OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Calcium fluoride

Calcium fluoride is the inorganic compound of the elements calcium and fluorine with the formula CaF$_2$. It is a white solid that is practically insoluble in water. It occurs as the mineral fluorite (also called fluorspar), which is often deeply coloured owing to impurities.

## Chemical structure

The compound crystallizes in a cubic motif called the fluorite structure.
Ca$^{2+}$ centres are eight-coordinate, being centred in a cube of eight F$^−$ centres. Each F$^−$ centre is coordinated to four Ca$^{2+}$ centres in the shape of a tetrahedron. Although perfectly packed crystalline samples are colorless, the mineral is often deeply colored due to the presence of F-centers. The same crystal structure is found in numerous ionic compounds with formula AB$_2$, such as CeO$_2$, cubic ZrO$_2$, UO$_2$, ThO$_2$, and PuO$_2$. In the corresponding anti-structure, called the antifluorite structure, anions and cations are swapped, such as Be$_2$C.

### Gas phase

The gas phase is noteworthy for failing the predictions of VSEPR theory; the CaF$_2$ molecule is not linear like MgF$_2$, but bent with a bond angle of approximately 145°; the strontium and barium dihalides also have a bent geometry. It has been proposed that this is due to the fluoride ligands interacting with the electron core or the d-subshell of the calcium atom.

## Preparation

The mineral fluorite is abundant, widespread, and mainly of interest as a precursor to HF. Thus, little motivation exists for the industrial production of CaF$_2$. High purity CaF$_2$ is produced by treating calcium carbonate with hydrofluoric acid:
    CaCO$_3$ + 2 HF → CaF$_2$ + CO$_2$ + H$_2$O

## Applications

Naturally occurring CaF$_2$ is the principal source of hydrogen fluoride, a commodity chemical used to produce a wide range of materials. Calcium fluoride in the fluorite state is of significant commercial importance as a fluoride source. Hydrogen fluoride is liberated from the mineral by the action of concentrated sulfuric acid:
    CaF$_2$ + H$_2$SO$_4$ → CaSO$_4$(solid) + 2 HF

### Others

Calcium fluoride is used to manufacture optical components such as windows and lenses, used in thermal imaging systems, spectroscopy, telescopes, and excimer lasers (used for photolithography in the form of a fused lens). It is transparent over a broad range from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) frequencies. Its low refractive index reduces the need for anti-reflection coatings. Its insolubility in water is convenient as well. It also allows much smaller wavelengths to pass through.
Doped calcium fluoride, like natural fluorite, exhibits thermoluminescence and is used in thermoluminescent dosimeters. It forms when fluorine combines with calcium.

## Safety

CaF$_2$ is classified as "not dangerous", although reacting it with sulfuric acid produces hydrofluoric acid, which is highly corrosive and toxic. With regards to inhalation, the NIOSH-recommended concentration of fluorine-containing dusts is 2.5 mg/m$^3$ in air.
# Negovantsi

Negovantsi is a village in West Bulgaria. It is in Radomir Municipality, Pernik Province.

## Geography

Negovantsi is next to Radomir (town). The population is 100 – 120 people.

## Cultural and natural landmarks

"St. Ivan Rilski" church was built in 1870.

## Regular events

The last Saturday of August is a village fair.
# NGC 6902

NGC 6902 is an unbarred spiral galaxy located in the southern constellation of Sagittarius at an approximate distance of 124 million light-years (38.0 Mpc). NGC 6902 was discovered on September 2, 1836 by English astronomer John Herschel. In his New General Catalogue, Danish astronomer J. L. E. Dreyer described it as faint, considerably small, round, brighter middle. It is a member of the small NGC 6092 group of galaxies; the LGG 434 group.
The morphological classification of NGC 6902 is SA(r)b, indicating an unbarred spiral galaxy (SA) with an inner ring (r) and somewhat tightly wound arms (b). As the two arms extend outward, they transition into a complex system of filamentary arms. The galaxy has an angular size of 3.55′ × 2.69′ in the optical band. The galactic plane is inclined at an angle of 38±5° to the line of sight from the Earth. NGC 6902 has a high abundance of neutral hydrogen; about three times greater than a typical galaxy of this class. The ring structure is undergoing extensive star formation. Although classed as unbarred, there is a small bar of stars inside the ring.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 6902: SN 2024uwq (type Ic-BL, mag. 17.4).

## Gallery

* NGC 6902 by GALEX
* Center of NGC 6902 by Very Large Telescope
# Filip Arsenijević

Filip Arsenijević (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Арсенијевић; born 2 September 1983) is a Serbian former footballer and current coach. He is older brother of Nemanja Arsenijević.

## Club career

Born in Titovo Užice, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia, between 2001 and 2009 he played in Serbian clubs FK Sloboda Užice, OFK Beograd, FK Mačva Šabac, FK Sevojno and FK Javor Ivanjica. Between 2009 and 2011 he has been in Greece playing with Panthrakikos in the Greek Super League.
On 30 August 2011 he returned to Serbia and signed a one-year deal with top league club FK Jagodina. Later, he spent the 2012 season playing with the Kazakhstan Premier League team FC Shakhter Karagandy and winning the national title, before returning to Jagodina by early 2013 in time to help the team with the Serbian Cup.

## Honours
### Javor Ivanjica

* Serbian First League: 2007–08

### Shakhter Karagandy

* Kazakhstan Premier League: 2012

### Jagodina

* Serbian Cup: 2013
# Aachen Formation

The Aachen Formation (Dutch: Formatie van Aken, German: Aachen-Formation) is an Upper Cretaceous geologic formation in the southern Netherlands and northeastern Belgium and adjacent Germany.
It is stratigraphically equivalent to the middle part of the Chalk Group of England, and named after the German city of Aachen.

## Geography

The formation crops out in southern Belgian and Dutch Limburg and adjacent areas in Germany. The formation can also be found in the subsurface of West Flanders, where it forms an aquifer from which drinking water is won.

## Geology

The Aachen Formation consists of glauconite bearing sand. It was deposited during the Santonian and Campanian ages (85.8 to 70.6 million years ago) of the Cretaceous Period.
The formation rests unconformably on top of Carboniferous rocks of the Limburg Group, which are more than three times as old. Overlying the Aachen Formation is the Vaals Formation, equivalent to the upper part of the Chalk Group of England.

## Fossil content

Among others, the following fossils have been reported from the formation:

### Corals

* Cunnolites

### Flora

* Nicolia
* Verrutriletes

#### Conifers

* Cycadeospermum

#### Pollen

* Chrysotheca
* Geleenites
* Spherites
* Triletes
# Schlag

Schlag is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Felix Schlag (1891–1974), United States currency designer
* Pierre Schlag (born 1954), American legal writer
# Xavier Hernandez (baseball)

Francis Xavier Hernandez (born August 16, 1965) is an American college baseball coach and former Major League Baseball pitcher. He played college baseball at University of Southwestern Louisiana from 1984 to 1986 before pitching in the major leagues, primarily as a relief pitcher, from 1989 to 1998. He dated Jennifer Smith for his duration in Canada. He returned to coach in the professional ranks in the Tampa Bay Rays minor league system from 2002 to 2010, as the pitching coach for the Charleston RiverDogs (2002-2004), Montgomery Biscuits (2005-2006) and Durham Bulls (2007-2010).

## Amateur career

Hernandez played high school baseball at Thomas Jefferson High School in Port Arthur, Texas, where he led the Yellow Jackets to a 5-A State Title in 1983 with a 19-1 W/L record and was named the Texas High School Player of the Year. He attended and pitched for the University of Southwestern Louisiana (University of Louisiana-Lafayette) Ragin Cajuns. In 1985, he played collegiate summer baseball for the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was selected by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 4th round of the 1986 MLB Draft.

## Professional career

Hernandez pitched in the Major Leagues for the Blue Jays (1989-1990), Houston Astros (1990–1994), New York Yankees (1994-1995), Cincinnati Reds (1995–1996), Houston Astros (1996-1997) and Texas Rangers (1997–1998). He posted a career 40-35 record with 35 saves and a 3.90 ERA. His best year came with the Houston Astros in 1992 when he posted a 9-1 record with 7 saves and a 2.11 ERA.
# Mareena Karim

Mareena Karim (Dari: مارنا کریم), born in 1989 or 1990, is an Afghan track and field athlete.
As a baby, she was left too close to a stove and suffered severe burns to both feet, which were subsequently amputated. As an athlete, she therefore competes as a Paralympian (T46 category).
Karim was the first woman ever to officially represent Afghanistan at the Paralympic Games when she competed in the 100 metres sprint at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens. She finished last in her heat with a time of 18.85 seconds and did not advance to the next round.
At the time of the 2004 Paralympics, Karim lived in Kabul with her ten brothers and eight sisters. Her family had fled fighting between the Northern Alliance and the Taliban in Kapisa.
# Changuinola Dam

Changuinola I Dam, is located in district of Changuinola, in the Province of Bocas del Toro, in the western part of Panama. It is the largest roller-compacted concrete arch-gravity dam in the World.

## Technical features

The design of the dam was conducted by Malcolm Dunstan & Associates engineering and construction company.
The construction of the dam started on October 25, 2007 and its first generator was operational on November 19, 2011. The roller-compacted concrete arch-gravity dam has a maximum height of 99.2 metres (325 ft) and length of 600 metres (2,000 ft). The upstream vertical face arch radius is 525 metres (1,722 ft). The induced joints are spaced at 20 metres (66 ft) intervals, with inducers installed in every second layer after compaction. The downstream face slope varies form 0.5:1 (H:V) in the center and 0.7:1 (H:V) on the flanks.
The RCC mix strength requirements were determined by a target direct tensile strength of 1.2 megapascals (170 psi). The composition of the high-paste RCC mix included:
* Portland Cement - 70 kg/m$^3$
* Fly Ash - 145 kg/m$^3$
* Water - 119 kg/m$^3$
* Coarse Aggregate - 1282 kg/m$^3$
* Fine Aggregate - 888 kg/m$^3$
* Retarder - 3.44 kg/m$^3$
# John Mulcahy (journalist)

John Mulcahy (17 May 1932 – 7 September 2018) was an Irish journalist, magazine and newspaper editor, who founded The Sunday Tribune newspaper and The Phoenix.

## Biography

Born in Australia in 1932, Mulcahy was educated at Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College Dublin. He worked in the financial sector before becoming a full-time journalist. He was writing for the monthly The Hibernia Magazine before 1968. When he became the owner and editor of The Hibernia, he changed its ethos to be more left-wing and republican and moved it to a fortnightly schedule.
Following the closure of The Hibernia in 1980 due to a lawsuit, he co-founded The Sunday Tribune. After the turmoil in the Tribune, from which he exited early, in 1983 he founded the political, current affairs and business magazine, The Phoenix. In 2002 he became the proprietor of The Irish Arts Review. Another effort at launching a magazine in the early 1980s was Digger, his father's nickname since he was involved in the mining industry in Australia.
He was married to Nuala, who worked alongside him at The Hibernia and The Phoenix. His son Aengus worked for The Phoenix, his daughter Brigid is also a journalist, and his son Michael Mulcahy was a Councillor, TD and former Lord Mayor of Dublin.
He retired from The Phoenix in 2007 and died aged 86 in 2018.
# Heritage Hunter Tour

The Heritage Hunter Tour was a joint concert tour by American sludge metal band Mastodon and Swedish progressive metal band Opeth. Opeth and Mastodon each headlined specific concerts. Ghost was the tour's opening act. Just prior to taking the stage at the May 7 stop in Maplewood, Minnesota, Opeth's Mikael Åkerfeldt suffered a head laceration requiring eight stitches, forcing the band to cancel their performance that evening. After a slight delay Mastodon took the stage and dedicated their song "The Sparrow" to Åkerfeldt and Opeth.

## Tour dates

| Date | City | Country | Venue | Headliner |
| April 4, 2012 | Portland | United States | State Theatre | Mastodon |
| April 5, 2012 | Boston | United States | Orpheum Theatre | Opeth |
| April 6, 2012 | Montreal | Canada | Métropolis | Opeth |
| April 7, 2012 | Toronto | Canada | Sony Centre for the Performing Arts | Opeth |
| April 9, 2012 | Philadelphia | United States | Electric Factory | Mastodon |
| April 10, 2012 | Wallingford | United States | The Dome | Mastodon |
| April 11, 2012 | New York City | United States | Roseland Ballroom | Mastodon |
| April 13, 2012 | Chicago | United States | Riviera Theatre | Mastodon |
| April 14, 2012 | Grand Rapids | United States | The Intersection | Mastodon |
| April 15, 2012 | Pittsburgh | United States | Stage AE | Mastodon |
| April 16, 2012 | Knoxville | United States | TN Theater | Opeth |
| April 18, 2012 | Oklahoma City | United States | Diamond Ballroom | Mastodon |
| April 19, 2012 | Dallas | United States | Palladium Ballroom | Opeth |
| April 20, 2012 | San Antonio | United States | Back Stage Live | Opeth |
| April 21, 2012 | Corpus Christi | United States | Concrete Street | Opeth |
| April 23, 2012 | Denver | United States | Fillmore Auditorium | Opeth |
| April 25, 2012 | Las Vegas | United States | House of Blues | Mastodon |
| April 26, 2012 | Los Angeles | United States | Gibson Amphitheatre | Opeth |
| April 27, 2012 | Oakland | United States | Fox Oakland Theatre | Opeth |
| April 28, 2012 | Reno | United States | Grand Sierra Resort | Mastodon |
| April 30, 2012 | Seattle | United States | Showbox Sodo | Opeth |
| May 1, 2012 | Vancouver | Canada | Orpheum Theatre | Opeth |
| May 3, 2012 | Edmonton | Canada | Edmonton Events Center | Opeth |
| May 4, 2012 | Calgary | Canada | MacEwan Hall | Mastodon |
| May 5, 2012 | Saskatoon | Canada | Odeon Events Centre | Opeth |
| May 6, 2012 | Winnipeg | Canada | Burton Cummings Theatre | Opeth |
| May 7, 2012 | Maplewood | United States | The Myth | Mastodon |
| May 9, 2012 | Silver Spring | United States | The Fillmore Silver Spring | Mastodon |
| May 10, 2012 | Charlotte | United States | The Fillmore Charlotte | Mastodon |
| May 11, 2012 | Myrtle Beach | United States | House of Blues | Mastodon |
| May 12, 2012 | Atlanta | United States | Masquerade Music Park | Mastodon |

## Personnel

With:
Ghost
* Papa Emeritus – Vocals
* Nameless Ghouls – Drums, bass guitar, two guitars, keyboards
# Ruffy Brook

Ruffy Brook is a stream in Clearwater County, Minnesota, in the United States.
Ruffy Brook was named after Charles A. Ruffee, an Indian agent.
# Rockingham War Memorial

The Rockingham War Memorial is a military memorial in the City of Rockingham, Western Australia, dedicated to what is now the Australian Defence Force.

## Memorial

The monument was dedicated on 13 August 2005 by Mark McGowan, then Western Australian Minister for Tourism, Racing and Gaming, Barry Sammels, Mayor of the City of Rockingham, and Mark Stevens, President of the City of Rockingham RSL Sub-Branch. The dedication took place two days before the 60th anniversary of Victory over Japan Day.
The centre piece of the war memorial was originally located on the opposite side of Flinders Lane but relocated to its current location in 2007, when the area was redeveloped.
The memorials main feature are its fourteen classical styled columns, one for each major conflict Australia participated in. The 5.5-metre-tall (18 ft) columns are arranged in a circle of a diameter of 30 metres (98 ft). A fourteenth column socket has been left empty to commemorate Australian soldiers missing in action. The three branches of the Australian Defence Force, Army, Air Force and Navy, are represented by a QF 25-pounder field gun, a propeller and an anchor. The entrance to the memorial is guarded by two bronze soldiers, created by Perth sculptor Andrew Kay. Each weighs 160 kilograms (350 lb) and is twice the size of a human.
In 2015, a memorial was added to commemorate the centenary of World War One. It displays a Roll of Honour with sixteen names listed of those from the district who served during the war.
Apart from the Rockingham War Memorial, two other major war memorials exist in Rockingham, the Rockingham Naval Memorial Park, dedicated to the Royal Australian Navy, and the Z Special Unit Memorial, in honour of the Z Special Unit.
# Lauchlan Watt

Lauchlan MacLean Watt FRSE (24 October 1867 – 11 September 1957) was the minister of Glasgow Cathedral from 1923–34, and the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1933. He was a published poet and author, and a literary critic.

## Life

Maclean Watt was born on 24 October 1867 at Grantown-on-Spey, Morayshire, the only son of Margaret Gillanders MacLean from Skye, and her husband Andrew MacLean Watt.
He studied for a general degree at University of Edinburgh graduating with an MA in 1894. He then went on to study divinity, graduating with a BD in 1897.
He was ordained as minister of Turriff in 1897. In 1901 he was translated to the joint parishes of Alloa and Tullibody. In 1911 he moved to the prestigious St Stephen's Church, Edinburgh. Soon after arrival he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Rev Thomas Burns, Norman Macleod, George Chrystal and Arthur Pillans Laurie.
In 1907 he accompanied the King of Denmark to Iceland as a correspondent for The Times, The Scotsman and The Manchester Guardian. During the World War I he was a chaplain with the Gordon Highlanders in the 7th Division. He was sent by the Government as Commissioner to the US and Canada in 1918 to clarify UK war aims.
In 1923 he moved to High Kirk of Glasgow, better known as Glasgow Cathedral (1923–34).
He was Turnbull Trust preacher at The Scots' Church in Melbourne in 1932. The University of Glasgow awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1933 for his publications.
In 1933 he was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, in succession to Very Rev Hugh ross Mackintosh, the highest position in his church. On completion of this duty in the summer of 1934 he retired aged 67. He was succeeded as Moderator by Rev Peter Donald Thomson.
He died at Lochcarron on 11 September 1957 and is buried in the Lochcarron Burial Ground at the east end of the Lochcarron Old Parish Church.

## Publications

He was a prolific author in prose and verse, on folk-lore, history and antiquities, especially Celtic and Gaelic as well as aspects of religion, literature and the life of a soldier, and gave the Warrack Lectures and McNeil-Frazer Lectures on preaching in 1930.
A number of his poems and books are war-related.
* I Bind My Heart this Tide (hymn - 1907)
* The Tryst: A Book of the Soul (1907)
* Scottish Life and Poetry (1912)
* In the Land of War (1915)
* The Soldier's Friend (1916)
* The Heart of a Soldier (1918)
* The Gordon Highlanders (1918)
* While the Candle Burns (1933)
* Scottish Ballads and Ballad Writing
* The Cameron Highlanders
* The Hills of Home (this appears to be the basis of the song "A Scottish Soldier")
* The Book of the Beloved
* The Advocate's Wig
* Edragil 1745
* By Still Waters
* Thomas Carlyle
* The Preacher's Life and Work
* Douglas's Aeneid

## Family

In June 1897 he married Jenny (or Jeannie) Hall Reid. They had one son, Hector MacLean Watt (b.1900).
# Sharleen Stratton

Sharleen Marie Stratton (born 9 October 1987) is an Australian diver who won gold medals at the 2006 and 2010 Commonwealth Games, and competed at the 2008 and 2012 Olympics. She is a current Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.
Like many other divers, Stratton started in gymnastics but switched to diving at age 12. With Briony Cole, she won gold at the Commonwealth Games in the 3 metre synchronized diving springboard event. In 2011, she won the bronze medal in the 3 m synchronised springboard at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships with Anabelle Smith.
At the London 2012 Olympics, Stratton placed fifth in the 3 m springboard and synchronised 3 m springboard, together with Anabelle Smith.
# Jablanica Dam

The Jablanica Dam is an arch-gravity dam on the Neretva River about 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Jablanica in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The dam was constructed between 1947 and 1955 with the primary purpose of hydroelectric power production. The power station was commissioned in two stages, from 1955 until 1958. The first generator was commissioned in February 1955. An upgrade in 2008 increased the installed capacity of the power station from 150 MW to 180 MW. The dam's power station is located about 4.4 km (2.7 mi) to the southeast near Jablanica and discharges back into the Neretva River. It contains six 30 MW Francis turbine-generators for an installed capacity of 180 MW. The difference in elevation between the reservoir and power station affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of 111 m (364 ft). The dam is 85 m (279 ft) tall and creates Jablanica lake. The dam and power station are owned and operated by Elektroprivreda Bosne i Hercegovine.

## In media

The dam was used for the 1978 action film, Force 10 from Navarone.
# Wandowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship

Wandowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skulsk, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Skulsk, 25 km (16 mi) north of Konin, and 95 km (59 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.
# Sunao Hozaki

Sunao Hozaki (保﨑 淳, Hozaki Sunao, born 14 March 1987) is a Japanese footballer for SC Sagamihara.

## Career statistics

Updated to 23 February 2018.
| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | Japan | Japan | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | Total | Total |
| 2009 | Mito HollyHock | J2 League | 39 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 40 | 2 |
| 2010 | Mito HollyHock | J2 League | 23 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 25 | 2 |
| 2011 | Mito HollyHock | J2 League | 24 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 25 | 1 |
| 2012 | Thespa Kusatsu | J2 League | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| 2013 | Thespakusatsu Gunma | J2 League | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| 2014 | Zweigen Kanazawa | J3 League | 29 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 31 | 1 |
| 2015 | Suzuka Unlimited FC | JRL | 12 | 0 | - | - | 12 | 0 |
| 2016 | SC Sagamihara | J3 League | 19 | 2 | – | – | 19 | 2 |
| 2017 | SC Sagamihara | J3 League | 29 | 4 | – | – | 29 | 4 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 210 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 216 | 12 |
# Rum Creek (Ocmulgee River tributary)

Rum Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is a tributary to the Ocmulgee River.
Rum Creek was named for the fact a sugarcane mill on its banks also distilled rum as a side business.