# Monmouthshire

Monmouthshire (/ˈmɒnməθʃər, ˈmʌn-, -ʃɪər/ MON-məth-shər, MUN-, -⁠sheer; Welsh: Sir Fynwy) is a county in the south east of Wales. It borders Powys to the north; the English counties of Herefordshire and Gloucestershire to the north and east; the Severn Estuary to the south, and Torfaen, Newport and Blaenau Gwent to the west. The largest town is Abergavenny, and the administrative centre is Usk. The county is administered by Monmouthshire County Council. It sends two directly-elected members to the Senedd at Cardiff and one elected member to the UK parliament at Westminster. The county name is identical to that of the historic county, of which the current local authority covers the eastern three-fifths. Between 1974 and 1996, the county was known as Gwent, recalling the medieval kingdom which covered a similar area. The present county was formed under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, which came into effect in 1996. In his essay 'Changes in local government', in the fifth and final volume of the Gwent County History, Robert McCloy writes, "the local government of no county in the United Kingdom in the twentieth century was so transformed as that of Monmouthshire".
The lowlands in the centre of Monmouthshire are gently undulating, and shaped by the River Usk and its tributaries. The west of the county is hilly, and the Black Mountains in the northwest are part of the Brecon Beacons National Park (Bannau Brycheiniog). The border with England in the east largely follows the course of the River Wye and its tributary, the River Monnow. In the south east is the Wye Valley AONB, a hilly region which stretches into England. The county has a shoreline on the Severn Estuary, with crossings into England by the Severn Bridge and Prince of Wales Bridge.
The county is rural, although adjacent to the city of Newport and the urbanised South Wales Valleys; it has an area of 330 square miles (850 km$^2$) and a population of 93,000. After Abergavenny (population, 12,515), the largest towns are Chepstow (12,350), Monmouth (10,508), and Caldicot (9,813). The county has one of the lowest percentages of Welsh speakers in Wales, at 8.2% of the population in 2021. The county is among the more economically prosperous of the Welsh principal areas, with a predominantly service economy giving annual incomes of around £41,000 in 2020, some £9,000 above the Welsh average. Agriculture and tourism are other important economic sectors. Transport infrastructure is provided by the M4 and M48 motorways in the south of the county, linking Monmouthshire and Wales with England; and by rail links in the south and the north. Public services are mainly organised on a south east Wales region basis, including the South Wales Fire and Rescue Service, Gwent Police and the Aneurin Bevan University Health Board.
The Gwent Levels have signs of human occupation dating back eight millennia. At the time of the Roman invasion, the Silures, the dominant tribe in south-east Wales, carried out a thirty-year opposition to Roman occupation, but were eventually subdued, the Romans asserting their control through the establishment of fortified settlements such as Venta Silurum, modern-day Caerwent. The sub-Roman history of the county is poorly documented but saw the founding of petty kingdoms including that of Gwent. Monmouthshire's turbulent medieval history on the Welsh Marches is reflected in its "fine collection" of castles, including that at Chepstow, "one of the great strongholds of Europe". Henry V was born at Monmouth Castle in 1386. War in the county continued into the 17th century, Raglan Castle was among the last Royalist strongholds to fall to Parliamentarian forces in the English Civil War. Military disruption was followed by civil unrest: in the 17th century, the county was a recusant stronghold and saw widespread persecution of Catholics; in the 19th century, John Frost and other Chartist leaders were tried and sentenced to death at the Shire Hall, Monmouth after the "first mass movement of the working class" in Britain. The advent of a more stable society in the early 19th century saw the county develop as a centre for tourism; the Wye Tour down the river valley in the east of the county culminated for visitors with the ruins of Tintern Abbey. In the 20th and 21st centuries tourism and leisure continue as important foci for the county's population; Wales's richest horse race runs at Chepstow Racecourse; the Savoy Theatre, Monmouth has claims to be Wales's oldest; and Rockfield Studios has been used for recording sessions by some of the UK's biggest bands.

## History
### Pre-History

Evidence of human activity in the Mesolithic period has been found across Monmouthshire; examples include remains on the Caldicot and Wentloog Levels and at Monmouth. A major hoard of Bronze Age axes was discovered at St Arvans. The county has a number of hillfort sites, such as those at Bulwark and Llanmelin Wood. The latter has been suggested as the capital of the Silures, a Celtic tribe who occupied south-east Wales in the Iron Age. The Silures proved among the most intractable of Rome's opponents; Tacitus described them as "exceptionally stubborn" and Raymond Howell, in his county history published in 1988, notes that while it took the Romans five years to subdue south-east England, it took thirty-five before complete subjugation of the Silurian territories was achieved.

### Roman period

The Roman conquest of Britain began in AD 43, and within five years the Roman Empire's legions had reached the borders of what is now Wales. In south east Wales they encountered strong resistance from the Silures, led by Caratacus (Caradog), who had fled west after the defeat of his own tribe, the Catuvellauni. His final defeat in AD 50 saw his transportation to Rome, but Silurian resistance continued, and the subjugation of the entirety of south east Wales was not achieved until around AD 75, under the governor of Britain, Sextus Julius Frontinus.
Monmouthshire's most important Roman remains are found at the town of Venta Silurum ("Market of the Silures"), present-day Caerwent in the south of the county. The town was established in AD 75, laid out in the traditional rectangular Roman pattern of twenty insulae with a basilica and a temple flanking a forum. Other Roman settlements in the area included Blestium (Monmouth). The Romanisation of Monmouthshire was not without continuing civil unrest; the defences at Caerwent, and at Caerleon, underwent considerable strengthening in the late 2nd century in response to disturbances. The Silurian identity was not extinguished: the establishment of a Respublica Civitatis Silurium (an early town council) at the beginning of the 3rd century testifies to the longevity of the indigenous tribal culture.

### Sub-Roman period

The Roman abandonment of Britain from AD 383 saw the division of Wales into a number of petty kingdoms. In the south east (the present county of Monmouthshire) the Kingdom of Gwent was established, traditionally by Caradoc, in the 5th or 6th centuries. Its capital, Caerwent, gave the name to the kingdom. The subsequent history of the area prior to the Norman Conquest is poorly documented and complex. The Kingdom of Gwent frequently fought with the neighbouring Welsh kingdoms, and sometimes joined in alliance with them in, generally successful, attempts to repel the Anglo-Saxons, their common enemy. The Book of Llandaff records such a victory over the Saxon invaders achieved by Tewdrig at a battle near Tintern in the late 6th century. An example of the alliances formed by neighbouring petty kings was the Kingdom of Morgannwg, a union between Gwent and its western neighbour, the Kingdom of Glywysing, which formed and reformed between the 8th and the 10th centuries. The common threat they faced is shown in Offa's Dyke, the physical delineation of a border with Wales created by the Mercian king. For a brief period in the 11th century, Monmouthshire, as Gwent, became part of a united Wales under Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, but his death in 1063 was soon followed by that of his opponent Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, and the re-established unity of the country was to come from Norman dominance.

### Norman period and Middle Ages

The Norman invasion of South Wales from the late 1060s saw the destruction of the Kingdom of Gwent, and its replacement by five Marcher lordships based at Striguil (Chepstow), Monmouth, Abergavenny, Usk and Caerleon. The Marcher Lord of Abergavenny, Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, described the rule of the lords as sicut regale ("like unto a king"). The lords established castles, first earth and wood motte-and-bailey constructions, and later substantial structures in stone. Among the first were Chepstow Castle, begun by William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford as early as 1067, and that at Tregrug, near Llangybi, by de Clare's son, Gilbert. The historian John Kenyon describes Chepstow as "one of the great strongholds of Europe". In the early Norman period, the cleric and chronicler, Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1095 – c. 1155), who may have been born at Monmouth, wrote his The History of the Kings of Britain, with a focus on King Arthur and on his capital, Camelot, which Geoffrey located at Caerleon (now in Newport), and which remained highly influential for centuries, although modern scholars consider it little more than a literary forgery.
Christmas 1175 saw an outbreak of particular violence in the gradual extension of Norman control over South Wales. The Marcher lord William de Braose invited Seisyll ap Dyfnwal, lord of Upper Gwent, and an array of other Welsh notables to a feast at Abergavenny Castle. De Braose proceeded to have his men massacre the Welsh, before sending them to burn Seisyll's home at Castell Arnallt and to murder his son, intending the obliteration of the indigenous Gwent aristocracy. A wave of Welsh retaliation followed, described in detail by the contemporary chronicler, Gerald of Wales.
Monmouthshire's Norman castles later became favoured residences of the Plantagenet nobility. Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster (c. 1310–1361), was reputedly born at Grosmont Castle, home of his father Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, grandson of Henry III. Becoming the richest and among the most powerful lords in England, Grosmont developed the castle as a sumptuous residence, while the village became an important medieval settlement. Henry V (1386–1422) was born at his father's castle at Monmouth in 1386, and his birth, and his most famous military victory, are commemorated in Agincourt Square in the town, and by a statue on the frontage of the Shire Hall which forms the square's centrepiece. In Henry V's wars in France, he received strong military support from the archers of Gwent, who were famed for their skill with the Welsh bow. Gerald recorded, "the men of Gwent are more skilled with the bow and arrow than those who come from other parts of Wales".
There was a brief reassertion of Welsh autonomy in Monmouthshire during the Glyndŵr rebellion of 1400 to 1415. Seeking to re-establish Welsh independence, the revolt began in the north, but by 1403 Owain Glyndŵr's army was in Monmouthshire, sacking Usk and securing a victory over the English at Craig-y-dorth, near Cwmcarvan. According to the Annals of Owain Glyn Dwr, "there the English were killed for the most part and they were pursued up to the gates of the town" (of Monmouth). This was the high water mark of the revolt; heavy defeats in the county followed in 1405, at the Battle of Grosmont, and at the Battle of Pwll Melyn, traditionally located near Usk Castle, where Glyndŵr's brother was killed and his eldest son captured. The chronicler Adam of Usk, a contemporary observer, noted that "from this time onward, Owain's fortunes began to wane in that region."

### Monmouthshire 1535–1974
#### Tudor reforms

The first Tudor king, Henry VII, was born at Pembroke Castle in the west of Wales, and spent some of his childhood in Monmouthshire, at Raglan Castle as a ward of William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke. His son and heir Henry VIII was to bring the rule of the Marcher lords to an end. The historic county of Monmouthshire was formed from the Welsh Marches by the Laws in Wales Act 1535. The Laws in Wales Act 1542 enumerated the counties of Wales and omitted Monmouthshire, implying that the county was no longer to be treated as part of Wales. Though for all purposes Wales had become part of the Kingdom of England, and the difference had little practical effect, it did begin a centuries-long dispute as to Monmouthshire's status as a Welsh or as an English county, a debate only finally brought to an end in 1972.
The laws establishing the 13 counties (shires), the historic counties of Wales, assigned four for the five new counties created from the Marcher Lordships along the Welsh/English border, Brecknockshire, Denbighshire, Montgomeryshire and Radnorshire, to the legal system operated in Wales, administered by the Court of Great Sessions. Monmouthshire was assigned to the Oxford circuit of the English Assizes. This began a legal separation which continued until 1972; for example, the administrative county of Monmouthshire and the boroughs of Newport, Abergavenny and Monmouth were explicitly listed as being in England rather than Wales in first schedule of the Local Government Act 1933. For several centuries, acts of the Parliament of England (in which Wales was represented) often referred to "Wales and Monmouthshire", such as the Welsh Church Act 1914.

#### Civil war and religious strife

Monmouthshire in the 1600s experienced to a high degree the political and religious convulsions arising from the English Reformation and culminating in the English Civil War. Following Henry VII's religious reforms, the county had a reputation for recusancy, with the strongly Catholic Marquesses of Worcester (later Dukes of Beaufort) at its apex, from their powerbase at Raglan Castle. The outbreak of war saw the county predominantly Royalist in its sympathies; Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester expended a fortune in support of Charles I and twice entertained him at Raglan. His generosity was unavailing; the castle fell after a siege in 1646; the marquess died in captivity and his son spent time in prison and in exile abroad.
John Arnold, member of parliament for Monmouth Boroughs in the late 17th century, was a virulent opponent of Catholics and pursued a policy of harassment from the 1670s. Monmouthshire’s only dukedom was created in 1663 for James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, but became forfeit following Scott’s execution after the failed Monmouth Rebellion in 1685. In the 18th and much of the 19th centuries county politics was dominated by the Beauforts and the Morgans, "an everlasting friendship between the houses of Raglan and Tredegar", and by the end of the 19th century, these two families, along with the Hanburys of Pontypool, held between them over a fifth of the total land in the county.

#### Industrialisation

Industrialisation came early to Monmouthshire; the first brass in Britain was produced at a foundry at Tintern in 1568, and the lower Wye Valley and the Forest of Dean became important centres for metalworking and mining. But the most dramatic impact was in the west of the county during the Industrial Revolution, in the South Wales Coalfield, where some of the largest pits in Wales were dug, and a major iron industry developed. The societal transformation was accompanied by great inequality and unrest. Chartism was firmly embedded in Wales, and in 1840 the Chartist leaders John Frost, Zephaniah Williams and William Jones were tried for sedition and treason at the Shire Hall, Monmouth, after a failed insurrection at Newport, which the writer Clive Aslet called "the first mass movement of the working class". Their death sentences were subsequently commuted to transportation to Australia.
Industrialisation also drove improvements in transportation; in the 18th century, the poor state of Monmouthshire's roads approached a national scandal. During a debate in parliament on the establishment of a turnpike trust for the county, the local landowner Valentine Morris asserted that the inhabitants of the county travelled "in ditches". By the mid-century, commercial demands saw the first timetabled stagecoach between London and Monmouth arrive in Agincourt Square on 4 November 1763, the journey having taken four days. By the end of the century, the need for access to exploit the South Wales Coalfields saw the development of trams and canals.

#### Society, art and science

Tourism became prominent in Monmouthshire at the end of the 18th century, when the French Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic Wars precluded travel to Continental Europe. The focus of activity was the Wye Tour, first popularised by the Rev. William Gilpin, in his Observations on the River Wye and Several Parts of South Wales, etc. Relative Chiefly to Picturesque Beauty, published in 1782. Although his efforts were sometimes satirised, Gilpin established what became the conventional route down the "mazy course" of the River Wye, with visitors embarking at Ross-on-Wye, and sailing past Symonds Yat, and Monmouth, before the highlight of the tour, Tintern Abbey. Voyages concluded at Chepstow. The abbey at Tintern inspired artists and writers; J. M. W. Turner painted it; William Wordsworth committed it to verse; and Samuel Taylor Coleridge almost died there. Another object of interest to artists undertaking the Wye Tour was the Monnow Bridge at Monmouth. A late 18th-century watercolour by Michael Angelo Rooker is now in the Monmouth Museum. The noted architectural watercolourist Samuel Prout painted the bridge in a study dated "before 1814", now held at the Yale Center for British Art in Connecticut. In 1795, J. M. W. Turner sketched the bridge and gatehouse during one of his annual summer sketching tours.
Alfred Russel Wallace, a naturalist whose independent work on natural selection saw Charles Darwin bring forward the publication of On the Origin of Species, was born at Llanbadoc, outside Usk, in 1823. He is commemorated in a statue raised in the town's Twyn Square in 2021. Bertrand Russell, the philosopher and the only Nobel laureate from the county, was born at Cleddon Hall, outside Trellech in 1872. Charles Rolls grew up at his family seat, The Hendre, just north of Monmouth and, in partnership with Henry Royce, co-founded Rolls-Royce Limited. An aviation pioneer, as well as an automobile innovator, he died in a plane crash in 1910, and is commemorated by a statue in Agincourt Square in Monmouth.

#### War

The Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers was founded in 1539, making it the second-oldest regiment in the British Army. Originally a county militia, it was amalgamated into the Royal Engineers in 1877. It is based at Monmouth Castle. Fitzroy Somerset, a younger son of the 5th Duke of Beaufort, enjoyed a long military career, serving on the staff of the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo, and as commander-in-chief of the British forces during the Crimean War. Created Baron Raglan in 1852, he died in 1855. His son was gifted Cefntilla Court, near Llandenny in his memory. William Wilson Allen, who fought with the South Wales Borderers at the Battle of Rorke's Drift in 1879, is buried in Monmouth Cemetery, the only grave in the county of a holder of the Victoria Cross. The Monmouthshire Regiment was established in 1907. Men from the regiment fought in both the First and Second World Wars, until its disbandment in 1967. HMS Monmouth was sunk at the Battle of Coronel in November 1914, with the loss of all 734 crew.

### Gwent 1974–1996

The Local Government Act 1972, which came into effect in April 1974, created the county of Gwent, confirmed it as part of Wales, and abolished the historic administrative county of Monmouthshire and its associated lieutenancy. It also subsumed Newport County Borough Council, creating a two-tier system of local government across the county. The entire county was administered by Gwent County Council, based at County Hall, Cwmbran, with five district councils below it: Blaenau Gwent, Islwyn, Monmouth, Newport and Torfaen. The largest five towns in the new county were Newport, Cwmbran, Pontypool, Ebbw Vale and Abergavenny. In the 1979 Welsh devolution referendum Gwent voted heavily against the proposal for a Welsh Assembly with limited powers, with a "No Vote" of 87.9 per cent, with the national "No Vote" standing at 79.7 per cent.

### Late 20th and 21st centuries

The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 created the present local government structure in Wales of 22 unitary authority areas, the principal areas, and abolished the previous two-tier structure of counties and districts. It came into effect on 1 April 1996. It brought to an end the 22-year existence of Gwent, and re-created the county of Monmouthshire, although only with the eastern three-fifths of its historic area, and with a substantially reduced population. The western two-fifths of the county were included in other principal areas: Caerphilly County Borough, part of which came from Mid Glamorgan, including the towns of Newbridge, Blackwood, New Tredegar and Rhymney; Blaenau Gwent County Borough, including Abertillery, Brynmawr, Ebbw Vale and Tredegar; Torfaen, including Blaenavon, Abersychan, Pontypool, and Cwmbran; and the City of Newport, including Caerleon as it had since 1974. The new Monmouthshire, covering the less populated eastern 60% of the historic county, included the towns of Abergavenny, Caldicot, Chepstow, Monmouth and Usk. In his essay on local government in the fifth and final volume of the Gwent County History, Robert McCloy suggests that the governance of "no county in the United Kingdom in the twentieth century was so transformed as that of Monmouthshire".
The title of Gwent continues as a preserved county, one of eight such counties in Wales, which have mainly ceremonial functions such as the lord lieutenancy and high shrievality. In 2024 the lord lieutenant is Brigadier Robert Aitken, appointed in 2016, and the high sheriff is Professor Simon J. Gibson. The preserved county is also retained for a limited number of public service bodies which operate across principal areas, for example Gwent Police. In the 1997 Welsh devolution referendum for the establishment of a National Assembly for Wales, which resulted in a narrow "Yes" vote, 50.30 per cent in favour v. 49.70 per cent against, Monmouthshire recorded the highest "No" vote of any principal area, its population voting 67.9 per cent against to 32.1 per cent in favour.

## Geography

Monmouthshire is broadly rectangular in shape, and borders the county of Powys to the north and the county boroughs of Newport, Torfaen and Blaenau Gwent to the west, with its southern border on the Severn Estuary giving the county its only coastline. To the east, it borders the English counties of Herefordshire and Gloucestershire. The centre of the county is the plain of Gwent, formed from the basin of the River Usk, while the River Wye forms part of its eastern border, running through the Wye Valley, one of the five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales and the only one in the county.
The north and west of the county is mountainous, particularly the western area adjoining the industrial South Wales Valleys and the Black Mountains which form part of the Brecon Beacons National Park. Two major river valleys dominate the lowlands: the scenic gorge of the Wye Valley along the border with Gloucestershire adjoining the Forest of Dean, and the valley of the River Usk between Abergavenny and Newport. Both rivers flow south to the Severn Estuary. The River Monnow is a tributary of the River Wye and forms part of the border with Herefordshire and England, passing through the town of Monmouth. The highest point of the county is Chwarel y Fan in the Black Mountains, with a height of 679 metres (2,228 ft). The Sugar Loaf (Welsh: Mynydd Pen-y-fâl or Y Fâl), located three kilometres (two miles) northwest of Abergavenny, offers far-reaching views; although its height is only 596 metres (1,955 ft), its isolation and distinctive peak shape make it a prominent landmark.
Wentwood, now partly in Monmouthshire and partly in Newport, is the remnant of a once much larger forest, but remains the largest ancient woodland in Wales and the ninth largest in Britain. Originally a 3,000 hectares (7,400 acres) woodland, it formed the hunting ground for Chepstow Castle, and gave its name to a traditional north-south, division of the county between the cantrefi (hundreds) of Gwent Uwchcoed (above the wood) and Gwent Iscoed (below the wood).

### Geology

The centre of the principal area is dominated by the Usk Inlier, a large outcrop of Silurian rock. The inlier is surrounded by younger, Devonian, rock, including areas of Old Red Sandstone which forms a very common building material in the county. The Wye Gorge, in the extreme east of the county, has a bed of Carboniferous Limestone.

### Coastline and landscape

Monmouth's coastline forms its southern border, running the length of the Severn Estuary from Chepstow in the east to the shore south of Magor in the west. The distance, roughly 15 miles (24 km), can be walked via the Wales Coast Path. The coastline includes the eastern part of the Caldicot and Wentloog Levels, also known as the Monmouthshire or Gwent Levels, an almost entirely man-made environment that has seen land reclamation since Roman times. The coastal area is low-lying with few cliffs, making it historically vulnerable to flooding. An extreme example were the 1607 Bristol Channel floods which saw some 2,000 people drowned, with many victims located on Monmouthshire's coastline.
Denny Island, a 0.24 hectares (0.6 acres) outcrop of rock in the Severn Estuary, the southern foreshore of which is the boundary between England and Wales, is Monmouthshire's only offshore island.

### Biodiversity

The battle to save Magor Marsh, the last remaining area of natural fenland on the Gwent Levels, led to the foundation of the Gwent Wildlife Trust. The county contains a range of nature reserves and areas of special scientific interest, including Graig Wood 14.3-hectare (35-acre) SSSI, Pentwyn Farm Grasslands 7.6-hectare (19-acre) SSSI and Lady Park Wood National Nature Reserve (45.0-hectare (111-acre)). Llandegfedd Reservoir, developed in the 1960s to provide a water supply to Cardiff, is an SSSI providing overwintering for wildfowl. The Wye Valley, the county's only National Landscape, has its largest population of deer and the UK's largest population of lesser horseshoe bats. The Wye itself was once one of the country's major centres of salmon fishing, but this has suffered very rapid decline in the 21st century due to river pollution.

### Climate

Climate data for Monmouthshire :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) | 8.9 (48.0) | 11.40 (52.52) | 14.5 (58.1) | 17.9 (64.2) | 20.5 (68.9) | 22.5 (72.5) | 22.1 (71.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 15.2 (59.4) | 11.5 (52.7) | 8.7 (47.7) | 15.16 (59.29) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.72 (35.10) | 1.7 (35.1) | 2.7 (36.9) | 4.1 (39.4) | 7.0 (44.6) | 9.8 (49.6) | 11.5 (52.7) | 11.2 (52.2) | 9.1 (48.4) | 6.7 (44.1) | 4.0 (39.2) | 2.0 (35.6) | 6.0 (42.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 127.3 (5.01) | 93.9 (3.70) | 74.8 (2.94) | 67.6 (2.66) | 73.9 (2.91) | 69.1 (2.72) | 66.2 (2.61) | 82.8 (3.26) | 75.8 (2.98) | 125.6 (4.94) | 120.9 (4.76) | 132.2 (5.20) | 1,110.7 (43.73) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) | 14.5 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 13.1 | 14.2 | 13.9 | 137.9 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 51.3 | 75.0 | 110.6 | 158.1 | 187.1 | 176.7 | 185.3 | 178.9 | 133.3 | 95.4 | 59.3 | 47.0 | 1,458.4 |
| Source: 1991–2020 averages for Usk climate station. Sources: Met Office ||||||||||||||

## Governance, politics and public services
### Local governance

The current unitary authority of Monmouthshire was created on 1 April 1996 as a successor to the district of Monmouth along with the Llanelly community from Blaenau Gwent, both of which were districts of Gwent. It is a principal area of Wales. Monmouthshire is styled as a county, and includes: the former boroughs of Abergavenny and Monmouth; the former urban districts of Chepstow and Usk; the former rural districts of Abergavenny, Chepstow and Monmouth; the former rural district of Pontypool, except the community of Llanfrechfa Lower; and the parish of Llanelly from the former Crickhowell Rural District in Brecknockshire.
The county is administered by Monmouthshire County Council, with its head office at Rhadyr, outside Usk, opened in 2013. In the 2022 Monmouthshire County Council election, no party gained overall control, with the Welsh Labour party forming a minority administration, its 22 councillors allying with five Independents and one Green Party councillor. The council leader is Mary Ann Brocklesby.

### National representation

Monmouthshire elects one member to the UK parliament at Westminster, until 2024 representing the Monmouth constituency. Under the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, a new constituency, Monmouthshire, came into effect at the 2024 general election, comprising 88.9% of the previous constituency. The seat was won by the Labour Party candidate Catherine Fookes who defeated the incumbent, David T. C. Davies, a Conservative Party politician who had held the previous seat since 2005 and who served as the Secretary of State for Wales in the prior government.
Monmouthshire directly elects two members to the Senedd, the Welsh parliament. The Monmouth constituency covers most of the county and since May 2021 the directly elected member is Peter Fox, a Conservative Party politician who previously served as the chair of Monmouthshire County Council. The western edge of the county, bordering Newport and including the settlements of Magor, Undy, Rogiet and Caldicot, forms part of the Newport East constituency which has John Griffiths of Labour as its member.
Monmouth is also one of eight constituencies in the South Wales East electoral region, which elects four additional members, under a partial proportional representation system.

### Public services

Fire and rescue services are provided by South Wales Fire and Rescue Service, which has fire stations in the county at Abergavenny, Caldicot, Chepstow, Monmouth and Usk. Policing services are provided by Gwent Police, whose officers cover Monmouthshire, as well as Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Newport and Torfaen. Civilian oversight is provided by the Gwent Police and Crime Commissioner. Monmouthshire's prisons are HM Prison Prescoed, a Category D open prison at Coed-y-paen and HM Prison Usk, a Category C prison, both in the west of the county.

## Demography
### Population

Monmouthshire's population was 93,000 at the 2021 census, increasing marginally from 91,300 at the 2011 census. 54,100 (58.2 per cent) of residents were born in Wales, while 32,300 (34.7 per cent) were born in England. Just over 20 per cent of the county's population is over the age of 65. It remains one of the least densely-populated of Wales's principal areas.

### Language, ethnicity and identity

The 2021 census recorded that Welsh is spoken by 8.7 per cent of the population of the county, a decrease from 9.9 per cent in 2011. The number of non-Welsh speakers increased by 3,000 over the decade. In 2021, 96.9 per cent of Monmouthshire residents identified as "white European", marginally lower than in 2011, compared with 98 per cent for the whole of Wales. 41.9 per cent of the population identified as "Welsh", down from 44.0% in 2011. The percentage of residents in Monmouthshire that identified as "British only" increased from 23.5% to 27.0%.

### Religion

In the 2021 census 43.4 per cent of Monmouthshire residents reported having "No religion", an increase of nearly 15 per cent from the 28.5 per cent in the 2011 census. 48.7 per cent described themselves as "Christian" with the remainder reporting themselves as Buddhist (0.4 percent); Hindu (0.2 per cent); Jewish (0.1 per cent); Muslim (0.5 per cent); Sikh (0.1 per cent) or Other (0.6 per cent). The Diocese of Monmouth, within the Church in Wales, serves the area covered by the historic county, and its bishop, from 2019 Cherry Vann, is based at Newport.

## Economy
### Employment

Monmouthshire is now primarily a service economy, with professional, scientific and technical businesses, financial services, IT and business administration, retail, hospitality and arts and entertainment businesses accounting for just over 50 per cent of the total number of enterprises in the county. Firms are generally small, with 91 per cent of businesses employing fewer than 10 people. It is a relatively prosperous county in comparison with the average in Wales; 80.0 per cent of people of working age are in employment compared with the Welsh average of 72.8 per cent; just under 3,000 people were in receipt of the main unemployment benefit, a substantially lower number than in all of the adjoining principal areas; average annual earnings in 2020 were just over £41,000 compared to just over £32,000 in Wales as a whole. Total income tax payments from the county in 2013 were second only to the City of Cardiff, and the average individual payment exceeded that paid in the capital city. Agriculture continues to be an important employer, accounting for 15.3 per cent of businesses, the second largest single sector after professional, scientific and technical enterprises. The Monmouthshire Show, an annual agricultural show, is one of the largest such events in Wales and has operated since 1790. The third largest individual employment sector is construction.

### Transport
#### Road

The only motorways are in the south of the county: the M4 which connects Wales with England via the Prince of Wales Bridge with its Welsh end near Sudbrook; and the M48, originally part of the M4, which links Wales with England via the Severn Bridge at Chepstow. In the east of the county, the A449 and the A40 link with the M50 near Goodrich, Herefordshire, connecting Monmouthshire and South Wales with the English Midlands. The conversion of the A465 road from Abergavenny to Dowlais into a dual carriageway was completed in the mid-2020s, after being proposed in the 1990s. Despite major cost overruns, it is considered to have brought benefits to the area. The Department for Transport recorded traffic in Monmouthshire at 0.9 billion vehicle miles in 2022. This represented a lower level of road usage than in 2016.

#### Rail

Monmouthshire is served by four railway stations: in the south are the Severn Tunnel Junction railway station at Rogiet on the South Wales Main Line, which connects South Wales to London; and Chepstow railway station and Caldicot railway station on the Gloucester–Newport line; and in the north, Abergavenny railway station on the Welsh Marches line.

#### Bus services

The county's main centres of population are served by a bus network, connecting Abergavenny, Monmouth, Chepstow, Raglan and Usk, with stopping points at smaller settlements on route. National coach services have stopping points at Monmouth and Chepstow.

#### Waterways

In its industrial heyday in the 18th and 19th centuries, the eastern periphery of the South Wales Coalfield was served by the Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal which connected the coalfield with the port at Newport. Today, the canal is a popular route for leisure cruising but most of its length lies within the principal areas of Torfaen, Blaenau Gwent and Newport. The Monmouthshire villages of Gilwern, Govilon and Goetre, on the western extremity of the county, remain adjacent to the canal.

### Tourism

Tourism remains an important element of the county's economy. It generated just under £245 million in income in 2019, from 2.28 million visitors. The sector also provides employment for over 3,000 inhabitants of the county, approximately 10 per cent of the total working population.

## Education and health
### Higher, further, secondary, primary and special education

The county has neither a university nor any satellite campus. The former University of Wales, Newport operated a campus at Caerleon which closed in 2016, following the 2013 merger which created the University of South Wales. Higher education courses in the county are provided through the campus of Coleg Gwent at Rhadyr, near Usk.
There are four maintained secondary schools in the county, Caldicot School, serving the south of the county; Monmouth Comprehensive School serving the east; Chepstow School, serving the town of Chepstow and the surrounding villages; and King Henry VIII 3–19 School in Abergavenny, serving the town and the north of the county. All have sixth-forms. There was one special school, Mounton House School, based at Mounton House near Chepstow, but that closed in 2020 and, as at 2024, there is no specific special school provision. There are 30 primary schools of which two are Welsh language medium. There are no full Welsh language medium secondary schools, although all offer the option of studying Welsh. The only independent secondary provision in the county is Haberdashers' Monmouth School, formed in 2024 from an amalgamation of Monmouth School for Boys and Monmouth School for Girls, and operated by the Haberdashers' Company.

### Health services

The Aneurin Bevan University Health Board is the Local health board for Gwent within NHS Wales and has responsibility for health care within the county. The largest hospital in the county is the Nevill Hall Hospital at Abergavenny. Its range of services has reduced following the opening of the specialist critical care centre at the Grange University Hospital in Torfaen in 2020. The Grange is also the designated trauma centre for Gwent, which covers Monmouthshire. The Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 established Public Services Boards throughout Wales to oversee health and well-being, and following reorganisation in 2021 a Gwent public services board was created to have oversight for Monmouthshire, Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Newport and Torfaen.

## Culture
### Flag

The flag of Monmouthshire was officially adopted in 2011. It features three gold fleur-de-lis on a black/blue background.

### Built and landscape heritage

Monmouthshire has 2,428 listed buildings, including 54 at Grade I, the highest grade, and 246 at Grade II*, the next highest grade. These include churches, a priory and an abbey, and several castles. The journalist Simon Jenkins notes the county's "fine collection" of these, mostly dating from the Norman invasion of Wales, and describes Chepstow as "the glory of medieval south Wales". The castle at Raglan is later, dating from the mid-fifteenth century. The fortified bridge over the River Monnow at Monmouth is the only remaining fortified river bridge in the country with its gate tower standing on the bridge, and has been described as "arguably the finest surviving medieval bridge in Britain". Monmouthshire has a more "modest" range of churches, although that at Bettws Newydd has "perhaps the most complete rood arrangement remaining in any church in England and Wales". The county's Grade I listed abbey, at Tintern, became a focal point of the Wye Tour in the late-eighteenth century. The county has 48 registered historic landscapes including five at Grade I and nine at Grade II*.

### Sport and leisure

Monmouthshire has rugby union clubs at Abergavenny and Monmouth, and an invitational county team, Monmouthshire County RFC. It has football clubs at Abergavenny, Caldicot, Chepstow and Monmouth. The football clubs play in the Ardal Leagues and the Gwent County League. Monmouthshire County Cricket Club was established in the 19th century and achieved a notable victory in 1858 when a Monmouthshire XXII beat an All-England XI at a match on Newport Marshes. The club suffered financial difficulties in the 1930s and merged with Glamorgan County Cricket Club in 1934. Monmouthshire has a rowing tradition on the River Wye, with the Monmouth Rowing Club, founded in 1928, and all three of the town's secondary schools having their own rowing clubs.
Chepstow Racecourse hosts the Coral Welsh Grand National, the richest thoroughbred horse racing event in Wales. The Rolls of Monmouth Golf Club at Rockfield is ranked in the 50 top courses in Wales, while the St Pierre course in the south of the county hosted the Epson Grand Prix of Europe and the British Masters in the late 20th century.
Monmouthshire has some major caving sites. Ogof Draenen, at Pwll Du in the north west of the county, is the longest cave system in Wales, and the second-longest in Great Britain. Its full extent was identified by members of the Morgannwg Caving Club in 1994. In the south of the county, underneath Chepstow Racecourse, Otter Hole is considered one of the best decorated caves in the country.
Several long-distance footpaths pass through the county, including the Marches Way, the Three Castles Walk, Offa's Dyke Path, the Usk Valley Walk, the Monnow Valley Walk and the Wye Valley Walk. Chepstow is a terminus for two long-distance cycle routes which form part of the National Cycle Network: National Cycle Route 8 which runs from either Chepstow or Cardiff in the south to Holyhead in the north, and the Celtic Trail cycle route which runs east to west, from Chepstow to Fishguard.

### Cuisine

The cuisine of Monmouthshire traditionally focused on its local produce, including lamb and mutton from sheep farming in the hillier north of the county, poultry and game. Lady Llanover, (bardic name Gwenynen Gwent — "the bee of Gwent"), was an early champion of Welsh culture and cuisine; her First Principles of Good Cookery, published in 1867, was one of the first Welsh cookery books. The contemporary writer, Gilli Davies, in her study of Welsh food, Tastes of Wales, writes of the "rare and appealing quality to the food in Monmouthshire". The county has a small viniculture industry, with vineyards at Ancre Hill Estates, north of Monmouth; White Castle vineyard near Abergavenny, and the Tintern Parva vineyard in the Wye Valley. There are two Michelin starred restaurants in Monmouthshire, The Walnut Tree at Llanddewi Skirrid, in the north of the county and The Whitebrook at Whitebrook in the east. Abergavenny Food Festival is held annually each September. Established in 1991, it has been described as one of Britain's best food and produce events.

### Media, the arts and local history

Monmouthshire has three local newspapers, the Abergavenny Chronicle, the Forest of Dean and Wye Valley Review and the Monmouthshire Beacon. All are published by Tindle, a regional media group. Digital reporting is provided by the Monmouthshire Free Press Series. Sunshine Radio (Herefordshire and Monmouthshire) is the only local radio station, although it is based in Hereford. Rockfield Studios is a major residential recording studio which has seen bands and artists such as Coldplay, Oasis and the Manic Street Preachers record material. Queen recorded most of "Bohemian Rhapsody" at Rockfield in 1975.
There are two theatres in Monmouthshire, the Borough Theatre in Abergavenny, and the Savoy Theatre, Monmouth. Operated by a charitable trust, the Savoy claims to be the oldest theatre in Wales. Museums of local life are located at Abergavenny, Chepstow, Usk and Monmouth. During the closure of the Monmouth museum in 2020-2021 in the COVID-19 pandemic, the council announced that the museum would not re-open and that its collections, including an important assemblage of memorabilia related to Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson donated to the town by Georgiana, Lady Llangattock, would be relocated to the Shire Hall. The museum's Market Hall site would be redeveloped for commercial use. The council intends to complete the transfer by 2027. The Monmouth Regimental Museum, located at Great Castle House in Monmouth, contains material related to the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers.
In 2012, the launch of Monmouthpedia, a project to use QRpedia QR codes to provide multilingual smart phone access to Wikipedia articles on notable subjects in the area, saw Monmouth described as the "world's first Wikipedia town".

## Historiography

The development of tourism in the late 18th century saw the writing of a number of histories of the area, which frequently combined the features of a guidebook with a more formal historical approach. Among the first was William Gilpin's Observations, published in 1782. Among the most notable was William Coxe's two-volume An Historical Tour in Monmouthshire, published in 1801. Coxe's preface explains the tour's genesis: "The present work owes its origin to an accidental excursion in Monmouthshire, in company with my friend Sir Richard Hoare, during the autumn of 1798." A detailed county history was undertaken by Sir Joseph Bradney, in his A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time, published over a period of 30 years in the early 20th century.
Studies of the architecture of the county include John Newman's Gwent/Monmouthshire volume of the Pevsner Buildings of Wales series; and, most exhaustively, Sir Cyril Fox and Lord Raglan's three-volume study, Monmouthshire Houses. This was described by the architectural historian Peter Smith, author of the magisterial Houses of the Welsh Countryside, as "one of the most remarkable studies of vernacular architecture yet made in the British Isles, a landmark, in its own field, as significant as Darwin's Origin of Species".
The 20th century saw the publication of two lesser histories: Hugo Tyerman and Sydney Warner's Monmouthshire volume of Arthur Mee's The King's England series in 1951; and Arthur Clark's two-volume The Story of Monmouthshire, published in 1979–1980. The history of the county was covered in more anecdotal form by the Monmouthshire writer and artist Fred Hando, who chronicled the highways and byways of the county in some 800 newspaper articles written from the 1920s until his death in 1970 and published in the South Wales Argus, focusing on "the little places of a shy county". The 21st century saw the publication of the county's most important history, the five-volume Gwent County History. The series, modelled on the Victoria County History and with Ralph A. Griffiths as editor-in-chief, was published by the University of Wales Press between 2004 and 2013 and covered the history of the county from prehistoric times to the 21st century.