# Burhan Shahidi

Burhan Shahidi (3 October 1894 – 27 August 1989) was a Chinese Tatar politician who occupied several high-level positions in Xinjiang, in the governments of the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China.
He held the position of Vice-Chairman of the Second, Third, Fifth, and Sixth National Committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), served as Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government, and was the founder and inaugural President of the Islamic Association of China.

## Life
### Early life

Burhan Shahidi was born in 1894 in the Russian Kazan Governorate to a Tatar family. His family was poor and he received little schooling in his early years. In 1912, after the Qing Dynasty was overthrown, he accompanied Tatar merchants to Dihua (now Ürümqi) in Xinjiang and worked as an apprentice and store-clerk.
In 1914, he was able to apply and receive Chinese citizenship from the Republic of China on account of his family's ancestry. He spoke Tatar, Uyghur, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Turkish and some Arabic and acted as the interpreter for Yang Zengxin, the leader of Xinjiang at the time. Jadid leader Ismail Gasprinski inspired Shahidi.
In 1929, he was sent to Weimar Germany by Xinjiang's next leader Jin Shuren and studied political-economy in Berlin. He returned to Xinjiang in 1933 and held a number of roles in the provincial government including manager of a land development company. He played a key role in the Xinjiang Nationalities Congress of 1934. At this Congress, the ethnonym Uyghur was adopted to describe the majority Turkic Muslims in the oases of the Tarim Basin.

### Republic of China

In 1935, he became a member of the Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Federation (Chinese: 新疆民众反帝联合会), initially serving as deputy minister of the Popular Department, and subsequently as acting vice-chairman of the Federation in 1936. During this time, he met Yu Xiusong, a CCP member and the chairman of the Federation, and began to study the history of the CPC's struggles, as well as its principles and objectives.
In 1937, he was dispatched by the next governor, Sheng Shicai, to the Soviet Union to serve as a consular official in the border district of Zaysan. The following year, he was recalled by Sheng and imprisoned until 1944. While in prison, Shahidi wrote a Uyghur-Chinese-Russian Dictionary and translated Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles into Uyghur.
He was released by Wu Zhongxin, the Chinese Nationalist official who replaced Sheng Shicai. In 1946, Shahidi became the vice-chairman of a provincial coalition government formed between the Chinese Nationalists and the revolutionaries who had founded the Second East Turkestan Republic (Second ETR) in the "Three Districts". He was considered a political moderate between the Nationalist Chinese and Second ETR members of the coalition.
In 1947, Shahidi was transferred to Nanjing and became an official in the central government under Chiang Kai-shek. Later that year, he led a Xinjiang performance troupe to Taiwan and toured Keelung, Taipei, Taichung, and Kaoshiung. The tour came shortly after the February 28 Incident, which left many islanders hostile to mainlanders. Shahidi gave speeches that appealed to national unity.
In 1948, he returned to Xinjiang and became the president of the Xinjiang Academy, the precursor to the Xinjiang University. He favored Chinese nationalism and disagreed with Turkic nationalist positions of Muhammad Amin Bughra. In January 1949, he replaced Masud Sabri as the chairman of Xinjiang Provincial Government. Sabri was anti-Soviet and opposed the Soviet-backed Ehmetjan Qasim (Akhmedjan Kasimov), who was the vice-chairman of the provincial government. He helped stabilize the province's finances, which was ravaged by the spread of inflation throughout Nationalist China, by restoring the local currency. Anti-Soviet sentiment was espoused by Isa Yusuf Alptekin while Pro Soviet sentiment was espoused by Shahidi. The Soviets were angered by Isa.
In September of that year, he negotiated with Deng Liqun, the Chinese Communist representative sent by Mao Zedong to the province during the waning days of the Chinese Civil War. On 26 September, Shahidi joined Nationalist general Tao Zhiyue in announcing the surrender of the province to the People's Liberation Army, paving the way for the "peaceful liberation" of Xinjiang. A week later, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in Beijing.

### People's Republic of China

On 17 December 1949, the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government was established, and Shahidi became the chairman. Saifuddin Azizi was the deputy chairman. He was introduced to the Chinese Communist Party by Wang Zhen and Xu Liqing at the end of the year. In December, he joined the Northwest Military and Political Committee, assumed the role of Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government, and became President of the Xinjiang Academy. He chaired the First Committee of the Whole of the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government, which ratified the “Current Policy of Governance of the Xinjiang Provincial People's Government Committee.” In 1952, he headed the preparatory committee to create the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR).
Shahidi was a co-founder and the first chairman of the Islamic Association of China. In this capacity, he became an able diplomat in the PRC's outreach to the Islamic world. In February 1956, he led a cultural and religious delegation on a tour of Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Syria and Lebanon. As a direct result of his diplomatic work, Egypt under President Gamal Abdel Nasser in May 1956 became the first country in Middle East to recognize the PRC and sever ties with the Republic of China on Taiwan. It was the first country to recognize Beijing in six years and the recognition broke the diplomatic blockade imposed by the West. In July, he returned to the region leading China's hajj mission to Saudi Arabia, where he met King Saud and visited King Hussein of Jordan, though neither country had diplomatic relations with the PRC. On the same trip, he also met with President Nazim al-Kudsi of Syria and Amir Muhammad al-Badr of North Yemen. Both countries switched their recognition to the PRC in 1956.
On 4 November 1956, Shahidi and Hu Yaobang, Guo Moruo helped lead a massive public rally and parade in Beijing with over 400,000 people in Tiananmen Square to support Egypt and denounce Anglo-French imperialism in the Suez Crisis. In the spring of 1959, he led a delegation to Iraq to support Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim who had overthrown the Iraqi monarchy the previous year and founded a pro-socialist republic. He assumed the presidency of Xinjiang University in October 1960.
In February 1962, he served as the director of the Institute of Ethnic Studies at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In April, he assumed the role of vice-president of the Asian-African Society of China. Following the Yi–Ta incident in Xinjiang in June–July, he was instructed to return to Xinjiang to aid the CCP Xinjiang Autonomous Region in managing the incident's repercussions.
Shahidi supervised Chinese Muslim participation in the hajj until the Cultural Revolution, when he was accused of being a collaborator and a foreigner, and imprisoned for eight years. In January 1980, he assumed the presidency of the China Turkic Language Research Society (Chinese: 中国突厥语研究会); in March, he was rehabilitated and reinstated as a CCP member; in April, he was appointed honorary president of the Islamic Association of China; in August, he was elected honorary president of the China Ethnic Ancient Texts and Writings Research Society (Chinese: 中国民族古文字研究会); and in September, he was co-opted as a vice-chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), and then served as a vice-chairman of the second, third, fifth, sixth and seventh Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference National Committee. His memoir, Fifty Years in Xinjiang (Chinese: 《新疆五十年》) was published in 1984.
In 1985, to support the return of the critically endangered Père David's deer to China, Shahidi helped found and chair the China Milu Foundation, now known as the China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation.
He died on 27 August 1989 in Beijing and is buried in the foothills of the Tian Shan in Xinjiang.