# Budukh language

Budukh or Budugh (Будад мез, Budad mez) is a Lezgic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in parts of the Quba Rayon of Azerbaijan. It is spoken by about 200 of approximately 1,000 ethnic Budukhs.
Budukh is a severely endangered language, and classified as such by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

## Grammar
### Gender and agreement

Authier (2010) reports that Budugh has six 'gender-number' classes:
* human masculine,
* human adult feminine,
* animate (which includes animals, plants, and non-adult human females, as well as some abstract nouns),
* inanimate,
* nonhuman plural,
* human plural.
Verbs normally agree with their absolutive argument (intransitive subject or transitive object) in gender. In the following examples, the verb 'beat' shows animate agreement with 'donkey' and non-human plural agreement with 'donkeys'.
Ma'lla'-cır
Mullah-ERG
lem
donkey
ğùvotu-ri
ANIM:beat:PRES
Ma'lla'-cır lem ğùvotu-ri
Mullah-ERG donkey ANIM:beat:PRES
'Mullah beat the donkey'
Ma'lla'-cır
Mullah-ERG
lemér
donkey
ğùtu-ri
NHUM.PL:beat:PRES
Ma'lla'-cır lemér ğùtu-ri
Mullah-ERG donkey NHUM.PL:beat:PRES
'Mullah beat the donkeys'
Compare these examples with the following, where the verb agrees with the intransitive subject:
Ma'lla'
Mullah
vìxhici
M:go:NARR
Ma'lla' vìxhici
Mullah M:go:NARR
'Mullah went.'
Lem
donkey
vüxhücü
ANIM:go:NARR
Lem vüxhücü
donkey ANIM:go:NARR
'The donkey went.'

### Verb agreement

Budukh verbs typically agree with a single argument, the absolutive. In the agreement paradigms, the majority of verbs show no overt agreement for the masculine, neuter, and nonhuman plural. Consider the following paradigm for the verb 'keep' in the perfective (Authier 2009):
| M/N/NPL | ˤa-q-a |
| F | ˤa-ra-q-a |
| A | ˤa-va-q-a |
| HPL | ˤa-ba-q-a |
In this paradigm, /ˤa/ is a preverb which must appear with the verb root /q/ 'keep', and the agreement morphology appears between the preverb and the root. Due to historical changes, the relationships between the various members of an agreement paradigm are often more complex and show changes of vowel and/or consonant. The following perfective paradigm for 'go' shows this (with the reconstructed form shown after the *)
| M | vi-xhi |
| F | v-r-xhi |
| A | vüxhü < *vi-v-xhi |
| N/NPL | vidki < *vi-d-xhi |
| HPL | vibki < *vi-b-xhi |

### Word order

Budukh is an SOV language, as seen in the following example:
Ma'lla'-cır
Mullah-ERG
lemér
donkey
ğùtu-ri
NHUM.PL:beat:PRES
Ma'lla'-cır lemér ğùtu-ri
Mullah-ERG donkey NHUM.PL:beat:PRES
'Mullah beat the donkeys'
It has possessors before possessed nouns:
Mallá-co
Mullah-ADLOC
rij
daughter
Mallá-co rij
Mullah-ADLOC daughter
'the mullah's daughter'
Adjectives appear before the nouns that they modify:
q'usú
old
Mallá'
mullah
q'usú Mallá'
old mullah
'the old mullah'

## Orthography

There are two orthographies for Budukh, and it is beginning to be introduced into schools. The orthography takes the following form:
| A a | Ä ä | B b | C c | Ç ç | Ç' ç' | D d | E e |
| Ә ә | F f | G g | Ğ ğ | Ğh ğh | H h | Hh hh | X x |
| Xh xh | I ı | İ i | J j | K k | K' k' | Q q | Q' q' |
| Qh qh | L l | M m | N n | O o | Ö ö | P p | P' p' |
| R r | S s | Ş ş | T t | T' t' | Ts' ts' | U u | Ü ü |
| V v | Y y | Z z | ' | | | | |
The Buduq Picture Dictionary, published in 2017, uses a slightly different orthography:
| A a | Ä ä | B b | C c | Ç ç | Ç' ç' | D d | E e |
| Ә ә | F f | G g | Ğ ğ | H h | Ħ ħ | I ı | İ i |
| J j | K k | K' k' | L l | M m | N n | O o | Ö ö |
| P p | P' p' | Q q | Q' q' | Qh qh | R r | S s | Ş ş |
| T t | T' t' | Ts' ts' | U u | Ü ü | V v | X x | Xh xh |
| Y y | Z z | ʕ | ' | ˚ | | | |