OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Efstratia Kalfagianni

Efstratia (Effie) Kalfagianni is a Greek American mathematician specializing in low-dimensional topology.

## Education and career

Kalfagianni graduated from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in October 1987. After earning a master's degree in 1990 at Fordham University, she moved to Columbia University for doctoral studies, earning a second master's degree in 1991 and completing her Ph.D. in 1995. Her dissertation, Finite Type Invariants for Knots in 3-Manifolds, was supervised by Joan Birman and Xiao-Song Lin.
After postdoctoral study at the Institute for Advanced Study and three years as Hill Assistant Professor at Rutgers University, she moved to Michigan State University in 1998. She was promoted to full professor in 2008 and received the MSU William J. Beal Outstanding Faculty Award in 2019.

## Contributions

Kalfagianni has made contributions in knot theory, three-manifolds, hyperbolic geometry, quantum topology and the interplay of these fields. She contributed on the relations of the Jones polynomial to Hyperbolic volumes of knots and on the Volume conjecture for Quantum invariants of 3-manifolds. With David Futer and Jessica Purcell, Kalfagianni is co-author of the research monograph Guts of Surfaces and the Colored Jones Polynomial (Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2069, Springer, 2013) that derives relations between colored Jones polynomials, the topology of incompressible spanning surfaces in knot and link complements and hyperbolic geometry.
Kalfagianni is an editor for the New York Journal of Mathematics. and an Academic Editor for the Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications. She was also one of the editors of the book Interactions Between Hyperbolic Geometry, Quantum Topology and Number Theory (Contemporary Mathematics Volume: 541, AMS, 2011) .
Kalfagianni was a member at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1994–1995 in 2004–2005 and in the Fall term of 2019. In 2019 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society ``For contributions to knot theory and 3-dimensional topology, and for mentoring" .

## Selected publications

* David Futer; Efstratia Kalfagianni;Jessica Purcell; Dehn filling, volume and the Jones polynomial. Journal of Differential Geometry, Vol 78, no 3, 429–464 (2008). MR2396249, arXiv:math/0612138.
* Renaud Detcherry; Efstratia Kalfagianni; Gromov norm and Turaev-Viro invariants of 3-manifolds. Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure, Vol. 53, Fasc. 6, 1363–1391(2020). MR4203040, arXiv:1705.09964.
* Giulio Belletti; Renaud Detcherry; Efstratia Kalfagianni; Tian Yang;Growth of quantum $6j$-symbols and applications to the Volume Conjecture. Journal of Differential Geometry, Vol 120, no 2, 199–229 (2022).MR4385116, arXiv:1807.03327.
* Efstratia Kalfagianni; Christine Ruey Shan Lee;J ones diameter and crossing number of knots. Advances in Mathematicsvol. 417, Paper No. 108937(2023). MR4554670, arXiv:2108.12391.
# Niels Bukh

Niels Ebbesen Mortensen Bukh (15 June 1880 – 7 July 1950) was a Danish gymnast and educator who founded the first athletic folk high school in Ollerup in Funen, Denmark. He achieved international fame as a gymnastics trainer for the Danish team at the Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912. He was inspired by the rhythmic female gymnastics of the Finnish gymnastics educator Elli Björkstén(1870–1947) and the medical gymnastics of Kaare Theilmann.

## Primary Gymnastics

Within the tradition of Pehr Henrik Ling, Bukh developed his own primitive gymnastics, aimed at using forceful exercises to prevent stiffness and bad bodily habits. His 1924 book "Grundgymnastik eller primitiv gymnastik" (known in English as Primary Gymnastics or Primitive Gymnastics) was a how-to manual about his method, which was later adopted by organizations such as the YMCA. The yoga scholar Mark Singleton has argued that through the YMCA and their gymnastics training in British India, Bukh's exercises influenced Tirumalai Krishnamacharya's style of asanas in modern yoga as exercise. In 1931 his gymnastics team toured the world, visiting Japan where his system became highly influential.

## National Socialism and homosexuality

His system of exercise became highly popular in Germany, and in 1933 Bukh publicly expressed his allegiance to the National Socialist cause and its aim of improving the health of the Aryan race through gymnastics. This made Bukh unpopular in Denmark, especially after the German occupation of Denmark in 1940. Bukh's support for Nazism caused a backlash when a previous lover publicly revealed Bukh's homosexuality. Bukh had lived together with a male partner for several years, and his sexuality was well known in his family and among his friends and students. Biographers speculate that Bukh never became aware of the Nazi stance against homosexuality, even with his frequent visits to Germany during the 1930s and 1940s.

## Manor house

In 1944 he bought Løgismose manor, which he sold again in 1947.
# Hafs

Hafs (Abū ʽAmr Ḥafṣ ibn Sulaymān ibn al-Mughīrah ibn Abi Dawud al-Asadī al-Kūfī (Arabic: أبو عمرو حفص بن سليمان بن المغيرة الأسدي الكوفي, 706–796 AD; 90–180 Anno Hegirae)), according to Islamic tradition, was one of the primary transmitters of one of the seven canonical methods of Qur'an recitation (qira'at). His method via his teacher Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud has become the most popular method across the majority of the Muslim world.
In addition to being the student of Aasim, Hafs was also his son-in-law. Having been born in Baghdad, Hafs eventually moved to Mecca where he popularized his father-in-law's recitation method.
Eventually, Hafs' recitation of Aasim's method was made the official method of Egypt, having been formally adopted as the standard Egyptian printing of the Qur'an under the auspices of Fuad I of Egypt in 1923. The majority of copies of the Quran today follow the reading of Hafs. In North and West Africa there is a bigger tendency to follow the reading of Warsh.

## Hafs recitation

Of all the canonical recitation traditions, only the Kufan tradition of Hafs included the bismillah as a separate verse in Chapter (surah) 1.
In the 10thC, in his Kitāb al-sabʿa fī l-qirāʾāt, Ibn Mujahid mentioned the seven readings of the Quran which originally were all recited by the Prophet of Islam to his followers. Three of their readers hailed from Kufa, a centre of early Islamic learning. The three Kufan readers were Al-Kisa'i, the Kufan; Hamzah az-Zaiyyat; and Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud.
It is, alongside the Hafs 'an 'Asim tradition which represents the recitational tradition of Kufa, one of the two major oral transmission of the Quran in the Muslim World. The influential standard Quran of Cairo that was published in 1924 is based on Hafs 'an ʻAsim's recitation.

## Chain of Transmission

Imam Hafs ibn Suleiman ibn al-Mughirah al-Asadi al-Kufi learned from Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud al-Kufi al-Tabi'i from Abu 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami from Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abu Talib, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, and Zaid ibn Thabit from Muhammad (SAW).
Hafs' Recitation Chain of Transmission :
| Level | Reciter |
| 1 | Muhammad (SAW) |
| 2 | Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abu Talib, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Abdullah ibn Masud, and Zaid ibn Thabit |
| 3 | Abu 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami |
| 4 | Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud |
| 5 | Imam Hafs |
# Flag of Dagestan

The flag of Dagestan was adopted after the transformation of the Dagestan ASSR into the Republic of Dagestan within the Russian Federation. The flag was formally adopted on 26 February 1994. It features a horizontal tricolor of green (for Islam), blue (for the Caspian Sea), and red (for courage and fidelity). On 19 November 2003 the proportion of the flag was changed from the original 1:2 to 2:3, and the middle stripe from light blue to blue.

## Colours scheme

The official colours scheme was declared in 19 November 2003.
| Colors scheme | Green | Blue | Red |
| CMYK | 100-0-50-42 | 100-66-0-35 | 0-80-86-16 |
| HEX | #009349 | #0039A6 | #D52B1E |
| RGB | 0-147-73 | 0-57-166 | 213-43-30 |

## Historical flags

Following its formation from parts of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus in 1921, the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic had several flags of the standard ASSR, first red flags defaced with the initials of the ASSR name (i.e. ДАССР) and then a RSFSR flag defaced with the same. With the fall of the Soviet Union, Dagestan dropped the А (for Автономная 'autonomous') from its flag and the inscription read simply ДССР. A flag with horizontal blue and yellow stripes may have been used briefly in 1993 and 1994 until a variation of the current horizontal tricolor was adopted in 1994.
| Date | Use | Description |
| 19th-century | Flag of the 19th-century Caucasian Imamate (Imamate of Dagestan) | |
| 1917–1920 | Flag of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus | |
| 1925–1927 | Flag of the Dagestan ASSR | |
| 1927–1954 | Flag of the Dagestan ASSR | |
| 1954–1991 | Flag of the Dagestan ASSR | |
| 1991–1994 | Flag of Dagestan SSR (1991) and the Republic of Dagestan | |
| 1994–2003 | Flag of Dagestan | A horizonatal tricolor of green, blue and red. |

## Other flags

Several peoples in Dagestan have devised their own ethnic flags:
| Date | Use | Description |
| ?–Present | Flag of the Avar people of Dagestan | |
| ?–Present | Flag of the Aghul people of Dagestan | |
| ?–Present | Flag of the Kumyk people of Dagestan | |
| ?–Present | Flag of the Lak people of Dagestan | |
| ?–Present | Flag of the Nogai people of Dagestan | |
| ?–Present | Flag of the Lezgin people of Dagestan | |
| ?–Present | Flag of the Rutul People (Rutulians) of Dagestan | A horizontal tricolor of green-white-green, with a green crecent and star on the middle. |
| ?–Present | Flag of the Tabasaran people of Dagestan | |
| ?–Present | Flag of the Tabasaran people of Dagestan | |

## Gallery

| Date | Use | Description |
| 2004–Present | Standard of the head of Dagestan | A horizonatal tricolor of green, blue and red, with the coat of arms of Dagestan on the middle. |
| 2022 | Flag of the independent Dagestan | A horizontal tricolor of green-white-green, with a green crecent and star slightly on the left. |
| 2022 | Flag used by anti-mobilization protesters in Dagestan | A horizontal tricolor of white-green-white. |
# Where's the Right Girl

Where's The Right Girl (Spanish: Busco novia, lit. 'Search Girlfriend') is a 2022 Peruvian comedy film directed by Daniel Vega and written by Renato Cisneros. Based on the blog of the same name from El Comercio written by Renato Cisneros. It stars César Ritter, Magdyel Ugaz, Vadhir Derbez, Fiorella Pennano, Gustavo Bueno and Grapa Paola.

## Synopsis

Tells the story of Renzo Collazos, a thirty-something journalist who is looking for a girlfriend and who, out of obligation, must start writing a blog about his failed love life.

## Cast

The actors participating in this film are:
* César Ritter as Renzo Collazos
* Magdyel Ugaz as Lucía
* Fiorella Pennano as Mariana
* Vadhir Derbez as Robot
* Gustavo Bueno as Ventoso
* Grapa Paola as Dora

## Production

The film begins filming in mid-February 2019 with a duration of 5 weeks.

## Release

The film was to be released on May 7, 2020, in Peruvian theaters, but the premiere was canceled due to the closure of theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the film was released internationally on November 18, 2022, on Amazon Prime Video.
# Mike Hanrahan

Mike Hanrahan is a singer-songwriter and guitarist born in Ennis, County Clare, in September 1958.
Mike spent fifteen years with Stockton's Wing as songwriter, guitarist and singer, and ten years with Ronnie Drew as guitarist, writer and producer.
12 years on the board of IMRO Irish Music Rights Organisation, from 1994 to 2006. Three of those years he served as Deputy Chairman of IMRO, and six years as chairman.2000 to 2006
BOOK 2019 A memoir [Beautiful affair a journey in Music,Food and Friendship] Published by Harper Collins
FILM 2021 The ballad of the crimson warrior, inspired by the Irish Cultural Revolution 1890/1922 written and created by Mike Hanrahan and Aldoc with contributions from Irish artist Mick O Dea
2023 Fellow at Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI) TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN

## Career

In 1977, began his professional career with Maura O'Connell in a duo called Tumbleweed. In 1979, Mike Hanrahan replaced Tony Callinan in Stockton's Wing and recorded Take a Chance. In 1980 Hanrahan recorded A Light in the Western Sky with Stockton's Wing, which featured six of Hanrahan's songs, including hit singles Beautiful Affair and Walkaway. In 1994, He left Stockton's Wing after 15 years and several albums to tour with Finbar Furey as guitarist and recorded two albums.
He released a solo album, Someone Like You, 1994, with Wundertutte Germany.Released in Ireland on Crashed Music 1997.
WITH RONNIE DREW 1997 to 2008. In 1997 Ronnie Drew theatre show [Ronnie I Hardly Knew Ya] Mike produced Ronnie solo album The Humour Is on Me Now, 1999. An Evening with Ronnie Drew and Mike Hanrahan.2004. Toured extensively with Ronnie.
He produced and performed on the Ronnie Drew and Eleanor Shanley Live album 2001 and the studio album El amore de mi vida.(2004)
In 2011 Stockton's Wing,reunion concerts. 2012, live shows with Leslie Dowdall from In Tua Nua.
In 2016, created a theatre show Dublin Burning with Brendan Begley, commemorating the music and songs of 1916.Stocktons Wing returned in 2017 and 2018 to celebrate their 40th anniversary.Beautiful Affair, a recollective released by Universal Ireland / Tara. Reached number one Vinyl / CD
A song [A river rolls on] recorded with Dementia inclusive choir [The Forgetmenots choir]2021 A live album Stocktons Wing Hometown released 2022.
A series of new songs from Songs from the box room project with Gavin Glass released 2022/23.
Film and soundtrack [The ballad of the crimson warrior] released 2023.
He is a trained cook and teacher from Ballymaloe Organic farm and Cookery school.
His book Beautiful Affair, a journey in music.food and friendship was shortlisted 2019 National Irish Book Awards.
2023 studying at Trinity College Dublin with Global Brain Health Institute.
# Dolymorpha

Dolymorpha is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.
# Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Research and Self-Sufficiency Jihad Organization

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Research and Self-Sufficiency Jihad Organization (Persian: سازمان تحقیقات و جهادخودکفایی سپاه پاسداران) is an Iranian R&D unit institution established in 1993. According to IRGC, it was attacked in 2021. It has buildings based in Isfahan and Tehran.
It has been sanctioned by US Treasury since July 2017 through Executive Order 13224.

## Products

It develops and manufactures ground penetrating radar, communications system, weaponry, combat vehicles, electronic cyber warfare equipment.
Its main contractors include Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics Iran, Imam Hossein University, Hezbollah IT & Cyber Security Wing, Hamas Communication Brigade.
# Constanța hospital fire

On 1 October 2021, at around 09:48 EET, a fire was reported to have started in the Constanța Hospital for Infectious Diseases at Constanța, Romania. Firefighters arrived at the scene at 09:56 EET, extinguishing the fire in less than an hour, at 10:50 EET.

## Hospital

According to two analyzes of the Constanța Hospital for Infectious Diseases that had been carried out before the fire, the hospital had several problems. It had been built in 1938, had an old infrastructure and was constantly subject to reforms. Furthermore, it lacked a fire safety system, had an insufficient and exhausted personnel and many patients had no health insurance, along various other issues.

## Fire

At the moment of the fire, there were about 125 patients in the hospital. 10 of them were located on an intensive care unit (ICU) for treatment against COVID-19. Although local media originally reported ten deaths and the Constanța County Prefecture stated that nine people had died in the fire, this figure was later confirmed to be of seven people, with five dying during the fire and two passing out later in other hospitals to which they were transferred. All of the deceased were patients hosted in the ICU.

## Aftermath

The event caused outrage in Romania and the authorities were accused of incompetence, as two hospital fires with several deaths had already occurred within the 12 previous months in the country, the first one being the November 2020 Piatra Neamț hospital fire and the second being the January 2021 Matei Balș hospital fire. The President of Romania, Klaus Iohannis, released a statement on the event, sending condolences to the relatives of the victims and stating that the Romanian state had failed in its mission to protect its citizens, criticizing the situation of the infrastructure of the country's health system and asking the Prime Minister and Ministry of Health of Romania that measures be taken to prevent another similar accident. The President of Moldova, Maia Sandu, also sent her condolences to the relatives of the victims of the fire.
# 1972 Malagasy military rule referendum

A referendum on military rule was held in Madagascar on 8 October 1972. It followed General Gabriel Ramanantsoa taking power from elected President Philibert Tsiranana in May, and Ramanantsoa's proposals for a five-year transition period during which the National Assembly would be suspended. The plans were approved by 94.43% of voters, with an 84% voter turnout.

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| For | 2,784,687 | 96.43 |
| Against | 103,215 | 3.57 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 18,567 | - |
| Total | 2,906,469 | 100 |
| Source: EISA |||
# Meal Fell

Meal Fell is a small fell in the northern region of the English Lake District, it is situated seven kilometres (4+1⁄4 miles) south-west of the village of Caldbeck and is one of the four main Uldale Fells (the others being Longlands Fell, Great Cockup and Great Sca Fell).

## Topography

Meal fell reaches a height of 550 m (1,804 ft) and although it is largely grassy and smooth like the other Uldale Fells it does have a stony summit with patches of scree. Bill Birkett in his book The Complete Lakeland Fells speculates that the summit could possibly have been a small hill fort in ancient times, saying:
‘Around its summit rock outcrop it appears that the ground has been quarried away … the quarrying seems to extend in a full circle around the summit knoll. Could this be the remains of another hill fort along the lines of Carrock Fell?’
Meal Fell is linked to Great Cockup to the west by the pass of Trusmadoor, a place described by Alfred Wainwright as the ‘Piccadilly of sheep in that locality’ to the east Meal Fell is connected by a ridge to Great Sca Fell.

## Ascents

The fell is usually climbed directly from the minor road to the west of the Uldale Fells with the hamlets of Orthwaite and Longlands the favoured starting points. Both of these walks approach the fell through the valleys although most walkers will climb Great Cockup first before arriving at Meal Fell and then go on to other fells in the area.

## Summit

The view from the top of the fell is restricted inland by higher fells and the best prospect is north west towards the sea.
# Robert Dodd (artist)

Robert Dodd (1748 – 1815) was an English artist and engraver who specialised in marine art. He is known for his works on the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

## Life and family

Born as one of three sons of Alexander Dodd, his younger brother was the engineer and painter Ralph Dodd. He married Mary Fulton (b. 1748) on 1 November 1772. He died in early 1815 and was buried on 20 February at St Dunstan and All Saints, Stepney.

## Style

Dodd started his career as a landscape painter, but after gaining some recognition in this field, specialised in marine scenes. Living in Wapping, London, he had plenty of material to hand in the way of ships, docks and wharfs, and much of his work includes scenes of the River Thames and naval dockyards. Other themes include battles and actions of the French Revolutionary Wars and the American War of Independence, prominently including a large canvas of the battle of the First of June for the dining room of his local inn, the Half Way House, in Commercial Road, London; the painting is now at the National Maritime Museum.
Although much of his work was subsequently engraved by other artists, he also engraved and published over 100 aquatints of his own work. His use of light effects, particularly the contrasts between the sun's rays and the dark clouds, or the fire against the smoke of battle, convey the drama and activity of a sea battle. Although technically accurate and meticulous, his artistic talents were somewhat eclipsed by the greatest of his peers, and it is his contribution to the historical record that is his greatest legacy.

## Exhibitions

He exhibited at the Society of Artists in 1780 and the Royal Academy in 1782, continuing to exhibit there regularly until 1809.
# Maria Gonzaga, Duchess of Montferrat

Maria Gonzaga or Maria of Mantua (29 July 1609 – 14 August 1660) was a reigning duchess of Montferrat from 1612 until 1660, and regent in Mantua during the minority of her son from 1637 until 1647.

## Biography

Maria was the eldest and only surviving child of Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat and Margaret of Savoy (1589–1655), daughter of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain.
Maria's father died aged 26 in 1612 when she was only three years old, and was succeeded as Duke of Mantua by his two brothers, who had no issue. This made Maria and her husband Charles of Nevers in 1627 successors to the two Duchies. Maria was already Duchess of Montferrat since 1612. This led to the War of Mantuan Succession.
The outcome was that, after the death of her husband Charles in 1631, his father Charles became the new Duke of Mantua until his death in 1637.
Maria exercised the regency of Mantua on behalf of her son for ten years, until 1647. She died in 1660, aged 51.

## Issue

Maria and Charles had:
* Maria Gonzaga
* Charles Gonzaga (1629–1665) married Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria
* Eleanor Gonzaga (1630–1686), who married in 1651 Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
# Lili-Men

Lili-Men (リリーメン, Rirīmen) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Takuma Tokashiki. It initially began serialization in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Magazine in September 2022. It was later transferred to the YanMaga Web manga website in September 2024.

## Publication

Written and illustrated by Takuma Tokashiki, Lili-Men was initially serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Magazine from September 12, 2022 to September 9, 2024. It was later transferred to the YanMaga Web website on September 28, 2024. Its chapters have been compiled into nine tankōbon volumes as of January 2025.
The series' chapters are simultaneously published in English on Kodansha's K Manga app.
| No. | Release date | ISBN |
| 1 | January 6, 2023 | 978-4-06-530397-9 |
| 2 | March 6, 2023 | 978-4-06-531055-7 |
| 3 | June 6, 2023 | 978-4-06-532034-1 |
| 4 | August 4, 2023 | 978-4-06-532632-9 |
| 5 | December 6, 2023 | 978-4-06-534102-5 |
| 6 | March 6, 2024 | 978-4-06-534913-7 |
| 7 | June 6, 2024 | 978-4-06-535822-1 |
| 8 | September 5, 2024 | 978-4-06-536874-9 |
| 9 | January 20, 2025 | 978-4-06-538298-1 |

## Reception

The first volume received recommendations from manga creators Hiroya Oku, ONE, Hideo Yamamoto, Kazu Inabe and visual artist Kōji Tajima.
# Cavenham Heath

Cavenham Heath is a National Nature Reserve, near Cavenham, Suffolk. It is both a Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphological Sites (RIGS) and a Site of Special Scientific Interest.