OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wiederkehr GHW-1 Cu-Climber

The Wiederkehr GHW-1 Cu-Climber is an American, high-wing, single-seat glider that was designed by George H. Wiederkehr and first flown in 1968.

## Design and development

The Cu-Climber is an original design and is of mixed construction, with the fuselage of fibreglass with foam bulkheads, forming a semi-monocoque structure. The wings are a fiberglass and balsa sandwich, with fibreglass skin, except aft of the spar on the under-surface where aircraft fabric covering is employed. The wing also features a large 12 inch (30 cm) X 6 inch (15 cm) box spar that is made from spruce, plywood and fiberglass, which is stressed to +9.6/-6.3 g. The wing employs a Pfenninger 14% airfoil.
The control surfaces include an all flying tail fitted with an anti-servo tab and full-span ailerons of very short chord that act as flaps when drooped for glidepath control. The landing gear is a fixed monowheel that is faired to reduce drag.
The aircraft's designation of GHW-1 indicates the designer's initials. Unusually the aircraft is registered with the Federal Aviation Administration simply as Amateur Built 68 glider. Only one example was ever constructed.

## Operational history

In 1983 Soaring Magazine reported that the GHW-1 was being regularly flown and that the designer was constructing a new GHW-2. In May 2011 the GHW-1 was still registered to Wiederkehr. The GHW-2 was completed and in May 2011 was owned by Anthony C. Wiederkehr.

## Specifications (GHW-1)

Data from Sailplane Directory and Soaring
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Wingspan: 47 ft 7 in (14.50 m)
* Wing area: 127 sq ft (11.8 m$^2$)
* Airfoil: Pfenninger 14%
* Empty weight: 480 lb (218 kg)
* Gross weight: 700 lb (318 kg)
Performance
* Maximum glide ratio: 28 to 32:1 (estimated) at 55-60 mph (89-97 km/h)
* Rate of sink: 126 ft/min (0.64 m/s) to 150 fpm (0.76 m/s) (estimated) at 44-50 mph (71-80 km/h)
* Wing loading: 5.5 lb/sq ft (27 kg/m$^2$)
# Nanlang Subdistrict

Nanlang (Chinese: 南朗街道; pinyin: Nánlǎng Jiēdào), alternatively romanized as Namlong, is a subdistrict situated at the eastern periphery of the city of Zhongshan in Guangdong Province, China. The subdistrict has a population 38,000 permanent residents and a total area of 206 km$^2$ (80 sq mi). Nanlang has administrative jurisdiction over the village of Cuiheng, the birthplace of Sun Yat-sen.

## Administration

Nanlang is directly administered by the prefectural city of Zhongshan.

## Transportation

The subdistrict has a station on the Guangzhou–Zhuhai Intercity Mass Rapid Transit.
# Montgomery Air National Guard Base

Montgomery Air National Guard Base is the home base of the Alabama Air National Guard 187th Fighter Wing.

## History

The base has previously been known as Gunter Army Airfield Auxiliary #6 and is still sometimes known as Dannelly Field.
The roots of the 187th Fighter Wing date back to 1952 when the Alabama Air National Guard organized the 160th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in Birmingham, Alabama equipped with the RF-51 Mustang. The squadron moved to Dannelly Field on January 1, 1953, and entered the jet age with the arrival of the RF-80 Shooting Star in 1955. Within a year the 160th transitioned to the RF-84 Thunderflash aircraft, which served as the squadron's primary aircraft for the next 15 years.
The squadron was mobilized during the Berlin Crisis in 1961-1962 and deployed to Toul-Rosieres Air Base, France. In August 1962, the squadron returned to normal peacetime status and was reorganized. It was then officially designated the 187th Reconnaissance Group.
In 1971, the Thunderflash was replaced by the RF-4C Phantom II, which was flown for 17 years. From 1971 to 1982, the group remained in the reconnaissance role. The 187th won many honors during this timeframe, including the best reconnaissance unit in the nation in the Photo Finish "81" competition.
In 1982, the 187th changed missions from reconnaissance to the multi-purpose fighter role after acquiring the F-4D. The Group established itself as a premier tactical fighter unit by capturing overall top honors in the ANG Fangsmoke competition in 1987. In October 1988, the Group converted to the F-16 aircraft. In October 1995, the Group was designated a Wing under Air Force reorganization; becoming the 187th Fighter Wing.

## Based units

Flying and notable non-flying units based at Montgomery Air National Guard Base include the following.
Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Montgomery, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.

### United States Air Force

Air National Guard
* Alabama Air National Guard
** 187th Fighter Wing (host wing)
*** 187th Operations Group
**** 100th Fighter Squadron – F-35A Lightning II
*** 187th Maintenance Group
**** Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
*** 187th Medical Group
*** 187th Mission Support Group
**** Mission Support Group
**** Civil Engineering
**** Communications Squadron
**** Force Support Squadron
**** Logistics Readiness Squadron
**** Security Forces Squadron
Air Combat Command
* Ninth Air Force
** 20th Fighter Wing
*** 495th Fighter Group
**** 377th Fighter Squadron (GSU) – F-35A Lightning II

## Future

In April 2020, the Air Force announced that the F-35A Lighting II would be based at Montgomery ANGB, with the 187th Fighter Wing receiving its first aircraft in 2023.
# Viviane Namaste

Viviane K. Namaste is a Canadian feminist professor at Concordia University in Montreal. Her research focuses on sexual health, HIV/AIDS prevention, and sex work.

## Education and work

Namaste received a BA from Carleton University in 1989, an MA in Sociology from York University, and a doctorate from Université du Québec à Montréal in Semiotics and Linguistics. She worked within ACT UP Paris. In 2001, she received the Outstanding Book Award from the Gustavus Myers Center for her book titled, Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People. That same year, Namaste was also a director in the documentary Madame Lauraine's Transsexual Touch which deals with transsexual sex workers as well as sexual health and clientele.
Namaste became an associate professor and the Research Chair in HIV/AIDS and Sexual Health at Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In 2009, she received the "Canadian Award for Action on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights", awarded jointly by the HIV Legal Network and Human Rights Watch.
In 2013, she was called as an official intervenor in a hearing at the Supreme Court of Canada on whether the ban on solicitation, prohibition of brothels and criminality of making a living from prostitution violates the Charter of Rights.
The feminist journal, Hypatia, has called Namaste's work, "extremely important".
# Waleys

Waleys is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Robert Waleys (fl. 1373–1388), an English Member of Parliament.
* Thomas Waleys, 14th century English Dominican theologian.
* William Waleys, an English Member of Parliament in the 1380s and 1390.
# Samson Ngoepe

Samson Ngoepe (born 28 January 1985) is a South African runner who specializes in the 800 metres. He is currently coached by Charl Naude.
He competed in the 800 metres event at the 2008 Olympic Games, disappointingly not reaching the final.
He qualified to run the 800 metres at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics held in Berlin, Germany from 15 to 23 August 2009 by running a personal best time of 1:45.17 min in Ostrava, Czech Republic on June 17 of 2009. At these championships he reached the semi-finals of the competition.

## Personal bests

* 800 metres - 1:45.17 min (2009) in Ostrava.
* 1500 metres - 3:40.40 min (2008) in Nijmegen.
His personal best time of 1:45.17 minutes, was achieved in June 2009 in Ostrava.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing South Africa ||||||
| 2005 | World Youth Championships | Marrakech, Morocco | 2nd | 800 m | 1:48.57 |
| 2007 | All-Africa Games | Algiers, Algeria | 12th (sf) | 800 m | 1:49.80 |
| 2008 | African Championships | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | 7th | 800 m | 1:49.22 |
| 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 28th (h) | 800 m | 1:47.42 |
| 2009 | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 18th (sf) | 800 m | 1:49.03 |
# The Secret Policeman's Ball 2008

The Secret Policeman's Ball 2008 was a show in the Secret Policeman's Balls series of benefit shows for Amnesty International.
In July 2008, Amnesty announced that it would present another show in its long-running series Like its 2006 predecessor the show was a single-night live event at London's Royal Albert Hall, on Saturday 4 October 2008.
In common with other recent Amnesty benefit shows, the majority of the performers were British (or UK-based) and well-known primarily only in Great Britain, the one Canadian comedian Russell Peters appeared via a pre-recorded video-tape. Performers who were listed to perform were:
* Frank Skinner
* Alan Carr
* Graham Norton
* Sean Lock
* Kristen Schaal
* Fearne Cotton
* Matt Berry
* Katherine Parkinson
* Mitchell and Webb
* Jason Manford
* Shappi Khorsandi
* Russell Howard
* Russell Peters (via video-tape)
* Katy Brand
* Tim Minchin
* Sarah Millican
* Kayvan Novak
* Meera Syal
* Shaun Williamson
* Sharon Horgan
* Nick Mohammed
* Dan Clark
* David Armand
* Eddie Izzard
* Ed Byrne
* Deborah Meaden
* Jon Culshaw
* Gok Wan
* Michael Fenton Stevens
* Keane
* Razorlight
The 3-hour event was video-taped and a 95-minute television special adapted from the show was broadcast the following day, Sunday 5 October 2008, on Britain's Channel Four. There was also a "cinecast" in which the Royal Albert Hall event was shown live in 35 cinemas in major British cities. It was also available live in 4 cinemas in Australia. The "cinecast" was available in cinemas in six of Canada's thirteen provinces and territories. The Cineplex cinema chain made the film available on 50 of its 1,317 screens, however Amnesty and Cineplex did not announce the Canadian "cinecast" until Wednesday October 1, 2008, just three days before the screenings which did not allow time for the event to be effectively promoted in Canada.
# Kuppiyawatta East Grama Niladhari Division

Kuppiyawatta East Grama Niladhari Division is a Grama Niladhari Division of the Thimbirigasyaya Divisional Secretariat of Colombo District of Western Province, Sri Lanka .
Panchikawatte, St. John's College, Colombo, Nalanda College, Colombo, Dharmasoka College, Ananda College, Dematagoda, Veluwana College, Department of Prisons, 2012 Welikada prison riot and Welikada Prison are located within, nearby or associated with Kuppiyawatta East.
Kuppiyawatta East is a surrounded by the Maligawatta East, Maligawatta West, Maligakanda, Borella North, Wanathamulla and Kuppiyawatta West Grama Niladhari Divisions.

## Demographics
### Ethnicity

The Kuppiyawatta East Grama Niladhari Division has a Sinhalese plurality (44.5%), a significant Moor population (38.0%) and a significant Sri Lankan Tamil population (14.4%) . In comparison, the Thimbirigasyaya Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Kuppiyawatta East Grama Niladhari Division) has a Sinhalese majority (52.8%), a significant Sri Lankan Tamil population (28.0%) and a significant Moor population (15.1%)
Ethnicity in Kuppiyawatta East

### Religion

The Kuppiyawatta East Grama Niladhari Division has a Buddhist plurality (42.5%), a significant Muslim population (39.9%) and a significant Hindu population (12.0%) . In comparison, the Thimbirigasyaya Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Kuppiyawatta East Grama Niladhari Division) has a Buddhist plurality (47.9%), a significant Hindu population (22.5%) and a significant Muslim population (17.4%)
Religion in Kuppiyawatta East

## Gallery

* Nalanda College, Colombo
* Ananda College
* Department of Prisons
# Okinawa Airakuen Sanatorium

The Okinawa Airakuen Sanatorium, also known as the National Sanatorium Okinawa Airakuen, is a facility for current or former leprosy patients located in Nago, Okinawa. It was established in 1938. Here is a summary of its history:

## History
### Major events

* November 10, 1938: The Okinawa Prefectural Kunigami Airakuen Sanatorium first opened. It was later renamed the National Kunigami Airakuen Sanatorium in April 1941.
* April 25, 1946: The sanatorium came under the administration of the United States Military Government
* April 1, 1952: Control of the sanatorium was transferred to the newly established Ryukyu Government
* August 26, 1961: The Leprosy Prevention Law was enacted in Okinawa.
* May 15, 1972: Okinawa was returned to Japan, and the sanatorium was renamed the National Sanatorium Okinawa Airakuen.
* April 1, 1996: The Leprosy Prevention Law was abolished.

### World War II

During World War II, the Japanese army admitted a significant number of new leprosy patients to the sanatorium, resulting in overcrowding, food shortages, and poor living conditions. In April 1945, as the Battle of Okinawa began, the director of the sanatorium allowed patients to leave to avoid the battle. By the end of April, the sanatorium had been occupied by US forces.

### After World War II

* August 1945: The director of the army hospital visited the sanatorium.
* March 8, 1946: Yagaji Sanatorium on Yagaji Island was designated as a restricted area.
* 1949: Dr. V. Scorebrand visited the sanatorium and attempted to use promin (a medication).
* March 1951: The Okinawa 'Save the Leprosy Patients' Association was established.
* July 1953: Dr. Doull visited Okinawa and provided recommendations regarding leprosy.
* February 1954: The Jichikai (patients' association) for Airakuen established the Tomonokai association for those discharged from Airakuen and Miyako Nanseien Sanatoriums.
* March 1957: The Japanese Government started sending leprosy specialists to the two Okinawan sanatoriums.
* February 1960: An outpatient clinic was opened in Naha, and similar clinics were established on Ishigakijima and Miyakojima islands.
* 1967: Surveys of Okinawan schoolchildren regarding leprosy began.
* April 1996: The Leprosy Prevention Law of 1953 was abolished.
* July 1998: A compensation trial commenced.
* May 11, 2001: The previous Leprosy Prevention Law was ruled unconstitutional during the trial.
* May 25, 2001: Compensation was awarded in the trial, ranging from 8 to 14 million yen depending on the duration of the unconstitutional period.

### Number of patients

| Year | In-patients |
| 1945 | 657 |
| 1950 | 881 |
| 1955 | 909 |
| 1960 | 936 |
| 1965 | 755 |
| 1970 | 670 |
| 1975 | 655 |
| 1980 | 697 |
| 1985 | 641 |
| 1990 | 583 |
| 1995 | 539 |
| 1999 | 472 |
| Year | In-patients |
| 2003 | 355 |
| 2004 | 341 |
| 2005 | 326 |
| 2006 | 309 |
| 2007 | 291 |
| 2008 | 276 |
# Alternative semantics

Alternative semantics (or Hamblin semantics) is a framework in formal semantics and logic. In alternative semantics, expressions denote alternative sets, understood as sets of objects of the same semantic type. For instance, while the word "Lena" might denote Lena herself in a classical semantics, it would denote the singleton set containing Lena in alternative semantics. The framework was introduced by Charles Leonard Hamblin in 1973 as a way of extending Montague grammar to provide an analysis for questions. In this framework, a question denotes the set of its possible answers. Thus, if $P$ and $Q$ are propositions, then $\{P,Q\}$ is the denotation of the question whether $P$ or $Q$ is true. Since the 1970s, it has been extended and adapted to analyze phenomena including focus, scope, disjunction, NPIs, presupposition, and implicature.
# Shelly Echols

Shelly Echols (born October 9, 1979) is an American politician. She was a member of the Georgia State Senate from the 49th district, serving from 2023 to 2025. She is a member of the Republican Party. Prior to being elected to the Georgia State Senate, she served one term on the Hall County Board of Commissioners as a District 3 Commissioner.
She was succeeded as state senator by her husband Drew Echols.
# Christian Mølsted

Christian Ferdinand Andreas Mølsted (15 October 1862 – 10 May 1930) was a Danish painter who specialized in marine painting. He is best known for his painting of the frigate Niels Juel during the Battle of Heligoland on 9 May 1864.

## Biography

Born in Dragør, he was the son of Andreas Adolf Nikolaj Mølsted, a fisherman, and Ane Hans-Nielsdatter. With financial support from a relative, he completed his education in Copenhagen at Det tekniske Selskab where he graduated in 1879. After sailing to Madeira that summer on the frigate Jylland, he entered the Danish Academy in October 1880, under the tutelage of Frederik Vermehren, Jorgen Roed, Julius Exner and Carl Bloch. During his studies, he travelled to Paris and London where he was able to observe the trends in contemporary art. His first showing came in 1884 and he continued to be a regular participant in the Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition.
He graduated from the Academy in January 1885, set out to become a marine painter and received instruction from two local self-taught artists in Dragør, Commander Peder Foss (1821-1882) and the pilot, Hendrik Strømberg (1840-1916). In 1889, he was awarded the Neuhausenske Prize [da] for his Ships in the Harbor at Larsens Plads. His subjects are for the most part taken from the coasts around Copenhagen or in Jutland.
Among the artist’s favorite subjects were the heroic battles of captains Peter Tordenskjold and Peter Willemoes. Historical details, as well as detailed information about the ships, was provided for the paintings by Otto Dorge, a local expert in Dragør. Later in life, he also created genre paintings. Mølsted's works were widely appreciated for his perfectionist approach, his attention to historical detail and his ability to bring things to life.
He died on 10 May 1930 in Dragør and is buried in the cemetery at Dragør Church. His studio in Dragør now serves as a museum of his works. The display contains a wide range of his artwork from his marine paintings to local subjects.

## Selected works

* En engelsk Brig erobres af danske Kanonbaade (1887)
* Peder Bredals Skibe ises ud af Nyborg-Fjord (1891)
* Om Bord i Fregatten Niels Juel, under Kampen ved Helgoland den 9. Maj 1864 (1898)
* Slaget paa Reden; Willemoes om Bord i det Gernerske Flaadebatteri (1901)
* Willemoes' Død om Bord i Linieskibet Prinds Christian Frederik, under Kampen ved Sjællands Odde (1906)
* Aalefiskere; Efleraarsstemning i Drogden (1908)
* Solopgang i Drogden (1909)
* Tordenskjolds Landgang i Marstrand (1910).

## Gallery

* On Board the HDMS Niels Juel
* Battle of Køge Bay
* An English Brig Taken by Danish Gunboats
* Sinking of the Svärdet
# Benzoin (resin)

Benzoin /ˈbɛnzoʊ.ɪn/ or benjamin (corrupted pronunciation) is a balsamic resin obtained from the bark of several species of trees in the genus Styrax. It is used in perfumes and some kinds of incense and as a flavoring and medicine (see tincture of benzoin). It is distinct from the chemical compound benzoin, which is ultimately derived chemically from benzoin resin; the primary active ingredient of benzoin resin is actually benzoic acid, not benzoin.
Benzoin is sometimes called gum benzoin or gum benjamin, and in India Sambrani or loban, though loban is, via Arabic lubān, a generic term for frankincense-type incense, e.g., fragrant tree resin. The syllable "benz" ultimately derives from the Arabic lubān jāwī (لبان جاوي, "frankincense from Java"). (mid 16th century: from French benjoin, based on Arabic lubānjāwī ‘incense of Java’.)
Benzoin is also called storax, not to be confused with the balsam of the same name obtained from the Hamamelidaceae family.
Benzoin is a common ingredient in incense-making and perfumery because of its sweet vanilla-like aroma and fixative properties. Gum benzoin is a major component of the type of church incense used in Russia and some other Eastern Orthodox Christian societies, as well as Latin Catholic churches. Benzoin is used in the Arabian Peninsula and Hindu temples of India, where it is burned on charcoal as an incense. It is also used in the production of Bakhoor (Arabic بخور - scented wood chips) as well as various mixed resin incense in the Arab countries and the Horn of Africa. Benzoin is also used in blended types of Japanese incense, Indian incense, Chinese incense (known as Anxi xiang; 安息香), and Papier d'Arménie as well as incense sticks.
There are two common kinds of benzoin, benzoin Siam and benzoin Sumatra. Benzoin Siam is obtained from Styrax tonkinensis, found across Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Benzoin Sumatra is obtained from Styrax paralleloneurus (syn. Styrax sumatranus) and Styrax benzoin, which grows predominantly on the island of Sumatra. Unlike Siamese benzoin, Sumatran benzoin contains cinnamic acid in addition to benzoic acid. In the United States, Sumatra benzoin is more customarily used in pharmaceutical preparations, Siam benzoin in the flavor and fragrance industries.
In perfumery, benzoin is used as a fixative, slowing the dispersion of essential oils and other fragrance materials into the air. Benzoin is used in cosmetics, veterinary medicine, and scented candles. It is used as a flavoring in alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, baked goods, chewing gum, frozen dairy, gelatins, puddings, and soft candy.
In anesthesia and surgery, it is used as an adhesive to secure wound and catheter dressing and is available as a sterile preparation.
# 1955 South African Senate election

The 1955 election for the sixth Senate of South Africa occurred because of the wish of National Party Prime Minister Johannes Strijdom to amend one of the entrenched clauses in the Constitution, to separate Coloured voters from whites. However, since his party did not have the constitutionally required two-thirds majority in a joint session of both houses of Parliament, it was decided to alter the composition and electoral system for the Senate, to enable the Separate Representation of Voters Act 1951 to be validated. Consequently, Strijdom had the Senate Act 1955 passed to amend the constitution.
Instead of each province electing eight Senators, by proportional representation, the new system required provincial representatives to be selected by a first past the post election in the Electoral College. The effect of this was to enable the majority group from each province (NP in all the provinces, except for Natal) to secure all the seats available. In addition, Cape Province and Transvaal had their representation increased to 22 and 27 seats respectively. The number of Senators nominated by the Governor-General was doubled from eight to sixteen. The representation of South-West Africa and black voters was unchanged.
Another change made in 1955 was to reduce Senatorial terms from ten years to five. The size of the Senate rose from 44 to 89 (increased to 90 in 1957 when a nominated Senator was added based on section 7 of the Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951 to represent the coloured population of the Cape Province for a fixed term until 1962).
# 2007 Saint John, New Brunswick ward plebiscite

On October 9, 2007 the city of Saint John, New Brunswick held a plebiscite on a proposal regarding how its Common Council would be composed in the future. The question asked:
"Do you want the City to be divided into four wards of approximately equal population with two councillors to be elected by the voters in that ward, and two councillors to be elected at large?"
The plebiscite approved the proposal.

## Unofficial results

| | Results | Percent |
| Yes | 7570 | 70.9% |
| No | 3110 | 29.1% |
| Polls Reporting | 64 of 64 | 100.0% |
| Voters Turnout | 22.7% | (assumes 47,000 eligible voters) |
Source: Elections New Brunswick

## Results requirements

The results of the plebiscite were to be binding if greater than 60% of the voters approved the proposed mixed ward system. Any result of less than a 60% majority would not have been binding, and would have permitted the Common Council to decide how to proceed.

## Voting dates
### Election day

Tuesday, October 9, 2007

### Advance polls

Saturday, September 29, 2007 Monday, October 1, 2007

### Advance polls at returning office

Tuesday, October 2, 2007 Wednesday, October 3, 2007 Thursday, October 4, 2007