OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Narrow-gauge railways in the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic formerly had a large number of narrow-gauge railways. Apart from the public lines listed below, there were many non-public industrial, forest and agricultural narrow-gauge systems; only a few of these are still running.

## Current public lines

* Obrataň–Jindřichův Hradec–Nová Bystřice; gauge 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in), total length 79 kilometres (49 mi), 30 stations and stops, partly operated by steam locomotives, maximum permitted speed 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph), privately owned by JHMD
* Třemešná ve Slezsku–Osoblaha; gauge 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in), total length 20 km, maximum permitted speed 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph), infrastructure operator is Správa železnic, regular passenger trains are operated by České dráhy
* Part of tram network in Liberec built in dual gauge and used occasionally by heritage 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge rolling stock
In 2024, the interurban Liberec–Jablonec and Nisou tram line was regauged to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge.

## Abandoned public lines

* Frýdlant–Heřmanice; 1900–1976; gauge 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in), used to be connected to Zittau–Reichenau line
* Moravský Beroun–Dvorce; 1898–1933; gauge 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) (cs)
* Most–Litvínov–Janov; 7 Aug 1901 – 24 Mar 1961; gauge 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in), operated by trams
* Network of 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) gauge tram lines around Ostrava, Bohumín, Orlová and Karviná; 1902–1973 (last remaining line closed)
# Ketubot (tractate)

Ketubot (Hebrew: כְּתוּבּוׂת) is a tractate of the Mishnah and the Talmud in the order of Nashim. It deals with a variety of marital responsibilities, especially those intended for the marital contract, also named the ketubah. Due to the wide breadth of subjects discussed in this tractate, Ketubot is often referred to as the Shas katan (the miniature Talmud).
A ketubah (plural: ketubot) (in Hebrew: כְּתוּבָּה; plural: כְּתוּבּוׂת) is a special type of Jewish prenuptial agreement. It is considered an integral part of a traditional Jewish marriage, and describes the groom's rights and responsibilities towards the bride. Currently, the ketubah does not have a monetary value, however, it has legal value in Israel.

## Chapter headings

* Betulah Niset (בְּתוּלָה נִשֵּׂאת‎)
* Ha'isha Shennit'armelah (הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁנִּתְאַרְמְלָה‎)
* Elu Nearot (אֵלּוּ נְעָרוֹת‎)
* Na'arah shenitpatetah (נַעֲרָה שֶׁנִּתְפַּתְּתָה‎)
* Af al pi she'amru (אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמְרוּ‎)
* Metziat ha'ishah (מְצִיאַת הָאִשָּׁה‎)
* Hamadir et Ishto (הַמַּדִּיר אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ‎)
* Ha'ishah Shennafelu (הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁנָּפְלוּ‎)
* Hakotev Le'ishto (הכותב לאשתו‎)
* Mi Sh' Nasuy (מי שהיה נשוי‎)
* Almanah Nizonet (אלמנה ניזונת‎)
* Hanose Et Ha'ishah (הנושא את האשה‎)
* Shnei Dayanei Gezeros (שני דייני גזירות‎)
# Serena Brooke

Serena Brooke (born 9 January 1976) is an Australian professional surfer from Coolangatta, Queensland.

## Biography

Brooke began to compete in amateur competitions in 1990 where she was crowned the Queensland amateur surfing title as well as the Australian National Title. Following her graduation from high school in 1995 she entered the pro ranks and finished her rookie season with a #13 overall ranking on the woman's tour. She was named the 1995 Women's Rookie of the Year. Among her notable accomplishments was winning the Billabong Pro Australia title and achieving a temporary #1 overall ranking in 2001. She would finish with #2 ranking twice on the World Championship Tour (WCT). Serena Brooke is one of the most marketable athletes in woman's surfing having garnered numerous sponsorships including Angel Eyewear and Bud Light. In 2001, she starred in the surfing documentary 7 Girls, and has also starred in numerous surfing videos and occasionally holds surfing camps for children looking to learn how to surf.

## Charity

In 2001, she established the Serena Brooke Charity Foundation. The foundation, which was created in Huntington Beach, California, helps raise money for the Orange County Child Abuse Prevention Center, CSP Youth Centers, Breast Cancer Research, and the Surfrider Foundation among others. The highlight of the year for the foundation is the Serena Brooke Charity Day held in Huntington Beach.
# Thomas Meißner

Thomas Meißner (born 26 March 1991) is a German professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for 1. FC Schweinfurt 05.

## Career

Meißner joined MSV Duisburg for the 2014–15 season. On 14 July 2016, he moved to ADO Den Haag.
On 26 January 2024, Meißner's contract with Hansa Rostock was terminated by mutual consent.
# Frank Wiblishauser

Frank Wiblishauser (born 18 October 1977) is a German former professional footballer who played as a central defender.

## Career

Wiblishauser began his career with his hometown club, FC Memmingen, before joining the Youth Team of Bayern Munich in 1994. He was promoted to the reserve team a year later, and spent five years playing in the Regionalliga Süd. He was also a member of Bayern's first-team squad from 1996, but did not make a first-team appearance. In 2000, he left for 1. FC Nürnberg, where he spent five years, and was involved in two promotions and two relegations between the 2. Bundesliga and the Bundesliga. His time there, though, was marred by injury and he was only able to make 76 appearances.
Wiblishauser left for Switzerland shortly after the beginning of the 2005–06 season, signing for FC St. Gallen. A year later he returned to Germany to sign for TuS Koblenz, where he stayed until being released in 2010, at which point his career ended.
# Franz Roth

Franz "Bulle" Roth (born 27 April 1946 in Memmingen) is a former German footballer. He earned four caps for the Germany national football team and was nicknamed "the Bull" due to his physical playing style.

## Career

Roth was a big game player and had a knack of scoring important goals in massive games for Bayern Munich. He scored the only goal of the 1967 European Cup Winners' Cup Final against Rangers in extra time, which was enough to give Bayern victory, and their first triumph in European competition. He opened the scoring in the 1975 European Cup Final win over Leeds United, a game in which Roth won the midfield battle against Billy Bremner. Roth scored for the third time in the final of a European competition, with his 57th-minute strike against AS Saint-Étienne 1976 European Cup Final enough to give Bayern a 1–0 victory, and retain the European Cup for the third straight season.
On the domestic scene he scored 72 goals in 322 West German top-flight matches. With Roth FC Bayern won 4 Bundesliga titles.
Roth is one of the most decorated players in Bayern's history and has been voted into their Hall of Fame.

## Honours

* Bundesliga: 1968–69, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74
* DFB-Pokal: 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1970–71
* European Cup: 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76
* UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1966–67
* Intercontinental Cup: 1976
# Ehime University

Ehime University (愛媛大学, Ehime Daigaku, abbreviated to 愛大 Aidai) is a Japanese national university in Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. The university has one of the largest student populations in the Shikoku region. After Japan's defeat in World War II, Aidai was established in May 1949 among many other national universities by the Japanese government during the reformation of the education system. The university originally had three Faculties: Humanities and Science, Education, and Engineering; which were consolidated from Matsuyama National High School (established 1919), Ehime Prefectural Teachers School (1876), Ehime Prefectural Youth Teachers School (1927), and Ehime Prefectural Niihama Technical School (1939). Today, the university has six faculties and five graduate schools.

## Faculties

Aidai's Faculties include the Faculty of Law and Letters, the Faculty of Education, the Faculty of Collaborative Regional Innovation, the Faculty of Science, the School of Medicine, the Faculty of Engineering, and the Faculty of Agriculture.

## Graduate Schools

Graduate School of Law and Letters, Graduate School of Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, and United Graduate School of Agricultural Science

## Academic programs

A selective academic program unique to Aidai is the Super Science Courses (SSC), which accepts a small number of talented students. Students are trained through specially structured coursework that focuses on specialized sciences. SSC students enter one of the three courses: Environmental Sciences, Geoscience, and Biomedical Engineering. Students of SSC can complete their undergraduate education within only three years to advance to graduate studies at Ehime University or elsewhere.

## University and High School Cooperation Project

The university has a cooperation project with Ehime Prefectural Matsuyama Minami High School, which is designated as a Super Science High School by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). In addition, the university is cooperating mainly in the high school in Ehime Prefecture.

## Advanced research centers

The university is especially active in science, and is home to the national government designated educational Center of Excellence, the Center for Marine Environment Studies (CMES) and Geodynamics Research Center(GRC). The other research centers include Cell-free Science and Technology Research Center(CSTRC, led by internationally renowned biologist Yaeta Endo), Ehime Proteo-Medicine Research Center, Research Center of Ancient East Asian Iron Culture, and Research Center for Space and Cosmic Evolution.
# Jochem Ziegert

Jochem Ziegert (born 25 July 1954 in Marburg) is a former German footballer.
Ziegert made a total of 176 appearances in the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga during his playing career. As a manager, Ziegert coached Hertha BSC II to the final of the 1992–93 DFB-Pokal.
# List of Turkish physicians

A list of notable Turkish physicians:

## A

* Abdullah Cevdet Karlıdağ
* Aziz Sancar
* Abdülaziz Efendi
* Abdülhak Adnan Adıvar
* Yıldırım Aktuna
* Ali Rıza Pasin
* Asaf Ataseven
* Asım Akin
* Ayhan Sökmen
* Ayşe Olcay Tiryaki

## B

* Baha Akşit
* Bedrettin Yıldızeli

## C

* Cemil Topuzlu
* Cüneyt Arkın

## H

* Hulusi Behçet

## M

* Mehmet Öz
* Murat Başkurt
* Mustafa Altıoklar

## N

* Necati Çelim

## P

* Pakize Tarzi

## S

* Sabuncuoğlu Şerefeddin
* Safiye Ali

## T

* Türkan Saylan
# Suomi Finland Perkele

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Suomi Finland Perkele is the third full-length album by Impaled Nazarene, the last to feature both Luttinen brothers. It is infamous due to its nationalistic themes; for example, in the lyrics to "Total War - Winter War". "Suomi" is the Finnish word for Finland and "perkele" ("devil") is a common Finnish swear word.
Three versions of the sleeve exist: gold on black (OPCD 026-A), black on gold (OPCD 026-B) and black on silver (OPCD 026-C).

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Impaled Nazarene

## Personnel

* Mika Luttinen: Vocals
* Kimmo Luttinen: Drums, Guitars
* Jarno Antilla: Guitars
* Taneli Jarva: Bass
# Maren Spliid

Maren Spliid, Spliids or Splids, (Danish pronunciation:; c. 1600 – 9 November 1641), was an alleged Danish witch, probably the best known victim of the persecution of witches in Denmark.

## The first trial

Maren Thomasdatter Splids originated from the village of Grimstrup in Esbjerg. She was the wife of a wealthy and successful tailor in the town of Ribe in Jutland and ran an inn in one of her husband's houses. She was an independent woman with a sharp tongue.
Didrik the tailor, an unsuccessful professional competitor to her husband, accused her of sorcery in 1637. He claimed that one night he had been awoken by three witches; two were unknown by him, but the third was Maren. They had held him down, and Maren blew into his mouth. The day after he was sick, and vomited up an object he thought was moving. The object was brought forward and observed by priests and the bishop, who declared it to be unnatural. But her husband stood by her side and managed to have her acquitted of the charges.

## The second trial

Didrik then gathered witnesses to support his cause and went straight to King Christian IV of Denmark, in 1639. The king declared that the case should be opened again, and that Maren should bring 15 character witnesses to swear her free from the charges. She did not manage to get them, and was therefore judged guilty of the charges in 1640, but freed by the higher court. The matter was now brought before the highest court, where the king was a judge. The king had Maren brought to Copenhagen and tortured her, despite the fact that the law forbade torture of prisoners before they were judged. The torture made her admit guilt and accuse a number of other people as witches. The judgement was; "Because Maren Spliid personally and here before the court as well as in earlier confessions, said that she had used sorcery, and thereby misused the holy sacrament of communion, we found her as a sorceress, and on her life suffer fire and stake". In Denmark, witches were often burned alive at the stake.
The day after the verdict, Maren was executed outside of Ribe. So many people had come to see it that the priest could hardly get to her. She was given a half bottle of alcohol to steady herself with and a bag of gunpowder on her back to make the death quicker. Then she was tied to a ladder, and the ladder was thrown into the fire.

## Aftermath

In 1652, eleven years after this execution, Anna Bruds was burned in Ribe as a witch. After this the witch hunt in Denmark was less intense, though the last convicted witch in Denmark, Anne Palles, was executed in 1693. Together with Norway, Denmark burned more witches than the other countries in Scandinavia. Many people were burned between 1540 and 1693, especially in Jutland and Northern Norway.
# Tourist gateway

A tourist gateway (sometimes called a tourism gateway) is a place or settlement through which tourists typically first visit on their way to a tourist attraction or tourism region. The term is similar in concept to a gateway city, which describes a city that serves as a primary point-of-entry to a region, usually in terms of migration.

## Description

Tourist gateways may not offer significant attractions themselves. Although the term suggests that they must be passed through en route, a gateway may not be the only way to reach the tourist destination. They may be the last, largest or only settlement en route to the tourist attraction or in a tourism region, the closest in proximity to, or the first encountered within a tourism region. As such, tourist gateways are often associated with a major international or domestic airport, major road, railway station or seaport.
Sometimes the terms are used in the context of information, such as websites that tourist visit in order to find out more about attractions and regions.

## Attraction

Tourist gateways, unlike tourist destinations, may have developed a niche in their economy for the role or may have degrees of dependency on the tourist attraction or region for economic development. As such the focus of their tourism promotion is on their role in the provision of related services, such as transport, accommodation and hospitality. Sometimes these services can be in direct competition with those offered at the tourist attractions themselves.
Tourist gateways may also be associated with roadside attractions and tourist traps. Often, tourist gateways are associated with a moniker such as "Gateway to the ..."; for example, Gateway to the West.

## Examples of tourist gateways
### Americas

* Williams, Arizona – gateway to the Grand Canyon
* Iquitos, Peru – gateway to the Amazon rainforest
* Ushuaia, Argentina – gateway to Antarctica
* Green Bay and Algoma – gateways to Door County, Wisconsin

### Australia

* Alice Springs, Northern Territory – gateway to the Red Centre and Uluru
* Torquay, Victoria – gateway to the Great Ocean Road
* Stawell, Victoria – gateway to the Grampians National Park
* Karratha, Western Australia – gateway to the Pilbara
* Broome, Western Australia – gateway to the Kimberley
* Cairns, Queensland – gateway to the Great Barrier Reef
* Ballarat, Victoria – gateway to the Goldfields region of Victoria
* Bright, Victoria – gateway to the Australian Alps
* Devonport, Tasmania – gateway to Tasmania

### Europe

* Zürich – gateway to the Alps
# Black Venus (2010 film)

Black Venus (French: Vénus noire) is a 2010 French drama film directed by Abdellatif Kechiche. It is based on the life of Sarah Baartman, a Khoikhoi woman who in the early 19th century was exhibited in Europe under the name "Hottentot Venus". The film was nominated for the Golden Lion at the 67th Venice International Film Festival, where it was awarded the Equal Opportunity Award.

## Plot

In Paris 1815, the Royal Academy of Medicine. George's cuvier declared "I have never seen a human head so similar to that of an ape." Standing by a moulded cast of Saartjie Baartman's body, anatomist Georges Cuvier's verdict is categorical. Several years before in 1810 Sarah Baartman, a khoikhoi woman from South Africa, is brought to London by Hendrick Caezer, an Afrikaaner. Caezer puts her on display as the "Hottentot venus" in freak shows, exploiting her physique-mainly her large buttocks and exotic looks. She is presented as a spectacle, where people are invited to touch and gawk her.
Over time, Sarah becomes more resentful as the shows continue. This eventually gets the attention of abolitionist groups, who take the matter to court. However despite the backlash Caezer coerces her to admit that she is doing these shows on her own free will.
A few years later she is baptised and is sold to a French animal trainer named Réaux, who takes her to Paris. In France her exploitation continues, but the situation worsens as she is forced to take part in even more humiliating spectacles where she is subjected to sexual degradation.
Sarah's body attracts the interest of French scientists, including Georges Cuvier, who offers money to examine her. Réaux sends her to Cuvier for scientific examination, but Sarah resists, and no deal is reached. As her financial situation worsens, Sarah's life spirals into despair, leading her to engage in prostitution to survive. Her health declines, and she dies in 1815. After Sarah's death, Réaux sells her corpse to Cuvier, who conducts further examinations.

## Cast

* Yahima Torres as Sarah Baartman
* Andre Jacobs as Caezar
* Olivier Gourmet as Réaux, le forain
* Elina Löwensohn as Jeanne
* François Marthouret as Georges Cuvier
* Jean-Christophe Bouvet as Mercailler
* Jonathan Pienaar as Alexander Dunlop
* Phillip Schurer as Peter Wageninger
* Ralph Amoussou as Harry

## Reception

Black Venus holds a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on five reviews.
# Identical Twins, Roselle, New Jersey, 1967

Identical Twins, Roselle, New Jersey, 1967 is a noted photograph by photographer Diane Arbus from the United States.
Since its debut Identical twins, Roselle, N. J., has become the image most closely associated with her large body of work. The photograph was chosen as the cover illustration for what was, for many years, Arbus’s only retrospective monograph: Diane Arbus, published by Aperture in 1972. It embodies a culmination of the strongest themes in her work, namely her fascinations with children, aberrance, and identity, among them.

## History

Diane Arbus was known for her photographs of outsiders and people on the fringes of society. She often shot with a Rolleiflex medium format twin-lens reflex that provided a square aspect ratio and a waist-level viewfinder. The viewfinder allowed Arbus to connect with her subjects in ways that a standard eye-level viewfinder did not.

## Significance

Identical Twins depicts young twin sisters, Cathleen and Colleen Wade, standing side by side in matching corduroy dresses, white tights, and white headbands in their dark hair. Both stare into the camera, one slightly smiles and the other slightly frowns. The photo has been said to sum up Arbus' vision. Biographer Patricia Bosworth said, "She was involved in the question of identity. Who am I and who are you? The twin image expresses the crux of that vision: normality in freakishness and the freakishness in normality." Arbus' inquiry into identity reaches a climax in this photograph with the noticeable tension between the girls' being twins and individuals at the same time. Their extreme closeness, the uniformity of their clothing and haircut underline their close bond while the facial expressions strongly emphasise their individuality.
The twins were seven years old when Arbus spotted them at a Christmas party for twins and triplets. The twins' father once said about the photo, "We thought it was the worst likeness of the twins we'd ever seen."

## In popular culture

The photo has also inspired other art. Most notably, it is said to be echoed in Stanley Kubrick's horror film The Shining (1980), which features the twin Grady sisters in similar dress and pose. It is also briefly referenced in Harmony Korine's Gummo and in an episode of the television series Psych: "The Old and The Restless". It also appears in A Simple Favor, a novel by Darcey Bell, where it hangs above the mantel in one of the main characters' home.

## Art market

In 2004, a print of the photo was sold at Sotheby's in New York for $478,000. It is also one of a set of recreated iconic portraits through photographic history by the photographer Sandro Miller using John Malkovich as the actor in each portrait.
Peter Bunnell's 25.4 cm x 26 cm print was sold at the Phillips auction in April 2023, for near-high $215,900. Bunnell’s print is titled and dated by the photographer. The purposely diffuse edges of the image are a hallmark of Arbus’s mature printing style in which she employed a filed-out negative carrier while making prints in the darkroom.
# Maravanthuruthu

Maravanthuruthu is a small village located in the Kottayam district of Kerala in India. It is surrounded by the river Muvattupuzha and is connected to the neighbouring villages Thalayolaparambu, Enādi by recently constructed bridges. In January 2023, when Kerala was listed by The New York Times in their "52 places to go in 2023" list, Maravanthur got a special mention for its rurality.
It is one of the Grama Panchayats in Vaikom Taluk.
# President Fernández

President Fernández may refer to:
* Alberto Fernández (born 1959), President of Argentina from 2019 to 2023
** Presidency of Alberto Fernández, his presidency
* Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (born 1953), President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015
** Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, her presidency
* Leonel Fernández (born 1953), President of the Dominican Republic from 1996 to 2000 and from 2004 to 2012
* Próspero Fernández Oreamuno (1834–1885), President of Costa Rica from 1882 to 1885