OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Surface-wave magnitude

The surface wave magnitude ($M_{s}$) scale is one of the magnitude scales used in seismology to describe the size of an earthquake. It is based on measurements of Rayleigh surface waves that travel along the uppermost layers of the Earth. This magnitude scale is related to the local magnitude scale proposed by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, with modifications from both Richter and Beno Gutenberg throughout the 1940s and 1950s. It is currently used in People's Republic of China as a national standard (GB 17740-1999) for categorising earthquakes.
   The successful development of the local-magnitude scale encouraged Gutenberg and Richter to develop magnitude scales based on teleseismic observations of earthquakes. Two scales were developed, one based on surface waves, $M_{s}$, and one on body waves, $M_{b}$.
   Surface waves with a period near 20 s generally produce the largest amplitudes on a standard long-period seismograph, and so the amplitude of these waves is used to determine $M_{s}$, using an equation similar to that used for $M_{L}$.
Recorded magnitudes of earthquakes through the mid 20th century, commonly attributed to Richter, could be either $M_{s}$ or $M_{L}$.

## Definition

The formula to calculate surface wave magnitude is:
    $M_{s}=\log _{10}\left({\frac {A}{T}}\right)_{\text{max}}+\sigma (\Delta )\,,$
where A is the maximum particle displacement in surface waves (vector sum of the two horizontal displacements) in μm, T is the corresponding period in s (usually 20 ±2 seconds), Δ is the epicentral distance in °, and
    $\sigma (\Delta )=1.66\cdot \log _{10}(\Delta )+3.5\,.$
Several versions of this equation were derived throughout the 20th century, with minor variations in the constant values. Since the original form of $M_{s}$ was derived for use with teleseismic waves, namely shallow earthquakes at distances >100 km from the seismic receiver, corrections must be added to the computed value to compensate for epicenters deeper than 50 km or less than 20° from the receiver.
For official use by the Chinese government, the two horizontal displacements must be measured at the same time or within 1/8 of a period; if the two displacements have different periods, a weighted sum must be used:
    $T={\frac {T_{N}A_{N}+T_{E}A_{E}}{A_{N}+A_{E}}}\,,$
where A$_N$ is the north–south displacement in μm,　A$_E$ is the east–west displacement in μm,　T$_N$ is the period corresponding to A$_N$ in s, and T$_E$ is the period corresponding to A$_E$ in s.

## Other studies

Vladimír Tobyáš and Reinhard Mittag proposed to relate surface wave magnitude to local magnitude scale M$_L$, using
    $M_{s}=-3.2+1.45M_{L}$
Other formulas include three revised formulae proposed by CHEN Junjie et al.:
    $M_{s}=\log _{10}\left({\frac {A_{\text{max}}}{T}}\right)+1.54\cdot \log _{10}(\Delta )+3.53$
    $M_{s}=\log _{10}\left({\frac {A_{\text{max}}}{T}}\right)+1.73\cdot \log _{10}(\Delta )+3.27$
and
    $M_{s}=\log _{10}\left({\frac {A_{\text{max}}}{T}}\right)-6.2\cdot \log _{10}(\Delta )+20.6$
# K2-146b

K2-146b is a Neptune-like exoplanet discovered in 2018 by the Kepler Space Telescope that orbits a low-mass M-type star in the constellation Cancer. Its host star, K2-146, is orbited by another planet named K2-146c. The planet orbits K2-146 at a distance of 0.0248 AU (3,710,000 km), fifteen times closer than Mercury is to the Sun (0.3871 AU). Thus, it orbits very rapidly, with one year lasting just 2.64 days (63 hours), and is far too hot to be habitable, with an equilibrium temperature of 534 K (261 °C; 502 °F).
# Bullsmoor

Bullsmoor is an area of Enfield, on the outskirts of north London.

## Geography

Freezywater is to the south, Bulls Cross is to the west and Enfield Lock is to the east. Bullsmoor is adjacent to Waltham Cross in Hertfordshire to the north, with the boundary formed by the M25 motorway.

## Demography

Bullsmoor is part of the Turkey Street ward. The 2011 census showed that 61% of the ward's population was white (44% British, 16% Other, 1% Irish). 18% was black (12% African, 6% Caribbean, 3% Other). 1,196 residents speak Turkish as a first language.

## Transport

Turkey Street is the local railway station.
# Landon Branch

Landon Branch is a stream in Vernon County in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Landon Branch has the name of the local Landon family.
# Neubiberg

Neubiberg is a municipality and a village in south-east of Munich, Germany, founded in 1912. Today, the largest part of the area is used by Bundeswehr University Munich. Neubiberg consists mainly of semi-detached and detached houses and has many gardens. The village of Unterbiberg is part of the municipality. It hosts the headquarters of Infineon Technologies (Campeon) located in the west of Unterbiberg, as well as the headquarters of Intel Deutschland GmbH, a wireless semiconductor business. In 2023, there was Nazi graffiti in Neubiberg which caused a public reaction.

## Churches and parishes

* Maria Rosenkranzkönigin (Neubiberg) (Roman Catholic church)

## Twin towns

* Ablon-sur-Seine in France
* Chernogolovka in Russia
# Calotes calotes

Calotes calotes, the common green forest lizard, is an agamid lizard found in the forests of the Western Ghats and the Shevaroy Hills in India, and Sri Lanka.

## Description

Calotes calotes is a considerably large species of agamid, measuring 50 to 65 cm (19.5 to 25.5 in) in length, including the tail.
The length of head is one and a half times the size of its breadth, the snout is a little longer than the orbit. The lizard has a concave forehead, swollen cheeks and smooth, unequal upper head-scales. The canthus rostralis and the supraciliary edge both are sharp. A row of 8 or 9 compressed spines, divided into two groups, is above the tympanum, the diameter of these is less than half that of the orbit. C. calotes has 9 to 11 upper and as many lower labials. The body is compressed, the dorsal scales are large and usually feebly keeled, but sometimes smooth. These scales point backwards and upwards and are as large as or a slightly smaller than the ventrals, which are strongly keeled and mucronate. 30 to 35 scales cover the middle of the body. The gular pouch is not developed, the gular scales are feebly keeled, they are nearly as large as the ventrals. A short oblique fold is in front of the shoulder and is covered with small granular scales. The nuchal and dorsal crests are continuous, composed of closely set lanceolate spines with smaller ones at the base. In adult males the height of the crest on the neck equals or exceeds the diameter of the orbit, on the back it gradually diminishes in size. The Limbs are moderate, the third and fourth fingers are nearly equal, however the fourth toe is distinctly longer than third toe. The hind-limb reaches to the front of the eye or further. C. calotes has a very long and slender tail.
The lizard has a bright green dorsal coloration, usually with 5 or 6 white, cream or dark green transverse stripes; however these are changeable. Often the stripes continue on to the tail. The head is yellowish- or brownish-green whereas the male develops a bright red head and throat in the breeding season. The underside is a pale green, the tail is light brown. Young and immature sometimes have a whitish dorso-lateral stripe. A half-grown example in the British Museum, no. 74.4.29.836, has a broad vertebral stripe of buff with elongated dark brown spots. It roosts on green foliage bearing trees like Azadirachta indica. Though very little knowledge is available in roosting ecology of the species.
* adult male, non-breeding showing length of tail
* juvenile male, non-breeding showing length of tail
* head of juvenile
* juvenile stalking butterfly
# The Private Life of Louis XIV

The Private Life of Louis XIV or Liselotte of the Palatinate (German: Liselotte von der Pfalz) is a 1935 German historical film directed by Carl Froelich and starring Renate Müller, Eugen Klöpfer and Maria Krahn. It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin and premiered at the city's UFA-Palast am Zoo. The sets were designed by the art directors Walter Haag and Franz Schroedter. The film's English language release title is a reference to the hit British film The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933).
The film portrays the life of the Heidelberg-born Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, who married into the French royal family during the reign of Louis XIV. She was also the subject of a 1966 biopic in which she was played by Heidelinde Weis.

## Cast

* Renate Müller as Liselotte von der Pfalz
* Eugen Klöpfer as Prince Karl Ludwig
* Maria Krahn as The Princess
* Maly Delschaft as Luise von Degenfeld
* Edith Oß as Anneliese von Degenfeld
* Ida Wüst as Countess Sophie von Hannover
* Renate Howe as Princess Charlotte
* Maria Seidler as Mrs. von Uffeln
* Eduard Bornträger as Haushofmeister des Kurfürsten
* Michael Bohnen as King Louis XIV of France
* Hans Stüwe as Philipp Of Orleans
* Else Ehser as Queen Maria Therease
* Petra Unkel as The Dauphin
* Dorothea Wieck as Madame de Maintenon
* Lothar Körner as Marquis Louvois
* Alexander Golling as General Mélac
* Hans Adalbert Schlettow as the commander of French troops in Heidelberg
* Aribert Wäscher as Chevalier de la Lorraine
* Heinz von Cleve as Roland de Saint Cour
* Maria Reisenhofer as The Abbess of Maubuisson
* Valy Arnheim
* Hilde Hildebrand as Duchesse de Montespan
* Franz Klebusch
* Fritz Lafontaine
* Maria Meissner as Marquise de la Valliere
* Anneliese Würtz
# List of chancellors of the Queen's University Belfast

The chancellor of Queen's University Belfast, and the president of its predecessor institution, Queen's College, Belfast, is the ceremonial head of the university.

## List

| Portrait | Chancellor (Birth–Death) | Term | Country | Line |
| President of Queen's College, Belfast ||||||
| | The Reverend Pooley Shuldman Henry (1801–1881) | 1845 – 1879 | United Kingdom | ClergymanAcademic |
| | The Reverend Josias Leslie Porter (1823–1889) | 1879 – 1889 | United Kingdom | MinisterAcademic |
| | The Reverend Thomas Hamilton (1842–1926) | 1889 – 1908 | United Kingdom | ClergymanAcademic |
| Chancellor of Queen's University, Belfast ||||||
| | The Rt Hon. The 9th Earl of Shaftesbury (1869–1961) | 1908 – 1923 | United Kingdom (England) | Military OfficerAristocrat |
| | The Most Hon. The 7th Marquess of Londonderry (1878–1949) | 1923 – 1949 | United Kingdom | AristocratPolitician |
| | Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Alanbrooke (1883–1963) | 1949 – 1963 | United Kingdom – France | Military Officer |
| | Sir Tyrone Guthrie (1900–1971) | 1963 – 1970 | United Kingdom | Theatrical Director |
| | The Rt Hon. The Baron Ashby (1904–1992) | 1970 – 1983 | United Kingdom (England) | Botanist |
| | Sir Rowland Wright (1915–1991) | 1984 – 1991 | United Kingdom (England) | Industrialist |
| | Sir David Orr (1922–2008) | 1992 – 1998 | United Kingdom – Republic of Ireland | BusinessmanPhilanthropist |
| | The Honorable George J. Mitchell (b. 1933) | 1999 – 2009 | United States | PoliticianDiplomat |
| | Kamalesh Sharma (b. 1941) | 2009 – 2015 | British Raj – India | Diplomat |
| | Thomas J. Moran (1952–2018) | 2015 – 2018 | United States | BusinessmanAcademic Administrator |
| | The Honorable Hillary Clinton (b. 1947) | 2020 – Incumbent | United States | PoliticianDiplomatLawyerWriter |
# Lane Creek

Lane Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is a tributary to Willow Creek.
Lane Creek was named for a pioneer citizen named Lane who was killed near its course.
# USS Chowanoc

USS Chowanoc (ATF-100) was an Abnaki-class of fleet ocean tug. It was named after an Indian tribe of the same name.

## Service history

World War 2:
Worked on the Marianas operation, with the Capture and occupation of Saipan from 3 to 10 August 1944. worked on the capture and occupation of Guam from 3 to 15 August 1944. Working on the Luzon operation in the Lingayen Gulf landings from 9 to 18 January 1945. Worked on the Leyte operation in the Leyte landings from 20 to 22 November 1944.
Korean War: Worked in Korean in the 1952 and 1953.
Vietnam War: Worked in the Vietnamese Counteroffensive from 9 to 12 April 1966. Worked in the Vietnamese Counteroffensive - Phase II from 28 July to 1 August 1966. Worked in the Vietnamese Counteroffensive - Phase V from 8 to 10 October 1968. Worked in the Vietnamese Counteroffensive - Phase VI from 10 to 17 November 1968, 29 November to 5 December 1968 and 12 December 1968 to 11 January 1969. Serviced in the Vietnamese Counteroffensive - Phase VII from 19 to 22 May 1971, 7 to 23January 1973 and 21 February to 21 March 1973.
Chowanoc was sold to the Ecuadorian Navy on 1 October 1977 under the Security Assistance Program and renamed BAE Chimborazo (RA-70).
On 2 March 2020, Chimborazo was quarantined for two weeks at Guayaquil South Naval Base after a member of its 50-person crew was discovered to have been in contact with someone infected with COVID-19.

## Notable personnel

* Richard Benjamin Harrison served on the ship from 1972 to 1976.
# Cristhian Presichi

Cristhian Presichi Mendoza (born July 28, 1980) is a Mexican former professional baseball outfielder.

## Career

In the 2009 World Baseball Classic edition, he was selected to Team Mexico in place of the injured Alfredo Amézaga. He had one hit in six at bats, that hit being a long home run over the Cuban veteran pitcher Pedro Luis Lazo.
On April 5, 2011, Presichi signed with the Saraperos de Saltillo of the Mexican League. On May 18, 2011, he was assigned to the Acereros de Monclova. On April 19, 2012, the Acereros traded Presichi to the Olmecas de Tabasco for Omar De La Torre. On March 22, 2013, Presichi was assigned to the Broncos de Reynosa. On July 14, 2016, Presichi was traded to the Rieleros de Aguascalientes. He was released by the Rieleros on June 20, 2019. On June 29, 2019, Presichi signed with the Algodoneros de Unión Laguna. Presichi did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Mexican League season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. On November 23, 2020, Presichi was released by the Algodoneros.
# Yianni Nicolaou

Yianni Nicolaou (born 5 January 2000) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as a defender for A-League club Macarthur FC.

## Career
### Early career

Born in Australia of Greek descent, Nicolaou was a youth product of Marconi during which he trialed in Scotland and England after his breakthrough to the first-team in 2018. He joined Salford City in August 2019, after a successful trial that led him to sign a one-year contract with an option to extend. Nicolaou eventually returned to Australia after two loan spells with Buxton and Runcorn Linnets.

### Macarthur FC

He signed for a season with Northbridge Bulls, the reserve side of Macarthur FC, on 20 November 2020, before transferring to APIA Leichhardt where he helped his side win the 2023 National Premier Leagues NSW premiership in his second season.
Nicolaou re-signed for Macarthur FC on 12 September 2023, returning to the first team after spending two seasons in state league football. On 31 January 2024, Nicolaou extended his contract for one year with the Bulls.
# Svätopluk Sýkora

Svätopluk Sýkora (born 11 August 1925) was a Slovak racewalker. He competed in the men's 50 kilometres walk at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Antonio Obá

Antonio Obá (born 1983) is a contemporary artist from Ceilândia, Brazil. He has participated in individual and collective exhibitions since 2001 with works involving the body, personal experiences, and the revisiting of historical episodes, particularly in relation to Brazilian iconographies and significant events in the struggle for the rights of Black people. His works feature in international collections including the Tate Modern, Pinault Collection, Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo.

## Work

Engaging in painting, sculpture, photography, installations, video, and performance art, Obá's works widely revolve around the affirmation of the body, engaging with ideas of Blackness, racism, religion, and eroticism. Obá has described his work as being concerned with reclaiming his African heritage in a society that has sought to dilute Black culture.
Obá's work often explores the relationship between religion and the body. Being Catholic is a strong part of Obá's identity. However, his art serves as a space where he can remain a Catholic but, according to the artist, escape from the rules and injustices of organized religion to imagine redemption of the Black body from the vestiges of slavery and reductive eroticization.
In 2020, Obá created a large-scale painting titled “Wade in the Water II” as an homage to George Floyd, whose name has become synonymous with the Black Lives Matter movement. The painting depicts Floyd transcending traditional depictions of Black bodies in water, taking on the powers of Lemanjá, a central Orixá deity in the Candomblé religion. “Wade in the Water II” was exhibited at the Pinacoteca de São Paulo.
In 2024, his work was included in One Becomes Many, a group show at the Pérez Art Museum Miami, Florida, of Afro-Brazilian artists considering diasporic religious practices and visual arts, His artwork was showcased alongside objects by Rosana Paulino, Emanoel Araujo, Paulo Nazareth, and Sonia Gomes, among others.

## Permanent collections

Obá's works are part of several collections worldwide, including the MASP Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro, Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo, Pinault Collection, Pérez Art Museum Miami, X Museum, Museo Reina Sofia, Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, Blenheim Art Foundation, Tate Modern, Instituto Moreira Salles.
# Nemotelus (subgenus)

Nemotelus is a subgenus of flies in the family Stratiomyidae.

## Species

* N. albitarsis Lindner, 1965
* N. annulipes Lindner, 1965
* N. assimilis Lindner, 1965
* N. barracloughi (Mason, 1997)
* N. basilaris (Woodley, 2001)
* N. mongolia (Woodley, 2001)
* N. natalensis Lindner, 1965
* N. nigribasis Lindner, 1965
* N. notatus Zetterstedt, 1842
* N. pantherinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
* N. stuckenbergi Lindner, 1965
* N. tricolor Lindner, 1965
* N. tschorsnigi (Mason, 1997)
* N. uliginosus (Linnaeus, 1767)
# Ján Kroner

Ján Kroner (1 May 1927 – 24 June 1986) was a Slovak actor and one of the first generation members of the Kroner family. He was the youngest brother of Jozef, as well the father of Janko Kroner.

## Filmography

* 1971: Keby som mal pušku
* 1973: Dolina
* 1973: Očovské pastorále
* 1974: Oblaky - modriny (TV)
* 1975: Pacho, hybský zbojník
* 1975: Nepokojná láska (TV)
* 1976: Milosrdný čas
* 1983: Výlet do mladosti (TV)
* 1983: Mŕtvi učia živých
* 1984: Povstalecká história (TV)
* 1984: Neľahké lásky (TV)
* 1985: Materské znamienko (TV)
* 1985: Karabínka (TV)
* 1985: Búrka (TV)
# Langfitt Run

Langfitt Run is a stream in the U.S. state of West Virginia.
Langfitt Run has the name of Ebenezer Langfitt, a local pioneer.

## Course

Langfitt Run rises about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of New Manchester, West Virginia, in Hancock County and then flows southeast to join Hardin Run at about 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast of New Manchester.

## Watershed

Langfitt Run drains 0.80 square miles (2.1 km$^2$) of area, receives about 38.0 inches per year (97 cm/year) of precipitation, has a wetness index of 309.75, and is about 51% forested.
# Plain bush-hen

The plain bush-hen (Amaurornis olivacea), also named Philippine bush-hen or simply bush-hen , is a species of bird in the family Rallidae. It is endemic to the Philippines.

## Description and taxonomy

EBird describes the bird as "A large ground bird of grass, scrub, and forest edge, usually close to water. Slate-gray on the head and underparts, blending to a brown back and tail. Note the greenish-yellow bill and the long yellow legs. Similar to Tabon Scrubfowl, but usually found near water and outside of forest, and distinguished by yellow legs, thicker bill, and lack of bare facial skin. Highly vocal and much more often heard than seen. Voice includes a rhythmic quacking and harsh rasps."
It was formerly conspecific with the Pale-vented bush-hen but is differentiated by its much darker plummage.
This species is monotypic

## Ecology and behavior

There have been no species specific studies on its breeding and diet but it is pressumed to have the same behaviour as the Pale-vented bush-hen. Feeds on insects, mostly earthworms and larvae, small vertebrates and vegetable matter.
Not much is known about breeding but has records almost throughout the year. Nests in swampy conditions with a cup shaped nest made of plant matter. Known to lay 4 creamy white eggs with red spots.

## Habitat and conservation status

This species occupies swampy grassland, shrubland and forest edge
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it as a Least-concern species owing to its wide range despite being generally uncommon . It is recommended that this be reassessed to Data deficient as its ecology and population are basically unknown. Both wetlands and forests in the Philippines are at risk from deforestation abd land conversion.
# Khariberi

Khariberi is a village in Jodhpur district of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It comes under the Balesar tehsil. Marwari is its main language.
# Shiquan River Sand Control Project

During the 1980s, ecological degradation and soil erosion resulted in severe sandstorms and the decline of the living conditions in Shiquanhe Town. To inhibit additional sand encroachment, the Ngari Prefecture formally initiated the Shiquan River Sand Control Project (Chinese: 狮泉河盆地生物防沙治沙工程) in 1994.

## Progress

Since the initiation of the sand control project, the Ngari Prefecture has consistently prioritized the Shiquanhe Town Basin biological sand control initiative as a crucial measure to advance ecological civilization, enhance and secure livelihoods. This endeavor has involved a cumulative investment of 150 million yuan, resulting in the afforestation of 22,754 acres, the planting of 4.5 million trees, and the cultivation of 6,100 acres of grass. The project has predominantly utilized local tree species such as Salix bangongensis and Tamarix ramosissima, supplemented by introduced species including Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. gyantsensis and Salix cheilophila, encompassing a total of seven tree species. The Ngari Prefecture allocates about 700,000 yuan annually for afforestation management in the town of Shiquanhe, ensuring a tree survival rate and afforestation preservation rate exceeding 80%.
The occurrence of wind and sand in Shiquanhe Town has been mitigated, the frost-free duration has grown from 83 days in 1994 to 170 days in 2017, and the annual average precipitation has risen from 76.5 millimeters in 1994 to 140 millimeters in 2017.