# Mizane Birhan

Mizane Birhan is a tabia or municipality in the Dogu'a Tembien district of Tigray Region, Ethiopia. The tabia centre is in Ma’idi village, located approximately 13 km to the southeast of the woreda town Hagere Selam.

## Geography

The tabia is astride the Imba Dogu’a ridge, between valleys of Rubaksa and Ruba Bich’i Rivers. The highest peak is Imba Dogu’a (2620 m a.s.l.) and the lowest place at east is along Ruba Bich’i (1960 m a.s.l.) and at west 2020 m, down from Addi Welo.

### Geology

From the higher to the lower locations, the following geological formations are present:
* Mekelle Dolerite, forming the large Imba Dogu’a batholite that dominates Mizane Birhan
* Upper basalt
* Interbedded lacustrine deposits
* Lower basalt
* Amba Aradam Formation
* Agula Shale
* Antalo Limestone: a large quarry south of Ma’idi
* Quaternary alluvium and freshwater tufa

### Geomorphology and soils

The main geomorphic unit is the gently undulating Agula shale plateau with dolerite. Corresponding soil types are:
* Dominant soil type: stony, dark cracking clays with good natural fertility (Vertic Cambisol)
* Associated soil types
** rock outcrops, stony and shallow soils (Lithic Leptosol)
** red-brownish loamy soils with good natural fertility (Chromic Luvisol)
* Inclusions
** deep, dark cracking clays on calcaric material with good fertility but poor drainage (Vertisol)

### Climate and hydrology
#### Climate and meteorology

The rainfall pattern shows a very high seasonality with 70 to 80% of the annual rain falling in July and August. Mean temperature in Ma’idi is 19.8 °C, oscillating between average daily minimum of 11.1 °C and maximum of 28 °C. The contrasts between day and night air temperatures are much larger than seasonal contrasts.

#### Rivers

The Giba River is the most important river in the surroundings of the tabia. It flows towards Tekezze River and further on to the Nile. The drainage network of the tabia is organised as follows:
* Giba River, with tributaries:
** Ruba Bich’i River, in tabia Addi Azmera
*** Imba Wahti River, draining the eastern part of Mizane Birhan
** Rubaksa River, in tabia Mika'el Abiy
*** May Wikul River, in Mizane Birhan
*** Tsigaba River, draining the northern part of Mizane Birhan
Whereas they are (nearly) dry during most of the year, during the main rainy season, these rivers carry high runoff discharges, sometimes in the form of flash floods. Especially at the beginning of the rainy season, they are brown-coloured, evidencing high soil erosion rates.

#### Springs

As there are no permanent rivers, the presence of springs is of utmost importance for the local people. The main springs in the tabia are:
* Gedel Negedu in Lafa
* May Wkul in Ma’idi
* Gemgema in Merhib

#### Water harvesting

In this area with rains that last only for a couple of months per year, reservoirs of different sizes allow harvesting runoff from the rainy season for further use in the dry season.
* Traditional surface water harvesting ponds, particularly in places without permanent springs, called rahaya
* Horoyo, household ponds, recently constructed through campaigns

### Vegetation and exclosures

The tabia holds several exclosures, areas that are set aside for regreening. Wood harvesting and livestock range are not allowed there. Besides effects on biodiversity, water infiltration, protection from flooding, sediment deposition, carbon sequestration, people commonly have economic benefits from these exclosures through grass harvesting, beekeeping and other non-timber forest products. The local inhabitants also consider it as “land set aside for future generations”. In this tabia, some exclosures are managed by the EthioTrees project. They have as an additional benefit that the villagers receive carbon credits for the sequestered CO$_2$, as part of a carbon offset programme. The revenues are then reinvested in the villages, according to the priorities of the communities; it may be for an additional class in the village school, a water pond, or conservation in the exclosures. Lafa (exclosure), near the homonymous village (44.44 ha) is managed by the Ethiotrees project.

### Settlements

The tabia centre Ma’idi holds a few administrative offices, a health post, a primary school, and some small shops. There are a few more primary schools across the tabia. The main other populated places are:
* Merhib
* Addi Welo
* Lafa
* May Shewani
* Neged Negedu

## Agriculture and livelihood

The population lives essentially from crop farming, supplemented with off-season work in nearby towns. The land is dominated by farmlands which are clearly demarcated and are cropped every year. Hence the agricultural system is a permanent upland farming system. The farmers have adapted their cropping systems to the spatio-temporal variability in rainfall.

## History and culture
### History

The history of the tabia is strongly confounded with the history of Tembien.

### Religion and churches

Most inhabitants are Orthodox Christians. The following churches are located in the tabia:
* Lafa Gebri’el
* Neged Negedu Mika’el
* Ma’idi
* Addi Welo Teklehaimanot
* Merhib Mika’el

### Inda Siwa, the local beer houses

In the main villages, there are traditional beer houses (Inda Siwa), often in unique settings, where people socialise. Well known in the tabia are
* Roman Gebreayezgi at Ma’idi
* Nigas Dimtsu at Ma’idi
* Haymanot Gidey at Ma’idi

## Roads and communication

The main road Mekelle – Hagere Selam – Abiy Addi runs 8 km north of the tabia. There is a good dirt road across the tabia with regular bus services to the main asphalt road and directly to Mekelle or Hagere Selam these towns.

## Tourism

Its mountainous nature and proximity to Mekelle make the tabia fit for tourism. As compared to many other mountain areas in Ethiopia the villages are quite accessible, and during walks visitors may be invited for coffee, lunch or even for an overnight stay in a rural homestead.

### Touristic attraction

The Lafa Gebri’al rock church (13°35.87′N 39°17.25′E﻿ / ﻿13.59783°N 39.28750°E﻿ / 13.59783; 39.28750) is now disused. It was hewn in a tufa plug. The church boosts a semi-circular wooden arch of approx. 1.5 metre across (in one piece). A new church has been constructed nearby.

### Geotouristic sites

The large batholite made of dolerite, the high variability of geological formations and the rugged topography invite for geological and geographic tourism or "geotourism".

### Birdwatching

Birdwatching can be done particularly in the bushlands of the eastern slopes op Imba Dogu’a. in the tabia and mapped. The main Dogu'a Tembien page holds more details on the bird species.

### Trekking routes

Trekking routes have been established in this tabia. The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files.
* Trek 13, from Ma’idi towards Hagere Selam, largely through limestone landscapes
* Trek 17, from Togogwa along Lafa and the eastern slopes of Imba Dogu’a towards Merhib