# USA Rugby League

The USA Rugby League (formally the US Association of Rugby League, Inc.) is the national governing body for rugby league in the United States.
The organization is responsible for running the domestic club competitions and the United States national rugby league team in addition to other responsibilities.
The body was founded in 2011 by clubs that had broken from the established American National Rugby League (AMNRL), plus expansion franchises. The USARL began its inaugural competition season in 2011 with eight teams.
The USARL was granted affiliate membership in November 2014 of the RLIF and RLEF, replacing the AMNRL which is now defunct.

## History
### 2011–2013: Formation after schism with AMNRL

The formation of the USA Rugby League was announced on January 12, 2011. Seven teams that had previously competed in the American National Rugby League, the United States' established rugby league organization and recognized governing body for the sport, announced they were breaking with the AMNRL to form a new league. The stated reason for the split was dissatisfaction with the governance of the AMNRL; the departing teams were unhappy with the lack of club involvement in the league's decision making, and the new league was founded with the principle of including its member clubs in its administration.
The departing AMNRL teams were the Boston Thirteens, the Washington, D.C. Slayers, the Fairfax Eagles, the Jacksonville Axemen, the New Haven Warriors, the Philadelphia Fight, and the Pittsburgh Vipers; they were to be joined by two new teams, the New Jersey Turnpike Titans and Kodiak Rugby from New York City. Before the season Pittsburgh and Fairfax became "developmental" teams in the new league outside of the top-tiered competition; Fairfax subsequently suspended operations. The New York team was unable to find a suitable stadium in the city, and instead became the Rhode Island Rebellion. One additional team, Oneida FC, joined the top-tiered competition for the 2011 season.
On January 13, 2011, the USARL announced that Peter Illfield, chairman of the Philadelphia Fight, would be the league's first chairman. The league's first event was a rugby league nines tournament in the Philadelphia area on May 28–29, 2011. Round 1 of the regular season championship kicked off on June 4; the Jacksonville Axemen won the minor premiership with the best regular season record. In the inaugural Grand Final on August 27, the Philadelphia Fight defeated the New Haven Warriors to win their first ever national championship.
In 2013 the USARL and AMNRL increased their focus on reunification, particularly after the United States' encouraging showing at the 2013 Rugby League World Cup. An independent commission assembled to lead negotiations, however the USARL clubs eventually pulled out. USARL commissioner Peter Illfield blamed apparent dysfunction and disorganization in the AMNRL organization for this decision. The USARL subsequently invited AMNRL clubs to join their ranks as full members and initiated a four-team expansion.

### 2014: AMNRL collapse

In 2014, the USARL expanded to 10 teams, adding expansion squads Atlanta Rhinos, Central Florida Warriors, and Tampa Mayhem. In addition, the Northern Virginia Eagles withdrew from the AMNRL and joined the USARL. To reduce operating costs, the competition was split into two conferences. Meanwhile, the AMNRL suspended its 2014 season.

### 2014–2020: Expansion

In 2015, three former AMNRL clubs joined the USARL; Bucks County Sharks, Connecticut Wildcats, and New York Knights. The Delaware Black Foxes also joined as an expansion squad. For 2016, the Connecticut Wildcats left the competition and were replaced by the White Plains Wombats. Before the 2017 season, the D.C. Slayers and Bucks County Sharks left the competition, and the USARL abolished the division structure within the North Conference. Before the 2018 season, the Central Florida Warriors left the competition and were replaced by Southwest Florida Copperheads and Danny Hanson was appointed the second league chairman. The Rhode Island Rebellion also left the competition. The New York Knights left the competition after the 2018 season.

### 2021–2022: COVID-19 pandemic and NARL breakaway league

USARL membership has been in flux since the announcement of the North American Rugby League in spring 2021. Boston 13s and Philadelphia Fight left USARL to be founding members of the new competition. White Plains folded after NARL established the New York Freedom. Northern Virginia folded after most of its players joined the newly established DC Cavalry in NARL. Lakeland Renegades suspended operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The 2021 USARL season was contested by six teams. Philadelphia and Delaware in the North; Tampa, Jacksonville, Southwest Florida Copperheads, and South Florida Speed in the South. USARL South Championships Tampa Mayhem defeated North winners Delaware Black Foxes in the championship. The North Division has been unable to play in 2022. Multiple forfeits by South Florida Speed in July 2022 have put their future with USARL in doubt.

### 2023–present: Restructure, Women's and Youth focus, and expansion following NARL failure

2023 has seen significant expansion. Atlanta Rhinos rejoined the USARL, playing in the South Division. Pacific Coast Rugby League (PCRL) joined USARL, operating on the West Coast. PCRL brought Los Angeles Mongrel, San Diego Barracudas, and Santa Rosa Dead Pelicans – all formerly part of California Rugby League – as well as the newly formerly Los Angeles Bandidos into USARL. Additionally, four Utah teams, Riverton Seagulls, Herriman Roosters, Glendale Storm and Provo Broncos began playing USARL sanctioned matches as affiliates of PCRL. In August 2023, the first ever coast to coast National Champion was crowned with Santa Rosa Dead Pelicans defeating defending champions Jacksonville Axemen, 20–16.
In late December of 2023, the USARL announced the introduction of Women's National Competition or the Women's Championship for 2024. 6 clubs from both coasts, Los Angeles Mongrel, San Diego Barracudas, and Santa Rosa Dead Pelicans joined to represent the Western Conference, while Carolina Valkyries, Tampa Mischief, Jacksonville Axewomen and New York State Queens to represent the Eastern Conference. The winner of each conference would face off to crown the National Women's Champion. In 2024, the governing body also announced the beginning of Youth Hawks, the Under 20 national team. This is first time since the late 1990s that a USA youth rugby league team will be put together.
In late April of 2024, the USARL announced a new Regionalized structure to the national league. The Utah Rugby League Association would now operate as an independent entity distinct from the Pacific Coast Rugby League, managing its competition in accordance with USARL standards. At the end of the season, URLA and PCRL winners will play for the Western Championship, with the winner facing the Eastern Champions for the National Championship. Secondly, the unification effort on the East Coast of the United States sees the return of Boston 13s, Brooklyn Kings RLFC, and Delaware Black Foxes with Washington DC Cavalry joining as the Rugby League United competition becomes the Northeastern conference of USARL. Lastly, the USARL South would now become the Florida Rugby League, the rebranding affects both men's and women's teams in the region, including the Jacksonville Axemen and Axewomen, Southwest FL Copperheads, Tampa Mayhem and Mischief, and the Atlanta Rhinos.
In 2024, the USARL bid to host the 2029 Wheelchair and 2030 Men's Rugby League World Cup.

## Domestic competition
### Structure
#### 2024–Present

* USARL Grand Final
** USARL Eastern Conference Final
*** Rugby League United (Northeast)
*** Florida Rugby League
** USARL Western Conference Final
*** Pacific Coast Rugby League
*** Utah Rugby League
Starting in 2024, the USARL competition was expanded following teams withdrawing for the NARL in the years previous. The competition would be structured into four regional leagues across an East and West Conference. Winners of each league advance to their respective conference final before the winners of each facing each other in the Grand Final.

#### 2014–2023

* USARL Grand Final
** USARL Northern Conference
** USARL Southern Conference
Between 2014 and 2023 the USARL competition was split a Northern and Southern Conference with the top four teams advancing to their conference semi-final. Winners of each conference final would contest the Grand Final.
California Rugby League (now Pacific Coast Rugby League) was established in 2018 but was not integrated into the USARL competition until 2024.

#### 2011–2013

* USARL Grand Final
** USARL Regular Season
In the first three seasons of the league, clubs were only present in the North East thus only one geographic group was required. The top four teams advanced to the playoffs ending with the Grand Final.

### Teams
#### Eastern Conference

Rugby League United RLU :
| Club | Founded | City (MSA) | Stadium | National Titles (Last) |
| Boston Bears | 2014 | Boston | Eastern Boston Stadium | 1 (2015) |
| Brooklyn Kings | 2006 | Brooklyn | Randalls Island Field 10 | 1 (2019) |
| Delaware Black Foxes | 2015 | Wilmington, Delaware | Eden Park | 0 (N/A) |
| DC Cavalry | 2021 | Washington Metro | Central Sports Complex | 1 (2024) |
Florida Rugby League :
| Club | Founded | City (MSA) | Stadium | National Titles (Last) |
| Atlanta Rhinos | 2014 | Roswell, GA | Elkins Pointe Middle School | 1 (2017) |
| Jacksonville Axemen | 2006 | Jacksonville, FL | UNF Rugby Field | 3 (2022) |
| Southwest Florida Copperheads | 2018 | Naples, FL | Paradise Coast Sports Complex | 0 (N/A) |
| Tampa Mayhem | 2014 | Tampa, FL | Hillsborough High School | 1 (2021) |

#### Western Conference

Pacific Coast Rugby League :
| Club | Founded | City (MSA) | Stadium | National Titles (Last) |
| East Palo Alto Razorbacks | 2021 | East Palo Alto, California | Rich May Field | 0 |
| Los Angeles Bandidos | 2022 | Los Angeles, California | Various | 0 |
| Los Angeles Mongrel | 2019 | Los Angeles, California | Various | 0 |
| Sacramento Immortals | 2020 | Sacramento, California | Danny Nunn Park | 0 |
| San Diego Barracudas | 2020 | San Diego, California | Various | 0 |
| Santa Rosa Dead Pelicans | 2018 | Santa Rosa, California | For Pete's Sake Field | 1 (2023) |
| West LA Jackrabbits | 2024 | Los Angeles, California | TBA | 0 |
Utah Rugby League :
| Club | Founded | City (MSA) | Stadium | National Titles (Last) |
| Glendale Storm | 2022 | Glendale, Utah | Burgess Park | 0 |
| Herriman Roosters | 2022 | Herriman, Utah | Burgess Park | 0 |
| Provo Broncos | 2022 | Provo, Utah | Burgess Park | 0 |
| Riverton Seagulls | 2022 | Riverton, Utah | Burgess Park | 0 |
| South Jordan Rabbitahz | 2024 | South Jordan, Utah | South Jordan Park | 0 |

#### Former teams

Former Teams :
| Club | Years Active | City (MSA) | Stadium | National Titles (Last) |
| Baltimore Blues | 2012–2014 | Baltimore | | 0 (N/A) |
| Bucks County Sharks | 1997–2016 | Bucks County, PA (Trenton) | Falls Township Park | 0 (N/A) |
| Central Florida Warriors | 2014–2017 | Deland, FL | Spec Martin Stadium | 0 (N/A) |
| Connecticut Wildcats | 2003–2015 | Norwalk, CT | Andrews Field | 0 (N/A) |
| D.C. Slayers | 2003–2016 | Washington, D.C. | Duke Ellington Field | 0 (N/A) |
| Northern Virginia Eagles | 2007–2020 | Nokesville, VA | Grizzly Sports Complex | 0 (N/A) |
| Lakeland Renegades | 2019–2020 | Lakeland, FL | All Saints Academy | 0 (N/A) |
| New Haven Warriors | 2006–2012 | West Haven, CT (New Haven) | Ken Strong Stadium | 0 (N/A) |
| New Jersey Turnpike Titans | 2011–2012 | Jersey City, NJ | Cochran Stadium | 0 (N/A) |
| New York Knights | 1997–2018* | New York City | The Castle Pier 40 | 0 (N/A) |
| Oneida FC | 2011–2012 | Cambridge, MA | Henry G. Steinbrenner Stadium | 0 (N/A) |
| Philadelphia Fight | 1998–2020 | Conshohocken, PA (Philadelphia) | Garthwaite Stadium | 4 (2016) |
| Rhode Island Rebellion | 2011–2017 | Providence, RI | Marvel Field | 0 (N/A) |
| South Florida Speed | 2021 | Miami, FL | North Dade Optimist Park | 0 (N/A) |
| White Plains Wombats | 2016–2020 | White Plains, NY | Blind Brook Elementary School | 0 (N/A) |

### Grand Finals

| Season | Grand Finals | Grand Finals | Grand Finals | Grand Finals |
| Season | Premiers | Score | Runners-up | Ref. |
| 2011 | Philadelphia Fight | 28–26 | New Haven Warriors | |
| 2012 | Jacksonville Axemen | 28–22 | Boston 13s | |
| 2013 | Philadelphia Fight | 28–22 | Jacksonville Axemen | |
| 2014 | Philadelphia Fight | 30–18 | Jacksonville Axemen | |
| 2015 | Boston 13s | 44–12 | Atlanta Rhinos | |
| 2016 | Philadelphia Fight | 42–20 | Jacksonville Axemen | |
| 2017 | Atlanta Rhinos | 32–18 | New York Knights | |
| 2018 | Jacksonville Axemen | 56–16 | Brooklyn Kings RLFC | |
| 2019 | Brooklyn Kings RLFC | 12–6 | Jacksonville Axemen | |
| 2020 | Not held due to COVID-19 | Not held due to COVID-19 | Not held due to COVID-19 | Not held due to COVID-19 |
| 2021 | Tampa Mayhem | 60–10 | Delaware Black Foxes | |
| 2022 | Jacksonville Axemen | 36–12 | Tampa Mayhem | |
| 2023 | Santa Rosa Dead Pelicans | 20–16 | Jacksonville Axemen | |
| 2024 | DC Cavalry | Walkover | Provo Broncos | |

#### Winners by club

| Winners | Count | Years |
| Philadelphia Fight | 4 | 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016 |
| Jacksonville Axemen | 3 | 2012, 2018, 2022 |
| Brooklyn Kings RLFC | 1 | 2019 |
| Boston 13s | 1 | 2015 |
| Atlanta Rhinos | 1 | 2017 |
| Tampa Mayhem | 1 | 2021 |
| Santa Rosa Dead Pelicans | 1 | 2023 |
| DC Cavalry | 1 | 2024 |

## Development programs

As part of the 2011 season, a former AMNRL team, the Pittsburgh Sledgehammers, participated as a "developmental team", playing a more limited schedule while developing the club for future seasons.

## Representative sides
### New England Immortals

The New England Immortals are an inactive representative rugby league football team selected from American players born in New England or those who play for clubs in New England.

#### History
##### AMNRL Years (2010)

The New England Immortals were founded in 2010 and consisted of the top players from the New England–based teams of the AMNRL – the Boston Thirteens, Connecticut Wildcats and the New Haven Warriors. Their logo is based on the Robert Gould Shaw Memorial located on Boston Common at the corner of Beacon and Park Street in Boston, MA. Colonel Shaw commanded the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment during the civil war. There are six stars which represent the six states that make up New England, while the red white and blue symbolize not only the national colors of the U.S., but also hardiness, valour, vigilance, and perseverance.
They played their inaugural match against the Canadian National Team at the 2010 AMNRL "War at the Shore", on July 31, 2010, defeating the Canadians 12-8 in a tightly contested match.

##### USARL Years (2011–2012)

After the AMNRL/USARL split in 2011, the Immortals joined the latter. Due to the regulations of the separation outlined by the RLIF, only players registered in the AMNRL competition qualified for selection to the USA Tomahawks. Under that same ruling, the Connecticut Wildcats (who opted to stay with the AMNRL) were dropped from selections to the Immortals. The Immortals was now the only representative rugby available to USARL players.
In April 2012, Head Coach Robin Peers named the 23-man roster that would make up the New England Immortal side that would represent their region against the British Royal Marines at Tucker Field in Cumberland, Rhode Island, at the end of the month. Despite the loss of the Connecticut, the expanded player pool from newly formed Oneida FC and the Rhode Island Rebellion saw a new breed Immortals, with only three returning veterans. The Immortals took to the field for their second match since their inception, and despite putting up a hard fight, they were out classed by the more experienced Marines, losing by a score of 68–12.
As of 2014, due to budgetary cuts and restructuring of the USARL competition, the Immortals have not played a match since their loss to the Royal Marines.

#### Results

31 July 2010: Immortals vs. Canada :
| Result: W 12 - 8 Coach: Mikhael Shammas |||||||||
| No. | Player name | Position | Club | Tries | Con | Pen | DK | Points |
| 1 | Lance Gaines | Fullback | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2 | Tyler Scullen | Right wing | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 3 | Jonathan Mixon | Right center | Boston Thirteens | 1 | - | - | - | 4 |
| 4 | Joe Roucken | Left center | New Haven Warriors | - | - | - | - | - |
| 5 | Brian Lee | Left wing | New Haven Warriors | - | - | - | - | - |
| 6 | Nathan Debartolo | Five-Eight | Connecticut Wildcats | - | 2 | - | - | 4 |
| 7 | Benjamin McHugh | Half-back | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 8 | Justin Xenelis | Prop | New Haven Warriors | - | - | - | - | - |
| 9 | Jeffrey Perkins | Hooker | Boston Thirteens | 1 | - | - | - | 4 |
| 10 | Mike Schachter | Prop | Connecticut Wildcats | - | - | - | - | - |
| 11 | Matt Troila-Kelliher | Second row | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 12 | Curtis Cunz | Second row | Connecticut Wildcats | - | - | - | - | - |
| 13 | Michael Bozza | Lock | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14 | Sean Donahoe | Reserve | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 15 | Kenneth Stern | Reserve | Connecticut Wildcats | - | - | - | - | - |
| 16 | Nate Bangura | Reserve | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 17 | Chris Carter | Reserve | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 18 | Nick Rutberg | Reserve | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 19 | Kyle Winter | Reserve | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
27 April 2012: Immortals vs. British Royal Marines :
| Result: L 12 - 68 Coach: Robin Peers |||||||||
| No. | Player name | Position | Club | Tries | Con | Pen | DK | Points |
| 1 | Cam Correira | Fullback | Rhode Island Rebellion | - | - | - | - | - |
| 2 | Brian Lee | Right wing | New Haven Warriors | 1 | - | - | - | 4 |
| 3 | Eric Gonzales | Right center | Rhode Island Rebellion | - | - | - | - | - |
| 4 | John Mixon | Left center | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 5 | Matthew Tannozzini | Left wing | Rhode Island Rebellion | - | - | - | - | - |
| 6 | Shain Singleton | Five-Eight | Rhode Island Rebellion | 1 | - | - | - | 4 |
| 7 | Derek Trahan | Half-back | Rhode Island Rebellion | - | 1 | 1 | - | 4 |
| 8 | Matthew Callan | Prop | New Haven Warriors | - | - | - | - | - |
| 9 | Brian Schact | Hooker | New Haven Warriors | - | - | - | - | - |
| 10 | Steve Crandall | Prop | Rhode Island Rebellion | - | - | - | - | - |
| 11 | Tim Prada | Second row | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 12 | Fred Jacobs | Second row | Rhode Island Rebellion | - | - | - | - | - |
| 13 | Brad Crandall | Lock | Rhode Island Rebellion | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14 | Jose Montanez | Reserve | Rhode Island Rebellion | - | - | - | - | - |
| 15 | Brian Amaral | Reserve | Rhode Island Rebellion | - | - | - | - | - |
| 16 | Antony Nardollio | Reserve | Rhode Island Rebellion | - | - | - | - | - |
| 17 | Jesse Pearce | Reserve | Oneida FC | - | - | - | - | - |
| 18 | Joe Roucken | Reserve | New Haven Warriors | - | - | - | - | - |
| 19 | Greg Richer | Reserve | Oneida FC | - | - | - | - | - |
| 20 | Jeremy Rinn | Reserve | Rhode Island Rebellion | - | - | - | - | - |
| 21 | Dan Green | Reserve | Oneida FC | - | - | - | - | - |
| 22 | Tam Tran | Reserve | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |
| 23 | Matthew Troila-Kelliher | Reserve | Boston Thirteens | - | - | - | - | - |

#### Notable players

The following is a list of New England Immortals who have played representative rugby (league or union) at the National level.
* Curtis Cunz — Former member of the USA Tomahawks with over ten test matches
* Nathan DeBartolo —Played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the top tier of the Australian NRL and former Tomahawk
* Lance Gaines — Named to the USA Tomahawks roster for the 2009 Atlantic Cup Test match against Jamaica
* Mike Schachter — member of the USA Tomahawks including three Colonial Cup tournaments
* Kenneth Stern — Represented the Philippines in both rugby union 7s and XVs, including the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens
* Kyle Winter — Former member of the Indonesian national rugby union team, including two appearances in the HSBC Asian Five Nations
* Shain Singleton — Former member of the USARL Hawks

### USA Pioneers
#### Men's

In 2014, the league established a touring developmental side, the USA Pioneers, to play friendly matches against foreign nations. They completed a two match tour in Jamaica in April 2014, winning their first game against a Jamaican domestic outfit, but fell short to the semi-professional Hurricanes Rugby League whilst still proving to be strong opposition for the Jamaicans. The Pioneers played a friendly against a touring New Zealand Police squad the following August, losing 6–62.

#### Women's

A women's USA Pioneers side played in the Americas qualification tournament for the 2026 Women's Rugby League World Cup as a result of Brazil's late withdrawal. Naturally, they were unable to take a qualification spot if victorious. They played Canada who received as semi-final bye as the highest ranked side, and Jamaica who lost there semi-final against the United States. The Pioneers lost 0–88 to Canada, and 12–48 to Jamaica, finishing last.

### Presidents Barbarians

The USARL established another team to play a second match against the New Zealand Police and to 'curtain-raise' the 2014 USARL National Championship between the Philadelphia Fight and the Jacksonville Axemen. This representative consisted of overseas-imports from Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom and France; similar to Super League's Exiles. They were beaten by the Kiwis 16–46.

### List

USARL Representative teams :
| Club | Representation | Established | Match history |
| New England Immortals | New England | 2010 | W 12–8 Canada July 31, 2010 L 12–68 Royal Marines April 27, 2012 |
| USARL Pioneers | Development (non-internationals) | 2013 | W 46–26 Duhaney Park Red Sharks April 3, 2013 L 30–50 Hurricanes Rugby League April 7, 2013 L 6–62 New Zealand Blue Thunder August 16, 2013 |
| Presidents Barbarians | 'Exiles' (overseas imports) | 2013 | L 16–46 New Zealand Blue Thunder August 23, 2013 |
| NORTH Conference All-Stars | North of America | 2015 | L 20–34 SOUTH Conference All-Stars August 29, 2015 L 32–38 SOUTH Conference All-Stars October 22, 2016 |
| SOUTH Conference All-Stars | South of America | 2015 | W 34–20 NORTH Conference All-Stars August 29, 2015 W 38–32 NORTH Conference All-Stars October 22, 2016 |