OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Niter and Mining Corps

The Niter and Mining Corps was a military unit within the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Their original task was to keep the Confederacy supplied with minerals and metals needed for the war effort, but as the conflict dragged on, they were at times assigned to field and combat duty.
Niter (saltpeter), a key ingredient in gunpowder and other explosives, was mined in caves in various places in the South. Early in the war, several officers began informally overseeing the mining operations. Niter for the manufacture of gunpowder, copper, lead, iron, coal, zinc, and other such materials as might be required for the prosecution of the war. Those activities became more formalized after June 16, 1863, when the First Confederate Congress passed an act authorizing the creation of a formal Niter and Mining Bureau as an independent office within the Confederate War Department. Its first commander was Colonel Isaac M. St. John.
The Bureau opened new coalfields in North Carolina and Alabama and coordinated the flow of mineral fuel to Confederate naval stations along the coast. A corps of officers was established for this purpose. During the latter half of the war, the corps reported to Benjamin Huger. The unit saw combat during the Battle of Piedmont during the Valley Campaigns of 1864.
# Dawn chorus (birds)

The dawn chorus is the outbreak of birdsong at the start of a new day. In temperate countries this is most noticeable in spring when the birds are either defending a breeding territory, trying to attract a mate or calling in the flock. In a given location it is common for different species to do their dawn singing at different times.
In some territories where bird life is extensive and birds are vocal, the sound of a dawn chorus may make it difficult for humans to sleep in the early morning.

## Timing

In a 2007 study of the Ecuadorian forest, it was determined that birds perching higher in the trees and birds with larger eyes tend to sing first. This may be due to differences in the amount of light perceived by the birds.
Moller used a play-back technique to investigate the effects of singing by the black wheatear (Oenanthe leucura) on the behaviour of both conspecifics and heterospecifics. It was found that singing increased in both groups in response to the wheatear. Moller suggested the dawn (and dusk) chorus of bird song may be augmented by social facilitation due to the singing of conspecifics as well as heterospecifics.

## International Dawn Chorus Day

An annual International Dawn Chorus Day is held on the first Sunday in May when the public are encouraged to rise early to listen to bird song at organised events. The first ever was held at Moseley Bog in Birmingham, England, in 1987, organized by the Urban Wildlife Trust (now The Wildlife Trust for Birmingham and the Black Country).

## New Zealand

Early explorers and European settlers noted that the New Zealand forest had a loud dawn chorus. The dawn chorus is no longer as loud as it once was, owing to extensive loss of forests, the introduction of bird predators and competing species such as wasps. The bellbird and the tūī are two of the birds that would have formed part of the dawn chorus since they have a vocal and melodious call.

## United Kingdom

In the UK the dawn chorus may begin as early as 3 a.m. in early summer.

## United States

The dawn chorus may also be heard in the United States.
# Zain Asher

Zain Ejiofor Asher (née Ejiofor, /ˈɛdʒioʊfɔːr/ ) is a British news anchor at CNN International, based in New York City. She currently co-anchors the network's primetime, global news show One World with Zain and Bianna airing weekdays at 12pm ET with Bianna Golodryga. Her memoir Where The Children Take Us was published by HarperCollins in April 2022.

## Early life and education

Asher was born to Nigerian parents in London and grew up in West Norwood, South London. Her mother Obiajulu was a pharmacist working in Brixton, and her father Arinze was a doctor. In 1988, her father was killed in a car accident during a road trip in Nigeria when she was five years old. Her older brother is actor Chiwetel Ejiofor, the lead actor in the critically-acclaimed film 12 Years A Slave.
Asher attended Oxford University and graduated in 2005 with a degree in French and Spanish. The following year, she attended the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, in New York City. In 2021, she was named an honorary fellow of Keble College, Oxford University.

## Early career

After graduation, Asher initially worked as a receptionist at a production company before becoming a freelance reporter at News 12 Brooklyn where she covered local news. She also worked as a reporter for Money, where she wrote personal finance articles about careers and investing before moving to CNN.

## CNN

In 2012, Asher met a CNN executive who invited her to the company headquarters in New York for a screen test. She was first hired as a business correspondent before becoming an anchor at CNN International based in Atlanta. In 2014, she reported from Abuja, Nigeria on the hundreds of Chibok schoolgirls kidnapped by Boko Haram. She has also anchored breaking news coverage during August 2020 explosion in Beirut, the October 2020 End SARS protests in Nigeria, Russia's war in Ukraine, the death of Queen Elizabeth II and the Gaza war. Since 2021, she has anchored One World with Zain Asher, airing weekdays on CNNI.

## Book

Her memoir Where The Children Take Us was released by HarperCollins on 26 April 2022. The book was inspired by her 2015 Tedx talk "Trust Your Struggle", which has been viewed 2.2 million times on YouTube as of 2022. It tells the story of how her mother, widowed and raising four children, worked to fulfill her and her husband's original dream of moving to England to ensure their children an excellent education and opportunity; the results are visible in the journalist, the actor, the medical doctor and the entrepreneur that Asher and her siblings have become.

## Personal life

Asher resides in Montclair, New Jersey with her Associated Press reporter husband, Steve Peoples, and their two sons. She is of Igbo descent; her family are originally from Enugu State, Nigeria.
# Canby Creek

Canby Creek is a stream in Yellow Medicine County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.
Canby Creek took its name from the city of Canby, Minnesota.
# Luitel

Luitel or Luintel (Nepali: लुईँटेल/लुइटेल) is a surname found in Nepal and India. Luitel is a toponymic family name from Luyati gaun (Luyati village).
Notable people with the surname include:
* Anish Luitel, Nepali mountaineer
* Jaya Luintel, Nepali journalist
* Jiwan Luitel, Nepalese actor
* Khara Nanda Luitel, Indian cricketer
* Sanchita Luitel, Nepalese actress
# Mario Carulla

Mario Carulla Schultz (born October 26, 1971) is a retired male badminton player from Peru, who won the bronze medal in the men's singles competition and another bronze medal in mixed with Adrienn Kocsis at the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, Canada. Also a bronze medal in men's singles at the 1995 Pan American Games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. He represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, USA.
# Audunbakkenfestivalen

Audunbakkenfestivalen is a small rock festival held in Norway, in Disenå in Sør-Odal municipality, about 18 miles from Kongsvinger and 44 miles from Oslo. The festival area is located up in the woods opposite Disenå Sport Square.
The festival was first organized in 2003 and spans two days, usually in early August. In 2005, the festival was named Norway's third best rock festival by the Norwegian Rock Federal.
The festival is organized entirely on charity. In 2011, Audunbakken received Sør-Odal municipality's cultural award.
In 2020, the Audunbakkenfestivalen was one of the few festivals that was organized despite the covid-19 pandemic, with 150 paying guests. It was also the last year that Audunbakken was held in the gravel roof. From 2021, the festival held at another location in Sør-Odal.
# Nagpur–Varanasi high-speed rail corridor

The Nagpur–Varanasi High Speed Rail Corridor is one of the six new proposed high-speed rail lines that will connect Maharashtra's eastern city Nagpur to Uttar Pradesh's Varanasi.
This line will link with the Delhi–Kolkata line, hence connecting Mumbai with the eastern India.

## Possible stations

The stations are on the planned alignment as shown on National Rail Plan's (NRP) High-speed rail line map.

## Project status
### 2021

* December: Ministry of Railways had planned to propose four new high-speed rail corridors in India, including a 855 km corriodor from Nagpur to Varanasi.
# Whatcom Parks and Recreation Foundation

The Whatcom Parks and Recreation Foundation (WPRF) is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization operating in Whatcom County, Washington. The mission of the Whatcom Parks and Recreation Foundation is to encourage public and private support for parks and recreation projects within Whatcom County. It serves as a trust for privately donated park funding, as a fiscal sponsor for smaller groups of park advocates, and promotes its own initiatives within the community. Ex Officio members on the Board of Directors represent all of the city parks departments and park districts in Whatcom County, including Bellingham, Lynden, Blaine, Northwest Park District and Whatcom County Parks and Recreation.
On October 11, 2012, the Whatcom Parks and Recreation Foundation held a summit in Bellingham, Washington, to explore the issue of active transportation in the region. The keynote address was given by Washington State Director of Public Transportation, Brian Lagerberg.
In 2012 the Whatcom Parks and Recreation Foundation received a grant from the Whatcom Community Foundation to work on their Nooksack Loop Trail project, a proposed 45-mile (72 km) multi-modal trail in north Whatcom County.
The Whatcom Parks and Recreation Foundation awards one or more Whatcom County citizens each year with the William Dittrich Award for service to parks and recreational opportunities. In 2012 the award was given to Adrienne Lederer and Julianna Guy, who together formed the Cordata Neighborhood Association.
# Kainuu Sami

Kainuu Sámi is an extinct Sámi language that was once spoken in Kainuu. It became extinct in the 18th century when the Kainuu Sámi began assimilating to the culture of the growing Finnish population. Kainuu Sámi belonged to the Eastern Sámi language group.
In his review of Jaakko Anhava's book Maailman kielet ja kielikunnat ("Languages and language groups of the world", 1998), researcher of Finno-Ugric languages Tapani Salminen stated that the idea of the existence of a Kainuu Sámi language that is separate from Kemi Sámi is not well reasoned.
The original inhabitants of Kainuu were Sámi hunter-fishers. In the 17th century, the Governor General of Finland Per Brahe fostered the population growth of Kainuu by giving a ten-year tax exemption to settlers. It was considered necessary at the time by Finnish authorities to populate Kainuu with Finnish farmers because control over the area was threatened from the east by Russians. Those who settled in Kainuu were mainly from Savonia.
# Response boat – Small II

The Response boat - Small II, also known as RB-S II, is a small vessel in service in the US Coast Guard. The boats perform a variety of missions such has PWCS (Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security), law enforcement, counter narcotics operations, search and rescue, migrant interdiction, and environmental response operations.

## Design

The new design of the Response Boat-Small focuses more on crew comfort, visibility, safety and protection. To improve visibility they have 360 degree visibility, for comfort they have an ergonomic design and shock mitigating seats, and for safety and protection they are equipped with ballistic protection to provide the crew small arms protection. The boats have fore and aft gun mount for M240B machine guns. The boats can also carry a variety of small arms ranging from rifles, shotguns, and pistols. The boat is made of premium-grade 5086 aluminum alloy.
# Glenrock, Queensland

Glenrock is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Glenrock had a population of 35 people.

## Geography

The Woroon National Park is in the north-west of the locality. Apart from this protected area, the land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing in the east of the locality.

## History

Glenrock State School opened on 15 April 1926 and closed in December 1966. It was at 106 Glenrock Road (corner of Louttits Road, 26°06′05″S 151°47′58″E﻿ / ﻿26.10136°S 151.79955°E﻿ / -26.10136; 151.79955﻿ (Glenrock State School (former))).
Wooroon National Park was originally part of the Wooroon State Forest. In 1996, an area of 57 hectares (140 acres) was set aside to protect a semi-evergreen vine thicket, which was becoming increasingly rare. In 2006, it was gazetted as a national park.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Glenrock had a population of 40 people.
In the 2021 census, Glenrock had a population of 35 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Glenrock. The nearest government primary schools are Windera State School in neighbouring Windera to the north-east and Cloyna State School in neighbouring Cloyna to the south-east. The nearest government secondary schools are Proston State School (to Year 10) in Proston to the south-west and Murgon State High School (to Year 12) in Murgon to the south-east.
# John Tuchet, 8th Baron Audley

John Tuchet, 8th Baron Audley, 5th Baron Tuchet (c. 1483 – before 20 January 1558) was an English peer.

## Life

John Tuchet was the son of Sir James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley (c. 1463–1497) by his first wife, Margaret Dayrell, the daughter of Richard Dayrell, sub-treasurer of England and Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford, widow of Humphrey Stafford, styled Earl of Stafford, and daughter and coheir of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. He acquired his titles by writ in 1512 after they had been forfeited to his father in 1497 for taking part in the Cornish Rebellion. He was restored as Lord Audley in name, blood, title and estate by an act of restitution in 1512. The restitution of his title cost him 6,500 marks, to be paid in yearly instalments of 250 marks.
In 1513 he was appointed to lead the defence of Hampshire against an expected French invasion; once that threat had was over, he joined the king in France with a retinue of 123 footmen. He was one of only two barons knighted by the king for his service in France.. In 1520 was still struggling to pay his debt to the Crown, which may explain his failure to attend the Field of the Cloth of Gold, although he is not known to have attended any of the great state occasions of Henry VIII's reign. In 1529 he was named as one of the triers of petitions from Gascony in the House of Lords, a mark of distinction although the role had no practical purpose.
In 1540 he sought Thomas Cromwell's help in obtaining Athelney Abbey, Somerset following its dissolution, but obtained only a lease and a life annuity of £20.

## Family

He married Mary Griffin, daughter of John Griffin, 9th Baron of Latimer of Braybrook.
He died before 20 January 1558 and was succeeded by his only son, George Tuchet, 9th Baron Audley (died 1560).
# Surat Metro

The Surat Metro is an under-construction rapid transit rail system for Surat in the Surat Metropolitan Region, Gujarat state of India. Two corridors with a combined length of 40.35 kilometers are under construction since 18 January 2021. The project is expected to be completed by December 2027 at an estimated cost of ₹12,020.32 crore (US$1.4 billion).

## History

In August 2012, the Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) proposed four rail routes for the metro project. The Government of Gujarat approved two corridors in January 2017.
The union government approved the project on 11 March 2019. It will be implemented by Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited and financed mainly through equity from Government of India and Government of Gujarat on 50:50 basis and loan from bilateral/ multilateral agencies. AFD has committed to lend 250 million euros for the project, which was signed on January 28, 2021. On 9 March 2019, the Public Investment Board (PIB) approved ₹12,000 crore (US$1.4 billion) for the project. On 17 December 2021, Germany Development Bank KfW and Government of India signed a €442.26 million loan pact towards the project.
In June 2020, the construction bids were invited for Phase-1.
The foundation of the project was laid on 18 January 2021 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Construction was expected to be completed by the end of 2024. However, as of July 2023, the deadline for the completion of the first phase has been rescheduled to December 2027, due to some slowdowns and delays in work.

## Route network
### Phase 1

The corridors are from Sarthana, Varachha to DREAM City (22-kilometre (14 mi)) and from Bhesan Depot to Saroli (18-kilometre (11 mi)). Sarthana-DREAM City corridor will have 20 stations and Bhesan - Saroli corridor will have 18 stations. Out of approved 40-kilometre (25 mi) corridor, 33-kilometre (21 mi) will be elevated, whereas 7-kilometre (4.3 mi) will be underground.
In Phase 1, 20 metro stations will be built on first corridor from Sarthana to DREAM City route (Red Line) and 18 metro stations will be built on second corridor from Bhesan to Saroli (Green Line).
| Line Name | Terminals | Terminals | Length | Stations |
| Red Line | Sarthana | DREAM City | 21.61 km | 20 |
| Green Line | Bhesan | Saroli | 18.74 km | 18 |
| Total | Total | Total | 40.35 km | 38 |

## Status updates

* 9 March 2019: Public Investment Board (PIB) approves 12,000 Crores INR Surat Metro rail project.
* 11 March 2019: Surat metro rail project approved by central govt with combined length of 40.35 km.
* 28 April 2020: GMRC invited tenders for Detailed Design Consultancy Services for Corridor 1 and 2.
* 30 April 2020: GMRC invited Expression of Interest for Phase 1's General Engineering Consultant
* Jun 2020: Construction bids invited for Phase-1. Construction work to begin soon.
* 18 Jan 2021: Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid down foundation stone of Surat Metro. Construction is expected to complete by late 2027.
# Strawson entailment

In formal semantics, Strawson entailment is a variant of the concept of entailment which is insensitive to presupposition failures. Formally, a sentence P Strawson-entails a sentence Q iff Q is always true when P is true and Qs presuppositions are satisfied. For example, "Maria loves every cat" Strawson-entails "Maria loves her cat" because Maria could not love every cat without loving her own, assuming that she has one. This would not be an ordinary entailment, since the first sentence could be true while the second is undefined on account of a presupposition failure; loving every cat would not guarantee that she owns a cat.
Strawson entailment has played an important role in semantic theory since some natural language expressions have been argued to be sensitive to Strawson-entailment rather than pure entailment. For instance, the textbook theory of weak negative polarity items holds that they are licensed only in Strawson-downward entailing environments. Other phenomena that have been analyzed using Strawson entailment include temporal adverbials, covert reciprocals, and scalar implicature. Although the concept is widely used within formal semantics, it is not universally adopted and alternative proposals have argued both for returning to pure entailment and for generalizing the notion further to consider not-at-issue content beyond presupposition.
# New Caledonian Wharf

New Caledonian Wharf is a luxury gated community in the Rotherhithe area of London on the River Thames. The site was originally part of the Surrey Docks and known as Redriff Wharf, and served as a commercial wharf until the 1970s.

## History

The wharf was originally known as Redriff Wharf and continued to be a commercial wharf until the late 1970s. It was located adjacent to Greenland Dock and part of the Surrey Docks, though it was directly accessible from the river. After falling into disrepair, Rosehaugh acquired the site in 1989 and redeveloped it into 104 flats together with architects Shepheard Epstein Hunter.
The building has a large central courtyard, which includes a fountain. The community has use of a private gym and swimming pool, available only to the residents and their guests. The wharf also has 24-hour portage. Many of the flats in the wharf have balconies looking over the Thames, with the views from Greenwich to Canary Wharf.
51°29′51″N 0°02′00″W﻿ / ﻿51.4974°N 0.0333°W﻿ / 51.4974; -0.0333
# Vittorio Rovelli

Vittorio Rovelli (August 16, 1916 in Renate – 1996) was an Italian professional football player.

## Honours

* Serie A champion: 1939/40
* Coppa Italia winner: 1938/39
* This biographical article related to association football in Italy, about a midfielder born in the 1910s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Battle of Kulevicha

The Battle of Kulevicha, also known as the Battle of Kulevcha or Kulewtscha, was fought during the Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829, on 11 June 1829, between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

## Battle

The Russians, led by Hans Karl von Diebitsch (German-born general serving the Russian Empire), marched against the Ottomans led by Grand Vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha (Georgian-born general enslaved as a child by the Ottomans) with the objective of relieving Silistria, 40 miles (64 km) west of the village of Kulevicha.
First Reşid Pasha with an Army's 40,000-strong main force inclusive of 56 guns came out of Shumla with the aim of defeating the Russian detachment sent under the Russian command's plan to lure the Ottomans out of this town, and assisting the besieged Ottoman troops with his active actions. Then Diebitsch, leaving part of his troops to continue the siege, with the main forces (about 30,000 people, 146 guns) moved against the Ottoman army and cut the way for its potential retreat, thus forcing Grand Vizier to give pitched battle.
In the morning of 11 June the Russian vanguard under the command of General of the Infantry Ya. O. Otroshchenko attacked his enemy and captured the heights near the village of Kulevicha, but under the onslaught of superior opponent forces was forced to abandon them, suffering losses. The Russian artillery fire and bayonet counterattacks of the Russian infantry stopped the Ottoman troops' advance. Having regrouped the forces by this evening (the Russian troops participating in the battle numbered ca. 18,000 men; how many Ottoman troops participated is not stated in the source used), supported by artillery fire, the Russian army went on the offensive and, having turned the Ottoman troops into flight, pursued them for about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi).
The Russians were victorious as the Turks got trapped in a valley suffering heavy casualties before they managed to withdraw. General Diebitsch then headed towards Adrianople.
The Ottoman force was tasked with various different objectives in Bulgaria, most notably the suppression of Hadjuk revolts, however several other more important duties were tasked to the Ottoman force such as relieving Silistria of constant battle and preventing further Russian advancements into Bulgaria.
# Eupithecia marmorea

Eupithecia marmorea is a moth in the family Geometridae. It was first described by András Mátyás Vojnits [es] in 1983. It is known from an elevation of about 3,100 m (10,200 ft) in Nepal.
The wingspan is 24 mm (0.94 in) in the female holotype.
# Guinea Ecuatorial Airlines

Guinea Equatorial Airlines (GEASA) is an airline based in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea. It was established and started operations in 1996 and operates domestic charter services. Its main base is Malabo International Airport.
The airline is on the list of air carriers banned in the European Union.

## Fleet

The Guinea Ecuatorial Airlines fleet includes the following aircraft (at February 2015):
* 3 Yakovlev Yak-40
* 1 Antonov An-72
* 1 Boeing 767-300ER (operated for CEIBA Intercontinental) (as of August 2016)