OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Podophyllum peltatum

Podophyllum peltatum is a North American herbaceous perennial plant in the family Berberidaceae. Its common names are mayapple, American mandrake, wild mandrake, and ground lemon.

## Description

Mayapples are woodland plants, typically growing in colonies derived from a single root. The stems grow to 30–40 cm (12–16 in) tall, with palmately lobed umbrella-like leaves up to 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in) diameter with 3–9 shallowly to deeply cut lobes. The plants produce several stems from a creeping underground rhizome; some stems bear a single leaf and do not produce any flower or fruit, while flowering stems produce a pair or more leaves with 1–8 flowers in the axil between the apical leaves. The flowers are white, yellow or red, 2–6 cm (1–2 in) diameter with 6–9 petals, and mature into a green, yellow or red fleshy fruit 2–5 cm (1–2 in) long.
Though the common name is mayapple, in some areas it is the flower that appears in early May, not the "apple". The fruit or "apple" is usually produced early in summer and ripens later in summer.

## Distribution and habitat

It is widespread across most of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada.

## Ecology

They are a larval host for the golden borer moth and the may apple borer.
Many species of plants have mycorrhizae to assist with nutrient uptake in infertile conditions. Mayapple plants are considered obligately dependent upon such mycorrhizae, although it may also be facultatively dependent upon rhizome age and soil nutrient levels. Plants are commonly found infected by the rust Allodus podophylli, appearing as honeycomb-patterned orange colonies under the leaves, and yellowish lesions on the upper surface.

## Toxicity

All the parts of the plant are poisonous, including the unripe green fruit and perhaps the ripe fruit eaten in excess. The rhizome, foliage, and roots are all poisonous. Mayapple contains podophyllotoxin or podophyllin, which is highly toxic if consumed.

## Uses

The ripened yellow fruit is edible in small amounts and is sometimes made into jelly.
Mayapple has been used by American Indians as an emetic, cathartic, and antihelmintic agent. The rhizome of the mayapple has been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, originally by indigenous inhabitants and later by other settlers.
Mayapple can be used topically as an escharotic in removing warts, and two of its derivatives, etoposide and teniposide, have shown promise in treating some cancers. Etoposide is among the World Health Organisations's list of essential medicines and it is derived from podophyllotoxin. Podophyllotoxin or podophyllin is used as a purgative and as a cytostatic. Posalfilin is a drug containing podophyllin and salicylic acid that is used to treat the plantar wart.
They are also grown as ornamental plants for their attractive foliage and flowers.

## Gallery

* P. peltatum fruit
* P. peltatum fruit
* P. peltatum fruit
* P. peltatum flower
* P. peltatum flower
# Adele Fifield

Adele Fifield (born 1966) is a recipient of the Order of Ontario, and was a director of the War Amps' National Amputee Centre. In February 2008 she became CEO of the Canadian Association of Radiologists where she worked until 2016. She became executive director of the National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities in 2016-

## Personal life and education

Fifield was born in Trinity East, Newfoundland, Canada. After being diagnosed with cancer, and subsequently losing her leg, Fifield enrolled in The War Amps Child Amputee (CHAMP) Program. She soon became a Junior Counsellor and eventually was offered full employment with The War Amps in 1989.
She earned a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Education from Memorial University in St. John's, Newfoundland., and is a Certified Association Executive (CAE) with the Canadian Society of Association Executives.

## Career

Fifield was awarded the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002 and became a member of the Order of Ontario on September 20, 2004, for her dedicated advocacy for Canadian amputees and veterans in Ontario.
Fifield directed The War Amps National Amputee Centre until 2008, which she educated Canadian amputees, their families and the public on all aspects of amputation. She was also President of The War Amps Operation Legacy. Following that, she was the chief executive officer of the Canadian Association of Radiologists until 2016. While working as CEO of the Canadian Association of Radiologists, Fifield was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal and Executive Member of the Year of the Ottawa-Gatineau Canadian Society of Association Executives.

## Honours

* 2003 - Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal
* 2005 - Order of Ontario
* 2013 - Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
* 2013 - Executive Member of the Year of Ottawa-Gatineau CSAE
# Exafroplacentalia

Exafroplacentalia or Notolegia is a clade of placental mammals proposed in 2001 on the basis of molecular research.
Exafroplacentalia places Xenarthra as a sister group to the Boreoeutheria (comprising Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires), thus making Afrotheria a primitive group of placental mammals (the group name roughly means "those which are not African placentals").

## Classification

However, this classification makes the autapomorphy (character shared only among Exafroplacentalia) dubious: it is hard to classify a group by the absence of a feature (in this case "not coming from Africa"). Hence, several alternative hypotheses can be considered.

## Alternative hypotheses

One alternative hypothesis is the Epitheria hypothesis:
Another alternative hypothesis is the Atlantogenata hypothesis:
Updated analysis of transposable element insertions around the time of divergence strongly supports the fourth hypothesis of a near-concomitant origin of the three superorders of mammals:
# Einar Kristian Haugen

Einar Kristian Haugen (born 22 November 1905 – 12 March 1968) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Vestfold during the terms 1950–1953,1954–1957 and 1958–1961.
# Hasdai ben Hezekiah

Hasdai ben Hezekiah (Hebrew: חסדאי בן חזקיה) was the son of Hezekiah ben Solomon and thus was the ninth Karaite exilarch of the line of Anan ben David. He lived in Iraq during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. He was the father of Solomon ben Hasdai. As an exilarch he claimed direct descent from King David.
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# John Hall (physician)

John Hall (1575 – 25 November 1635) was an English physician and son-in-law of William Shakespeare as the husband of Susanna Hall.

## Life

He was born at Carlton, Bedfordshire and studied at Queens' College, Cambridge from 1589, receiving a B.A. in 1593 and an M.A. in 1597. He became a physician, although he did not hold an English medical degree; it has been speculated that he studied medicine in France.
He established a practice in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was the only doctor in the town. He married Shakespeare's daughter Susanna on 5 June 1607. They had one daughter, Elizabeth. Their home in Stratford, Hall's Croft, is now open to the public. After Shakespeare's death, they moved into his former house at New Place.
Hall appears to have had a close relationship with his father-in-law, as they are recorded being in agreement over a local issue regarding enclosure in 1613. They are also known to have travelled together to London on business in 1614.

## Defamation case

Hall was a leading local Puritan. He had supported the Puritan vicar, Thomas Wilson, against whom there was much local opposition. In 1613, a member of the anti-Wilson faction, John Lane, defamed Susanna, claiming she had committed adultery with one Ralph Smith, a 35-year-old haberdasher, and had caught a venereal disease from Smith. On 15 July the Halls brought suit for slander against Lane in the Consistory Court at Worcester. Robert Whatcott, who three years later witnessed Shakespeare's will, testified for the Halls, but Lane failed to appear. Lane was found guilty and excommunicated. He was later involved in a riot to protest against Wilson.

## Writings

Hall prepared two notebooks of his case notes with the intention that they be published. They were purchased and translated from Latin by James Cooke (1614–1688), a surgeon. He published them in 1657, 22 years after Hall's death, as Select observations on English bodies, or Cures both empericall and historicall performed upon very eminent persons in desperate diseases. The earliest case, in Stratford, dates from 1611, making it almost certain that Hall lived and worked in Stratford from at least the time of his marriage. The first notebook still survives, but the original manuscript of the second notebook has been lost.
* Wells, Greg; Edmondson, Paul (Eds.): John Hall, Master of Physicke - a casebook from Shakespeare's Stratford, Manchester : Manchester University Press, 2020, ISBN 978-1-5261-3453-0

## Portrayals

The slander case has been used as the subject of a play, The Herbal Bed, by Peter Whelan. In the original production Hall was played by Liam Cunningham.
He was portrayed by Tom Hiddleston in A Waste of Shame: The Mystery of Shakespeare and His Sonnets, a TV film first broadcast on BBC Four on 22 November 2005 as part of a supporting programme for the BBC's ShakespeaRe-Told season.
Hadley Fraser portrayed him in the 2018 movie All Is True, directed by Kenneth Branagh.
# Brora Coalfield

The Brora Coalfield is a coalfield on the east coast of Sutherland in northern Scotland. The 'Brora Main' is a 1m to 1.5m thick seam which has been mined in the Brora area. It is unusual amongst British coalfields in being of Jurassic age rather than Carboniferous. The first seams to be worked were those exposed along the North Sea coast though inland mining began in the early nineteenth century. Mining continued until the 1970s; its principal market being the nearby brickworks.
# Neferneferure

Neferneferure (Ancient Egyptian: nfr-nfr.w-rꜥ "beautiful are the beauties of Re") (14th century BCE) was an ancient Egyptian princess of the 18th Dynasty. She was the fifth of six known daughters of Pharaoh Akhenaten and his Great Royal Wife Nefertiti.

## Family

Neferneferure was born during the 8th or 9th regnal year of her father Akhenaten in the city of Akhetaten. She had four older sisters named Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten and Neferneferuaten Tasherit, as well as a younger sister named Setepenre.

## Life

One of the earliest depictions of Neferneferure is in a fresco from the King's House in Amarna. She is depicted sitting on a pillow with her sister Neferneferuaten Tasherit. The fresco is dated to c. year 9 of Akhenaten, and the entire family is depicted, including the baby Setepenre.
Neferneferure is depicted at the Durbar in year 12 in the tomb of the Overseer of the royal quarters Meryre II in Amarna. Akhenaten and Nefertiti are shown seated in a kiosk, receiving tribute from foreign lands. The daughters of the royal couple are shown standing behind their parents. Neferure is the middle daughter in the lower register. She is holding a gazelle in her right arm and a lotus flower in her left. She is standing right behind her sister Neferneferuaten Tasherit. Her sister Setepenre is standing behind her and is shown reaching over to pet the gazelle.

## Death and burial

Neferneferure probably died in the 13th or 14th regnal year, possibly in the plague that swept across Egypt during this time. She is absent from one scene and her name was plastered over in another scene in the Royal Tomb in Amarna. To be specific, on Wall C of the chamber $\alpha$ of the Royal Tomb her name was mentioned among the five princesses (the list excluded the youngest, Setepenre, who was possibly dead by this time), but was later covered by plaster. On Wall B of the chamber $\gamma$ she is missing from the scene which shows her parents and three elder sisters – Meritaten, Ankhesenpaaten and Neferneferuaten Tasherit – mourning the dead second princess, Meketaten. This suggests that she is likely to have died shortly before the decoration of these chambers was finished. It is possible that Neferneferure was actually buried in chamber $\alpha$ of the royal tomb.
Alternatively she may have been buried in Tomb 29 in Amarna. This theory is based on an amphora handle bearing an inscription mentioning the inner (burial) chamber of Neferneferure. If Neferneferure was buried in tomb 29, then this may mean the Royal Tomb was already sealed at the time of her burial and that she may have died after the death of her father Akhenaten.

## Other objects mentioning Neferneferure

A lid of a small box (JdE 61498) bearing her picture was found among the treasures of Tutankhamun. It shows the princess crouching, with a finger pressed to her mouth, as very young children were often depicted. On the lid Re's name in her name was written phonetically instead of with the usual circled dot.
# Alice Parker Lesser

Alice Parker Lesser (April 21, 1863 – October 30, 1939) was an American lawyer, suffragist, and clubwoman based in Boston, Massachusetts.

## Early life and education

Alice Parker was born in 1863 (some sources give 1862 or 1864), in Lowell, Massachusetts, the only child of Dr. Hiram Parker and Annie G. Trafton Parker. She graduated from Lowell High School and moved to California in 1885 for her health. She passed the bar examination in San Francisco in 1888, after studying independently and with the lawyer who would become her husband; in 1890, she became the third woman admitted to the bar in Massachusetts.

## Career

Alice Parker began her law practice in Boston in 1890. A trial lawyer and general practitioner, in the 1890s she used her legal knowledge (something extremely rare for a woman of that era to possess) for the benefit of women. She lectured and published a series of articles in the “Home Journal” of Boston under the title of “Law for my Sisters”, by which she explained to women the law of marriage, widows, breach of promise, wife’s necessaries, life insurance on divorce, sham marriages, and names. She also authored many amendments to the Massachusetts legislature affecting property rights of women. She was president of Portia, an organization of women lawyers and law students in Boston, and also president of Pentagon, a social organization for professional women. She was a member of the Women Lawyers' Association and the Massachusetts Federation of Women's Clubs, where she chaired the Committee on Legislation.
Alice Parker Lesser spoke frankly about gender in the legal profession. "I and other women lawyers have lied when we said that we were on an equal basis with men in our profession," she declared to a Boston newspaper in 1912. "Women lawyers can earn money, but not fame... Suffrage is the one cure." She also wrote about the political deprivation of women: "She has been deprived of all civic imagination, all civic knowledge, and all civic responsibility, so far as many could deprive her.... Will there be women who will make good Presidents? That is another question, and one to which I give the ready answer, yes."
Alice Parker Lesser was part of the American delegation to the International Woman Suffrage Alliance congress in 1911, at Stockholm, representing Massachusetts. Later in life, as Alice Parker Hutchins, she was editor of the Women Lawyers' Journal and was based in New York City. After suffrage was achieved, she was active with the League of Women Voters.

## Personal life

Alice Parker married fellow lawyer Josephus Mona Lesser in 1895, in New York. She was widowed when he died in 1902, after a head injury sustained in a fall on the Boston courthouse steps. She remarried in 1914, to Roger Hutchins. She died in 1939, aged 76 years.
# List of endangered languages in Colombia

An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":
* Vulnerable
* Definitely endangered
* Severely endangered
* Critically endangered
# Aryan, Afghanistan

Aryan (Persian: آريايى) is a village in Arghanj Khwa district, Badakhshan province, northeastern Afghanistan.

## Nearby villages

Approximately 2.38 km (1.48 mi) away from Aryan is a village in Baharak district known as Zabch Gaykha.
# Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball team plane crash

The Oklahoma State University Cowboys basketball team plane crash occurred on January 27, 2001, at 19:37 EST, when a Beechcraft Super King Air 200, registration N81PF, carrying two players on the Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball team along with six Oklahoma State broadcasters and members of the Oklahoma State coaching staff, crashed in a field 40 miles (64 km) east of Denver, near Strasburg, in the U.S. state of Colorado. The pilot had likely become disoriented, caused by equipment and instrument failure during snow storm. The plane was flying from Jefferson County Airport to Stillwater Regional Airport after the team's loss to the Colorado Buffaloes.
The aircraft was carrying two crew members (pilot Denver Mills, and co-pilot Bjorn Fahlstrom) and eight passengers involved with Oklahoma State basketball. All ten died. Oklahoma State has a memorial erected to them, entitled "Remember the Ten", inside Gallagher-Iba Arena in Stillwater, Oklahoma.
# William Payne

William Payne may refer to:

## Educators

* William K. Payne (1903–1963), American university president
* William Morton Payne (1858–1919), American educator and writer
* William Oscar Payne (1879–1944), professor of history at the University of Georgia
* William Payne (mathematician) (died 1779), English mathematician and author
* William H. Payne (1836–1907), American educator and translator

## Politicians

* William D. Payne (born 1932), American Democratic Party politician
* William Edward Payne (born 1933), Alberta MLA, 1979–1993
* William Ernest Payne (1878–1943), Alberta MLA, 1931–1935
* William Hector Payne (1914–1989), Canadian Member of Parliament, 1958–1962
* William Winter Payne (1807–1874), U.S. Representative from Alabama
* William Payne (sheriff) (1725–1782), Fairfax County sheriff
* William Payne (New Mexico politician) (born 1951), Republican politician

## Sportspeople

* William Porter Payne (born 1947), chairman of Augusta National Golf Club, president and CEO of the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games (ACOG)
* William Payne (cricketer) (1854–1909), English cricketer
* Bill Payne (athlete) (born 1967), retired American pole vaulter
* Billy Payne (born 1947), American former chairman of Augusta National Golf Club
* Billy Payne (footballer) (1881–1967), Australian rules footballer with Carlton
* Bill Payne (footballer, born 1883) (1883–1940), Australian rules footballer with Fitzroy

## Others

* William Payne (priest) (1650–1696), English controversialist
* William Payne (painter) (1760–1830), British painter
* William Payne (pantomimist) (1804–1878), actor and pantomimist and father of the Payne Brothers
* William H. F. Payne (1830–1904), general in the American Civil War
* Will Payne (television producer) (born 1974), television producer, writer and director
* Will Payne (actor) (born 1989), English actor
* Bill Payne (born 1949), musician, keyboardist and founder of the band Little Feat
* Bill Payne (oiler) - cofounder of Helmerich & Payne
# The Corn Dollies

The Corn Dollies were an English indie band from London, active between 1987 and 1991.
Comprising Steve Musham (vocals and guitar), Tim Sales (guitar), Steve Ridder (bass), Jack Hoser (drums), and Jono Podmore (violin), the band met in King's Cross although they all hailed from Dalston, aside from native Californian Ridder. After their first Robert Forster-produced release on the Farm label, they released several singles on Medium Cool Records. The debut, "Be Small Again" was an indie hit, reaching No. 28 on the UK Independent Chart. The follow-up, "Forever Steven", originally released on the band's own Farm Label, was produced by Robert Forster of The Go-Betweens reached No. 16. They also contributed a track to the various artist compilation Bananas, an album issued to help the Football Supporters Association campaign against the ID card scheme that was being mooted by the UK Government at the time. They gained popularity throughout Europe after a tour in 1989, building a strong fanbase in Spain. When Medium Cool collapsed, they moved to Midnight Music, releasing two albums. In support of Wrecked, they undertook a national tour supporting Ian McCulloch, but with the album's success being limited, the band split up in 1991.

## Discography
### Singles

* "Forever Steven" (1987, Farm)
* "Be Small Again" (1987, Medium Cool) (UK indie No. 28)
* "Forever Steven" (1988, Medium Cool) (UK indie No. 16)
* "Shake" (1988, Medium Cool)
* "Map of the World" (1988, Medium Cool)
* "Map of the World" (1989, Zine flexi, split with The Rain)
* "Nothing of You" (1989, Medium Cool)
* "Joyrider" (1990, Midnight Music)

### Albums

* The Corn Dollies (Midnight Music)
* Wrecked (1990, Midnight Music)
# Maxfield Creek

Maxfield Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Washington.
A variant name was Mayfield Creek.
The stream was named after Jesse Maxfield, an early settler.
# Lwazi Madi

Lwazi Madi (born 12 December 1994) is a South African water polo player. He competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics.
# Hapag-Lloyd cruises

Hapag-Lloyd Cruises is a German cruise line that operates smaller luxury ships on worldwide itineraries, along with three expeditions ships.

## History

On September 1, 1970, Hapag-Lloyd was formed by the merger of two German transportation/maritime companies, Hamburg-American Line (HAPAG), which dated from 1847, and Norddeutscher Lloyd (known in English as North German Lloyd), which was formed in 1857. Hapag had withdrawn from passenger service in 1960, while Norddeutscher Lloyd was operating the Bremen and Europa. The merged line adopted the orange and blue funnel and new logo still used on these ships today. The new lines first purpose built ship was the Europa, built in 1981.
Hapag-Lloyd Kreuzfahrten operated as a subsidiary of Hapag-Lloyd AG in 2008. In 2008, TUI AG integrated Hapag-Lloyd Kreuzfahrten. It was renamed Hapag-Lloyd Cruises in 2016. In 2020, Hapag-Lloyd Kreuzfahrten was sold to TUI Cruises, a joint venture between TUI and Royal Caribbean.

## Fleet
### Current Fleet

| Name | Built | In service for HAPAG-LLOYD Cruises | Tonnage | Yard Built |
| Europa | 1999 | 1999–Present | 28,890 GT | Kvaerner Masa-Yards Hietalahti shipyard, Helsinki, Finland |
| Europa 2 | 2013 | 2013–present | 42,830 GT | Chantiers de l'Atlantique, France |
| Hanseatic Inspiration | 2019 | 2019–present | 15,540 GT | Vard Shipyard, Romania |
| Hanseatic Nature | 2019 | 2019–present | 15,540 GT | Vard Shipyard, Romania |
| Hanseatic Spirit | 2021 | 2021–present | 15,540 GT | Vard Shipyard, Romania |

### Former Fleet

| Name | Built | Tonnage | In service for HAPAG-LLOYD Cruises |
| Bremen | 1938 | 32,360 GRT | 1970-1971 |
| Europa | 1952 | 21,164 GRT | 1970-1981 |
| Finnstar | 1967 | 8,583 GRT | 1979-1980 |
| Europa | 1981 | 37,049 GT | 1981-1999 |
| Bremen | 1990 | 6,752 GT | 1993-2021 |
| Hanseatic | 1993 | 8,445 GT | 1996-2018 |
| Columbus | 1997 | 15,067 GT | 1997-2012 |
| Columbus 2 | 1998 | 30,277 GT | 2012–2014 |
# Warren Johnston

Warren Johnston (born 23 December 1935) is a former racing cyclist from New Zealand.
He won the silver medal in the men's 10 mile scratch race at both the 1958 and 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. He also competed in the men's sprint placing 4th at both Games.
His only Olympic appearance was at the 1956 Summer Olympic Games where he competed in the men's sprint and the tandem event.