OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hangmans Run (Appoquinimink River tributary)

Hangmans Run is a 3.64 mi (5.86 km) long 1st order tributary to Appoquinimink River in New Castle County, Delaware.

## Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:
* Damascus Creek

## Course

Hangmans Run rises on the Beaver Branch divide about 0.25 miles northeast of Fieldsboro in New Castle County, Delaware. Hangmans Run then flows northeast to meet the Appoquinimink River about 0.5 miles southeast of Thomas Landing, Delaware.

## Watershed

Hangmans Run drains 45.21 square miles (117.1 km$^2$) of area, receives about 43.2 in/year of precipitation, has a topographic wetness index of 612.35 and is about 5.5% forested.
# List of Billboard Regional Mexican Albums number ones of 1991

The Regional Mexican Albums, published in Billboard magazine, is a record chart that features Latin music sales information for regional styles of Mexican music. This data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan from a sample that includes music stores, music departments at department stores and verifiable sales from concert venues in the United States.

## Albums

| Issue date | Album | Artist |
| January 5 | Amigo | Bronco |
| January 12 | Amigo | Bronco |
| January 19 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| January 26 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| February 2 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| February 9 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| February 16 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| February 23 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| March 2 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| March 9 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| March 16 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| March 23 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| March 30 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| April 6 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| April 13 | Mexico Voz y Sentimiento | Various Artists |
| April 20 | Para Nuestra Gente | Mazz |
| April 27 | Para Nuestra Gente | Mazz |
| May 4 | Para Nuestra Gente | Mazz |
| May 11 | Para Nuestra Gente | Mazz |
| May 18 | Amigo | Bronco |
| May 25 | Amigo | Bronco |
| June 1 | Amigo | Bronco |
| June 8 | Amigo | Bronco |
| June 15 | Amigo | Bronco |
| June 22 | Amigo | Bronco |
| June 29 | Amigo | Bronco |
| July 6 | Amigo | Bronco |
| July 13 | Porque Te Quiero | La Sombra |
| July 20 | Porque Te Quiero | La Sombra |
| July 27 | Porque Te Quiero | La Sombra |
| August 3 | Porque Te Quiero | La Sombra |
| August 10 | Porque Te Quiero | La Sombra |
| August 17 | Porque Te Quiero | La Sombra |
| August 24 | Para Nuestra Gente | Mazz |
| August 31 | Para Nuestra Gente | Mazz |
| September 7 | Arriba el Norte y Arriba el Sur | Ramón Ayala/Vicente Fernández |
| September 14 | Arriba el Norte y Arriba el Sur | Ramón Ayala/Vicente Fernández |
| September 21 | Arriba el Norte y Arriba el Sur | Ramón Ayala/Vicente Fernández |
| September 28 | Arriba el Norte y Arriba el Sur | Ramón Ayala/Vicente Fernández |
| October 5 | Arriba el Norte y Arriba el Sur | Ramón Ayala/Vicente Fernández |
| October 12 | Arriba el Norte y Arriba el Sur | Ramón Ayala/Vicente Fernández |
| October 19 | Mi México | Ana Gabriel |
| October 26 | Mi México | Ana Gabriel |
| November 2 | Mi México | Ana Gabriel |
| November 9 | Mi México | Ana Gabriel |
| November 16 | Mi México | Ana Gabriel |
| November 23 | Mi México | Ana Gabriel |
| November 30 | Mi México | Ana Gabriel |
| December 7 | Mazz Live-Una Noche Juntos | Mazz |
| December 14 | Mazz Live-Una Noche Juntos | Mazz |
| December 21 | Mazz Live-Una Noche Juntos | Mazz |
| December 28 | Mazz Live-Una Noche Juntos | Mazz |
# Erica unicolor

Erica unicolor is a plant belonging to the genus Erica. The species is endemic to the Western Cape.
# Freaks (band)

Freaks, earlier known as Robotic Movement, Future Movement and the Unknown are an electronic band from London, England. The band members are Justin Harris and Luke Solomon. They also run the record label "Music for Freaks". They both worked as a DJ under their own names and collectively as Freaks.

## Discography
### Albums

* 2000 "The Beat Diaries"
* 2001 "Meanwhile, Back at the Disco..."
* 2003 "The Man Who Lived Underground"
* 2004 "Notes from the underground"
* 2007 "The Creeps (Get on the Dancefloor)"

### Singles

* 1999 "Sweet Dreams (instrumental)"
* 2007 "The Creeps (Get on the Dancefloor)" UK #9

### Selected remixes

* 1996 Alison Limerick – "Make It on My Own"
* 1997 Hardfloor – "Mahogany Roots"
* 1999 Akasha – "Spanish Fly"
* 2002 Freeform Five – "Perspex Sex"
* 2002 Golden Boy with Miss Kittin – "Rippin Kittin"
* 2002 Télépopmusik – "Love Can Damage Your Health"
* 2002 Tiefschwarz – "Acid Soul"
* 2003 The Human League – "The Sound of the Crowd"
* 2003 Isolée – "Brazil.com"
* 2003 Julius Papp – "Libido"
* 2003 Martina Topley-Bird – "I Still Feel"
* 2004 Soul Mekanik – "Get Your Head Stuck on Your Neck"
* 2005 Cagedbaby – "Disco Biscuit"
* 2005 Garbage – "Sex Is Not the Enemy"
* 2006 A Guy Called Gerald – "Blow Your House Down"
* 2006 Chicken Lips – "White Dwarf"
* 2006 Herbert – "Harmonise"
* 2006 Revl9n – "Someone Like You"
# Rila Monastery Forest

Rila Monastery Forest (Bulgarian: Риломанастирска гора, Rilomanastirska gora) is a nature reserve in Rila Monastery Nature Park, located in the Rila mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria. Spanning a territory of 3671 ha or 36.71 km$^2$, it was declared in April 1986 to protect primary ecosystems of coniferous and mixed coniferous–deciduous forests. It is a strict nature reserve (1st category protected territory according to Bulgarian legislation and IUCN classification).

## Geography

The reserve is situated in western part of Rila and is bisected in two unconnected parts by the valley of the Rilska River. It overlooks the Rila Monastery, one of the most important spiritual centers of Bulgaria. It includes forests and alpine peaks on both sides of the valley between the summits of Malyovitsa (2,729 m) and Brichebor. One of the most visited parts is the meadow of Kirilova Polyana, overlooked by forests and the raising summits of Kupenite (2,731 m), Lovnitsa (2,695 m), Zlia Zab (2,678 m), Dvuglav (2,605 m), Orlovets (2,686 m) and Eleni Vrah (2,654 m). The northern slopes of the Rilska River valley are cut by gullies, the most famous being the dizzying White and the Blue Gully that descend from the Zlia Zab massif to the valley some 1,200 m below. Administratively, it is part of Rila Municipality, Kyustendil Province.

## Flora and fauna

The reserve is a model of mixed deciduous–coniferous forests dominated by European silver fir (Abies alba) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). The high-mountain population of the highly localised endemic Rila oak (Quercus protoroburoides) is unique for the country, and in places it forms the upper forest boundary. Other common trees in the local mixed forests include Norway spruce (Picea abies), Macedonian pine (Pinus peuce), Austrian pine (Pinus nigra), dwarf mountain pine (Pinus mugo), silver birch (Betula pendula) and goat willow (Salix caprea).
There are a number of rare and endemic plant species under protection, such as Anthemis orbelica, Cota tinctoria, Geum bulgaricum, Gentiana punctata, Viola orbelica, Rheum rhaponticum, Sempervivum ciliosum, Saxifraga retusa, Aubrieta gracilis, etc.
The fauna is diverse for the reserve’s limited territory, with a number of rare mammal and bird species of conservation importance, including brown bear, gray wolf, red fox, chamois, red deer, roe deer, wild boar, common buzzard, boreal owl, western capercaillie, hazel grouse, black woodpecker, northern nutcracker, European robin, Eurasian crag martin, etc. Reptiles and amphibians are represented by Aesculapian snake, viviparous lizard, common slow worm, fire salamander, European tree frog, common frog, etc. The river trout is found in the streams.

## Gallery

* A view of the reserve
* A view of Kirilova Polyana from above
* A view to Zlia Zab, Dvuglav and Iglata
* A stream

## Citations

* 1 2 3 "Rila Monastery Forest". Protected Planet. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
* 1 2 3 4 5 "Register of the Protected Territories and Zones in Bulgaria". Official Site of the Executive Environment Agency of Bulgaria. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
* ↑ Red Book of Bulgaria, Volume I 2015, pp. 386, 507, 662
# Frank Conner (athlete)

Frank Norris Conner (October 6, 1908 – June 22, 1944) was an American hammer thrower who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and the 1932 Summer Olympics.

## Biography

Conner was born in Exeter, New Hampshire on October 6, 1908, and studied at The Hill School and Yale University. He qualified for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Berlin by placing fourth at the U.S. Olympic Trials, throwing 159 ft 6+7⁄8 in (48.63 m) to edge out former champion Matt McGrath for the last place on the American team.$^{:68}$ In the Olympic final he placed sixth with 46.75 m (153 ft 4 in).$^{:68}$
Throwing for Yale, Conner was IC4A champion in 1930 with a throw of 177 ft 10+3⁄4 in (54.22 m), his personal best and the best mark in the world that year; he repeated as champion in 1931. He won the 1932 Olympic Trials with a best throw of 170 ft 10+3⁄4 in (52.09 m), but fouled on all three of his attempts at the Olympics, scoring no mark.$^{:76}$$^{:505}$
Conner later moved to Stockton, California, where he worked as a farmer. He died of chemical poisoning in 1944.
# 1987–88 County Antrim Centenary Chalice

The 1987–88 County Antrim Centenary Chalice was a one-off cup competition in Northern Irish football held by the County Antrim & District F.A. to celebrate their centenary. The format used was identical to that of the County Antrim Shield.
Glentoran won the tournament defeating Ballymena United 4–2 in the final.

## Results
### First round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Ards | 2–0 | Ballyclare Comrades |
| Bangor | 2–0 | POSC |
| Cliftonville | 5–1 | Maghera |
| Crusaders | 0–3 | Ballymena United |
| Distillery | 4–2 | Newtownabbey Town |
| Glentoran | 2–0 (a.e.t.) | RUC |
| Larne | 1–2 | Dundela |
| Linfield | 4–0 | Carrick Rangers |

### Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Ards | 1–1 (a.e.t.) (4–2 p) | Dundela |
| Ballymena United | 0–0 (a.e.t.) (6–5 p) | Cliftonville |
| Distillery | 2–1 | Bangor |
| Linfield | 0–2 | Glentoran |

### Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Distillery | 0–2 | Ballymena United |
| Glentoran | 1–0 | Ards |
# Hannahatchee Creek

Hannahatchee Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is a tributary to the Chattahoochee River.
Hannahatchee is a word derived from the Muscogee language meaning "cedar creek".
# Caelostomus cordicollis

Caelostomus cordicollis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Straneo in 1938.

## Distribution

This species is found in Malaysia.
# Vasile Andonovski

Vasile Andonovski (born 24 December 1961) is a Macedonian diplomat who was a Permanent Representative of the Republic of Macedonia to the United Nations (since 2014).

## Biography

Andonovski was born in 1961 and joined the Macedonian foreign service in 1999 after studying journalism and international relations at the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje. He first worked in the Department of Analytics of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until being appointed as the ministry's spokesperson in 2000. Andonovski later worked at the Macedonian embassy in Rome from 2002 to 2006, before becoming deputy head of public diplomacy and an official magazine editor until 2007. He worked as a spokesperson again until 2008 being made the deputy head of mission at the Macedonian embassy in Beijing, China. From 2012 he was in charge of the cabinet of the foreign ministry for public relations, before being assigned as Permanent Representative of the Republic of Macedonia to the UN. In September 2014, Andonovski attended a flag-raising ceremony in New York City, commemorating the Republic of Macedonia's 23 years of independence.
# Mona Juul

Mona Juul (born 10 April 1959) is a Norwegian diplomat and former politician for the Labour Party. She worked at the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and has been an ambassador to several different countries. Juul hails from Sparbu, and was educated in political science. She played a key role facilitating the Oslo Accords in the 1990s. On 25 July 2019, Juul was elected President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council.

## Oslo Accords

Along with her husband Terje Rød-Larsen, Juul played a key role in the 1990s Oslo Accords—pivotal agreements on Middle East peace. The secret negotiations, largely arranged and facilitated by Juul and her husband, led to the peace agreement signing on 13 September 1993 in Washington D.C., of the first-ever agreement between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
Juul and the rest of the Oslo team of facilitators focused on the conflict between Israel and the PLO, knowing that a peace agreement would have to be created by the adversaries themselves and that a group acting as mediator would be vital in making appropriate arrangements for negotiations.
The 2016 Broadway play, Oslo by noted playwright J. T. Rogers, is a widely praised dramatization of the previously unheralded role of Juul and her husband, and others, in developing the back-channel communications that (reportedly) saved the Oslo negotiations from collapsing.

## 21st century career

During the first cabinet Stoltenberg, from 2000 to 2001, Juul was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 2001 to 2004 she served as the Norwegian ambassador to Israel. From 2005 to 2010 she served as a deputy director and ambassador in the Norwegian delegation to the United Nations in New York City. In 2014, she succeeded Kim Traavik as Ambassador to the United Kingdom.
On 7 September 2018, she was nominated to become the next permanent representative of Norway to the United Nations. She presented her credentials to UN Secretary General António Guterres on 14 January 2019, and assumed office the same day. As permanent representative, she notably spearheaded the successful Norwegian campaign for a seat at the UN Security Council for the 2021–2022 term. In January 2023, Merete Fjeld Brattested was nominated as her successor. Brattested officially took over on 1 September.
In October 2024, she was nominated as the new ambassador to Jordan.
# Chico Escárrega

Ernesto "Chico" Escárrega (born 27 December 1949) is a Mexican former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Chicago White Sox in their 1982 season.

## Baseball career

Escárrega debuted in 1970 in the Mexican League playing for the Diablos Rojos del México and won the Rookie of the Year award that same season, with a 5–1 record. In 1973, Escárrega was traded to the Pericos de Puebla, where he played for the next eight seasons.
Escárrega was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Chicago White Sox after having pitched ten years in the Mexican League.
Escárrega entered major league baseball in 1982, as a 32-year-old rookie, the year that future Hall-of-Famer Cal Ripken Jr. ended up winning the AL rookie of the year title. Pitching primarily in relief, he went 1-3 in 73.2 innings with a 3.67 ERA, 33 strikeouts and a WHIP of 1.21.
The White Sox sold Escárrega back to the Mexican League's Diablos Rojos del México after the 1982 season. He pitched in Mexico in 1983–84 and again in 1988.
In 2002, Escárrega was elected to the Mexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame.
# Birgit Clarius

Birgit Clarius (born 18 March 1965 in Gießen) is a retired German heptathlete, best known for her bronze medal at the 1993 World Indoor Championships, held in Ontario, Canada. Her personal best was 6500 points.

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Venue | Result | Extra |
| 1990 | European Championships | Split, Yugoslavia | 7th | Heptathlon |
| 1991 | Universiade | Sheffield, England | 1st | Heptathlon |
| 1992 | European Indoor Championships | Genoa, Italy | 5th | Pentathlon |
| 1992 | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | 7th | Heptathlon |
| 1993 | World Indoor Championships | Toronto, Canada | 3rd | Pentathlon |
| 1993 | World Championships | Stuttgart, Germany | 8th | Heptathlon |
# Fred Young (New Zealand politician)

Frederick George Young (9 June 1888 – 14 February 1962) was a New Zealand hotel employee and manager, trade unionist, soldier, and politician.
He was born in the East End of London, England in 1888, and came to New Zealand about 1905.
He was appointed a member of the New Zealand Legislative Council by the First Labour Government from 8 September 1941 to 7 September 1948, and then from 8 September 1948 to 31 December 1950 when it was abolished. A hotel worker and unionist, he had been associated with John A. Lee, and had opposed Michael Joseph Savage on some issues.
In 1944 he stood unsuccessfully for the Auckland City Council on a Labour Party ticket.
# Net volatility

Net volatility refers to the volatility implied by the price of an option spread trade involving two or more options. Essentially, it is the volatility at which the theoretical value of the spread trade matches the price quoted in the market, or, in other words, the implied volatility of the spread.

## Formula

The net volatility for a two-legged spread (with one long leg, and one short) can be estimated, to a first order approximation, by the formula:
    $\sigma _{N}={\frac {\nu _{L}\sigma _{L}-\nu _{S}\sigma _{S}}{\nu _{L}-\nu _{S}}}\,$
where
    $\sigma _{N}$ is the net volatility for the spread
    $\sigma _{L}$ and $\nu _{L}$ are the implied volatility and vega for the long leg
    $\sigma _{S}$ and $\nu _{S}$ are the implied volatility and vega for the short leg

## Example

It is now mid-April 2007, and you are considering going long a Sep07/May07 100 call spread, i.e. buy the Sep 100 call and sell the May 100 call. The Sep 100 call is offered at a 14.1% implied volatility and the May 100 call is bid at an 18.3% implied volatility. The vega of the Sep 100 call is 4.3 and the vega of the May 100 call is 2.3. Using the formula above, the net volatility of the spread is:
       ${\frac {14.1\%\cdot 4.3-18.3\%\cdot 2.3}{4.3-2.3}}=9.27\%$

## Interpretation

In the example above, going short a May 100 call and long a Sep 100 call results in a synthetic forward option – i.e. an option struck at 100 that spans the period from May to September expirations. To see this, consider that the two options essentially offset each other from today until the expiration of the short May option.
Thus, the net volatility calculated above is, in fact, the implied volatility of this synthetic forward option. While it may seem counter-intuitive that one can create a synthetic option whose implied volatility is lower than the implied volatilities of its components, consider that the first implied volatility, 18.1%, corresponds to the period from today to May expiration, while the second implied volatility, 14.3% corresponds to the period from today to September expiration. Therefore, the implied volatility for the period May to September must be less than 14.3% to compensate for the higher implied volatility during the period to May.
In practice, one sees this type of situation often when the short leg is being bid up for a specific reason. For instance, the near option may include an upcoming event, such as an earnings announcement, that will, in all probability, cause the underlier price to move. After the event has passed, the market may expect the underlier to be relatively stable which results in a lower implied volatility for the subsequent period.
# 2022 Jonglei attacks

In January 2022, armed Murle militias attacked Bor Dinka villages in Jonglei State, South Sudan, killing dozens of people.

## Prelude

In 2020, the South Sudanese Civil War ended with the creation of a unity government between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), led by President Salva Kiir of Dinka origin, and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition (SPLM-IO), led by Vice-President Riek Machar of Nuer origin. Throughout the war, Jonglei state was a hotbed of violence between Nuer militias like the White Army and other ethnically-based militia groups. Violent outbreaks often came after ethnic mobilization, a common feature of militias in South Sudan. These ethnically-based mobilizations are also backed by state actors, such as the SPLM-IO, SSPDF, and NSS, or non-signatory groups of the 2018 peace agreement. Ethnic and communal conflicts begin as revenge attacks, ranging between cattle raids to ethnic cleansing.
In Jonglei state in particular, ethnic conflict only really escalated in spring 2020. Lou Nuer and Gawaar Nuer militias allied with Greater Bor Dinka militias against the Murle. The first attack began in Pibor, the largest Murle city, against civilians. The Murle then counterattacked into Uror County, the center of the Gun faction of Lou Nuer. The Nuer repulsed the attack, and then launched an offensive into southwestern Pibor county against the Murle. The fighting killed over a thousand people total, and displaced nearly 90,000 Murle and nearly 80,000 Lou Nuer.
War resumed to Pibor county on May 7, 2021, after Gawaar Nuer youth militias launched cattle raids on Murle civilians. The fighting subsided after ten days and dozens killed, and in response, President Kiir deposed and reappointed new, predominantly-Murle leadership in southern Jonglei.
Little is known about what instigated the January 2022 violence.

## Clashes

The clashes began on January 23, 2023, after Murle militias attacked the Bor Dinka village of Baidit Payam, wounding at least 26 people and leaving many more unaccounted for. The Bor Dinka villages of Dungrut and Machined were later attacked, killing at least 32 people. These raids continued through late January and early February, spreading to Uror County and Twic East County, in western Jonglei state. In the attacks on Dungrut and Machined, property was looted and houses were burned. Three women were also killed, and three children drowned trying to escape the violence. There was little indication the violence had continued by February 2022.
# John Madden Football II

John Madden Football II is a football video game released for IBM PC and compatibles in 1991. It serves as direct sequel to the original 1988 John Madden Football game released for PC and was released during the same year as John Madden Football '92 for the Sega Genesis. This edition has updates such as larger playbooks and more insight from John Madden.

## Description

John Madden Football II comes with a game manual, two for the defense, and one for the offense. It does not use real NFL team or player names.

## Reception

Computer Gaming World in 1992 wrote that despite a very sophisticated playbook, John Madden Football II "has produced a state-of-the-art product — assuming that the year is 1989". The reviewer stated that while players would quickly turn the sound off, "the graphics are even worse!", and criticized the inability to play an entire season and flawed defensive plays and coverage. He recommended Konami's NFL over Madden.