OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Battle of Gurung Hill

The Battle of Gurung Hill was a significant engagement during the Sino-Indian War of 1962, fought in the strategically important region of Ladakh, India. Indian forces, facing a massive Chinese offensive, successfully defended Gurung Hill after intense fighting in November 1962.

## Background

The Sino-Indian War broke out in 1962 over disputed border regions between India and China. Ladakh, with its high-altitude terrain and strategic locations, became a key battleground. The Chinese launched a series of attacks across the front, aiming to seize Indian positions in the region. Gurung Hill, located near the Spanggur Gap in Ladakh, was a vital position for both sides, offering a commanding view of the surrounding area and control over approaches into southern Ladakh. It became the target of heavy Chinese assaults during the conflict.

## The Battle

In November 1962, Chinese forces launched a determined attack on Gurung Hill. Indian forces, heavily outnumbered and lacking artillery support, faced overwhelming odds. However, the Indian Army employed innovative tactics to bolster their defenses, including the use of tanks airlifted into the Ladakh region, which played a critical role in the battle. The Indian Air Force carried out one of the most extraordinary operations of the war by airlifting AMX-13 tanks to the Ladakh front. These tanks helped solidify Indian positions at Gurung Hill and contributed to repelling Chinese forces. The Chinese launched several waves of attacks but faced stiff resistance from the Indian defenders. In the face of fierce hand-to-hand combat and heavy casualties, Chinese forces were unable to capture the hill.

## Aftermath

Despite the Chinese numerical advantage, Indian forces managed to hold Gurung Hill. The successful defense marked a significant victory for India during the war, showcasing the bravery and tenacity of the Indian soldiers. The battle had wider strategic implications, helping to stabilize the defense in the region.

## Legacy

The Battle of Gurung Hill remains an important episode in the history of the Sino-Indian War, highlighting the role of determination and innovation in the face of overwhelming odds. It stands as a testament to the resolve of the Indian Army to defend its territory during one of the most challenging conflicts in its history.
# Big Rivers (wine)

Big Rivers is a grape growing zone in Australia. It covers the southwestern corner of the state of New South Wales. The zone currently includes four wine regions, which cover the main areas of grape growing in the zone, but not all of them.
The four regions in the Big Rivers zone are Murray Darling, Perricoota, Riverina and Swan Hill.The Murray Darling and Swan Hill regions span the state border (the Murray River), and are partly in Big Rivers zone in New South Wales, and partly in the North West Victoria zone of Victoria.
The area enclosed in the Big Rivers zone is bounded by the state boundaries with South Australia and Victoria. It extends as far north along the South Australia border to include the city of Broken Hill. It extends east along the Murray River past Albury. Parkes and Forbes are towns near the northeastern corner.
# Sabaria

Sabaria was a semi-autonomous territory in Iberia, between the Kingdom of the Suebi and the Visigothic kingdom, in the 4th-6th centuries that extended from Benavente to Salamanca and from Sayago to Simancas.
Sabaria was autonomous enough to mint its own currency, although this coinage is sometimes confused with the Visigothic mint of Senimure-Semure in the current city of Zamora.
# Fred Federspiel

Fred Federspiel is an American technology entrepreneur, nuclear physicist and inventor.

## Biography

Born in West Lafayette Indiana in 1963, Federspiel earned a PhD in experimental nuclear physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1991, where he led the first self-consistent measurement of the electric and magnetic polarizability of the proton.
In 1993, he married his wife, Carey Mills, with whom he has four children, Harry, Ella, Erin, and Leo. A Baritone Sax enthusiast, he played in professor John Garvey's Jazz band for seven years. In 1991 Federspiel joined Los Alamos National Laboratory where he built the real-time data acquisition and analysis system for the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector experiment, which reported evidence for neutrino oscillations in 1996. In 1997 he joined BiosGroup, and then in 1999 founded e-Xchange Advantage Corporation (e-XA) to deploy technology allowing institutional traders to control the information released to the market about their orders. e-XA became Pipeline Trading Systems LLC, which implemented Federspiel's inventions to reduce the cost inflicted by high-frequency trading on institutional trade execution. Federspiel's block market invention was one of two major market structure experiments enabling institutions to direct information dissemination about block orders to likely trading counterparties, the other notable example being Liquidnet. In 2011, Pipeline reached a settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) over allegations that a Pipeline affiliate may have traded with Pipeline customer orders without adequate disclosure. Federspiel agreed to pay the SEC $100,000 to settle the matter. Federspiel is currently CEO and Founder of Dart Video Communications, provider of Home Dart, a real-time video text messaging tool for real estate professionals. In 2020 Fred joined AlgoCortex LLC to improve the efficiency of the trading process through intelligent automation and preserve the hard-earned assets of institutional investors and their clients.

## Technical innovation

Federspiel is an inventor on US patents covering the display of market data, the design of trading systems, mechanisms to disseminate order information, and mechanisms to incentivize liquidity providers to provide quality trades to block trading systems.
# Tajura

32°52′54.59″N 13°20′23.76″E﻿ / ﻿32.8818306°N 13.3399333°E﻿ / 32.8818306; 13.3399333
Tajura (Arabic: تاجوراء, romanized: Tājūrā; Italian: Tagiura), also spelt Tajoura, is a town in north-western Libya, and baladiyah in the Tripoli Muhafazah, on the Mediterranean coast 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Tripoli.
From 2001 to 2007 Tajura was the capital of the Tajura wa Arba' District. Tajura is also known to be the most anti-Gaddafi district in Tripoli and had high casualties in the Libyan revolution.

## History

The Ottoman Turks established a base at Tajura in 1531. Under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa, the site was selected for its proximity to Tripoli which had come under the Knights of Malta in 1530 when Charles V of Spain, as King of Sicily, had given them Tripoli, Gozo and Malta. Tripoli was captured in the Siege of Tripoli.
Tajura was the center of Libya's nuclear research, with a 10 MWt pool type research reactor (IRT-1) built by the Soviet Union, which came online in 1981. A fire broke out in an outbuilding in April 2024, which the Libyan Atomic Energy Commission reported as under control.
During the second Libyan Civil War, Tajura has become associated with the insurgency of 101 Battalion.
The name Tajoura is rumoured to be named after a princess who lost her crown. "Taj" meaning crown, and "oura" being the name of the princess, the crown was found in this area and so was named Tajoura (Oura's crown).

## Districts of Tajura

* Goot Al-Rumman
* Abe Al Ash'her
* Al-Marouhna
* Al Hamidiya
* Al Kwateb
* Al'aswal
* Awlad Al Turki
* Be'ar Al Sanyaa
* Shatt al-Sidi Othman (Sidi Othman)
* Btisp
* Be'ar Al Osta Milad
* El Atamana
* Dakhla
* Rima
* Diyar Jaber
* Almchai - Aribat - and the cemetery Sahaabi and Hada title Almchai
* Market - the middle
* Goudec
* Punishment (the headquarters of the commander Uqba)
* Al Knadra
* Andilsi
* Shatt span
* al mashin
* Wadi Al Rabie
# Harviestoun

Harviestoun is an estate in Tillicoultry parish, Clackmannanshire, central Scotland. It lies at the base of the Ochil Hills, around 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) east of Tillicoultry and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of Dollar.

## History

The Harviestoun estate was bought in around 1780 by Edinburgh lawyer John Tait. It was during a visit to Harviestoun in the summer of 1787 that Robert Burns met Charlotte Hamilton, who inspired his poem "Fairest Maid on Devon Banks". A commemorative cairn on the main road (now the A91) marks his visit. Harviestoun Castle was built in 1804 by Craufurd Tait (1765–1832) after inheriting the estate from his father in 1800. In 1805 Tait purchased Dollar Glen, including the 15th-century Castle Campbell from the Duke of Argyll. He also constructed a new home farm, coach house and walled garden. Craufurd Tait died in 1832 and was buried in the private family graveyard, now known as Tait's Tomb, located on the north bank of the River Devon midway between Dollar and Tillicoultry at a point originally with romantic views both up and downstream, until this loop of the river was diverted during construction of the Devon Valley Railway in 1869 leaving the graveyard now oddly stranded in the landscape. Craufurd's youngest son Archibald Tait (1811–1882), who was later Archbishop of Canterbury, spent much of his boyhood at Harviestoun.
Businessman and former Lord Provost of Glasgow Sir Andrew Orr (1802–1874) bought the estate in 1859. He added a new tower and porch to the castle, in pink sandstone, and formed two approaches, one leading from Tillicoultry, the other from the East Lodge, situated about one mile west of Dollar.
Kay family records show that the servants had a grand ball on ‘Christmas Night’ 1919. A cook named Mary had extra help from a family member for a month in preparation for the ball. (Agnes Kay letters 1919/1920. Source: Professor Marilyn Leask Archives)

### 20th century

After fire destroyed much of the Playfair building at nearby Dollar Academy in 1961, Harviestoun Castle acted briefly as a satellite for Prep (Primary) School classes, as secondary school pupils occupied the Preparatory School building. Much of the castle was 'out of bounds' due to structural problems (possibly dry rot), but was a popular home for pupils of that era, according to accounts in school magazines. The grounds featured extensive gardens framed by two giant sequoia trees on the south lawn, and extensive plantings of rhododendron and bamboo. The castle was demolished in 1970. For a period in the 1970s a small private coal mine operated on the estate.
# Louis Henry (historian)

Louis Henry (1911 – 1991) was a French historian. He was the founder of the historical demography and one-place study fields. His 1956 book co-written with Michel Fleury, Des registres paroissiaux à l'histoire de la population. Manuel de dépouillement et d'exploitation de l'état civil ancien laid the foundation for studies in those areas.
Henry proposed that it was possible to reconstruct the population of France from 1670 to 1829. He devised more advanced methods and extracted data from records in order to correct bias and indicate which family histories could be used for different kinds of statistical analyses.
Henry is also responsible for the concept of natural fertility, which guided the way demographers have come to understand the idea of fertility control.
# Robot Wars: Advanced Destruction

Robot Wars: Advanced Destruction is the third video game based on the British game show Robot Wars. It was the third of four games based on the show, with the first three selling over 250,000 copies. It was developed by Crawfish Interactive and published by BBC Multimedia and was released exclusively for the Game Boy Advance in 2001. It was also released in the US by Vivendi Universal Games. The game is based on Series 4 of Robot Wars.

## Gameplay

Like the previous game, Robot Wars: Arenas of Destruction, Advanced Destruction features more than one arena to play in. This game features four different arenas, War Zone - which is based on the Series 4 version of the Robot Wars Arena, Robot Factory, Steelworks, and Power Station.
In the game, a competitor robot from the series, or a robot created by the player, is entered into combat against a robot controlled by the game. A bout finishes when one robot's health bar is fully depleted or is pitted. In the Championship Mode, the player picks a robot and controls it through seven battles with the first battle being a three-way melee like Series 4.
Multiplayer is also available where up to four players can play.
There were 16 competitor robots in the game including Series champions Chaos 2, Panic Attack, Razer and Tornado.
Like in the other games, series presenter Craig Charles does not appear in the game but the commentator, Jonathan Pearce, appears, but unlike Arenas of Destruction, he does not commentate in the entire battle.
# Hector Hurst

Hector James Hurst (born 15 July 1992) is a British former racing driver. Before retirement from racing, he competed in high level single seater championships, including FIA Formula Two and the FIA Formula 3 European Championship.

## Racing record
### Career summary

| Season | Series | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position |
| 2011 | Formula Renault BARC | Scorpio Motorsport | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 116 | 13th |
| 2011 | Formula Renault UK Finals Series | Manor Competition | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 11th |
| 2012 | FIA Formula Two Championship | Motorsport Vision | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 10th |
| 2012-13 | MRF Challenge Formula 2000 | MRF Racing | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 55 | 9th |
| 2013 | European F3 Open | EmiliodeVillota Motorsport | 16 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 97 | 7th |
| 2013 | European F3 Open | Team West-Tec | 16 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 97 | 7th |
| 2014 | FIA European Formula 3 Championship | Team West-Tec | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 24th |

### Complete FIA Formula Two Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | Pos | Points |
| 2012 | SIL 1 7 | SIL 2 10 | ALG 1 9 | ALG 2 7 | NÜR 1 10 | NÜR 2 11 | SPA 1 9 | SPA 2 9 | BRH 1 7 | BRH 2 12 | LEC 1 9 | LEC 2 Ret | HUN 1 Ret | HUN 2 14 | MNZ 1 Ret | MNZ 2 Ret | 10th | 27 |
# 130 mm air defense gun KS-30

The KS-30 is a Soviet 130mm anti-aircraft gun that appeared in the early 1950s, closely resembling the German wartime 12.8 cm FlaK 40 anti-aircraft gun. The KS-30 was used for the home defense forces of the USSR and some other Warsaw Pact countries. Recognition features are the heavy dual-tire carriage, a firing platform which folds up to a 45-degree angle when the piece is in travel, and the long clean tube without a muzzle brake. The breechblock is of the semi-automatic horizontal sliding-wedge type, and the piece is fitted with a power rammer and an automatic fuze setter. Fire control is provided by the PUAZO-30 director and the SON-30 radar. The ammunition is of the fixed-charge, separated type. It is not interchangeable with that of the 130 mm field guns or the WWII-era naval and coastal guns, but the cartridge case is the same as in 130 mm/58 (5.1") SM-2-1 (Soviet) and Type 76 (Chinese) naval guns as well as in SM-4-1 coastal gun. The KS-30 is now held in war reserve since it was replaced by surface-to-air guided missiles.

## Users

* Soviet Union
* Ba'athist Iraq

## Comparable weapons

* 12.8 cm FlaK 40 - Nazi Germany
* 120 mm M1 gun - United States
# Kyle Bridgwood

Kyle Ivan Bridgwood (born 23 February 1989) is an Australian Para cyclist from South Africa. He won silver medals in the Men's Individual Pursuit C4 and Men's Road Time Trial C4 at the 2016 Rio Paralympics.

## Personal

Bridgwood was born on 23 February 1989 in South Africa. Bridgwood moved to Australia at the age of 11. He joined the Australian Army in 2007. In 2011, he was hit by a car before work. He suffered a severed patella tendon, fractured kneecap, broken back and neck. The accident led to an acquired brain injury that affects his coordination and fine-motor control. After the injury, he returned to cycling and represented the Australian Army at the 2012 United States Marines Corps Trials. He was medically discharged from the Australian army. In 2015, he studying International Studies at the University of the Sunshine Coast. He lives in Buderim, Queensland.

## Cycling

He is classified as a C4 cyclist. He returned to cycling after his accident and in 2012 at the United States Marines Corps Trials he won the gold medal in the Men's 30 km Open Cycle and silver medal in basketball.
Bridgwood won the Men's Time Trial and finished second at the Men's Road Race at the 2015 Cycling Australia Para-cycling Road National Championships. At the 2015 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships in Nottwil, Switzerland, he won the gold medal in the Men's Time Trial C4 and finished fifth in the Men's Road Race C4.
In 2015, he rode for Data#3 Symantec Team in Australian National Road Racing Series.
At the 2016 UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships in Montichiari, Italy, he won the gold medal in the Men's Scratch Race C4–5 and the silver medal in the Men's 4 km Individual Pursuit C4.
He won silver medals in the Men's Individual Pursuit C4 at the 2016 Rio Paralympics and Men's Road Time Trial C4. He also finished in the Men's Road Race C4-5.
At the 2017 UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships in Los Angeles, United States, he won a silver medal in the Men's 4 km Individual Pursuit C4 and bronze medal in the Men's 1 km Time Trial C4.
At the 2017 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, he won silver medals in the Men's Road Time Trial C4 and Men's Road Race C4-5.
Bridgwood won the silver medal in the Men's 4 km Individual Pursuit C4 at the 2018 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
He won the bronze medal in the Men's Time Trial C4 at 2018 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships, Maniago, Italy.

## Recognition

* 2015 - University of the Sunshine Coast Sportsperson of the Year
* 2016 - University of the Sunshine Coast Sportsperson of the Year
# Dana Vavřačová

Dana Vavřačová (born 25 June 1954 in Jablonec nad Nisou) is a retired Czech race walker.
In the 3000 metres walk she finished fourth at the 1985 World Indoor Games, the 1987 World Indoor Championships and the 1987 European Indoor Championships. She then won the silver medal at the 1988 European Indoor Championships, finished ninth at the 1989 World Indoor Championships and fourth again at the 1990 European Indoor Championships. In the 10 kilometres distance she finished tenth at the 1987 World Championships and thirteenth at the 1986 European Championships. She became Czechoslovakian champion in 1984, 1985, 1986 and 1987.

## International cometptions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Czechoslovakia ||||||
| 1985 | World Indoor Games | Paris, France | 4th | 5000 m | |
| 1985 | World Race Walking Cup | St John's, Isle of Man | 12th | 10 km | 47:41 |
| 1986 | European Championships | Stuttgart, West Germany | 13th | 10 km | 48:46 |
| Representing Czech Republic ||||||
| 2000 | European Race Walking Cup | Eisenhüttenstadt, Germany | 53rd | 20 km | 1:48:59 |
# 1854 in Germany

Events from the year 1854 in Germany.

## Incumbents

* King of Bavaria – Maximilian II
* King of Hanover – George V
* King of Prussia – Frederick William IV
* King of Saxony – till 9 August Frederick Augustus II and John of Saxony afterwards

## Events

* 15 July – The Glaspalast is opened in Munich. A giant glass building modelled on London's Crystal Palace, it houses an industrial exhibition.

### Undated

* Construction finishes on the neoclassical Semper Gallery in Dresden designed by Gottfried Semper
* Karl Wilhelm sets the words of Max Schneckenburger's poem "Die Wacht am Rhein" to music, creating a patriotic anthem.
* Gustav Bläser's sculpture Athena Protects the Young Hero is installed in Berlin

## Births

* 17 February – Friedrich Alfred Krupp, German industrialist (died 1902)
* 14 March - Paul Ehrlich, German physician, scientist (died 1915)
* 15 March – Emil von Behring, German physiologist, winner of the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (died 1917)
* 18 April – Ludwig Levy, German architect (died 1907)
* 11 May - Ottmar Mergenthaler, German inventor of linotype (died 1899)
* 23 August - Moritz Moszkowski, German/Polish composer and pianist (died 1925)
* 1 September – Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (died 1921)
* 13 September - Hermann von Stein, German general (died 1927)
* Date unknown
** Wilhelm Walloth, writer (died 1932)

## Deaths

* 1 January - Conrad Hinrich Donner, German banker and art collector (born 1774)
* 25 March - Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken, German Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken (born 1704)
* 11 April – Karl Adolph von Basedow, German physician (born 1799)
* 27 April - Hermann Abeken, German political writer (born 1820)
* 18 May - Ernst von Bodelschwingh-Velmede, German statesman and politician (born 1794)
* 13 June – Rosina Regina Ahles, German actor (born 1799)
* 20 June - Caroline of Hesse-Homburg (born 1771)
* 6 July – Georg Ohm, German physicist (born 1789)
* 25 July - Johann Samuel Eduard d'Alton, German anatomist (born 1803)
* 2 August – Heinrich Clauren, German writer (born 1771)
* 9 August - Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, king of Saxony (born 1797)
* 20 August - Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German philosopher (born 1775)
* 18 September - Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Elder, German anatomist (born 1724)
* 26 October – Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, queen consort of Bavaria (born 1792)
* 23 November - Gottfried Bernhard Göz, German painter (born 1708)
* 13 December - Andreas Buchner, German historian (born 1776)