OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# M. Jagadesh Kumar

Mamidala Jagadesh Kumar (born 1962) is an Indian academic, electrical engineer and education administrator. He is the chairman of University Grants Commission, since February 2022. He is a professor in the Department of electrical engineering at IIT Delhi. Kumar was the Vice-Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University from January 2016 till 2022.

## Life, education and career

Kumar was born in Mamidala village in Tipparthi mandal, Nalgonda district, Telangana. He did his Masters and PhD in Electrical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, followed by post doctoral research at University of Waterloo, Canada. He works in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology (nano-electronic devices, nanoscale devices, device design and power semiconductor devices). He is currently a fellow at Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, National Academy of Sciences, India and Indian National Academy of Engineering among others. He is Chairman of the governing body of National Council of Science Museums. He has received the "ISA-VSI TechnoMentor Award", with the award being presented by Dr. R. Chidambaram (Principal Scientific Advisor to Government of India).
He was selected as the Vice-Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University from among four others including Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai, Virander Singh Chauhan and Ramakrishna Ramaswamy.
During his tenure as VC, he has often been in the news for many controversies happening on his watch such as the 2016 JNU sedition row, the disappearance of a student Najeeb Ahmad and the 2020 JNU attacks. Critics say that he is "implementing the agenda of the RSS", the reason why he has been made VC in the first place. JNU Students' Unions called for his resignation following the attacks on JNU in January 2020.
# Prins Plantation

Prins Plantation (Dutch: Plantage Prins), originally a coconut plantation in Aruba, saw its house reconstructed in the 1950s. The decline of palm trees, attributed to disease, led to the cessation of farm production.
In 1911, the Werbata-Jonckheer map identified Prins Plantation as one of 23 mostly small plantations characterized by mixed agriculture, coconut trees and housing. Additionally, a larger plantation was situated inland, north of Oranjestad in San Barbola, birthplace of Virginia Demetricia. The township Savaneta actually originated from a governmental plantation that later transformed into a small village.

## Etymology

The plantation derives its name from a Swedish mining engineer Paulus Printz, who lived in the area during the eighteenth century while searching for gold on behalf of the Administrators of the Chamber of Amsterdam of the Dutch West India Company. According to Van Raders' 1825 map, the ruin of his dwelling (№ 37) was located on the hilltop to the northwest of the plantation, but it has since disappeared. The hilltop, being exposed to the wind, was more favorable for habitation than the wind-sheltered arroyo. Printz worked in Aruba from June 14, 1725, to June 3 1727, when he received an order from Amsterdam to cease the work.

## Overview

The original plantation house in the arroyo no longer stands, and the subsequent structure, a country house built in the 1930s, is now in a state of ruin.
Situated 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) from the visitor's center and approximately 600 metres (0.37 mi) northwest from Plantage Fontein (Fontein Plantation) within Arikok National Park, a trail leads to the historic Prins Plantation, formerly owned by Mr. Mokki Arends, and two neighboring arroyos, Rooi Prins and Rooi Dwars. These arroyos once nurtured coconut and fruit trees. While the coconuts are gone, and only a few fruit trees remain, native vegetation thrives more densely than on the surrounding hills.
As of 2023, despite initial plans, the renovation and transformation of the Prins plantation ruins into the Prins Center, featuring demonstration projects on early plantation agricultural activity, has not yet occurred. The incorporation of the Prins Center into the new design of Arikok National Park remains pending. It is advisable to consider highlighting the historical significance of the Prins Center's namesake within the center itself.

## Sources

* Wells, Jeffrey V.; Wells, Allison Childs (2017). "Aruba". Birds of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao: A site and field guide. Cornell University Press. pp. 32–38. ISBN 9781501701078.
* Klooster, Olga van der (2013). Monumentengids Aruba [Monument Guide Aruba] (in Dutch). Amsterdam : KIT Publishers; Oranjestad : Fundacion Editorial Charuba. pp. 38, 43. ISBN 9789460222207.
* Prins, Peter (1997). "Eindeloos getob? De expeditie van Paulus Printz". Arubaans Akkoord : Opstellen over Aruba van voor de komst van de olieindustrie [Aruban Agreement: Essay on Aruba before the arrival of the oil industry] (in Dutch). Bloemendaal: Stichting Libri Antilliani. pp. 127–134.
# Viktor Gaus

Viktor Eyrikhovich Gaus (Russian: Виктор Эйрихович Гаус; born 25 November 1964) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player. He is the goalkeepers' coach with FC Krylia Sovetov Samara.

## Club career

He made his professional debut in the Soviet First League in 1987 for FC Krylia Sovetov Kuybyshev.
He made his Russian Premier League debut for Krylia Sovetov on 29 March 1992 in a game against FC Spartak Moscow and played 4 seasons in the RPL with Krylia Sovetov and FC Lada Togliatti.
# USS Chatelain

USS Chatelain (DE-149) was an Edsall-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. She was finally scrapped in 1974.

## History

She was named in honor of Hubert Paul Chatelain who was awarded a Silver Star posthumously for his valiant actions before he was killed in action 26 October 1942 during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.
Chatelain (DE-149) was launched 21 April 1943 by Consolidated Steel Corp. of Orange, Texas; sponsored by Mrs. L. T. Chatelain; commissioned 22 September 1943 and reported to the Atlantic Fleet.

### Battle of the Atlantic

Destined to play an important part in sweeping the Atlantic of German submarines, Chatelain escorted two convoys from east coast ports to Derry and Gibraltar between 20 November 1943 and 7 March 1944, and was then assigned to operate as part of the hunter-killer group formed around USS Guadalcanal (CVE-60). During the last year of the European war, while operating with the Guadalcanal group, Chatelain joined in the sinking of two German submarines, and the capture of a third.

#### Sinking of the German submarine U-515

Her first action took place 9 April 1944, as her group sailed from Casablanca to the United States. U-515 was detected when her radio transmissions were picked up, and planes and ships of the task group pressed home a firm attack. Chatelain forced the enemy submarine to the surface with two depth charge attacks, then joined in the general firing at point-blank range which followed, sending U-515 to the bottom at 34°35′N 19°18′W﻿ / ﻿34.583°N 19.300°W﻿ / 34.583; -19.300.

#### Capturing the German submarine U-505

On 4 June 1944, Chatelain had the distinction of initiating one of the most dramatic incidents of the war, when she made a sound contact, and hurled a barrage of hedgehogs at a U-boat. A second attack by Chatelain, this time with depth charges, holed U-505's outer hull and forced her to surface, her crew jumping overboard as she broke water. Now the task group seized its chance to carry out the boarding operation it had been planning for months, for the first capture by Americans of an intact German submarine. Successful in taking control of the submarine and executing the damage control that made its towing practicable, the group was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for this action.

#### Sinking of German submarine U-546

In one of the last antisubmarine actions of the Atlantic war, Chatelain took part in a 12-hour hunt for the submarine which had torpedoed USS Frederick C. Davis (DE-136) on 24 April 1945. Eight other ships joined her as the group again and again attacked U-546, sinking her finally at 43°53′N 40°07′W﻿ / ﻿43.883°N 40.117°W﻿ / 43.883; -40.117.

### End-of-war decommissioning

Chatelain had patrol and convoy escort duty, as well as serving as plane guard during aviation exercises, until 20 November 1945, when she arrived at Charleston, South Carolina. She was decommissioned and placed in reserve at Green Cove Springs, Florida on 14 June 1946.

## Awards

In addition to the Presidential Unit Citation, Chatelain received five battle stars for World War II service.
# 1996 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming

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The 1996 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming were held on November 5, 1996, to determine who would represent the state of Wyoming in the United States House of Representatives. Wyoming has one, at large district in the House, apportioned according to the 1990 United States census, due to its low population. Representatives are elected for two-year terms.

## Major candidates
### Democratic

* Pete Maxfield

### Republican

* Barbara Cubin, incumbent U.S. Congresswoman

## Results

Wyoming's at-large congressional district election, 1996 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Barbara Cubin (inc.) | 116,004 | 55.24 |
| | Democratic | Pete Maxfield | 85,724 | 40.82 |
| | Libertarian | Dave Dawson | 8,255 | 3.93 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 209,983 | 100.00 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |
# Dubné

Dubné is a municipality and village in České Budějovice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,700 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Dubné consists of four municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Dubné (734)
* Jaronice (151)
* Křenovice (461)
* Třebín (335)

## Geography

Dubné is located about 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of České Budějovice. It lies in a flat landscape in the České Budějovice Basin. The municipal territory is rich in fishponds, typical for this region.

## History

The first written mention of Dubné is from 1263, when it is written about a lower nobleman Sudslav of Dubné. The village was held by a lower nobility (of Dubné, Roubík of Hlavatce, Dubenský of Chlum, Ojíř of Protivec) until the end of Bohemian Revolt, then it was confiscated to Adam Chval Kunáš of Machovice. In 1623, it was sold to the royal city of České Budějovice, which was the owner of Dubné until the abolition of serfdom.
Since 1850, Dubné has been an independent municipality. The other villages were joined in 1961, including Branišov, which became a separate municipality in 1994.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 994 | — |
| 1880 | 1,085 | +9.2% |
| 1890 | 1,109 | +2.2% |
| 1900 | 1,102 | −0.6% |
| 1910 | 1,066 | −3.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 1,020 | −4.3% |
| 1930 | 977 | −4.2% |
| 1950 | 878 | −10.1% |
| 1961 | 925 | +5.4% |
| 1970 | 889 | −3.9% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 962 | +8.2% |
| 1991 | 1,024 | +6.4% |
| 2001 | 1,079 | +5.4% |
| 2011 | 1,381 | +28.0% |
| 2021 | 1,681 | +21.7% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.

## Sights

The main landmark of Dubné is the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. It is a Baroque church with a Gothic core from the 14th century. The tower was added in 1575 and replaced by a new one in 1901.
# 1994 Bonaire status referendum

A status referendum was held on the island of Bonaire on 21 October 1994. Voters were asked to choose between the status quo, autonomy within the Netherlands, integration with the Netherlands or independence. The vast majority voted for the status quo, but in a referendum in 2004 finally decided on integration into the Netherlands.

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| Status quo | 4,443 | 89.65 |
| Autonomy within the Netherlands | 439 | 8.86 |
| Integration into the Netherlands | 63 | 1.27 |
| Independence | 11 | 0.22 |
| Invalid/blank votes | - | – |
| Total | 4,956 | 100 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 7,450 | 66.52 |
| Source: Direct Democracy |||
# 1994 Sint Maarten status referendum

A status referendum was held on the island of Sint Maarten in October 1994. The referendum was the result of a discussion about the future of the Netherlands Antilles, following the secession of Aruba in 1986. While most politicians, including the government of the Netherlands Antilles and the island government campaigned in favour of secession of Sint Maarten to make it form a country of its own within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the option of retaining and restructuring the Netherlands Antilles came out in favour. This resulted in the rise of the Party for the Restructured Antilles.

## Result

| Choice | Choice | Votes | % |
| Option A: Sint Maarten remaining part of the Netherlands Antilles | Option A: Sint Maarten remaining part of the Netherlands Antilles | 4,697 | 59.70 |
| Option B: Sint Maarten becoming a self governing country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands | Option B: Sint Maarten becoming a self governing country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands | 2,606 | 33.12 |
| Option C: Sint Maarten integrating into the Netherlands | Option C: Sint Maarten integrating into the Netherlands | 72 | 0.92 |
| Option D: Sint Maarten becoming an independent country | Option D: Sint Maarten becoming an independent country | 493 | 6.27 |
| Total | Total | 7,868 | 100.00 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 7,868 | 98.72 |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 102 | 1.28 |
| Total votes | Total votes | 7,970 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 12,232 | 65.16 |
| Source: Country Sint Maarten, The Daily Herald ||||
# Friday the 13th mini-crash

The Friday the 13th mini-crash, or Black Friday, was a stock market crash that occurred on Friday, October 13, 1989. The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of the breakdown of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation, the parent company of United Airlines. When the UAL deal fell through, it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond market. The deal unraveled because the Association of Flight Attendants pulled out of the deal when management, in negotiations over an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) designed to fund the leveraged buyout, refused to agree to terms.

## The close

Moments after the UAL deal fell through, the indices began their plunge. When the closing bell rang, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had dropped 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent, to 2,569.26; the NASDAQ Composite had shed 14.90 points, or 3.09 percent, to 467.30; and the S&P 500 Index had fallen 21.74 points, or 6.12 percent, to 333.65. The Dow Jones Transportation Average fell 78.05 (5.26%) on the 13th, and fell another 102.04 (7.26%) on the 16th for a total decline of 12.13%. The major indices had closed at all-time highs as recently as Monday, October 9.

## Survey

Many investors were left stunned. Since most market participants blame the UAL deal as the culprit, survey researcher William Feltus and Robert Shiller, the author of Irrational Exuberance, conducted a telephone survey of 101 market professionals in the business days following the crash, asking if they had heard about the UAL news before or after the crash: 36% surveyed said they had heard about it before the losses set in, and 53% said afterwards.
The market professionals also believed that the UAL story was just an attention-grabber, with traders trying to find a reason to sell: 50 percent believed that was the reason while 30 percent believed the news would reduce future takeovers.

## Aftermath

The crash is often pinpointed as the start of the early 1990s recession, but the surprisingly-low growth rates (almost 0 percent) during the summer months and the savings and loan crisis earlier in the year had triggered the crisis almost concurrently with the mini-crash, which, in turn, got blamed by the public (the memory of the 1987 crash still being fresh) as the true culprit of the recession.
# 1990 Brazilian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Brazil on 3 October 1990, the first held under the 1988 constitution. The Brazilian Democratic Movement Party emerged as the largest party, winning 108 of the 502 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 8 of the 31 seats in the Senate.

## Results
### Chamber of Deputies

| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| | Brazilian Democratic Movement Party | 7,798,653 | 19.26 | 108 | –152 |
| | Liberal Front Party | 5,026,474 | 12.41 | 83 | –35 |
| | Workers' Party | 4,128,052 | 10.19 | 35 | +19 |
| | Democratic Labour Party | 4,068,078 | 10.04 | 46 | +22 |
| | Democratic Social Party | 3,609,196 | 8.91 | 42 | +9 |
| | Brazilian Social Democracy Party | 3,515,809 | 8.68 | 38 | New |
| | National Reconstruction Party | 3,357,091 | 8.29 | 40 | New |
| | Brazilian Labour Party | 2,277,882 | 5.62 | 38 | +21 |
| | Liberal Party | 1,721,929 | 4.25 | 16 | +10 |
| | Christian Democratic Party | 1,205,506 | 2.98 | 22 | +17 |
| | Brazilian Socialist Party | 756,034 | 1.87 | 11 | +10 |
| | Renovator Labour Party | 426,848 | 1.05 | 2 | New |
| | Brazilian Communist Party | 388,564 | 0.96 | 3 | 0 |
| | Social Labour Party | 373,986 | 0.92 | 2 | New |
| | Communist Party of Brazil | 352,049 | 0.87 | 5 | +2 |
| | Social Christian Party | 342,079 | 0.84 | 6 | +5 |
| | Party of National Mobilization | 249,606 | 0.62 | 1 | +1 |
| | Social Reforms Party | 243,231 | 0.60 | 4 | New |
| | Social Democratic Party | 215,226 | 0.53 | 1 | New |
| | National Community Party | 141,453 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 |
| | Progressive Republican Party | 94,069 | 0.23 | 0 | New |
| | Labour Party of Brazil | 78,358 | 0.19 | 0 | New |
| | Social Action Party | 42,790 | 0.11 | 0 | New |
| | Liberating Solidarity Party | 27,082 | 0.07 | 0 | New |
| | Democratic Party | 17,102 | 0.04 | 0 | New |
| | Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order | 12,464 | 0.03 | 0 | New |
| | Humanist Liberal Party | 10,076 | 0.02 | 0 | New |
| | Workers' Nationalist Party | 8,395 | 0.02 | 0 | New |
| | United Socialist Party | 3,912 | 0.01 | 0 | New |
| | Progressive Action Party | 3,669 | 0.01 | 0 | New |
| | Socialist Party | 2,274 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 |
| | Brazilian Students' Party | 638 | 0.00 | 0 | New |
| | Brazilian Party of Women | 194 | 0.00 | 0 | New |
| Total | Total | 40,498,769 | 100.00 | 503 | +16 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 40,498,769 | 56.29 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 31,442,144 | 43.71 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 71,940,913 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 83,820,558 | 85.83 | | |
| Source: Nohlen, Marchetti Ferraz Júnior ||||||

### Senate

| Party | Party | Seats |
| | Brazilian Democratic Movement Party | 8 |
| | Liberal Front Party | 8 |
| | Brazilian Labour Party | 4 |
| | National Reconstruction Party | 2 |
| | Christian Democratic Party | 2 |
| | Democratic Social Party | 2 |
| | Workers' Party | 1 |
| | Democratic Labour Party | 1 |
| | Brazilian Social Democracy Party | 1 |
| | Liberal Party | 1 |
| | Social Labour Party | 1 |
| | Independents | 1 |
| Total | Total | 32 |
| Source: Nohlen |||
# Salem Presbyterian Church (Salem, Virginia)

Salem Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church at E. Main and Market Streets in Salem, Virginia. It was built in 1851–1852, and is a Greek Revival style temple form church. It has a slightly projecting Ionic order portico in antis with belfry. The church owned the Salem Presbyterian Parsonage from 1854 to 1941.

## History

The church currently sits on the land formerly owned by Benjamin Faris. When the county was formed, the newly installed justices were empowered to choose a time and place for holding their first court. "The time chosen was May 21, 1838; the place, Benjamin Fairs' tavern, where the Salem Presbyterian Church stands today."
"In 1831 Salem Presbyterian Church was organized with the remaining members from Ebenezer and Catawba churches."
Elijah McClanahan was an early member of the congregation. "He was also among the trustees chosen at the founding of the town of Salem, among the founding elders of Salem Presbyterian Church, and one of the largest landholders in the county."
Wildwood Presbyterian Church came from the Salem Church. "The church was originally a chapel of Salem Church and was organized separately in 1954."

## Construction

"The master builder has not been determined but it seems likely that it was Benjamin Deyerle who built many of the finer Greek Revival plantation houses in the area. The church's woodwork is attributed to Gustavia D. Sedon (Gustave A. Sedon), a well-known Roanoke County carpenter. Most of the architectural details are based on plates in ante-bellum builders' handbooks such as those of Asher Benjamin and Owen Biddle, Jr."
The Presbyterians organized in Salem in 1831. The local congregation outgrew their original church and began construction of the present building in 1851. Dedication services for the new building were held August 8, 1852. The church was built primarily with slave labor, and its bricks were burnt on the site. Its approximate cost was $4,500.00, and the entire amount was paid before the dedication service."
Originally, the only illumination for the sanctuary were two four-branched candelabras on either side of the pulpit. These were later replaced by oil lamps that were used until electrical wiring was installed. Two wood burning stoves, one each placed on the eastern and western walls, were used to keep the building warm. Firewood was placed against the wall inside the church to be used for stoking when the wood in the stove burned down during services.
The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is located in the Downtown Salem Historic District.