# Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association

The Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (CSPOA) is a political organization of local police officials in the United States who contend that federal and state government authorities are subordinate to the local authority of county sheriffs and police. Self-described constitutional sheriffs assert that they are the supreme legal authority with the power and duty to defy or disregard laws they regard as unconstitutional. As a result, they may sometimes be referred to as sovereign sheriffs. The movement is related to previous nullification and interposition notions, and promotes such efforts. It has been described as far-right by the Southern Poverty Law Center. The CSPOA has claimed a membership of 400.
According to the Associated Press, "details of its operations are closely held", and information on its finances, "where and how" it conducts its training, who its dues-paying members are, have not been released to the public. The group is now a private company according to indications of "internal records".

## History

The association was founded in 2011 by former Arizona sheriff Richard Mack who was a board member of the Oath Keepers at the time. In 2017, the association said it had 4,500 dues-paying members, with more than 200 sheriffs among them. In 2021, Mack said that 300 of the 3,000 sheriffs in the U.S. were members of the association.
By 2023, the association was being led by Sam Bushman, who has been scrutinized for his affiliation with neo-Confederates and white nationalists, including a close friendship with radio host James Edwards.

## Ideology

The movement has some ideological similarities with the self-styled patriot movement and sovereign citizen movement, and some members of those movements also espouse "constitutional sheriff" ideology. The "constitutional sheriff" or "county supremacy" movement itself arose from the far-right Posse Comitatus, a racist and anti-Semitic group of the 1970s and 1980s that also defined the county sheriff as the highest "legitimate" authority in the country, and was characterized by paramilitary figures and the promotion of conspiracy theories. Sheriffs are not mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. The ideological basis of the sheriffs' movement is instead based on various incorrect historical and legal claims, relying on a pretense that the historic powers of the high sheriff of an English shire apply in the U.S. regardless of subsequent legal developments.
A number of county sheriffs in the United States have expressed sympathy with the movement's goals and have publicly vowed not to enforce laws they deem unconstitutional. Law professor Robert L. Tsai writes that, "in practice constitutional sheriffs and their followers tend to occupy the edges of anti-government conservatism, organizing themselves to promote gun rights and property rights, to resist tax laws, national healthcare, gay marriage." Members of the movement have vowed not to enforce gun laws, public health measures adopted to combat the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, and federal land use regulations. Sheriffs who refuse to enforce land-use laws facilitate the illegal use of public land (for example, for livestock grazing or all-terrain vehicles use) and in some cases have threatened Bureau of Land Management (BLM) employees. A research study of reports from 1995 to 2015 found that counties with sheriffs who are members of the movement "have higher rates of violence against BLM employees than other Western counties."
The movement has attracted support from some landowners, county commissioners, law enforcement figures (in particular Richard Mack and Joe Arpaio), and some politicians who have played on "fears of federal officials intruding on property rights and gun rights."

## Involvement in presidential elections

In the aftermath of the 2020 election, Barry County, Michigan Sheriff Dar Leaf, a member of the constitutional sheriffs movement, tried to seize voting machines in an effort to prove election fraud. He also took legal action in December 2020, attempting to stop local clerks from deleting election records. The chief judge of the federal court in Grand Rapids denied the request.
In the run-up to the 2024 election the group has been training armed militias, building ties to Trump supporters and building “posses” to patrol polling stations.