OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Michael Kruse (judge)

Lealaialoa Fredrickus Michael Kruse (born January 27, 1948) is the Chief Justice of the High Court of American Samoa. Kruse made history as the first person of Samoan descent to be appointed Chief Justice of the High Court of American Samoa. Kruse earned his AB degree from Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand, and later obtained an MCL degree from George Washington University Law School in Washington, DC. He practiced law for 11 years at the firm of Kruse, Sunia, and Ward in Pago Pago before being appointed Chief Justice by U.S. Secretary of the Interior, Donald Hodel. In January 2009, Kruse was chosen to serve as Secretary of the Pacific Judicial Council, a group comprising judges and justices from across the Pacific region.

## Early life and education

Born in Utulei and raised in Leone, his early life was marked by diverse work experiences, including roles as a planter, hog farmer, construction laborer, delivery vendor, stevedore, carpenter, baker, retailer, warehouseman, and corporate officer. He was the son of Masoe Fritz Kruse, a Member of Parliament, and Peleiupu Aigamaua Kruse. From a young age, Kruse was actively involved in his parents' business ventures, which included farming, merchandising, and management.
Kruse’s education began in Leone and continued in Apia, Western Samoa, before he attended high school in Auckland, New Zealand. He earned a bachelor’s degree from Victoria University in Wellington and pursued post-graduate studies at the National Law Center of George Washington University in Washington, DC, where he obtained a Master of Comparative Law (MCL) degree. During his time in DC, he also worked part-time in the office of A. U. Fuimaono, the first delegate from American Samoa to the U.S. Congress.
Upon returning to American Samoa, Kruse practiced law in both Apia and Pago Pago as part of the Kruse & Kruse law firm. In 1985, he partnered with John Ward and Aitofele Sunia to form a new legal practice. Kruse was a member of the bar associations in the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Western Samoa, and New Zealand. He also served as Vice President and President of the American Samoa Bar Association. Between 1979 and 1985, he held the position of Judge Pro Tempore at the newly established District Court of American Samoa.
Kruse's judicial career advanced when he was appointed Associate Justice of the High Court of American Samoa on March 1, 1987. On November 1, 1988, Interior Secretary Donald P. Hodel appointed him Chief Justice, making Kruse the first Samoan to hold this position. He is the registered holder of the Leone orator matai title, Lealaialoa. Kruse married Gail Brunt-Meredith of Apia, and they have three children together.

## Career

Kruse practiced law in American Samoa as an attorney from 1985 until his appointment as an associate justice of the High Court of American Samoa in 1987. He was then appointed as Chief Justice of American Samoa in 1988. The Chief Justice is the head of the High Court of American Samoa.

## Personal life

His eldest son, Vincent Kruse, is a lawyer practicing in Hawaii.
# Skinny (band)

Skinny were an English electronica band which released two albums over the course of four years. Their most successful song, "Failure", was included on both albums.

## History

In 1996, drummer and programmer Mathew Benbrook and guitarist/singer Paul Herman first met in India, where they discovered they shared similar interests. After another coincidental encounter in London and finding out that both of them were musicians, they decided to form a band together.
They were signed to Rollo Armstrong's label, Cheeky Records, in 1998. In 2001, the remix of the title Morning Light was featured on the music sampler of the Café del Mar.
The band split up in 2001, leaving the name with Benbrook who continues to make music under it. Benbrook also worked as songwriter with other musicians, such as Paolo Nutini (New Shoes) and Lena Meyer-Landrut (Neon (Lonely People)).

## Discography
### Albums

* The Weekend (1998)
* Taller (2001)

### Singles

* "Failure" (1998) – UK No. 31
* "Friday (Going Out)" (1999)
* "Coming Up Roses" (2001)
* "Morning Light" (2001)
* "Sweet Thing" (2001)
# Mission Hackensack

Mission Hackensack was one of several follow up landing and supply operations flown during the D-Day invasion (June 6, 1944–August 1944) during World War II. It was the final glider assault of Operation Neptune into France that delivered the 325th Glider Infantry Regiment (GIR) to the 82nd Airborne Division shortly after daybreak on June 7.

## Preparation

The units in charge of the Landing Series 37 were the 439th Group out of Upottery Airfield and the 441st Troup Carrier Group out of Merryfield Airfield. The lead serial was scheduled to take off at 0630 from Upottery Airfield in East Devon, England and to land at Landing Zone W (LZW) near the town of Sainte Mere-Eglise, France. They were provided by the 439th Troop Carrier Group. Twenty Waco CG-4A gliders and thirty AS.51 Horsa gliders towed by fifty planes carried the 2nd Battalion 325th Glider Infantry Regiment (GIR), most of the 2nd Battalion of the 401st GIR, which was attached to the 325th and acted as its 3rd battalion. The Horsas carried over 800 of the 968 troops supplied, five vehicles, eleven tons of ammunition and ten tons of miscellaneous supplies. The second serial glider was scheduled to take off at 0700 from Royal Navy Air Station Merryfield in Somerset, England. It was also scheduled to land at Landing Zone W (LZW), at 0900. Another fifty planes and fifty Waco gliders were by the 441st Troop Carrier Group. They carried 363 troops, including pilots and co-pilots (mostly service personnel of the 325th and 401st), and eighteen tons of equipment. This included twenty jeeps, nine trailers, six tons of ammunition and twelve 81mm mortars.

## Mission Execution

On June 7, 1944 at approximately 0900, the 325th Glider Infantry landed in Drop Zone (DZ) W near Sainte Mere-Eglise in Normandy, France. All of the second Battalion and most of the 325th's 3rd Battalion were dispersed into four separate fields, with releases made from about 600 feet. Although these landings were somewhat scattered, however most made it to the Les Forges area. The first serial glider went under ground fire from the north. Fifteen troops were killed and sixty were wounded by ground fire or ground fire related accidents. The second serial glider was the most successful despite the 401st being the least experienced serial, and had a clean release with few casualties.

## Casualties and Losses

Source:
| Aircrew killed or missing | 0 |
| Aircrew wounded | 0 |
| Glider pilots lost | 0 |
| Waco Casualties | 16* |
| Horsa Casualties | 74* |
*troops injured or killed during landing
# Spanish ship Concepción

Four ships of the Spanish Navy have borne the name Concepción or La Concepción, after the Immaculate Conception:
* Spanish galleon Concepción, a galleon in service from 1640 to 1648.
* Spanish xebec Concepción, a 14-gun xebec commissioned in 1737.
* Spanish frigate Concepción (1788), a 20-to-30-gun frigate built in 1787 and last recorded in 1808.
* Spanish frigate Concepción (1860), a screw frigate commissioned in 1861, hulked in 1886, decommissioned in either 1890 or 1893, and sold in 1897 or 1899.
# Jean Colombera

Jean Colombera (born 2 February 1954 in Esch-sur-Alzette) is a Luxembourgish physician and politician of the Alternative Democratic Reform Party. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1999 to 2012, representing the Nord constituency.
Born in Esch-sur-Alzette, Colombera is an Italian Luxembourger. He was formerly an Italian citizen, but gained Luxembourgish citizenship in 1999. Originally a Green, after gaining citizenship (a condition for being a deputy), Colombera asked Jean-Pierre Koepp if the ADR had a spare slot on their list in Nord, in which his hometown of Vichten is located.
In the 1999 election, Colombera was elected, narrowly finished second (behind Koepp) on the ADR's list, with two being elected. Colombera lost his seat in 2004, as the ADR lost its second seat in Nord and Colombera once again came second, again behind Koepp. He regained his seat in the 2009 election, after Koepp retired, allowing Colombera to re-enter the Chamber despite the ADR falling to fifth place in the constituency.
Colombera is a campaigner in favour of legalising medical cannabis. He is head of the Francophone Union for Cannabinoids in Medicine (French: Union Francophone pour les Cannabinoïdes en Médecine). He is under investigation for prescribing cannabinoids to his patients, under Luxembourg's Narcotics Act.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 "Der alternative Medizinmann". Luxemburger Wort (in German). 5 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
* ↑ "1999: Circonscription Nord" (in French). Service Information et Presse. 7 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
* ↑ "2004: Circonscription Nord" (in French). Service Information et Presse. 7 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
* ↑ "2009: Circonscription Nord" (in French). Service Information et Presse. 7 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
* ↑ "Im Fall einer Anklage würde ich mich dem Richter stellen". Luxemburger Wort (in German). 7 October 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
# Portugal at the 1972 Summer Paralympics

Portugal made their Summer Paralympics debut at the 1972 Summer Paralympics in Heidelberg, West Germany. Eleven competitors from Portugal competed (only its men's wheelchair basketball team). They were eliminated on the first round with 1 win and 3 losses.
# Karolewo, Sępólno County

Karolewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Więcbork, within Sępólno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Więcbork, 13 km (8 mi) south-east of Sępólno Krajeńskie, and 38 km (24 mi) north-west of Bydgoszcz.
# Karpaty, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Karpaty is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cekcyn, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Cekcyn, 17 km (11 mi) south-east of Tuchola, and 46 km (29 mi) north of Bydgoszcz.
# Katarzyna, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Katarzyna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Piotrków Kujawski, within Radziejów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Piotrków Kujawski, 18 km (11 mi) south of Radziejów, and 63 km (39 mi) south of Toruń.
# Senator Brewer

Senator Brewer may refer to:
* Earl L. Brewer (1869–1942), Mississippi State Senate
* Jan Brewer (born 1944), Arizona State Senate
* Mark S. Brewer (1837–1901), Michigan State Senate
* Stephen Brewer (born 1948), Massachusetts State Senate
* Tom Brewer (born 1958), Nebraska State Legislature
# Kawęcin

Kawęcin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bukowiec, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of Bukowiec, 14 km (9 mi) north-west of Świecie, and 43 km (27 mi) north-east of Bydgoszcz.
# Gangadhar Hansda

Gangadhar Hansda (born 14 February 1958, Janardanpur village, Kendujhar District, Odisha) is a Santali author known for writing fiction.

## Career

Hansda's first book was Lepej Tiril, a book of essays published in 2004.
In 2012, he was awarded Sahitya Akademi for his book Banchaw Akan Goj Hor (Short Stories).
Hansda has worked as a resource person for the Santali language, and played an important role in development of Santali Language in Odisha. His books are suggested in academic syllabus for colleges and universities.

## Books

* Lepej Tiril (2004)
* Peter Baale (2005)
* Santal Nagam (2008)
* Ladeya Matkom (2008)
* Daare Umul (2009)
* Banchaw Akan Gojhor (Short Story) (2010)
* Somay Sokda(Novel) (2011)
* Muchad Santal Raj (2012)
* Adibasi Sandi Inj Handi(One act play) (2012)
* Rol Sanes
* Saonhed r Saonta (Criticism) (2012)
* Khondrond Hora Onubad r Puthi Saplaw (2014)
* Lay lakchar (Essays) (2018)
* Chilbindha (One act Play) (2019),
* Posra (Novel) (2021)
* Pilchu Pil (Mythical Verse) (2021)
* Somay Sokla
* Saonhed Teted

### Translations

* Turui Man Iral Ghunt (Oriya classic Chhaman Atha Guntha), originally by Fakirmohan Senapati, translated by Gangadhar Hansdah
* Haramba (Oriya classic Dadi Budha) originally Gopinath Mohanty translated by Gangadhar Hansdah First Edition: 2013

## Recognition

* 2012: Sahitya Akademi for his book Banchaw Akan Goj Hor (Short Stories)
* 2013: Janajati Pratibha Samman from Academy of Tribal Languages and Culture ATLC Government of Odisha
# Ddareungi

Ddareungi (Korean: 따릉이, lit. the sound of a bicycle bell) is Seoul's bike sharing system, which was set up in 2015. It is also named Seoul Bike in English.
Ddareungi was first introduced in Seoul in October 2015 in select areas of the right bank of the Han River. After a few months, the number of stations reached 150 and 1500 bikes were made available. In 2016, the number of stations has increased steadily to cover new districts. As of July 2016, there were about 300 stations and 3000 bikes available, and Seoul mayor Park Won-soon confirmed his intention to increase the number of bikes available to 20,000.

## History

The public bicycle rental service in Seoul was started in April 2000. At that time, rental facilities were established in the center of two subway stations in Chang-dong and Yeouido. In 2004, Songpa District was designated as a special bicycle district, and the bicycle-free rental service was operated mainly in the park. In 2008, a full-fledged unmanned service was launched at subway stations and the city.
In November 2007, Seoul announced its bicycle policy, introducing unmanned public bicycles such as Vélib' in Paris. The plan was to build 5102 bicycle stations at an interval of 300m within the bike-dedicated road network area and to have 82,400 bicycles. In October 2008, Seoul again announced the bicycle master plan and confirmed again that it intends to review the introduction of public rental bicycles by 2012. However, both of the presentations focused on the expansion of bicycle roads, and there was no progress in public bicycle rental service throughout the city. At the end of the year, the Seoul Facilities Corporation launched an unmanned rental service for the Cheonggyecheon.
In September 17, 2009, Mayor Oh Se-hoon, who traveled to Montreal, officially announced that he would introduce ‘a bicycle taxi (named at the time)’, a public bicycle system that can be used anywhere in Seoul, similar to Montreal's BIXI. He said, "It will be difficult to introduce it immediately, but it can be fully introduced after piloting in 2011 for the city's bicycle road construction plan."
Ddareungi "Transfer Miles": It is a service that accumulates mileage by using Ddareungi in 30 minutes before and after public transportation. However, it applies when Ttareung purchases a 365-day pass.
# Susie Foster Log House

The Susie Foster Log House, at 810 College St. in Smithville, Tennessee, is a log house which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 2007. The NRHP listing included two contributing buildings.
It was deemed notable as "an unusual and intact local example of a twentieth century log house that was constructed solely of materials that were salvaged from other buildings. Built between 1946-50 the majority of the materials were taken from log buildings that were to be inundated by the Center Hill Dam project. Materials were also taken from the Absalom Reams House formerly located on Short Mountain, and from the Webb Hotel, a fifteen room, antebellum hotel in Smithville that was torn down in 1948. The Susie Foster Log House retains its original materials and has a high level of integrity. With its exposed logs on the exterior and interior, original mantel, windows, and doors, it exemplifies the twentieth century Colonial Revival movement."
It was built by Susie Foster (1892-1984), who obtained the property on which the house stands around 1915.
# Susie P. Turner Double House

The Susie P. Turner Double House is a historic building located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. This two-story duplex features a symmetrical facade, brick in various colors, decorative cast stone, and a fullwidth front porch that is supported by three brick columns. Built in 1914, its significance is its combination of Prairie School architecture and American Craftsman styling. At the time it was constructed the double house was still a somewhat uncommon building type in Des Moines. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.
# Graziano Calvaresi

Graziano Calvaresi (born 18 October 1966) is a former Italian male long-distance runner who competed at the 1993 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships at senior level.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Rank | Event | Time | Notes |
| 1993 | Half Marathon Championships | Brussels | 17th | Half marathon | 1:02:19 | |
| 1994 | European Championships | Helsinki | DNF | Marathon | No time | |

## National titles

* Italian Athletics Championships
** 10,000 metres: 1990
# Yassin Bouih

Yassin Bouih (born 24 November 1996) is an Italian middle-distance runner competing primarily in the 1500 metres. He represented Italy at the 2018 World Indoor Championships, finishing eleventh.

## Biography

Of Moroccan and later acquired Italian citizenship, Yassin's parents came to Italy from Morocco to work, first to Turin before settling in Reggio Emilia where Yassin was born.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Italy ||||||
| 2013 | World Youth Championships | Donetsk, Ukraine | 26th (h) | 1500 m | 4:02.12 |
| 2015 | European Junior Championships | Eskilstuna, Sweden | 3rd | 1500 m | 3:52.28 |
| 2017 | European Indoor Championships | Belgrade, Serbia | 8th | 1500 m | 3:47.95 |
| 2017 | European U23 Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 17th (h) | 1500 m | 3:45.18 |
| 2018 | World Indoor Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom | 11th | 3000 m | 8:20.84 |
| 2021 | European Indoor Championships | Toruń, Poland | 20th (h) | 3000 m | 7:56.66 |
| 2022 | World Indoor Championships | Belgrade, Serbia | 24th (h) | 3000 m | 7:58.63 |
| 2024 | European Championships | Rome, Italy | 14th | 3000 m s'chase | 8:27.29 |
| 2024 | Olympic Games | Paris, France | 33rd (h) | 3000 m s'chase | 8:40.34 |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 800 m — 1:50.88 (Milan 2014)
* 1500 metres – 3:37.34 (Carquefou, 2021)
* 3000 metres – 8:00.32 (Scandiano 2019)
* 5000 metres – 13:50.22 (Rovereto 2017)
* 10 kilometres – 29:45 (2017)
Indoor
* 1000 metres – 2:27.33 (Ancona 2015)
* 1500 metres – 3:42.78 (Vienna 2017)
* 3000 metres – 7:50.65 (Birmingham 2018)

## National titles

* Italian Athletics Indoor Championships
** 1500 metres: 2017, 2018, 2020
** 3000 metres: 2017, 2018, 2020
# Kochoń

Kochoń is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobrzyń nad Wisłą, within Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north of Dobrzyń nad Wisłą, 21 km (13 mi) south-east of Lipno, and 61 km (38 mi) south-east of Toruń.
# Ward-Jackson House

The Ward-Jackson House is a historic house at 122 North Louisiana Street in Hope, Arkansas. The 1+1⁄2-story wood-frame house was built sometime in the 1890s, and is a particularly fine local example of Folk Victorian architecture. It has a busy exterior typical of Queen Anne styling, including different types of cut shingles, and has a porch with turned-spindle balustrade, and an Eastlake-style frieze. The windows are long and narrow, giving the house a somewhat Gothic appearance.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
# Wardell House (Macon, Missouri)

Wardell House is a historic home located at 1 Wardell Rd. in Macon, Macon County, Missouri. It was built in 1890, and is a three-story, Queen Anne style frame dwelling over a full basement. It was remodeled between 1899 and 1901. It has a complex hipped roof line and asymmetrical plan. It features a full-width verandah and an open tower on the second and third stories.$^{:2}$
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
# Warden's House Museum

The Warden's House Museum is a historic house museum in Stillwater, Minnesota, United States. From 1853 to 1914 it was the official residence for the wardens of what began as the Minnesota Territorial Prison and became the Minnesota State Prison upon statehood in 1858. The Washington County Historical Society has operated the house since 1941, making it the second-oldest house museum in Minnesota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 as the Minnesota Territorial/State Prison Warden's House for its state-level significance in the themes of architecture and social history. It was nominated for being the only surviving structure of the prison's Minnesota Territory period and the chief remnant of its statehood years.

## Description

The Warden's House is a two-story building constructed of local limestone. The house is oriented broadside to the east, with a shallow pitched roof and low gables on the north and south end. Architecturally it conveys an early Greek Revival style but with Federal influences. Wood-frame additions were added to the rear in 1870. The house originally had a full-width balcony along the front, which was replaced in 1910 with a two-story porch topped with a gable. Since the building's 1974 National Register nomination, this porch has been replaced with a smaller balcony-topped porch hugging the main entrance.
There was originally a two-story frame carriage house behind the main house, but it was demolished around the time the prison ceased operation in 1914.

## History

The Warden's House was part of the original construction for the Minnesota Territorial Prison. It stood outside the walls on a bluff overlooking the prison complex, which was located immediately to the north within a ravine. The prison was in operation for 61 years, from 1853 to 1914. In that time 13 successive wardens resided in the house, serving terms as short as five months to as long as 20 years. The first two wardens were appointed by the territorial legislature, then, for the first 40 years of statehood, by the Governor of Minnesota with State Senate confirmation. In 1889, to quell political favoritism in the choices, legislation assigned the selection of wardens to a five-person board of managers.
The original prison complex closed in 1914 upon the completion of a new Minnesota State Prison just south of Stillwater in Bayport. The Warden's House then served as quarters for lesser officials like deputy wardens and superintendents. Most of the prison complex was demolished in 1936. The Warden's House was preserved and transferred to the Washington County Historical Society in 1941.

## Museum

The Warden's House Museum consists of 14 rooms, which have been restored to late-19th and early-20th-century style. Some depict how the house would have looked during its occupancy by various wardens, while others contain exhibits on Washington County history. Some rooms in the museum house artifacts from the lumbering industry, early Stillwater pioneers, and items belonging to the Younger Brothers of the Frank and Jesse James Gang. The Warden's House Museum is the only museum in the city of Stillwater.
# Sophia McDougall

Sophia McDougall is a British novelist, playwright, and poet.

## Life and career

McDougall is best known internationally as the author of alternate history novels published by Orion Publishing Group and based on the premise that the Roman Empire survived to contemporary times. She studied English at Oxford University.

## Books
### Romanitas trilogy

* Romanitas (2005), Orion Books – ISBN 0-7528-6078-X
* Rome Burning (2007), Orion Books – ISBN 0-7528-6079-8
* Savage City (2010), Orion Books – ISBN 0-7528-6080-1

### Other novels

* Mars Evacuees (2014), Egmont – ISBN 1-4052-6867-0
* Space Hostages (2017)