# Reactions to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, elicited a spectrum of reactions from the international community, regional actors, and within Iraq and Kuwait themselves.

## International Reactions
### United Nations and Global Powers

The United Nations (UN) swiftly condemned Iraq's actions. On August 2, 1990, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 660, demanding Iraq's immediate and unconditional withdrawal from Kuwait. Subsequent resolutions, including Resolution 661, imposed economic sanctions on Iraq, and Resolution 678 authorized the use of force if Iraq did not withdraw by January 15, 1991.
Major global powers, including the United States, the Soviet Union, and members of the European Community, denounced the invasion. The U.S. led diplomatic and military efforts to form a coalition to expel Iraqi forces, emphasizing the need to uphold international law and regional stability. The Soviet Union, despite its longstanding ties with Iraq, joined the condemnation, marking a significant moment of cooperation between the superpowers in the post-Cold War era.

### Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, which was in the process of disintegration and pursuing a policy of rapprochement and mending relations with the West, condemned the invasion but refrained from engaging in military action in the Persian Gulf. "The Soviet Union supports coordinated actions within the United Nations Security Council," the government stated in a statement on August 9.

### Economic Sanctions and Military Buildup

In response to the invasion, the international community implemented a series of economic sanctions aimed at pressuring Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. These sanctions targeted key sectors of the Iraqi economy, including oil exports, which were a primary source of revenue for the regime. The sanctions had a significant impact on Iraq's economy, leading to shortages of goods and a decline in living standards.
Concurrently, the United States and its allies initiated a military buildup in the Persian Gulf region, known as Operation Desert Shield. This operation aimed to deter further Iraqi aggression and prepare for potential military action to liberate Kuwait. The coalition forces, comprising troops from over 30 countries, demonstrated a unified international commitment to reversing Iraq's occupation of Kuwait.

## Regional Reactions
### Arab States

The Arab world's response was mixed. The Arab League condemned the invasion, with 12 out of 21 members voting in favor of a resolution demanding Iraq's withdrawal. However, countries like Jordan and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) expressed sympathy towards Iraq, influenced by political and economic ties, as well as public opinion. In contrast, nations such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt supported the coalition forces, fearing regional instability and potential threats to their own sovereignty.

### Iran

Iran, having recently concluded the Iran-Iraq War, adopted a position of neutrality. While condemning the invasion, Iran refrained from joining the U.S.-led coalition. This stance was influenced by a complex interplay of regional politics and the desire to avoid aligning with Western powers, despite the opportunity to weaken a longstanding adversary.

### Turkey

Turkey, sharing a border with Iraq, played a strategic role during the Gulf Crisis. Under President Turgut Özal's leadership, Turkey aligned with the United States and the United Nations by halting Iraqi oil exports through the Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipeline, which traversed Turkish territory, thereby supporting international sanctions against Iraq. Permitting U.S. forces to utilize the Incirlik Air Base in southern Turkey for operations against Iraq. This collaboration marked a significant shift in Turkey's foreign policy, strengthening its ties with Western allies. However, Turkey's involvement had economic repercussions, including substantial revenue losses from the cessation of oil flows and trade with Iraq. Additionally, concerns about regional instability and the potential impact on its Kurdish population influenced Turkey's cautious approach during the conflict.

### India

India's response to the invasion was characterized by a commitment to peaceful resolution and adherence to international law. Given the close relations that India had with Iraq prior to the crisis, the Indian government adopted a cautious stance and avoided condemning the invasion and annexation carried out by Saddam Hussein's government, considering it to be in the "national interest". With a significant expatriate community in Kuwait, India undertook one of the largest evacuation operations in history, repatriating over 170,000 Indian nationals stranded in the conflict zone. India's position was influenced by its reliance on Gulf oil imports and the need to maintain balanced relations with both Iraq and the broader international community.

### Japan

Japan's response to the Gulf Crisis was shaped by its post-World War II pacifist constitution and its economic interests. Unable to commit military forces due to constitutional constraints, Japan provided substantial financial support to the coalition efforts, contributing approximately $13 billion to offset the costs of the conflict. Japanese leaders engaged in diplomatic missions to Middle Eastern countries, advocating for a peaceful resolution and expressing support for United Nations initiatives. Japan's actions were driven by its dependence on Middle Eastern oil and a desire to play a responsible role in international affairs, despite its military limitations.

### African States

Reactions among African nations varied, reflecting diverse political alignments and economic considerations. Senegal contributed troops to the coalition forces, aligning with United Nations resolutions and supporting the liberation of Kuwait. Several African nations, dependent on Gulf oil and remittances from expatriate workers in the Middle East, were concerned about the economic impact of the conflict and sought a swift resolution to restore regional stability. The positions of African states were influenced by factors including economic dependencies, regional alliances, and the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity.

## Domestic Reactions
### Iraq

Within Iraq, the invasion was portrayed by Saddam Hussein's regime as a defensive action against Western hegemony, economic aggression and Arab reunification. State-controlled media propagated this narrative, aiming to bolster nationalistic sentiments and justify the government's actions. However, dissenting voices were suppressed, and the true extent of domestic opposition remains difficult to ascertain due to the oppressive political climate of the time.

### Kuwait

In Kuwait, the invasion led to the establishment of a robust resistance movement. Kuwaiti civilians organized clandestine activities, including distributing pamphlets, gathering intelligence, and engaging in acts of civil disobedience against Iraqi forces. The resistance played a crucial role in maintaining Kuwaiti unity and morale during the occupation. The resistance also engaged in sabotage operations and intelligence gathering. The objective of the sabotage operations was to hinder the occupation's activities and weaken its control over the country.
In mid-October 1990, around 1,200 Kuwaiti exiles gathered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for a three-day conference. During this event, the Emir committed to adhere to the 1962 Constitution—which ensures free parliamentary elections and grants substantial authority to the National Assembly—upon the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation. The attendees also criticized the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) position and emphasized the importance of distinguishing between the PLO and the Palestinian people.

## Media and Public Opinion

The invasion received extensive global media coverage, with real-time broadcasting of events bringing the crisis into households worldwide. This coverage influenced public opinion and increased pressure on governments to respond decisively. Notably, media reports highlighted human rights abuses and the plight of Kuwaiti citizens, galvanizing international support for intervention.
Both Iraq and the coalition forces engaged in propaganda efforts to sway public opinion. Iraq attempted to frame the invasion as a legitimate reunification, while the coalition emphasized the defense of sovereignty and international law. These information campaigns played a significant role in shaping perceptions and justifying actions on both sides.