# Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 stop motion Christmas animated television special produced by Videocraft International, Ltd. It first aired December 6, 1964, on the NBC television network in the United States and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of The General Electric Fantasy Hour. The special was based on the 1949 Johnny Marks song "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer" which was itself based on the poem of the same name written in 1939 by Marks's brother-in-law, Robert L. May. The concept was developed in New York City, the animation was done in Japan, the music was recorded in England, and most of the voice actors were from Canada. The production was completed in 18 months.
NBC began airing the special annually again in 2024, having previously done so from 1964 to 1971. From 1972 to 2023, the special aired on CBS, which unveiled a high-definition, digitally remastered version of the program in 2005, re-scanned frame-by-frame from the original 35 mm film elements. As with A Charlie Brown Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer no longer airs merely once annually, but several times during the Christmas and holiday season. It has been telecast every year since 1964, making it the longest continuously running Christmas TV special in the United States. The 50th anniversary of the television special was marked in 2014, and a series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014. A special exhibit was also mounted at the Masterworks Museum in Bermuda, where the original puppets are held. Since 2019, Freeform has aired the special as a part of its 25 Days of Christmas holiday programming block.
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was initially met with a positive reception among critics, who praised the voice acting, soundtrack, animation style, characters, and sets. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is often regarded as one of the best Christmas films ever made, being featured on numerous "top ten" lists. It has become widely popular among both young children and adults familiar with the Christmas season, and has garnered a large cult following since its initial debut.

## Plot

Donner, the lead reindeer for Santa Claus, and his wife have a new fawn named Rudolph. They are surprised to find out he was born with a glowing red nose. Donner attempts to first cover Rudolph's nose with mud, and later uses a fake nose, so Rudolph will fit in with the other reindeer.
The following spring, Rudolph goes out for the reindeer games, where the new fawns learn to fly and are scouted by Santa for future sleigh duty. Rudolph meets a doe named Clarice, who tells him he is cute, making Rudolph fly. While he celebrates with the other bucks, Rudolph's fake nose pops off, causing the other reindeer to mock him and Coach Comet to expel him.
Rudolph meets and joins Hermey, a misfit elf who left Santa's workshop to follow his dream to become a dentist, and Yukon Cornelius, a prospector who has spent his life searching for silver and gold. After escaping the Abominable Snow Monster, all three land on the Island of Misfit Toys. It is a place where unloved or unwanted toys reside with their ruler, a winged lion named King Moonracer, who brings the toys to the island until he can find homes and children who would love them. The king allows them to stay one night on the island and asks them to ask Santa to find homes for them. Rudolph leaves on his own that night, worried that his nose will endanger his friends.
Time passes and Rudolph, now a young stag, returns home to find that his parents and Clarice have been searching for him. He then travels to the Abominable's cave, where they are being held captive. Rudolph attempts to rescue Clarice until the monster knocks him down with a stalactite. Hermey and Yukon eventually show up with a plan to help out Rudolph. Hermey lures the monster out of the cave by imitating the sound of a pig and pulls out the Abominable's teeth after Yukon knocks him out. Yukon drives the toothless monster back over a cliff and falls with it.
Rudolph, Hermey, Clarice, and the Donners return home where everyone apologizes to them. Yukon returns with a tamed Abominable, now trained to trim a Christmas tree, explaining that the monster's bouncing ability saved both of their lives. Christmas Eve comes and while everybody is celebrating, Santa announces that a big snowstorm is approaching, forcing him to cancel Christmas. Blinded by Rudolph's bright nose, he changes his mind and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh. Rudolph accepts, and their first stop is the Island of Misfit Toys, where Santa delivers the toys to children.

## Cast

* Burl Ives as Sam the Snowman
* Larry Mann as Yukon Cornelius and Bumble the Abominable Snow Monster of the North
* Billie Mae Richards as Rudolph
* Paul Soles as Hermey
* Stan Francis as:
** Santa Claus
** King Moonracer
* Alfie Scopp as:
** Fireball
** Charlie-in-the-Box
** Various male elves
* Janis Orenstein as Clarice
* Paul Kligman as:
** Donner
** Coach Comet
* Carl Banas as:
** Head Elf
** Various Misfit Toys
* Corinne Conley as Mrs. Donner and Dolly for Sue
* Peg Dixon as:
** Mrs. Claus
** Various female elves
* Bernard Cowan as:
** The Spotted Elephant (uncredited)
** Clarice's father (uncredited)

## Production
### Development

The special, with the teleplay by Romeo Muller, introduced several new characters inspired by the song's lyrics. Muller told an interviewer shortly before his death that he would have preferred to base the teleplay on May's original book, but could not find a copy. After the script, concept designs and storyboards for Rudolph were done by Arthur Rankin Jr. and his staff of artists at Rankin/Bass in New York City.

### Voice cast

Most of the characters were portrayed by Canadian actors recorded at RCA Studios at 225 Mutual Street in Toronto under the supervision of Bernard Cowan. The recording sessions lasted for two days, which was followed by a session in New York City to polish the songs. Rankin and Bass chose Canadian voice actors for two reasons. First, while the last radio dramas in the United States had ended production a few years previously, many were still being produced in Canada, giving the producers a large talent pool to choose from. CBC was large enough to enable American workers, such as Rankin and Bass, to get their shows done in Toronto. Second, Rankin and Bass were taking loans from friends to bankroll and chose Toronto's Crawley Films to financially stretch out 130 short episodes of Tales of the Wizard of Oz, which made the Canadian labor costs cheaper. Billie Mae Richards, who provided the voice of Rudolph, reprised the role for Rudolph's Shiny New Year and Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July.
Sam the Snowman was originally voiced by Larry D. Mann, but it was later decided that Burl Ives would voice him. Ives was hired to appease NBC and its sponsor General Electric. This was Rankin/Bass's marketing strategy to employ a bigger celebrity, which would later happen in other specials, such as Jimmy Durante in Frosty the Snowman and Fred Astaire in Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town. In the original production, Billie Mae Richards, who voiced Rudolph, was credited as "Billy Richards" since Rankin and Bass did not want to disclose that a woman had done the part.

### Designs and animation

The figures were designed by continuity designer Antony Peters in the United States. Peters' name is also misspelled in all prints of the special since 1965. The company's trademark stop motion animation process, known as "Animagic", was filmed at MOM Productions in Tokyo with supervision by Tadahito Mochinaga and associate direction by Kizo Nagashima. Besides Rudolph, Mochinaga and the rest of the Japanese puppet animation staff are also known for their partnership with Rankin/Bass on their other Animagic productions almost throughout the 1960s, from The New Adventures of Pinocchio, to Willy McBean and his Magic Machine, to The Daydreamer and Mad Monster Party?
Each "Animagic" figure cost $5,000 to make, including Rudolph and Santa.

### Music

The songs were written by Johnny Marks, with musical director Maury Laws composing the incidental score. In addition to songs written specifically for the film, several of Marks' other holiday standards populate the instrumental score, among them "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" and "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day". Many of the songs are utilized in the score as musical themes for recurring characters and ideas, such as "Silver and Gold" (for Yukon Cornelius, sung by Burl Ives), "Jingle, Jingle, Jingle" (Santa, sung by Stan Francis) and "There's Always Tomorrow" (Clarice, sung by Janis Orenstein). The music score was recorded in England. In 1965, an executive of the special's sponsor General Electric decided that "We're a Couple of Misfits" would be replaced by "Fame and Fortune". "We're a Couple of Misfits" was added back in 1998.
Ives re-recorded "A Holly Jolly Christmas", with different arrangements, for the song's 1964 single release. This version, along with a similarly newly recorded version of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", was released the following year on his 1965 album Have a Holly Jolly Christmas.

## Broadcast
### Marketing

Rankin and Bass signed a deal with General Electric to cover the special's cost of $500,000. The contract only lasted for two broadcasts. To promote the special, a set of puppets was shipped from Japan to the United States and displayed at NBC Studios in Manhattan, New York City during the Christmas season.

### Release and reruns

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer premiered on December 6, 1964, as part of The General Electric Fantasy Hour on NBC, at 5:30pm (EST). In 1972, the special would start airing on CBS.
In May 2019, it was announced that Freeform would air the special as part of their annual 25 Days of Christmas lineup for the first time, alongside Frosty the Snowman. The agreement was later revealed to be an exclusive rights agreement, as CBS continued to broadcast the special over-the-air each November and December until 2023, but not on Paramount+ nor, in an unusual case of blackout, virtual multichannel video program distributors such as YouTube TV and Hulu + Live TV, which have traditionally carried all network programming in the same fashion as cable and satellite providers; CBS parent company Paramount claimed, copyright ambiguity notwithstanding, that it did not have streaming rights to the special.
NBC broadcast the special again for the first time in 52 years on December 6, 2024, in a 75-minute telecast. This change also marked the first time that this special can be streamed on YouTube TV, Hulu and other live TV services.

## Home media

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was first released on VHS and LaserDisc by Family Home Entertainment and Broadway Video from 1989 to 1996 under the Christmas Classics Series label. It was re-released in 1997 by Family Home Entertainment and Golden Books Family Entertainment.
In 1998, the special was re-released on VHS by Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment. In 1999, the special was released for the first time on DVD by the two companies. In 2010, the special was released for the first time on Blu-ray by Vivendi Entertainment. On November 4, 2014, they re-released the special on a 50th anniversary edition on Blu-ray and DVD. The same 50th anniversary Blu-ray edition was released with an exclusive storybook; this was only sold at Walmart. Universal Pictures Home Entertainment re-released the special again on DVD and Blu-ray in 2018. Universal re-released the special on 4K UHD Blu-ray as part of The Classic Christmas Specials Collection (with Frosty the Snowman and Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town) in 2022.

## Reception
### Critical response

Upon its initial broadcast, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer received acclaim from critics. A television review of The New York Times called the special "a charming and tuneful hour of fantasy", stating that the animation "radiated a gentle spirit of make-believe" and praising the songs as "an ideal complement to the story of Robert L. May." A review on San Antonio Light's TV Week praised the special as a "delightful hour for children", describing it as "cleverly conceived". Cynthia Lowry of The New York Times stated that the story was "full of delightful adult wit and a bit of satire."
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer received an approval rating of 95% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on thirteen reviews, with an average rating of 9.37/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a yule-tide gem that bursts with eye-popping iconography, a spirited soundtrack, and a heart-warming celebration of difference." Contemporary reports rated the special highly, with a 1970 survey from Clarke Williamson noting that viewers gave the special above-average reviews, only slightly lower than two other 1960s classics, A Charlie Brown Christmas and The Little Drummer Boy, and ahead of other specials of the era. In December 2018, a Hollywood Reporter/Morning Consult poll which surveyed 2,200 adults from Nov. 15–18, 2018, named Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer the most beloved holiday film, with 83% of respondents having a generally favorable response to the title.

### Ratings

When Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer premiered on NBC, it was seen by 55% of the U.S. audience. In 1999, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer received 1,292,000 viewers on Global and 1,107,000 viewers during three broadcasts on YTV in Canada. The 60th anniversary broadcast on NBC was the most-watched rerun Christmas special across all networks in 2024, with 5,300,000 viewers; among all Christmas specials in 2024, it was second only to another NBC broadcast, Christmas in Rockefeller Center.

## Controversies and criticism
### Copyright notice

The year of the copyright notice (which used Roman numerals) was listed as MCLXIV (year 1164) and not MCMLXIV. Because the published work was released in 1964, the copyright was potentially weakened, as a copyright notice with a correct date was required for copyright protection in works that are published earlier than March 1, 1989.

### Island of Misfit Toys ending scene

The original version did not include Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit Toys to pick up the toys. According to Jules Bass, viewers wanted to see the scene and wrote letters. The scene was later animated and added in 1965.

### Dolly for Sue speculation

Dolly for Sue, a supporting character from the special, has sparked speculation since her debut. Being a seemingly normal-looking rag doll, there is no clear reason for Dolly being on the Island of Misfit Toys. It was once debated that it had to do with her physical appearance, particularly her missing a nose. Other speculations were raised, and many believed Dolly was only created because the rest of the toys on the island were "boys", so they created a "girl" toy to balance the cast.
According to The Making of the Rankin/Bass Holiday Classic: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, nothing in the script gave any indication on why Dolly for Sue is a misfit toy. On December 8, 2007, during a trivia game on Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, Rankin admitted in a recent interview: "she was cast off by her mistress and was clinically depressed."

### Later CBS broadcasts

From 2005 to 2023, CBS broadcast an edited version of the special, which included the compression of several scenes. Although "We're a Couple of Misfits" remained, the audio was played over the video of "Fame and Fortune", a song that has replaced "We're a Couple of Misfits" in airings starting in 1965 before the original song was added in 1998. The audio was also edited to match the video despite not matching the movements of the characters. The edit was heavily criticized by the audience and fans of the special. Rankin/Bass historian Rick Goldschmidt also criticized the edit of the special, commenting: "Somebody there did a really crappy job of editing it." Freeform and NBC's current broadcasts do not have this issue, instead using the same print as Universal's home video releases.

## Aftermath and cultural impact
### Actors' residuals and compensations

Ives, and his estate, received annual residuals from the show. "This business of residuals was new to our union, which was not quite as strong as SAG or others in the States", Soles recalled in 2014. After the first three broadcasts, the rest of the voice actors did not receive residuals for the characters due to ACTRA's labor costs. However, Richards received residuals for three years, and as of 2007, Soles received $400 in residuals ($10 for each year). Each of them received approximately $1,000 for their work throughout the years. While Richards said in 2000 that her compensation was a "sore subject" for her, she had no complaints about the work itself. "I feel so lucky to have something that has made such an impact on people, and it's because of the story first and foremost." Goldschmidt once offered to get Richards some money to sign her signature on Rudolph's collectibles, but Richard's agent informed her that the offer was too vague.

### Restored figures of Rudolph and Santa

Since those involved with the production had no idea of the future value of the stop-motion puppet figures used in the production, many were not preserved. In 2007, Rankin claimed to be in possession of an original Rudolph figure and suspected that most of the others had been destroyed because of the wear and tear from manipulating the figures during production. Rankin-Bass historian Rick Goldschmidt revealed that a few puppets were still in the possession of people who worked on the special. Most of the extant figures are "publicity" copies for the NBC headquarters, which were created and used for photography and other purposes. Nine puppets—including Santa and young Rudolph—were displayed at the NBC headquarters in Manhattan. They were going to be thrown away, but they were given to Rankin's secretary, Barbara Adams. Adams gave them to her nieces and nephews, who played with them under the Christmas tree. After Christmas, the figures would be stored in an attic. The heat caused several of them to melt together and had to be thrown away.
In 2005, a nephew of Adams found the figures of Rudolph and Santa and brought them to be appraised on Antiques Roadshow; the episode aired in 2006 on PBS. At that time, their figures were listed on EBay, and their appraised value was between $8,000 and $10,000. The puppets had been damaged through years of rough handling by children and storage in an attic. The family later sold both figures to TimeandSpaceToys.com president Kevin A. Kriess. Kriess confirmed that he bought them after he shared photos and knew about the history. Kriess had both puppets restored by Screen Novelties, a Los Angeles-based collective of film directors specializing in stop-motion animation, with puppet fabricator Robin Walsh leading the project. The figures have been shown at conventions since then. They were sold at auction on November 13, 2020. netting a $368,000 sale price, doubling the expected return. On December 22, 2020, they were donated to the Center for Puppetry Arts in Atlanta, Georgia.

## Merchandise

A Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer video game was released on November 9, 2010. The adaptation was published by Red Wagon Games for the Wii and Nintendo DS, and was developed by High Voltage Software and Glyphic Entertainment respectively. The Wii version was received poorly, and garnered extremely negative reviews from sites such as IGN giving it a 1.5/10.

## Sequels

The Rankin/Bass special inspired numerous television sequels made by the same studio:
* Rudolph's Shiny New Year (1976), a special that first aired on ABC and is still aired annually on both ABC and Freeform.
* Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979), a feature-length special that paired Rudolph with the song-inspired character Frosty the Snowman.
* Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001), a direct-to-video animated film. Released by a team that produced an unrelated Rudolph movie in 1998, neither Rankin/Bass or its descendant companies had any involvement in its production.
* Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer - 4D Attraction (2016), 10-minute stop motion story adaptation in the form of a 4D film for SimEx-Iwerks; produced by Bent Image Lab and directed by Chel White.
* T.E.A.M. Rudolph and the Reindeer Games (2018), a short film adaptation of the book of the same name was featured on the original film's 2018 Blu-ray release