OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jon Mathews

Jon Mathews (1932–1979) was a physicist, yachtsman, scholar, and adventurer. After a 23-year career as a physics professor, he was lost at sea and presumed drowned during a circumnavigation attempt with his wife Jean in 1979.

## Early life and education

Mathews was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of John H. “Jack” Mathews, an attorney, and Grace Logie Mathews, a schoolteacher. His paternal grandfather was Los Angeles city attorney W.B. Mathews. He grew up in Hollywood, graduated from the Flintridge Preparatory School, and enrolled in Pomona College in 1948 at the age of 16. As a sophomore, he met Charlotte Dallett, a chemistry student. Mathews also played shortstop for two years on Pomona’s baseball team. In June 1952, Mathews and Charlotte were married. He then graduated summa cum laude in Mathematics.
Mathews received a Fulbright Scholarship, and moved with Charlotte to England for his year of study at the University of Cambridge. In 1953, he continued his graduate studies at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, earning a PhD in 1956.

## Academic career

After graduation, Mathews joined the Caltech staff. In 1959 he was an assistant professor of physics, in 1966 an Associate Professor and in 1970 he held the position of full professor.
In 1964, Mathews moved his family of six from Altadena, California, to Kanpur, India for a year while he participated in the Kanpur Indo-American Program (KIAP).
In 1964, Mathews and his Caltech contemporary, Dr. Robert Walker, co-authored and published Mathematical Methods of Physics, which received positive reviews and remains a widely used college textbook in 2014.
During his years at Caltech, Mathews authored a number of scientific papers.
Deepak Dhar was his Ph.D. student.

## Search and Rescue

Mathews also served on the Sierra Madre Search & Rescue Team from 1955 to 1962, using his climbing skills to rescue hikers and climbers in distress.

## Personal life

The marriage of Mathews and Charlotte lasted 22 years and produced four children. The pair separated in 1974 and divorced in 1977. Mathews married his second wife, Jean Box Vontobel, in October 1977.
Mathews participated in sailing, hiking, tennis, chess, music, and travel. He played piano and clarinet, and learned several languages, including Mandarin Chinese.
In June 1979, Mathews and his wife Jean left Marina del Rey, California, aboard their 34-foot yacht Drambuie II to begin a planned 12-month circumnavigation attempt. The Drambuie made port in Hawaii, Palmyra Island, American Samoa, and several ports in Australia. The pair departed Perth, Australia in November 1979, heading westward towards Durban, South Africa. On December 23, 1979, the Drambuie sailed into the path of Cyclone Claudette, a major storm with recorded wind gusts of over 150 knots. Radio contact was lost the next day. No trace of the Drambuie or its occupants was ever found.
# Hans Wachtmeister

Hans Wachtmeister af Johannishus, (3 January 1642 [O.S. 24 December 1641] – 15 February [O.S. 26 February] 1714) was admiral general of the Swedish Navy and advisor to King Charles XI of Sweden and King Charles XII of Sweden. He served in the Scanian War of 1675–1679 and during the following twenty years of peace worked to build up the Swedish Navy. When the Great Northern War began in 1700 he was able to take his fleet to sea in good condition.
He was governor of Kalmar län between 1680 and 1683. When the new fleet base was established at Karlskrona in 1681, he became governor of a new enlarged county, Kalmar and Blekinge län. Hans Wachtmeister was also admiral general over the entire Swedish Fleet at the same time that he was a governor. In 1681–1683, he took the additional title of ståthållare or stadtholder.
He was raised to the dignity of a count in 1687 with the name of Wachtmeister af Johannishus and introduced in the Swedish House of Nobility in 1689 as number 25 among the families with the title of count [Grevliga ätter] in the List of Swedish noble families. His younger brother was Swedish field marshal Axel Wachtmeister, and his father-in-law was Rutger von Ascheberg.

## Sources

* Sven Grauers, Ätten Wachtmeister genom Tiderna (1942)
* Hans Wachtmeister, Historiesajten (in Swedish)
# French ship Pultusk (1807)

Pultusk was a Téméraire-class 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy.

## Career

Ordered on 24 April 1804 as Audacieux, the ship was one of the ships built in the various shipyards captured by the First French Empire in Holland and Italy in a crash programme to replenish the ranks of the French Navy. She took her definitive name as Pulstuck on 21 February 1807, though the order might not have been implemented until 14 May.
Only after the Danish crew of the ship remarked about the spelling of the name, this was corrected to Pultusk, with an icy comment from the Emperor that "the French people didn't know their victories."
She was commissioned on 21 September 1807 and was part of the Escault squadron under Admiral Missiessy. She was ceded to Holland under the Treaty of Paris, and entered Dutch service as Waterloo being broken up in 1817.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Roche, vol.1, p.368
* ↑ Clouet, Alain (2007). "La marine de Napoléon III : classe Téméraire - caractéristiques". dossiersmarine.free.fr. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
* ↑ Lütken, O. (1885). De Danske paa Skelden 1808-1809. Copenhagen: F. H. Eibes Forlag.
* ↑ Winfield p.95
# Goose Creek (Ohio)

Goose Creek is a stream in Preble County, Ohio, in the United States. It is a 5.1 mile-long tributary of Bantas Fork.
Goose Creek was named from the fact a family of settlers allowed their geese to roam its banks.

## Location

* Mouth: Northeast of Eaton, Ohio at 39°46′43″N 84°36′15″W﻿ / ﻿39.778663°N 84.60412°W﻿ / 39.778663; -84.60412
* Source: North of Eaton, Ohio at 39°50′50″N 84°39′42″W﻿ / ﻿39.847273°N 84.661622°W﻿ / 39.847273; -84.661622
# Léopoldine Hugo

Léopoldine Cécile Marie-Pierre Catherine Hugo (French pronunciation:; 28 August 1824 – 4 September 1843) was the eldest daughter of Victor Hugo and Adèle Foucher.

## Early life

Léopoldine was born in Paris, the second of five children and eldest daughter of Victor Hugo and Adèle Foucher. She was named after her paternal grandfather, Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo, as was her late brother, Léopold, who died in infancy.
Despite her father's growing anti-clerical views, Léopoldine grew up as a devout Catholic. Her first communion, which took place in September 1836, was a grand affair. Auguste de Châtillon painted a portrait of her for the day, and the mass was attended by Théophile Gautier, Alexandre Dumas, and members of the Hugo family. A banquet was held at her family's Paris residence afterward.
Léopoldine had many suitors for marriage including her future husband, Charles Vacquerie, whom she met while on holiday in 1839.

## Later life and death

She married Charles Vacquerie at Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis on 15 February 1843, but they both drowned together only a few months later, when their boat overturned on the Seine in Villequier on 4 September 1843. Nineteen years old and pregnant, she died when her wet, heavy skirts pulled her down, and her husband died trying to save her. This tragic event had a great impact on the work and personality of her father, Victor Hugo. He dedicated numerous poems to the memory of his daughter, notably Demain dès l'aube and À Villequier in Pauca Meae, the fourth book of Les Contemplations. Victor Hugo did not write for several years afterwards owing to the clinical depression he developed following Léopoldine's death.
# Uchi River Rock Carvings

Uchigawa Rock Carvings (宇智川磨崖碑, Uchigawa magaihi) is a Nara Period Buddhist carving on a rock wall on the left bank of the Uchigawa River (a tributary of the Yoshino River) flowing through the Kojima-chō neighborhood of the city of Gojō, Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region, Japan. It was designated as a National Historic Sites of Japan in 1921.

## Overview

The term magaibutsu (磨崖仏) refers to a Buddhist figure carved directly into a natural rock faces or cliffside. The Uchigawa Rock Carvings are carved into the crystalline rock wall at the bottom of the Fudo Bridge that spans the gorge of the Uchigawa River. It consists of an inscription with portions of two chapters of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra (the "Nirvana Sutra"), which was particularly important for the development of East Asian Buddhism. Although parts of the inscription have become indecipherable or difficult to read due to weathering over the years, the Nara Period Japanese era name of Hōki is still visible, indicating that the carving was made in either 776 or 778 AD. To the left of the inscription is a statue of Kannon Bosatsu standing on a lotus throne, approximately 60 cm-tall, which is believed to be contemporary with the sutra inscription. The intention behind this monument is unclear, but it has been thought to be related to the nearby temple of Eisan-ji, which is said to have been founded in 719 to the east, and the grave of its founder, Fujiwara no Muchimaro.
The carving date from the late Nara period to early Heian period, except for the Jūichimen Kannon, which was a later Muromachi period addition. There is an unsubstantiated legend that the site was a quarry which supplied the material for the foundation stones for the buildings at Tōdai-ji. The site is approximately four kilometers by mountain trail southeast of Tōdai-ji, or 9.2 kilometers (24 minutes) by car.
# Potassium tris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate

Potassium tris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate, abbreviated KTp*, is the potassium salt of the anion HB((CH$_3$)$_2$C$_3$N$_2$H)$_3$. Tp*$^−$ is a tripodal ligand that binds to a metal in a facial manner, more specifically a Scorpionate ligand. KTp* is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in polar solvents, including water and several alcohols.

## Synthesis

KTp* is synthesized in a manner similar to that of KTp by the reaction of potassium borohydride and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole. Hydrogen gas is evolved as each of the pyrazole reacts at the boron. The rate of B-N bond formation becomes more difficult with each successive 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl due to the increase in steric hindrance around the boron:
    3 Me$_2$C$_3$N$_2$H$_2$ + KBH$_4$ → KHB(Me$_2$C$_3$N$_2$H)$_3$ + 3 H$_2$
The required dimethylpyrazole is obtained by condensation of hydrazine and acetylacetone.

## Role as ligand

The active binding sites in Tp*$^−$ are the three nitrogen centers that are not bonded to the boron. Although more weakly binding than cyclopentadienyl ligands, Tp*$^−$ is still a tightly coordinating. The benefit of Tp*$^−$ over its sister compound Tp$^−$ is the addition of the methyl groups on the pyrazolyl rings, which increases the steric hindrance of the ligand enough that only one Tp*$^−$ can bind to a metal. This leaves the remaining coordination sites available for catalysis.
    Structure of generic Tp*M complex illustrating the steric protection afforded by the methyl groups.
# Zafer Airport

Zafer Airport (IATA: KZR, ICAO: LTBZ) (Turkish: Zafer Havalimanı) is an international regional airport that serves the cities of Kütahya, Afyonkarahisar and Uşak. The airport opened on 25 November 2012.

## Location

Zafer Airport is located in the Kuyucak village of Altıntaş district 41 km (25 mi) south-southeast of Kütahya. It is 59 km (37 mi) away from Afyonkarahisar, 103 km (64 mi) to Uşak and 113 km (70 mi) to Eskişehir. Despite serving multiple districts, some have criticized the airport's location.

## Facilities

The airport's groundbreaking took place on 22 April 2011. As Turkey's first regional airport, it was constructed by IC İçtaş Construction Company in 18 months and financed in the build–operate–transfer form. It cost ₺155 million (approx. US$91 million) and will be operated until 2044 by the IC Holding. The facility with a total covered area of 27,000 m$^2$ (290,000 sq ft) is built on 370 ha (910 acres) land.

### Terminal

The only one terminal building of 17,600 m$^2$ (189,000 sq ft) covered area is designed for domestic as well as for international passenger service. The building has 19 check-in counters and four gates. International passengers are handled at eight border checkpoints. There are four baggage carousels at the arrival hall. Zafer airport's annual capacity is planned to be two million passengers. The parking lot is capable of holding 87 cars and eight busses.

### Runway

The airport's runway is 3,000 m (9,800 ft) long and 45 m (148 ft) wide. The airport ramp allows parking of five aircraft at the same time.

## Airlines and destinations

The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Zafer Airport:
| Airlines | Destinations |
| Eurowings | Seasonal: Düsseldorf |
| SunExpress | Seasonal: Düsseldorf |
| Turkish Airlines | Istanbul |

## Statistics

^1 : 2012 statistics correspond to the last 2 months of 2012 since the opening of the airport.

## Ground Transportation

There is an ad-hoc minibus service between central Kütahya and Zafer airport timed for commercial passenger flights. Taxis are also available at the airport.
# Makalu Air

Makalu Air Pvt. Ltd is an airline based in Nepalgunj, Nepal. The company was established in 2009 and was issued an air operator's certificate by the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal. Makalu Air provides chartered passenger and cargo services. It is banned from flying in the EU

## Destinations

The airline serves the following destinations:
| Destination | Airport | Notes |
| Birendranagar | Surkhet Airport | Hub |
| Nepalgunj | Nepalgunj Airport | Hub |
| Bajura | Bajura Airport | |
| Dolpa | Dolpa Airport | |
| Jumla | Jumla Airport | |
| Rara | Talcha Airport | |
| Simikot | Simikot Airport | |

## Fleet

The Makalu Air fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of August 2018):
Air Dynasty fleet :
| Aircraft | In fleet | Orders | Passengers | Passengers | Passengers | Notes |
| Aircraft | In fleet | Orders | C | Y | Total | Notes |
| Cessna 208B Grand Caravan | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 9 | |

## Accidents and incidents

* On 21 November 2011 a Makalu Air Cessna 208B Grand Caravan took off from Surkhet, en route to Talcha. Upon touchdown at Talcha, the aircraft skidded off the runway and hit a rock, damaging the front of the aircraft. Four of the 11 occupants were injured.
* On 4 August 2016 a Makalu Air Cessna 208B Grand Caravan took off from Simikot, en route to Surkhet. After experiencing engine failure whilst climbing, the aircraft was forced to land in the Karnali river. Both pilots survived uninjured.
* On 16 May 2018 a Makalu Air Cessna 208B Grand Caravan, operating a cargo flight, took off for Simikot, from Surkhet. The aircraft crashed near Simikot pass. Neither of the two pilots survived.
# The Food Programme

The Food Programme is a BBC Radio 4 programme investigating and celebrating good food, founded by Derek Cooper and currently presented by Sheila Dillon, Dan Saladino, Leyla Kazim and Jaega Wise. The series is produced by BBC Audio in Bristol.
It is a programme about food production, consumption and quality rather than a cookery programme with recipes. It looks at the food industry (usually that of Britain) at the macroscopic level. Farming Today covers the upstream section of the British food industry and The Food Programme covers the downstream section.

## History

The programme has run since 1979 and was initially broadcast at 12:30 on a Sunday afternoon, immediately preceding The World This Weekend. It is repeated the following day (i.e. on Monday afternoon) at 3:30 p.m.
In November 2019 The Food Programme celebrated its 40th anniversary. A live show was broadcast from the BBC Radio Theatre with guests Rick Stein, Leyla Kazim, Yotam Ottolenghi and Grace Dent.

## Structure

Programmes are usually devoted to discussion of a single topic, from a consumer angle, such as:
* Topical issues related to food, such as institutional cookery or dealing with food waste;
* A specific food item, such as a particular fruit or traditional dish;
* Food of a certain geographical area or of certain ethnic peoples;
* Health issues in relation to food.
Sometimes, the theme of a programme may fit into several of the above categories. For example, the programme broadcast on 14 and 15 August 2011 dealt with institutional policies to improve the diets of people in Scotland so as to make their diets more salubrious, a topic which is at once a topical issue related to food, a health issue related to food and a topic relating to the diet of people in a certain geographical group.
All the most recent programmes are now available indefinitely at the Radio 4 website to listen again.

## BBC Food and Farming Awards

The show hosts the annual BBC Radio Food and Farming Awards, and in so doing has been praised by Charles, Prince of Wales as a "national institution".

### 2009

* Bob Kennard won "Best Campaigner".

### 2019

* Best Streetfood/Takeaway, Liberty Kitchen

## Awards won by The Food Programme

The Food Programme, which celebrated its thirtieth anniversary in November 2009, has won multiple UK radio awards.
# Peter Mathers

Peter Mathers (16 July 1931 in England – 8 November 2004 in Melbourne) was an English-born Australian author and playwright.
Mathers' family emigrated to Australia while he was a child. He attended state school in Sydney, and later Sydney Technical College, where he studied agriculture. He "farmed, clerked, woolled, gardened, landscaped, chemicalled", and did other things before settling into his writing career.
In 1961 he married and went to France to live in a cork oak forest. His two daughters were born in London. From 1964 he worked in Britain and Europe as a researcher. His first writing appeared in the early 1960s, and in 1967 he took up a writing fellowship in the United States. He returned to Australia in 1968.
In 1966 Mathers completed his first novel, Trap, an inventive and often comic novel concerning the escapades and family history of Jack Trap, an urban mixed-blood Aboriginal person in what was then a society racially divided by the White Australia Policy. It won the Miles Franklin Literary Award, His second novel, The Wort Papers (1972), ranged across the country in rural settings from the Kimberley to dairy country in northern New South Wales, and further established his reputation as a stylistic innovator and satirist.
Mathers wrote radio plays, articles and published many stories in magazines, journals and newspapers before beginning a substantial playwriting career, which included Pelaco Hill, Bats, The Mountain King and The Real McCoy. Some short stories were collected as A Change For the Better.
He lived in Melbourne for many years prior to his death in 2004 from pancreatic cancer.
# Latimer diagram

A Latimer diagram of a chemical element is a summary of the standard electrode potential data of that element. This type of diagram is named after Wendell Mitchell Latimer (1893–1955), an American chemist.

## Construction

In a Latimer diagram, because by convention redox reactions are shown in the direction of reduction (gain of electrons), the most highly oxidized form of the element is on the left side, with successively lower oxidation states to the right side. The species are connected by arrows, and the numerical value of the standard potential (in volts) for the reduction is written at each arrow. For example, for oxygen, the species would be in the order O$_2$ (0), H$_2$O$_2$ (–1), H$_2$O (-2):
The arrow between O$_2$ and H$_2$O$_2$ has a value +0.68 V over it, it indicates that the standard electrode potential for the reaction:
    O$_2$(g) + 2 H$^+$ + 2 e$^−$ ⇄ H$_2$O$_2$(aq)
is 0.68 volts.

## Application

Latimer diagrams can be used in the construction of Frost diagrams, as a concise summary of the standard electrode potentials relative to the element. Since Δ$_r$G$^o$ = -nFE$^o$, the electrode potential is a representation of the Gibbs energy change for the given reduction. The sum of the Gibbs energy changes for subsequent reductions (e.g. from O$_2$ to H$_2$O$_2$, then from H$_2$O$_2$ to H$_2$O) is the same as the Gibbs energy change for the overall reduction (i.e. from O$_2$ to H$_2$O), in accordance with Hess's law. This can be used to find the electrode potential for non-adjacent species, which gives all the information necessary for the Frost diagram.
It must be stressed that standard reduction potentials are not additive values. They cannot be directly summed up, or subtracted, from the values in volt indicated in a Latimer diagram. If needed, their calculation must be performed via the difference in Gibbs free energies. The easiest way to proceed is simply to use energies (nE) directly expressed in electron-volt (eV), because the Faraday constant F and the sign minus simplifies on both side of the equation. So, the values of E in volt must be simply multiplied by the number (n) of electron transferred in the considered half-reaction. Since the Faraday constant can disappear from the equation, no need to calculate Δ$_r$G$^o$ expressed in joule.
A simple examination of a Latimer diagram can also indicate if a species will disproportionate in solution under the conditions for which the electrode potentials are given: if the potential to the right of the species is higher than the potential on the left, it will disproportionate. Therefore, hydrogen peroxide H$_2$O$_2$ is unstable and will disproportionate in O$_2$ and H$_2$O.
# Kanadan Sanomat

Kanadan Sanomat is a Canadian weekly Finnish language newspaper established in 2012 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, as a merger between two earlier publications both owned by Vapaa Sana Press Ltd. It is also promoting the logo KS as a shortened name particularly for online promotion.
Kanadan Sanomat is a merger of two newspapers:
* Vapaa Sana published between 1931 and 2012 in Toronto, Ontario
* Canadan Sanomat published between 2001 and 2012 in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
Kanadan Sanomat is considered a natural continuation of both papers and serves both Toronto and Thunder Bay readers that were earlier served by the two newspapers.
The new newspaper utilizes the K in the name Kanadan Sanomat referring to Canada with a K as customary in the Finnish language, rather than its predecessor Canadan Sanomat.
# Desmethylsertraline

Desmethylsertraline (DMS), also known as norsertraline, is an active metabolite of the antidepressant drug sertraline. Like sertraline, desmethylsertraline acts as a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, and may be responsible for some of its parent's therapeutic benefits; however, the effects of DMS's main activity of increasing serotonin levels via binding to the serotonin transporter appears to be negligible as in vivo testing showed no measurable change in brain activity despite a nearly 20-fold increase in DMS blood levels compared to the EC50 (i.e. the amount required to achieve the desired effect in 50% of the population) of its parent drug sertraline. DMS is significantly less potent relative to sertraline as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (K$_i$ = 76 nM vs. 3 nM, respectively), but conversely, is more balanced as a monoamine reuptake inhibitor (5-HT (K$_i$) = 76 nM; NE (K$_i$) = 420 nM; DA (K$_i$) = 440 nM), which has the effective result of DMS contrarily behaving as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), with about 5.5-fold preference for inhibiting serotonin reuptake relative to catecholamine reuptake.
Dasotraline, a stereoisomer of DMS, is also an SNDRI, and has been investigated for the potential clinical treatment of major depressive disorder, attention-deficit disorder, and eating disorders, but has not been approved or marketed for any indication.
# Coat of arms of Udmurtia

The Coat of arms of Udmurtia is one of the official state symbols of Udmurtia.
The coat of arms consists of a round red-and-black shield, on which there is a white swan with spread wings. In the emblem, black represents stability and earth; red life and the sun; and white moral purity and space.
The white swan is a symbol of revival, wisdom and perfection. It is based on the mythology of the Udmurt people and other nations of Udmurtia. The solar signs are meant to protect man from misfortune.
The designer of the national emblem of the Udmurt Republic is Y.Lobanov.