OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Court of the clerk of the market

A court of the clerk of the market was an inferior court held at every market for the punishment of minor crimes, and to exercise control over market prices and over weights and measures. These courts were presided over by the relevant clerk of the market.
It was listed by Edward Coke in Institutes of the Lawes of England as a type of public court of criminal jurisdiction, and also included by William Blackstone in his Commentaries on the Laws of England:
   The court of the clerk of the market is incident to every fair and market in the kingdom, to punish misdemeanors therein; as a court of pie poudre is, to determine all disputes relating to private or civil property. The object of this jurisdiction is principally the cognizance of weights and measures, to try whether they be according to the true standard thereof, or no: which standard was anciently committed to the custody of the bishop, who appointed some clerk under him to inspect the abuse of them more narrowly; and hence this officer, though now usually a layman, is called the clerk of the market. If they be not according to the standard, then, besides the punishment of the party by fine, the weights and measures themselves ought to be burnt. This is the most inferior court of criminal jurisdiction in the kingdom; though the objects of its coercion were esteemed among the Romans of such importance to the public, that they were committed to the care of some of their most dignified magistrates, the curule aediles.
# Kuweires Military Aviation Institute

Kuweires Military Aviation Institute (Arabic: الكلية الجوية العسكرية في كويرس) is an airbase and military aviation institute in Aleppo Governorate, Syria. It is situated some 30 km east of the city of Aleppo, to the northeast of Kuweires Sharqi village, between As-Safira in the West and Dayr Hafir in the East.
The base was constructed with Polish support in the late 1960s as the primary base of the Syrian air force academy. The base is home to the Military Aviation Institute (originally opened in Damascus in 1947) of the Syrian Arab Air Force since 1980. The Military Aviation Institute was renovated between 2017 and 2021. Institute was reopened in 2021.

## Siege during the Syrian civil war

Kuweires Airbase was defended mostly by cadets when it fell under siege by Syrian rebels in 2013. Rebel forces surrounded Kuweiris for more than a year but did not overrun it. As rebel infighting intensified, ISIS took control of the siege around late 2013. ISIS besieged the airbase for two years, deploying heavy weapons and armoured vehicles like suicide tank VBIEDs. ISIS negotiators called up officers on the phone and urged them to surrender and shelled the base with leaflets promising safe passage, but no one defected. Twice ISIS breached the perimeter of the airbase, even reaching as far as the hardened aircraft shelters where the defenders lived, but could not capture it.
Colonel Suhayl al-Hasan and his Tiger Forces finally broke the siege on 10 November 2015, as part of the Kuweires offensive. Only 300 of 1,100 soldiers survived the siege.
The Syrian government repaired the base immediately after lifting the siege, deploying a squadron of Aero L-39 Albatros fighter-bombers together with a Buk M1 surface-to-air missile system, operated by a combined Russian and Syrian crew, to defend the base.
On 25 July 2024, GUR forces attacked Russian forces at the Kuweires airbase in Syria, destroying an Electronic Warfare station. Later that year, on 30 November, the Syrian National Army secured the airbase during the Operation Dawn of Freedom.
# San Luis Central Railroad

The Colorado Pacific San Luis Railroad (reporting mark CXSL) is a railroad company based in the U.S. state of Colorado.
In 1913 its predecessor, the San Luis Central Railroad (reporting mark SLC), was founded in 1913 to haul sugar beets from grower to processor. The railroad operates freight traffic through a connection with the Colorado Pacific Rio Grande Railroad hauling mainly grain, potatoes and fertilizer. SLC was also a railcar owner, mostly refrigerator cars and boxcars. On August 23rd, 2024, a filing with the Surface Transportation Board revealed that the Soloviev Group, who already owns the Colorado Pacific Rio Grande, was purchasing the San Luis Central, which would then be renamed to Colorado Pacific San Luis Railroad.
The railroad is 13 miles (21 km) long, located between Sugar Junction (east of Monte Vista, Colorado) and Center, Colorado. At the time of sale in 2024, the railroad owned two locomotives: Electro Motive Division SW8 number 70 and General Electric 70 ton locomotive number 71. Prior to its purchase by Colorado Pacific San Luis, the company was owned by Rail World, Inc., which is controlled by Ed Burkhardt.
# Guru Nanak Dev University

Guru Nanak Dev University is a Public State University in Amritsar, India. It also offers many higher studies degree courses online. The university's campus is spread over 500 acres (200 ha).

## Campus

Guru Nanak Dev University campus is spread over 500 acres (200 ha) near Kot Khalsa, approximately eight km (5.0 mi) west of Amritsar on the Amritsar-Lahore highway, next to Khalsa College. The university was founded in 24th of November, 1969 and is named after the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak Dev. The university is home to several research centers and institutes, including the National Institute of Punjabi Language, Literature and Culture, the Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, and the Indian Institute of Public Administration.

## Ranking

Guru Nanak Dev University was ranked 48th among universities in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2023 and 87th overall.

## Vice Chancellors

* Prof. Bishan Singh Samundri (1969 to 1978)
* Karam Singh Gill (1978 to 1981)
* J. S. Grewal (1981 to 1984)
* S. S. Bal (1985 to 1988)
* Gurdip Singh Randhawa (1989 to 1996)
* Harbhajan Singh Soch (1996 to 2001)
* S. P. Singh (2001 to 2006)
* Jai Rup Singh Pannu (2006 to 2009)
* Prof. Ajaib Singh Brar (2009 to 2017)
* Jaspal Singh Sandhu (2017–2024)

## Gallery

* Administration block and post office
* Main entrance
* Main entrance gate
* Maharaja Ranjit Singh Bhawan

## Notable alumni

Some of Guru Nanak Dev University's notable alumni include:
* Ajit Pal Singh, Indian hockey Olympian and both Padmashri and Arjuna Awardee
* Prof. Bhura Singh Ghuman, former Vice Chancellor, Punjabi University, Patiala
* Surjit Pattar, Punjabi writer and poet (currently President of Punjab Arts Council, Chandigarh and Padmashri Awardee)
* Satinder Satti, anchor and actress
* Amrinder Gill, singer and actor
* Ranjit Bawa, singer and actor
* Kapil Sharma, Comedian, actor,singer
* Sugandha Mishra, singer and actress
* Gurpreet Ghuggi, comedian and actor
* Sanjeev Kumar Yadav, Deputy Commissioner of Police
# Mosby Creek (Oregon)

Mosby Creek is a 21-mile (34 km) tributary of the Row River in Lane County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It begins at the confluence of the east and west forks of the creek near the Calapooia Divide and the border with Douglas County. From its source it flows generally north-northwest to meet the river slightly east of Cottage Grove and about 4 miles (6 km) from the larger stream's confluence with the Coast Fork Willamette River.
Mosby Creek was named for David Mosby, an early settler. He lived near the mouth of the stream, once known as Brumbaugh Creek.
Mosby Creek Covered Bridge, 90 feet (27 m) long, carries Layng Road over the creek east of Cottage Grove. Built in 1920, it is the oldest covered bridge in Lane County.
Further upstream near Walden, the Stewart Covered Bridge carries Garoutte Road over the creek. Built in 1930 and restored in 1996, this 60-foot (18 m) span is used only for pedestrian and bicycle traffic.

## Tributaries

Mosby Creek's east and west forks meet to form the main stem. Named tributaries from source to mouth include Cove, Tom, Miles, Tones, Lilly, Brownie, and Shea creeks. Then come Gray, Norwegian, Dahl, Little Dry, Dry, Bark Shanty, and Stell creeks, followed by Allen, Cedar, Clearing, Cow, Palmer, Rock, and Lewis creeks. Below that are Simpson, Blue, Short, Fall, Kennedy, Smith, Perkins, Kizer, and Champion creeks.
# Ata Kakwi

Syed Shah Ataur Rahman (1907–18 March 1998) popularly known as Ata Kakwi was an Indian poet and writer. He was a contemporary of Wali Azimabadi, Akhtar Qadri, Azizuddin Balkhi and Fasihuddin Balkhi. He has served as the head of department for the Department of Persian of Patna University.
He has been a director of Arabic and Persian Research Institute, Patna. He had served as the professor in Urdu, Arabic and Persian department of Langat Singh College, Muzaffarpur from 1937 to 1954 succeeding Dr. Abdul Majeed Akhtar. He was related to the Abulolai-Naqshbandi order of Sufism.
He was the father of Arshad Kakvi, a known poet of Urdu-language.

## Early life

Syed Shah Ataur Rahman was born to Syed Shah Ghafurur Rahman Hamd Kakvi in Kako, Jehanabad district, Bihar in 1907.
He passed matriculation from Gaya Zila School, Gaya. He was a student of Shad Azimabadi in poetry.

## Books

* Pesh-i guftār: dībācon̲ kā majmūʻah, 1989
* Miʻyār va mīzān: tabṣire, 1989
* Taḥqīqī mut̤ālaʻe: Taḥqīqī maqālon̲ kā majmūʻah, 1965
* Ās̲ār-i Kāko, 1986
* Mut̤ālaʻah-yi Shād, 1966
* Ḥarf-i avvalīn: apnī taṣānīf va tālīfāt ke dībāce, 1989
* Gulhā-yi rang rang, 1970

## Death and legacy

He died on 18 March 1998, in Patna and buried under the campus of Dargah Shah Arzan.
The Urdu Directorate, Bihar organized a commemorative program for Ata Kakwi on 26 October 2022 at the Abhilekh Bhawan Bihar State Archive Directorate, Patna.
# Ves Touškov

Ves Touškov (German: Tuschkau Dorf) is a municipality and village in Plzeň-South District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Ves Touškov lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) south-west of Plzeň and 105 km (65 mi) south-west of Prague.

## Administrative division

Ves Touškov consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Ves Touškov (288)
* Mířovice (41)

## History

The first written mention of Ves Touškov is from 1243.
# Marcial Gala

Marcial Gala (born 1963) is a Cuban writer, poet, and architect, who has received numerous prizes for his literary works.

## Biography

Marcial Gala was born in Havana, Cuba in 1963. He first trained in behavioral psychiatry (ergoterapia psiquiatra) at Politécnico de la Salud de Santiago de Cuba in 1983, and received additional training as an architect in Universidad Central de las Villas, Santa Clara in 1992.
He has received the Premio Alejo Carpentier for his novel La Catedral de los negros. His books have been translated into numerous languages, including English, German, Polish, Italian and Portuguese.
He currently resides in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

## Awards

* Premio Alejo Carpentier for La Catedral de los negros, in 2012.
* Premio Anual de la Crítica for La Catedral de los negros, in 2012.
* The English translation of his novel Llánmenme Cassandra by Anna Kushner was nominated for the 35th Lambda Literary Awards in the category "Gay Fiction," in 2023.
# Chunghwa TV

Chunghwa TV, owned by CJ ENM Entertainment Division, is a Chinese television channel with Korean subtitles, also catering to the ethnic Chinese population. It broadcasts various programs such as Chinese lessons, music videos, news, dramas, etc. The company headquarters is located in Seoul, South Korea.
# Mosquito Creek (Wisconsin River tributary)

Mosquito Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is a tributary to the Wisconsin River.
Mosquito Creek was named for the swarms of mosquitoes in the wetlands along its course.
# Bell's Gap Railroad

The Bell's Gap Railroad was a 8+1⁄2 miles (13.7 km) long railroad in Pennsylvania. It was inaugurated in 1873 and consolidated in 1874. The original construction was narrow-gauge.

## History

The Bell's Gap Railroad Company was incorporated under the general law of Pennsylvania on 11 May 1871, to construct a railway from Bell’s Mills, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, to Lloyds in Cambria County. The construction began in 1872, and the 8+1⁄2 miles (13.7 km) long line was put in operation in June 1873.
The Pennsylvania & North Western Railroad Company became the successor by change of name of the Bell's Gap Railroad Company on 9 May 1874.
In 1883 and 1884, the Pennsylvania & North Western Railroad Company (under control of the Pennsylvania Railroad) converted the original 3 foot gauge trackage to standard gauge.

## Route and track

The grade was very heavy, the maximum of 158.4 feet to the mile (3.0 %) being continuous for 6+3⁄4 miles (10 km).
The sharpest curvature was 28° with a 206 feet (63 m) radius. There were ten of these curves on the maximum grade, two of which were 600 feet (180 m) long with a turning an angle of 168°.
The weight of rail was 35 pounds to the yard (17.5 kg/m).

## Rolling stock

The weight of the engines was 15 tons. The following rolling stock was used in 1875:
* 2 locomotives
* 2 passenger cars
* 78 freight cars

## Operation

Operations for year ending 31 December 1875 were as follows:
* Gross earnings: $38,146.42
* Operating expenses: $18,504.85 (48.49 %)
* Net earnings, $19,641.57
# Gavin Strang

Gavin Steel Strang (born 10 July 1943) is a Scottish Labour Party politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Edinburgh East from 1970 until 2010 (including two terms for Edinburgh East and Musselburgh). He served as a minister in the 1974–79 Labour government under Prime Ministers Harold Wilson and James Callaghan, as well as in the Cabinet under Tony Blair. By the time of his retirement at the 2010 general election, he was the longest-serving Scottish MP.

## Early life

A farmer's son, Strang grew up in Perthshire and attended the independent Morrison's Academy in Crieff. After gaining a BSc in Genetics from the University of Edinburgh in 1964, he gained a Diploma in Agricultural Science from Churchill College, Cambridge and a PhD in Agricultural Science from Edinburgh, presenting the thesis "The genetic aspects of litter productivity in British pigs". From 1966 to 1968, he was a member of the Tayside Economic Planning Consultative Group and, from 1968 to 1970, was a scientist at the Agricultural and Food Research Council and Animal Breeding Research Organisation in Edinburgh.

## Parliamentary career

Strang was first elected in the 1970 general election after Labour MP George Willis, who had represented Edinburgh East since a 1954 by-election, retired. Strang was a minister under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan, serving as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of Energy in 1974 and then at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food until 1979. In 1990, he was the last person to ask Margaret Thatcher a question at Prime Minister's Questions, which he used to criticise her impact on communities and the poor during her time in office.
Following the 1997 general election, Strang was made Minister of State for Transport with a seat in the Cabinet. However, he was sacked in June 1998. After becoming a backbencher, he was sometimes critical of government policy. He campaigned against the privatisation of National Air Traffic Services, and on 31 October 2006, was one of twelve Labour MPs to back Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party's call for an inquiry into the Iraq War. From 1997 to the 2005 general election, his seat was named Edinburgh East and Musselburgh.
Strang was a member of the Tribune Group of MPs and the Campaign for Labour Party Democracy. He was Chairman of the All-Party Group for World Government and served on the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee. In November 2007, he announced he would stand down at the next general election, but later reversed the decision. On 27 June 2008, Strang again changed his mind, and announced that he would indeed stand down at the next general election.

## Personal life

Strang married Bettina in 1973. They have a son, and he has two step sons. His wife has been the chair of the arm of the advocacy organisation Europa Donna. Bettina died in 2016.
# Gérard Sartoro

Gérard Sartoro (born 16 October 1961) is a French wrestler. He competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics, the 1988 Summer Olympics and the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Click-N-Ship

Click-N-Ship is a service offered by the United States Postal Service that allows customers to create pre-paid Priority Mail shipping labels on ordinary printer paper. The labels include delivery confirmation numbers to track date and time of delivery or attempted delivery. Other than the cost of postage, there is no fee to create labels for Priority Mail, Priority Mail Express, Global Priority Mail, or Global Express Mail if the sender uses USPS Flat Rate envelopes or boxes.
After affixing the label, customers may ship a package by depositing it in a USPS collection box, bringing it to a post office, giving it to their regular mail carrier, or requesting a pickup.
# Or Records

Or Records (sometimes capitalized OR Records after their logo) is a small British independent record label, which was established in 1998 by Russell Haswell and based in London. The label specializes in experimental music and is distributed by Touch Music. They have issued "the first ever MiniDisc only release" (Alan Phillips, Sony Software) , the 1998 experimental album Minidisc by Autechre's side-project Gescom.

## Overview

The label was apparently established in 1998 with its first release, a CD remaster of a 1995 vinyl previously from Mego Records. They have since slowly but regularly published 15 releases from 1998 to 2003. They sign with the motto "it's a or".
Their peculiar catalogue numbering scheme use a different word for each release, followed by the actual number of the release in the catalogue: "UNLESS 1", "ORCDR 2", "ONLY 3", etc., up to "JUST 13". Their audio magazines use the more regular "ISSUE 1" and "ISSUE 2" scheme.

## Artists

Published artists alphabetically include: CD_Slopper, Earth, Farmersmanual (a.k.a. Farmers Manual or Farmer's Manual), Gescom, Zbigniew Karkowski & Helmut Schäfer (a.k.a. Helmut Schaefer), Francisco López, MAZK (Masami Akita & Zbigniew Karkowski), Daniel Menche, Shirt Trax (a.k.a. Shirttrax), Stützpunkt Wien 12 – plus (on anthologies) Hecker, and Incapacitants.
They also sometimes issue an "audio magazine" (a CD with the magazine for booklet) about new computer music:
* (1999) Or Some Computer Music – (featuring Aphex Twin, Beautyon, CD_Slopper, General Magic, Kevin Drumm, Stephen Travis Pope, Trevor Wishart, Ubik, Zbigniew Karkowski & Kasper T. Toeplitz)
* (2001) Or Some Computer Music 2 – (featuring Albert de Campo, Atau Tanaka & Eric Wenger, Curtis Roads, Farmersmanual, Jim O'Rourke, Phoenecia, Tom Wallace)
# Błenna A

Błenna A is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Izbica Kujawska, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Izbica Kujawska, 32 km (20 mi) south of Włocławek, and 76 km (47 mi) south of Toruń.
# Ferdinand Foltin

Ferdinand Foltin (30 November 1916 – 18 May 2007) was an Austrian officer in the paratroop forces (Fallschirmjäger) of Nazi Germany during World War II and a general in the post-war Austrian Armed Forces. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

## Awards and decorations

* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 June 1944 as Hauptmann and commander of the II./Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 3
# Britford Water Meadows

Britford Water Meadows (grid reference SU166274) is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest at Britford, south of Salisbury in Wiltshire. It has an area of 45 acres (18 ha) and was notified in 1975.

## Sources

* Natural England citation sheet for the site (accessed 22 March 2022)
# Muck Creek

Muck is a stream in the U.S. state of Washington.
The name Muck is derived from an old variant name of Roy, Washington.
# Rotary Park Bridge

Rotary Park Bridge is a historic arch bridge located in Rotary Park at Huntington, Cabell County, West Virginia, United States. Constructed between 1929 and 1930, the bridge is made of native rock-faced, square-cut ashlar in a rustic style. It measures approximately 175 feet long and 30 feet wide.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
# Muckaloochee Creek

Muckaloochee Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is a tributary to Muckalee Creek.
A variant name is "Muckatoochee Creek".
# Guan (bird)

The guans are a number of bird genera which make up the largest group in the family Cracidae. They are found mainly in northern South America, southern Central America, and a few adjacent Caribbean islands. There is also the peculiar horned guan (Oreophasis derbianus) which is not a true guan, but a very distinct and ancient cracid with no close living relatives (Pereira et al. 2002).

## Systematics and evolution

The evolution of the group is fairly well resolved due to comprehensive analyses of morphology, biogeography, and mt and nDNA sequences (Pereira et al. 2002, Grau et al. 2005). The position of Penelopina and Chamaepetes - peculiar genera of which the former, uniquely among guans and more in line with curassows, shows pronounced sexual dimorphism - relative to each other is not determinable with certainty at present, but all evidence suggests that they are the basalmost guans. Their distribution is fairly far northwards, with 2 of their 3 species living in Central America. This indicates that the guans' origin is in the northern Andes region, in the general area of Colombia or perhaps Ecuador; the date of their initial radiation is not well resolved due to the lack of fossil evidence but can be very roughly placed around 40–25 mya (Oligocene, perhaps some time earlier). The two basal lineages diverged during the Burdigalian, around 20–15 mya.(Pereira et al. 2002)
The two larger genera diverged around the same time, spreading mainly southwards all over tropical South America in the process (Pereira et al. 2002). It appears as if the present-day distribution of the piping-guans is much relictual, due to climate changes fragmenting lowland habitat. Aburria were apparently being driven into refugia of suitable habitat time and again during the Late Pliocene by a combination of this and, possibly, competition with the more diverse and generally more adaptable Penelope (Grau et al. 2005).
If taken as a subfamily, the group also includes the chachalacas, but the horned guan is excluded and found in its monotypic subfamily.

### Genera and species

| Genus | Species |
| Penelopina L. Reichenbach, 1861 | Highland guan, Penelopina nigra |
| Oreophasis G.R. Gray, 1844 | Horned guan, Oreophasis derbianus |
| Chamaepetes Wagler, 1832 | Black guan, Chamaepetes unicolor Sickle-winged guan, Chamaepetes goudotii |
| Penelope Merrem, 1786 | Band-tailed guan, Penelope argyrotis Bearded guan, Penelope barbata Baudo guan, Penelope ortoni Andean guan, Penelope montagnii Marail guan, Penelope marail Rusty-margined guan, Penelope superciliaris Red-faced guan, Penelope dabbenei Crested guan, Penelope purpurascens Cauca guan, Penelope perspicax White-winged guan, Penelope albipennis Spix's guan, Penelope jacquacu Dusky-legged guan, Penelope obscura White-crested guan, Penelope pileata Chestnut-bellied guan, Penelope ochrogaster White-browed guan, Penelope jacucaca |
| Aburria L. Reichenbach, 1853 | Wattled guan, Aburria aburri |
| Pipile- piping guans Bonaparte, 1856 | Trinidad piping guan, Pipile pipile Blue-throated piping guan, Pipile cumanensis Red-throated piping guan, Pipile cujubi Black-fronted piping guan, Pipile jacutinga |