OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kapustinskii equation

The Kapustinskii equation calculates the lattice energy U$_L$ for an ionic crystal, which is experimentally difficult to determine. It is named after Anatoli Fedorovich Kapustinskii who published the formula in 1956.
    $U_{L}={K}\cdot {\frac {\nu \cdot |z^{+}|\cdot |z^{-}|}{r^{+}+r^{-}}}\cdot {\biggl1-{\frac {d}{r^{+}+r^{-}}}{\biggr )}$
    whereK = 1.20200×10$^{−4}$ J·m·mol$^{−1}$ d = 3.45×10$^{−11}$ m ν is the number of ions in the empirical formula, z$^+$ and z$^−$ are the numbers of elementary charge on the cation and anion, respectively, and r$^+$ and r$^−$ are the radii of the cation and anion, respectively, in meters.
The calculated lattice energy gives a good estimation for the Born–Landé equation; the real value differs in most cases by less than 5%.
Furthermore, one is able to determine the ionic radii (or more properly, the thermochemical radius) using the Kapustinskii equation when the lattice energy is known. This is useful for rather complex ions like sulfate (SO$^{2−}$ $_4$) or phosphate (PO$^{3−}$ $_4$).

## Derivation from the Born–Landé equation

Kapustinskii originally proposed the following simpler form, which he faulted as "associated with antiquated concepts of the character of repulsion forces".
    $U_{L}={K'}\cdot {\frac {\nu \cdot |z^{+}|\cdot |z^{-}|}{r^{+}+r^{-}}}$
Here, K' = 1.079×10$^{−4}$ J·m·mol$^{−1}$. This form of the Kapustinskii equation may be derived as an approximation of the Born–Landé equation, below.
    $U_{L}=-{\frac {N_{A}Mz^{+}z^{-}e^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}r_{0}}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{n}}\right)$
Kapustinskii replaced r$_0$, the measured distance between ions, with the sum of the corresponding ionic radii. In addition, the Born exponent, n, was assumed to have a mean value of 9. Finally, Kapustinskii noted that the Madelung constant, M, was approximately 0.88 times the number of ions in the empirical formula. The derivation of the later form of the Kapustinskii equation followed similar logic, starting from the quantum chemical treatment in which the final term is 1 − ⁠d/r$_0$⁠ where d is as defined above. Replacing r$_0$ as before yields the full Kapustinskii equation.
# Axel Stoll

Axel Stoll (30 October 1948 – 28 July 2014) was a far-right esoteric German geophysicist and conspiracy theorist. He wrote many books, including Hochtechnologie im Dritten Reich and Das Wissen um die unterdrückte Physik - Ein Buch von Axel Stoll, combining pseudo-science and various conspiracy theories, especially concerning Nazi Germany. He received notoriety through the publication of internet videos.
Vice described him as "probably Germany's best known conspiracy theorist".

## Conspiracy theories
### Second World War

Several of Axel Stoll's conspiracy theories centered on World War II. He thought that Germany colonized the Moon after the defeat of the Wehrmacht.

### Aldebaran and the races

Axel Stoll thought that the Aryan race actually are descendants from aliens of the star Aldebaran and that Earth is a jail planet for those who did wrong. In his opinion, all races are fighting for superiority.

## Private life

Stoll lived divorced from his wife and had a son.

## Publications

Axel Stoll wrote a large number of books dealing mainly with his theories around war technology and physics:
* Hochtechnologie im Dritten Reich. Kopp Verlag. 2004. ISBN 3-930219-85-9.
* Bis heute unterdrückt: das Wissen um die wahre Physik. Extrem Verlag. 2005. ISBN 3-935054-08-4.
* Hochtechnologien uralter Kulturen. Freier-Falke-Verlag. 2006. ISBN 978-3-935054-20-1.
# Bergdalens IK

Bergdalens IK is a Swedish football club located in Borås.

## Background

Bergdalens IK's men's team currently plays in Division 4 Västergötland Södra which is the sixth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Björkängsvallen in Borås.
The club is affiliated to Västergötlands Fotbollförbund.
On 30 December 2022, the women's team announced its withdrawal from Elitettan for the 2023 season. The vacaent position was offered to BK Häcken FF's second team, which on 9 January 2023 accepted the offer.

## Season to season

| Season | Level | Division | Section | Position | Movements |
| 2006* | Tier 7 | Division 5 | Västergötland Mellersta | 4th | |
| 2007 | Tier 7 | Division 5 | Västergötland Sydvästra | 1st | Promoted |
| 2008 | Tier 6 | Division 4 | Västergötland Södra | 4th | |
| 2009 | Tier 6 | Division 4 | Västergötland Södra | 10th | Relegation Playoffs – Relegated |
| 2010 | Tier 7 | Division 5 | Västergötland Mellersta | 1st | Promoted |
| 2011 | Tier 6 | Division 4 | Västergötland Södra | | |

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Bergdalens IK – Fotboll Klubb". Retrieved 2011-09-18.
* ↑ "Västergötland Södra - Division 4 – Fotbollsserier 2011 – Fotboll – everysport.com". Retrieved 2011-09-18.
* ↑ "Tabell och resultat – Herrar, Div 4 Södra – Svenskfotboll.se". Retrieved 2011-09-18.
* ↑ "Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Bergdalens IK – Svenskfotboll.se". Retrieved 2011-09-18.
* ↑ Niclas Odengård, Sara Nygren (30 December 2022). "Bergdalen lämnar Elitettan" (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
* ↑ Sebastian Pearson (9 January 2023). "BK Häcken har tackat ja till plats i Elitettan" (in Swedish). Fotbollskanalen. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
* ↑ "GAIS – Lagfacta – Bergdalens IK". Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
* ↑ "Bergdalens IK – Fotboll – everysport.com". Retrieved 2011-09-18.
* ↑ "Sweden Final Tables – Clas Glenning". Archived from the original on 2010-11-02. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
# Funariales

Funariales is an order containing 356 species, 26 genera and 7 families.
* 1. Gigaspermaceae
* 2. Funariaceae (ca. 300 species)
* 3. Disceliaceae
* 4. Oedipodiacea
* 5. Splachaceae
* 6. Ephemeraceae
* 7. Splachnobryaceae
The members are small, annual or biennial land mosses.
The family Disceliaceae and its only species, Discelium nudum, was formerly placed in this order, but is now placed in its own order, Disceliales.
# Wahbi

Wahbi or Wahby may refer to:

## People
### Given name

* 'Atika Wahbi al-Khazraji (1924–1997), Iraqi poet and educator
* Mustafa Wahbi Tal (1899–1944), Jordanian poet, writer, teacher and civil servan
* Wahbi al-Bouri (1016–2010), Libyan politician, diplomat, writer and translator
* Wahbi al-Hariri (1914–1994), Syrian American artist, architect, archaeologist, and author
* Wahbi Khazri (born 1991), French footballer
* Wahbi Sulayman Ghawji (1923–2013), Albanian Muslim scholar

### Surname

* Abdel Moneim Wahby (1911–1988), Egyptian basketball player
* Amin Wahbi (born 1952), Lebanese politician
* Kenza Wahbi (born 1971), Moroccan long-distance runner
* Taufiq Wahby (1891–1984), Kurdish writer, linguist and politician
* Youssef Wahbi (1902–1982), Egyptian film director and actor

## Other

* Wahbi school, a school of though in Ibadi Islam
* Wahbi nukkar, branch of Wahbi school of thought
* Wahbi (Sanaa), subdistrict in Yemen
# Jörg Hacker

Jörg Hinrich Hacker (born 13 February 1952) is a German microbiologist. He served as president of the Robert Koch Institute from 2008 to 2010 and of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina from 2010 to 2020. He is the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Medical Microbiology.

## Early life and education

Born in Grevesmühlen, Mecklenburg, Hacker studied biology from 1970 to 1974 at the Martin Luther University in Halle and obtained his PhD in 1979.

## Career

From 1980 to 1988 Hacker worked as a junior researcher at the University of Würzburg, where he obtained his habilitation in microbiology in 1986.
From 1988 until 1993, Hacker was professor of microbiology at the University of Würzburg. In 1993 he moved to the chair for Molecular Infection Biology, which he held until 2008. From 2003 to 2009, he was vice president of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. From March 2008 to March 2010, he succeeded Reinhard Kurth as president of the Robert Koch Institute.
On 1 October 2009, Hacker was elected president of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. The solemn inauguration ceremony took place on 26 February 2010 and his official starting date was 1 March 2010. In 2020, he was succeeded by Gerald Haug.
In 2011, Hacker was appointed by Chancellor Angela Merkel to the Federal Government’s Ethics Commission on a Safe Energy Supply, co-chaired by Matthias Kleiner and Klaus Töpfer. In 2017, he was part of the selection committee chaired by Jules A. Hoffmann that chose Stewart Cole as director of the Institut Pasteur. From 2017 until 2019, he was a member of the German Ministry of Health’s International Advisory Board on Global Health, chaired by Ilona Kickbusch. In 2022 he received the Robert Koch Medal in Gold.

## Work

Hacker's main research interests are the molecular analysis of bacterial pathogens, their spread and variability, as well as their interactions with host cells. From 2001 to 2008 he served as co-coordinator of the BMBF programs PathoGenoMik and PathoGenoMik Plus. Hacker is responsible for coining the term "pathogenicity island" to describe a region of a bacterial genome that encodes disease causing traits.

## Other activities

* University of Würzburg, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2013)
* German Cancer Aid, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2012)
* Free University of Berlin, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2012)
* Leibniz Association, Member of the Senate
* Robert Koch Foundation, Member of the Board of Directors (since 1998)
* Centre Virchow-Villermé, Member of the International Advisory Board
* Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Member of the Scientific Advisory Board
* Deutscher Zukunftspreis, Member of the Board of Trustees
* World Health Summit, Member of the Council
* Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board (2014–2017)
* Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Member of the Board of Trustees (2013–2017)
* Institut Pasteur, Member of the Scientific Council (2007‐2015)
* University of Marburg, Member of the Board of Trustees (2006–2016)
* Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Member of the Supervisory Board (2005–2013)
# Grupo Compay Segundo

Grupo Compay Segundo is a Cuban musical group created after the death of Compay Segundo by the remaining members of his band and his son, Basilio Repilado.

## History

The group started life as Compay Segundo y sus Muchachos, founded by Compay Segundo in 1955 after he left Los Compadres. The group was then relaunched in 1992 and underwent several personnel changes during the 90's. After Compay Segundo's death in 2003, the group was renamed as Grupo Compay Segundo. Grupo Compay Segundo, the legend of Chan Chan, returned to Europe as well. As a true master of words and music, Compay Segundo became a legend in Cuba and was very popular everywhere in the world. With his cigar and his Panama hat on his head, he mastered the armónico, a seven string guitar he had created. After Segundo died in July 2003, his son, Salvador Repilado, who was also his contradouble bass player, became director of his orchestra. The Grupo Compay Segundo was born. He also took part with his father and Hugo Garzon to the Buena Vista Social Club project. Their song Chan Chan is a major piece of this work.
As official ambassadors of the Cuban music around the world, the Grupo Compay Segundo proudly carries the identity of the "SON" and the traditional Cuban music.
From its inception, the band has not hesitated to go all over the world, keeping every kind of audience captivated, and it has featured great artists such as Omara Portuondo, Eliades Ochoa, Charles Aznavour, Teresa Garcia Caturla, Isaac Delgado, Lou Bega, and others. Songs such as " Macusa ", Saboroso ", " Anita ", " las Flores de la Vida ", as well as the legendary anthem " Chan Chan ", emblematic song written by Compay and played by every band of the genre around the world, are played for us by the nine musicians from the Grupo Compay Segundo, on stage as a real cheerful gift.

## Band members

* Salvador Repilado - Double Bass
* Felix Martinez - Armonico
* Nilso Arias - Guitar, backing vocals
* yoel Matos - Guitar
* Rafael Inciarte - First Clarinet
* Haskell Armenteros - Second Clarinet
* Hugo Garzon - First vocals, maracas
* Rafael Fournier - Bongos, percussion
# Sawiris family

The Sawiris family (Coptic: ⲥⲉⲩⲏⲣⲟⲥ) is an Egyptian Coptic Christian family that owns the Orascom conglomerate, spanning telecommunications, construction, tourism, industries and technology. In 2008, Forbes estimated the family's net worth at US$36 billion.
Onsi Sawiris (1930–2021) was the patriarch of the family. Various companies in the group are run by Onsi Sawiris' three sons and other family members:
* Naguib Sawiris (born in 1954)
* Samih Sawiris (born in 1957)
* Nassef Sawiris (born in 1961)
* Ramez Sawiris (born in 1968)
Onsi Sawiris founded Orascom in 1950 that has grown into a conglomerate of companies including Orascom Telecom Holding (أوراسكوم للإتصالات), and Orascom Technology Solutions (OTS) (أوراسكوم للتكنولوجيا), both run by Naguib Sawiris, Orascom Construction Industries (OCI) (أوراسكوم للإنشاء والصناعة) run by Nassef Sawiris, Orascom Hotels and Development (OHD) (أوراسكوم للفنادق والتنمية) run by Samih Sawiris.
Naguib Sawiris is an investor in Mobinil, Egypt's main mobile phone company, and has expanded into Algeria, Tunisia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and even North Korea. He has also invested through affiliates in Italy (through Wind Telecomunicazioni and Canada (through Globalive Wireless and its Wind Mobile). Naguib Sawiris is also investor in a highly influential Egyptian independent newspaper Almasry Alyoum and the owner of TV interests, most notably in OTV (Orascom Television).
On 20 July 2018, it was announced that Nassef Sawiris was to become a major shareholder of historic English football club Aston Villa F.C., through the investment group, NSWE, formed with U.S. billionaire Wes Edens.
The Sawiris family also actively engages in charity and economic and social development through Sawiris Foundation for Social Development (مؤسسة ساويرس للتنمية الإجتماعية) that includes Sawiris Foundation Awards for Egyptian Literature (جائزة مؤسسة ساويرس للأدب المصري).
# Point Ellice House

Point Ellice House is located in the Burnside-Gorge neighbourhood of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Point Ellice House was designated a National Historic Site in 1966 and became a Provincial Historic Site in 1975. The house is also listed on the City of Victoria's heritage registry. The site is under the management of the Métis Nation British Columbia.

## History
### Wentworth Wallace family

Positioned overlooking Selkirk Water/Gorge Waterway, Point Ellice House is among the oldest homes in Victoria and was constructed between 1861 and 1862 for Catherine (née Work) Wallace and Charles Wentworth Wallace. To build the home, Catherine's father, John Work, sold his daughter and son-in-law a two-acre parcel from his estate for $100. Charles was invested in many business ventures in Victoria and British Columbia. By 1866 he was bankrupt, forcing the family to depart from Point Ellice House to pay off debts

### O'Reilly family

The O'Reilly family lived at Point Ellice House from 1867 until 1975 when the remaining O'Reilly's sold the historic house, the land, and the collection of household ephemera to the province of British Columbia.
Peter O'Reilly and his wife Caroline O'Reilly (née Trutch) moved into Point Ellice House December, 1867 with their infant son, Francis (Frank) Joseph O'Reilly. Weeks later, their eldest daughter, Charlotte Kathleen O'Reilly, would be born. The couple would have two more children, both born at Point Ellice House: Arthur John "Jack" O'Reilly (born in 1873) and Mary Augusta O'Reilly (born 1869).
Peter's employment as Gold Commissioner, Judge, and Indian Reserve Commissioner gave him the financial freedom to make extensive changes to the house, including the addition of an entire wing in the late 19th century. Diaries and letters sent between family members discuss house renovations and the ongoing work of maintaining kitchen and flower gardens.

## History of Site Management

Point Ellice House was purchased from the O'Reilly family in 1975 by the Province of British Columbia. In 2002, the province sought to outsource the sites management to a non-profit society. A willing non-profit was not found until 2004 when the Capital Mental Health Association agreed to manage the site. In 2009, the Point Ellice House Preservation Society took over operations but was replaced by the Vancouver Island Local History Society (VILHS) in 2019. The VILHS ran the site until March 2023 but they were unable to continue, citing a lack of sustainable funding from the provincial government. In May 2023, the province contracted The Forager Foundation to act as an interim operator of the site, until a permanent organization could be found. In December 2023, it was announced that the Métis Nation British Columbia would be taking over the sites management, beginning in January 2024.

## Architecture

Architects Wright & Sanders chose an Italianate Villa-style design that was popular during the 19th century.
# 2006 Copa Constitució

Copa Constitució 2006 is the fourteenth season of Andorra's football knockout tournament. The competition started on 22 January 2006 with the first round games and ended on 13 May 2006 with the Final. The defending champions are FC Santa Coloma.

## Results
### First round

The matches were played on 22 January 2006.
| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Casa Estrella del Benfica | 4–1 | FC Santa Coloma B |
| FC Lusitanos B | 2–0 | Sporting Escaldes |
| Principat B | 0–3 | Granvalira Encamp |

### Second round

The matches were played on 5 February 2006.
| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Granvalira Encamp | 3–4 | Inter Club d'Escaldes |
| FC Lusitanos B | 2–4 | UE Extremenya |
| UE Engordany | 2–1 | Principat |
| Casa Estrella del Benfica | 2–3 | Atlètic d'Escaldes |

### Quarterfinals

The ties were played on 7 May 2006.
| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Inter Club d'Escaldes | 2–3(aet) | FC Rànger's |
| UE Engordany | 0–5 | UE Sant Julià |
| Atlètic d'Escaldes | 0–0(6-7p) | FC Lusitanos |
| UE Extremenya | w/o* | FC Santa Coloma |
* The tie was awarded 0-3 to FC Santa Coloma as UE Extremenya only turned up with 7 players.

### Semifinals

The ties were played on 10 May 2006.
| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| FC Rànger's | 0–0(4-2p) | FC Lusitanos |
| FC Santa Coloma | 1–0 | UE Sant Julià |
# Hsinchu City Fire Museum

The Hsinchu City Fire Museum (traditional Chinese: 新竹市消防博物館; simplified Chinese: 新竹市消防博物馆; pinyin: Xīnzhúshì Xiāofáng Bówùguǎn) is a museum about firefighting in North District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.

## History

The museum building was originally built as a fire station in 1937. The building was then converted into a museum in order to preserve the historic value of the fire station as well as to introduce a series of historical and cultural relics related to fire safety. It was opened to the public on 7 June 2002.

## Exhibitions
### First floor

* Service Counter
* Exhibition Hall
* Area of Fire Fighting
* Area of Fire System
* Area of Escape Experiences

### Second floor

* Exhibition Hall
* Display of Ignition Sources
* Multimedia Area
* Dynamic Exhibitions of Life Saving Models

## Transportation

The museum is accessible within walking distance northwest from Hsinchu Station of the Taiwan Railways.
# Dhaka Viswavidyalay Patrika

Dhaka Viswavidyalay Patrika (Bengali: ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় পত্রিকা, alternate spelling: Dhaka Bishwabiddyaloy Patrika) is an open-access peer-reviewed academic research journal, published since 1973. The scholarly journal publishes research articles written in Bengali on literature, history, religion, philosophy, fine arts, music, business, law, science, social science, biology, economics, politics, etc. Serajul Islam Choudhury was the founding editor of this journal. It is funded by University of Dhaka, published and provided to all teachers of the university.

## Publication history

The first issue was published in December 1973. From 1979 to 1976 it was published once a year as an annual publication. From 1977 to 1983 it was published twice a year as a semi-annual. Published twice in 1984 as June and October issues. Since 1985, the magazine has been published regularly in February, June and October.

## Review system

Researchers are invited to submit two copies of manuscripts on different subjects. In addition to the chief editor, an editorial board selects manuscripts for publication. Selected articles are sent to relevant subject-experts for review and based on their opinion they are published. After its establishment, the paper used to publish the research articles of Dhaka University teachers, researchers and affiliated college teachers; Since 1997, the writings of researchers outside the university have been accepted and published.
# Kavik River

The Kavik River is an 80-mile-long (130 km) river in the North Slope region of Alaska. It is swift-flowing and is braided. In winter, parts of the Kavik (and the nearby Canning River) are covered with extensive ice sheets known as aufeis.$^{:513}$
The Kavik runs in a wide, flat alluvium-filled valley and is bordered by terraces at a number of levels. Scarring is seen at one site on the southern slope as a result of erosion after vegetation cover was removed by human activity.$^{:526}$
The Kavik River flows northwest for 80 miles before joining the Shaviovik River approximately 28 miles southwest of Flaxman Island. The river was named in 1947, by Georg Gryc of the United States Geological Survey, from the Inupiaq word meaning "wolverine", because a number of these animals were observed in the area.
The river valley is known to provide a habitat for a population of wintering moose and musk oxen. Their presence in the Kavik River valley were identified in the 1970s during an environmental impact assessment for an application to run a natural gas pipeline across Federal-owned land.$^{:536,574}$
On August 12, 2018, the area around the Kavik River was hit by a large earthquake, centered some 42 miles east of Kavik River Camp, at a depth of six miles. At magnitude 6.4, it was the largest ever to have struck the region.