OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ned Ryun

Ned Ryun is an American conservative activist and the founder and CEO of American Majority, a conservative organization that trains candidates and activists.

## Education and background

Ryun is the son of Jim Ryun, the former Republican congressman and distance runner.

## Career in government and as conservative activist

Ryun was a speechwriter for President George W. Bush. He is the founder and president of American Majority, a Virginia-based conservative political training institute allied with the Tea Party movement. The group was founded in 2008. Its 501(c)(4) affiliate is American Majority Action, of which Ryun was CEO. Ryun has been a board member of the American Conservative Union. During the 2011 Wisconsin protests against Republican Governor Scott Walker's proposal to restrict collective bargaining and organized labor, Ryun helped organize counter-demonstrations in favor of the legislation.
A career Republican Party operative, as of 2013 Ryun was the CEO of Voter Gravity, a Republican data firm used for the party's get out the vote efforts; the company created "tablet and smartphone accessible canvassing maps, walk lists, voter information and dialing tools." In 2016, Ryun was a long-shot candidate for the chairmanship of the Republican National Committee.
Ryun was a staunch ally of Donald Trump. In 2017, Ryun critiqued the Republican tax proposal for not going far enough, accusing the bill of being "a grab bag of goodies for the uberwealthy globalists." In September 2020, after Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg died, Ryun pushed for Trump to fill the vacancy created by Ginsburg's death before the November 2020 presidential election. He pushed for Trump to nominate Amy Coney Barrett over Barbara Lagoa. Ryun was appointed by Trump to his 1776 Commission, which produced a report on American history that linked progressivism to fascism. The New York Times noted that the report was criticized by mainstream historians.
Ryun is the author of three books:
* The Adversaries: A Story of Boston and Bunker Hill (2021) ISBN 979-8514466689
* Restoring Our Republic: The Making of the Republic and How We Reclaim It Before It's Too Late (2019) ISBN 978-1705870778
* American Leviathan: The Birth of the Administrative State and Progressive Authoritarianism (2024) ISBN 978-1641774376
In addition, he has co-authored two books with his father and twin brother, Drew Ryun:
* Heroes Among Us (2002)
* The Courage to Run (Gospel Light Publications: 2006), ISBN 0-8307-3908-4
# Kolmogorov microscales

In fluid dynamics, Kolmogorov microscales are the smallest scales in turbulent flow. At the Kolmogorov scale, viscosity dominates and the turbulence kinetic energy is dissipated into thermal energy. They are defined by
| Kolmogorov length scale | $\eta =\left({\frac {\nu ^{3}}{\varepsilon }}\right)^{1/4}$ |
| Kolmogorov time scale | $\tau _{\eta }={\sqrt {\frac {\nu }{\varepsilon }}}$ |
| Kolmogorov velocity scale | $u_{\eta }=\left(\nu \varepsilon \right)^{1/4}$ |
where
* ε is the average rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy per unit mass, and
* ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
Typical values of the Kolmogorov length scale, for atmospheric motion in which the large eddies have length scales on the order of kilometers, range from 0.1 to 10 millimeters; for smaller flows such as in laboratory systems, η may be much smaller.
In 1941, Andrey Kolmogorov introduced the hypothesis that the smallest scales of turbulence are universal (similar for every turbulent flow) and that they depend only on ε and ν. The definitions of the Kolmogorov microscales can be obtained using this idea and dimensional analysis. Since the dimension of kinematic viscosity is length$^2$/time, and the dimension of the energy dissipation rate per unit mass is length$^2$/time$^3$, the only combination that has the dimension of time is $\tau _{\eta }={\sqrt {\tfrac {\nu }{\varepsilon }}}$ which is the Kolmogorov time scale. Similarly, the Kolmogorov length scale is the only combination of ε and ν that has dimension of length.
Alternatively, the definition of the Kolmogorov time scale can be obtained from the inverse of the mean square strain rate tensor, $\tau _{\eta }={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2\langle E_{ij}E_{ij}\rangle }}},$ which also gives $\tau _{\eta }={\sqrt {\tfrac {\nu }{\varepsilon }}}$ using the definition of the energy dissipation rate per unit mass $\varepsilon =2\nu \langle E_{ij}E_{ij}\rangle .$ Then the Kolmogorov length scale can be obtained as the scale at which the Reynolds number (Re) is equal to 1,
    $\mathrm {Re} ={\frac {UL}{\nu }}={\frac {(\eta /\tau _{\eta })\eta }{\nu }}=1.$
Kolmogorov's 1941 theory is a mean field theory since it assumes that the relevant dynamical parameter is the mean energy dissipation rate. In fluid turbulence, the energy dissipation rate fluctuates in space and time, so it is possible to think of the microscales as quantities that also vary in space and time. However, standard practice is to use mean field values since they represent the typical values of the smallest scales in a given flow. In 1961, Kolomogorov published a refined version of the similarity hypotheses that accounts for the log-normal distribution of the dissipation rate.
# Kiss the Sky (Jason Derulo song)

"Kiss the Sky" is a song by the American singer and songwriter, Jason Derulo from his first greatest hits album, Platinum Hits. It was released as the album's promotional single on July 19, 2016. It was also originally intended to appear on the soundtrack of the 2016 animated film Storks, but did not eventually make it on the album, despite being featured in the film. "Kiss the Sky" was written by Thomas Troelsen, Bonnie McKee, Jason Derulo, Madison Love, Michael Caren, and Terius Nash, and it was produced by Thomas Troelsen and Thomas Eriksen.

## Composition

"Kiss the Sky" is a pop song with includes funk influences and "a roving bass line".

## Live performances

On August 5, 2016, Derulo performed "Kiss the Sky" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon with The Roots as backing band.

## Music video

The video features Derulo and his friends partying and dancing in a hotel that appears to be in Miami, his home town. Derulo has a Haitian flag tied around his leg. The video concludes with a large, poolside dance scene at the aforementioned hotel.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Kiss the Sky" :
| Chart (2016–2017) | Peak position |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 43 |
| Belgium Urban (Ultratop Flanders) | 31 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) | 50 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 31 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 96 |
| New Zealand Heatseekers (Recorded Music NZ) | 9 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 38 |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | 31 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 87 |

## Certifications

Certifications for "Kiss the Sky" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Italy (FIMI) | Gold | 25,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Anime Frontier

Anime Frontier is an annual three-day anime convention held during December at the Fort Worth Convention Center in Fort Worth, Texas, United States.

## Programming

The convention typically offers an art show, artist alley, concert, cosplay competition, dance performances, exhibit hall, swap meets, tabletop gaming, video game tournaments, and workshops.

## History

Anime Frontier was announced in June 2019 by LeftField Media. Anime Frontier 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The May 2021 event was postponed to December due to the continuing COVID-19 pandemic. Crunchyroll was the primary sponsor of the 2021 event. Anime Frontier's December event had COVID-19 protocols including proof of vaccination and mask requirements. The convention continued to have COVID-19 protocols in 2022. Artist Alley expanded by 50% in 2023.

### Event history

| Dates | Location | Atten. | Guests |
| December 3–5, 2021 | Fort Worth Convention Center Fort Worth, Texas | 13,000 | Zach Aguilar, Tia Ballard, Ray Chase, Colleen Clinkenbeard, Robbie Daymond, Barbara Dunkelman, Kara Eberle, Samantha Inoue-Harte, Samantha Ireland, Lindsay Jones, Aleks Le, Amanda "AmaLee" Lee, Eric Maruscak, Max Mittelman, A New World, Bryce Papenbrook, Podgekinn, Anairis Quiñones, Zeno Robinson, Justin Rojas, Christopher Sabat, Sean Schemmel, and Arryn Zech. |
| December 3–5, 2022 | Fort Worth Convention Center Fort Worth, Texas | 16,000 | Zach Aguilar, AlpacaAsh, Johnny Yong Bosch, Ray Chase, Stella Chuu, Zack Davisson, Robbie Daymond, Flow, The Geeky Seamstress, Dawn H., Ryan Colt Levy, Adam McArthur, Mike McFarland, Max Mittelman, Lindsay Seidel, Sarah Wiedenheft, Anne Yatco, and Suzie Yeung. |
| December 8-10, 2023 | Fort Worth Convention Center Fort Worth, Texas | | Steve Blum, Mori Calliope, Ray Chase, Robbie Daymond, Marisa Duran, Ricco Fajardo, Maile Flanagan, Caitlin Glass, Takanashi Kiara, Max Mittelman, Zeno Robinson, Alejandro Saab, Chiwa Saito, Jonah Scott, Eric Vale, Dan Woren, Hoshimachi Suisei, and Acky Bright. |
| December 6-8, 2024 | Fort Worth Convention Center Fort Worth, Texas | | Ben Balmaceda, Katelyn Barr, Ray Chase, CutiePieSensei, Zack Davisson, Robbie Daymond, Kôhei Eguchi, Damien Haas, Emi Lo, Landon McDonald, Max Mittelman, Stephanie Nadolny, Lexi Nieto, Trina Nishimura, Bryce Papenbrook, Ian Sinclair, Corinne Sudberg, Kaiji Tang, Nazeeh Tarsha, J. Michael Tatum, and Hideki Yamasaki. |
# Rushmere

Rushmere may refer to:

## Places

* Rushmere, Bedfordshire, a location in England
* Rushmere, Hampshire, a location in England
* Rushmere, Ipswich, part of Ipswich, Suffolk, England
** Rushmere Ward, Ipswich
* Rushmere, north Suffolk, a village near Lowestoft, Suffolk, England
* Rushmere St Andrew, a village and civil parish near Ipswich in Suffolk, England
* Rushmere, Virginia, a village in the United States
* Rushmere Country Park

## People

* Colin Rushmere, South African cricketer and conservationist
* John Rushmere, South African architect, cricketer and rugby union player (brother of Colin)
* Mark Rushmere, South African cricketer (son of Colin)

## Music

* Rushmere (album), a 2025 album by Mumford & Sons
* "Rushmere" (song), by Mumford & Sons, 2025 lead track from album above.
# Sistars

Sistars is a Polish pop/soul group formed in 2001. Their music showcases the vocals of sister vocalists Natalia Przybysz and Paulina Przybysz, and producers/composers Bartek Królik, Marek Piotrowski incorporating elements of rap, R&B, funk and jazz.
The group first received public attention through a guest performance on the song "Zeszyt rymów" by rapper Tede. March 15, 2003 marked the release of their debut album, Siła sióstr, with guest appearances by O.S.T.R., Tede, Ania Szarmach and others. The album featured by the single "Nie ty, nie my (Spadaj)" which saw the production of a music video. 2004 proved a highly successful year for the group, beginning with the release of the Sistars EP, whose single "Sutra" was an instant hit. Later that year the group received multiple Polish music awards, including an ESKA award for Best Debut, as well as the Audience Award and Grand Prix at the Opole 2004 Music Festival. In 2005 Sistars released their second album, A.E.I.O.U., which solidified their standing in the Polish hip-hop scene, in addition to winning three Fryderyk Awards and an ESKA award for Best Band. Sistars also won the MTV Europe Music Award for "Best Polish Act" for two consecutive years, beginning in 2004. The group split in 2006, with the vocalists beginning solo careers.
In 2011, the group reunited for one concert during the Orange Warsaw Festival. A year later, they decided to end the hiatus and start working on new material. The first song after a 7-year break, titled "Ziemia", was released to Polish radio stations in 2013. The band broke up again a few months later, due to conflicts and difficulties in collaboration.
Paulina and Natalia are vegans.

## Band members

* Natalia Przybysz (N'Talia) – vocals
* Paulina Przybysz (Lil' Sista) – vocals
* Bartek Królik (BQ) – vocals / bass
* Marek Piotrowski (Maru$) – keyboards
* Przemysław Maciołek (Przemo) – guitars
* Robert Luty – drums
* Marcin Ułanowski (U1) – drums (ex-member)

## Discography
### Albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Certifications |
| Title | Album details | POL | Certifications |
| Siła sióstr | Released: September 15, 2003 Label: Warner Music Poland/Wielkie Joł | 1 | |
| A.E.I.O.U. | Released: September 26, 2005 Label: Warner Music Poland | 1 | ZPAV: Gold |

### Extended plays

| Title | Album details |
| EP | Released: June 21, 2004 Label: Warner Music Poland |

### Compilation albums

| Title | Album details |
| The Best of Sistars | Released: July 2, 2007 Label: Warner Music Poland |

### Singles

| Song | Year | Album |
| "Spadaj" | 2003 | Siła Sióstr |
| "Synu" | 2003 | Siła Sióstr |
| "Freedom" | 2004 | EP |
| "Sutra" | 2004 | EP |
| "My Music" | 2005 | A.E.I.O.U. |
| "Na Dwa" | 2006 | A.E.I.O.U. |
| "Inspirations" | 2006 | A.E.I.O.U. |
| "Skąd Ja Cię Mam" | 2006 | A.E.I.O.U. |
| "Listen To Your Heart" | 2006 | A.E.I.O.U. |
| "Ziemia" | 2013 | Non-album single |
# Black Jack (gum)

Black Jack is an aniseed-flavored chewing gum manufactured by the American company, Gerrit J. Verburg Co.
In 1869, exiled former Mexican president and general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (famous for losing the Texas War of Independence) was living in New Jersey. He brought Mexican chicle with him in hopes of selling it to raise funds to help him return to power in his home country. He persuaded Thomas Adams of Staten Island, New York, to buy it. Adams, a photographer and inventor, intended to vulcanize the chicle for use as a rubber substitute. Adams' efforts at vulcanization failed, but he noticed that Santa Anna liked to chew the chicle, which the ancient Mayans had done. Disappointed with the rubber experiments, Adams boiled a small batch of chicle in his kitchen to create a chewing gum. He gave some to a local store to see if people would buy it; they did and he began production.
In 1871, Adams received a patent on a gum-making machine and began mass-producing chicle-based gum. His first product ("Snapping and Stretching") was pure chicle with no flavoring, but sold well enough to encourage Adams in his plans. He began to experiment with flavorings, beginning with sarsaparilla. In 1884, he began adding licorice flavoring and called his invention Adams' Black Jack, the first flavored gum in the U.S. It was also the first gum to be offered in sticks.
Black Jack Gum was sold well into the 1970s, when production ceased due to slow sales. It was re-introduced in 1986 and again in 2019.

## Ownership

Warner–Lambert acquired the American Chicle Company, including the Adams brand, in 1962. The American Chicle Company was renamed to Adams in 1997. Pfizer, which had bought Warner-Lambert in 2000, sold Adams and all of Pfizer's other candy brands to Cadbury in 2003. This unit became Cadbury Adams.
In 2019, Gerrit J. Verburg acquired the Black Jack gum brand among several others from Mondelez International, the parent company of Cadbury.

## In popular culture

In the Seinfeld episode "The Library", Jerry remembers his high school girlfriend Sherry Becker as an avid chewer of Black Jack, but upon meeting her again she states her distaste for it and insists that she preferred Dentyne.
In the 1990 movie Pump Up The Volume, Christian Slater's character chews Black Jack gum.
In the television series Homeland, the character of acting CIA director Saul Berenson is revealed as chewing a large amount of Black Jack gum during important operations for good luck.
In Season 3 Episode 15 "Three Amigos" of the television series Northern Exposure, Maurice J. Minnifield (Barry Corbin) is given a pack of Black Jack gum by Ruth-Ann (Peg Phillips) the general store owner, to be buried with his newly deceased friend.
# Fluorous chemistry

Fluorous chemistry involves the use of perfluorinated compounds or perfluorinated substituents to facilitate recovery of a catalyst or reaction product. Perfluorinated groups impart unique physical properties including high solubility in perfluorinated solvents. This property can be useful in organic synthesis and separation methods such as solid phase extraction. In practice, a perfluorinated alkyl group is incorporated into an otherwise conventional organic reagent as an affinity tag. These reagents can then be separated from organic solvents by extraction with fluorinated solvents such as perfluorohexane.

## Applications

The utility of fluorous chemistry hinges on the partitioning modality distinct from polar/non-polar or hydrophilic/hydrophobic. A major application of fluorous chemistry involves the use of fluorosurfactant perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to facilitate the production of Teflon. The technology is controversial because of the slow rates of biodegradation of such compounds.

### Ponytails

In compounds exploited in academic fluorous chemistry, molecules comprise both nonfluorous and fluorous domains. The fluorous domain is often a substituent intended to confer solubility in the fluorocarbon medium. Such perfluorosubstituents are often introduced in what are called ponytails. Typical fluorous ponytails have the formula CF$_3$(CF$_2$)$_n$(CH$_2$)$_m$- where n is about 10 and m is about 3.
Through the use of high affinity of fluorous tags (ponytails) for fluorous phases or fluorous-derivatized solid phases allows for near complete recovery of the tagged reagent (i.e., near complete reduction in a chemical waste stream), making the use of fluorous chemistry techniques a popular topic in green chemistry.

## Partition coefficients

The fluorous character of a molecule can be assessed by its partition coefficient between a perfluorocarbon and a hydrocarbon. In the following table, the data are for perfluoromethylcyclohexane:toluene.
| solute | partition coefficient for CF$_3$C$_6$F$_{11}$:toluene |
| octane | 5.4:94.6 |
| CH$_3$(CH$_2$)$_{13}$CH=CH$_2$ | 0.9:99.1 |
| C$_6$H$_6$ | 6:94 |
| C$_6$F$_6$ | 28.0:72.0 |
| C$_{10}$F$_{22}$(CH$_2$)$_3$OH | 80.5:19.5 |
| C$_8$F$_{20}$(CH$_2$)$_3$C$_6$H$_5$ | 49.5:50.5 |
| C$_8$F$_{20}$C$_6$H$_5$ | 77.5:22.5 |

## Scientific community

The International Symposium on Fluorous Technologies (ISoFT) is a biennial meeting that brings together scientists working in the area of fluorous chemistry.
# Spasenija Babović

Spasenija Cana Babović (25 March 1907, Lazarevac, Kingdom of Yugoslavia – 17 December 1977, Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia) was a Yugoslav Partisan anti-fascist officer and communist revolutionary who participated in the resistance against Nazi German occupation of Yugoslavia, notable for supreme acts of courage. She survived at least one term of imprisonment with beatings and torture without disclosing any compromising information to the enemy. After the war, she was made "the Heroine of Socialist Labour", and a "National Hero of Yugoslavia."
At 18, she joined the trade union movement. Due to her participation in workers' strikes in the 1930s, she was arrested several times. In 1937, she was sentenced to two years in prison under the anti-communist law. After the German occupation, she became one of the main organizers of the uprising in Serbia in 1941. She served as the deputy political commissar of the Second Proletarian Brigade and worked on recruiting women into the movement.
Achieving the rank of colonel in what became the Yugoslav People's Army, she was appointed to various political positions. She was appointed Minister of Labour 1946–1948, Minister of Health 1948–1953, and Deputy Prime Minister 1953–1963.
# Juliette Marquet

Juliette Marquet is a French, Oscar-nominated screenwriter and producer born in Paris, France. She is mostly known for producing the award-winning animated short film Yuck! (2023), which was nominated for an Academy Award and a César Award for Best Animated Short.

## Filmography
### Film

* 2020: Horacio (short film) - production manager. Directed by Adrian Dexter and Pernille Kjaer.
* 2021: Terra Incognita (short film) - production manager. Directed by Caroline Cherrier.
* 2021: L'Amour en plan (short film) - production manager. Directed by Claire Sichez.
* 2021: Granny's Sexual Life (short film) - production manager. Directed by Emilie Pigeard and Urska Djukić.
* 2023: Yuck! (short film) - producer. Directed by Loïc Espuche.

### TV series

* 2024: Petite Casbah (6 episodes) - production manager. Directed by Antoine Colomb.
* 2024: La Rivière à l'envers (8 episodes) - production director. Directed by Paul Leluc.

## Recognition

With the short film Yuck! (2023), directed by Loïc Espuche, Marquet has won several awards, including the Best Animated Short Award at the 2024 Austin Film Festival, the Best Short Film for Children Award at the 2024 Anima Brussels Film Festival and the 2024 Benshi Children's Award at the Annecy International Animation Film Festival.
On January 23, 2025, Marquet received her first Academy Award nomination for Yuck! (2023) in the Best Animated Short Film category. The film also received a nomination to the 50th César Awards in the Best Short Animation category.
# John Fry (cricketer)

John Arthur William Fry (born 13 November 1961) is a former English cricketer. Fry was a right-handed batsman. He was born in Streatham, London.
Fry represented the Surrey Cricket Board in List A cricket. His debut List A match came against Norfolk in the 1999 NatWest Trophy. From 1999 to 2002, he represented the Board in 4 List A matches, the last of which came against the Essex Cricket Board in the 2nd round of the 2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was held in 2002. In his 5 List A matches, he scored 161 runs at a batting average of 40.25, with two half centuries and a high score of 90. In the field he took 3 catches.
# Pontnewynydd railway station

Pontnewynydd railway station served Pontnewynydd village in the Welsh county of Monmouthshire.

## History

In 1795 the Blaenavon Tramroad was opened from Pontnewynydd to Blaenavon Ironworks with branches to Abersychan, Varteg and Cwm Ffrwd to carry iron nearly 6 miles from Blaenavon Ironworks to the Monmouthshire Canal at Pontnewynydd. The line was modified to a standard gauge railway by 1855 by the Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company.
The station (on the Newport - Blaenavon line) closed in April 1962, which was more than a year before the "Beeching Axe".
In financial terms the line was doing no worse than any of the other lines in the South Wales valleys but, like the local ironworks, the closure of the railway line was also linked to the opening of Llanwern steelworks. The amount of freight traffic the new plant generated was causing severe rail congestion in the Newport area and in an era when passenger rail transport was in decline a number of local services in Monmouthshire were withdrawn by the British Transport Commission as an operational measure.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Snatchwood Halt Line and station closed | Great Western Railway Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company | Pontypool Crane Street Line and station closed |

## The site today

The site is now a car park.
# 95th century

The 95th century of the Anno Domini (common era) will begin on January 1, 9401 and end on December 31, 9500 of the Gregorian calendar.
vteCenturies and millennia :
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