# Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH), is an art museum located in the Houston Museum District of Houston, Texas. With the recent completion of an eight-year campus redevelopment project, including the opening of the Nancy and Rich Kinder Building in 2020, it is the 12th largest art museum in the world based on square feet of gallery space. The permanent collection of the museum spans more than 5,000 years of history with nearly 80,000 works from six continents. In 2023, the museum received over 900,000 visitors, making it the 20th most-visited museum in the United States.

## Facilities

The MFAH's permanent collection totals nearly 70,000 pieces in over 300,000 square feet (28,000 m$^2$) of exhibition space, placing it among the larger art museums in the United States. The museum's collections and programs are housed in nine facilities. The Susan and Fayez S. Sarofim Campus encompasses 14 acres including seven of the facilities, with two additional facilities, Bayou Bend and Rienzi (house museums) at off site locations. The main public collections and exhibitions are in the Law, Beck, and Kinder buildings. The Law and Beck buildings have over 130,000 square feet (12,000 m$^2$) of exhibition space.

### The Susan and Fayez S. Sarofim Campus

* Caroline Wiess Law Building – the original neo-classical building was designed in phases by architect William Ward Watkin. The original Caroline Wiess Law building was constructed in 1924 and the east and west wing were added in 1926. The Robert Lee Blaffer Memorial Wing was designed by Kenneth Franzheim and opened to the public in 1953. The new construction included significant structural improvements to several existing galleries—most notably, air conditioning. Two subsequent additions, Cullinan Hall and the Brown Pavilion, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe were built in 1958 and 1974 respectively. This section of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston campus is the only Mies-designed museum in the United States. The Caroline Wiess Law building provides an ideal space in which to exhibit temporary and traveling exhibitions, as well as installations of Islamic art, Pacific Island and Australian art, Asian art, Indonesian gold artworks, and Mesoamerican and sub-Saharan African art. Of special interest is the Glassell Collection of African Gold, the largest assemblage of its kind in the world, donated by museum chairman Alfred C. Glassell Jr.. Also the Nidhika and Pershant Mehta Arts of India, the only space in Houston for Indian Arts Culture.
* Audrey Jones Beck Building – Opened to the public in 2000, the Beck Building was designed by Rafael Moneo, a Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate. The museum Trustees elected to name the building after Audrey Jones Beck in honor of the large collection she had donated to the museum several decades prior. In addition to traveling exhibitions and rotating temporary shows of photography, prints and drawings on the lower levels, the building displays the permanent collections of antiquities, European, and American art up to 1900, including the Impressionist.
* Nancy and Rich Kinder Building – In 2012, the museum selected Steven Holl Architects to design a 164,000 sq ft (15,200 m$^2$) expansion that primarily holds galleries for art after 1900. Opened to the public in November 2020, the new building occupies a two-acre site north of the Caroline Wiess Law Building. The new MFAH building is adjacent to Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden and an expanded Glassell School of Art. In addition to a theater, restaurant, café, and seven small gardens and reflecting pools inset along the building's perimeter, the 237,213 square-foot Kinder building increases the museums overall exhibition space by nearly 75 percent. In 2021, The Bastion Collection opened Le Jardinier, a contemporary French restaurant emphasizing the highest-quality, seasonal ingredients from Michelin-starred chef Alain Verzeroli, and Italian-inspired Cafe Leonelli.
* The Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden – was designed by US-born artist and landscape architect Isamu Noguchi and opened in 1986. The Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden houses more than twenty-five works by artists from the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries from the MFAH and other major collections.
* Glassell School of Art– was founded in 1979, with an original building, now demolished, designed by architect S. I. Morris. In 2014, a new L-shaped building was designed by Steven Holl for the school, which features a ramped amphitheater leading up to a walkable rooftop garden. The 80,000 sq ft (7,400 m$^2$) building sits on top of an extensive underground parking garage, and it opens onto Noguchi's sculpture garden, offering additional outdoor space for programs and performances. It offers a wide range of classes, workshops, and educational opportunities to students of all ages, interests, experiences, through the Studio School for Adults, the Glassell Junior School, as well as Community Bridge Programs, special programs for youths, and the Core Artist-in-Residence Program.
* Central Administration and Glassell Junior School of Art Building – The building, opened in 1994 and designed by Texan architectural designer Carlos Jimenez, houses the museum's administrative functions as well as the Glassell Junior School. The MFAH is the only museum facility in the United States that has a special building dedicated solely to art classes for children.
* The Sarah Campbell Blaffer Foundation Center for Conservation – is a 37,864-square-foot conservation center designed by Lake-Flato Architects that was completed in 2018. It is home to conservation labs and studios located above the museum's parking garage. It is not open to the public.

### Other facilities

* Bayou Bend Collection and Gardens – features a collection of American decorative art and furniture. The Bayou Bend Collection and Gardens, former home of Life Trustee Ima Hogg, was designed by architect John F. Staub in 1927. Miss Hogg donated the property to the MFAH in 1957, followed, in 1962, by the donation of its collection of paintings, furniture, ceramics, glass, metals, and textiles. Bayou Bend was officially dedicated and opened to the public in 1966. Situated on 14 acres (57,000 m$^2$) of formal and woodland gardens five miles (8 km) from the main museum campus, the historic house museum documents American decorative and fine arts from the seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries.
* Rienzi – the MFAH house museum for European decorative arts, Rienzi was donated to the MFAH by Carroll Sterling Masterson and Harris Masterson III in 1991. The residence, named for Rienzi Johnston, Mr. Masterson's grandfather, is situated on 4.4 acres (18,000 m$^2$) in Homewood Addition, surrounded by Houston's River Oaks neighborhood. The structure was designed in 1952 by John F. Staub, the same architect who designed Bayou Bend. Completed in 1954, Rienzi served as both a family home and a center for Houston civic and philanthropic activity from the 1950s through the mid-1990s. After Mr. Masterson's death, the MFAH transformed the home into a museum and subsequently opened it to the public in 1999.

## History

The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH) is the oldest art museum in Texas. In 1917, the museum site was dedicated by the Houston Public School Art League (later the Houston Art League) with the intention of becoming a public art museum. The first museum building was opened to the public in 1924. The original building, designed by Houston architect William Ward Watkin in the Greek Neoclassical style, is the first art museum built in Texas. Today the MFAH encompasses three buildings, the Caroline Wiess Law, Audrey Jones Beck, and Nancy and Rich Kinder buildings, that house its primary collections and temporary exhibitions; two decorative arts house museums; The Glassell studio art school; a sculpture garden; a facility for conservation, storage and archives; and an administrative building with the Glassell Junior school of Art.
Prior to the opening of the permanent museum building in 1924, George M. Dickson bequeathed to the collection its first important American and European oil paintings. In the 1930s, Houstonian Annette Finnigan began her donation of antiquities and Texas philanthropist Ima Hogg gave her collection of avant-garde European prints and drawings. Ima Hogg's gift was followed by the subsequent donations of her Southwest Native American and Frederic Remington collections during the 1940s. The same decade witnessed the 1944 bequest of eighty-three Renaissance paintings, sculptures and works on paper from renowned New York collectors Edith and Percy Straus. Over the next two decades, gifts from prominent Houston families and foundations concentrated on European art from the fifteenth to twentieth centuries, contemporary painting and sculpture, and African, Oceanic and Pre-Columbian art. Among these are the gifts of Life Trustees Sarah Campbell Blaffer, Dominique de Menil and Alice N. Hanzsen as well as that of the Samuel H. Kress Foundation. Augmented by museum purchases, the permanent collection numbered 12,000 objects by 1970.
The MFAH collection nearly doubled from 1970 to 1989, fueled by continued donations of art along with the advent of both accession endowment funding and corporate giving. In 1974, John and Audrey Jones Beck placed on long-term loan fifty Impressionist and Post-Impressionist masterpieces, augmenting the museum's already strong Impressionist collection. This collection would never leave the MFAH, formally entering its holdings in 1998 as a gift of Life Trustee Audrey Jones Beck. The collection is permanently displayed in the building that bears her name. On the heels of the Cullen Foundation's funding of the MFAH's first accessions endowment in 1970, the Brown Foundation, Inc., launched a challenge grant in 1976 that would stay in effect for twenty years raising funds for both accessions and operational costs in landmark amounts and providing incentive for additional community support. Also in 1976, the photography collection was established with Target Stores’ first corporate grant to the museum. Today the museum is the sixth-largest in the country.
In 2001, the MFAH, established the International Center for the Arts of the Americas (ICAA), the leading research institute for 20th-century Latin American and Latino art. The ICAA has been a pioneer in collecting, exhibiting and researching the diverse artistic production of Latin American and Latinx communities, including artists from Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and artists of Latin American descent living and working in the United States. Through the ICAA, the MFAH brought a long-term transformation in the appreciation and understanding of Latin American and Latinx visual arts in the United States and abroad. The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston is known for the diversity and inclusivity of their collection and exhibitions. They tend to promote more art pieces that bring people together and that they can relate to and understand, despite their differences. In the context of African American art, they have numerous pieces dedicated to telling the stories, heritage, and lifestyles of these artists and their community within their collection. The majority of these works are part of their Modern and Contemporary Art collection and engage in many themes prominent to the African American community such as racial discrimination, civil rights and racial injustice, and the generational impacts of slavery and racism. In 2020, the museum presented the exhibition, Soul of a Nation: Art in the Age of Black Power, which featured the works of numerous black artists expressing the revolutionary achievements of the black community and establishing their identity in the 1960s and 1980s. Work currently displayed in the galleries, such as Kehinde Wiley's Judith and Holofernes and Kara Walker's Slaughter of the Innocents (They Might Be Guilty of Something), educate on similar themes of oppression and its layers, as well as the impact on the African American community from multiple generations’ perspective. On many occasions, local artists commissioned or employed by the museum will showcase their work outside of the museum in various gallery locations in Houston. Specifically, these are conducted in areas with higher rates of African American residency. These galleries are typically established to promote the artistic and historical education to members of the Black community with explanations from the artists themselves. Regardless of the contents and target audience, all are welcome to join and learn.

## Collection

With approximately 70,000 works of art, the largest part of the museum's collection lie in the areas of Italian Renaissance painting, French Impressionism, photography, American and European decorative arts, African and pre-Columbian gold, American art, and post-1945 European and American painting and sculpture. Other facets of the collection include African-American art and Texas painting. Emerging collection interests of modern and contemporary Latin American art, including the artwork of all Texas Latino artists, Asian art, and Islamic art continue to strengthen the museum's collection diversity. As a result of its encyclopedic collection, the museum ranks nationally among the top ten art museums in attendance.
Since 2019 Hossein Afshar Collection, one of the world's most distinguished private collections of Persian art, is on loan to MFAH. The museum has organised two exhibitions of this collection.

## Claim for restitution

In 2021 the Monuments Men Foundation announced that it had located a painting from the collection of Max Emden in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH). According to the foundation, the painting by Bernardo Bellotto, called The Marketplace at Pirna, had an inaccurate provenance that concealed the history of the painting. After the MFAH refused to restitute the painting the Emden heirs filed a lawsuit in the Southern District of Texas.
The museum, which had rejected the Emden heirs’ claims since 2007, disagreed with the characterization of the painting as having been subject to a forced or duress sale due to Nazi persecution. MFAH director Gary Tinterow stated that Emden sold the painting voluntarily and, that after consulting provenance and legal experts, “we concluded that we had good title.” Tinterow argued that "as a private American institution, the Houston museum is not bound by the same moral criteria as the German government".
In a highly unusual move, the Monuments Men Foundation published a critical analysis of the provenance research conducted by the researcher hired by the MFAH, noting that she had failed to check the back of the painting for labels and substituted personal opinion in the place of evidence. The Report is titled: "Monuments Men Foundation Analysis of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Research Report on Bernardo Bellotto, Marketplace at Pirna, prepared by Ms. Laurie Stein".
The challenge to the Museum's ownership of the painting was definitively resolved in May 2024, when the United States Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed the decision of the lower courts to dismiss the lawsuit and ruled in the Museum's favor. The ruling was the third appeal to reject the plaintiffs’ claim of ownership.

## Galleries

Arts of Africa, the Indigenous Pacific Islands, Australia, and the Americas [* = mixed media: ** = painted wood: *** = earthenware]
Arts of Asia and the Islamic Worlds
* Bian Shoumin, Wild Geese on Sandbank (1730), ink on paper, 132.1 × 70.2 cm.
* Kishi Ganku (Japan), Tiger in Landscape (1770–1839), ink and watercolor on paper, 171.2 × 372.1 × 1.5 cm.
* Indian, Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita Cooking and Eating in the Wilderness (c. 1820), gouache & gold on paper, 21.6 × 16.5 cm.
Antiquities
European and American painting (1400–1899) [all oil on canvas except: ** = tempera & gold leaf on panel; * = oil on panel]
* Fra Angelico, Saint Anthony Abbot Shunning the Mass of Gold ** (c. 1435–1440), 19.7 x 28.1 cm.
* Giovanni di Paolo, Saint Clare Rescuing a Child Mauled by a Wolf ** (c.1453-1462), 20.6 x 28.1 cm.
* Rogier van der Weyden, Virgin and Child * (after 1454), 31.9 x 22.86 cm.
* Hans Memling, Portrait of an Old Woman * (c. 1468–70), 25.6 x 17.7 cm.
* Alessandro Botticelli, The Adoration of the Christ Child * (c. 1500), 120.7 cm. diameter
* Lucas Cranach the Elder, The Suicide of Lucretia * (1529), 74.9 x 53.9 cm.
* Jacopo Bassano, Christ in the House of Mary, Martha, and Lazarus (c.1577), 98.4 × 126.4 cm.
* Bartolomeo Cavarozzi, Virgin and Child with Angels (c. 1620), 155.3 × 125.1 cm.
* Rembrandt van Rijn, Portrait of a Young Woman * (1633), 65.2 x 48.7 cm
* Matthias Stom, The Judgement of Solomon, (c.1640), 152.5 × 204.9 cm.
* Jacob van Ruisdael, Landscape with Cornfields (c. 1670s), 55.2 x 62.8 cm.
* Jan Weenix, Still Life of Game including a Hare, Black Grouse, Partridge, Spaniel, and Pigeon in Flight (c. 1680), 157.2 × 182.2 cm.
* Canaletto, Entrance to the Grand Canal, Venice (c. 1730), 49.5 × 73.7 cm.
* Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Juno and Luna (1735–1745) 213 x 231.1 cm.
* Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, The Good Education (c. 1753), 41.4 × 47.3 cm.
* Angelica Kauffmann, Ariadne Abandoned by Theseus (1774), 63.8 x 90.9 cm.
* Charles Wilson Peale, Self-Portrait with Angelica and Rachel (1782–1785), 91.8 × 68.9 cm.
* Joseph Mallord William Turner, Sheerness as Seen From the Nore (1808), 104.5 × 149.6 cm.
* Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes, Still Life with Golden Bream (1808–1812), 44.7 x 62.5 cm.
* Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Orpheus Leading Eurydice from the Underworld (1861), 112.3 x 137.1 cm.
* Eugène Delacroix, Shipwreck on the Coast (1862)
* William-Adolphe Bouguereau, The Elder Sister (1869), 130.2 × 97.2 cm.
* John Singer Sargent, Mrs. Sarah Montgomery Sears (1899), 1,476.50 x 968.50 cm.
Impressionism, postimpressionism, and early modern art [all oil on canvas unless noted otherwise]
* Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Nature morte au bouquet (1871), 73.7 × 59.1 cm.
* Camille Pissarro, The Goose Girl at Montfoucault (1876), 57.8 × 73 cm.
* Gustave Caillebotte, Les Orangers (1878), 154.9 × 116.8 cm.
* Berthe Morisot, The Basket Chair (1882), 61.3 x 75.5 cm.
* Claude Monet, Water Lilies (Nympheas) (1907), 92.1 × 81.2 cm.
* Paul Cézanne, Madame Cézanne in Blue (1888–1890), 74.1 × 61 cm.
* Vincent van Gogh, The Rocks (1888), 54.9 × 65.7 cm.
* Paul Signac, The Bonaventure Pine (1893), 65.7 × 81 cm.
* Odilon Redon, Two Young Girls among Flowers (1912), 62.2 x 51.4 cm.
* Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Moonrise: Soldier and Maiden (1905), oil on board, 69.9 x: 49.5 cm.
* Vasily Kandinsky, Sketch 160A (1912), 94.9 × 108 cm.
* Piet Mondrian, Composition with Grid No. 1 (1918), 80.2 x 49.9 cm.
* Amedeo Modigliani, Léopold Zborowski (c. 1916), 116.2 × 73 cm.
* Chaïm Soutine, The Chicken (c. 1926), 102.2 × 76.1 cm.

## Management

Philippe de Montebello directed the museum from 1969 to 1974. During the 28-year tenure of Peter Marzio between 1982 and 2010, the Museum of Fine Arts’ yearly attendance increased to roughly two million from 300,000; its operating budget climbed to $52 million from $5 million, and its endowment reached $1 billion (before the 2008 recession dropped its value to about $800 million). The museum's permanent collection more than tripled in size, to 63,000 works from 20,000. In 2010, Marzio was the sixth-highest-paid charity chief executive in the country, with compensation in 2008 of $1,054,939. A year after Peter Marzio died in 2010, Gary Tinterow was appointed as the museum's director. Mari Carmen Ramírez is a Puerto Rican Art curator and the Wortham Curator of Latin American Art at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.