OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles Crawford (United States Army officer)

Charles Crawford (27 December 1866 – 28 December 1945) was a United States Army officer and an author. He served in the Spanish–American War, the Philippines and World War I.

## Early life and education

Crawford was born in Coshocton, Ohio, to Thomas Crawford and Margaret Parkhill. In 1889, Crawford graduated from the United States Military Academy, where he was a classmate of future army general Charles Dudley Rhodes. Later, he graduated from the Army War College in 1912.

## Military career

Crawford served as a second lieutenant in the 10th Infantry on the United States frontier between 1889 and 1895, which included military police duty in Oklahoma City until 1890 and assisting the U.S. Commission in dealings with American Indian tribes; between 1891 and 1892 he organized an Apache Indian Company in the 10th Infantry. During the Spanish–American War he participated in the Battle of San Juan Hill (1898) and was later commended for his bravery. Between 1903 and 1907 he taught at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in the Infantry and Cavalry School and the Army Staff College. Crawford also served in the Philippines a number of times, first between 1890 and 1902 and again between 1909 and 1911. From 1913 to 1916 Crawford served on the General Staff of the U.S. Army, after which he was in Panama Canal Zone until 1917. During World War I, Crawford served with the American Expeditionary Force as a brigadier general of the National Army. There he commanded the 6th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, during the Second Battle of the Marne. In 1919, Crawford retired owing to disabilities.

## Personal life and death

Crawford lived in Paola, Kansas, and died on 28 December 1945 in an automobile accident. He was buried in Paola.
He was a Presbyterian and married to E. M. Miller (d. 1919); they had no children. Crawford was also an author of two books: Charles, Crawford (2017). Six Months with the 6th Brigade. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-0260863218. and Restarting Economic Theory.
# Richard Ringer

Richard Ringer (born 27 February 1989 in Überlingen) is a German athlete specialising in long-distance and cross-country running. He won the bronze medal at the 2013 Summer Universiade, and finished fourth at the 2014 European Championships and fifth at the 2015 European Indoor Championships. His greatest success is his victory in the Marathon at the 2022 European Championships in Munich.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Germany ||||||
| 2007 | European Junior Championships | Hengelo, Netherlands | 13th | 5000 m | 15:16.03 |
| 2008 | World Junior Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 16th (h) | 1500 m | 3:50.77 |
| 2011 | European U23 Championships | Ostrava, Czech Republic | 7th | 5000 m | 14:24.86 |
| 2013 | Universiade | Kazan, Russia | 3rd | 5000 m | 13:37.18 |
| 2014 | European Championships | Zürich, Switzerland | 4th | 5000 m | 14:10.92 |
| 2015 | European Indoor Championships | Prague, Czech Republic | 5th | 3000 m | 7:48.44 |
| 2015 | World Championships | Beijing, China | 14th | 5000m | 14:03.72 |
| 2016 | European Championships | Amsterdam, Netherlands | 3rd | 5000 m | 13:40.85 |
| 2016 | Olympic Games | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 38th (h) | 5000 m | 14:05.01 |
| 2017 | European Indoor Championships | Belgrade, Serbia | 3rd | 3000 m | 8:01.01 |
| 2017 | World Championships | London, United Kingdom | 32nd (h) | 5000 m | 13:36.87 |
| 2018 | World Indoor Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom | – | 3000 m | DQ |
| 2018 | European Championships | Berlin, Germany | – | 10,000 m | DNF |
| 2019 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar | 30th (h) | 5000 m | 13:49.20 |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | Sapporo, Japan | 26th | Marathon | 2:16:08 |
| 2022 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | 1st | Marathon | 2:10:21 |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 1500 metres – 3:38.83 (Montbéliard 2016)
* 3000 metres – 7:46.37 (Dessau-Roßlau 2016)
* 5000 metres – 13:10.94 (Heusden-Zolder 2015)
* 10,000 metres – 27:36.52 (London 2018)
* Half marathon – 1:01:09 (Barcelona 2023)
* Marathon – 2:05:47 (Valencia 2024)
Indoor
* 1500 metres – 3:45.40 (Stuttgart 2011)
* 3000 metres – 7:46.18 (Karlsruhe 2015)
# Christian Thompson (American football)

Christian Thompson (born June 14, 1990) is a former American football safety. He played college football at South Carolina State University. He was selected in the fourth round of the 2012 NFL draft by the Baltimore Ravens.

## Early life

He attended St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

## College career

He played college football at South Carolina State University.

## Professional career

Thompson signed a four-year contract with Baltimore Ravens after being drafted in the fourth round of the 2012 NFL draft with the 130th overall pick.
On April 1, 2013, it was announced that Thompson would be suspended for the first four games of the 2013 season for violating the league's substance abuse policy. The Ravens released Thompson on October 1, 2013.
# Jérôme Lohez 9/11 Scholarship Foundation

The Jérôme R. Lohez 9/11 Scholarship Foundation was launched in November 2005, in memory of Jérôme R. Lohez, a Frenchman who was lost in the North Tower of the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks on New York City. The foundation is, according to its mission statement, "the only charitable organization established after the 9/11 tragedy that is dedicated specifically to promoting educational and cultural exchange among the U.S., France and China."

## Scholarship foundation

The founder of the organization is Jérôme Lohez's widow, Dening Wu Lohez. Ms. Lohez first established a memorial scholarship fund in her husband's memory in 2002 at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, N.J. Ms. Lohez and her husband had met as graduate students at the Institute during the mid-1990s. The scholarship foundation was a later outgrowth of this early effort.
Lohez sought and received assistance from French diplomatic representatives in establishing the foundation. In 2008, President Nicolas Sarkozy wrote a letter of commendation in recognition of the foundation's achievements.
To date, the Jérôme R. Lohez 9/11 Scholarship Foundation and the Stevens Jérôme R. Lohez '95 Memorial Fund have provided scholarship monies to more than 30 French, American and Chinese graduate exchange students, working through Stevens in the U.S. and EPITA in France, as well as in partnership with the Columbia University Alliance Program in New York City.
In 2012, the foundation initiated the Jacques Barzun Award for Distinguished Contributions to Trans-Cultural Scholarly Exchange. According to the foundation, the award is "to be conferred once a year upon two institutions of higher learning, one French and one American, in recognition of their shared international dual-degree programs (master’s and doctoral levels), and/or for their joint research efforts." The foundation also initiated a new set of partnerships with Fudan University in Shanghai, China. The first agreement was concluded with Fudan University's School of Journalism to provide scholarship awards to French and Chinese students from the Fudan-Sciences Po dual master's degree program on Media and Communications.
In 2013, the foundation established a second agreement, with Fudan University's School of International Relations and Public Administration, to provide scholarship awards to French and Chinese students from the Fudan-Sciences Po dual master's degree program on Asia and European Global Affairs. Two successive Scholarship Award ceremonies were held at the French Consul's residence in Shanghai.
On May 1, 2013, one of France's highest civilian service awards, the Insignia of Knight, Chevalier of the National Order of Merit, was bestowed upon Ms. Lohez, for her "tireless support of international education and French-American relations", during a ceremony held at the French Consulate in New York City. French Consul General Bertrand Lortholary presided at the ceremony.
# Ronald Jumeau

Ronald Jean Jumeau (born January 24, 1957) is a Seychellois political figure and diplomat. He is currently the New York-based roving Ambassador for Climate Change and Small Island Developing State Issues of the Republic of Seychelles since 2012. Previously, Ambassador Jumeau has held various ministerial positions in the government from 1998 to 2007, and adopted the role of Permanent Representative of the Seychelles to the United Nations and Ambassador to the United States from 2007-2012.

## Biography

Jumeau was born in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. He attended secondary school at Seychelles College, from which he graduated in 1975. Early in his career he was a journalist; from 1978 – 1980 as a Reporter for the Government Information Services and as the Editor of Seychelles Agence Presse and the Seychelles Nation daily newspaper from 1980 to 1993. Subsequently, he was an adviser with special press duties at the Ministry of Education from 1991 to 1993, and he was Secretary to the Cabinet in the office of the President of Seychelles and at the same time secretary of four inter-ministerial Cabinet committees from 1994 to 1998; additionally, Jumeau was in charge of the government's relations with the National Assembly from 1995 to 1998.
In 1992 and 1993, Jumeau was a member of the delegation of the ruling Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) to the first and second Seychelles Constitutional Commissions. Since 1995, he has been a member of the Central Committee of the SPPF. Jumeau was Minister for Agriculture and Marine Resources from 1998 to 1999, then Minister for Culture and Information from 2000 to September 2001, Minister for the Environment from September 2001 to 2003, and Minister for the Environment and Natural Resources (i.e. agriculture and marine resources) from 2003 to 2007. He was appointed as Permanent Representative to the UN in 2007, presenting his credentials on August 23, 2007; he was also appointed as Ambassador to the United States, presenting his credentials on September 18, 2007.
Amb. Jumeau was posted to New York in 2007 as Seychelles’ Permanent Representative to the United Nations and Ambassador to the United States, Canada, Brazil and several Caribbean islands until 2012. He has been Chair of the Steering Committee of the Global Island Partnership (GLISPA – www.glispa.org) since 2013 and Chief Spokesperson of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS – www.aosis.org) since 2012. Jumeau is the AOSIS Island Champion for the United Nations International Year of Small Island Developing States (IYSIDS) representing the AIMS region (Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea)
# Donor fatigue

Donor fatigue is a phenomenon in which people no longer donate to charities, although they have in the past. On a larger scale, it can also refer to a slowness to act on the part of the international community or any other donor base in response to a humanitarian crisis or call-to-action.

## Examples

* TICAD was formed at a time when the international community's interest in Africa was starting to wane, and donor fatigue was setting in.
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 1087: There was slow progress in the peace process, including implementing the Lusaka Protocol. The Council approved the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali's recommendation to reduce the size of UNAVEM III during February 1997, due to donor fatigue.
# Scroll of Abatur

The Diwan Abatur (ࡃࡉࡅࡀࡍ ࡀࡁࡀࡕࡅࡓ‎; "Scroll of Abatur"; Modern Mandaic: Diwān Abāthor) is a Mandaean religious text. It is a large illustrated scroll that is over 20 ft. (6.1 m) long.
A similar illustrated Mandaean scroll is the Diwan Nahrawata ("The Scroll of the Rivers"), a lavishly illustrated geographical treatise which translated into German and published by Kurt Rudolph in 1982.

## Manuscripts and translations

An English translation of the text was published by E. S. Drower in 1950 A.D., which was based on manuscript 8 of the Drower Collection (abbreviated DC 8).
A manuscript of the Diwan Abatur, MS Borgiani Siriaci 175 (abbreviated BS 175), is held at the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana in Vatican City. A facsimile copy of the manuscript, photographed by B. Pörtner, was published by Julius Euting in 1904.
In 2024, Bogdan Burtea completed a translation project for the Diwan Abatur.

## Contents

The Diwan Abatur mentions a heavenly tree called Shatrin (Šatrin) where the souls of unbaptized Mandaean children are temporarily nourished for 30 days. On the 30th day, Hibil Ziwa baptizes the souls of the children, who then continue on to the World of Light. The tree has a length of 360,000 parasangs according to the Diwan Abatur. Another tree mentioned in the Diwan Abatur is Gabriel Rihmat ('she-loved-Gabriel', a date palm).
Additionally, the Diwan Abatur mentions a ship called Shahrat (Šahrat; lit. "she kept watch") that ferries souls from Tibil across the Hitpun and into the house of Abatur.
The Scroll of Abatur lists several matartas belonging to the sons of Ptahil, namely Raglʿil, Sharhabiel, El-Sfar, Nbaṭ, Bhaq, and Shitil. There are also illustrations and descriptions of matartas belonging to each of the seven planets, with each matarta having an area of 2,000 parasangs and being 2,000-3,000 parasangs away from the next matarta. The matartas are frequently guarded by zanghaiia, or chained animals such as dogs, wolves, or lions.
* Kiwan: contains two lions
* Nirig: contains two dogs/wolves
* Nbu
* Bil
* Libat
* Sin
* Shamish
In the Diwan Abatur, the sons of Ptahil who each rule different matartas are:
* Bihram Rba
* Anush
* Hibil
* Kanziel (also spelled Ganziel or Ginziel)
* Raglʿil
* Sharhabiel
* El-Sfar
* Nbaṭ
* Bhaq
* Shitil
The scroll also contains illustrations of several female uthras and underworld figures such as:
* Dmut Hiia
* Hawa
* Libat
* Mdinat Hiia
* Niriai
* ʿQaimat
* Ruha
* Sharhabiel
* Simat Hiia

## Gallery

* An 18th-century manuscript of the Diwan Abatur in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The illustration on top depicts the ship Shahrat ferrying Mandaean souls towards the house of Abatur, while the lower illustration shows the tree of Shatrin with the souls of unbaptized children.
* Image of Abatur from the Diwan Abatur
* Image of Abatur at the scales (Abatur Muzania), from the Diwan Abatur
# AIDS fatigue

AIDS fatigue is a phenomenon wherein individuals or societies who had been concerned about the impact of HIV or AIDS become desensitized to having a strong emotional response to HIV issues after receiving continual messages about the danger over a long period of time.

## Causes

Anthony Fauci, director of the United States' National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), said that one of the causes of AIDS fatigue are huge successes in treatment which subsequently have made some people perceive the disease as less concerning. Fauci noted that whereas in the 1980s in America "we had 30-40 percent of the hospital wards in inner-city hospitals occupied by people with advanced HIV disease, now because of the success of the therapies - which is great news - we don't have that."

## Consequences

Some of the consequences of AIDS fatigue include the following:
* the stigma of having HIV decreases
* individuals' fear of disclosing HIV status weakens
* media coverage becomes easier
* media interest and coverage frequency reduces
* less blame directed for infection
* sexuality and gender issues become easier to discuss
* less adherence to medicine regimens
* less care taken to engage in safer sex

## Examples

HIV infection is increasing at a rate of 12% annually among 13–24-year-old American men who have sex with men. Experts attribute this to "AIDS fatigue" among younger people who have no memory of the worst phase of the epidemic in the 1980s and early 1990s, as well as "condom fatigue" among those who have grown tired of and disillusioned with the unrelenting safer sex message. The increase may also be because of new treatments.
# Jeremiah Moss

Jeremiah Moss, pseudonym of Griffin Hansbury (born 1971), is an American poet, writer, psychoanalyst, social worker, and social critic. He was the author of the blog Jeremiah's Vanishing New York, which ran from 2007 until 2022.
Hansbury revealed his identity as Moss in 2017.

## Early life and education

Moss grew up in Massachusetts. He moved to New York City's East Village when he was 22, inspired by New York writers like Frank O'Hara and J.D. Salinger.
Hansbury earned a Master's degree from the Creative Writing Program of New York University.

## Jeremiah's Vanishing New York

Moss created Jeremiah's Vanishing New York in July 2007. The first post mourned the loss of the iconic speakeasy Chumley's in Greenwich Village. The blog chronicles the rapidly changing New York City streetscape through posts about closed and potentially closing old time businesses. The blog had 2,700 posts as of April 2015.
The name Jeremiah Moss comes from the name of the main character of a never published novel Hansbury wrote about a dyspeptic East Village resident. He chose Jeremiah as a nod to the prophet Jeremiah, who he said “was the prophet of doom who nobody listened to until it was too late.” He decided to not use his real name because he thought it would disrupt his day job.
In 2014, he began a movement to save the Café Edison, a long-running restaurant on West 47th Street popular with people who worked on Broadway. He promoted the hashtag #SaveCafeEdison and organized "lunch mobs" (flash mobs which would order food from the restaurant in order to support it financially). The effort did not succeed, but it lead Moss to begin to actively campaign against the forces that were driving the changes he despised, instead of simply writing about them.
Moss advocates for the Small Business Jobs Survival Act, a New York City Council bill first introduced in 1986 that would mandate arbitration in the renewal of some commercial leases. He believes the bill would prevent the loss of many small businesses.

## Publications

As Hansbury, he published Day for Night, a collection of poems in 2000, and The Nostalgist in 2013, a fictional look at post 9/11 life in the city. In 2017, Moss published the book Vanishing New York: How a Great City Lost Its Soul. The book details Moss' view that contemporary New York is being destroyed by what he calls “hyper-gentrification”.
In October 2022, Moss published a book about life in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic titled Feral City. The book criticizes the gentrification of New York.

## Awards and honors

As Hansbury, Moss has been awarded fellowships from the New York Foundation for the Arts in 1999 and 2005.

## Personal life

Hansbury is a transgender man, transitioning in 1995. Moss has lived in a rent-controlled East Village apartment since the late 1990s.

## Books

* Vanishing New York: How a Great City Lost Its Soul (Dey Street Books, 2017)
* Feral City (WW Norton, 2022)
* Some Strange Music Draws Me In
# Quinn Meinerz

Quinn Meinerz (born November 15, 1998) is an American professional football guard for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the UW–Whitewater Warhawks.

## Early life

Meinerz grew up in Hartford, Wisconsin and attended Hartford Union High School, where he was a member of the football, track and field, and wrestling teams. He was named honorable mention All-State as both an offensive and defensive lineman as a senior. Meinerz chose to play college football at NCAA Division III Wisconsin–Whitewater over St. Cloud State and Wisconsin–La Crosse.

## College career

Meinerz played in two games as a freshman before becoming a starter as a sophomore, when he was named first team All-Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC). Meinerz was named first team All-WIAC and a first team Division III All-American by the Associated Press. The 2020 NCAA Division III football season was canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic and he spent the year training at his family's hunting and fishing camp in Ontario. Meinerz played in the 2021 Senior Bowl.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump |
| 6 ft 2+7⁄8 in (1.90 m) | 320 lb (145 kg) | 33+3⁄8 in (0.85 m) | 10+1⁄8 in (0.26 m) | 4.99 s | 1.73 s | 2.88 s | 4.58 s | 7.54 s | 32.0 in (0.81 m) | 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m) |
| All values from Pro Day |||||||||||
Meinerz was selected 98th overall in the third round of the 2021 NFL draft by the Denver Broncos. He was the highest drafted football player in school history and the first since 2007. In Meinerz's rookie season on the Broncos, he played in 15 of the 17 regular season games and started every game after Week 9, totaling 9 starts on the season.
On July 17, 2024, Meinerz signed a four-year, $80 million extension, keeping him under contract through the 2028 season.
Meinerz was named a first-team All-Pro at right guard for the 2024 season. He was later invited to the Pro Bowl as the first alternate but declined to participate, stating that he didn't want to attend as a replacement.
# Imogen Thomas

Imogen Mary Thomas is a Welsh model, television host, and beauty pageant titleholder. She won the Miss Wales 2003 and represented her country at Miss World 2003. She also appeared on the seventh series of Channel 4 reality television programme Big Brother in 2006.
In 2011, her alleged extramarital relationship with footballer Ryan Giggs was the subject of a gagging order in England and Wales.

## Personal life

Imogen Mary Thomas was born in Llanelli, Wales. She started working as a model at age 13, and at the age of 17 moved to London to become a professional model. Working in bars to pay for her living costs, she was rejected by many modelling agencies due to her height (5ft 6").
She was crowned Miss Wales in 2003, beating future Big Brother 9 winner Rachel Rice, who came third. She went on to represent Wales at Miss World in China. This prompted her to return to London to try glamour modelling, and also working as a bar hostess at London's Sanderson Hotel. She has two children with her boyfriend Adam Horsley. The first daughter, Ariana Siena Horsley, was born in February 2013. A second was born in 2015.

## Big Brother and modelling

In 2006, Thomas was selected as a housemate for the seventh series of Big Brother. She was evicted on Day 86 with 62% of the public vote. Since her time on Big Brother, Thomas has become a glamour model.

### Television work

Like other contestants, Thomas has taken part in many Big Brother spin-off programmes, including Big Brother's Little Brother and Big Brother's Big Mouth. She also co-presented with other housemates for T4.

## Other work

Imogen appeared on the S4C Planed Plant ghost hunting show Ofn, filmed at Chirk Castle alongside fellow Big Brother contestant Glyn Wise. She also portrayed herself in a cameo performance on the S4C soap opera Pobol y Cwm.