# Intersectional solidarity

Intersectional solidarity involves the collaborative efforts and mutual support of individuals and groups facing intersecting forms of marginalization and oppression. This approach highlights the importance of recognizing and addressing the interconnections between various social identities, such as race, gender, class, sexuality, and ability. By recognizing these intersections, intersectional solidarity seeks to foster unity and collaborative action that is inclusive and fair, thereby supporting a holistic approach to social justice movements.
Intersectional solidarity is a multifaceted concept interpreted in several ways by academics from different fields. Essentially, it highlights how different social identities are interlinked and how these connections lead to distinct oppression experiences. This method sets itself apart from conventional types of solidarity that might concentrate on a single identity or struggle.
Distinctive features of intersectional solidarity include a dedication to inclusivity, acknowledging the varied experiences of marginalized communities, and focusing on joint actions that tackle different inequalities at once. Researchers suggest that intersectional solidarity promotes a deeper comprehension of social justice matters and supports cooperative initiatives that more successfully confront systemic oppression.
Intersectional solidarity can be comprehended through three main aspects: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. The cognitive aspect involves acknowledging and understanding the intricacies of social identities and the connections between different types of oppression. The emotional aspect includes the feelings and empathetic reactions that result from an awareness of these intersecting identities. Finally, the behavioral aspect pertains to the actions undertaken to support intersectional solidarity. Collectively, these aspects form a thorough framework for comprehending and applying intersectional solidarity in modern social justice initiatives.
Despite its potential, intersectional solidarity encounters several significant challenges that impede its full realization. These obstacles often stem from differing priorities and experiences among marginalized groups, leading to tensions that can undermine collective action. Additionally, the varying levels of privilege and access to resources within these groups can create disparities that complicate efforts toward unity.

## Definitions
### Chandra Talpade Mohanty's definition

One example is Chandra Talpade Mohanty, a renowned feminist scholar, exemplifies the necessity of embracing the concept of intersectional solidarity through the acknowledgment of shared struggles and inherent differences among individuals or groups. According to Mohanty, solidarity should be perceived not as a mere state of being but rather as an accomplishment, one that necessitates an ongoing process of forging universality predicated on particularity. This underscores the imperative for a political struggle to cultivate coalitions and solidarities across diverse boundaries, where opportunities for action are frequently presented as markedly unequal.
Mohanty posits that solidarity is not a static concept but rather a dynamic process. An integral aspect of this process is the acknowledgment of diversity among various communities, approaching them with respect, while identifying potential avenues for collaboration on shared objectives. Mohanty further underscores the significance of coalition-building, advocating for collective action through shared resources or strategic planning to achieve social justice.
An equally salient aspect of this discourse is Mohanty's transnational perspective, which elucidates the global dimensions of intersectional solidarity. In a progressively globalized world, the struggle against oppression cannot be comprehended in isolation, thereby necessitating that solidarity transcends geographical limitations. The praxis endorsed by Mohanty involves activists acquiring knowledge of diverse cultures and engaging in unified efforts while remaining cognizant of their environmental contexts.

### Patricia Hill Collins' conceptualization

Sociologist Patricia Hill Collins, in her foundational text on Black feminist thought, reframes the concept of solidarity for social movements as "politics of empowerment." Collins posits that solidarity should not be viewed as a mere result of successful activism, but rather as an essential condition for achieving broader social transformation. This body of work is intended to encourage reflection on the importance of engaging with an awareness of shared challenges, emphasizing the notion that individuals will derive strength through collective movement.
Collins' framework is centered around critical self-reflexivity. These reflections on identity, lived experiences, and the historical dynamics between solidarity and wartime collaboration serve as a productive mechanism by which individuals both within and outside a group enhance their empathic comprehension of each other. This form of reflective pathway not only fortifies personal dedication to the endeavor but also reinforces the solidarity of the movement. Moreover, it served as a reminder to participants that persisting in their efforts to develop and, in relation, convey the perspectives they each uniquely possess, enriches dialogues on justice struggles with more sophisticated approaches.
Collins also reinstates the role of coalitional politics in building solidarity. It unites activists across their overlapping social identities, gathering more people to reinforce each other in voices that can be a more powerful opposition against oppression. It is a coalitional framework that recognizes the intertwined suffering of oppressed communities and strives for more than economic reforms through the arrangement of shared objectives.

### Kimberlé Crenshaw's framing

Kimberlé Crenshaw's original work on intersectionality has focused on understanding how multiple forms of oppression interplay and act accordingly (i.e., intersectional solidarity). Crenshaw explains that to understand the nature of power, a framework that illuminates how different social identities—such as race, gender, and sexual orientation—are needed to merge to produce new modes of domination. This is about viewing issues as not isolated because people's identities overlap, so they cannot be understood entirely through a single axis.
Crenshaw's analyses further underscore the necessity of addressing injustices in social systems by acknowledging the multifaceted nature of oppression. For instance, a policy solely targeting racial inequality may fail to address the circumstances of Black women, who experience both racial and gender-based discrimination. Recognition of these intersectional boundaries enables advocates to formulate comprehensive strategies aimed at mitigating systemic oppression and fostering a more inclusive movement.
Therefore, intersectional solidarity represents the essential transformation required in everyday life. It promotes the amplification of marginalized voices and facilitates environments where individuals from diverse backgrounds can occupy prominent positions. It urges both individuals and institutions to engage with a more nuanced understanding of social justice, wherein all facets of identity are considered in efforts against oppression. Embracing this methodology paves the way for establishing a more equitable society that acknowledges the intricate nature of humanity and the multifaceted dimensions of injustice.

### Ange-Marie Hancock's definition

Political scientist A. M. Hancock has defined intersectional solidarity as a concept that considers the intersections of various social movements.While alliance politics may originate from a singular foundational premise, this interpretative framework of coalition-building expands the notion by facilitating cooperation among diverse identity groups to counteract various forms of oppression. Such a pragmatic methodology is essential to motivate communities and instigate profound social transformation.
Oppressive systems are inherently interconnected, a fundamental concept in Hancock's definition. This perspective is predicated on the comprehension that systems of oppression such as racism, sexism, and classism do not function in isolation; rather, they intersect, influence, and inform one another. Understanding these unique interrelationships can empower activists to mount resistance effectively as they become adept at engaging with each group, particularly those in pursuit of justice.
Primarily, the emphasis is placed on collaboration across diverse differences, forming one of the foundational pillars for establishing intersectional solidarity. Hancock's framework facilitates dialogue and fosters relationships between individuals and organizations positioned at opposing identity spectrums. This ethos of teamwork not only bolsters movements but also cultivates empathy and understanding across various communities. By instituting a novel norm where challenges are acknowledged and esteemed as interconnected, intersectional solidarity lays the groundwork for progressing towards an equitable society.

### Mari Matsuda's conceptualization

In her seminal work, the legal scholar Matsuda discusses "asking the other question" to approach social injustices. She challenges a simplified concept of oppression by redirecting the focus and asking about the broader context. She critiques a reductionist understanding of oppression by shifting the focus to the broader context and prompting inquiries that extend beyond surface-level issues. Matsuda's methodology underscores the importance of inquiry and accountability in the pursuit of social change. Her approach illuminates intersectionalities, advocating for the analysis of issues in a collective manner rather than in isolation. For instance, one engaged in the study of sexism should also interrogate heterosexism, given their frequent intersectionality. This comprehensive engagement with the spectrum of injustice fosters deeper discourse on equality and solidarity. Ultimately, the conceptual framework posited by Matsuda serves as a cogent reminder that all facets of oppression require acknowledgment and rectification. The development of a more effective and inclusive social change movement is contingent upon the recognition of the interconnections among diverse forms of oppression. "Ask the other question" is a compelling exhortation; it encourages delving into the complexities of the world and enhances understanding of the collective struggles for justice.

### Nira Yuval-Davis' transversal politics approach

Yuval-Davis articulates the concept of transversal politics through her nuanced analysis of intersectional solidarity. This framework rests on the premise that distinct positionalities shape each viewpoint, thereby furnishing a multifaceted comprehension of social phenomena. Yuval-Davis emphasizes this notion as she contends that a deeper engagement with one's experiences necessitates acknowledging the inherent limitations of knowledge derived from a single-sided perspective. The fundamental principle of transversal politics is predicated on dialogue across divergent viewpoints rather than the pursuit of commonality. Such dialogue is oriented towards the exchange of messages, not confined to particular identities. In this manner, transversal politics transcends the emphasis on the participants' roles and endeavors to facilitate an inclusive environment that accommodates diverse perspectives, thereby enhancing discourses related to social justice and solidarity.
Ultimately, Yuval-Davis advocates for a re-evaluation of interactions across diverse identities. It challenges the presumption that shared identities necessarily underpin solidarity, advocating instead for a concentration on the collective struggles individuals experience, which are illustrated through their shared discourse. In this perspective, intersectional solidarity emerges as a dynamic process grounded in reciprocal comprehension and collaborative effort, paving the way for more efficacious collective measures against systemic inequities.

## Key components and characteristics
### Identification of layered and intersecting forms of oppression

At the heart of intersectional solidarity is the awareness that a person or group can face multiple intersecting oppressions. The experiences of women of color, as illuminated by Kimberlé Crenshaw in her landmark writing, "Mapping the Margins," are an example of how racism and sexism converge to produce specific challenges that must be addressed through an intersectional lens in advocacy and support. Crenshaw, through her analytical framework, elucidates the necessity of addressing oppression from a holistic standpoint while acknowledging the multiplicity of issues confronted by those who are oppressed. Departing from these restrictive perspectives facilitates an understanding of how classism, ableism, homophobia, and other discriminatory practices are interrelated. Ultimately, an appreciation of the interconnectedness of various forms of oppression fosters a more inclusive and, consequently, efficacious solidarity. By recognizing the intricacies of lived experiences and acknowledging these as systemic rather than isolated occurrences, individuals can cultivate intersectionality that empowers every voice.

### Active and ongoing process

Intersectional solidarity is more a state for which to constantly reach than it could ever be a state of existence. It requires dedication and participation, whether from individuals or communities. As noted by Mohanty in her seminal text, "Feminism Without Borders," solidarity is not "a romantic agreement; it has to be practiced as the result of ongoing collective struggle" (p. 268). The practice of interdisciplinarity is crucial as it enables a reflection upon the complexities inherent in identities and experiences, wherein diversity becomes a prerequisite for unity. To forge authentic connections, it is essential to engage with the intricacies of the struggles faced by individuals dissimilar to oneself. This process facilitates an environment where individuals are continuously subject to challenge, prompting them to set aside personal biases in order to actively listen, learn, and understand the factors that shape others' lives, while simultaneously cultivating a deeper appreciation of the interconnectedness among various forms of social justice endeavors. With such fluidity, solidarity evolves to effectively address the surging challenges presented by societal issues. Moreover, conceptualizing solidarity as an ongoing process rather than a terminal state redefines it as a lifelong engagement rather than a singular accomplishment. Establishing authentic alliances among diverse communities necessitates unwavering commitment, ongoing dialogue, and thoughtful reflection. Nevertheless, comprehending this phenomenon in isolation is insufficient, as the intricacies of social justice are both complex and interwoven, mirroring the requisite capabilities for fostering intersectional solidarity, which demands resilience, integrity, and a steadfast belief in the power of collective transformation.

### Critical self-reflection

Critical reflection on the self is an essential element of creating intersectional solidarity, for it encourages people to analyze their own positionality within systems of power. In her classic, "Black Feminist Thought," Patricia Hill Collins stresses that awareness builds understanding of the world around people and is a necessary precursor to all serious involvement in social movements. The recognition of one's own privileges facilitates individuals' ability to comprehend and empathize with diverse experiences, ultimately enhancing the efficacy of the collective pursuit of justice. Moreover, it is imperative for individuals to remain receptive to self-examination and acknowledge personal biases as an indispensable phase in the process of self-reflection. As Collins asserts, dismantling systems of oppression necessitates individuals who proactively scrutinize their presuppositions and stereotypes. This approach demands humility and openness, as it may lead to challenging self-awareness. Finally, critical self-reflection constitutes an ongoing cycle of development and education, necessitating an awareness of the imperative to continually assess one's thoughts, actions, and the surrounding environment.

### Dialogue across differences

According to Yuval-Davis (1999), the phrase 'transversal politics' refers to a framework that can be used to hold dialogue with other people who differ from one in some way. It is based on two main concepts: "rooting," connecting with one's identity/live experiences, and "shifting," connecting/empathizing with the experiences of others. Collectively, these principles facilitate a more sophisticated comprehension of identity and underscore the significance of positionalities in discourse. Clear communication is paramount, as it cultivates trust and encourages sincere participant engagement. An equal preparedness to listen and gain insights from differing viewpoints is crucial to establishing an environment conducive to intricate discussions. Establishing forums that advocate for these practices will enable individuals to engage in the challenging conversations required to cultivate solidarity across diverse identity categories.

### Coalition-building

One crucial piece of intersectional solidarity is coalition building, which brings different identity groups and social movements together to strive toward shared goals and experiences. This joint endeavor is grounded in the understanding that diverse knowledge, perspectives, and approaches can enhance one's social justice work. In elaborating on the need to think outside one in coalition work, Reagon (1983) reminds one that coalition work has to be done out there in the streets, not on an individual basis. This proclamation underscores the necessity for collective action to address systemic challenges. A further defining characteristic of efficacious coalitions is the establishment of strategic alliances. These alliances are constellations of organizations that may possess divergent identities and priorities, yet a shared objective has the potential to render them potent agents of change. Through the amalgamation of shared goals, coalitions are able to amplify their presence and exert greater influence within social justice movements.

### Power analysis

Power analysis is one of intersectional solidarity's staples that incorporates systems thinking into social movement theories. Cho, Crenshaw, and McCall (2013) elaborated on the importance of intersectionality in understanding how power operates through different axes of identity, including race, gender, and class. Their research highlights the need to scrutinize ways that type of oppression overlaps and interacts with existing power systems. When analyzed through an intersectional perspective, it becomes evident that some challenges encountered by specific groups are intricately complex, with injustices permeating across diverse demographics. Acknowledging these multifaceted layers of oppression enables solidarity movements to devise more effective advocacy strategies and facilitate transformative change. Essential to these movements is the adoption of strategies that address the foundational causes of inequality, aiming to dismantle and redirect power structures. This necessitates the recognition and understanding of the varied experiences and needs across different groups, ensuring that every individual's voice is acknowledged and valued. Achieving this goal depends on fostering an environment characterized by mutual respect and collaboration, essential for deconstructing the oppressive systems that afflict society.

### Praxis-oriented approach

Intersectional solidarity and a praxis-oriented approach demonstrate the need to translate theoretical bases into an action plan that can contribute to change. This view stresses that understanding intersectionality is not simply a theoretical question but a critical, practical instrument for social movements whose goal is always to link and confront the many sides of oppression. For example, Laperrière and Lépinard (2016) show in their research on the Québécois women's movement how those principles were enacted through organizing practices. Their findings suggest that the movement tried to make intersectional theory a part of its foundational strategies, using an identity-based frame emphasizing representation and inclusion. The movement hoped that creating specific organizing techniques to center intersecting identities' voices and lived experiences could be more impactful and reach a wider audience. Without thinking about what real-world, social-change-oriented outcomes are produced by intersectional solidarity and considering all the potential pitfalls, this concept will not be sustainable in the long term.

### Recognition of differences between members of the same group

Intersectional solidarity probes essentialist beliefs that frequently collapse intricate identities into one-dimensional plots. For instance, in her first literature review of intersectionality, Nash (2008) criticizes simplistic applications of intersectionality that ignore the differences between groups. She argues for the need to accurately understand the context of these differences for proper advocacy and activism. By transcending monolithic representations of identity categories, a more nuanced appreciation of the subtlety in the experiences of different subgroups that often remain unaddressed in dialogues can be achieved. This enhances one's comprehension of identity, rendering it more substantive and efficacious in fostering solidarity. Ultimately, intersectional solidarity facilitates more equitable outcomes by accentuating the voices and experiences of these subgroups.

### Contextual sensitivity

Intersectional solidarity also means considering how particular historical, cultural, or geographical contexts shape social categories such as race, gender, class, and sexuality. Anthias (2012) has elaborated a "translocational" perspective of intersectionality, emphasizing the need to consider how these dimensions or social categories interrelate and transform across different contexts. This makes it possible to present a more contextually aware perspective of identity that acknowledges both local and global factors. Aspects of this framework are the multiplicity of cultural and political contexts, attention to context sensitivity, and the view that the importance of intersections may vary across space and time.

### Commitment to comprehensive sociopolitical change

Intersectional solidarity is concerned with deep social change and a steadfast commitment towards those aims and what that means for transformational approaches. It is aware of the multi-faceted nature of social problems and that they are not solved in a vacuum, as best practice suggests. In "How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the Combahee River Collective," Taylor (2017) notes that the members of the Combahee River Collective made a statement of what we now refer to as intersectionality—that liberation can only happen when all forms of oppression (economically, socially, racially, and many more) are discussed together—and if one form is undealt with, then none can find freedom themselves. The Combahee River Collective contends that single-issue or reformist solutions are reductive in failing to capture the complexities of individual lived experiences shaped by intersecting and often competing systems of oppression; thus, a holistic vision is required for social justice. This framework centers on intersections of race, gender, sexuality, and class, intending to achieve greater inclusivity in equitable ways. Taylor's interviews uncovered that members of the Collective knew that reforms without addressing root causes of oppression were insufficient, later felt ineffective, and ultimately enshrined more paradigms based on inequalities.

### Emotional labor and care work

Both touch upon a central component of intersectional solidarity, which addresses the emotional bandwidth one creates to bridge different communities. In her study of ACT UP, Gould (2009) claims that when activists unite or find consensus in moments of trauma or loss, their emotional labor is paramount to being on the same page and board with acting as a single unit. This underscores the significance of de-stigmatizing the emotional impact associated with engaging in social justice work, an aspect that is seldom discussed explicitly but is intrinsically linked to successful endeavors. The consequence is a reciprocal care that fortifies connections among activists and provides a buffer against the emotional exhaustion that can accrue from prolonged engagement in challenging social justice efforts.

## Characteristics
### Human-dimensional approach

The concept of intersectional solidarity not only enhances the breadth and profundity of the discourse but also augments the ongoing awareness of the interconnectedness of various forms of oppression; this results in a more comprehensive and intensified movement. It emphasizes the unification of diverse identities and advocates for the centrality of marginalized individuals in the discourse. Intersectional solidarity amplifies the lived experiences of those situated at the confluence of various identities, fostering an environment conducive to dialogue where the composite narratives of individuals are afforded due consideration, complexity, and importance. Furthermore, it endeavors to dismantle oppressive structures within hierarchical movements where only select individuals are permitted to contribute and lead, thereby establishing a just and equitable basis for collective action.

### Transformative praxis

Within the paradigm of transformative praxis, as opposed to a purely supporting role, intersectional partnerships extend beyond the mere acceptance of competition among diverse identities to undertake oppositional activities and manifest collective resistance. Such entities may implement integrative methodologies to address the underutilization of resources and ensure equitable representation among their members. Moreover, the articulation of issues by these movements is distinctive, as they endeavor to reflect the interconnected nature of various systems and forms of oppression. By employing an intersectional perspective towards both challenges and solutions, these movements provide a more comprehensive approach to social justice, prioritizing equity to ensure that every voice is elevated in unified opposition.

### Focus on coalition-building

Rooted in coalition building, intersectional solidarity facilitates a framework for supporting diverse groups and movements to enhance collective comprehension. An instance of such an intervention is exemplified by Black and White Men Together (BWMT), wherein these networks foster reciprocal solidarity to enable actions among different identity groups. Moreover, the concept of a dimensionality-gender coalition, as also demonstrated by BWMT, advocates for and signifies an opportunity to bridge the divisions among traditionally distinct organizations (e.g., gay men and feminist lesbians of color), thereby facilitating dialogues concerning identity expression and providing the groundwork for shared struggles to occur. This approach fortifies solidarity and affords marginalized voices the necessary support to be heard.

### Centering of marginalized voices

In the context of intersectional solidarity, prioritizing those most impacted serves to underscore the significance of amplifying narratives frequently suppressed in discussions surrounding systemic inequity. The utilization of Black feminist methodologies provides an essential framework for analysis. These methodologies advocate for an intersectional perspective, enabling a comprehensive examination and interpretation of the complex nature of global alienation, oppression, and exploitation. Employing such techniques will facilitate movements in ensuring that the voices of marginalized communities are heard and integrated into the discourse, thereby fostering a more influential and comprehensive approach to activism that acknowledges the intersectional nature of social inequities.

### Comprehensive framework of social justice

Intersectional solidarity constitutes a comprehensive paradigm in the realm of social justice, acknowledging the interconnectivity of diverse social issues along with the simultaneous requirement for holistic resolutions. A pertinent exemplar is the advocacy surrounding reproductive justice, wherein this coalition concurrently addresses reproductive rights and intricately weaves in the dimensions of race, class, gender, and economic inequality.

### Self-reflection and continual learning

Intersectional solidarity is grounded in self-reflection, prompting activists across various movements to critically examine their own biases and actions, thereby fostering a culture of inclusivity that characterizes effective movements. While it highlights the necessity of addressing tensions that frequently arise during cross-difference organizing by appreciating the nuances inherent in diverse experiences—and even considers skepticism regarding objectives or strategies—this process is crucial as it cultivates an ethos of empathy and compassion.

### Global perspective

The interconnected nature of social justice issues implies that intersectional solidarity possesses a transnational dimension in both scope and practice. This conceptual framework endeavors to cultivate not only solidarity but also global action by prioritizing the challenges faced by diverse groups. As such, intersectional solidarity aims to forge a robust basis for collaboration, drawing on the recognition of not only ones' mutual endangerment in the face of global oppression and inequality modal but also an understanding that any group groping to bring about change has goals overlapping with other groups.

## Dimensions of intersectional solidarity
### Cognitive dimension

The cognitive dimension of intersectional solidarity pertains to the mental frameworks and perspectives concerning the intricate nature of the various forms of oppression encountered by diverse marginalized groups. This dimension is characterized by a critical awareness of intersectional identities, which magnify the experiences of individuals subjected to numerous layers of oppression, providing insight into the challenges intrinsic to each group. It further implies a recognition of shared struggles while simultaneously acknowledging the essential distinctions among these groups.

#### Realization of intersecting forms of oppression

Acknowledging the intricate phenomena of intersecting oppressions facilitates the cultivation of mutual solidarity among marginalized populations. Comprehending the intersections of racism, sexism, classism, and ableism enables a more comprehensive approach to advocacy. This understanding not only expands and intensifies coalitions among oppressed groups but also empowers collective efforts against injustice by ensuring the representation and appreciation of the experiences, identities, and needs of all marginalized communities—recognizing that only through the creation of spaces characterized by mutual respect can systems of oppression be effectively confronted.
Acknowledgment of intersectionality in identities: Although much of the violence directed against communities is at best understood in binary terms, it is more frequently the case that individuals exist within multiple marginalized identities that require recognition and reflection at the individual, communal, and systemic levels. For example, an individual who is both Black and queer faces the challenges associated with marginalization due to the multiple facets of their identity. This experience varies based on the intersection of identities, and there is a necessity for understanding the systemic factors contributing to these experiences at such intersections.
Large understanding of systemic relations: The systems of oppression are interrelated and therefore not autonomous. These systems do not function in isolation. When one system is diminished, the others frequently exhibit a similar decline. Understanding these interconnections empowers advocates to address the fundamental causes of oppression, rather than merely responding to its manifestations.
Historical context awareness: A specialized understanding of historical context is essential for analyzing the systematic emergence of various forms of oppression and for assessing their lasting impact on broader social structures as well as on individuals.
Continual education: Engaging in the cultivation of intersectional awareness necessitates continuous training through learning and reflection. However, the comprehension of the intricate nature of intersecting oppressions must adapt and progress in response to social dynamics.

#### Realization of overlapping oppression and diversity

Intersectional solidarity necessitates a comprehensive recognition of both the similarities and differences present in the experiences of varied oppressed groups. This dual acknowledgment plays a crucial role in cultivating an environment characterized by mutual understanding and respect, as it acknowledges the distinct challenges faced by different communities. By establishing a space where these experiences are manifestly acknowledged, intersectional solidarity can enhance collective mobilizing power and foster inclusivity within social movements.
Common objectives: It is imperative for groups to interpret and affirm the existence of shared objectives in combating oppression because, although the manifestations of oppression may differ across groups, it fosters solidarity and establishes a cohesive front in activism and resistance efforts.
Respect for unique experiences: The acknowledgement of individual differences establishes a basis for the inclusion of all voices, thereby encouraging group-specific solutions that necessitate the articulation of complexities through dialogue and the implementation of strategies to address all forms of oppression.
Refusal of op-/sub-oppression hierarchies: An essential aspect of recognition involves rejecting the organization of diverse forms of oppression in a hierarchical manner. Instead, it is imperative to comprehend the intersections and compounding nature of various oppressions. These dynamics are embedded and active within undeclared policy systems, encompassing writing, imagery, law, and social practice, allowing for an understanding of undesirable conditions or states whilst also perceiving inclusive or targeted advocacy as a highly variable priority in relation to the preceding representation to contend against crises related to diversity.

### Emotional dimension

The emotional spect of intersectional solidarity is necessary for the establishment of genuine relationships and the enhancement of collective resilience among disparate groups. Two critical but frequently overlooked elements of this dimension are the capacity to extend empathy beyond the diversity of lived experiences and the sense-making process through which collective identity is forged. In this manner, empathy functions as a mechanism enabling individuals to perceive and comprehend the subtleties of another's experience, thus highlighting the shared aspects of human nature. It facilitates the creation of a bridge among varied communities, illustrating that despite differing backgrounds, there exists a fundamental commonality. Furthermore, identity formation through emotional engagement constitutes a significant outcome of this process. If groups can cultivate a robust sense of belonging rooted in shared values and experiences, then a collective sense of unity reinforces their capabilities. This form of solidarity transcends symbolic alliances; it embodies a profound relationship wherein individuals feel empowered to advocate for one another, thereby rendering their collective efforts against social injustice more efficacious.

#### Empathy across different lived experiences

The capacity to relate to and comprehend individuals with lives markedly distinct from our own constitutes a fundamental component of intersectional solidarity. This emotional connection extends beyond an individual characteristic; it serves as a pivotal mechanism that fosters the formation of robust and inclusive movements. Empathy enables individuals to transcend their personal experiences and grasp the systemic injustices or challenges encountered by marginalized groups. Consequently, the cultivation of empathy is imperative as it resides at the heart of social justice initiatives, necessitating perpetual collaboration to effectively address complex societal issues.
Emotional resonance: Emotional resonance transcends mere sympathy, functioning as a compassionate connection. It enables individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds to perceive and experience one another with empathy. This heightened awareness facilitates a genuine connection and fosters a sense of belonging within complex communities. Through empathic engagement, social intimacy can be enhanced—dismantling isolation and augmenting comprehension of others and oneself—thereby strengthening bonds among individuals from varied backgrounds.

#### Formation of collective identities

Collective identity constitutes a dynamic process and a crucial element in the construction of intersectional solidarity. It involves the development of a collective "we" that transcends individual distinctions while concurrently acknowledging and honoring the diverse experiences that contribute to this collective. This understanding facilitates a more comprehensive comprehension of shared objectives and capacities for concerted actions by heterogeneous groups. The formation of collective identity acknowledges the complex nature of diverse identities; this awareness serves as the foundation for inclusive and adaptive solidarity, thereby advancing social cohesion and collective agency.
Common narratives: The establishment of a collective identity rooted in inclusivity and diversity necessitates the acknowledgment and meticulous negotiation of differences among members of the group. This process requires engagement in dialogues conducted with genuine intent and an approach that accommodates individuals' varying perspectives—particularly those with whom there may be disagreement. Through the articulation of such narratives, communities have the potential to cultivate a form of solidarity that reinforces their individual and collective identities, while also developing an agenda that resonates with all members of the community, thereby bolstering social cohesion.
Rituals and symbols: The performance of rituals and the utilization of symbols that encapsulate shared values and beliefs constitute fundamental practices designed to unify individuals within a group, imparting a collective identity. These practices not only facilitate interpersonal connections among group members but also establish a shared sense of purpose, which is indispensable for cultivating a robust collective identity. Such symbolic actions articulate and sustain the community's ideals, thereby reinforcing the emotional and cultural ties among its members.
Difference negotiation: The establishment of a group identity grounded in inclusion and diversity necessitates the acknowledgment and meticulous negotiation of differences among group members. This process requires the engagement in sincere dialogues and the willingness to meet others at their respective positions, particularly those with opposing views. Through these negotiations, groups cultivate a more dynamic identity that honors the distinct individual characteristics of their members while concurrently identifying commonalities that can be embraced and valued. This approach not only augments the community identity but also fosters an environment of respect and coexistence.
Emotional investment: This pertains to the establishment of emotional bonds with the collective identity and its objectives, which serves as a prerequisite for sustaining group cohesion. When individuals experience an emotional connection to their community, they are more inclined to engage actively and invest the requisite energy into realizing its goals. This emotional attachment enhances individual loyalty and reinforces the collective identity with increased strength and vitality.

### Behavioral dimension

The behavioral component of intersectional solidarity encapsulates the concrete actions and activities undertaken by individuals and collectives to support broader identities and experiences. This dimension is pivotal in converting empathy and shared identity into tangible actions that result in measurable, observable change. By engaging in practices of inclusion and solidarity, spaces can be cultivated that acknowledge and celebrate these differences as valuable assets for collective advocacy. Such efforts may involve participation in coalitions, advocating for policy reforms, and establishing community centers that prioritize the voices of marginalized populations.

#### Collaborative action

Such endeavors necessitate the collaboration of heterogeneous groups, each contributing distinct skills and experiences, to function cohesively under the framework of intersectional solidarity. This manner of unifying movements enhances their efficacy while ensuring the inclusion of marginalized communities' voices within the historical narratives. By converging diverse cohorts towards a singular objective, these coalitions optimally leverage resources and expert knowledge, thereby possessing the potential to comprehensively address intricate social issues and achieving more enduring and effective outcomes. Collectively, these alliances illustrate the capacity to harness and value diversities and differences in the pursuit of common objectives.
Cross-movement Organizing: This involves different social movements joining forces to work on problems that are connected.
Breaking Free from Issue-based Silos: This methodology underscores the interconnectivity of social issues and acknowledges that they cannot be resolved in isolation. Rather than solidifying into autonomous professional compartments, advocates can more comprehensively tackle these issues by acknowledging the inclusivity that social injustices have imposed upon them.
Disruption of Power Relationships: Proponents of cross-movement collaborations perceive these alliances as vital in formulating solutions to structural social, political, and economic power disparities that perpetuate inequality in environmental reproductive health (ERH) as well as other domains of health and social inequity. These collaborations are considered indispensable for fostering systemic change.
Intersectionality as a Tool for Unity: Rather than assertions that intersectionality divides distinct groups, an examination of the intersections of our identities can foster solidarity and cohesion among diverse groups. This perspective does not diminish the shared experiences of the oppressed but instead acknowledges and respects individual experiences.

#### Mutual sharing of resources and support

One of the most critical mechanisms employed by these groups during periods of need or crisis is mutual support and resource sharing. Referred to broadly as intersectional solidarity, this aspect of that dimension plays a vital role in the systematic allocation of resources to areas where they are most required. Groups have the capacity to provide care for one another, mitigate inequality, develop self-sustainability, and enhance the overall well-being of the community. Such collaborations offer immediate assistance and empower underprivileged communities in the long term, thereby demonstrating the interconnectedness of social justice movements. The act of resource sharing fosters a sense of community and empowerment among individuals and organizations as they collectively recognize their shared struggles and efforts towards similar progress. In groups with a pronounced emphasis on inclusivity, where the needs of all members are prioritized—particularly those who have been historically marginalized or overlooked—providing emotional support and resource sharing is of utmost importance.
Community support: The shared endeavor to construct a response during the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing upon experiences from the LGBTQIA+ community in the UK and Brazil, demonstrated the substantial positive impact that each local-led initiative had on individuals encountering challenges.
Meeting diverse needs: Mutual aid initiatives acknowledge the heterogeneity within marginalized communities and demonstrate this recognition through their efforts.
Collectivized care: This framework posits that the capacity of individuals to provide for themselves is significantly constrained and underscores the necessity of a collective strategy; it advocates for the mobilization of efforts to deliver care on a large scale.
Freedom-dreaming: This methodology fosters the optimism and motivation essential for undertaking extensive projects committed to effecting social transformation.

## Case studies

Black-Palestinian Solidarity Movement
Black Feminist Activism for Global Social Justice
Black and White Men Together (BWMT) and Antiracist Feminist Lesbians of Color
Occupy, Gezi Park, and the Women's March
Indigenous Social Movements in North America: American Indian Movement (AIM) and Idle No More (INM)
Postsecondary Labour Activism - CUPE Local 1281

## Challenges
### Inter-group tensions: Power dynamics within movements

These include achieving balance and the voice of all groups in a movement. When everyone represents a group to be included, it becomes easier for other groups to overshadow decision-making or put their own perspectives in the spotlight while marginalizing others. Another is that the interweaving of identities can add layers of hierarchy to movements. Individuals with multiple marginalized identities may face heightened challenges in having their voices recognized or their needs met. Tokenism, a phenomenon potentially manifesting within certain movements, involves a superficial distribution of influence or representation to members of marginalized groups. Such superficial participation may lead to frustration among those who perceive their engagement as merely symbolic of tokenism, ultimately resulting in disengagement.

### Opposition and pressure from outside

External forces and opposition to intersectional solidarity movements exacerbate internal tensions and undermine their efficacy. Intersectional movements encounter attempts by hegemonic groups to preserve their power and privilege. Such opposition may be manifested through political, social, cultural, and economic resistance. Pressure from external entities may at times consolidate barriers between marginalized populations, yet it can also intensify tensions.

### Clash of priorities and allocation of resources

Intersectional movements frequently encounter the challenging task of balancing diverse needs while allocating limited resources. This challenge arises, in part, from the presence of competing interests or visions for change within coalition groups. Moreover, constraints in resources may reveal fissures between movements or other groups. Resource scarcity that incites competition can undermine the building of solidarity and lead to conflicts among groups with analogous missions and values. This creates difficulties for activists, who are often driven to address immediate needs in their efforts towards achieving structural change. Such dynamics may result in friction among groups that are aligned with varying temporal goals or degrees of radicalization. Consequently, to enable the effective implementation of genuinely intersectional approaches, continuous reflection and amendment are necessary. The matrix of oppression and privilege constitutes a complex interplay of dynamics that movements may never fully comprehend and navigate in their entirety.