OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thondaman dynasty

The Thondaman or Thondaiman was a dynasty ruled the region in and around Pudukkottai from the 17th to 20th century. The Pudukkottai Thondaiman dynasty was founded by Raghunatha Thondaiman, the brother-in-law of the then Raja of Ramnad, RaghunathaKilavan Setupati. The Pudukottai Samasthanam was under Thondaiman dynasty for one year even after Indian Independence. The Thondaiman dynasty had a special Valari regiment.

## History

In 1686, the Ramnad kingdom was ruled by Raghunatha Kilavan Setupati, the Raja of Ramnad and the Pudukottai region was ruled by a chief called Pallavarayan. The Raja of Ramnad suspected the chief's loyalty to the Ramnad kingdom and believed that the chief would shift his allegiance to the ruler of Thanjavur. So the Raja of Ramnad ousted the chief and appointed his brother-in-law Ragunatha Raya Tondaman, the brother of his queen Kathayi Nachiar, as the new ruler of Pudukottai. Thondaiman, the son of Avadai Raghunatha Tondaiman, was earlier ruling Thirumayam. In appreciation of Tondaman's services, Raghunatha Kilavan Setupati gave him the region of Pudukkottai.
Thondaman became the de facto ruler of Pudukottai. In later centuries, the Thondaiman rulers, while nominally feudatories of the Ramnad state, often pursued an independent foreign policy, a trend common in all parts of India at that time.
After becoming the ruler of Pudukottai, Raghunatha Thondaiman fought against the Nayaks of Tanjore in support of the Nayaks of Madurai and conquered Thirukkattupalli, a very important place. Then, there was a direct clash between Thondaimans of Pudukottai and the Nayaks rulers of Tanjore. Thondaiman conquered the west of Thirukkattupalli.
The next ruler Raja Vijaya Reghunatha Raya Thondaiman helped Nawab of Arcot against Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore. He was also loyal towards the British Government. After some time, when Hyder Ali's army tried to invade the kingdom of Pudukkottai, Thondaiman's army defeated them and drove Hyder's army away. Thondaiman captured Kilanilai and Aranthangi. He helped the British Government against Tipu Sultan.
Pudukkotai finally came under formal British protection. This was arguably unavoidable, since the Thondaimans were much menaced in that period by a resurgent Mysore ruled by Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Tipu Sultan had sought to leverage the power of the French against the British

## Thondaman Rulers

The Thondaman lineage:
* Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman (1686–1730)
* Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman I (1730–1769)
* Raya Raghunatha Tondaiman (1769 – Dec 1789)
* Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman (Dec 1789 – 1 February 1807)
* Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman II (1 February 1807 – June 1825)
* Raghunatha Tondaiman (June 1825 – 13 July 1839)
* Ramachandra Tondaiman (13 July 1839 – 15 April 1886)
* Marthanda Bhairava Tondaiman (15 April 1886 – 28 May 1928)
* Rajagopala Tondaiman (28 October 1928 – 4 March 1948 {as Official} 5 March 1948-16 Jan 1997 {as Titular} )
* R. Rajagopala Tondaiman II (16 Jan 1997-present) (Titular)
# Marlon Dinger

Marlon Dinger (born 16 June 2001) is a German professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Sonnenhof Großaspach.

## Career

Dinger made his professional debut for Karlsruher SC in the 2. Bundesliga on 19 September 2020, coming on as a substitute in the 88th minute for Robin Bormuth against Hannover 96, which finished as a 2–0 away loss.
# Wilhelm Weiler

Wilhelm Weiler (born 1 March 1936) is a Canadian gymnast. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He won eight medals at the 1963 Pan American Games.
# Acharia hyperoche

Acharia hyperoche is a member of the genus Acharia (saddleback caterpillar moths and allies).

## Description

The caterpillar of Acharia hyperoche hides on the underside of the palm leaves on which it feeds, its green coloration helping it blend in. The body has fleshy protuberances that carry sharp spines. Brushing against the spines results in a red itchy rash and pain. Many other species in the same family (Limacodidae) are protected by similar defensive spines.

## Range

Most commonly found from the months of September to February, with a sudden spike in June. A. hyperoche is most commonly found in Costa Rica, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador.
# Joint Task Force North

Joint Task Force North (JTF North), formerly Joint Task Force Six (JTF-6), is a multi-service operation by the United States Department of Defense for counterdrug and anti-terrorist operations. JTF-North is headquartered at Biggs Army Airfield, Fort Bliss, Texas. United States Northern Command is the controlling Unified Combatant Command.
Major General Henry S. Dixon assumed command on 9 December 2024, and is the 12th Commander of JTF-N.

## History

Well-known former members of Joint Task Force 6 include: General Kevin P. Byrnes, U.S. Army, Ret., JTF-6 Commanding General; Colonel Robert Love, USMC, Ret., and current Senior Executive Service (SES) member to the DoD's Task Force for Business and Stability Operations (TFBSO); Special Forces LTC Eric Buckland, U.S. Army, Ret., and Captain Kirk Harrington, owner of EFMC, LLC.

## Mission casualties

On 21 May 1995, during JTF-6 Mission "Smugglers Blues" (a joint air reconnaissance mission conducted along the US and Mexico border near Nogales, Arizona) Chief Warrant Officer 2 (CW2) Kevin L. Jenkins and Chief Warrant Officer 2 (CW2) John D. Peterson, both from Alpha Troop, 1st Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment (1/6 CAV) station in Fort Hood, Texas, died when their OH-58C helicopter crashed during a night surveillance mission.
On 2 June 1996, during JTF-6 Mission JT177-96, (a ground reconnaissance mission conducted in the Angeles National Forest, California) Lance Corporal Eric D. Davis of Company B, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment (1/5) died as the result of a fall.

## Scandals

On 20 May 1997, during an operation in Redford, Texas, near the United States–Mexico border, Corporal Clemente M. Banuelos, the leader of his squad, fatally shot 18-year-old American citizen Esequiel Hernández, Jr., on the American side of the border. He was holding a .22 caliber rifle he used to protect his herd of goats from predators. Marines alleged that he pointed the rifle at them, although they were some 200 yards away and heavily camouflaged in ghillie suits. No charges were brought at the time or subsequently.
The shooting inspired the 2005 film The Three Burials of Melquíades Estrada by Tommy Lee Jones. The 2007 documentary The Ballad of Esequiel Hernández explores the killing, analyzing both sides of the issue by interviewing the Hernández family and friends, the Marines, and local officials.
31°50′29″N 106°21′53″W﻿ / ﻿31.84139°N 106.36472°W﻿ / 31.84139; -106.36472
# William Bush

William Bush may refer to:
* William Ernest Bush (died 1903), first and last Baron Freiherr von Bush of Coburg-Gotha
* William Henry Bush (1849–1931), American businessman and rancher
* William Sharp Bush (1786–1812), United States Marine Corps officer who was killed on the USS Constitution during the War of 1812
* William H. T. Bush (1938–2018), American businessperson
* William McKeeva Bush, first Premier of the Cayman Islands
* William Bush (cricketer) (1883–1959), New Zealand cricketer
* William Owen Bush (1832–1907), American farmer and politician in Washington state
* William Bush IV, American politician and member of the Delaware House of Representatives
* William E. Bush (1936–2001), American politician in New York
* Billy Bush (born 1971), American television personality
* Billy Bush (record producer), American record producer
* Billy "Green" Bush (born 1935), American actor
* Bill Bush (born 1949), New Zealand rugby union player
# Andrea Rothfuss

Andrea Rothfuss (born 20 October 1989) is a German para-alpine skier. She has a disability: she was born without a left hand.

## Career

She skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships. She was the first skier to finish in the standing women's downhill race and the slalom race. She was the second skier to finish in the Super Combined. She was the third skier to finish in the Super-G race and the giant slalom Race.
# Flip It, Kick It!

Flip It, Kick It! is the first extended play by South Korean boy group KickFlip. It was released on January 20, 2025, by JYP Entertainment and comprises six tracks, including the single "Umm Great" and the title track "Mama Said".

## Background

Four members of JYP's then-unnamed new boy group—Kyehoon, Amaru, Keiju, and Donghyeon—were selected through the SBS reality competition show Loud (2021). On November 22, 2024, KickFlip was officially announced to debut on January 1, 2025, later postponsed to January 6 as a response to the Jeju Air Flight 2216 crash.
On January 5, JYP announced the pre-release single "Umm Great", which will be included in KickFlip's debut EP Flip It, Kick It!, releasing on January 20. "Umm Great" was released a day later. The remaining members of the group were revealed on the same day, alongside the album's promotion schedule. Introductory films for the group and the individual members were released on January 8 and 9, followed by concept photos on January 10, 13 and 14. On January 15, the track listing was released, with "Mama Said" announced as the EP's lead single.

## Composition

Flip It, Kick It! contains six tracks. Several members of KickFlip assisted in the writing of the tracks: Amaru for "Mama Said", "Umm Great", along with Donghwa, and "Like a Monster", along with Kyehoon and Minje. During the group's debut showcase, member Donghwa said that they idolize their labelmate and senior group Stray Kids, and were inspired by them to be part of the creative process for their music. The third track, "Warrior", was written by labelmate and Day6 member Young K.

## Promotion

To commemorate their debut with the release of Flip It, Kick It!, KickFlip held a pop-up store in JYP Entertainment's office building from January 25 to February 2, which included the sale of merchandise such as tote bags, T-shirts, caps, and posters.

## Commercial performance

Flip It, Kick It! surpassed 300,000 copies sold in pre-orders as of January 15. In South Korea, the EP debuted on the top of the Circle Album Chart in the chart issue dating January 19–25, 2025. It also debuted at number 47 on Japan's Oricon Albums Chart in the chart issue dating January 20–26, 2025, with approximately 1,000 copies sold.

## Release history

Release history for Flip It, Kick It! :
| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| South Korea | January 20, 2025 | CD | JYP |
| Various | January 20, 2025 | Digital downloadstreaming | JYP |
# Oliver Smith (actor)

Oliver Smith (born 29 May 1952) is an English actor. He is known for playing the role of Frank the Monster from the original Hellraiser film in 1987, as well as Mr. Browning and Skinless Frank from Hellbound: Hellraiser II in 1988. In May–June 2010, Smith narrated the commercial for the DVD and Blu-ray releases of Life.

## As Frank the Monster

Oliver Smith's role in the original Hellraiser film is as Frank (the main villain in Hellraiser) after he is slain by Pinhead. Actor Sean Chapman plays Frank in his living state in the early stages of the film.

## Filmography

* Jesus of Nazareth (1977), Saul
* The First Great Train Robbery (1979), Ratting Assistant
* Porridge (1979), McMillan
* Riding High (1981), Burt Ganja
* Hellraiser (1987), Zombified Frank / Frank the Monster
* Hellbound: Hellraiser II (1988), Browning / Skinless Frank
* Tale of a Vampire (1992), Bum

## Television/Commercial

* Life (2010) – Male Narration (commercialised) (uncredited)
# List of wolves

This is a list of famous individual wolves, pairs of wolves, or wolf packs. For a list of wolf subspecies, see Subspecies of Canis lupus. For a list of all species in the Canidae family, several of which are named "wolves", see list of canids.

## Individual wolves

* 302M (also known as "The Casanova")
* 926F (Spitfire) - daughter of O-Six
* Custer Wolf
* Dogor, preserved specimen
* Hexham wolf
* Lobo the King of Currumpaw
* Old Gray Guy - Isle Royale immigrant who genetically rescued the inbred population of wolves of the Island
* OR-7 (also known as "Journey") [male]
* O-Six (also known as "The 06 Female" or 832F [her research ID])
* Romeo
* Slavc
* Three Toes of Harding County
* Tiger of Sabrodt
* Wolf of Ansbach

## In folklore and mythology

* Amarok
* Asena
* Fenrir
* Garmr (different sources call Garmr either a wolf or a dog)
* Geri and Freki
* Hati Hróðvitnisson
* Lupa, the she-wolf that nursed Romulus and Remus
* Ōkami
* Okuri-inu
* Raijū
* Senbiki-ōkami
* Sköll
* Warg
* Werewolf
* Wepwawet
* Wolf of Gubbio, a wolf featured in a tale of Francis of Assisi

## Fictional wolves

* Akela
* Big Bad Wolf
* Bigby Wolf
* Gmork
* Isengrim
* Maugrim
* Raksha
* White Fang
# Myra Sklarew

Myra Weisberg Sklarew (December 18, 1934 – December 30, 2024) was an American biologist, poet and teacher.

## Life and career

Sklarew was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1934. She began writing poetry at the age of 7 or 8, in part because of her frequent long stays at home due to reoccurring strep throat infections.
She received a biology degree from Tufts University, in 1956. She studied bacterial genetics and bacterial viruses with Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. In 1961, she moved to Bethesda, Maryland with her family. She later studied with Elliott Coleman at the Johns Hopkins University Writing Seminars, where she received an M.A. in 1970. After that, she began teaching at American University, and taught there from 1970 to 2007, except for a four-year stint, from 1987 to 1991, where she served as president of the Yaddo artist community.
Sklarew was the author of three chapbooks, and six collections of poetry. Her poems are in the Contemporary Poets Archive at the Library of Congress, while her papers are in the University of Maryland Archives.
After her retirement in 2007, Sklarew was emerita professor of literature in the writing program at American University.
Sklarew died due to complications from Crohn’s disease on December 30, 2024, at the age of 89.
# Samuel Hirst Three-Decker

The Samuel Hirst Three-Decker is a historic triple decker in Worcester, Massachusetts. It is a well-preserved example of a Colonial Revival house built late in Worcester's westward expansion of triple-decker construction. It follows a typical side hall plan, with a distinctive front porch supported by paired square pillars through all three levels. The roof has an extended eave that is decorated with brackets and dentil molding.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
# Taiwan Cooperative Bank

The Taiwan Cooperative Bank (TCB; Chinese: 合作金庫銀行; pinyin: Hézuò Jīnkù Yínháng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ha̍p-chok Kim-khò͘ Gîn-hâng) is a publicly listed bank headquartered in Taipei, Taiwan. Originally established in 1923 during Japanese rule in Taiwan, TCB was reorganized in 1946 and has grown significantly since. Today, it is one of the largest banks in Taiwan and has the most branches (301) among Taiwanese banks. Taiwan Cooperative Bank is one of Taiwan's six domestic systemically important banks.

## History

The bank was first established in 1923 as an alliance of about 290 credit unions in Taiwan.
In 2009, BNP Paribas announced a joint venture with TCB to sell insurance products in Taiwan. The following year, BNP announced another joint venture with TCB to set up an asset management operation in Taiwan.
Taiwan Cooperative Bank was listed by the Financial Supervisory Commission as a domestic systemically important bank (D-SIB), along with Taipei Fubon Bank, CTBC Bank, Cathay United Bank, Mega International Commercial Bank, and First Commercial Bank (第一銀行).
In 2022, the bank opened a Czech office in Prague to tap business opportunities in Central Europe. The move came in the midst of warming relations between Taiwan and the Czech Republic.
On 2 July 2023, CEO Lin Chien-hao (林謙浩) passed away, and operations were announced to be continuing under the interim leadership of bank president Lin Mao-yin (林衍茂) and general manager Chen Mei-tsu (陳美足).

## Baseball team

The Taiwan Cooperative Bank Baseball Team (Chinese: 合作金庫銀行棒球隊; pinyin: Hézuò Jīnkù Yínháng Bàngqiú Duì), also known as TCB Baseball Team (Chinese: 合庫棒球隊), is a team in the Popcorn League. Along with Taipower, TCB was one of the two teams in Taiwan's First Division amateur baseball league that were owned by government-sponsored corporations. The team won the Popcorn League championship in the 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, and 2022 seasons and has the most championships in the league.
Founded in 1948, players on the team included Olympian Chang Hsing-hsien.
# Benjamin Schlein

Benjamin Schlein (born 28 May 1975 in Lugano, Switzerland) is an Italian mathematician and professor at the University of Zurich. Schlein's research is mathematical physics. He works in mathematical analysis of many-body quantum systems and random matrix theory.

## Career

Schlein studied theoretical physics at ETH Zurich and received his PhD in 2002 under the supervision of Jürg Fröhlich. From 2004 to 2005 he was an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow at Stanford University and from 2005 to 2006 at Harvard University. From 2006 to 2007 he was an assistant professor at University of California, Davis. During 2007-2008 he was a Research Fellow, supported by Kovalevskaja Award at LMU Munich. From 2007 to 2010 he was a lecturer at Cambridge University. From 2010 to 2014 he was a Hausdorff Chair at the University of Bonn in Germany. He has been a professor at the University of Zurich since 2014.
He was one of the four editors-in-chief of the Journal of Functional Analysis in 2022–24.

## Awards and honors

In 2006, Schlein received the Sofja Kovalevskaja Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. In 2009, he was awarded the Young Scientist Prize of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) for outstanding results in mathematical analysis of many-body quantum systems, in particular, Bose gases. In 2018, Schlein was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians.

## Personal life

He is the brother of Italian politician Elly Schlein.
# 1888 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1888.

## Newly named plants

| Name | Status | Authors | Authors | Notes |
| Aachenosaurus | Nomen dubium | Smets | | Misidentified piece of petrified wood. |

## Dinosaurs

* Richard Lydekker published a catalogue of reptiles in the British Museum of Natural History, their collection information, and their classification.

### New taxa

| Taxon | Novelty | Status | Author(s) | Age | Unit | Location | Notes |
| Allosaurus medius | Sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Marsh | Albian | Arundel Formation | Maryland | A species of Allosaurus |
| Ceratops montanus | Gen. et sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Marsh | Maastrichtian | Laramie Formation | Montana | Preoccupied by Rafinesque, 1815. Later unnecessarily renamed Proceratops |
| Coelurus gracilis | Sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Marsh | Albian | Arundel Formation | Maryland | A species of Coelurus |
| Cumnoria | Gen. nov. | Valid | Seeley | Kimmeridgian | Kimmeridge Clay Formation | England | A new genus for Iguanodon prestwichii |
| Iguanodon dawsoni | Sp. nov. | Valid | Richard Lydekker | Barremian | Wadhurst Clay Formation | England | Later given the genus name Barilium |
| Ornithopsis manseli | Sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Lydekker | Kimmeridgian | Kimmeridge Clay Formation | England | A species for "Ischyrosaurus" Hulke, 1874 |
| Pleurocoelus nanus | Gen. et sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Marsh | Albian | Arundel Formation | Maryland | A sauropod possibly synonymous with Astrodon |
| Pleurocoelus altus | Sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Marsh | Albian | Arundel Formation | Maryland | A species of Pleurocoelus |
| Priconodon crassus | Gen. et sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Marsh | Albian | Arundel Formation | Maryland | A nodosaurid |
| Sphenospondylus gracilis | Sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Lydekker | Barremian | Wessex Formation | England | A species for Sphenospondylus |
| Trachodon cantabrigiensis | Sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Lydekker | Albian | Cambridge Greensand | England | A species of Trachodon |

## Birds
### New taxa

| Name | Status | Authors | Authors | Notes |
| Neochen pugil | Valid | Oluf Winge | | |

## Plesiosaurs
### Newly named plesiosaurs

| Name | Status | Authors | Authors | Location | Images |
| Trinacromerum | Valid | Cragin | | Canada ( Manitoba)  USA ( Colorado, Kansas, Texas and Utah) | Trinacromerum. |

## Synapsids
### Non-mammalian

| Name | Status | Authors | Age | Location | Images |
| Palaeohatteria | Valid | Credner | | | |
| Phocosaurus | Valid | Seeley | | | |
# Acetamide

Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CH$_3$CONH$_2$. It is an amide derived from ammonia and acetic acid. It finds some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial solvent. The related compound N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) is more widely used, but it is not prepared from acetamide. Acetamide can be considered an intermediate between acetone, which has two methyl (CH$_3$) groups either side of the carbonyl (CO), and urea which has two amide (NH$_2$) groups in those locations. Acetamide is also a naturally occurring mineral with the IMA symbol: Ace.

## Production
### Laboratory scale

Acetamide can be produced in the laboratory from ammonium acetate by dehydration:
    [NH$_4$][CH$_3$CO$_2$] → CH$_3$C(O)NH$_2$ + H$_2$O
Alternatively acetamide can be obtained in excellent yield via ammonolysis of acetylacetone under conditions commonly used in reductive amination.
It can also be made from anhydrous acetic acid, acetonitrile and very well dried hydrogen chloride gas, using an ice bath, alongside more valuable reagent acetyl chloride. Yield is typically low (up to 35%), and the acetamide made this way is generated as a salt with HCl.

### Industrial scale

In a similar fashion to some laboratory methods, acetamide is produced by dehydrating ammonium acetate or via the hydration of acetonitrile, a byproduct of the production of acrylonitrile:
    CH$_3$CN + H$_2$O → CH$_3$C(O)NH$_2$

## Uses

Acetamide is used as a plasticizer and an industrial solvent. Molten acetamide is good solvent with a broad range of applicability. Notably, its dielectric constant is higher than most organic solvents, allowing it to dissolve inorganic compounds with solubilities closely analogous to that of water. Acetamide has uses in electrochemistry and the organic synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and antioxidants for plastics. It is a precursor to thioacetamide.

## Occurrence

Acetamide has been detected near the center of the Milky Way galaxy. This finding is potentially significant because acetamide has an amide bond, similar to the essential bond between amino acids in proteins. This finding lends support to the theory that organic molecules that can lead to life (as we know it on Earth) can form in space.
On 30 July 2015, scientists reported that upon the first touchdown of the Philae lander on comet 67/P's surface, measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which – acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate, and propionaldehyde – were seen for the first time on a comet.
In addition, acetamide is found infrequently on burning coal dumps, as a mineral of the same name.
# Indiscretions of Betty

Indiscretions of Betty is a 1910 American short silent comedy film released by the Vitagraph Company of America. The film features the first known screen appearance of Mabel Normand. The film's status is currently unknown. Normand followed the film with D. W. Griffith's Her Awakening.
# Jake Hutson

Jacob William Hutson (born 22 June 1994) is an English cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Sussex against South Africa A on 14 June 2017.