OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kupari, Croatia

Kupari is a village in Croatia southeast of Dubrovnik and is part of the Župa dubrovačka area. It is connected to the D8 highway.
Kupari is home to the Kupari Tourist Complex, a disused military tourist resort. Two Czech businessmen bought land in Kupari when it was just one old brick factory after World War I. In 1921, the Czechoslovak businessmen, with the state, founded the Grandhotel Kupari, which was to be a sea spa at the bay; it was completed in August 1923 with 166 rooms and 340 beds. The restaurant was a Czech-French restaurant set up in the hotel that could serve all 340 guests at once. In its heyday, it was the most luxurious grand hotel in southern Dalmatia and was to be the basis of the future "Slavic Riviera". It had its own greenhouse with ornamental flowers and vegetables grown for the kitchen. It hosted the cream of the First Republic's society, but also important officials from other governments.
After World War II, the spa was taken over by the Yugoslav army and turned into a recovery center. They added other buildings, including a separate villa for Josip Broz Tito. In the end, nine more hotels were prepared for vacationers, including the Grand Hotel and modernist Hotel Pelegrin, and the total accommodation capacity in the bay rose to 4,500 guests. However, the site was severely damaged during the Croatian War of Independence. The site has been abandoned since the Siege of Dubrovnik in 1991, with reconstruction works starting in 2025.

## In popular culture

On 27 October 2017, Alan Walker released the song "All Falls Down" along with Digital Farm Animals and American singer Noah Cyrus. The music video is filmed at the abandoned Hotel Goricina and an empty indoor swimming pool featuring the drone in the video.
On 2 March 2024, American YouTuber MrBeast released a video on his channel titled "I Survived 7 Days In An Abandoned City", where he, along with his friends and a 70-person production team, spent seven days in the village's abandoned hotel complex. The complex was cordoned off from tourists during filming.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 950.
# Sodium permanganate

Sodium permanganate is the inorganic compound with the formula NaMnO$_4$. It is closely related to the more commonly encountered potassium permanganate, but it is generally less desirable, because it is more expensive to produce. It is mainly available as the monohydrate. This salt absorbs water from the atmosphere and has a low melting point. Being about 15 times more soluble than KMnO$_4$, sodium permanganate finds some applications where very high concentrations of MnO$_4$$^−$ are sought.

## Preparation and properties

Sodium permanganate cannot be prepared analogously to the route to KMnO$_4$ because the required intermediate manganate salt, Na$_2$MnO$_4$, does not form. Thus less direct routes are used including conversion from KMnO$_4$.
Sodium permanganate behaves similarly to potassium permanganate. It dissolves readily in water to give deep purple solutions, evaporation of which gives prismatic purple-black glistening crystals of the monohydrate NaMnO$_4$·H$_2$O. The potassium salt does not form a hydrate. Because of its hygroscopic nature, it is less useful in analytical chemistry than its potassium counterpart.
It can be prepared by the reaction of manganese dioxide with sodium hypochlorite:
    2 MnO$_2$ + 3 NaClO + 2 NaOH → 2 NaMnO$_4$ + 3 NaCl + H$_2$O

## Applications

Because of its high solubility, its aqueous solutions are used as a drilled hole debris remover and etchant in printed circuitry, with a limited utility though. It is gaining popularity in water treatment for taste, odor, and zebra mussel control. The V-2 rocket used it in combination with hydrogen peroxide to drive a steam turbopump.
As an oxidizer, sodium permanganate is used in environmental remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents using the remediation technology in situ chemical oxidation, also referred to as ISCO.
# Moncreiffe Hill

Moncreiffe Hill (also known as Moredun Hill) is a long, wooded ridge that lies south of Perth, Scotland. It can be easily seen on the right during the final stages of the drive north towards Perth on the M90 motorway. Unlike most Scottish hills, the routes to the summit are almost entirely under tree cover, although the summit area, which is known as Moredun Top, is clear and offers impressive views over Perth and the River Tay.
The shortest route to the summit is from the north, starting at the car park at NO138209. Another route to the summit, albeit a longer route, starts from the south east, starting at NO153192, which is signposted from the nearest public road and where there is sufficient parking space.
A wide variety of trees and other vegetation grow on the hill, which is managed by the Woodland Trust Scotland. There are information boards and several marked trails.
Wood was harvested at Moncreiffe to mount the cannons of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1565.
# Stability postulate

In probability theory, to obtain a nondegenerate limiting distribution for extremes of samples, it is necessary to "reduce" the actual greatest value by applying a linear transformation with coefficients that depend on the sample size.
If $\ X_{1},\ X_{2},\ \dots ,\ X_{n}\$ are independent random variables with common probability density function $\ \mathbb {P} \left(X_{j}=x\right)\equiv f_{X}(x)\ ,$
then the cumulative distribution function $\ F_{Y_{n}}\$ for $\ Y_{n}\equiv \max\{\ X_{1},\ \ldots ,\ X_{n}\ \}\$ is given by the simple relation
    $F_{Y_{n}}(y)=\left[\ F_{X}(y)\ \right]^{n}~.$
If there is a limiting distribution for the distribution of interest, the stability postulate states that the limiting distribution must be for some sequence of transformed or "reduced" values, such as $\ \left(\ a_{n}\ Y_{n}+b_{n}\ \right)\ ,$ where $\ a_{n},\ b_{n}\$ may depend on   n   but not on  x  . This equation was obtained by Maurice René Fréchet and also by Ronald Fisher.

## Only three possible distributions

To distinguish the limiting cumulative distribution function from the "reduced" greatest value from $\ F(x)\ ,$ we will denote it by $\ G(y)~.$ It follows that $\ G(y)\$ must satisfy the functional equation
    $\ \left[\ G\!\left(y\right)\ \right]^{n}=G\!\left(\ a_{n}\ y+b_{n}\ \right)~.$
Boris Vladimirovich Gnedenko has shown there are no other distributions satisfying the stability postulate other than the following three:
* Gumbel distribution for the minimum stability postulate
** If $\ X_{i}={\textrm {Gumbel}}\left(\ \mu ,\ \beta \right)\$ and $\ Y\equiv \min\{\ X_{1},\ \ldots ,\ X_{n}\ \}\$ then $\ Y\sim a_{n}\ X+b_{n}\ ,$ where $\ a_{n}=1\$ and $\ b_{n}=\beta \ \log n\ ;$
** In other words, $\ Y\sim {\textsf {Gumbel}}\left(\ \mu -\beta \ \log n\ ,\ \beta \ \right)~.$
* Weibull distribution (extreme value) for the maximum stability postulate
** If $\ X_{i}={\textsf {Weibull}}\left(\ \mu ,\ \sigma \ \right)\$ and $\ Y\equiv \max\{\,X_{1},\ldots ,X_{n}\,\}\$ then $\ Y\sim a_{n}\ X+b_{n}\ ,$ where $\ a_{n}=1\$ and $\ b_{n}=\sigma \ \log \!\left({\tfrac {1}{n}}\right)\ ;$
** In other words, $\ Y\sim {\textsf {Weibull}}\left(\ \mu -\sigma \log \!\left({\tfrac {1}{n}}\ \right)\ ,\ \sigma \ \right)~.$
* Fréchet distribution for the maximum stability postulate
** If $\ X_{i}={\textsf {Frechet}}\left(\ \alpha ,\ s,\ m\ \right)\$ and $\ Y\equiv \max\{\ X_{1},\ \ldots ,\ X_{n}\ \}\$ then $\ Y\sim a_{n}\ X+b_{n}\ ,$ where $\ a_{n}=n^{-{\tfrac {1}{\alpha }}}\$ and $\ b_{n}=m\left(1-n^{-{\tfrac {1}{\alpha }}}\right)\ ;$
** In other words, $\ Y\sim {\textsf {Frechet}}\left(\ \alpha ,n^{\tfrac {1}{\alpha }}s\ ,\ m\ \right)~.$
# M. Azizul Haq

M. Azizul Haq (13 December 1940 – 15 January 2025) was a Bangladeshi police officer who was inspector general of the Bangladesh Police and an adviser to the caretaker government of Bangladesh. He was in charge of the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Ministry of Shipping and Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism at the Iajuddin Ahmed ministry from November 2006 until January 2007 when Fakhruddin Ahmed ministry take over.

## Background and education

Haq originates from the Jhiltuly village under Faridpur Sadar Upazila in Faridpur. He earned his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Dhaka in 1960 and 1961 in the Economics Department respectively. He later got a postgraduate degree in public administration from the University of Canberra.

## Career

Haq started his career at the State Bank Of Pakistan in 1964, later joining the Law enforcement in Pakistan (Pakistan police service) as an assistant superintendent of police in 1965. He served as the Inspector General of Bangladesh Police from 22 April 1996 until 16 November 1997.
In July 1997, in the wake of the film actor Salman Shah's death, Haq, as the then IGP, referred the case to the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) for further investigation.
Haq went on to retire from the police force on 11 December 1998. He then worked as management and financial consultant of Rupali Insurance Company till mid 2020.
Haq was appointed as an adviser for Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives Ministry to the interim government of 2007.

## Personal life and death

Haq has three sons, Asif Aziz, the head of Cash Management Operations of the Standard Chartered Bank, Hasib Aziz, Commissioner of Chattogram Metropolitan Police, and Tawfiq Aziz, a physician of medicine and gastroenterology. He has 8 grandchildren.
Haq passed away from a heart attack in the Uttara neighborhood of Dhaka on 15 January 2025, at the age of 84.
# GHQ Line

The GHQ Line (General Headquarters Line) was a defence line built in the United Kingdom during World War II to contain an expected German invasion.
The British Army had abandoned most of its equipment in France after the Dunkirk evacuation. It was therefore decided to build a static system of defensive lines around Britain, designed to compartmentalise the country and delay the Germans long enough for more mobile forces to counter-attack. Over 50 defensive lines were constructed across the country. After the coastal defences, the GHQ Line was the longest and most important, designed to protect London and the industrial heart of Britain, and was considered to be the last chance of defence.
The "green" section of the GHQ Line ran from the northern end of the Taunton Stop Line near Highbridge in Somerset, along the River Brue, across the Mendips from Wells and following the railway from Masbury into the Wellow valley. This joined the "blue" line which followed the Kennet and Avon Canal to Reading. The green line continued from Bradford-on-Avon along the river to Malmesbury where it met the "red" line which ran to Abingdon, along the Thames to Pangbourne and rejoined the blue line at Theale. The green line continued to Avening then down the valley to Framilode, protecting the strategic areas of Bristol, Avonmouth, and Sharpness. The eastern line was to run inland of the coast from Essex to Edinburgh but was not completed. London was protected by the concentric rings of the Outer London Defence Ring.
On the section of the line in Essex, between Great Chesterford and Canvey Island, the defences were made up of around 400 FW3 type concrete pillboxes, which were part of the British hardened field defences of World War II. Well over 100 pillboxes still exist on this section in 2025, with around 40 highly visible FW3 Type 22, 24, 26, 27 and 28 boxes between the Rettendon Turnpike and Howe Green, mostly alongside the A130 road. Many more FW3s are still in place north of Chelmsford along the Chelmer Valley and towards Great Dunmow.
# Tough!

Tough! is an album by drummer Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers recorded in 1957 but not released on the Cadet label until 1966.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars.

## Track listing

* "Scotch Blues" (Duke Jordan) - 7:55
* "Flight to Jordu" (Jordan) - 7:20
* "Transfiguration" (Gigi Gryce) - 5:08
* "Exhibit A" (Gryce) - 6:37
* "Gershwin Medley: Rhapsody in Blue/Summertime/Someone to Watch Over Me/The Man I Love" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 5:57

## Personnel

* Art Blakey - drums
* Bill Hardman - trumpet
* Jackie McLean - alto saxophone
* Sam Dockery - piano
* Spanky DeBrest - bass
# Hapona insula

Hapona insula is a species of Toxopidae spider that is endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

This species was described by Ray Forster in 1964 from a female specimen. It was most recently revised in 1970. The holotype is stored in Otago Museum.

## Description

The female is recorded at 2.52mm in length.

## Distribution

This species is only known from Little Barrier Island, New Zealand.

## Conservation status

Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, this species is listed as "Data Deficient" with the qualifiers of "Data Poor: Size", "Data Poor: Trend" and "One Location".
# Salisbury House (Worcester, Massachusetts)

The Salisbury House is an historic house at 61 Harvard Street in Worcester, Massachusetts.
The Greek Revival building was constructed between 1836 and 1838 by Stephen Salisbury II, son of Worcester merchant Stephen Salisbury I whose 18th century mansion stands nearby. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The two-story wood-frame structure is finished in flushboarded wood treated to resemble stone. Design of the building is attributed either to Elias Carter or Isaiah Rogers (sources disagree).
# Salisbury Plantation (Westover, Maryland)

Salisbury Plantation is a historic house located at Westover, Somerset County, Maryland. It has two principal sections: a 19th-century, two-story plus attic clapboard section whose roof ridge runs east to west, and a first-quarter-18th-century 1+1⁄2-story brick section with its ridge running north to south.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
# Tshepang Makhethe

Tshepang Makhethe (born 19 February 1996) is a South African hammer thrower.
Makhethe finished tenth at the 2014 World Junior Championships. He won the silver medal at the 2015 African Junior Championships followed by the bronze medal at the 2016 African Championships. He finished eighth at the 2017 Universiade, ninth at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and fourth at the 2018 African Championships.
He won his first national title at the 2019 South African Championships, ending Chris Harmse's reign of 23 consecutive victories.
His personal best throw is 71.28 metres, achieved in March 2017 in Sasolburg.

## Achievements
### National titles

* South African Championships
** Hammer throw: 2019
* USSA Championships
** Hammer throw: 2019
# Des Plaines station

Des Plaines is one of two commuter railroad stations on Metra's Union Pacific Northwest Line in Des Plaines, Illinois. The station is located at 1501 Miner Street (US 14), and lies 16.7 miles (26.9 km) from the Ogilvie Transportation Center in Chicago. In Metra's zone-based fare system, Des Plaines is in zone 3. As of 2018, Des Plaines is the 30th busiest of the 236 non-downtown stations in the Metra system, with an average of 1,209 weekday boardings.
Parking is mostly available along the streets on either side of the tracks. Primarily this includes Miner Street between southeast of Perry Street and west of Des Plaines River Road. Other parking areas exist along Ellinwood Street between Pearson Street and Des Plaines River Road east of the Des Plaines Public Library, a lot on Webford Avenue off of Graceland Avenue (southbound US 12 / 45), and on Prairie Avenue east of Pearson Street.
As of May 30, 2023, Des Plaines is served by 69 trains (34 inbound, 35 outbound) on weekdays, by 31 trains (16 inbound, 15 outbound) on Saturdays, and by 19 trains (nine inbound, 10 outbound) on Sundays.
On weekdays, four inbound trains originate, and five outbound trains terminate, at Des Plaines.

## Bus connections

Pace
* 208 Golf Road
* 209 Busse Highway (weekdays only)
* 226 Oakton Street (weekdays only)
* 230 South Des Plaines (weekdays only)
* 234 Wheeling/Des Plaines (weekdays only)
* 250 Dempster Street
* Pulse Dempster Line
# Nigel Cockburn

Nigel M. Cockburn was a South African tennis player of Scottish descent.
A native of Natal, Cockburn was active on tour in the 1940s and 1950s. While touring the British Isles in 1949 he made the fourth round at Wimbledon and won both the Irish Championships and Scottish Championships. He had further success in England in 1951 when he claimed the All England Plate. In 1952 he beat 15th-seed Enrique Morea at the French Championships, before losing his third round match in five sets to Kurt Nielsen.
Cockburn died of an undisclosed illness in 1957 at the age of 34.
# Great Lakes station

The Great Lakes station is one of two commuter railroad stations in North Chicago, Illinois, served by Metra's Union Pacific North Line. The station (officially located at 3000 South Sheridan Road) is 32.2 miles (51.8 km) away from Ogilvie Transportation Center, the inbound terminus of the Union Pacific North Line, and also serves commuters who travel north to Kenosha, Wisconsin. In Metra's zone-based fare system, Great Lakes is in zone 4. As of 2018, Great Lakes is the 153rd busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 262 weekday boardings.
It is named for the Great Lakes Naval Training Base in the City of North Chicago.
As of February 16, 2024, Great Lakes is served by 46 trains (23 in each direction) on weekdays, by 25 trains (12 inbound, all 13 outbound) on Saturdays, and by all 18 trains (nine in each direction) on Sundays and holidays.
Like North Chicago station, Great Lakes serves as a stop for the Great Lakes Naval Training Center. However, unlike North Chicago station, the Naval training center surrounds much of Great Lakes station, which is also located near the Shore Acres Country Club.
The connection to the Pace bus system has a boarding location near the main entrance to the naval station, it is also a location for taxi pick ups, and drop offs. Parking is available at the end of Ohio Avenue which leads from the southern terminus of the Bobby E. Thompson Expressway.

## Bus connections

Pace
* 563 Great Lakes Naval Station
# Chlorine monofluoride

Chlorine monofluoride is a volatile interhalogen compound with the chemical formula ClF. It is a colourless gas at room temperature and is stable even at high temperatures. When cooled to −100 °C, ClF condenses as a pale yellow liquid. Many of its properties are intermediate between its parent halogens, Cl$_2$ and F$_2$.

## Geometry

The molecular structure in the gas phase was determined by microwave spectroscopy; the bond length is r$_e$ = 1.628341(4) Å.
The bond length in the crystalline ClF is 1.628(1) Å; the lengthening relative to the free molecule is due to an interaction of the type F-Br···ClMe with a distance of 2.640(1) Å. In its molecular packing it shows very short intermolecular Cl···Cl contacts of 3.070(1) Å between neighboring molecules.

## Reactivity

Chlorine monofluoride is a versatile fluorinating agent, converting metals and non-metals to their fluorides and releasing Cl$_2$ in the process. For example, it converts tungsten to tungsten hexafluoride and selenium to selenium tetrafluoride:
    W + 6 ClF → WF$_6$ + 3 Cl$_2$
    Se + 4 ClF → SeF$_4$ + 2 Cl$_2$
FCl can also chlorofluorinate compounds, either by addition across a multiple bond or via oxidation. For example, it adds fluorine and chlorine to the carbon of carbon monoxide, yielding carbonyl chloride fluoride, an intermediate between phosgene and carbonyl fluoride.
    CO + ClF →
# Northbrook station

Northbrook is a commuter railroad station on Metra's Milwaukee District North Line in Northbrook, Illinois. The station is located at 1401 Shermer Road, is 21.0 miles (33.8 km) away from Chicago Union Station, the southern terminus of the line, and serves commuters between Union Station and Fox Lake, Illinois. In Metra's zone-based fare system, Northbrook is in zone 3. As of 2018, Northbrook is the 28th busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 1,259 weekday boardings. Metra trains pass through about every hour in each direction outside of rush hours, and up to every 20 minutes during rush hour. Bike racks are available at the station, on either side of the tracks. The tracks that run through Northbrook are also utilized by Amtrak's Hiawatha, Borealis and Empire Builder, as well as freight trains.
As of June 3, 2024, Northbrook is a scheduled stop for all Metra service on the line (27 trains in each direction on weekdays, 10 on Saturdays, and nine on Sundays and holidays).
Northbrook station was originally built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. Parking is available both on Shermer Road and Lorenz Drive.

## Bus connections

Pace
* 422 Linden CTA/Glenview/Northbrook Court (weekdays only)
# Baron Fielakepa

Sosaia Tupou Aleamotuʻa (23 November 1961 — 10 February 2013), styled Baron Fielakepa of Havelu, was a Tongan public servant and government minister, and a member of Tonga's hereditary nobility.
His father Longolongoʻatumai Aleamotuʻa bore the title of "Lord Fielakepa" before him; Sosaia Aleamotuʻa, as the eldest son and second of six children, inherited it upon his father's death in 1997. Though he had an elder sister, the kingdom's thirty-three titles of hereditary nobility may only be held by men. He also inherited the estates attached to the title, and the traditional responsibilities thereupon.
In 1984, he obtained a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Auckland in New Zealand, followed by a Master of Laws degree from the International Maritime Law Institute in Malta in 1996. He entered public service in 1986 as Assistant Secretary in the Tongan Ministry of Justice. He was later appointed Private Secretary to King Taufaʻahau Tupou IV, and clerk to the Privy Council of Tonga. In 1998, he was appointed Governor of the Haʻapai district, a position which entitled him ex officio to a seat in the Legislative Assembly, in Cabinet and in the Privy Council.
In 2001, he was appointed Minister for Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, under Prime Minister Prince Tukuʻaho. As minister, he introduced a number of "procedural simplifications" to the policies of his department. In 2004 he held the position of Attorney General of Tonga for a month following the dismissal of ʻAisea Taumoepeau. From 2008 to 2011, he served as Chairman of the Royal Land Commission.
In 2007, King George Tupou V appointed him Lord Chamberlain - a position which was created for him. Two years later, he was one of the first to be appointed to the equally new position of Law Lord within the Privy Council. He was also one of the only three nobles in Tongan history (at the time) to be elevated to the title of baron (the first having been Baron Vaea in 1970).
Having "suffered from diabetes and heart problems" he died at Auckland City Hospital in New Zealand on 10 February 2013, at the age of fifty-one. Following his death King Tupou VI awarded the Fielakepa title to his younger brother, armed forces commander Tupou Tongapo’uli Aleamotu’a, but this decision was overturned by the Land Court, which ruled in favour of Tupou Tongaliuaki Filo’aulo Aleamotu’a.