# List of presidents of the National Convention

From 22 September 1792 to 2 November 1795, the French Republic was governed by the National Convention, whose president (elected from within for a 14-day term) may be considered as France's legitimate head of state during this period. Historians generally divide the Convention's activities into three periods, moderate, radical, and reaction, and the policies of presidents of the Convention reflect these distinctions. During the radical and reaction phases, some of the presidents were executed, most by guillotine, committed suicide, or were deported. In addition, some of the presidents were later deported during the Bourbon Restoration in 1815.

## Establishment of the Convention

The National Convention governed France from 20 September 1792 until 26 October 1795 during the most critical period of the French Revolution. The election of the National Convention took place in September 1792 after the election of the electoral colleges by primary regional assemblies on 26 August. Owing to the abstention of aristocrats and the anti-republicans, and the general fear of victimization, the voter turnout in the departments was low – as little as 7.5 percent or as much as 11.9% of the electorate, compared to 10.2% in the 1791 elections, despite the doubling of the number of eligible voters.
Initially elected to provide a new constitution after the overthrow of the monarchy on 10 August 1792, the Convention included 749 deputies drawn from businesses and trades, and from such professions as law, journalism, medicine, and the clergy. Among its earliest acts was the formal abolition of the monarchy, through Proclamation, on 21 September, and the subsequent establishment of the Republic on 22 September. The French Republican Calendar discarded all Christian reference points and calculated time from the Republic's first full day after the monarchy – 22 September 1792, the first day of Year One.
According to its own rules, the Convention elected its president every fortnight (two weeks). He was eligible for re-election after the lapse of a fortnight. Ordinarily the sessions were held in the morning, but evening sessions also occurred frequently, often extending late into the night. In exceptional circumstances, the Convention declared itself in permanent session and sat for several days without interruption. For both legislative and administrative deliberations, the Convention used committees, with powers more or less widely extended and regulated by successive laws. The most famous of these committees included the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security.
The Convention held both legislative and executive powers during the first years of the French First Republic and had three distinct periods: Girondins (moderate), Montagnard (radical) and Thermidorian (reaction). The Montagnards favored granting the poorer classes more political power; the Girondins favored a bourgeois republic and wanted to reduce the power and influence of Paris over the course of the revolution. A popular uprising in Paris helped to purge the Convention of the Girondins between 31 May and 2 June 1793; the last of the Girondins served as presidents in late July.
In its second phase, the Montagnards controlled the convention (June 1793 to July 1794). War and an internal rebellion convinced the revolutionary government to establish a Committee of Public Safety which exercised near dictatorial power. Consequently, the democratic constitution, approved by the convention on 24 June 1793, did not go into effect and the Convention lost its legislative initiative. The rise of Mountaineers (Montagnards) corresponded with the decline of the Girondins. The Girondin party had hesitated on the correct course of action to take with Louis XVI after his attempt to flee France on 20 June 1791. Some elements of the Girondin party believed they could use the king as figurehead. While the Girondins hesitated, the Montagnards took a united stand during the trial in December 1792 – January 1793 and favored the king’s execution. Riding on this victory, the Montagnards then sought to discredit the Girondins using tactics previously used against themselves, denouncing the Girondins as liars and enemies of the Revolution. The last quarter of the year was marked by the Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794), also known as The Terror (French: la Terreur), a period of violence incited by conflict between these rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution". The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine (2,639 in Paris), and another 25,000 in summary executions across France. Most of the Parisian victims of the guillotine filled the Madeleine, Mosseaux (also called Errancis), and Picpus cemeteries.
In the third phase, called Thermidor after the month in which it began, many of the members of the Convention overthrew the most prominent member of the committee, Maximilien Robespierre. This reaction to the radical influence of the Committee of Public Safety reestablished the balance of power in the hands of the moderate deputies. The Girondins who had survived the 1793 purge were recalled and the leading Montagnards were themselves purged, and many executed. In August 1795, the Convention approved the Constitution for the regime that replaced it, the bourgeois-dominated Directory, which exercised power from 1795 to 1799, when a coup d'etat by Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew it.

## Moderate phase (1792–1793)

Initially, La Marais, or The Plain, a moderate, amorphous group, controlled the Convention. At the first session, held on 20 September 1792, the elder statesman Philippe Rühl presided over the session. The following day, amidst profound silence, the proposition was put to the assembly, "That royalty be abolished in France"; it carried, with cheers. On the 22nd came the news of the Republic's victory at the Battle of Valmy. On the same day, the Convention decreed that "in future, the acts of the assembly shall be dated First Year of the French Republic". Three days later, the Convention added the corollary of "the French republic is one and indivisible", to guard against federalism.
The following men were elected for two-week terms as presidents, or executives, of the Convention.
| Portrait | Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party |
| Portrait | Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party |
| | | Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (1756–1794) | 20 September 1792 | 4 October 1792 | 14 days | Girondins |
| | | Jean-François Delacroix (1753–1794) | 4 October 1792 | 18 October 1792 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Marguerite-Élie Guadet (1758–1794) | 18 October 1792 | 1 November 1792 | 14 days | Girondins |
| | | Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles (1759–1794) | 1 November 1792 | 15 November 1792 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Henri Grégoire (1750–1831) | 15 November 1792 | 29 November 1792 | 14 days | The Plain |
| | | Bertrand Barère (1755–1841) | 29 November 1792 | 13 December 1792 | 14 days | The Plain |
| | | Jacques Defermon des Chapelières (1756–1831) | 13 December 1792 | 27 December 1792 | 14 days | Girondins |
| | | Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (1742–1810) | 27 December 1792 | 10 January 1793 | 14 days | The Plain |
| | | Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud (1753–1793) | 10 January 1793 | 24 January 1793 | 14 days | Girondins |
| | | Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne (1743–1793) | 24 January 1793 | 7 February 1793 | 14 days | Girondins |
| | | Jean-Jacques Bréard (1751–1840) | 7 February 1793 | 21 February 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé (1747–1814) | 21 February 1793 | 7 March 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Armand Gensonné (1758–1793) | 7 March 1793 | 21 March 1793 | 14 days | Girondins |
| | | Jean Debry (1760–1834) | 21 March 1793 | 4 April 1793 | 14 days | The Plain |
| | | Jean-François-Bertrand Delmas (1751–1798) | 4 April 1793 | 18 April 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Marc David Alba Lasource (1763–1793) | 18 April 1793 | 2 May 1793 | 14 days | Girondins |
| | | Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède (1760–1793) | 2 May 1793 | 16 May 1793 | 14 days | Girondins |
| | | Maximin Isnard (1755–1825) | 16 May 1793 | 30 May 1793 | 14 days | Girondins |
| | | François René Mallarmé (1755–1835) | 30 May 1793 | 13 June 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
At the end of May 1793, an uprising of the Parisian sans culottes, the day-laborers and working class, undermined much of the authority of the moderate Girondins. At this point, although Danton and Hérault de Séchelles both served one more term each as Presidents of the Convention, the Girondins had lost control of the Convention: in June and July compromise after compromise changed the course of the revolution from a bourgeois event to a radical, working class event. Price controls were introduced and a minimum wage guaranteed to workers and soldiers. Over the course of the summer, the government became truly revolutionary.

## Radical phase (1793–1794)

After the insurrection, any attempted resistance to revolutionary ideals was crushed. The insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 marked a significant milestone in the history of the French Revolution. The days of 31 May – 2 June (French: journées) resulted in the fall of the Girondin party under pressure of the Parisian sans-culottes, Jacobins of the clubs, and Montagnards in the National Convention. The following men were elected as presidents of the Convention during its transition from its moderate to radical phase.
| Portrait | Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party |
| Portrait | Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party |
| | | Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois (1749–1796) | 13 June 1793 | 27 June 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Jacques Alexis Thuriot de la Rosière (1753–1829) | 27 June 1793 | 11 July 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Andre Jeanbon Saint Andre (1749–1813) | 11 July 1793 | 25 July 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Georges Jacques Danton (1759–1794) | 25 July 1793 | 8 August 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles (1759–1794) | 8 August 1793 | 22 August 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
The following men were elected as presidents of the Convention during its radical phase.
| Portrait | Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party |
| Portrait | Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party |
| | | Maximilien Robespierre (1758–1794) | 22 August 1793 | 5 September 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne (1756–1819) | 5 September 1793 | 19 September 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Pierre Joseph Cambon (1756–1820) | 19 September 1793 | 3 October 1793 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Louis-Joseph Charlier (1754–1797) | 3 October 1793 | 22 October 1793 | 19 days | The Mountain |
| | | Moïse Antoine Pierre Jean Bayle (1755–1815) | 22 October 1793 | 6 November 1793 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Pierre-Antoine Lalloy (1749–1846) | 6 November 1793 | 21 November 1793 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Charles-Gilbert Romme (1750–1795) | 21 November 1793 | 6 December 1793 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Jean-Henri Voulland (1751–1801) | 6 December 1793 | 21 December 1793 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Georges Auguste Couthon (1755–1794) | 21 December 1793 | 5 January 1794 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825) | 5 January 1794 | 20 January 1794 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Marc Guillaume Alexis Vadier (1736–1828) | 20 January 1794 | 4 February 1794 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Joseph-Nicolas Barbeau du Barran (1761–1816) | 4 February 1794 | 19 February 1794 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Louis Antoine de Saint-Just (1767–1794) | 19 February 1794 | 6 March 1794 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Philippe Rühl (1737–1795) | 7 March 1794 | 21 March 1794 | 14 days | The Mountain |
| | | Jean-Lambert Tallien (1767–1820) | 21 March 1794 | 5 April 1794 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Jean-Baptiste-André Amar (1755–1816) | 5 April 1794 | 20 April 1794 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Robert Lindet (1746–1825) | 20 April 1794 | 5 May 1794 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Lazare Carnot (1753–1823) | 5 May 1794 | 20 May 1794 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Claude-Antoine Prieur-Duvernois (1763–1832) | 20 May 1794 | 4 June 1794 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Maximilien Robespierre (1758–1794) | 4 June 1794 | 19 June 1794 | 15 days | The Mountain |
| | | Élie Lacoste (1745–1806) | 19 June 1794 | 5 July 1794 | 16 days | The Mountain |
| | | Jean-Antoine Louis (1742–1796) | 5 July 1794 | 19 July 1794 | 14 days | The Mountain |

## Reaction (1794–1795)

On 27 July 1794, the National Convention voted for the arrest of Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several allies, and they were executed the following day. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution.
The following men were presidents of the Convention until its end.
| Dates | Name | DOD/Fate |
| 19 July 1794 – 3 August 1794 | Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois | 8 June 1796 |
| 3 August 1794 – 18 August 1794 | Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit Merlin de Douai | 26 December 1838 |
| 18 August 1794 – 2 September 1794 | Antoine Merlin de Thionville | 14 September 1833 |
| 2 September 1794 – 22 September 1794 | André Antoine Bernard, dit Bernard de Saintes | 19 October 1818 |
| 22 September 1794 – 7 October 1794 | André Dumont | 19 October 1838 |
| 7 October 1794 – 22 October 1794 | Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès | 8 March 1824 One of the few members of La Marais to be elected President Authored Napoleon's Civil Code |
| 22 October 1794 – 6 November 1794 | Pierre-Louis Prieur, dit Prieur de la Marne | 31 May 1827 |
| 6 November 1794 – 24 November 1794 | Louis Legendre | 13 December 1797, died of natural causes (dementia) |
| 24 November 1794 – 6 December 1794 | Jean-Baptiste Clauzel | 2 July 1803 |
| 6 December 1794 – 21 December 1794 | Jean-François Reubell | 23 November 1807 |
| 21 December 1794 – 6 January 1795 | Pierre-Louis Bentabole | 22 April 1798 |
| 6 January 1795 – 20 January 1795 | Étienne-François Le Tourneur | 4 October 1817 |
| 20 January 1795 – 4 February 1795 | Stanislas Joseph François Xavier Rovère | died in 1798 in French Guiana |
| 4 February 1795 – 19 February 1795 | Paul Barras | 29 January 1829 |
| 19 February 1795 – 6 March 1795 | François Louis Bourdon | 22 June 1798, after being deported to French Guiana |
| 6 March 1795 – 24 March 1795 | Antoine Claire Thibaudeau | 8 March 1854 |
| 24 March 1795 – 5 April 1795 | Jean Pelet, also Pelet de la Lozère | 26 January 1842 |
| 5 April 1795 – 20 April 1795 | François-Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas | 1828 One of the few members of La Marais to be elected President |
| 20 April 1795 – 5 May 1795 | Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès | 20 June 1836 One of the few members of La Marais to be elected President |
| 5 May 1795 – 26 May 1795 | Théodore Vernier | 3 February 1818 |
| 26 May 1795 – 4 June 1795 | Jean-Baptiste Charles Matthieu | 31 October 1833 |
| 4 June 1795 – 19 June 1795 | Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais | died in 1828 in Paris |
| 19 June 1795 – 4 July 1795 | Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray | 25 August 1797 |
| 4 July 1795 – 19 July 1795 | Louis-Gustave Doulcet de Pontécoulant | 17 November 1764 – 3 April 1853 |
| 19 July 1795 – 3 August 1795 | Louis-Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux | 24 March 1824 |
| 3 August 1795 – 19 August 1795 | Pierre Claude François Daunou | 20 June 1840 |
| 19 August 1795 – 2 September 1795 | Marie-Joseph Chénier | 10 January 1811 |
| 2 September 1795 – 23 September 1795 | Théophile Berlier | 12 September 1844 |
| 23 September 1795 – 8 October 1795 | Pierre-Charles-Louis Baudin | 1799 |
| 8 October 1795 – 26 October 1795 | Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu | 27 October 1804 |

## Successor organization

The Directory (French: Directoire) was the government of France following the collapse of the National Convention in late 1795. Administered by a collective leadership of five directors, it preceded the Consulate established in a coup d'etat by Napoleon. It lasted from 2 November 1795 until 10 November 1799, a period commonly known as the "Directory era". The directory operated with a bicameral structure. A Council of the Ancients, selected by lot, named the directors. For its own security, the Left (whose members dominated the Council) resolved that all five must be old members of the Convention and regicides who had voted to execute King Louis XVI. The Ancients chose Jean-François Rewbell; Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras; Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux; Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot; and Étienne-François Le Tourneur.