course of his remaining life, he would make another half dozen trips to Eastern Europe, spanning from the year of 1862 to 1880. In 1893, Gérôme is named as the honorary president of Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français. This group was formed to promote Orientalist painting and the travel of French artists such as Gérôme to the Middle and Far East.

## Orientalism: A Short Background

The geographic location where Orientalism was most notably present includes the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia and Central Asia. Orientalism became a term that meant the study and representation of the Eastern world and its culture by Western scholars, artists and writers. This led to depictions of Eastern cultures that were romanticized, exoticized or oversimplified. This was all a clear reflection of extreme Western bias. It is also important to remember that the term “orient” is extremely outdated as it represents colonial/Eurocentric attitudes. Orientalism was considered a branch of French Academic painting, which is where Gérôme was mostly present. Some other notable artists that were remembered as leading figures in the movement alongside Gérôme included Eugene Delacroix and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. In 1978, Edward Said wrote a book titled Orientalism, which provides some more context into why this movement was so harmful. Said argues that Western culture asserts superiority over Eastern culture. This, in turn, molds the Orient into a construct of the Western imagination. He states that France and England were the two main countries where the image of “the Orient” was restructured and refined. Said states, “to be an educated European is to be an Orientalist.”

## Jean Léon Gérôme: A Short Background

Jean Léon Gérôme first debuted as an artist in 1847. He was a French painter and sculptor and heavily associated with the academic art movement. Neoclassicism and Romanticism fusion could be used to describe his style of work, which emphasized historical, mythological and exotic scenes. He was appointed as a professor at École des beaux-art, a highly regarded French art institution that had a profound influence on Western art, in 1863. This led to him becoming one of the most influential art teachers of the nineteenth century. In 1865, he ascended to a seat in the Institut de France, which is a prestigious French institution established to advance arts, sciences and humanities. In 1898, he was nominated as a grand officier, a rare distinction among French artists. Gérôme’s work was met with critical hostility from famed art critics, including Theophile Gautier. Critics were highly judgmental of Gérôme’s representation of historical subjects as they tended to warp and distort source material to play up art to an audience. Gérôme preferred “superficial imitation” over “profound expression”. It is already worth mentioning that Gérôme is clearly very heavily associated with the idea of exoticizing his subjects.

## More on Colors: Connection to the Koran

The painting utilizes bright colors such as vivid greens, blues and reds within the clothing of the figures. In the Islamic religion, each of these colors do have a significance. Green is said to symbolize a paradise and is also associated with the Prophet Muhammed. It is cited in the Koran as having two different meanings. The first being that green is the color used to describe the clothing worn by believers in heaven as well as the color of the furniture. The second is lush and fruitful lands. It is a sacred color also connected to renewal and symbolizing life. Blue is considered a more protective color. It represents peace and tranquility, as well as spirituality and the heavens. An interesting thing to note is that a different academic journal writes that blue has a negative connotation and is actually associated with the eyes of sinners. This could be connected to the fact that Gérôme was actively participating in the notion of being Orientalist through art. He used colors in his work without a deeper understanding of what they represent in the Islamic culture. When it comes to red it is mentioned in the Koran only one time. It is described in the context of colors created by God and mountains. It is also representative of blood and war. It has both positive and negative connotations associated with it. Further analyzing, red is also connected to gender differentiation as some hues of red were prohibited for men to wear. Simply, red is meant to symbolize power and strength as well as love. The surrounding area that is the actual structure of the mosque is painted with browns, tans and yellows.