OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ludolf Wienbarg

Christian Ludolf Wienbarg (25 December 1802 – 2 January 1872) was a German journalist and literary critic, one of the founders of the Young Germany movement during the Vormärz period.

## Biography

Wienbarg was born in Altona, as the son of a blacksmith. In 1822 he started studying theology at the Kiel University. In 1826, he had to drop his studies for financial reasons and worked as a private tutor for Count Christian Günther von Bernstorff in Lauenburg. In 1829, he was conferred a doctor's degree at Marburg University for his thesis on the original meaning of Platonic ideas. In 1833, he accepted a job as lecturer in Kiel.
In 1834, he published a collection with 22 of his lectures under the title "Ästhetische Feldzüge" ("Aesthetic Campaigns"). With the opening words "To you, young Germany, I dedicate these speeches" he helped to create the expression "Young Germany". In the same year, he met the writer Karl Gutzkow in Frankfurt am Main. They planned to publish a journal in summer 1835. However, it was seized and banned by the German government even before the delivery of its first edition.
In November 1835, Wienbarg's writings, together with those of Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Börne, Karl Gutzkow, Heinrich Laube and Theodor Mundt, were first banned in Prussia and subsequently in all the member states of the German confederation. Wienbarg was forced to leave Frankfurt and escaped to Heligoland, then a British island popular with political refugees from Germany. In the autumn of 1836, he returned to Hamburg where he resumed his activities as a journalist and editor for different journals. At the end of the 1830s, he was supported by his siblings. On 12 May 1839 he married Elisabeth Wilhelmine Dorothea Marwedel, daughter of a middle-class family in Altona, but his marriage did not improve his financial situation.
In 1846, his plans to emigrate to the United States were discussed in the press, but the national enthusiasm for the Schleswig-Holstein Question made him rethink his decision. In 1848 and 1849, he volunteered in the First Schleswig War.
After 1850, Wienbarg lived in Hamburg and Altona, addicted to alcohol, destitute, and forgotten by the public. In 1869, he was committed to a psychiatric clinic in Schleswig where he died on 2 January 1872.

## Works (selection)

* Aesthetische Feldzüge. Dem jungen Deutschland gewidmet. Hamburg: Hoffmann u. Campe 1834. Reprint, with modernised orthography: East Berlin/Weimar, Aufbau 1964.
* Zur neuesten Literatur. Von L. W., Verfasser der "ästhetischen Feldzüge. Mannheim: Löwenthal 1835.
* Wanderungen durch den Thierkreis. Hamburg: Hoffmann u. Campe 1835; Reprint: Frankfurt a. M. 1973.
* Tagebuch von Helgoland. Hamburg: Hoffmann u. Campe, 1838. Digitalisat
* Die Dramatiker der Jetztzeit, H. 1. Altona 1839.
* Die Volks-Versammlung zu Nortorf am 14ten September 1846. Hamburg: Hoffmann u. Campe 1846.
* Der dänische Fehdehandschuh. Aufgenommen von L. W. Hamburg: Hoffmann u. Campe 1846.
* Nach Helgoland und anderswohin. Gedanken auf Reisen. Edited by Alfred Estermann. Nördlingen: Greno 1987.
# Coopertown, West Virginia

Coopertown is an unincorporated community in Boone County, West Virginia, United States.
# Michael Cia

Michael Cia (born 3 August 1988) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for SSV Naturns.

## Club career

A native of South Tyrol, Cia joined Atalanta in joint-ownership bid on 30 January 2007, he then loaned to Sambenedettese and Triestina.
Atalanta bought the player outright in June 2009. In July 2009, he was sold to city "rival" (in fact the club had many player transfer) AlbinoLeffe of Serie B along with Dario Bergamelli in another co-ownership deal in 5-year contract, as part of the deal that Nicola Madonna was re-signed by Atalanta in co-ownership deal for €550,000. Half of Cia was tagged for €400,000, while Bergamelli was for €150,000.
In June 2011 AlbinoLeffe bought Bergamelli, Cia and Karamoko Cissé outright from promoted Atalanta.
On 31 August 2011 Cia left for Benevento and Domenico Germinale moved to AlbinoLeffe also in temporary deal.
On 31 August 2012 he left for club again to Calcio Como along with Francesco Luoni. Circa 2012 Cia's contract was also extended. In June 2013 Como did not excise the option to sign Cia outright.
In 2013 Cia was signed by Pisa in temporary deal, with option to sign him in co-ownership.

## International career

Cia has represented Italy at every youth level from Under-15 to Under-20. He played 3 times (one in third place match) in 2005 UEFA European Under-17 Championship and twice in 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship.
On 25 March 2009 he made his debut with the Italy U-21 squad in a friendly match against Austria. That match was the fourth round of 2009–10 Four Nations Tournament. The tournament usually played by U-20 but Pierluigi Casiraghi used the match to prepare for the final round of 2009 U-21 Euro, selecting junior players (player born in 1988 or after) for that round (players born in 1986 or after were eligible).
# Falling Off the Roof

Falling Off the Roof is an album by the English musician Ginger Baker, released in 1996. It is credited to his trio, which included Charlie Haden on bass and Bill Frisell on guitar. It peaked at No. 13 on Billboard's Top Jazz Albums chart.

## Production

The album was produced by Baker and Malcolm Cecil and included original songs from each member of the trio. Baker fell off the roof of his Parker, Colorado, home three days prior to the start of the Seattle recording sessions; he played while dealing with the effects of a concussion and a broken rib. The album was finished in Los Angeles, in a studio next to one that was being used by Guns N' Roses. Baker liked neither the studio nor the musical style of the drummers used by Guns N' Roses. Jerry Hahn played guitar on "Sunday at the Hillcrest". Béla Fleck played banjo on three of the tracks. "Bemsha Swing" is a version of the Thelonious Monk composition. "Vino Vecchio" is a reworking of Cream's "Sweet Wine". "Au Privave" was written by Charlie Parker.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Buffalo News | |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| Houston Press | |
| Lincoln Journal Star | |
| MusicHound Jazz: The Essential Album Guide | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD | |
The Toronto Star noted that "it's the cranky Frisell melodics and harmonics, always on the edge but never over it, that attract". The Globe and Mail said that "Baker and Haden work wonderfully together at times ... but they can also bump along heavily, turning this esoteric set of originals and bebop classics ... into a rather hit-and-miss proposition." The Hartford Courant stated that the album "has a sparse, clear sound that effectively mixes elegance with power." The Ottawa Citizen opined that it "lacks the grace of its predecessor—substituting bombast for energy, and broad gestures for wry wit."
Stereo Review said that "the performances are trim and full of snap, thanks in no small part to the uncommon melodic lilt of Baker's rhythmic punctuations... He joins forces with Haden to lock in some irresistible grooves." The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette deemed Falling Off the Roof the seventh best jazz album of 1996; the album was also included on the Albuquerque Journal's list of the best jazz albums of the year.
# Rajendravarman II

Rajendravarman II (Khmer: រាជេន្ទ្រវរ្ម័នទី២) was the king of the Khmer Empire (region of Angkor in Cambodia), from 944 to 968 AD.
Rajendravarman II was the uncle and first cousin of Harshavarman II. His principal monuments, located in the Angkor region of Cambodia's Siem Reap province, are Pre Rup and East Mebon.$^{:73}$$^{:358,361–367}$
The king claimed links to the royal line of the Chenla state that had its capital at Bhavapura (the city's location is debated) and predates the start of the Khmer empire in 802 AD. Inscriptions say that the Khmer empire under his tutelage extended to southern Vietnam, Laos and much of Thailand and as far north as southern China.
An inscription at Pre Rup relates that Rajendravarman II was a great warrior, his sword frequently blood-stained, his body as hard as a diamond. Though the king punished the guilty, the inscription says, he had an ocean of compassion for the innocent. Other inscriptions depict him as organizer of state religious ritual. In one text, he gives an order for the collection of holy oil, in the form of butter, for use in temples.
The king ruled from a great palace designed by his minister Kavindrarimathana. Many scholars believe that Rajendravarman II instituted a system of centralized administration, establishing more direct control over a collection of princes who had been largely independent at their estates in the provinces.$^{:116}$
Construction at Banteay Srei, the ornate temple of pink sandstone located north of the main Angkor complex, began during the king's reign.$^{:117}$
Inscriptions from 946 AD say Rajendravarman II had victories over Ramanya and Champa. Historians believe Ramanya was the area of the Mons of Eastern Dvaravati. Rajendravarman II led fighting against the rival state of Champa in the east, and in 946 AD seized as booty a gold statue in the temple of Po Nagar there.$^{:56}$
During his reign, the Khmer Empire had 24 cities or pura.
Rajendravarman II was succeeded by his 10-year-old son, who reigned as Jayavarman V.$^{:79}$
# Bernie Walter

James Bernard Walter (August 15, 1908 – October 30, 1988) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 1930 with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He batted and threw right-handed.
He was born in Dover, Tennessee and died in Nashville, Tennessee.
# Miwok languages

The Miwok or Miwokan languages (/ˈmiːwɒk/; Northern Sierra Miwok:), also known as Moquelumnan or Miwuk, are a group of endangered languages spoken in central California by the Miwok peoples, ranging from the Bay Area to the Sierra Nevada. There are seven Miwok languages, four of which have distinct regional dialects. There are a few dozen speakers of the three Sierra Miwok languages, and in 1994 there were two speakers of Lake Miwok. The best attested language is Southern Sierra Miwok, from which the name Yosemite originates. The name Miwok comes from the Northern Sierra Miwok word miw·yk meaning 'people.'

## Languages

Language family by Mithun (1999):
* Eastern Miwok
** Plains Miwok †
** Bay Miwok (a.k.a. Saclan) †
** Sierra Miwok
*** Northern Sierra Miwok (†) (Camanche, Fiddletown, Ione, and West Point dialects)
*** Central Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct) (East Central and West Central dialects)
*** Southern Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct) (Yosemite, Mariposa, and Southern dialects)
* Western Miwok
** Coast Miwok † (Bodega and Marin dialects)
** Lake Miwok †

## Proto-language

Reconstructions of Proto-Miwok plant and animal names by Callaghan (2014):
    Proto-Miwok animal names GlossProto-Miwok coyote*ʔole wolf*hu·n, *hun·u- antelope, bighorn*ha·lu-ṣ pocket gopher*syw·yt dog*haju chicken hawk*suj·u duck hawk*wek-wek fish hawk*tuk-tuk California condor*mol·uk ? great horned owl*tuk·u-·li barn owl*wič·iki-ṣ burrowing owl*ṭok(·)ok... valley quail*hek... roadrunner*ʔuj(·)uj u, *ʔu·juju ? kingfisher*ča·ṭa·-ṭa- pileated woodpecker*pak-pak California woodpecker*palaṭ·ak lesser snow goose*wa·wo ? goose spp.*low·ot ? lizard*pit·e-·li ? frog, sound of frog*waṭa·k ? grasshopper*ko·ṭo ? head louse*ke·t, *ket·y- flea*ky(·)ky-ṣ spider*pok·um body louse*čypsi scorpion*ʔet·ym
    Proto-Miwok plant names GlossProto-Miwok mountain pine and nuts*san(·)ak pine nuts, nuts*ṣanak gray pine and nuts*sa·k, *sak·y cedar, cypress*mo·nuk ? valley oak, tree*ʔalwaṣ, ʔala·waṣ live oak*sa·ṭa small oak tree*su·k ? white oak*mol·a, *mo·la maple*ṣa·ji buckeye (tree and fruit)*ʔu·nu tree alder*sot·um ? elderberry tree/fruit*ʔantaj manzanita (tree and berries)*ʔe·je, *ʔej·e Sierra gooseberry*ki·li poison oakProto-Utian *nykys brush*lim·e wormwood (sage herb)*kičin grapes*mut(·)e black basket root*mul·a root, basket root (Carex spp.)*su·li Indian potato (Brodiaea spp.)*wa·la tea plant*huk... jimson weed ?
# Rodolfo B. Valentino

Rodolfo B. Valentino Sr. is a Filipino politician and was the appointee of Philippine President Corazon Aquino to serve as Officer-in-charge of Marikina. He ran for municipal mayor of Marikina in 1988 and served until June 30, 1992. He was succeeded by Bayani Fernando on June 30, 1992.

## Biography

Rodolfo Valentino, a dentist by profession and a scion of a shoemaking family, was appointed Officer-in-Charge by Philippine President Corazon Aquino until 1988 when he was elected mayor on his own. He remained mayor until June 30, 1992 when he lost his reelection bid against Bayani "BF" Fernando.

## Marikina Mayor

Rodolfo Valentino, who was appointed officer-in-charge following the EDSA Revolution sought to revive the fortunes of the Marikina shoe industry. In fact, he would spend much of his time in office for this purpose keeping him away from his other tasks. His efforts for the shoe industry would take him to Germany, the Soviet Union and China. In Düsseldorf, he was able to get a big order for ladies shoes which was filled by a local consortium led by Joey Enriquez; Figlia Shoes. He went with Trade Secretary Jose Concepcion on a trade mission to Moscow in 1989. On his second trip to Moscow the following year, he was offered a contract to supply one million pairs, which Vietnam, a fellow socialist country, could not fill. But the Russians could pay only in rubles. In his trip to Wuhan in China, Valentino explored the possibility by using rubles for raw materials.
Valentino took the risks of dealing with a socialist country. He had to deal not with businessmen but with government functionaries. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, it was clear on his third visit to Moscow that his agreement with the communist regime could not be implemented. Valentino is buried at the Valentino-Bautista mausoleum (Loyola Memorial Park).

## Gallery

* Loyola Memorial Park
* Valentino-Bautista mausoleum
Valentino Bautista
# Rhodri ab Idwal Foel

Rhodri ab Idwal (died c. 970) was a 10th-century prince of Gwynedd from the royal dynasty of Aberffraw.
He was one of six children of King Idwal the Bald of Gwynedd, who was killed along with his brother Elissed ab Anarawd during an English invasion c. 943, after which the kingdom initially passed to King Hywel the Good of Deheubarth rather than any of Idwal's heirs. At the death of Hywel, Idwal's sons rebelled against the new king Owain and his brothers.
Rhodri's murder was recorded in the undated Annals of Wales; Phillimore's reconstruction would place the entry in AD 969. The Chronicle of the Princes records the murder in AD 966 and attributes it to the Irish of Anglesey. His brother Iago is said to have destroyed the Irish at Aberffraw in retribution and then chased them completely out of Gwynedd.
Moore attributed the destructive civil war among Idwal Foel's other children to the death of Rhodri, although the kingship had been assumed by his elder brothers Iefan and Iago.
# Telecommunications Act, 2023

The Telecommunications Act, 2023 is an act of the Parliament of India to replace the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885. It aims to consolidate laws relating to development, expansion and operation of telecommunication services and networks.

## Background and timeline

On 20 December 2023, the Telecommunications bill, 2023 was passed by Lok Sabha.
On 21 December 2023, the Telecommunications bill, 2023 was passed in Rajya Sabha.
The Bill replaces the Indian Telegraph Act of 1885 with a comprehensive framework for the telecom sector.
The Key Provisions of the Bill are:
1. Regulation of OTT Services: The bill proposes to bring over-the-top (OTT) services under the definition of telecommunications. This would subject them to similar regulations as traditional telecom services, potentially raising concerns about privacy and freedom of expression.
2. Government powers: The bill grants the government wide-ranging powers, including the ability to:
* Suspend or prohibit use of telecom equipment from countries or individuals for national security reasons.
* Take over, manage, or suspend any or all telecommunication services or networks in the interest of national security.
* Waive entry fees, license fees, penalties, etc., to promote consumer interests, market competition, or national security.
3. Spectrum allocation: The bill introduces a new system for allocating spectrum for satellite broadband services. This could potentially benefit rural areas and bridge the digital divide.
4. Other provisions: The bill also includes provisions for:
* Promoting research and development in the telecom sector.
* Protecting consumer rights and ensuring data privacy.
* Facilitating the deployment of new technologies like 5G.

## Reactions

Concerns have been raised about the potential for government overreach and content censorship, as the bill grants broad powers to regulate online content.
The bill's provisions granting wide-ranging powers to the government, including suspension of services and equipment bans, have been criticized as giving excessive control and potentially jeopardizing fundamental rights like freedom of expression and privacy. Critics argue that the drafting and consultation process for the bill has been opaque and lacked sufficient involvement of key stakeholders, leading to concerns about its effectiveness and fairness.
The bill's data localization requirements, which mandate storing user data within India, raise concerns about potential misuse and surveillance by the government or third parties.
Provisions for interception and decryption of communications further add to worries about the protection of personal information and online privacy.
# Lumnitzera racemosa

Lumnitzera racemosa, commonly known as the white-flowered black mangrove, is a species of mangrove in the family Combretaceae. It is found on the eastern coast of Africa and other places in the western Indo-Pacific region. It has one accepted variety from the noniminate species which is Lumnitzera racemosa var. lutea (Gaudich.) Exell.

## Description

Lumnitzera racemosa is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, growing to a maximum height of 37 m (121 ft). It develops pneumatophores and often has stilt roots. The leaves are arranged spirally at the tips of the shoots; they are simple and obovate, with slightly toothed margins. The inflorescences grow in short spikes in the axils of the leaves or at the tips of the shoots. The flowers are small and white, and are followed by woody, flattened fruits containing a single seed.

## Distribution and habitat

This species is native from KwaZulu-Natal to southeast Kenya in the western Indian Ocean, tropical & subtropical Asia to the western Pacific. Its range includes KwaZulu-Natal, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Madagascar, Aldabra, Seychelles, Chagos Archipelago, Maldives, India, Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, southeast China, Hainan, Taiwan, Nansei-shoto, Korea, South China Sea, Philippines, Peninsular Malaysia, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. In Mozambique it is one of only ten mangrove species. It grows in the higher part of the intertidal zone and is found both on beaches and lining the banks of creeks. It is a fast-growing, pioneering species.

## Uses

The timber of Lumnitzera racemosa is strong and durable and has many uses, including bridge construction. The wood is highly favoured for charcoal making in Cambodia. The bark is harvested for the tannins it contains.

## Status

Mangroves in general are under threat from coastal development, and this species, which grows on the landward edge of the mangrove area, may be more threatened by rising sea levels than are other species because it may be unable to move further inland. There may be a decline in populations of this species due to habitat loss or harvesting, but it is a common species of mangrove with a very wide range, and is not declining at a sufficient rate to be included in any threatened category, so it is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of "least concern".
The variety of racemosa, also known as Tonga mangrove (Afrikaans: Tonga-wortelboom, Zulu: Isikhaha-esibomvu), is a protected tree in South Africa.

## Common names

The plant is known by a variety of common names. These include krâ:nhob sâ: (sâ:=white< Khmer)
# Studenec (Semily District)

Studenec is a municipality and village in Semily District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,800 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Studenec consists of three municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Studenec (1,246)
* Rovnáčov (173)
* Zálesní Lhota (435)

## Etymology

The Old Czech word studenec meant 'source (of the river)'.

## Geography

Studenec is located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Liberec. It lies in the Giant Mountains Foothills. The highest point is the hill Stráž at 630 m (2,070 ft) above sea level. The Oleška River originates in Rovnáčov and then flows across the municipality.

## History

According to chronicles, in the 11th century, the hill Stráž (literally 'guard') under its Latin name Custodius was a guarding point near a trade route. The first written mention of Studenec is from 1395, when it was administered by the nearby Levín Castle. From the early 16th century until 1584, Studenec was a property of the noble Trčka of Lípa family. Another notable owner was Albrecht von Wallenstein, who bought it in 1628, but sold it shortly afterwards.
In the 19th century, the domestic textile production rapidly expanded and Studenec became nicknamed "village of weavers". At the beginning of the 20th century, the village had 2,500 inhabitants and more than 1,200 looms worked in cottages. With the development of industrial production, domestic weaving gradually disappeared. However, its tradition led to the establishment of a weaving mill in 1911, which grew into one of the most important textile companies in pre-war Czechoslovakia under the brand Fejfar & Mládek.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 3,667 | — |
| 1880 | 3,520 | −4.0% |
| 1890 | 3,534 | +0.4% |
| 1900 | 3,411 | −3.5% |
| 1910 | 3,088 | −9.5% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 2,768 | −10.4% |
| 1930 | 2,812 | +1.6% |
| 1950 | 1,837 | −34.7% |
| 1961 | 1,899 | +3.4% |
| 1970 | 1,945 | +2.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 1,873 | −3.7% |
| 1991 | 1,712 | −8.6% |
| 2001 | 1,704 | −0.5% |
| 2011 | 1,778 | +4.3% |
| 2021 | 1,854 | +4.3% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.

## Sights

The main landmark of Studenec is the Church of Saint John the Baptist. Its current Neo-Romanesque form dates from 1868.

## Notable people

* Jiří Šlitr (1924–1969), songwriter, pianist, singer, actor
* Květa Jeriová (born 1956), cross-country skier

## Twin towns – sister cities

Studenec is twinned with:
* Zuberec, Slovakia