OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1991 in Sri Lanka

The following lists events that happened during 1991 in Sri Lanka.

## Incumbents

* President: Ranasinghe Premadasa
* Prime Minister: Dingiri Banda Wijetunga
* Chief Justice: Parinda Ranasinghe then Herbert Thambiah then G. P. S. de Silva

### Governors

* Central Province – P. C. Imbulana
* North Central Province – E. L. Senanayake
* North Eastern Province – Nalin Seneviratne
* North Western Province – Montague Jayawickrama
* Sabaragamuwa Province – Noel Wimalasena
* Southern Province – Leslie Mervyn Jayaratne
* Uva Province – Abeyratne Pilapitiya
* Western Province – Suppiah Sharvananda

### Chief Ministers

* Central Province – W. M. P. B. Dissanayake
* North Central Province – G. D. Mahindasoma
* North Western Province – Gamini Jayawickrama Perera
* Sabaragamuwa Province – Abeyratne Pilapitiya
* Southern Province – M. S. Amarasiri
* Uva Province – Percy Samaraweera
* Western Province – Susil Moonesinghe

## Events

* Sri Lankan Civil War
** Eelam War II
* 10 July–9 August – The First Battle of Elephant Pass took was fought between the Sri Lankan army and the LTTE over control of the Sri Lankan military base of Elephant Pass, which was of strategic importance as it connected to the northern mainland of Vanni with the Jaffna Peninsula.
* 2 March – Havelock Road bombing: UNP Minister of Defense Ranjan Wijeratne is killed in a car bombing. The LTTE is allegedly responsible for the attack.
* The South Asian Games are held in Colombo.
# 1999 in Sri Lanka

The following lists events that happened during 1999 in Sri Lanka.

## Incumbents

* President: Chandrika Kumaratunga
* Prime Minister: Sirimavo Bandaranaike
* Chief Justice: G. P. S. de Silva then Sarath N. Silva

### Governors

* Central Province – Stanley Tillekeratne
* North Central Province – G. M. S. Samaraweera
* North Eastern Province – Asoka Jayawardena
* North Western Province – Hector Arawwawala (until 3 January); Siripala Jayaweera (starting 3 January)
* Sabaragamuwa Province – C. N. Saliya Mathew
* Southern Province – Neville Kanakeratne (until 20 September); Ananda Dassanayake (starting 20 September)
* Uva Province – Ananda Dassanayake (until 1999); Sirisena Amarasiri (starting 1999)
* Western Province – K. Vignarajah

### Chief Ministers

* Central Province –
** until April: Vacant
** April-June: Sarath Ekanayake
** starting June: Nandimithra Ekanayake
* North Central Province – vacant (until June); Berty Premalal Dissanayake (starting June)
* North Western Province – Nimal Bandara (until 28 January); S. B. Nawinne (starting 28 January)
* Sabaragamuwa Province –
** until April: Vacant
** April-June: Kantha Gunatilleke
** starting June: Athauda Seneviratne
* Southern Province – Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena
* Uva Province –
** until April: Vacant
** April: Nalini Weerawanni
** starting April: Samaraweera Weerawanni
* Western Province – vacant (until June); Susil Premajayanth (starting June)

## Events

* Sri Lankan Civil War
** Eelam War III
* October–November – The Oddusuddan offensive takes place. It was a military operation in which the LTTE captured the town of Oddusuddan from the Sri Lankan Army. The LTTE were believed to have captured large amounts of weapons and ammunitions as well as armoured vehicles in this operation.
* 20 November – Madhu church shelling: the Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu is subject to severe shelling following fighting between the LTTE and the Sri Lanka Army. The shelling resulted in approximately 40 deaths and 60 injuries.
* 18 December – President Chandrika Kumaratunga barely survives an assassination attempt by the LTTE in Colombo.
* 29 December – 1999 Sri Lankan presidential election: Incumbent President Chandrika Kumaratunga is reelected, winning by a 51.12% margin amidst several assassination attempts prior to the election.
# Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann

Hartmut Johann Otto Pogge von Strandmann (born 1938) is a German historian and academic, who was Professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford between 1996 and 2005.

## Career

Born in 1938, Pogge von Strandmann attended the University of Bonn, the Humboldt University of Berlin and the University of Hamburg, where he studied history, philosophy, geography, politics and economics. He completed the first part of examinations in 1962 and was then a senior scholar at St Antony's College, Oxford, between 1962 and 1966 and a junior research fellow at Balliol College, Oxford, between 1966 and 1970, completing a DPhil in 1970 with a thesis on Imperial Germany's Colonial Council.
Pogge von Strandmann was lecturer in modern European history at the University of Sussex from 1970 to 1977, when he returned to Oxford as a fellow at University College. He was awarded the title of Professor of Modern History by the University of Oxford in 1996, and retired in 2005. He has held visiting professorships at the University of Rostock (1991 and 1992), the University of Namibia (1993–95) and Washington and Lee University (2004). He was also the subject of a 2003 Festschrift edited by Geoff Eley and James Retallack: Wilhelminism and its Legacies: German Modernities, Imperialism, and the Meanings of Reform, 1890–1930: Essays for Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2003).

## Publications

Pogge von Strandmann's research has focused on Wilhelmine Germany.
* (Editor) Walther Rathenau, Tagebuch 1907–1922 (Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag [de], 1967)
* "Domestic origins of Germany's colonial expansion under Bismarck", Past & Present, vol. 42 (1969), pp. 140–159.
* Unternchmenspolitik und Unternchmensfuhrung. Der Dialog zwischen Aufsichtsrat und Vorstand bei Mannesmann 1900 bis 1919 (Düsseldorf, 1978)
* (Editor with R. J. Bullen and A. B. Polonsky) Ideas into Politics: Aspects of European History, 1880–1950 (London: Croon Helm, 1984).
* (Editor) Walther Rathenau: Industrialist, Banker, Intellectual, and Politician: Notes and Diaries, 1907–1922 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985).
* (with Robert J. W. Evans) The Coming of the First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).
* (Editor with Robert J. W. Evans) The Revolutions in Europe 1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)..
# Radon hexafluoride

Radon hexafluoride is a binary chemical compound of radon and fluorine with the chemical formula RnF $_6$. This is still a hypothetical compound that has not been synthesized so far.

## Potential properties

The compound is calculated to be less stable than radon difluoride. Radon hexafluoride is expected to have an octahedral molecular geometry, unlike the C$_{3v}$ of xenon hexafluoride.
The Rn-F bonds in radon hexafluoride is predicted to be shorter and more stable compared to Xe-F bonds in xenon hexafluoride.
# 1923 in Mandatory Palestine

Several events and notable births happened during 1923 in the British Mandate of Palestine.

## Incumbents

* High Commissioner – Sir Herbert Louis Samuel
* Emir of Transjordan – Abdullah I bin al-Hussein
* Prime Minister of Transjordan – 'Ali Rida Basha al-Rikabi until 1 February; Mazhar Raslan (acting prime minister) until 5 September; Hasan Khalid Abu al-Huda

## Events
### May

* 15 May – Britain recognizes Transjordan as an independent government, although it still remains under the British Mandate of Palestine.

### June

* 16–20 June – Sixth Palestine Arab Congress held in Jaffa.

### September

* 26 September – The British Mandate for Palestine, a legal instrument for the administration of Palestine, confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on 24 July 1922, comes into effect.

### Unknown date

* The founding of Ramat HaSharon, at the time named Ir Shalom (Hebrew: עִיר שָׁלוֹם, lit. City of Peace), by a group of Jewish immigrants from Poland.

## Notable births

* 21 February - Avraham Biton, Israeli politician (died 2005).
* 6 March - Gideon Ben-Yisrael, Israeli politician (died 2014).
* 10 March - Shmuel Tamir, Israeli lawyer and politician (died 1987).
* 13 March – Eliezer Kashani, Irgun fighter, one of the Olei Hagardom (died 1947).
* 7 June – Uzzi Ornan, Israeli linguist (died 2022).
* 20 July – Mattityahu Peled, Israeli general and peace activist (died 1995).
* 2 September – Moshe Kelman, Israeli military officer (died 1980).
* 12 September – Aviad Yafeh, Israeli politician (died 1977).
* 15 September – Yosef Harish, Israeli jurist, Attorney General of Israel (died 2013).
* 27 September – Meir Avizohar, Israeli politician (died 2008).
* 9 October – Haim Gouri, Israeli poet, novelist, journalist and documentary filmmaker (died 2018).
# Maria Balcerkiewiczówna

Maria Balcerkiewiczówna (21 December 1903 – 11 February 1975) was a Polish stage and film actress of the early 20th century.
Born in Warsaw, in 1921 she graduated from the C. Rino-Lupo film school, followed by a year of private acting lessons under the tutelage of Aleksander Zelwerowicz before making her stage debut on the theater stages of Warsaw in 1922, including stints at the National Theatre, Warsaw and the Grand Theatre, Warsaw. She made her film debut in the 1924 Edward Puchalski-directed O czym sie nie mówi, starring Jadwiga Smosarska.
From 1929 to 1931 she led her own acting troupe through the Polish provinces, bringing theater to small towns and villages, where she would also recite poetry. During World War II, Balcerkiewiczówna fled to London where she would settle permanently and became a member of the Association of Polish Stage Artists (ZASP) while in exile. Proficient in nine languages, she spent her later years working as a translator. She died in London in 1975.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1924 | The Unspeakable | Unspeakable | |
| 1925 | Vampires of Warsaw | Countess Tamarska | |
| 1926 | Tredowata | Melania Barska | |
| 1927 | Usmiech losu | Losnicka, cabaret actress | |
| 1928 | Ludzie dzisiejsi | Teacher | |
| 1934 | Zamarle echo | Ewa | |
| 1934 | Młody Las | Jakubowska | |
| 1935 | Her Highness Dances the Waltz | Countess Lubowska | |
| 1936 | Augustus the Strong | Princess Jablonowska | |
| 1936 | Valse éternelle | Countess Labowiska | (final film role) |
# DWHY

DWHY (100.7 FM), broadcasting as 100.7 Star FM, is a radio station owned and operated by Bombo Radyo Philippines through its licensee People's Broadcasting Service, Inc. Its studio, offices and transmitter are located at the Bombo Radyo Broadcast Center, Maramba Bankers Village, Brgy. Bonuan Catacdang, Dagupan.
# Quinten Johnson

Quinten Johnson (born June 10, 2000) is an American football safety. He played college football for the Michigan Wolverines, winning three consecutive Big Ten Conference titles and a national championship in 2023.

## Early life

Johnson was born on June 10, 2000, the son of John and Karen Johnson, and attended St. John's College High School in Washington D.C. He was rated as a four-star recruit, the No. 16 ranked safety, and the No. 182 overall ranked player in the country in 2019. Johnson held offers from schools such as Penn State, Alabama, Boston College, Michigan and Maryland. Ultimately, Johnson committed to play college football at the University of Michigan.

## College career

In Johnson's first two seasons, 2019 and 2020, he redshirted after playing in only two games. In his third and fourth seasons, 2021 and 2022, he appeared in all 28 games on defense and special teams, registering 14 tackles.
In 2023, Johnson appeared in all 15 games for Michigan’s national championship team. He finished the season with a career-best 22 tackles, five pass deflections, an interception, and a critical forced fumble in the Rose Bowl on Alabama quarterback Jalen Milroe.
After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Johnson declared for the 2024 NFL draft. He later decided to return to play for the Wolverines in 2024, after being granted a sixth season of eligibility. In total, Johnson played in all 13 games and started 12 times. He finished his final season with 43 tackles, one tackle for a loss and had five passes defended. In his six years, Johnson won 59 games with the Wolverines, appeared in 58 games (35 on defense), won three Big Ten championships and was a national champion in 2023.
# Vampire pumpkins and watermelons

Vampire pumpkins and watermelons are a folk legend from the Balkans, in southeastern Europe, described by ethnologist Tatomir Vukanović. The story is associated with the Romani people of the region, from whom much of traditional vampire folklore originated.
The belief in vampire fruit is similar to the belief that any inanimate object left outside during the night of a full moon will become a vampire. One of the main indications that a pumpkin or melon is about to undergo a vampiric transformation (or has just completed one) is said to be the appearance of a drop of blood on its skin.
The only known reference in scholarship is Tatomir Vukanović's account of his journeys in Serbia from 1933 to 1948. He wrote several years later:
   The belief in vampires of plant origin occurs among Gs. [Gypsies] who belong to the Mosl. faith in KM [Kosovo-Metohija]. According to them there are only two plants which are regarded as likely to turn into vampires: pumpkins of every kind and water-melons. And the change takes place when they are 'fighting one another.' In Podrima and Prizrenski Podgor they consider this transformation occurs if these ground fruit have been kept for more than ten days: then the gathered pumpkins stir all by themselves and make a sound like 'brrrl, brrrl, brrrl!' and begin to shake themselves. It is also believed that sometimes a trace of blood can be seen on the pumpkin, and the Gs. then say it has become a vampire. These pumpkins and melons go round the houses, stables, and rooms at night, all by themselves, and do harm to people. But it is thought that they cannot do great damage to folk, so people are not very afraid of this kind of vampire.
   Among the Mosl. Gs. in the village of Pirani (also in Podrima) it is believed that if pumpkins are kept after Christmas they turn into vampires, while the Lešani Gs. think that this phenomenon occurs if a pumpkin used as a syphon, when ripe and dry, stays unopened for three years.
   Vampires of ground fruit origin are believed to have the same shape and appearance as the original plant.
   The Gs. in KM. destroy pumpkins and melons which have become vampires ... by plunging them into a pot of boiling water, which is then poured away, the ground fruit being afterwards scrubbed by a broom and then thrown away, and the broom burned.
The majority of Vukanović's article discusses human vampires; vampiric agricultural tools are also mentioned.The Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society has many articles that are collections of Roma tales, presumably oral history. However others are horror stories that allegedly include the direct involvement of the source (e.g., the fatal consequences of disrespecting the dead).
The story was popularized by Terry Pratchett's 1998 book Carpe Jugulum, a comic fantasy novel making extensive use of vampire legends. Pratchett has stated that he did not invent the vampire watermelon story himself. It is found in several other works: Jan Perkowski's 1976 book reprinted Vukanović's account, and the webcomic Digger incorporates a field of vampire squash (most of which resemble butternut squashes in appearance).
# 1998 in Sudan

The following lists events that happened during 1998 in Sudan.

## Incumbents

* President: Omar al-Bashir
* Vice President:
** Ali Osman Taha (First)
** George Kongor Arop (Second)

## Events
### September

* September 18 – The United Nations condemns Libya, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for breaches against the UN's air embargo against Libya.

### October

* October 15 – Sudanese refugees flee DRC, bringing themselves to a famine in southern Sudan.
# Mike Speedy

Mike Speedy (born August 15, 1968) is a Republican former member of the Indiana House of Representatives representing the 90th district from 2010 to 2024. He previously served as an Indianapolis City Councilman for the 24th district from 2004 to 2010. The American Conservative Union has given him a lifetime Legislature score of 90%. He earned a BS from the Kelley School of Business and a JD from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. In 2024, Speedy announced he was running for the United States House of Representatives in Indiana's 6th congressional district after Greg Pence announced he would not seek re-election. He lost the primary election to former Indianapolis city councilor Jefferson Shreve.

## Political positions
### Abortion

Speedy does not support abortion in most circumstances, and has voted against exceptions for rape and incest.
# Xorphanol

Xorphanol (INN) (developmental code name TR-5379 or TR-5379M), also known as xorphanol mesylate (USAN), is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan family that was never marketed.
Xorphanol is a mixed agonist–antagonist of opioid receptors, acting preferentially as a high-efficacy partial agonist/near-full agonist of the κ-opioid receptor (K$_i$ = 0.4 nM; EC$_{50}$ = 3.3 nM; I$_{max}$ = 49%; IA = 0.84) and to a lesser extent as a partial agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (K$_i$ = 0.25 nM; IC$_{50}$ = 3.4 nM; I$_{max}$ = 29%) with lower relative intrinsic activity and marked antagonistic potential (including the ability to antagonize morphine-induced effects and induce opioid withdrawal in opioid-dependent individuals). The drug has also been found to act as an agonist of the δ-opioid receptor (K$_i$ = 1.0 nM; IC$_{50}$ = 8 nM; I$_{max}$ = 76%).
Xorphanol produces potent analgesia, and was originally claimed to possess a minimal potential for dependence or abuse. Moreover, side effects in animal studies were relatively mild, with only sedation and nausea being prominent, although it also produced convulsions at the highest dose tested. However, human trials revealed additional side effects such as headaches and euphoria, and this was the subject of a lawsuit between the drug's inventors and the company to which they had licensed the marketing rights, which claimed that these side effects had not been revealed to them during the license negotiations. As a result of this dispute, the drug was never marketed commercially.
# 2018 in Sudan

The following lists events that happened during 2018 in Sudan.

## Incumbents

* President: Omar al-Bashir
* Prime Minister: Bakri Hassan Saleh
* Vice President:
** Bakri Hassan Saleh (First)
** Hassabu Mohamed Abdalrahman (Second)

## Ongoing

* War in Darfur

## Sports

* February 3 – Football: season start of the 2018 Sudan Premier League

## Deaths

* January 5 – Vincent Mojwok Nyiker, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Malakal (b. 1933).
* July – Fatima Abdel Mahmoud, politician (b. 1945).
* October 18 – Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, military officer and politician, President 1985–1986 (born 1934).
# 2003 in Sudan

The following lists events that happened during 2003 in Sudan.

## Incumbents

* President: Omar al-Bashir
* Vice President:
** Ali Osman Taha (First)
** Moses Kacoul Machar (Second)

## Events
### February

* February 9 – The War in Darfur starts.

### July

* July 8 – Sudan Airways Flight 139, with 117 people on board, crashes in Sudan.
# 2006 in Sudan

The following lists events that happened during 2006 in Sudan.

## Incumbents

* President: Omar al-Bashir
* Vice President:
** Salva Kiir Mayardit (First)
** Ali Osman Taha (Second)

## Events
### March

* March 3 – Kenya and Sudan, completing trade talks that have gone on since 2001, announce plans to sign a landmark trade agreement.

### April

* April 9 – Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo and the Republic of the Congo president Denis Sassou-Nguesso host talks in Abuja between the rival groups in Darfur hoping to accelerate the peace process. Sudanese attendees include Vice President Ali Osman Mohamed Taha, Minni Arcua Minnawi head of the most powerful faction of the divided Sudan Liberation Army, and Khalil Ibrahim, leader of the smaller Justice and Equality Movement.

### May

* May 16 – The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to initiate the process which would lead to a UN peacekeeping force relieving the beleaguered African Union peacekeepers in the war-torn Darfur region. The government of Sudan opposes the move.

### June

* June 3 – Human Rights Watch releases a video showing South Sudanese Vice President Dr. Riek Machar Teny Dhurgon bribing cult and rebel leader Joseph Kony and his second-in-command Vincent Otti of the Lord's Resistance Army to not attack southern Sudanese citizens.
* June 8 – A delegation from the rebel Lord's Resistance Army arrives in Juba for peace talks with the Ugandan government to be mediated by Riek Machar, Vice President of Southern Sudan.
* June 25 – The Sudanese government announces the lifting of a partial ban on United Nations operations in the conflict-hit Darfur region. The ban was made after the government accused the UN of transporting a rebel leader who opposes a recent peace deal.

### July

* July 14 – Talks begin in Juba between delegations from the Lord's Resistance Army and the Ugandan Government with a view to ending the conflict centred in Acholiland. The leader of the Ugandan delegation, Internal Affairs Minister Dr Ruhakana Rugunda had stated that obtaining a quick ceasefire is his priority.

### August

* August 8 – As Chadian President Idriss Déby is sworn into his third term in office; he hugs Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, who only a few days ago was overseeing a campaign to overthrow the second Déby administration.
# Pioneer organism

A pioneer organism, also called a disaster taxon, is an organism that colonizes a previously empty area first, or one that repopulates vacant niches after a natural disaster, mass extinction or any other catastrophic event that wipes out most life of the prior biome. A group of such organisms capable of continued procreation among themselves are a pioneer species.

## Natural disaster

After a natural disaster, common pioneer organisms include lichens and algae. Mosses usually follow lichens in colonization but cannot serve as pioneer organisms. These common pioneer organisms can have a preference in the temperatures they are in. Lichens are more inclined to be in regions with more rainfall, whereas algae and mosses have a preference of being in regions with more humidity.
Pioneer organisms modify their environment and establish conditions that accommodate other organisms. In some circumstances, other organisms can be considered pioneer organisms. Birds are usually the first to inhabit newly-created islands, and seeds, such as the coconut, may also be the first arrivals on barren soil.

## Extinction event

Since the resolution of the fossil record is low, pioneer organisms are often identified as those that lived within hundreds, thousands, or a million years of the extinction event. For example, after the Permian–Triassic extinction event 252 million years ago, Lystrosaurus, a tusked therapsid, was considered a disaster taxon.
# 2016 in Suriname

Events in the year 2016 in Suriname.

## Incumbents

* President: Dési Bouterse
* Vice President: Ashwin Adhin
* Speaker: Jennifer Simons

## Events
### Sport

* 5-21 August – Suriname at the 2016 Summer Olympics: 6 competitors in 4 sports

## Deaths

* 19 January – Max Nijman, singer (b. 1941).
* 13 November – Aloysius Ferdinandus Zichem, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1933).
# 2017 in Suriname

Events from the year 2017 in Suriname

## Incumbents

* President: Dési Bouterse
* Vice President: Ashwin Adhin
* Speaker: Jennifer Simons
# 2019 in Suriname

Events in the year 2019 in Suriname.

## Incumbents

* President: Dési Bouterse
* Vice President: Ashwin Adhin
* Speaker: Jennifer Simons

## Deaths

* 6 January – Bea Vianen, writer (b. 1935).
* 7 August – Orlando Grootfaam, footballer (b. 1974).
* 11 November – Winston Lackin, politician (b. 1954).