OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lines of Weissenburg

The Lines of Weissenburg, or Lines of Wissembourg, were entrenched works — an earthen rampart dotted with small outworks — along the river Lauter. They were built in 1706 and lasted into the 19th century.

## History

The Lines were 12 miles (19 km) in length and stretched from Wissembourg on the west to Lauterbourg on the east, where they were anchored on the Rhine River. The French built this chain of fortifications during the War of the Spanish Succession under the orders of the Duke of Villars in 1706.
During the War of the Austrian Succession the loss of the Lines by the French played a pivotal role in the campaign of 1744. French King Louis XV, in command of an army of 90,000, captured Menen and Ypres and prepared to invade the Austrian Netherlands. He was forced to abandon his invasion plans when Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, assisted by the veteran Otto Traun, skillfully manoeuvred his army over the Rhine near Philippsburg on July 1, and captured the Lines of Wissembourg. This move cut off an army under Louis, Prince de Conti from Alsace. Although Conti managed to fight his way through the enemy at Wissembourg and posted himself near Strasbourg, Louis XV abandoned the invasion of the Southern Netherlands, and his army moved down to take a decisive part in the war in Alsace and Lorraine.
The Lines were still militarily and strategically significant during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Lines were stormed on 13 October 1793 by an allied army under Austrian General Dagobert von Wurmser in the First Battle of Wissembourg. The allies were in their turn dispossessed by Lazare Hoche and Charles Pichegru in a second Battle of Wissembourg on 26 December and forced to retreat behind the Rhine.
In 1815, after the Battle of Waterloo, the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine advanced into France. On 25 June the Crown Prince of Württemberg, commander of the Austrian III Corps, advanced towards the Lines in two columns. The first column assembled at Bergzabern, and the second moved forward by Niederotterbach. Count Wallmoden was directed to advance upon Lauterbourg. The Crown Prince advanced his Corps still further along the Hagenau road. His advanced guard pushed on to Inglesheim, and the main body of the III Corps reached the Lines. The French under General Jean Rapp abandoned the Lines in the night and fell back upon the Forest of Hagenau, occupying the large village of Surbourg.
By 1870 the Lines no longer existed, but the two central forts in the towns of Wissembourg and Altenstadt, still possessed fortifications that proved useful defensive positions during the Battle of Wissembourg. On 4 August 1870 the Germans under the Crown Prince of Prussia, afterwards the emperor Frederick III, gained the first victory of the war over a French corps (part of the army commanded by Patrice de MacMahon) under General Abel Douay, who was killed early in the engagement.
# Sérgio Mallandro

Sérgio 'Mallandro' Neiva Cavalcanti a.k.a. "Sérgio Mallandro" (born October 12, 1955, date confirmed by Sérgio Mallandro on the TV Record program "Tudo é Possível") is a Brazilian actor and TV shows host.
Born in Rio de Janeiro, Mallandro got famous in the late-1980s and early-1990s when he hosted several shows on the SBT, Rede Globo and Rede Manchete TV stations, mostly game shows and all of them targeted to children.
Mallandro's most famous segment was called "A Porta dos Desesperados" ("The Doorway for the Desperates" some thing like Let's Make a Deal's "Big Deal of the Day"), in which the contestants had to choose one among three doors. Behind one door was a prize (bike, board games, etc.) and behind the other were people in gorilla costumes.
He also presented "A Casa dos Desesperados" ("The House of the Desperates" which was a parody of Big Brother).
Mallandro is married and he has three children.
# Jürgen Osterhammel

Jürgen Osterhammel (born 1952 in Wipperfürth, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German historian specialized in Chinese and world history. He is professor emeritus at the University of Konstanz.

## Academia

Osterhammel started his academic career as a research fee student at the London School of Economics in 1976/77 and studied and worked there under Professor Ian Nish. In 1980, he obtained his PhD from the University of Kassel in modern history.
Two years later, Osterhammel started as a fellow at the German Historical Institute in London. Between 1986 and 1990, he was a senior lecturer in political science at the University of Freiburg (Germany). Osterhammel then worked for seven years as professor of modern history at the FernUniversität Hagen, a distance-learning university and the university with the highest enrollment in Germany. He has also worked as a professor of modern history at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva before taking up the same position in the University of Konstanz (Germany) in 1999. In 2001–2002, Osterhammel was a fellow at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences. In 2014, he was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy.

## Other activities

* Volkswagen Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees

## Awards

* In 2010, Osterhammel received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize a program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) for "exceptional scientists and academics for their outstanding achievements in the field of research."
* 2014: Sigmund Freud Prize
* 2017: Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts
* In 2018, Osterhammel received the Balzan Prize for Global History "For his fundamental contribution to studies in global history and the definition of the discipline. For his method, which combines the rigour of empirical research while opening onto wide perspectives in an admirably balanced way, both through comparison and through the study of interconnected histories. For his elegant, fascinating style of writing."

## Areas of Research

* Colonialism
* Eurasian history since the 18th century
* History and theory of historiography
* World or global history
# Nut

Nut often refers to:
* Nut (fruit), fruit composed of a hard shell and a seed
* Nut (food), a dry and edible fruit or seed, including but not limited to true nuts
* Nut (hardware), fastener used with a bolt
Nut, NUT or Nuts may also refer to:

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Comics

* Nuts, comic in the National Lampoon by Gahan Wilson (1970s)
* Nuts, comic strip in alternative newspapers by M. Wartella (1990s)

### Fictional characters

* Nut (Marvel Comics), fictional character evoking the Egyptian sky goddess
* Nut (movie character), character portrayed by Shing Fui-On in two late 20th-century Hong Kong crime films

### Films

* Nuts (1987 film), American drama
* Nuts (2012 film), French comedy
* Nuts! (film), animated documentary on John R. Brinkley

### Television

* NBC Universal Television Studio, or NUTS, former name of television arm of NBCUniversal / Universal Television
* Nuts TV, British television channel related to Nuts magazine

### Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

* Nut, album by KT Tunstall
* Nuts (album), by Kevin Gilbert
* Nuts! (book), a 1996 book about Southwest Airlines
* Nuts (magazine), UK men's weekly
* Nuts (play), 1979 play by Tom Topor
* "Nuts", song by Brooke Candy and Lil Aaron

## Health

* NUT carcinoma, rare, very aggressive cancer

## Institutions and organisations

* National Union of Teachers or NUT, former British trade union for school teachers
* Norwegian University of Science and Technology or NUT
* NUT (studio), anime studio

## Instruments and mechanical tools

* Nut (climbing), metal device for wedging in rock crevices
* Nut, moving element of a ball screw
* Nut (string instrument), device supporting and stabilizing strings near the headstock of a violin or guitar

## Science and technology

* 306367 Nut, Apollo asteroid (1960)
* Network UPS Tools or NUT
* No U-Turn Sampler or NUTS, algorithm
* Nuclear utilization target selection or NUTS, theory regarding nuclear weaponry
* NUT Container, FFmpeg format
* Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, a European Union system of multiple layers of geographical divisions

## Slang

* An insane person
* Nut hand or "the nuts", poker term for an unbeatable hand
* "Nuts", human testicles
* "Nut", term that can either refer to semen or ejaculation

## Other uses

* Nut (goddess), the Egyptian goddess of the sky
* "Nut" in typography is an informal term for a width of 1 en, used in terms like "nut quad" (for an en quad) and "nut dash" (for an en dash).
* Modesto Nuts, minor league baseball team in Modesto, California, USA
* No U-turn syndrome or NUTS, term describing Singaporean culture
* NUT Motorcycles, Newcastle-upon-Tyne motorcycle manufacturer
* "Nuts!", U.S. Army General Anthony McAuliffe's refusal-to-surrender message during the World War II German siege of Bastogne
* Nutty slack, cheap fuel consisting of slack (coal dust) and small lumps of coal (nuts) (British English)
* The Nut (Tasmania), volcanic plug near the town of Stanley, Australia
# Július Binder

Dr. h. c. doc. Ing. Július Binder (12 September 1931 – 26 July 2021) was a Slovak engineer and a manager who served as Movement for a Democratic Slovakia member of the Slovak parliament.
Binder was born in the former republic of Czechoslovakia. He studied at the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava and was then active as a designer and head engineer of various construction projects.
As a director of the state firm Vodohospodárska Výstavba, he played an important role in the finalization of The Gabčíkovo – Nagymaros Dams project. He died in Bernolákovo, Slovakia.

## Honours

* Awarded the title Dr. h. c., the first recipient of this title, in 1994.
* Awarded the Order of Ľudovít Štúr, 1st Class in the civil division by president Michal Kováč in 1995.
* Awarded the golden double cross of the Slovak Minister of Culture in 1996.
* Pope John Paul II named him a Knight of Order of St. Gregory the Great in 2004.
* Prize for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage and the Development of the Town of Banská Štiavnica in 1997.
* Štefan Moyzes Prize in 1998.
# Next Semester

"Next Semester" is a song by American musical duo Twenty One Pilots, released on March 27, 2024, through Fueled by Ramen as the second single of their seventh studio album, Clancy, and was produced by Tyler Joseph and Paul Meany.
The song was accompanied by a music video directed by Andrew Donoho. On the same day, the band announced the Clancy World Tour.

## Composition

"Next Semester" has been described as pop rock, pop-punk, post-punk, and garage rock. Theme wise, the song is considered to be a restless blast about wanting to begin again while still contending with what was in the past, containing lyrics that speak about the feeling of anxiety and an inescapable memory of standing in the road, in front of a moving vehicle, and escaping from being run over. According to Joseph, the song is "about a panic attack [he had] in college." The title alludes to the idea of starting fresh next semester.

## Release

Following days of speculation, "Next Semester" was officially announced on March 23, 2024. The band stated the song would be released "next week" and provided a teaser of the music video. The track, along with the music video, became available on March 27, 2024.

## Music video

On March 17, 2024, the music video was filmed at The Smell in downtown Los Angeles. The music video for "Next Semester" was directed by Andrew Donoho with editing by Mark C. Eshleman and Tyler Joseph. As of December 25, 2024, it has garnered over 10 million views on YouTube. On April 17, 2024, the band released a behind-the-scenes video.
The video features the band performing the song in front of a crowd. The video consistently switches between shots of the concert and Joseph standing in the middle of a dimly lit road at night, presumably seen from the point-of-view of an oncoming vehicle.

## Usage in media

"Next Semester" is featured in the video game Fortnite as a Jam Track.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from Twenty One Pilots' official YouTube channel.
Twenty One Pilots
* Tyler Joseph – vocals, bass, piano, synthesizers, programming, songwriting, production, ukulele, electric ukulele
* Josh Dun – drums
Additional personnel
* Paul Meany – programming, production
* Adam Hawkins – mixing
* Joe LaPorta – mastering

## Charts

Chart performance for "Next Semester" :
| Chart (2024) | Peak position |
| Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100) | 33 |
| New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ) | 23 |
| US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard) | 22 |
# Dale Bailey

Dale Frederick Bailey (born January 24, 1968) is an American author of speculative fiction, including science fiction, fantasy and horror, active in the field since 1993. He writes as Dale Bailey.

## Biography

Bailey grew up in Princeton, West Virginia and currently lives in North Carolina with his family. He teaches English and Creative Writing at Lenoir Rhyne University.

## Literary career

Bailey has stated, "One of the abiding disappointments of my life is that I’ve never had any of the interesting jobs that writers are supposed to have. I was never a gandy dancer or a stevedore. I never drove an ambulance on the Italian Front. I just went to school to study literature and started writing stories." He has cited Ray Bradbury as his most important literary influence, along with Zenna Henderson, Clifford D. Simak and Stephen King. Other early influences included J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, Robert Silverberg, George R. R. Martin, Robert A. Heinlein, and Isaac Asimov.
His 2002 story "Death and Suffrage" has been adapted for television as Homecoming, an episode of Showtime’s Masters of Horror series first aired in 2005.
Much of Bailey's short work has initially been published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, but it has also appeared in various other periodicals and webzines, including Amazing Stories, Asimov's Science Fiction, Clarkesworld Magazine, Lightspeed, Nightmare Magazine, Pulphouse, Sci Fiction, and Tor.com, as well as the original anthologies Echoes, Lovecraft Unbound: Twenty Stories, Oz Reimagined: New Tales from the Emerald City and Beyond, Queen Victoria's Book of Spells: An Anthology of Gaslamp Fantasy, and ZvR Diplomacy: A Zombies vs Robots Collection.
Some of his works have been translated into French, German, Italian, or Spanish.
# Rydal Water

Rydal Water is a small body of water in the central part of the English Lake District, in the county of Cumbria. It is located near the hamlet of Rydal, between Grasmere and Ambleside in the Rothay Valley.
The lake is 1,290 yards (1.18 km) long and varies in width up to a maximum of 380 yards (350m), covering an area of 0.12 mi$^2$ (0.31 km$^2$). It has a maximum depth of 55 ft (17m) and an elevation above sea level of 177 ft (54m). The lake is both supplied and drained by the river Rothay, which flows from Grasmere upstream and towards Windermere downstream.
The waters of the southern half of the lake are leased by the Lowther Estate to the National Trust, whilst those of the northern half belong to the estate of Rydal Hall. Navigation is prohibited, except for residents of Rydal Hall.
Numerous walks are possible in the surrounding hills, as well as a walk around the lake itself, which takes in Dove Cottage and Rydal Mount, both homes to William Wordsworth, and Rydal Cave, a former quarry working. At the western end of the lake, steps lead to Wordsworth's Seat, which is considered to have been Wordsworth's favourite viewpoint in the Lake District.
White Moss House, at the northern end of the lake, is believed to be the only house that Wordsworth ever bought. He bought it for his son Willie, and the family lived there until the 1930s. Nab Cottage overlooks the lake and it was once home to Thomas de Quincey and Hartley Coleridge, the son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Close by is the historic Rydal Hall.

## Etymology

'Rydal' is " 'the valley where rye is grown', from OE 'ryge' and ON 'dalr' (possibly with encouragement from OE 'dæl'), hence the village and parish situated there....'Rydal Water' was formerly 'Routhmere', the lake of the Rothay, which runs eastwards through it.". "'Wæter' OE,'water' ModE the dominant term for 'lake'.... ON=Old Norse; OE=Old English.

## In Art and Literature

In Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 is an engraving of a picture by George Pickering Rydal Water and Grasmere Lake., which is accompanied by a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon in which she expresses her homage to Wordsworth.

## Gallery

* Rydal Water seen from the summit of Nab Scar.
* Eastern end of Rydal Water.
* From Loughrigg, Lake District.
# Lexington Township, Clark County, Kansas

Lexington Township is a township in Clark County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 83.

## Geography

Lexington Township covers an area of 89.73 square miles (232.4 km$^2$) and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Lexington.
The streams of Cat Creek, Fish Creek, Granger Creek and Lone Tree Creek run through this township.
# 2023 Polish referendum

A referendum was held in Poland on 15 October 2023, taking place alongside the nationwide elections to the Senate and Sejm.
Four questions had been announced by members of the government from 11 to 14 August. Voters were asked whether they approve of the privatisation of state-owned enterprises, an increase in the retirement age, the admission of immigrants under the EU relocation mechanism, and the removal of the barrier on Poland's border with Belarus. The referendum was boycotted by the main opposition parties resulting in a turnout of only 40% (compared to more than 70% for the election). As a result of not exceeding the minimum validity threshold of 50% turnout, the results were not legally binding, making the referendum an example of a successful no-show strategy.

## Questions

The referendum asked four questions:
* "Do you support the selling off of state assets to foreign entities, leading to the loss of Poles' control over strategic sectors of the economy?"
* "Do you support an increase in the retirement age, including the restoration of the increased retirement age to 67 for men and women?"
* "Do you support the removal of the barrier on the border between the Republic of Poland and Republic of Belarus?"
* "Do you support the admission of thousands of illegal immigrants from the Middle East and Africa, in accordance with the forced relocation mechanism imposed by the European bureaucracy?"
The questions were criticised by opposition parties and commentators as purportedly aimed at the opposition leader and former Prime Minister Donald Tusk. The ruling Law and Justice party was accused of inciting anti-immigrant sentiment to boost turnout among its voters on election day. The law had been changed shortly before the announcement of the referendum to allow it to be held on the same day as the parliamentary election, which was referred to as a way to skirt past electoral campaign budget limits by the incumbent Law and Justice party under the false pretense of referendum funding. The referendum questions were also phrased as leading or loaded questions.

## Exit poll

In the IPSOS exit poll, it was reported that the voter turnout in the referendum was around 40%, which falls below the minimum validity threshold of 50%, indicating that the referendum is non-binding.
Distribution of votes in the exit poll questions according to IPSOS :
| Question number | Yes | No |
| 1 (asset sale) | 2.5% | 97.5% |
| 2 (retirement age) | 4% | 96% |
| 3 (barrier elimination) | 2.2% | 97.8% |
| 4 (forced immigrant acceptance) | 1.4% | 98.6% |
Voter turnout by age groups according to IPSOS :
| Age | Turnout |
| 18 – 29 | 32.5% |
| 30 – 39 | 40.3% |
| 40 – 49 | 40.2% |
| 50 – 59 | 45.7% |
| 60 and over | 40.6% |
# Brettle

Brettle may refer to:

## People

Notable people with the surname include:
* Audrey Brettle (1937–2003), author
* Bob Brettle (1832-1870), bare-knuckle boxer

## Places

* Brettle (also spelt Britwell or Brettell), a hamlet that was formerly part of the manor of Kingswinford, now part of Brierley Hill, West Midlands, England
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Castellammare di Stabia

The Italian Catholic diocese of Castellammare di Stabia, on the Bay of Naples, existed until 1986. In that year it became part of the archdiocese of Sorrento-Castellammare di Stabia.

## History

Previous to Ursus, present at the Roman synod under Pope Symmachus, in 499, no register was kept of the bishops of this city. Among its bishops were:
* Lubentius, present in Rome in 649;
* Catellus of Castellammare (827);
* Palmerio (1196), champion of ecclesiastical rights against Emperor Frederick II;
* Giovanni Fonseca (1537), a theologian at the Council of Trent; Ludovico Gravina (1581) and C. Vittorino Maso (1599), theologians and canonists;
In 1818 Pope Pius VII united with this see the diocese of Torre Patria (diocese of Lettere-Gragnano), the ancient Liternum.

## Bishops of Castellamare di Stabia
### to 1600

* (ca. 499) : Ursus
* (600/1–612) : Laurentius
* (1327–1331) : Landolfo Caracciolo
* (1503–1537) : Pedro Flores
* (1537–1559) : Juan Fonseca
* (1562–1577) : Antonio Lauro
* (1581–1591) : Ludovico Majorino
* (1591–1596) : Giovanni Myra (Mira)
* (1599–1600) : Vittorino Mansi

### 1600 to 1800

* (1601–1604) : Jerónimo Bernardo de Quirós
* (1605–1627) : Ippolito Riva
* (1627–1644) : Annibale Mascambruno
* (1645–1651) : Andrea Massa
* (1651–1653) : Clemente Del Pezzo
* (1655–1662) : Juan de Paredes
* (1662–1676) : Pietro Gambacorta
* (1676–1678) : Lorenzo Mayers Caramuel
* (1678–1680) : Salvatore Scaglione
* (1682–1683) : Francesco de Mandietta (Mendieta)
* (1684–1705) : Annibale de Pietropaulo
* (1713–1722) : Biagio de Dura
* (1722–1727) : Pietro Savastani
* (1727–1729) : Tommaso Di Grazia
* (1730–1743) : Tommaso Falcoia
* (1743–1749) : Pio Tommaso Milante
* (1749–1767) : Giuseppe Coppola
* (1768–1787) : Tommaso Mazza
* (1792–1800) : Ferdinando Crispo Doria

### 1800 to 1986

    (1800–1818) : Sede vacante
* (1818–1820) : Bernardo Maria della Torre
* (1821–1836) : Francesco Colangelo
* (1837–1849) : Angelo Maria Scanzano
* (1850–1878) : Francesco Petagna
* (1879–1897) : Vincenzo Maria Sarnelli Appointed, Archbishop of Naples
* (1898–1921) : Michele de Jorio
* (1922–1923) : Uberto Maria Fiodo
* (1925–1936) : Pasquale Ragosta
* (1936–1952) : Federico Emanuel (Emmanuel)
* (1952–1966) : Agostino D’Arco
* (1971–1977) : Raffaele Pellecchia
* (1977–1986) : Antonio Zama Appointed, Archbishop of Sorrento-Castellammare di Stabia)

## Archbishops of Sorrento-Castellammare di Stabia

* (1989–2012) : Felice Cece
* (2012–present) : Francesco Alfano