OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Redundancy

Redundancy or redundant may refer to:

## Language

* Redundancy (linguistics), information that is expressed more than once

## Engineering and computer science

* Data redundancy, database systems which have a field that is repeated in two or more tables
* Logic redundancy, a digital gate network containing circuitry that does not affect the static logic function
* Redundancy (engineering), the duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the intention of increasing reliability
* Redundancy (information theory), the number of bits used to transmit a message minus the number of bits of actual information in the message
* Redundancy in total quality management, quality which exceeds the required quality level, creating unnecessarily high costs
* The same task executed by several different methods in a user interface

## Biology

* Codon redundancy, the redundancy of the genetic code exhibited as the multiplicity of three-codon combinations
* Cytokine redundancy, a term in immunology referring to the phenomenon in which, and the ability of, multiple cytokines to exert similar actions
* Gene redundancy, the existence of several genes in the genome of an organism that perform the same role to some extent

## As a proper name

* "Redundant" (song), 1997 song by American rock band Green Day
* Redundant (play), 2001 drama by Leo Butler

## Other uses

* Redundant church, no longer used for worship
* Redundancy in United Kingdom law, dismissal for economic reasons
# Northland

Northland may refer to:

## Corporations

* Northland Organic Foods Corporation, headquartered in Saint Paul, Minnesota
* Northland Resources, a mining business
* Northland Communications, an American cable television, telephone and internet service provider
* Northland Properties, the parent company of multiple hotel chains, restaurants, sports teams and properties

## Places
### Australia

* Northland Shopping Centre, in Melbourne

### Canada

* Northland Village Mall, in Calgary, Alberta
* Northland Pyrite Mine, in Temagami, Ontario

### New Zealand

* Northland (New Zealand electorate), northern New Zealand
* Northland Peninsula, northern New Zealand
* Northland region, northern New Zealand
* Northland, Wellington, suburb

### Singapore

* Northland Primary School

### United States

* Northland, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
* The Northland, a section of the Kansas City metropolitan area
* Northland Center, in Southfield, Michigan
* Buzz Westfall Plaza on the Boulevard, formerly Northland Shopping Center, in Jennings, Missouri
* Northland Mall, a demolished shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio
* Northland Mall (Appleton, Wisconsin), in Appleton, Wisconsin
* Northland International University, formerly Northland Baptist Bible College, in Dunbar, Wisconsin
* Northland Christian School, a high school in Houston, Texas
* Northland College (Wisconsin), in Ashland, Wisconsin
* Northland Community and Technical College, in East Grand Forks, Minnesota
* Northland High School (Columbus, Ohio)
* Northland Pioneer College, in Holbrook, Arizona

## Transportation
### Ships

* USCGC Northland (WPG-49), a cutter in service from 1927–1946
* USCGC Northland (WMEC-904), a cutter in service since 1984

### Trains

* Northland (railcar), a passenger car in Duluth, Minnesota, on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places
* Northlander, a Canadian passenger train formerly operated by the Ontario Northland Railway

## Other uses

* Northland (film), directed by Ernest Borneman
* Northland, a fictional location in the Shannara novel series by Terry Brooks
* Northland (field hockey team), New Zealand
* Northland Rugby Union, New Zealand
# Åkarps IF

Åkarps IF is a Swedish football club located in Åkarp.

## Background

Åkarps IF currently plays in Division 3 Södra Götaland which is the fifth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Åkarps IP in Åkarp.
The club is affiliated to Skånes Fotbollförbund.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Åkarps IF". Retrieved 2012-07-03.
* ↑ "Södra Götaland - Division 3 – Fotbollsserier 2012 – Fotboll – everysport.com". Retrieved 2012-07-03.
* ↑ "Tabell och resultat – Div 3 Södra Götaland, herrar". Retrieved 2012-07-03.
* ↑ "Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar 2012 – Åkarps IF – Svenskfotboll.se". Retrieved 2012-07-03.
# Noblesville Township, Hamilton County, Indiana

Noblesville Township is one of nine townships in Hamilton County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 50,564 and it contained 20,122 housing units.

## History

Noblesville Township was organized in 1827.
The Holliday Hydroelectric Powerhouse and Dam and Potter's Covered Bridge are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 49.12 square miles (127.2 km$^2$), of which 46.82 square miles (121.3 km$^2$) (or 95.32%) is land and 2.29 square miles (5.9 km$^2$) (or 4.66%) is water. The streams of Cicero Creek, Dry Branch, East Fork Sly Run, Lily Vestal Drain, Hinkle Creek, Ingerman Ditch, Kirkendall Creek, Mallery Granger Ditch, Overdorff Branch, Stony Creek, and West Fork Sly Run run through this township.

### Cities and towns

* Noblesville (vast majority)

### Unincorporated communities

* Riverwood

### Adjacent townships

* Jackson Township (north)
* White River Township (northeast)
* Wayne Township (east)
* Fall Creek Township (southeast)
* Delaware Township (south)
* Clay Township (southwest)
* Washington Township (west)

### Cemeteries

The township contains eight cemeteries: Crownland, Gascho-Trissel, Gray, Hurlock, Riverside, Thorp, Weaver and Zimmer.

### Major highways

* Indiana State Road 19
* Indiana State Road 32
* Indiana State Road 37
* Indiana State Road 38
* Indiana State Road 238

### Airports and landing strips

* Roberts-Jacobi Restricted Airport

## Education

Noblesville Township residents may obtain a free library card from the Hamilton East Public Library in Noblesville city.
# Sabattus River

The Sabattus River is an 11.4-mile-long (18.3 km) tributary of the Androscoggin River in Maine. It rises at the outlet of Sabattus Pond in the town of Sabattus and flows south into the town of Lisbon, reaching the Androscoggin just southeast of Lisbon Center and about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) upstream (northwest) of Lisbon Falls. Via the Androscoggin River, water from the Sabattus River flows to the Kennebec River at Merrymeeting Bay and ultimately to the Atlantic Ocean.

## Sabattus Pond

Sabattus Pond is the largest lake on the Sabattus River. The pond extends northward from a dam in the northwest corner of Sabattus along the town line between Greene to the west and Wales to the east. The Androscoggin Railroad was built along the east shore of the pond in 1861. The abandoned railroad grade has subsequently been developed with shoreline residences and seasonal cabins west of Maine State Route 132. Poor water quality from extensive shoreline development has eliminated historic populations of rainbow smelt and smallmouth bass. Remaining angling opportunities for chain pickerel and white perch have been augmented by introducing largemouth bass. Northern Pike is the main fishery with an annual ice fishing Pike derby that have had specimens over 40 inches and 20 pounds being reported.
# Boris Grigolashvili

Boris Arkadievich Grigolashvili (Georgian: ბორის არკადის ძე გრიგოლაშვილი, October 26, 1933, Tbilisi – 29 October 1993, Kutaisi, buried in Tbilisi) was a Georgian military leader, major general (1993).
Graduated from the Tbilisi military school (1956). He served in the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union (1953–1989), held the rank of colonel (1980), and was awarded 3 orders and 14 medals of the USSR.
In the Georgian Armed Forces since February 1992: chief of operations department (G-3) – first deputy chief of staff of the Main Directorate of the National Guard of Georgia, since July 1993 – chief of Staff – first deputy commander of the 1st army corps of the Ministry of Defense of Georgia.
In 1992-1993 B. Grigolashvili took part in military operations in Abkhazia and Samachablo (Tskhinvali region). Many military operations were planned and successfully carried out under his leadership. He was mortally wounded and died in the fighting in the Abkhazian war. Major General Boris Grigolashvili was posthumously awarded the order of Vakhtang Gorgasali I class (1993) for his outstanding contribution to the benefit of the Motherland and the nation, for his steadfastness and self-sacrifice, for his bravery and heroism in the fight to protect the Motherland and its territorial integrity, for his skilful leadership, implementation of defense measures, development and conduct of military operations.

## Literature

* ენციკლოპედია „საქართველო“/ Encyclopedia "Georgia", vol. 2, p. 150, Tbilisi, 2012. http://georgianencyclopedia.ge/index.php?title=მთავარი_გვერდი
* ლევან დოლიძე "გენერალსიმუსი, მარშლები, გენერლები, ადმირალები – ჩვენი თანამემამულენი1700-2000" / Dolidze L. "Generalissimo, marshals, generals, admirals – our compatriots 1700-2000", pp. 111, 176, Tbilisi, Sezani, 2000. http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/244300
* ლევან დოლიძე "გენერლები საქართველოდან"/ Dolidze L. "Generals from Georgia: Three-century chronicle of the Georgian generals", pp. 441, 659, Tbilisi, 2003. http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/114120
* ბორის გრიგოლაშვილი — საქართველოს ბიოგრაფიული ლექსიკონი / Boris Grigolashvili – Georgian Biographical Dictionary. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/ka/00002839/
# Tomiko

Tomiko (written: 富子, 都美子, とみ子, とみこ, トミ子 or トミコ) is a feminine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Tomiko Claire (トミコ クレア, born 2000), American actress and model
* Hino Tomiko (日野 富子, 1440–1496), wife of Ashikaga Yoshimasa and mother of Ashikaga Yoshihisa
* Tomiko Ishii (石井 トミコ, born 1935), Japanese actress
* Tomiko Itooka (糸岡 富子, 1908–2024), Japanese supercentenarian and for four months world's oldest living person
* Tomiko Lee, South Korean actress and film producer
* Tomiko Okazaki (岡崎 トミ子, 1944–2017), Japanese politician
* Tomiko Satō (佐藤 富子, 1894–1995), Japanese centenarian
* Tomiko Suzuki (鈴木 富子, 1956–2003), Japanese voice actress
* Tomiko Van (伴 都美子, born 1979), Japanese singer and actress
* Tomiko Yoshikawa (吉川とみ子, born 1954), Japanese racing driver

## Fictional characters

* Tomiko, a doll in the Groovy Girls line of fashion dolls
* Tomiko Riser, a marine staff Sargent in the Sentenced to War series of books.
# Salemai

Salemai or Salimai (fl. 1940s) was an Afghan rebel king who ruled only in the Eastern Province.

## Background

In either 1944 or 1945, the Safi tribe rose up against the government of the Kingdom of Afghanistan. According to British records, the uprising was caused by the Afghan government's attempts to institute conscription among the Safi, trading monopolies granted to Afghan merchant companies, and government surveillance. Whit Mason attributes the Safi uprising to "extremely brutal taxation, oppression and poverty".

## King

Religious scholars among the Safi ruled that anyone who rebelled against their king and died should be excluded from being counted as martyrs. Therefore, they were required to select one of their own as king. According to Whit Mason's version of events in The Rule of Law in Afghanistan (2011), in either 1944 or 1945, the Safi selected Shahswar as king, Salemai as prime minister and Amanul Mulk as minister of defence. However, Mason appears to mix up several roles. David B. Edwards, a veteran scholar of Afghan history, gives the following quote from Amanul Mulk (whom Edwards interviewed personally) in Caravan of Martyrs (2017), which appears to confirm that Salemai was king and not prime minister:
   We called Amanat Lewana ["mad," parroting the popular epithet for the unpopular Daud Khan]. He was our prime minister. Shasawar was minister. Salimai was king, and i was minister of defense. We used these titles because we were fighting against an Islamic king.... The mullahs told us to select one elder and call him king, and if the government attacks beyond the road, then you should also attack them. In that case, your death does not become kharob. This king should order the people to accept his order, and your death would not become wrong. This order to fight was given to us by mullahs. The elders told us to accept these orders.
By the end of October 1945, most of the Safis, except for a few die-hards had come to terms with the Afghan government. This peace agreement included among other things the abandonment or postponement of Safi conscription.
On 23 November 1946, Mohammed Daoud Khan gave the remaining Safi peace terms, which included the return of rifles and small arms ammunition captured from government troops, the surrender of Shahswar, Said Muhd, Salim Khan and Allah Khan, the sale of grain to the government at reasonable rates, and the despatch of Safi youths to Kabul for education. It is unclear if the Safi accepted these terms, but all sources agree that the Safi uprising had subsided by the end of 1946.

## Later life

In 1947, Salemai had a reunion in Shulgara with Shahswar and Amanul Mulk. Afterwards, Salemai fades out of the historical record.
# Viktor Ilyin

Viktor Ivanovich Ilyin (Russian: Ви́ктор Ива́нович Ильи́н; born 26 December 1947) is a former Soviet Army officer who attempted to assassinate the Soviet leader, Leonid Brezhnev, on 22 January 1969 in Moscow.

## Biography

Ilyin was born in Leningrad on 26 December 1947. He was less than two years old when he was taken away from his alcoholic parents and grew up in a foster family.
He entered a topographical technical school and desired to become a geologist. However, after travelling to many different regions, a "depressing impression" was left on him of "poverty, drunkenness, devastation" - different to what Soviet television showed. As a result, he drafted a reform plan which included a monthly payment to each citizen from natural resource sales, which he sent to the Kremlin, but did not receive a response. He said that was when he decided to kill Brezhnev so that everyone would know of his ideas, where he planned to speak about his plan in court. He spent almost a year preparing to assassinate him and joined the army after graduation to gain access to weapons.
He was distressed by the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, and had questioned local ideology officials about the Prague Spring.
When Ilyin was on duty, he stole two Makarov guns and four magazines from his army unit's safe and went to Moscow. He went to the Kremlin, and looked for a good firing position, choosing a place very close to the entrance gate. When the motorcade entered the gates of Borovitskaya Tower, carrying cosmonauts and top Soviet leaders, Ilyin fired his pistols at the second vehicle that he erroneously thought was carrying Leonid Brezhnev. The vehicle was occupied by the cosmonauts Georgy Beregovoy, Alexei Leonov, Andrian Nikolaev, and Valentina Tereshkova. A bullet killed the limousine driver Ilya Zharkov who was driving as a substitute on his last day before retirement. Beregovoy was wounded, and Vasiliy Zatsipilin, who was part of the motorcycle escort, was also hit, but was able to aim his motorcycle at Ilyin, bringing him down. The guards arrested Ilyin.
Yuri Andropov, head of the KGB, personally questioned Ilyin. During his interrogation, the recording of which was found in the Russian State Archives after 1991, Ilyin told Andropov that his motivation to assassinate Brezhnev was to have him replaced with his Second Secretary and Party Ideologue Mikhail Suslov (whom Ilyin called "the most outstanding person in the party at the moment"). Whether this was true or if he was simply trying to provoke infighting within the Politburo remains unknown. He was facing the death penalty, but after an investigation, he was considered insane and was placed in a psikhushka for 20 years. In 1990, he was released.
# Deniz Başkent

Deniz Başkent is a Turkish-born Dutch auditory scientist who works on auditory perception. As of 2018, she is Professor of Audiology at the University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands.

## Biography

Born and raised in Turkey, Başkent trained as an electrical engineer, obtaining undergraduate and MS degrees in electrical engineering (emphasis on robotics) at Bilkent University in Ankara. Başkent then moved to Los Angeles, CA, where she obtained a PhD in Biomedical engineering from the University of Southern California in 2003 for her work on "Speech recognition under conditions of frequency-place compression and expansion", under supervision of Robert V. Shannon at the House Ear Institute in Los Angeles, CA. She then obtained a NOHR Grant to fund a postdoc position in the same lab until the end of 2004. Moving from Los Angeles to the Bay Area, Başkent took a position as Research Scientist at the Starkey Research Center in Berkeley.
In 2009, Başkent moved to the Netherlands after obtaining a Rosalind Franklin Fellowship at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the University Medical Center Groningen. There, she founded the dB SPL (Deniz Başkent Speech Perception Lab) research group. Başkent received a Vidi grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research in 2010, and a Vici grant from the same organisation in 2017. She was promoted full professor in 2014.
Başkent became a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America in 2017.

## Research

Başkent's principal research area focuses on speech perception with cochlear implants and hearing impairment. Her approach is largely multidisciplinary, combining psychoacoustics, psycholinguistics and biomedical engineering. Between 2010 and 2016, she has published numerous studies on phonemic restoration and interrupted speech in listeners with hearing impairment.
More recently, her work has focused on voice, emotion and speaking style perception in cochlear implant users, development of voice and emotion perception in children with normal and impaired hearing, cognitive and neural mechanisms of normal and impaired hearing, and music training in cognitive rehabilitation.
# Potomac (tug)

Built in 2007, Potomac (/pəˈtoʊmək/ ) is the seventh Patapsco-class tugboat built for Vane Brothers Company. Potomac was designed by Frank Basile of Entech & Associates, and built by Thoma-Sea Boat Builders in Houma, Louisiana.
# William Beckwith

General William Beckwith, KCH (c. 1795 – 23 February 1871) was a general in the British Army.
He was the eldest son of William Beckwith of Trimdon, County Durham.

## Career

In 1813 he enlisted as a cornet in the 16th Light Dragoons and served with the regiment in the Peninsular War, where he was involved in the battles of Nivelle, Nive and Bayonne. In 1815 he was present at the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo and in December of that year was promoted lieutenant.
In 1822 he transferred to the 14th Kings Dragoons as a captain, rising to major in 1828. The regiment was posted to India in 1822 and took part in the Siege of Bharatpur. Back in England he was responsible for the quelling of reform riots in Bristol in 1831. In 1833 he was retired on half pay with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, rising to the rank of colonel in 1846, major general in 1854, lieutenant-general in 1861 and general in 1869.
He was given in 1860 the colonelcy of the 14th King's Hussars, previously the 14th Kings Dragoons, which he held until his death.

## Private life

He married the heiress Priscilla Maria Hopper of Silksworth, County Durham in 1821, who went on to inherit Silksworth House from her father. Beckwith was appointed High Sheriff of Durham for 1857.
On his death in 1871 he was buried in Houghton Hillside Cemetery, Houghton-le-Spring.
# William Bartholomew (British Army officer)

General Sir William Henry Bartholomew, GCB, CMG, DSO (16 March 1877 – 31 December 1962) was a senior British Army officer during the 1930s and a Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery.

## Military career

Educated at Newton College, South Devon and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Bartholomew was commissioned into the Royal Artillery on 23 March 1897. He was promoted to lieutenant on 23 March 1900, and to captain on 22 March 1902. After serving as an adjutant in July 1906, he attended the Staff College, Quetta from 1909 to 1910.
Bartholomew served in the First World War initially as a General Staff Officer in 4th Division, and then as a brigadier general on the General Staff of XX Corps from 1917 and on the General Staff of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force from 1918.
After the war Bartholomew commanded the 6th Infantry Brigade from 1923 moving on to be Director of Recruiting and Organisation at the War Office in 1927. He was appointed Commandant of the Imperial Defence College in 1929 and Director of Military Operations and Intelligence at the War Office in 1931. He became Chief of the General Staff in India in 1934 and then General Officer Commanding-in-Chief for Northern Command in 1937; he retired in 1940 during the Second World War.
Bartholomew was made an Aide de Camp General to the King from 1938 to 1940 and Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery from 1934 to 1937.

## After the Army

In retirement, Bartholomew served as North Eastern Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence between 1940 and 1945. He lived at Claxton Hall near York. He donated over £20,000 in 1921 to the Public Dispensary and Hospital, Leeds; later becoming world-renowned St James' Teaching Hospital.
# Ognisko Pińsk

Ognisko Pińsk was a Polish football team, located in Pińsk, Poland (now Belarus), on the historic territory of Kresy Wschodnie (Polish Eastern Borderlands).
The club was founded in an unknown year and most of its history remains unknown either. In early summer of 1939 Ognisko won the regional league of the Polesie Voivodeship, but it lost qualifiers to the Polish Football League, Pinsk's side was beat both by Śmigły Wilno and WKS Grodno. The club ceased to exist after the Soviet invasion of Poland (1939) at the start of World War II, and was not reestablished after the war, as the city of Pińsk was annexed by the Soviet Union into the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

## Sources

* (in Polish) A June 22, 1939 newspaper article with history of Ognisko Pinsk.
* This article about a Polish football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* This article about a Belarusian football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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