# List of heads of state of Brazil

Below is a list of heads of state and heads of government of Brazil. This is the list of heads of state of Brazil, which brings together monarchs and presidents who held the head of state in Brazil during all historical periods in the country's history.

## Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)

House of Avis
Brazil is discovered by Portuguese navigators on April 22, 1500, and becomes a Portuguese colony.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| Manuel IThe Fortunate; The Grocer King/The Spices King (Le Roi-Épicier) | 31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521 (aged 52) | 25 October 1495 | 13 December 1521 | Cousin of John II Grandson of Edward I | Aviz |
| John IIIThe Pious; The ColonizerPortuguese: João III | 7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557 (aged 55) | 13 December 1521 | 11 June 1557 | Son of Manuel I | Aviz |
| Sebastian IThe Desired; The Asleep; The Sleeper; The Sleeping Hero; The Sleeping King; The Virgin King; The Hidden; The CrusaderPortuguese: Sebastião I | 20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578 (aged 24) | 11 June 1557 | 4 August 1578 | Grandson of John III | Aviz |
| Henry IThe Chaste; The Cardinal; The Cardinal-KingPortuguese: Henrique I | 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580 (aged 68) | 4 August 1578 | 31 January 1580 | Son of Manuel I Brother of John III Great-uncle of Sebastian | Aviz |
| Anthony IThe Prior of Crato; The Determined; The Fighter; The Resistant; The IndependentistPortuguese: António I | 1531 – 28 August 1595 (aged 64) | (Disputed) 24 July 1580 | (Disputed) 1583 | Grandson of Manuel I Nephew of Henry I | Aviz |
House of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| Philip IThe PrudentPortuguese: Filipe I | 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598 (aged 71) | 17 April 1581 | 13 September 1598 | Grandson of Manuel I Nephew of Henry I | Habsburg |
| Philip IIThe PiousPortuguese: Filipe II | 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (aged 42) | 13 September 1598 | 31 March 1621 | Son of Philip I | Habsburg |
| Philip IIIThe Great; The Tyrant; The OppressorPortuguese: Filipe III | 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665 (aged 60) | 31 March 1621 | 1 December 1640 | Son of Philip II | Habsburg |
House of Braganza
The House of Braganza, also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great great grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in the Portuguese Restoration War.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| John IVThe Restorer; The Fortunate; The Musician KingPortuguese: João IV | 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656 (aged 53) | 1 December 1640 | 6 November 1656 | Great-great-grandson of Manuel I | Braganza |
| Afonso VIThe Victorious | 21 August 1643 – 12 September 1683 (aged 40) | 6 November 1656 | 12 September 1683 | Son of John IV | Braganza |
| Peter IIThe PacificPortuguese: Pedro II | 26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706 (aged 58) | 6 November 1683 | 9 December 1706 | Son of John IV Brother of Afonso VI | Braganza |
| John VThe Magnanimous; The Magnificent; The Generous; The Most Faithful King; The Nuns' Lover; The Portuguese Sun-KingPortuguese: João V | 22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750 (aged 60) | 9 December 1706 | 31 July 1750 | Son of Peter II | Braganza |
| Joseph IThe ReformerPortuguese: José I | 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777 (age 62) | 31 July 1750 | 24 February 1777 | Son of John V | Braganza |
| Mary IThe Pious; The MadPortuguese: Maria I | (1734-12-17)17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816(1816-03-20) (aged 81) | 24 February 1777 | 20 March 1816 | Daughter of Joseph I | Braganza |

## Kingdom of Brazil (1815–1822)

The house of Braganza continued to rule over Brazil, and on 16 December 1815, the Prince Regent John, the future king John VI raised Brazil to the status of a kingdom, thus making his mother, Maria I, the reigning Queen, the first Monarch of Brazil. The next year, 20 March 1816, John succeeded his mother as King of the united Luso-Brazilian monarchy.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
| Maria IThe Pious; The Mad | 17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816 (aged 81) | 16 December 1815 | 20 March 1816 | Daughter of Joseph I of Portugal | Braganza | |
| John VIThe ClementPortuguese: João VI | 13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826 (aged 58) | 20 March 1816 | 7 September 1822 | Son of Maria I of Portugal and Brazil | Braganza | |

## Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)

The house of Braganza continued to rule over Brazil after Pedro I, son of John VI, was acclaimed the first Emperor of Brazil on 12 October 1822, having proclaimed the independence of the Kingdom of Brazil from Portugal. He was later succeeded on 7 April 1831 by his son Pedro II, the last monarch of Brazil, who reigned for 58 years.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
| Pedro IThe Liberator; The Soldier King | 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834 (aged 35) | 12 October 1822 | 7 April 1831 | Son of John VI of Portugal | Braganza | |
| Pedro IIThe Magnanimous | 2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891 (aged 66) | 7 April 1831 | 15 November 1889 | Son of Pedro I of Brazil | Braganza | |

## The Old Republic (1889–1930)

On 15 November 1889, an unpopular coup d'état led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca deposed Emperor Pedro II and extinguished the stable 74-year-old Brazilian monarchy. The parliamentary monarch system was replaced by a presidential republic.
| No. | Portrait | President (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party | Vice president(s) | Vice president(s) |
| No. | Portrait | President (Birth–Death) | Elected | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party | Vice president(s) | Vice president(s) |
| 1 | | Deodoro da Fonseca (1827–1892) | 1891 | Head of the Provisional Government from 15 November 1889 26 February 1891 | 23 November 1891 | 2 years, 8 days | None (military) | | Floriano Peixoto |
| 2 | | Floriano Peixoto (1839–1895) | — | 23 November 1891 | 15 November 1894 | 2 years, 357 days | None (military) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 3 | | Prudente de Morais (1841–1902) | 1894 | 15 November 1894 | 14 November 1898 | 4 years | Federal Republican Party (PR Fed) | | Manuel Vitorino (PR Fed) |
| 4 | | Campos Sales (1841–1913) | 1898 | 15 November 1898 | 14 November 1902 | 4 years | São Paulo Republican Party (PRP) | | Rosa e Silva (PR Fed) |
| 5 | | Rodrigues Alves (1848–1919) | 1902 | 15 November 1902 | 14 November 1906 | 4 years | São Paulo Republican Party (PRP) | | Silviano Brandão (PRM) |
| 5 | | Rodrigues Alves (1848–1919) | 1902 | 15 November 1902 | 14 November 1906 | 4 years | São Paulo Republican Party (PRP) | | Afonso Pena (PRM) |
| 6 | | Afonso Pena (1847–1909) | 1906 | 15 November 1906 | 14 June 1909 | 2 years, 211 days | Republican Party of Minas Gerais (PRM) | | Nilo Peçanha (PRF) |
| 7 | | Nilo Peçanha (1867–1924) | — | 14 June 1909 | 14 November 1910 | 1 year, 154 days | Rio Republican Party (PRF) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 8 | | Hermes da Fonseca (1855–1923) | 1910 | 15 November 1910 | 14 November 1914 | 4 years | Conservative Republican Party (PRC) | | Venceslau Brás (PRM) |
| 9 | | Venceslau Brás (1868–1966) | 1914 | 15 November 1914 | 14 November 1918 | 4 years | Republican Party of Minas Gerais (PRM) | | Urbano Santos (PRM) |
| — | | Rodrigues Alves (1848–1919) | 1918 | Never took office. | Never took office. | Never took office. | São Paulo Republican Party (PRP) | | Delfim Moreira (PRM) |
| 10 | | Delfim Moreira (1868–1920) | — | Acting president from 15 November 1918 16 January 1919 | 28 July 1919 | 255 days | Republican Party of Minas Gerais (PRM) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 11 | | Epitácio Pessoa (1865–1942) | 1919 | 28 July 1919 | 14 November 1922 | 3 years, 110 days | Republican Party of Minas Gerais (PRM) | | Delfim Moreira (PRM) |
| 11 | | Epitácio Pessoa (1865–1942) | 1919 | 28 July 1919 | 14 November 1922 | 3 years, 110 days | Republican Party of Minas Gerais (PRM) | | Bueno de Paiva (PRM) |
| 12 | | Artur Bernardes (1875–1955) | 1922 | 15 November 1922 | 14 November 1926 | 4 years | Republican Party of Minas Gerais (PRM) | | Estácio Coimbra (PRB) |
| 13 | | Washington Luís (1869–1957) | 1926 | 15 November 1926 | 24 October 1930 | 3 years, 343 days | São Paulo Republican Party (PRP) | | Fernando de Melo Viana (PRM) |
| — | | Júlio Prestes (1882–1946) | 1930 | Never took office. | Never took office. | Never took office. | São Paulo Republican Party (PRP) | | Vital Soares (PRB) |

## The Vargas Era (1930–1946)

The Vargas Era, also known as the Second Brazilian Republic and Third Brazilian Republic, began following the Brazilian revolution of 1930. Washington Luís was deposed on 24 October, and the Brazilian Military Junta took power. Vargas assumed leadership of the junta on 3 November 1930.
| No. | Portrait | President (birth–death) | Elected | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party | Vice president(s) |
| No. | Portrait | President (birth–death) | Elected | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party | Vice president(s) |
| — | | Tasso Fragoso | — | 24 October 1930 | 3 November 1930 | 10 days | None (provisional military junta) | Vacant |
| — | | Isaías de Noronha | — | 24 October 1930 | 3 November 1930 | 10 days | None (provisional military junta) | Vacant |
| — | | Mena Barreto | — | 24 October 1930 | 3 November 1930 | 10 days | None (provisional military junta) | Vacant |
| 14 | | Getúlio Vargas (1882–1954) | 1934 | Head of the Provisional Government from 3 November 1930 20 July 1934 | 29 October 1945 | 14 years, 360 days | None | Vacant |
| 15 | | José Linhares (1886–1957) | — | 29 October 1945 | 31 January 1946 | 94 days | None | Vacant |

## Populist Republic (1946–1964)

The Republic of 46 or the Fourth Brazilian Republic began after Vargas was deposed by a military coup in 1945. Nevertheless, Vargas would be elected president once again in 1950 until his later suicide, with his influence in Brazilian politics remaining until the end of the Fourth republic.
| No. | Portrait | President (birth–death) | Elected | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party | Vice president(s) | Vice president(s) |
| No. | Portrait | President (birth–death) | Elected | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party | Vice president(s) | Vice president(s) |
| 16 | | Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1883–1974) | 1945 | 31 January 1946 | 31 January 1951 | 5 years | Social Democratic Party (PSD) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 16 | | Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1883–1974) | 1945 | 31 January 1946 | 31 January 1951 | 5 years | Social Democratic Party (PSD) | | Nereu Ramos (PSD) |
| 17 | | Getúlio Vargas (1882–1954) | 1950 | 31 January 1951 | 24 August 1954 | 3 years, 205 days | Brazilian Labour Party (PTB) | | Café Filho (PSP) |
| 18 | | João Café Filho (1899–1970) | — | Acting president from 24 August 1954 3 September 1954 | Under self-declared incapacity from 8 November 1955 and barred from resuming the powers of the presidency from 22 November 1955 31 January 1956 | 1 year, 76 days | Social Progressive Party (PSP) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 19 | | Carlos Luz (1894–1961) Acting President for Café Filho | — | 8 November 1955 | 11 November 1955 | 3 days | Social Democratic Party (PSD) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 20 | | Nereu Ramos (1888–1958) Acting President | — | 11 November 1955 | 31 January 1956 | 81 days | Social Democratic Party (PSD) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 21 | | Juscelino Kubitschek (1902–1976) | 1955 | 31 January 1956 | 31 January 1961 | 5 years | Social Democratic Party (PSD) | | João Goulart (PTB) |
| 22 | | Jânio Quadros (1917–1992) | 1960 | 31 January 1961 | 25 August 1961 | 206 days | National Labor Party (PTN) | | João Goulart (PTB) |
| 23 | | Ranieri Mazzilli (1910–1975) Acting President | — | 25 August 1961 | 7 September 1961 | 13 days | Social Democratic Party (PSD) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 24 | | João Goulart (1918–1976) | — | 7 September 1961 | 1 April 1964 | 2 years, 208 days | Brazilian Labour Party (PTB) | Vacant | Vacant |

## Military Dictatorship (1964–1985)

The Forth Republic would end after a military coup in 1964. This coup brought a military regime to power in Brazil that was politically aligned with the interests of the US government.
| No. | Portrait | President (birth–death) | Elected | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party | Vice president(s) | Vice president(s) |
| No. | Portrait | President (birth–death) | Elected | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party | Vice president(s) | Vice president(s) |
| 25 | | Ranieri Mazzilli (1910–1975) Acting President | — | 2 April 1964 | 15 April 1964 | 13 days | Social Democratic Party (PSD) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 26 | | Humberto Castelo Branco (1897–1967) | 1964 | 15 April 1964 | 15 March 1967 | 2 years, 334 days | National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) (military) | | José Maria Alkmin (PSD • ARENA) |
| 27 | | Artur da Costa e Silva (1899–1969) | 1966 | 15 March 1967 | 31 August 1969 Suspended due to ill health 14 October 1969 Removed | 2 years, 169 days | National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) (military) | | Pedro Aleixo (ARENA) |
| — | | Pedro Aleixo (1901–1975) | — | Never took office. | Never took office. | Never took office. | National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) | Vacant | Vacant |
| — | | Augusto Rademaker | — | 31 August 1969 | 30 October 1969 | 60 days | None (military junta) | Vacant | Vacant |
| — | | Aurélio de Lira Tavares | — | 31 August 1969 | 30 October 1969 | 60 days | None (military junta) | Vacant | Vacant |
| — | | Márcio Melo | — | 31 August 1969 | 30 October 1969 | 60 days | None (military junta) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 28 | | Emílio Garrastazu Médici (1905–1985) | 1969 | 30 October 1969 | 15 March 1974 | 4 years, 136 days | National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) (military) | | Augusto Rademaker (ARENA) (military) |
| 29 | | Ernesto Geisel (1907–1996) | 1974 | 15 March 1974 | 15 March 1979 | 5 years | National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) (military) | | Adalberto Pereira dos Santos (ARENA) (military) |
| 30 | | João Figueiredo (1918–1999) | 1978 | 15 March 1979 | 15 March 1985 | 6 years | Democratic Social Party (PDS) (military) | | Aureliano Chaves (ARENA · PDS · DEM) (military) |

## The New Republic (1985–present)

The military dictatorship lasted 21 years, until 1985, when Neves was indirectly elected Brazil's first civilian president since the 1960 elections. Known also as the Sixth Brazilian Republic or the New Republic, is the contemporary epoch in the history of Brazil.
| No. | Portrait | President (birth–death) | Elected | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party | Vice president(s) | Vice president(s) |
| No. | Portrait | President (birth–death) | Elected | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party | Vice president(s) | Vice president(s) |
| — | | Tancredo Neves (1910–1985) | 1985 | Never took office. | Never took office. | Never took office. | Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) | | José Sarney MDB (PMDB) |
| 31 | | José Sarney (1930–) | — | Acting President from 15 March 1985 21 April 1985 | 15 March 1990 | 5 years | Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 32 | | Fernando Collor de Mello (1949–) | 1989 | 15 March 1990 | Powers and duties suspended from 2 October 1992 29 December 1992 | 2 years, 289 days | Act (AGIR) National Reconstruction Party (PRN) | | Itamar Franco AGIR (PRN) • MDB (PMDB) |
| 33 | | Itamar Franco (1930–2011) | — | Acting President from 2 October 1992 29 December 1992 | 1 January 1995 | 2 years, 3 days | Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 34 | | Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1931–) | 1994 1998 | 1 January 1995 | 1 January 2003 | 8 years | Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) | | Marco Maciel DEM (PFL) |
| 35 | | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (1945–) | 2002 2006 | 1 January 2003 | 1 January 2011 | 8 years | Workers' Party (PT) | | José Alencar PL· REPUBLICANOS (PRB) |
| 36 | | Dilma Rousseff (1947–) | 2010 2014 | 1 January 2011 | Powers and duties suspended from 12 May 2016 31 August 2016 | 5 years, 243 days | Workers' Party (PT) | | Michel Temer MDB (PMDB) |
| 37 | | Michel Temer (1940–) | — | Acting President from 12 May 2016 31 August 2016 | 1 January 2019 | 2 years, 123 days | Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) | Vacant | Vacant |
| 38 | | Jair Bolsonaro (1955–) | 2018 | 1 January 2019 | 1 January 2023 | 4 years | Social Liberal Party (PSL) (until 19 November 2019)Independent (2019–2021)Liberal Party (PL) (from 30 November 2021) | | Hamilton Mourão PRTB · Republicanos |
| 39 | | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (1945–) | 2022 | 1 January 2023 | Incumbent | 2 years, 35 days | Workers' Party (PT) | | Geraldo Alckmin PSB |