# Kaddish

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The Kaddish (Hebrew: קַדִּישׁ, 'holy' or 'sanctification'), also transliterated as Qaddish, is a hymn praising God that is recited during Jewish prayer services. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of God's name. In the liturgy, different versions of the Kaddish are functionally chanted or sung as separators of the different sections of the service.
The term Kaddish is often used to refer specifically to the Mourner's Kaddish, which is chanted as part of the mourning rituals in Judaism in all prayer services, as well as at funerals (other than at the gravesite) and memorials; for 11 Hebrew months after the death of a parent; and in some communities for 30 days after the death of a spouse, sibling, or child. A person is described as "saying Kaddish" if they are carrying out these rituals of mourning. Mourners recite Kaddish to show that despite the loss they still praise God.
Along with the Shema Yisrael and the Amidah, the Kaddish is one of the most important and central elements in the Jewish liturgy. Kaddish is traditionally only recited with a minyan - a quorum of ten adult Jews.

## Variant forms

The various versions of the Kaddish are as follows. Each one generally has a descriptive name and an alternative name which points to a word which appears in that version of Kaddish.
* Chatzi Kaddish (חֲצִי קַדִּישׁ 'Half Kaddish'), Kaddish L'eila (קַדִּישׁ לְעֵלָּא), or Reader's Kaddish. This is used as a divider to punctuate between different sections of prayer, such as between Pesukei dezimra and the Barechu in the morning prayer, and before the Amidah in the afternoon and evening prayers.
* Kaddish Yatom (קַדִּישׁ יָתוֹם 'Orphan's Kaddish') or Kaddish Yehe Shlama Rabba (קַדִּישׁ יְהֵא שְׁלָמָא רַבָּא), commonly referred to as , the 'Mourner's Kaddish'. Recited by a mourner at the end of a prayer service and after a memorial prayer.
* Kaddish Shalem (קַדִּישׁ שָׁלֵם 'Complete Kaddish') or Kaddish Titkabbal (קַדִּישׁ תִּתְקַבֵּל). Originally used to mark the end of a service, although in later times extra passages and hymns were added to follow it.
* Kaddish Derabbanan (קַדִּישׁ דְּרַבָּנַן 'Kaddish of the Rabbis') or Qaddish ʿal Yisraʾel (קַדִּישׁ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל). This used after any part of the service that includes extracts from the Mishnah or the Talmud, as its original purpose was to close a study session.
* Kaddish achar Hakevura (קַדִּישׁ אַחַר הַקְּבוּרָה 'Kaddish after the Burial'), also called Kaddish de'itchadata (קַדִּישׁ דְּאִתְחַדְתָּא), recited during a funeral. It is also said at a siyum following the completion of a tractate of the Talmud, where it is referred to as Kaddish achar Hashlamat Masechet (קַדִּישׁ אַחַר הַשְׁלָמַת מַסֶּכֶת 'Kaddish after the completion of a tractate'). As this version is the longest form of Kaddish it is also referred to as Kaddish Hagadol (קַדִּישׁ הַגָּדוֹל 'the Great Kaddish').
All versions of the Kaddish begin with the text of the Chatzi Kaddish (in the case of the Great Kaddish, with an extra passage inserted). The other versions contain additional paragraphs, and are often named after distinctive words in those paragraphs.
Historically there existed another type of Kaddish, called Kaddish Yachid ("Individual's Kaddish"). This is included in the Siddur of Amram Gaon, but is a meditation taking the place of Kaddish rather than a Kaddish in the normal sense. It had not been recited in modern times until the COVID-19 pandemic, which made coming together to form a minyan difficult. Some communities began reciting the Kaddish Yachid, or a portion thereof, in lieu of the Mourner's Kaddish.

## Text

The following includes the Half, Complete, Mourner's and Rabbis' Kaddish. The variant lines of the Great Kaddish are given below, as well as variants used by some Jewish communities.
| # | English translation | Transliteration | Aramaic |
| 1 | Exalted and sanctified be His great name | Yitgaddal veyitqaddash shmeh rabba | יִתְגַּדַּל וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא‎ |
| 2 | In the world which He created according to His will! | Beʻalma di vra khir'uteh | בְּעָלְמָא דִּי בְרָא כִרְעוּתֵהּ‎ |
| 3 | May He establish His kingdom | Veyamlikh malkhuteh | וְיַמְלִיךְ מַלְכוּתֵהּ‎ |
| 4 | And may His salvation blossom and His anointed be near | [Veyatzmaḥ purqaneh viqarev (qetz) meshiḥeh] | וְיַצְמַח פֻּרְקָנֵהּ וִיקָרֵב (קֵץ) מְשִׁיחֵהּ‎ |
| 5 | During your lifetime and during your days | Beḥayeikhon uvyomeikhon | בְּחַיֵּיכוֹן וּבְיוֹמֵיכוֹן‎ |
| 6 | And during the lifetimes of all the House of Israel, | Uvḥaye dekhol bet yisrael | וּבְחַיֵּי דְכָל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ |
| 7 | Speedily and very soon! And say, Amen. | Baʻagala uvizman qariv veʼimru amen | בַּעֲגָלָא וּבִזְמַן קָרִיב. וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן‎ |
| The next two lines are recited by the congregation and then the leader: ||||
| 8 | May His great name be blessed | Yehei shmeih rabba mevorakh | יְהֵא שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ‎ |
| 9 | For ever, and to all eternity! | Leʻalam ulʻalme ʻalmaya | לְעָלַם וּלְעָלְמֵי עָלְמַיָּא‎ |
| 10 | Blessed and praised, glorified and exalted, | Yitbarakh veyishtabbaḥ veyitpa'ar veyitromam | יִתְבָּרַךְ וְיִשְׁתַּבַּח וְיִתְפָּאַר וְיִתְרוֹמַם‎ |
| 11 | Extolled and honoured, adored and lauded | Veyitnasse veyithaddar veyitʻalleh veyithallal | וְיִתְנַשֵּׂא וְיִתְהַדָּר וְיִתְעַלֶּה וְיִתְהַלָּל‎ |
| 12 | Be the name of the Holy One, blessed be He, | Shmeh dequdsha berikh hu. | שְׁמֵהּ דְקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא.‎ |
| 13 | Above and beyond all the blessings, | Leʻella (lʻella mikkol) min kol birkhata | לְעֵלָּא (לְעֵלָּא מִכָּל) מִן כָּל בִּרְכָתָא‎ |
| 14 | Hymns, praises and consolations | Veshirata tushbeḥata veneḥemata | וְשִׁירָתָא תֻּשְׁבְּחָתָא וְנֶחֱמָתָא‎ |
| 15 | That are uttered in the world! And say, Amen. | Da'amiran beʻalma veʼimru amen | דַּאֲמִירָן בְּעָלְמָא. וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן‎ |
| The half kaddish ends here. ||||
| Here the "complete kaddish" includes: ||||
| 16 | May the prayers and supplications | Titqabbal tzelotehon uvaʻutehon | תִּתְקַבַּל צְלוֹתְהוֹן וּבָעוּתְהוֹן‎ |
| 17 | Of all Israel | D'khol (bet) yisrael | דְכָל (בֵּית) יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ |
| 18 | Be accepted by their Father who is in Heaven; And say, Amen. | Qodam avuhon di bishmayya, vʼimru amen | קֳדָם אֲבוּהוֹן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן‎ |
| Here the "kaddish of the rabbis" (including the kaddish after a siyum) includes: ||||
| 19 | To Israel, to the Rabbis and their disciples | ʻal yisrael veʻal rabbanan veʻal talmideihon | עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַל רַבָּנָן וְעַל תַּלְמִידֵיהוֹן‎ |
| 20 | To the disciples of their disciples, | V'ʻal kol talmidei talmideihon | וְעַל כָּל תַּלְמִידֵי תַלְמִידֵיהוֹן.‎ |
| 21 | And to all those who engage in the study of the Torah | Veʻal kol man deʻos'qin b'orayta | וְעַל כָּל מָאן דְּעָסְקִין בְּאוֹרַיְתָא.‎ |
| 22 | In this [holy] place or in any other place, | Di b'atra [qadisha] haden vedi bekhol atar v'atar | דִּי בְאַתְרָא [קַדִישָא] הָדֵין וְדִי בְּכָל אֲתַר וַאֲתַר.‎ |
| 23 | May there be for them and for you abundant peace, | Y'hei lehon ul'khon sh'lama rabba | יְהֵא לְהוֹן וּלְכוֹן שְׁלָמָא רַבָּא‎ |
| 24 | Grace, lovingkindness and compassion, long life | Hinna v'ḥisda v'raḥamei v'ḥayyei arikhei | חִנָּא וְחִסְדָּא וְרַחֲמֵי וְחַיֵּי אֲרִיכֵי‎ |
| 25 | Ample sustenance and salvation | Um'zone r'viḥe ufurqana | וּמְזוֹנֵי רְוִיחֵי וּפוְּרְקָנָא‎ |
| 26 | From the Father who is in heaven (and earth); | Min qodam avuhon di vishmayya [v'ʼarʻa]e | מִן קֳדָם אֲבוּהוּן דְבִשְׁמַיָּא [וְאַרְעָא]‎ |
| 27 | And say, Amen. | V'ʼimru amen | וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן‎ |
| All variants but the half kaddish conclude: ||||
| 28 | May there be abundant peace from heaven, | Yehe shelama rabba min shemayya | יְהֵא שְׁלָמָה רַבָּא מִן שְׁמַיָּא,‎ |
| 29 | [And] [good] life | [Ve]hayyim [tovim] | [וְ]חַיִּים [טוֹבִים]‎ |
| 30 | Satisfaction, help, comfort, refuge, | Vesava vishuʻa veneḥama veshezava | וְשָֹבָע וִישׁוּעָה וְנֶחָמָה וְשֵׁיזָבָה‎ |
| 31 | Healing, redemption, forgiveness, atonement, | Urfuʼa ugʼulla usliha v'khappara | וּרְפוּאָה וּגְאֻלָּה וּסְלִיחָה וְכַפָּרָה,‎ |
| 32 | Relief and salvation | Verevaḥ vehatzala | וְרֵוַח וְהַצָּלָה‎ |
| 33 | [For us and for all his people] upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen. | [Lanu ulkhol ʻammo] ʻalainu v'al kol yisrael v'ʼimru amen | [לָנוּ וּלְכָל עַמּוֹ] עׇלֵינוּ וְעַל כׇּל יִשְֹרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן.‎ |
| 34 | May He who makes peace in His high places | ʻoseh shalom bimromav | עוֹשֶֹה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו,‎ |
| 35 | Grant [in his mercy] peace upon us | Hu [berakhamav] yaʻase shalom ʻalenu | הוּא [בְּרַחֲמָיו] יַעֲשֶֹה שָׁלוֹם עָלֵינוּ,‎ |
| 36 | And upon all [his nation] Israel; and say, Amen. | V'ʻal kol [ammo] yisra'el, v'ʼimru amen | וְעַל כָּל [עַמּוֹ] יִשְֹרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן.‎ |

### Text of the burial kaddish

In the burial kaddish, and that after a siyum according to Ashkenazim,, lines 2-3 are replaced by:
| # | English translation | Transcription | Aramaic |
| 37 | In the world which will be renewed | B'ʻal'ma d'hu ʻatid l'ithaddata | בְּעָלְמָא דְהוּא עָתִיד לְאִתְחַדָּתָא‎ |
| 38 | And where He will give life to the dead | Ulʼaḥaya metaya | וּלְאַחֲיָאָה מֵתַיָא‎ |
| 39 | And raise them to eternal life | Ulʼassaqa yathon l'ḥayye ʻal'ma | וּלְאַסָּקָא יָתְהוֹן לְחַיֵּי עָלְמָא‎ |
| 40 | And rebuild the city of Jerusalem | Ul'mivne qarta dirush'lem | וּלְמִבְנֵא קַרְתָּא דִירוּשְׁלֵם‎ |
| 41 | And complete His temple there | Uleshakhlala hekhlehh b'gavvah | וּלְשַׁכְלָלָא הֵיכְלֵהּ בְּגַוַּהּ‎ |
| 42 | And uproot foreign worship from the earth | Ulmeʻqar pulḥana nukhraʼa m'arʻa | וּלְמֶעְקַר פֻּלְחָנָא נֻכְרָאָה מְאַרְעָא‎ |
| 43 | And restore Heavenly worship to its position | Ulaʼatava pulḥana dishmayya l'ʼatreh | וּלַאֲתָבָא פֻּלְחָנָא דִשְׁמַיָּא לְאַתְרֵהּ‎ |
| 44 | And may the Holy One, blessed is He, | V'yamlikh qudsha b'rikh hu | וְיַמְלִיךְ קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא‎ |
| 45 | Reign in His sovereign splendour ... | B'malkhuteh viqareh | בְּמַלְכוּתֵהּ וִיקָרֵהּ‎ |

### Recent changes to Oseh Shalom

In some recent non-Orthodox prayerbooks, for example, the American Reform Machzor, line 36 is replaced with:
| 36 | All Israel, and all who dwell on earth; and let us say: Amen. | V'al kol Yisra'el, v'al kol yoshvei teiveil; v'imru: Amen. | וְעַל כָּל יִשְֹרָאֵל וְעַל כָּל יוֺשְׁבֵי תֵבֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן‎ |
This effort to extend the reach of Oseh Shalom to non-Jews is said to have been started by the British Liberal Jewish movement in 1967, with the introduction of v'al kol bnei Adam ("and upon all humans"); these words continue to be used by some in the UK.