OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PS10 solar power plant

The PS10 Solar Power Plant (Spanish: Planta Solar 10) is the world's first commercial concentrating solar power tower operating near Seville, in Andalusia, Spain. The 11 megawatt (MW) solar power tower produces electricity with 624 large movable mirrors called heliostats. It took four years to build and so far has cost €35 million (US$46 million). PS10 produces about 23,400 megawatt-hours (MW·h) per year, for which it receives €271 (US$360) per MW·h under its power purchase agreement, equating to a revenue of €6.3 million per year.

## Suppliers

The mirrors were delivered by Abengoa, the solar receiver was designed and built by Tecnical-Tecnicas Reunidas, and the Solar Tower was designed and built by ALTAC, both Spanish engineering and construction companies.

## Specifications

Each of the mirrors has a surface measuring 120 square metres (1,300 sq ft) that concentrates the sun's rays to the top of a 115 m (377 ft) high, 40-story tower where a solar receiver and a steam turbine are located. The turbine drives a generator, producing electricity.
The PS10 is located 20 km (12 mi) west of Seville (which receives at least nine hours of sunshine 320 days per year, with 15 hours per day in mid summer). The solar receiver at the top of the tower produces saturated steam at 257 °C (495 °F). The energy conversion efficiency is approximately 17%.

## Plans

PS10 is the first of a set of solar power generation plants to be constructed in the same area that will total more than 300 MW by 2013. Power generation will be accomplished using a variety of technologies. The first two power plants to be brought into operation at Sanlúcar la Mayor are the PS10, and Sevilla PV, the largest low concentration system photovoltaic plant in Europe.
300 MW: Completed and is operating:
* PS10 (10 MW)
* PS20 (20 MW)
* Solnova 1 (50 MW)
* Solnova 3 (50 MW)
* Solnova 4 (50 MW)
total: 180 MW.
Three more plants are planned:
* AZ20 (20 MW)
* Solnova 2 (50 MW)
* Solnova 5 (50 MW)
Total 120 MW.
PS20 and AZ20 are twin 20 MWe tower plants based on the same concept as PS10.

## Energy storage

The PS10 solar power tower stores heat in tanks as superheated and pressurized water at 50 bar and 285 °C. The water evaporates and flashes back to steam, releasing energy and reducing the pressure. Storage is for 30 minutes. It is suggested that longer storage is possible, but that has not been proven in an existing power plant. However, there are many considerations for using molten salt as an energy storage medium due to the great capability of storing energy for long periods without substantial losses (see Concentrated solar power). Another possibility is to use a phase-change material as thermal storage where latent heat is used to store energy.
# William Flower, 2nd Viscount Ashbrook

William Flower, 2nd Viscount Ashbrook (25 June 1744 – 30 August 1780) was an Anglo-Irish peer. The only son of Henry Flower, the 1st Viscount Ashbrook and Elizabeth Tatton, daughter of Lieutenant-General William Tatton, William was born at Castle Durrow, County Kilkenny, Ireland. His father died in 1752 when he was eight years old, and his mother in 1759, before he was fifteen. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated on 29th November 1762.

## Marriage to Betty (Elizabeth) Ridge

In 1763, possibly while on a fishing expedition on the River Thames William met Betty Ridge. Her father was Thomas Ridge, born in Buckland around 1712 of a family who made their living from catching fish in the Thames and selling them in Oxford. He had leased Noah's Ark Island, and was keeper of a Flash lock, and a licensed victualler.
She was seventeen and he was nineteen, too young to marry without permission, as an orphan, from his maternal uncles, who were his guardians.
On 20th March 1766 William and Betty were married at the church of St Denys in Northmoor.

## Family

They lived at Shellingford Manor, and had six children who survived beyond infancy.
* Elizabeth (1766-1847)
* William (1767-1802) William Flower, 3rd Viscount Ashbrook
* Harriet (1771-1813)
* Caroline (1773-1844)
* Sophia (1774-1794)
* Henry Jeffrey (1776-1847) Henry Jeffrey Flower, 4th Viscount Ashbrook
In 1789 The eldest daughter, Elizabeth, married Francis Warneford of Highworth (brother of Samuel Wilson Warneford) and they had two daughters who survived infancy
* Caroline Elizabeth (1792-1846) - married John Longe (1799-1872) of Spixworth Park - son of John Longe (1765-1834).
* Harriet Elizabeth (1803-1861) - married Charles Wetherell.
The second eldest daughter, Harriet, married John Ellis Agar (1763-1797), second son of James Agar. Following his death she married Pryse Pryse on 20 July 1798, but died in a house fire on 14 January 1813.
The next daughter, Caroline, never married, but lived with her sister Elizabeth.
The final daughter, Sophia, died aged 20.

## Death

William died in August 1780 and was buried at Shellingford Church. There is a monument to him south of the chancel in the church. He left six children under 15 and a 35 year old widow.
His widow, Elizabeth, married Reverend Doctor John Jones, curate at Shellingford church, on 20th January 1790, and she died on 22nd February 1808.
# V-2 No. 13

The V-2 No. 13 was a modified V-2 rocket that became the first object to take a photograph of the Earth from outer space. Launched on 24 October 1946, at the White Sands Missile Range in White Sands, New Mexico, the rocket reached a maximum altitude of 65 miles (105 km).

## Flight

The famous photograph was taken with an attached DeVry 35 mm black-and-white motion picture camera. The flight was an addition to the Hermes program which had been ongoing since 1944. Rocket V-2 No.13 was assembled and launched by General Electric company with both captured German components and re-manufactured ones.
# Jodie Stevenson

Jodie Stevenson (born December 1986 in Perth) is an Australian softball player. She has represented Western Australia on the junior and women's open national level, where she has competed in national championships. She has represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national softball team on the junior and senior level, and competed at the 2007 Junior World Championships. She is trying to earn a spot to compete at the 2012 ISF XIII Women's World Championships

## Personal

Stevenson was born in December 1986 in Perth, Western Australia. She is from Western Australia.

## Softball

In 2008, Stevenson played for a local side at the Northern Territory titles. In 2009, she played for an Australian Institute of Sport team.

### State team

Stevenson has represented Western Australia on the national level. She was with the team in 2002 when they played a game against Tasmania at the Australian U16 girls' Fastpitch Softball Championship. During the competition, she was part of the team that beat the Victorian side 4-3 and contributed to the game with quality hitting. In her team's 12–2 defeat by the Australian Capital Territory, she hit a home run which was described by the Hobart Mercury as one of the best of the tournament. Her team also beat Victoria in the championships. She was a member of the U23 Western Australian team that lost to the Victorian team in the national championships in 2007. Her play at the tournament was described by a Darwin newspaper as outstanding.

### Junior national team

Stevenson has represented Australia on the junior national team. She represented Australia at the 2007 Junior World Championships in the Netherlands. She has represented Australia on the junior national level in 2008.

### Senior national team

* Japan beats Aussie Spirit in first two games of series
Stevenson is a member of the Australia women's national softball team. In March 2009, she participated in a Brisbane-based training camp. In 2011, she was a member of the Australian side that competed at the World Cup of Softball. She played in game at the Cup against the United States where Australia lost 5–2. It was her second loss on the day, also having played in a game where Australia lost to Japan. She is a member of the 2012 Australia women's national softball team and is trying to earn a spot to compete at the 2012 ISF XIII Women's World Championships.
# Tibbi Qaisrani

Tibbi Qaisrani is a town and union council of Taunsa District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Part of the dirstrict's Taunsa Tehsil, the town is located at 31° 0'18.52"N 70°40'27.51"E and has an altitude of 137 metres (452 feet).
# Terceiro Comando Puro

Terceiro Comando Puro (Pure Third Command) is a Brazilian criminal organization in Rio de Janeiro that split off from the Terceiro Comando (TC) in 2002 due to disputes about TC's affiliations with the Amigos dos Amigos gang. TC weakened while TCP strengthened and eventually absorbed its parent group's members. TCP is primarily involved with drug trafficking.
The faction continues to operate against the Comando Vermelho in regions outside Rio de Janeiro, including the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Ceará, and Bahia, and in Vitória, Espírito Santo.

## Leadership

As of 2024, there are currently 5 major leaders, 2 of which are currently incarcerated. Thiago da Silva Folly, who is known as "TH", is in charge of drug trafficking in the Maré neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro. The Israel Complex [pt] which is a group of favelas in the neighborhoods of Parada de Lucas, Vigário Geral, Cidade Alta [pt], Cinco Bosas, Pica-Pau is controlled by Álvaro Malaquias Santa Rosa [pt], who is known as "Peixão". Bruno da Silva Loureiro, who is known as "Coronel", operates in western Rio de Janeiro.
There are 2 leaders who are currently serving prison sentences Marcelo Santos das Dores, who is known as "Menor P", and Rafael Alves, who is known as "Peixe" who is in charge of drug trafficking in Vila Aliança.

## Usage of Evangelical Christian aesthetics

Terceiro Comando Puro has adopted, at least nominally, the same Pentecostal-Charismatic Christianity that has been growing among residents of the Brazilian favelas, including the idea that the existence of the State of Israel will help bring about the Second Coming of Jesus. Terceiro Comando Puro gave the name of "Complexo de Israel" (Israel Complex) to the group of five favelas in northern Rio de Janeiro that it controls, and drug packages marked with the Star of David have been confiscated from the gang by Brazilian police. Additionally, the gang has persecuted adherents of the Afro-Brazilian religions and Catholics.
# Aïn Fares, M'Sila

Aïn Fares is a town and commune in M'Sila Province, Algeria.
# José Antônio Pimenta Bueno, Marquis of São Vicente

José Antônio Pimenta Bueno, Marquis of São Vicente, (4 December 1803 – 19 February 1878) was a Brazilian magistrate, diplomat and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Brazil from 1870 to 1871.

## Public life

He entered public service in the province of São Paulo at the age of twenty-one. After graduating from the Juridical Academy of São Paulo, he was appointed to the magistracy of the province. He was the judge of the court of appeals of Maranhão in 1844 and of the main court in August 1847, before being appointed to the Supreme Court of Justice.
In 1833 he was elected councilor for the province of São Paulo and, two years later, appointed governor of Mato Grosso. In October 1843 he was appointed chargé d'affaires in Paraguay; he arrived in Asunción on August 18, 1844, and presented his credentials to President Carlos Antonio López on August 19 of the same year. Later he would become an advisor to the Secretariat for Foreign Affairs and a plenipotentiary for the negotiation of agreements with Argentina and the United Kingdom.
On 29 January 1848 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs, also holding the Justice portfolio, which he headed until May 30. On March 8, he left Foreign Affairs.
By 1849, Pimenta Bueno left the Liberal Party and joined the Conservative Party. He was nevertheless a strong supporter of the abolition of slavery, drafting five parliamentary bills on the matter.
In 1850, he was named governor of the Rio Grande do Sul. Three years later, he was appointed senator of the Empire by Emperor Pedro II. He became a Councilor of State in 1859 and was made Viscount of São Vicente in 1867, then Marquis in 1872.
On 29 September 1870 became President of the Council (Prime Minister), a post which he held until 7 March 1871. He also held the Foreign Ministry for a second time.

## Personal life

He was abandoned as a baby at the door of the surgeon-major José Antônio Pimenta Bueno and his wife Mariana Benedita de Faria e Albuquerque, who adopted him. His natural parents are unknown.
He was married to Balbina Henriqueta de Faria e Albuquerque.

## Works

* Teses para a oposição à Cadeira de Substituto (1843)
* Apontamentos sobre as formalidades do Processo Civil (1850)
* Apontamentos sobre o processo Criminal Brasileiro (1857)
* Direito Público Brasileiro e Análise da Constituição do Império (1857)
* Direito internacional privado e aplicação de seus princípios com referência às Leis Particulares do Brasil (1863)
* Considerações relativas ao beneplácito e recurso à Coroa em matéria de culto (1873)
# Aaro Jaskari

Aaro Jaskari (1 July 1880 – 28 July 1925) was a Finnish farmer and politician, born in Laihia. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1922 until his death in 1925, representing the National Progressive Party.
# 1945 Brazilian coup d'état

The 1945 Brazilian coup d'état was a coup d'état in Brazil led by the Brazilian Army, prompted by concerns that President Getúlio Vargas intended to seize absolute power. Vargas was forced to resign on 29 October 1945.
The 1945 Brazilian general election was held on 2 December 1945, where former Minister of War Eurico Gaspar Dutra was elected president. A new democratic constitution was adopted on September 18, 1946, thus beginning the Fourth Brazilian Republic.

## Background

Though abroad the government defended democracy, domestic discontent increased when World War II came to an end, due to the authoritarian policies of Getúlio Vargas and his government. Growing political movements and democratic demonstrations forced Vargas to abolish censorship in 1945, release numerous political prisoners, and allow for the re-formation of political parties such as the Brazilian Communist Party, which supported Vargas after receiving direct instructions from the Soviet Union. In 1943, university students began to mobilize against Vargas. Strikes, which were banned, began to re-emerge thanks to war-related inflation, and even Minister of Foreign Affairs Oswaldo Aranha was in favor of a democratic shift. In 1945, Vargas received support from the newly established Brazilian Labour Party as well as segments of the left.

## Coup

Vargas added the Additional Act to the constitution, which, among other things, provided for a 90-day period during which a time and date for elections would be designated. Precisely ninety days afterwards, the new electoral code was issued, established 2 December 1945 for the election of the president and a (new) constituent assembly and state elections on 6 May 1946. Furthermore, Vargas promulgated his intention not to run for president. The military feared that Vargas was about to seize absolute power (after a detrimental move on 25 October 1945, removing João Alberto from chief of police of the Federal District and replacing him with Vargas's brother Benjamin), so they forced his resignation and deposed him on 29 October, ending his first presidency.
# Bachelor universitaire de technologie

The bachelor universitaire de technologie (BUT, in English: "Bachelor of Technical Studies" or "Bachelor of Technical and Applied Studies") is a national vocational bachelor's degree, and a national French undergraduate diploma created in 2019, awarded on completion of the first three years of study at a university technical institute (IUT). This diploma allows the intermediate award of a diplôme universitaire de technologie (DUT) from the second year of the bachelor's degree. It is awarded after three years of study, with 180 ECTS credits.
This type of bachelor's degree does not give automatic access to French master's degrees, although it is possible to apply for a master's degree on the basis of a portfolio.
It is similar to a Bachelor of Applied Science or a Bachelor of Technical and Applied Studies in the US.

## History

The DUT and the LP, the French vocational bachelor's degree (in French: licence professionnelle) are changing in September 2021. From that date, a new three-year diploma, the BUT, level 6 ISCED in the French Government's National Professional Qualifications Register (RNCP), conferring 180 ECTS credits, will be introduced. The BUT, a Bachelor of Applied Science, delivered by the mainstream French public university system (which explains the "university" or "universitaire" in its title), becomes the reference diploma for French university technical institutes (IUT).

## Fields of study

Mentions identical to the BUT specialities are defined, and allow local adaptation for a third of the hourly volume. This makes it possible to adapt training to the local context and integrate people from other courses.
There are 24 BUT specialisations:

### Tertiary sector

* Legal Careers (CJ)
* Social Careers (CS)
* Administrative and Commercial Management of Organisations (GACO)
* Business and Administration Management (GEA)
* Logistics and Transport Management (MLT – formerly GLT)
* Information and Communication (Info-Com)
* Data Science (SD)
* Marketing Techniques (TC)

### Science sector

* Chemistry
* Biological Engineering (GB)
* Chemical and Process Engineering (GCGP)
* Civil Engineering and Sustainable Construction (GCCD)
* Electrical Engineering and Industrial Computing (GEII or GE2I)
* Industrial Engineering and Maintenance (GIM)
* Mechanical and Production Engineering (GMP)
* Energy Transition and Efficiency (MT2E – formerly GTE)
* Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)
* Computer Science (Info)
* Physical Measurements (MP)
* Packaging and Conditioning (PEC)
* Quality, Industrial Logistics and Organisation (QLIO)
* Networks and Telecommunications (R&T)
* Materials Science and Engineering (SGM)
* Multimedia and Internet Professions (MMI)

## Admissions

The 2019 decree specifies the composition of the admissions panel for applicants with a baccalauréat diploma or a level 4 qualification ISCED registered on the RNCP.
# Elfdalian alphabet

The Dalecarlian alphabet consists of 32 letters, 25 derived from the Swedish alphabet, and seven additional letters: vowels with an ogonek diacritic, denoting nasality: (Ąą, Ęę, Įį, Ųų, Y̨y̨, and Ą̊ą̊) as well as the consonant Ðð (eð), denoting voiced dental fricative, as 'th' in 'father'. The letters Cc, Qq, Xx and Zz are only used in names and foreign words. The alphabet is used for Elfdalian and for other Dalecarlian dialects. The language up until recently and on a small scale today is written with Dalecarlian runes.

## Description

Elfdalian alphabet :
| Upper case | A | Ą | B | D | Ð | E | Ę | F | G | H | I | Į | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | Ų | V | W | Y | Y̨ | Å | Ą̊ | Ä | Ö |
| Lower case | a | ą | b | d | ð | e | ę | f | g | h | i | į | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | t | u | ų | v | w | y | y̨ | å | ą̊ | ä | ö |
# Culsh Earth House

Culsh Earth House is an Iron Age souterrain in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is named after Culsh farmsteading nearby, which is still in use to the present day. The site is near the village of Tarland.
Culsh Earth House has a Statement of Significance from Historic Environment Scotland.

## Description

The Culsh Earth House dates from around the year zero. The underground construction probably served as a storage place.
The souterrain is simple in design and well preserved, complete with flat stone ceiling. The Earth House consists of a curved hallway. From the entrance, the corridor continues straight and then bends to the right. The total length of the corridor is roughly 14.5 meters. At the end the corridor is slightly wider and higher than the rest of the corridor.
# 1945 French legislative election in Algeria

Elections to the National Assembly of France were held in Algeria on 21 October 1945. The election was held with two colleges, citizens and non-citizens.

## Results

| Party | Party | First College | First College | First College | Second College | Second College | Second College | Total seats |
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Total seats |
| | Franco-Muslim Democratic Union | | | | 192,545 | 27.19 | 4 | 4 |
| | Algerian Communist Party | 41,047 | 12.29 | 2 | 136,293 | 19.24 | 2 | 4 |
| | Union and Social Progress List | | | | 136,109 | 19.22 | 3 | 3 |
| | French Section of the Workers' International | 71,134 | 21.30 | 2 | 63,646 | 8.99 | 1 | 3 |
| | Democratic Union of Muslim Interests | | | | 103,261 | 14.58 | 2 | 2 |
| | Defense of Muslim-Algerian Personal Status | | | | 58,959 | 8.32 | 1 | 1 |
| | Democratic Union for Progress and Freedom | 41,622 | 12.46 | 2 | | | | 2 |
| | French Republicans | 40,061 | 12.00 | 2 | | | | 2 |
| | Radical Socialists | 38,768 | 11.61 | 1 | | | | 1 |
| | Indép. Rén. Rép. | 28,845 | 8.64 | 1 | | | | 1 |
| | Popular Republican Movement | 27,240 | 8.16 | 1 | | | | 1 |
| | Conc. Rép | 24,688 | 7.39 | 2 | | | | 2 |
| | UAM | | | | 17,435 | 2.46 | 0 | 0 |
| | Souver. franc. | 14,725 | 4.41 | 0 | | | | 0 |
| | RDR | 5,837 | 1.75 | 0 | | | | 0 |
| Total | Total | 333,967 | 100.00 | 13 | 708,248 | 100.00 | 13 | 26 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 333,967 | 97.52 | | 708,248 | 98.17 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 8,495 | 2.48 | | 13,203 | 1.83 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 342,462 | 100.00 | | 721,451 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 501,824 | 68.24 | | 1,341,978 | 53.76 | | |
| Source: Sternberger et al. |||||||||
# Thalamic reticular nucleus

The thalamic reticular nucleus is part of the ventral thalamus that forms a capsule around the thalamus laterally. However, recent evidence from mice and fish question this statement and define it as a dorsal thalamic structure. It is separated from the thalamus by the external medullary lamina. Reticular nucleus cells are all GABAergic, and have discoid dendritic arbors in the plane of the nucleus.
Thalamic Reticular Nucleus is variously abbreviated TRN, RTN, NRT, and RT. The TRN is found in all mammals.

## Input and output

The thalamic reticular nucleus receives input from the cerebral cortex and dorsal thalamic nuclei. Most input comes from collaterals of fibers passing through the thalamic reticular nucleus.
The outputs from the primary thalamic reticular nucleus project to dorsal thalamic nuclei, but never to the cerebral cortex. This is the only thalamic nucleus that does not project to the cerebral cortex. Instead it modulates the information from other nuclei in the thalamus. Its function is modulatory on signals going through the thalamus (and the reticular nucleus).
The thalamic reticular nucleus receives massive projections from the external segment of the globus pallidus, thought to play a part in disinhibition of thalamic cells, which is essential for initiation of movement (Parent and Hazrati, 1995).
It has been suggested that the reticular nucleus receives afferent input from the reticular formation and in turn projects to the other thalamic nuclei, regulating the flow of information through these to the cortex. There is debate over the presence of distinct sectors within the nucleus that each correspond to a different sensory or cognitive modality.
For original connectivity anatomy see Jones 1975.
For discussion of mapping and cross modality pathways see Crabtree 2002.