# Cape bunting

The Cape bunting (Emberiza capensis) is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae.

## Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the Cape bunting in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected at the Cape of Good Hope. He used the French name L'ortolan du Cap de Bonne Espérance and the Latin Hortulanus capitis bonae spei. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the Cape bunting. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Emberiza capensis and cited Brisson's work. Linnaeus had introduced the genus Emberiza in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. The specific name capensis is used to denote the Cape of Good Hope.
Eleven subspecies are recognised:
* E. c. nebularum (Rudebeck, 1958) – southwest Angola
* E. c. bradfieldi (Roberts, 1928) – north, central Namibia
* E. c. capensis Linnaeus, 1766 – south Namibia to southwest South Africa
* E. c. vinacea Clancey, 1963 – northeast Northern Cape Province (central north South Africa)
* E. c. cinnamomea (Lichtenstein, MHC, 1842) – central South Africa
* E. c. limpopoensis (Roberts, 1924) – southeast Botswana to North West and Limpopo Provinces (central north, northeast South Africa)
* E. c. smithersii (Plowes, 1951) – east Zimbabwe and central west Mozambique
* E. c. plowesi (Vincent, 1950) – northeast Botswana and south Zimbabwe
* E. c. reidi (Shelley, 1902) – central east South Africa, west Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) and north Lesotho
* E. c. basutoensis (Vincent, 1950) – central Lesotho and east South Africa
* E. c. vincenti (Lowe, 1932) – rocky summits of central south Africa montane east Zambia, central, south Malawi and north Mozambique
The subspecies differ in plumage, but all have the distinctive head pattern and rufous in the wings. The north-eastern race E. c. vincenti is very dark above, and slaty below. It has reduced chestnut on the wing coverts and has sometimes been raised to species status as Vincent's bunting, Emberiza vincenti.

## Description

The Cape bunting is 16 cm long. The adult has a black crown, white supercilium and black-bordered white ear coverts. The upperparts are grey brown with some dark streaks, and the wing coverts are chestnut. The tail is darker chestnut, and the underparts are grey with a pale throat. The sexes are very similar, but females may have a buff tone to the white head markings. Young birds have duller chestnut wings, a less distinct head pattern, and heavier streaking extending on to the breast and flanks. The call is an ascending zzoo-zeh-zee-zee. The song is a loud chirping chup chup chup chup chee chhep chu. E. c. vincenti has a simple tre-re-ret tre-re-ret song.

## Distribution and habitat

The Cape bunting occurs in southern Africa from south-western Angola, eastern Zambia, Zimbabwe and southern Tanzania to the Cape. Its habitat is rocky slopes and dry weedy scrub, mainly in mountains in the north of its range. It previously utilized stony arid areas with some short grass, but much of this has been lost to ploughing.

## Behaviour

The Cape bunting is not gregarious, and is normally seen alone, in pairs or family groups. It feeds on the ground on seeds, insects and spiders. Its lined cup nest is built low in a shrub or tussock. The two to four eggs are cream and marked with red-brown and lilac.