OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sea skimming

Sea skimming is a technique many anti-ship missiles and some fighter or strike aircraft use to avoid radar, infrared detection, and to lower probability of being shot down during their approach to the target.

## Method

Sea-skimming anti-ship missiles try to fly as low as is practically achievable, which is almost always below 50 meters (150 ft), and is often near 2 meters (6 ft). When under attack, a warship can detect sea-skimming missiles only after they appear over the horizon (about 28 to 46 km from the ship), allowing about 25 to 60 seconds of warning.

## Advantages

By flying low to the sea, missiles decrease the range at which the target ships can detect them by a significant amount. Flying at a lower altitude increases the amount of time the missile is under the horizon from the perspective of the target ship, making it harder to detect due to radar clutter from the sea and similar effects. The real-life success of sea skimming depends on its exact implementation, the sophistication of the detection equipment, as well as the infrared and radar signature of the missile. Sea skimming can significantly reduce the available response time that a ship's missile defenses have to work within, making these missiles significantly harder to defend against. Sea skimming can also increase the range of a missile, by relying on ground effects.

## Disadvantages

The use of sea skimming increases the risk of water impact by the missile before reaching the target due to weather conditions, rogue waves, software bugs and other factors. Sea skimming also hinders target acquisition, as many of the principles that hinder the target's detection of the missile also hinder the missile's detection of the target. Sea skimming involves a significant computational load, increasing the required processing power and cost.

## Possible defenses

Several systems are capable of defeating sea skimming weapons.

### ECM
## Use in major wars

French-made Exocet missiles were used by Argentina in the Falklands War (including the mortal wounding of HMS Sheffield) and by Iraq against USS Stark in the Persian Gulf during the Iran–Iraq War. The Argentinian pilots of the Super Étendard planes that attacked HMS Sheffield were also skimming the sea at very low level. They increased their altitude only for a very short period to get final target information for the attack with their Agave radars. During the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, two Ukrainian-made R-360 Neptune sea-skimming cruise missiles were claimed to have struck and sank the Russian cruiser Moskva.

## See Also

* Lofting (Missile technique)
# Little Mosquito Creek

Little Mosquito Creek is a stream in Pottawattamie County, Iowa, in the United States. It is a tributary of Mosquito Creek, from which it took its name.
# Ghebremariam

Ghebremariam (Ge'ez: ገብረማርያም, Tigrinya: ገብረማርያም, gebremarīyam) or Gebremariam (Amharic: ገብረማሪያም, gebiremarīyami) is a common surname in Eritrea and Ethiopia with the meaning: Gebre means servant and work; Mariam means Mary "(Gebre + Mariam) means servant and work of Mary". It can refer to the following people:

## Ghebremariam

* Woldemichael Ghebremariam, Eritrean politician

## Gebremariam

* Alana Gebremariam (born 1997), Belarusian pro-democracy activist and feminist
* Gebregziabher Gebremariam (born 1984), retired Ethiopian long-distance runner
* Haile Tilahun Gebremariam (born 1954), Ethiopian officer
# Stefanie Biller

Stefanie Bircher (née Biller, born 30 October 1985) is a long-distance swimmer from Germany. She has twice won medals at the European Championships, whereas her best achievements at the world championships were fourth place in 2004 and fifth place in 2006 in 25 km.
She previously trained at the University of Bath where she studied for a Foundation Degree in Sports Performance. She shared the same coach (Andrei Vorontsov) as her Bath team mate, British distance swimmer Alan Bircher whom she later married in 2011.
# Martijn van Oostrum

Martijn van Oostrum (born 27 May 1976) is a Dutch judoka.

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Place | Weight class |
| 1998 | European Judo Championships | 7th | Extra lightweight (60 kg) |
# Rockwell House (Dryden, New York)

Rockwell House is a historic home located at Dryden in Tompkins County, New York. It was built about 1860 and is a 2-story, wood-frame residence consisting of a three-by-three-bay main portion and two-by-two-bay rear wing in the Italianate style.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
# Mihnea Motoc

Mihnea Ioan Motoc (Romanian pronunciation:) is a Romanian diplomat who served as Minister of Defence of Romania between November 2015 and January 2017, in the Cioloș Cabinet. Before this appointment, he was the country's ambassador to the European Union between 2008 and 2015, and briefly the country's ambassador to the United Kingdom. He is currently the Principal Adviser in the European Commission's Inspire, Debate, Engage and Accelerate Action (IDEA) department.

## Work history

Motoc has been a Romanian diplomat since the early 1990s, when he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania. For most of the 1990s Motoc spent time in various Romanian government posts. He joined the United Nations in 2003, where he spent five years working as the Permanent Representative of Romania. In 2008, he left his post at the UN to become the Permanent Representative of Romania to the European Union. He held this position until becoming Ambassador of Romania to London for a few months in 2015. In November 2015, he was appointed Minister of Defence in the Cioloș Cabinet and held the position until January 2017.

## Education

Motoc studied law at the University of Bucharest from 1984 until 1989. Following this he went on to achieve a Certificate of post-graduate studies in Private International Law from the University of Nice in 1991 and a Master's Degree in Public International and Comparative Law from George Washington University a year later.

## Honors

* Commander, National Order for Merit (Romania)
* President of National Security Authority
* Head of the Romanian Negotiations Team with the NATO
* Conducted negotiations within UN, Council of Europe, OSCE, EU and Neighboring Treaties negotiations
* Member of the Permanent Inter-ministerial Committee for European Integration
* Monitor for” acquis communautaire” on Common Foreign Security Policy
* President of the Inter-Departmental Commission for Romania's accession to NATO
* National Coordinator of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe
* Member of the International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
* Vice-chairman for the Executive Council of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

## Personal life

Mihnea Motoc was born on 11 November 1966 in Bucharest. He is fluent in English and French. He is married to Iulia Motoc, Judge at the European Court of Human Rights with whom he has one son, Luca-Mihnea.
# Wall chaser

A wall chaser is a specialised power tool used for cutting narrow grooves in walls, brickwork, blockwork, or concrete. Wall chasers are often used to lay electrical cable inside the walls, with openings about 30mm wide. The tool is usually powered by an electric motor that drives a pair of abrasive discs like those found in an angle grinder, positioned closely together.
# Eleonora Kaminskaitė

Eleonora "Leonora" Kaminskaitė (née Ruokienė, 29 January 1951 – 9 February 1986) was a Lithuanian rower who was most successful in the double sculls. In this event she won a bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics and a silver at the 1978 World Rowing Championships. She graduated from the Lithuanian Sports University in 1972.
# Paul Masefield

Paul Darren Masefield (born 21 October 1970) is an English former football right back and TV pundit who played professional football in England for a number of years before moving to Asia and playing in local Asian leagues.

## Club career

Masefield started his career in the youth ranks alongside Alan Shearer at Southampton. However, he signed his first professional contract with Birmingham City and in spite of being with the club for four years (including a year with the first team), he never made a first team appearance. After brief spells with Cheltenham Town and Exeter City (on a non-contract basis), he then moved to Stockport County and Doncaster Rovers, for whom he played seven and nine matches respectively. He then played six games for Preston North End alongside future Everton manager David Moyes. He had brief spells at Bromsgrove Rovers and Limerick, with whom he was player-coach between September and November 1994.
He then moved to Hong Kong, where he played for the Sing Tao Sports Club, as well as for a Hong Kong league All-Star team and although he never represented the official Hong Kong national side, he did take on the likes of Sampdoria, Inter Milan and the Yugoslavian national side in unofficial matches. He finished off his career by playing professional football in Singapore with clubs such as Jurong, Balestier Khalsa and Tanjong Pagar United.

## Post-retirement career

Masefield owns a company, Little League Malaysia that runs a coaching school for children, which attracts as many as 3000 subjects per year. He has coached Singapore Cricket Club in the second tier of Singaporean football, and is also a pundit on the ESPN Star Sports coverage of the English Premier League. He also features in Indian Super League Star Sports post coverage.
Masefield provided host broadcast commentary for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup.
Masefield currently working as an anchor in a show Football United for Indian Super League and a commentator in Indian Super League for season 2023–24 & Kalinga Super Cup 2024.

## Personal life

Masefield lives in India with his wife Stephanie and children.
# 2024 Ningbo Open

The 2024 Ningbo Open was a professional women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 7th women's edition of the Ningbo International Tennis Open. It took place at the Yinzhou Tennis Center in Ningbo, China, from 14 to 20 October 2024. The tournament was originally scheduled to take place from 16 to 22 September as a WTA 250 tournament on the 2024 WTA Tour, but it was upgraded to a WTA 500 tournament and moved to October to fill the vacancy generated by the cancellation of the Zhengzhou Open.

## Champions
### Singles

* Daria Kasatkina def. Mirra Andreeva, 6–0, 4–6, 6–4

### Doubles

* Demi Schuurs / Yuan Yue def. Nicole Melichar-Martinez / Ellen Perez 6–3, 6–3

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| ITA | Jasmine Paolini | 6 | 1 |
| CHN | Zheng Qinwen | 7 | 2 |
| USA | Emma Navarro | 8 | 3 |
| CZE | Barbora Krejčíková | 10 | 4 |
| | Daria Kasatkina | 11 | 5 |
| BRA | Beatriz Haddad Maia | 12 | 6 |
| | Anna Kalinskaya | 13 | 7 |
| ESP | Paula Badosa | 15 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 7 October 2024

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Wang Xiyu
* Wang Yafan
The following player received entry using a protected ranking:
* Karolína Muchová
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Sara Errani
* Olivia Gadecki
* Varvara Lepchenko
* Kamilla Rakhimova
* Ajla Tomljanović
* You Xiaodi
The following players received entry as lucky losers:
* Anna Bondár
* Jaqueline Cristian
* Priscilla Hon
* Tamara Korpatsch
* Ma Yexin
* Ella Seidel
* Kathinka von Deichmann

### Withdrawals

* Danielle Collins → replaced by Mirra Andreeva
* Marta Kostyuk → replaced by Katie Boulter
* Emma Navarro → replaced by Tamara Korpatsch
* Jeļena Ostapenko → replaced by Yulia Putintseva
* Jasmine Paolini → replaced by Ella Seidel
* Jessica Pegula → replaced by Priscilla Hon
* Maria Sakkari → replaced by Ma Yexin
* Liudmila Samsonova → replaced by Anna Bondár
* Donna Vekić → replaced by Kateřina Siniaková
* Wang Yafan → replaced by Kathinka von Deichmann
* Zheng Qinwen → replaced by Jaqueline Cristian

## Doubles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| USA | Nicole Melichar-Martinez | AUS | Ellen Perez | 21 | 1 |
| TPE | Chan Hao-ching | CZE | Barbora Krejčiková | 45 | 2 |
| KAZ | Anna Danilina | | Irina Khromacheva | 58 | 3 |
| MEX | Giuliana Olmos | | Alexandra Panova | 67 | 4 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 7 October 2024

### Other entrants

The following pair received entry as wildcards:
* Yang Zhaoxuan / Zhang Shuai
# Orghast

Orghast was an experimental play based on the myth of Prometheus, written by Peter Brook and Ted Hughes, and performed in 1971 at the Festival of Arts of Shiraz-Persepolis, which was held annually from 1967 to 1977. It was performed in two parts, with the first performed at Persepolis around dusk, and the second at the nearby site of Naqsh-e Rostam at dawn.

## The Play

Orghast was the International Centre for Theatre Research's first public performance at an international event. Peter Brook and Ted Hughes collaborated to create a comprehensive myth, weaving in and out of the Prometheus myth, to be performed at the Shiraz/Persepolis festival in Iran in 1971, which gave the group its first commission. It was written in part in an invented language that Hughes called Orghast, and this eventually also became the name of the piece. Classical Greek and Avesta were also used. (Avesta is a two-thousand-year-old ceremonial language, in which the letters of the words contain indications of how particular sounds are intended to be heard.) The piece was developed through improvisation with actors and experimentation, led by Brook and Hughes.
Brook's and Hughes' purpose in using these languages was to communicate with the audience in pure sound, in a mode in which meaning is conveyed in such a way that is intended to transcend rational discourse. According to his own descriptions, Brook's goals are related to those of sacred and ritual theater. Believing "the essence of theater to be magic," Orghast was supposed to bring the audience to alternate modes of consciousness, either "beyond themselves or below themselves."
* Directed by Peter Brook in collaboration with Arby Ovanesian (Iran), Geoffrey Reeves (England) and Andrei Șerban (Romania);
* Stage Set: Eugene Lee (US), Franne Lee (USA), and Jean Monod (Switzerland).
The story of this production is documented in a book by A. C. H. Smith and a chapter by Glenn Meredith.

## Actors

* Cameroon: Daniel Kamwa
* England : Robert Lloyd, Pauline Munro, Bruce Myers, Natasha Parry, Irene Worth
* France: Claude Confortès, Sylvain Corthay
* Iran: Fahimeh Rastkar, Nozar Azadi, Farkhundeh Baver, Dariush Farhang, Mohammad B. Ghaffari (as Mohamed-Bagher Ghaffari), Hushang Ghovanlou, Said Oveyesi, Parviz Poorhosseini, Syavash Tahmoures, Saddredin Zahed
* Japan: Katsuhiro Oida
* Mali: Malick Bagayogo
* Portugal: Joao Mota
* Spain: Paloma Matta
* USA: Michèle Collison, Andreas Katsulas, Lou Zeldis
# Little North Fork White River

The Little North Fork White River is a stream in southern Douglas and Ozark counties of the Ozarks of southern Missouri and entering northern Marion County, Arkansas within the Bull Shoals Reservoir.
The stream headwaters are in south central Douglas County about three miles southwest of Squires. The stream flows south into northwest Ozark County and past the community of Toledo. Further south it flows parallel to Missouri Route JJ and under Missouri Route 95 at Thornfield. It continues past the Hammond mill site and on into a northern arm of Bull Shoals between Theodosia and Isabella. The stream continues as part of Bull Shoals past Pontiac and into Arkansas to the west of Oakland and Arkansas Highway 202.
Variant or historical names include Little Fork, Little North Fork, and Little North Fork River.
# Mattie McKiernan

Matthew Harry McKiernan (born 14 June 1994) is an English former cricketer, a legspinning all-rounder he played for Derbyshire between 2018 and 2023. He made his Twenty20 debut for Derbyshire in the 2018 t20 Blast on 14 July 2018. He made his List A debut on 22 July 2021, for Derbyshire in the 2021 Royal London One-Day Cup. In April 2022, in the 2022 County Championship, McKiernan scored his maiden century in first-class cricket, with 101 against Leicestershire. In the 2022 T20 Blast quarter-final against Somerset he recorded the most expensive 4-overs in T20 history as he conceded 82 runs.
McKiernan retired from professional cricket at the end of the 2023 season.
# Giant cave gecko

The giant cave gecko (Pseudothecadactylus lindneri), also known commonly as the northern giant cave gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Diplodactylidae. The species is endemic to Australia.

## Etymology

The specific name, lindneri, is in honor of Australian herpetologist David A. Lindner.

## Description

Adults of P. lindneri usually have a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of about 9.5 cm (3.7 in). The dorsal coloration is dark purplish brown, with lighter irregular crossbands. The crossbands are pale orange to cream-colored, and often do not meet neatly in the middle.

## Geographic range

P. lindneri is found in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of P. lindneri is caves and crevices in sandstone escarpments.

## Reproduction

P. lindneri is oviparous.
# Germán Ohm

Germán Ohm Gómez (born 28 May 1936) was a Mexican professional boxer of German ancestry.

## Professional career

In October 1956, he beat the future world bantamweight champion José Becerra. One of his biggest wins was an upset victory over an undefeated Carlos Cardoso.
His last fight ever was a win over Memo Diez in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico.

## Legacy

German turned pro when he was eighteen years old and retired less than two months after his twenty-second birthday. He never made a comeback in boxing, but is still considered one of the best Bantamweight's in the history of boxing.
# Seventy One

Seventy One (also known as Garner Run) is a tributary of Elk Creek in Elk County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 3.0 miles (4.8 km) long and flows through St Marys. The watershed of the stream has an area of 2.33 square miles (6.0 km$^2$). The amounts of aluminum and iron in the stream are too small to be detectable. However, there are detectable amounts of manganese, acidity, and alkalinity in the stream. A portion of the stream's watershed is part of a greenway. A coal bed also is found near it.

## Course

Seventy One begins at the top of a hill in St Marys. It flows southeast for a short distance before turning south-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then receives an unnamed tributary from the right and then turns south-southwest for several tenths of a mile, entering a valley. The stream then receives another unnamed tributary and turns south for more than a mile. At the end of its valley, it crosses a railroad line and reaches its confluence with Elk Creek.
Seventy One joins Elk Run 7.48 miles (12.04 km) upstream of its mouth.

### Tributaries

Seventy One has no named tributaries. However, it does have two unnamed tributaries. The first is approximately 0.6 miles (0.97 km) long and joins the stream in its upper reaches. The second is also approximately 0.6 miles (0.97 km) long.

## Hydrology

The concentrations and daily loads of aluminum and iron in the waters of Seventy One at its mouth are too low to be detectable. However, the daily load of manganese is 0.1 pounds (0.045 kg) per day and the concentration is 0.01 milligrams per liter. It requires no reduction to meet the stream's total maximum daily load requirements. The daily load of acidity in the stream is 130.1 pounds (59.0 kg) per day and the acidity concentration is 12.43 milligrams per liter. It requires a reduction of 67 percent to meet the stream's total maximum daily load requirements. The pH of the stream is between 5.5 and 6.1. The daily load of alkalinity is 86.5 pounds (39.2 kg).
The average discharge of Seventy One at its mouth is 1.26 million gallons per day.

## Geography and geology

The elevation near the mouth of Seventy One is 1,486 feet (453 m) above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is between 2,000 and 2,020 feet (610 and 620 m) above sea level.
A coal bed known as the Alton Upper Bed occurs in the vicinity of Seventy One, on the stream's western side.

## Watershed

The watershed of Seventy One has an area of 2.33 square miles (6.0 km$^2$). The mouth of the stream is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Ridgway. However, its source is in the quadrangle of St Marys.
A portion of the watershed of Seventy One is in a greenway known as the Elk Creek Natural System Greenway Corridor.

## History

Seventy One was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1199966.
# Little Otter Creek

Little Otter Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of West Virginia.
Little Otter Creek was named for the otters which once were abundant there.
Cutlips Fork flows into Little Otter Creek.
# You're the Only Star in My Blue Heaven

Starting as the B-side of Gene Autry's "Mexicali Rose", penned by Autry, 'You're the Only Star in My Blue Heaven' was also popular in Hillbilly jukeboxes and radios in the mid-late 1930s. After the Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (CBS) purchased ARC and Gene's contract in December 1938. (soon renaming the company "Columbia Records"), 'Star' was re-recorded on April 13, 1939 (1939-04-13) at Columbia's new Hollywood studio, located at KNX Radio, Sunset and Gower (Autry and Bob Wills would record many of their great 1940s Okeh and Columbia hits at this location). The younger version is over 20 seconds shorter.
At first, only Roy Acuff and his Crazy Tennesseans recorded the song (Roy on October 21, 1936)., and in 1938 by The Delmore Brothers. It was also recorded by Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis during the Million Dollar Quartet sessions at Sun Recording Studios. Amongst other recordings are those by Connee Boswell (1939), Dick Todd (1938), and Camera Obscura (2009).
# 2017 Ballon d'Or

The 2017 Ballon d'Or was the 62nd annual award recognising the best male footballer in the world for 2017.
Cristiano Ronaldo won the award for the fifth time on 7 December 2017, equalling the highest tally of Ballons d'Or in history at the time, sharing the record with Lionel Messi.

## Rankings

The thirty nominees for the award were announced on 9 October 2017. The winner was announced on 7 December 2017.
| Rank | Player | Club(s) | Points |
| 1 | Cristiano Ronaldo | Real Madrid | 946 |
| 2 | Lionel Messi | Barcelona | 670 |
| 3 | Neymar | Barcelona Paris Saint-Germain | 361 |
| 4 | Gianluigi Buffon | Juventus | 221 |
| 5 | Luka Modrić | Real Madrid | 84 |
| 6 | Sergio Ramos | Real Madrid | 71 |
| 7 | Kylian Mbappé | Monaco Paris Saint-Germain | 48 |
| 8 | N'Golo Kanté | Chelsea | 47 |
| 9 | Robert Lewandowski | Bayern Munich | 45 |
| 10 | Harry Kane | Tottenham Hotspur | 36 |
| 11 | Edinson Cavani | Paris Saint-Germain | 32 |
| 12 | Isco | Real Madrid | 28 |
| 13 | Luis Suárez | Barcelona | 27 |
| 14 | Kevin De Bruyne | Manchester City | 25 |
| 15 | Paulo Dybala | Juventus | 23 |
| 16 | Marcelo | Real Madrid | 21 |
| 17 | Toni Kroos | Real Madrid | 20 |
| 18 | Antoine Griezmann | Atlético Madrid | 17 |
| 19 | Eden Hazard | Chelsea | 16 |
| 20 | David de Gea | Manchester United | 15 |
| 21 | Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang | Borussia Dortmund | 14 |
| 21 | Leonardo Bonucci | Juventus Milan | 14 |
| 23 | Sadio Mané | Liverpool | 10 |
| 24 | Radamel Falcao | Monaco | 9 |
| 25 | Karim Benzema | Real Madrid | 7 |
| 26 | Jan Oblak | Atlético Madrid | 4 |
| 27 | Mats Hummels | Bayern Munich | 3 |
| 28 | Edin Džeko | Roma | 2 |
| 29 | Philippe Coutinho | Liverpool | 0 |
| 29 | Dries Mertens | Napoli | 0 |