# Chlorite

The chlorite ion, or chlorine dioxide anion, is the halite with the chemical formula of ClO$^−$ $_2$. A chlorite (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in the oxidation state of +3. Chlorites are also known as salts of chlorous acid.

## Compounds

The free acid, chlorous acid HClO$_2$, is the least stable oxoacid of chlorine and has only been observed as an aqueous solution at low concentrations. Since it cannot be concentrated, it is not a commercial product. The alkali metal and alkaline earth metal compounds are all colorless or pale yellow, with sodium chlorite (NaClO$_2$) being the only commercially important chlorite. Heavy metal chlorites (Ag$^+$, Hg$^+$, Tl$^+$, Pb$^{2+}$, and also Cu$^{2+}$ and NH$^+$ $_4$) are unstable and decompose explosively with heat or shock.
Sodium chlorite is derived indirectly from sodium chlorate, NaClO$_3$. First, the explosively unstable gas chlorine dioxide, ClO$_2$ is produced by reducing sodium chlorate with a suitable reducing agent such as methanol, hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid or sulfur dioxide.

## Structure and properties

The chlorite ion adopts a bent molecular geometry, due to the effects of the lone pairs on the chlorine atom, with an O–Cl–O bond angle of 111° and Cl–O bond lengths of 156 pm. Chlorite is the strongest oxidiser of the chlorine oxyanions on the basis of standard half cell potentials.
| Ion | Acidic reaction | E° (V) | Neutral/basic reaction | E° (V) |
| Hypochlorite | H$^+$ + HOCl + e$^−$ → 1⁄2 Cl$_2$(g) + H$_2$O | 1.63 | ClO$^−$ + H$_2$O + 2 e$^−$ → Cl$^−$ + 2 OH$^−$ | 0.89 |
| Chlorite | 3 H$^+$ + HOClO + 3 e$^−$ → 1⁄2 Cl$_2$(g) + 2 H$_2$O | 1.64 | ClO$^−$ $_2$ + 2 H$_2$O + 4 e$^−$ → Cl$^−$ + 4 OH$^−$ | 0.78 |
| Chlorate | 6 H$^+$ + ClO$^−$ $_3$ + 5 e$^−$ → 1⁄2 Cl$_2$(g) + 3 H$_2$O | 1.47 | ClO$^−$ $_3$ + 3 H$_2$O + 6 e$^−$ → Cl$^−$ + 6 OH$^−$ | 0.63 |
| Perchlorate | 8 H$^+$ + ClO$^−$ $_4$ + 7 e$^−$ → 1⁄2 Cl$_2$(g) + 4 H$_2$O | 1.42 | ClO$^−$ $_4$ + 4 H$_2$O + 8 e$^−$ → Cl$^−$ + 8 OH$^−$ | 0.56 |

## Uses

The most important chlorite is sodium chlorite (NaClO$_2$), used in the bleaching of textiles, pulp, and paper. However, despite its strongly oxidizing nature, it is often not used directly, being instead used to generate the neutral species chlorine dioxide (ClO$_2$), normally via a reaction with HCl:
    5 NaClO$_2$ + 4 HCl → 5 NaCl + 4 ClO$_2$ + 2 H$_2$O

## Health risks

In 2009, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, or OEHHA, released a public health goal of maintaining amounts lower than 50 parts per billion for chlorite in drinking water after scientists in the state reported that exposure to higher levels of chlorite affect sperm and thyroid function, cause stomach ulcers, and caused red blood cell damage in laboratory animals. Some studies have indicated that at certain levels chlorite may also be carcinogenic.
The federal legal limit in the United States allows chlorite up to levels of 1,000 parts per billion in drinking water, 20 times as much chlorite as California’s public health goal.

## Other oxyanions

Several oxyanions of chlorine exist, in which it can assume oxidation states of −1, +1, +3, +5, or +7 within the corresponding anions Cl$^−$, ClO$^−$, ClO$^−$ $_2$, ClO$^−$ $_3$, or ClO$^−$ $_4$, known commonly and respectively as chloride, hypochlorite, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate. These are part of a greater family of other chlorine oxides.
| oxidation state | −1 | +1 | +3 | +5 | +7 |
| anion named | chloride | hypochlorite | chlorite | chlorate | perchlorate |
| formula | Cl$^−$ | ClO$^−$ | ClO$^−$ $_2$ | ClO$^−$ $_3$ | ClO$^−$ $_4$ |
| structure | | | | | |