OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hansa-Brandenburg W.19

The Hansa-Brandenburg W.19 was a German fighter-reconnaissance aircraft of World War I. It was a single-engined two-seat biplane floatplane, and was a larger development of the successful W.12. It served with the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy) during 1918.

## Development and design

Operational experience with the W.12 showed that, while it was an extremely successful design - showing excellent performance and manoeuvrability - there was a requirement for a floatplane fighter with greater endurance. To meet this requirement, Ernst Heinkel, chief designer of the Hansa und Brandenburgische Flugzeug-Werke, designed the W.19.
The W.19 was of similar layout to the W.12, but considerably larger (i.e. with a 2.6 m/8.5 ft greater wingspan and a 1 m/3.3 ft greater length). It was a single-engined tractor biplane, with two bay wings. The aircraft was fitted with a similar inverted tailplane to the W.12 in order to give unobstructed fields of fire to the observer, who was seated in a rear cockpit, immediately behind the pilot. In order to compensate for the increased size and weight over the W.12, the W.19 was fitted with a more powerful Maybach Mb.IV engine.
Production aircraft were armed with one or two synchronised 7.92 mm (.312 in) LMG 08/15 machine guns firing forward and a single 7.92 mm (.312) LMG 08/15 machine gun for the observer. One aircraft was fitted with a 20 mm Becker cannon for tests.

## Operational history

The W.19 entered service with the German Navy in January 1918, operating from bases at Borkum and Zeebrugge for operations over the North Sea. It was used in support of the smaller W.19 or W.29 fighters, often scouting ahead for targets while the smaller aircraft waited on the sea. Combats often occurred between the various Hansa-Brandenburg fighters and large British flying boats such as Felixstowe F.2s and Curtiss Americas.
The W.19 continued in service until the Armistice, 55 being produced. While it had been planned to supplement it with the W.33 monoplane, only a few had been delivered by the time the war ended.

## Operators
### German Empire

* Kaiserliche Marine

## Specifications (W.19)

Data from German Aircraft of the First World War
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 10.65 m (34 ft 11 in)
* Wingspan: 13.8 m (45 ft 3 in)
* Height: 4.1 m (13 ft 5 in)
* Wing area: 57.8 m$^2$ (622 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,435 kg (3,164 lb)
* Gross weight: 2,005 kg (4,420 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Maybach Mb.IV 6-cylinder water-cooled in-line piston engine, 190 kW (250 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 151 km/h (94 mph, 82 kn)
* Endurance: 5 hours
* Time to altitude: 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 6 minutes 24 seconds
* Wing loading: 34.7 kg/m$^2$ (7.1 lb/sq ft)
* Power/mass: 0.097 kW/kg (0.059 hp/lb)
Armament
* Guns: :* 2 × fixed, forward-firing 7.92 mm (0.312 in) LMG 08/15 machine guns
   * 1 × flexible 7.92 mm (0.312 in) Parabellum MG14 in rear cockpit
# Sema station

Sema station is a station on Seoul Subway Line 1 in the city of Osan, South Korea. Services on the Gyeongbu Line also pass through this station.

## History

In September 1997 the station was planned to be built with Korail and the city government of Osan sharing 50-50 of the construction cost, but in 1999 Korail decided to cancel the project due to budget constraints, causing residents and students from nearby universities, such as Hanshin University, to protest. After evaluating it to be economically feasible, construction resumed. It was originally scheduled to open in 2002, but conflict over project costs and land ownership further delayed its date. Finally in 2005 it began operations.
# Loch Glascarnoch

Loch Glascarnoch is a 7-kilometre-long (4.3 mi) reservoir in the highlands of Scotland between Ullapool and Inverness. It is dammed on its eastern end.
The reservoir was created in 1957 and forms part of the Conon Hydro-electric Power Scheme. The A835 runs along its southern edge, and the loch is a popular stop off point for motorists.
In the summer of 2020, water levels in the reservoir receded to the extent that old croft houses and bridges that were submerged when the reservoir was flooded were revealed.

## Climate

Climate data for Loch Glascarnoch (1991–2020 averages) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) | 5.8 (42.4) | 7.3 (45.1) | 10.3 (50.5) | 13.5 (56.3) | 15.4 (59.7) | 17.2 (63.0) | 16.7 (62.1) | 14.8 (58.6) | 11.0 (51.8) | 7.7 (45.9) | 5.5 (41.9) | 10.9 (51.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) | −0.9 (30.4) | 0.3 (32.5) | 2.0 (35.6) | 4.0 (39.2) | 7.2 (45.0) | 9.1 (48.4) | 8.9 (48.0) | 6.9 (44.4) | 4.2 (39.6) | 1.3 (34.3) | −1.1 (30.0) | 3.4 (38.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 225.7 (8.89) | 170.1 (6.70) | 152.5 (6.00) | 102.0 (4.02) | 101.9 (4.01) | 86.8 (3.42) | 83.4 (3.28) | 111.9 (4.41) | 132.9 (5.23) | 187.8 (7.39) | 187.0 (7.36) | 200.9 (7.91) | 1,742.9 (68.62) |
| Average precipitation days | 20.3 | 18.6 | 19.0 | 16.1 | 15.7 | 15.0 | 15.5 | 16.4 | 17.0 | 19.9 | 20.3 | 19.8 | 213.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 26.3 | 52.8 | 98.4 | 127.4 | 179.8 | 132.7 | 112.7 | 108.5 | 92.0 | 67.2 | 31.9 | 14.8 | 1,044.3 |
# EN 417

EN 417 is a European Standard concerning non-refillable metallic cartridges for liquefied petroleum gases. The standard specifies material, construction, inspection and marking requirements for cartridges with or without a valve, for use with portable appliances which comply with the requirements of EN 521.
The term is used colloquially to refer to cartridges with the 7/16" UNEF threaded valve used on disposable butane and butane/isobutane/propane mix cartridges used in some backpacking stoves. The correct name for this is Lindal B188 valve, the manufacturer's designation. This informal use is improper, as the EN 417 standard applies also to cartridges that do not have a Lindal valve, such as the valveless, pierceable Epigas canisters often used in Europe.
Unlike a pierceable, disposable canister, a Lindal valve should seal itself if the fuel container is unscrewed from the equipment to which it is attached. However, the self-sealing action cannot be relied upon as a safety feature. A dirty valve can leak, and the thread can be damaged by external force.
Among suppliers of gas cylinders and camp stoves are Epigas (Coleman), Sievert, GoSystem, Primus, Brunton, Jetboil, Mountain Safety Research, Snow Peak, Trangia, Rothenberger, and Campingaz.
# Lucas Matzerath

Lucas Joachim Matzerath (born 3 May 2000) is a German swimmer. He competed in the men's 50 metre breaststroke event at the 2020 European Aquatics Championships, in Budapest, Hungary. He finished fifth in the 100 metre breaststroke at the 2024 Summer Olympics.
# Giuseppe Galante

Giuseppe Galante (2 September 1937 – 20 December 2021) was an Italian rower.
Galante was born in Domaso on 2 September 1937. He won a silver medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics and a European title in 1961 in the coxless four. He then changed to the coxed four and won a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics and a bronze at the 1964 European Championships. His team finished fourth at the 1968 Games. Galante died on 20 December 2021, at the age of 84.
# Aleksei Aravin

Aleksei Aleksandrovich Aravin (Russian: Алексей Александрович Аравин; born 9 July 1986) is a Russian former professional footballer.

## Career

He played his first professional football game for the senior FC Lokomotiv Moscow team on 12 November 2005 in a Russian Cup matchup with FC Metallurg-Kuzbass Novokuznetsk.
He made his professional debut in the Russian Second Division in 2006 for FC SKA Rostov-on-Don. He played one game for FC Lokomotiv Moscow in the 2005-06 Russian Cup [ru], and while on their reserve team, played 40 matches.
He made his Russian Premier League debut for FC Sibir Novosibirsk on 14 March 2010 in a game against FC Terek Grozny. In the 2010 season, Aravin played in 23 of the 30 matches. After qualifying, he played in Sibir's Europa League campaign, beginning with a match against FC Apollon. In July 2011, many media outlets reported that Aravin had renewed his contract with Sibir, but in reality, was in the process of signing on for a year with PFC Spartak Nalchik. He debuted with Spartak on August 13 in their winning match of the Russian championship games against FC Tom Tomsk.
On 2 July 2014, Aravin signed a two-year contract with Anzhi Makhachkala.
# Elena Sordelli

Elena Sordelli (born 13 April 1976) is an Italian female retired sprinter, which participated at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics.

## Biography

She won four medals in international competitions with the Italian national track relay team (two at senior level and two at young level). After his retirement from the competitive competitions, which took place in 2014 at the age of 38, she is the sports manager of Bracco Atletica.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Time |
| 1995 | European Junior Championships | Nyíregyháza | 2nd | 4x100 metres relay | 45.37 |
| 1997 | World Indoor Championships | Paris | Heat | 60 metres | 7.57 |
| 1997 | European U23 Championships | Turku | 3rd | 4x100 metres relay | 44.73 |
| 1997 | World Championships | Athens | Heat | 4x100 metres relay | 44.16 |
| 2005 | European Cup (Super League) | Florence | 3rd | 4x100 metres relay | 43.83 |
| 2005 | Mediterranean Games | Almeria | 3rd | 4x100 metres relay | 45.18 |

## National titles

Sordelli won two national championships at individual senior level at a distance of eight years from each other.
* Italian Athletics Championships
** 100 m: 1998, 2006 (2)
# Aulakh, Muktsar

Aulakh is a small village in Punjab, India. It lies in the tahsil (sub-district) of Malout and in the district of Sri Muktsar Sahib. As a very small village, it has an estimated population of only 2500. The place has three religious places, comprising one gurdwara sahib and two other places.

## Demographics

As of 2011, the village had a total population of 2576, comprising 1365 males and 1211 females. The sex ratio in the village is 885 females per 1000 males. The literate ratio in the village is 200 for males and 55 for females.

## Education

In terms of education, this village is a hub for all the other villages in the neighborhood. Aulakh has one government school and four other private schools.
# Natalie Price (politician)

Natalie Price is an American politician serving as a member of the Michigan House of Representatives since 2023, currently representing the 6th district. A member of the Democratic Party, Price previously served as a member of the Berkley City Council.

## Early life and education

Price cites her mother and grandmother as influential in her early years. Her mother went back to school after her divorce to become a social worker. Price's Grandma Marie raised her own siblings after her mom died in childbirth, and later looked after Price and her brother.
Price received a Bachelor of Arts in English and classics (ancient societies) from Vassar College. She later went on to receive a Master of Arts in English Studies from the University of Exeter.

## Early career

Price worked as a teacher. She was elected to the Berkley City Council in 2019.

## State legislature

Price beat out four opponents to win the August 2022 House Democratic primary in District 5. In November, she won the general election for that seat with over 75% of the vote. Following court-mandated redistricting of the Detroit area, Price ran in the 6th district for the 2024 election, winning reelection.

## Personal life

Price is married and has two children.

## Electoral history

2022 Michigan's 5th House of Representatives district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Natalie Price | 30,699 | 78.35% |
| | Republican | Paul Taros | 8,481 | 21.65% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 39,180 | 100.0 |
2024 Michigan's 6th House of Representatives district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Natalie Price (incumbent) | 39,839 | 66.20% |
| | Republican | Brent M. Lamkin | 20,342 | 33.80% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 60,181 | 100.0 |
# Dudley Spencer House

The Dudley Spencer House, also called Laurel, is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Usonian home in Wilmington, Delaware.
Wright designed this home in 1956 and named it "Laurel". This house is of the hemicycle design, and is built of irregularly coursed fieldstone. This single story house has a flat roof with curvilinear extensions and windows under roof extensions. The interior fireplace and hearth serves as dominant structural and aesthetic element. Typical of Wright designs, the home successfully blends with the surrounding wooded environment. The Dudley Spencer house is private and not accessible to the public. The house was built by its first owner, Dudley Spencer, over a five-year period between 1956 and 1961.
Following the death of Spencer in 2012, the house was sold to its current owners in 2013.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
# 1948 Jersey Road Race

The 2nd Jersey Road Race was a Formula One motor race held on 29 April 1948 at the St. Helier Circuit, in Saint Helier, Jersey. The 55-lap race was won by Bob Gerard in an ERA B-Type, setting fastest lap in the process. George Abecassis finished second in a Maserati 6CM, and Reg Parnell was third in a Maserati 4CL. B. Bira started from pole position in another Maserati 4CL but finished fourth following a succession of pit stops for tyres, oil and fuel.

## Results

| Pos | No. | Driver | Entrant | Constructor | Time/Retired | Grid |
| 1 | 10 | Bob Gerard | F.R. Gerard | ERA B-Type | 2:00:55.2, 141.34kph | 3 |
| 2 | 23 | George Abecassis | G. Abecassis | Maserati 6CM | +1 lap | 7 |
| 3 | 8 | Reg Parnell | R. Parnell | Maserati 4CL | +1 lap | 4 |
| 4 | 1 | B. Bira | Prince Chula | Maserati 4CL | +1 lap | 1 |
| 5 | 15 | Bob Ansell | R.E. Ansell | Maserati 4CL | +2 laps | 6 |
| 6 | 12 | John Bolster | P.H. Bell | ERA B-Type | +2 laps | 8 |
| 7 | 16 | Roy Salvadori | R.F. Salvadori | Maserati 4CM | +4 laps | 12 |
| 8 | 14 | Geoffrey Ansell | G.E. Ansell | ERA B-Type | +4 laps | 10 |
| 9 | 29 | Bob Cowell | R.M. Cowell | Lagonda | +7 laps | 21 |
| 10 | 27 | John Benett | Lord Selsdon | Talbot-Lago T26SS | +11 laps | 5 |
| 11 | 19 | Geoff Richardson | G.N. Richardson | ERA-Riley | +12 laps | 20 |
| 12 | 22 | Archie Baring | A.A. Baring | Maserati 6CM | +24 laps | 18 |
| 13 | 11 | Cuth Harrison | T.C. Harrison | ERA B-Type | +30 laps | 13 |
| Ret | 20 | Leslie Brooke | H.L. Brooke | ERA B-Type | 41 laps, valve | 15 |
| Ret | 21 | Sam Gilbey | S.J. Gilbey | Maserati 6CM | 33 laps, accident | 16 |
| Ret | 7 | Fred Ashmore | R. Parnell | ERA E-Type | 24 laps, fuel feed | 19 |
| Ret | 24 | John Heath | John Heath | Alta GP | 19 laps, timing gears | 14 |
| Ret | 9 | David Hampshire | R. Parnell | Delage 15S8 | 15 laps, ignition | 22 |
| Ret | 6 | Joe Ashmore | R. Parnell | ERA A-Type | 11 laps, engine | 17 |
| Ret | 30 | Bobbie Baird | P.R. Emery & W.R. Baird | Emeryson-Duesenberg | 8 laps, gearbox | 11 |
| Ret | 2 | Luigi Villoresi | Scuderia Ambrosiana | Maserati 4CLT | 6 laps, gearbox | 2 |
| Ret | 4 | Raymond Mays | Raymond Mays | ERA B-Type | 4 laps, oil pressure | 9 |
| DNS | 28 | Tony Rolt | A.P.R. Rolt | Alfa Romeo | cracked valve seats | |
| DNS | 17 | Barry Woodall | Barry Woodall | Delage | con rod | |
| DNA | 3 | Leslie Johnson | Leslie G. Johnson | ERA | | |
| DNA | 5 | Raymond Sommer | Raymond Sommer | CTA-Arsenal | | |
| DNA | 18 | Michael Chorlton | M.C. Chorlton | Bugatti | | |
| DNA | 25 | Leslie Brooke | Gian Volpini | Ferrari | | |
| DNA | 26 | Ian Connell Guy Gale | G.F.K. Gale | Talbot-Darracq | | |
# Frank Thomas House

The Frank W. Thomas House is a historic house located at 210 Forest Avenue in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago in Illinois, United States. The building was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1901 and cast in the Wright-developed Prairie School of Architecture. By Wright's own definition, this was the first of the Prairie houses - the rooms are elevated, and there is no basement. The house also includes many of the features which became associated with the style, such as a low roof with broad overhangs, casement windows, built-in shelves and cabinets, ornate leaded glass windows and central hearths/fireplaces. Tallmadge & Watson, a Chicago firm that became part of the Prairie School of Architects, added an addition to the rear of the house in 1923.
On September 14, 1972, the Frank Thomas House was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

## Gallery

* Frank W. Thomas House (1901), by Frank Lloyd Wright
* Frank W. Thomas House (1901)
* Frank W. Thomas House (1901), 210 Forest Avenue, Oak Park, IL
* Main floor plan
* Bedroom floor plan
# List of Mers

This is a list of notable members of the Mer community.

## Science

* Kamlesh Khunti CBE - director of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands and globally recognised diabetes expert.

## Sports

* Sonia Odedra - English female Cricketer
* Jayesh Odedra - Indian Cricketer
* Jay Odedra - Omani cricketer
* Prem Sisodiya -Welsh Cricketer

## Politics

* Babubhai Bokhiria - Gujarat Cabinet Minister for Water Resources (except Kalpsar project), Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries and Cow protection
* Arjun Modhwadia - Indian politician
* Santokben Jadeja - Indian politician
* Kandhal Jadeja - Son of Santokben and member of Gujarat legislative assembly
# Thumb Correctional Facility

Thumb Correctional Facility (TCF) is a Michigan prison, located in Lapeer, for male prisoners. It is a Level II, lower-level security prison.

## Facility

The prison was opened in 1987, and has six housing units currently used to house approximately 1,200 male Michigan Department of Corrections prisoners. Four housing units are for approximately 700 adult inmates, and two housing units are for approximately 500 teenage inmates. It is the only prison in Michigan that houses male juvenile offenders. Onsite facilities provide for foodservice, health care, facility maintenance, storage, prison administration, and industrial laundry services. The facility employs approximately 315 people.

### Security

The facility is surrounded by triple 12-foot (3.7 m) fences with razor-ribbon wire and guard towers. Electronic detection systems and patrol vehicles are used to maintain perimeter security.

## Services

The facility offers libraries, a barber shop, prison worker programs, education programs, substance-abuse treatment, group therapy, and religious services. Onsite medical and dental care is supplemented by the Duane L. Waters Hospital in Jackson, Michigan.
The worker program allows the prison's laundry facility to provide services to several organizations in the area.

## Notable inmates

| Inmate Name | Register Number | Status | Details |
| Ethan Crumbley | 734210 | Serving 4 life sentences without parole plus an additional 24 years. | Perpetrator of the 2021 Oxford High School shooting in which he murdered four students and injured 7 more. Due to the severity of his crimes, he was tried as an adult. Transferred to Oaks Correctional Facility, on April 28, 2024, when he turned 18 years old, to start to serve his sentence in Oaks. |
| Charles Pickett Jr. | 485575 / 5278911L | Serving a minimum of 40 years. | Convicted of murdering 5 people while under the influence in what is known as the 2016 Kalamazoo bicycle crash. |
# Caspar Henrik Wolfsen

Caspar Henrik Wolfsen (16 December 1781 – 29 November 1836) was a Danish privateer and customs inspector of Bornholm.

## Early life

Wolfsen was born in Rønne, the son of captain Christian Leegaard Wolfsen (1746–1809) and Else Catharine Boss (1750–1823). He became a sailor at an early age. He passed his skipper's exams at the age of 24 and started sailing in the Danish West Indies trade. He was also involved in smuggling.

## Privateering

The British attack on Copenhagen in 1807 left Denmark without a fleet. Within one week of the British forces departing with the remains of the Danish fleet, Christian VII's government in Copenhagen promulgated the Danish Privateers Regulations (1807). Denmark was at war with Britain, and a part of the fight would fall to privateers. Wolfsen was put in command of first the privateering vessel Mandal and then Danneskjold after having handed Mandal over to a brother. With these ships he captured several British prizes. By 1809, he had captured at least 22 prizes. He was the same year awarded the Order of the Dannebrog for his achievements.
After the war he settled on Bornholm. In 1821, he became a customs officer in Rønne. In 1829, he was promoted to customs inspector of the island. In this capacity, he was particularly successful in combatting smuggling.

## Personal life

On 21 September 1804 in Copenhagen, Wolfsen married Maria Elisabeth Undall (1786–1808), daughter of army officer Andreas Undall (1738–1795) and Charlotte Dorothea Røder (1758–1820). After her death just two years later, on 25 June 1811 in Copenhagen he married Johanne Sabine (Sebine) Behrendt (1784–1845), daughter of master klein smith Diderich Behrendt (c. 1743–1808) and Johanne Sabine Tamsen (ca. 1759–1784).
Wolfsen was a highly esteemed civil servant on Bornholm and kept a busy social life. He was colloquially known as Knight Wolfsen (Ridder Wolfsen) among the locals. In 1834, he was a driving force behind the establishment of Rønne Theatre. He was himself an actor in several of its productions.
He died on 29 November 1836 and was buried at Rønne Cemetery. His daughter Else Cathrine Marie Wolffsen (1715–1718) married Lauritz Georg William Hasselriis (1808–1889), with whom she had seven children. Their eldest son was named after his maternal grandfather. A daughter from Wolfsen's first marriage and a son from his second marriage both died in their late teens.
# Feistring Formation

The Feistring Formation is a geologic formation in Austria. It preserves fossils dated to the Langhian age of the Miocene period.
# 1930 Navy Midshipmen football team

The 1930 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1930 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Bill Ingram, the Midshipmen compiled a 6–5 record, shut out four opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 148 to 117.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| October 4 | William & Mary | Thompson StadiumAnnapolis, MD | W 19–6 | |
| October 11 | at Notre Dame | Notre Dame StadiumNotre Dame, IN (rivalry) | L 2–26 | 40,593 |
| October 18 | Duke | Thompson StadiumAnnapolis, MD | L 0–18 | |
| October 25 | at Princeton | Palmer StadiumPrinceton, NJ | W 31–0 | 45,000 |
| November 1 | West Virginia Wesleyan | Thompson StadiumAnnapolis, MD | W 37–14 | |
| November 8 | Ohio State | Municipal StadiumBaltimore, MD | L 0–27 | 45,000 |
| November 15 | SMU | Municipal StadiumBaltimore, MD (rivalry) | L 7–20 | |
| November 22 | Maryland | Thompson StadiumAnnapolis, MD (rivalry) | W 6–0 | 23,000 |
| November 29 | George Washington | Thompson StadiumAnnapolis, MD | W 20–0 | |
| December 6 | at Penn | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA | W 26–0 | 60,000 |
| December 13 | vs. Army | Yankee StadiumBronx, NY (Army–Navy Game) | L 0–6 | 75,000 |