OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Reason (short story)

"Reason" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, first published in the April 1941 issue of Astounding Science Fiction and collected in I, Robot (1950), The Complete Robot (1982), and Robot Visions (1990). It is part of Asimov's Robot series, and was the second of Asimov's positronic robot stories to see publication.

## Plot summary

Powell and Donovan are assigned to a space station which supplies energy via microwave beams to the planets. The robots that control the energy beams are in turn co-ordinated by QT-1, known to Powell and Donovan as Cutie, an advanced model with highly developed reasoning ability. Using these abilities, Cutie decides that space, stars and the planets beyond the station do not really exist, and that the humans that visit the station are unimportant, short-lived and expendable. QT-1 makes the lesser robots disciples of a new religion, which considers the power source of the ship to be "Master". QT-1 teaches them to bow down to the "Master" and intone, "There is no master but Master, and QT-1 is His prophet." Disregarding human commands as inferior, QT-1 asserts "I myself, exist, because I think". The sardonic response of the humans is, "Oh, Jupiter, a robot Descartes!"
The humans initially attempt to reason with QT-1, until they realize that they cannot convince it otherwise. Their attempts to remove Cutie physically also fail, as the other robots have become disciples and refuse to obey human orders. The situation seems desperate, as a solar storm is expected, potentially deflecting the energy beam, incinerating populated areas. When the storm hits, Powell and Donovan are amazed to find that the beam operates perfectly.
Cutie, however, does not believe that they did anything other than maintain meter readings at optimum, according to the commands of The Master. As far as Cutie and the rest of the robots are concerned, solar storms and planets are non-existent. The two thus come to the realization that, although the robots themselves were not consciously aware of doing so, they had been following the first and second laws all along. Cutie knew, on some level, that it would be better suited to operate the controls than Powell or Donavan, so, lest it endanger humans and break the first law by obeying their orders, it subconsciously orchestrated a scenario where it would be in control of the beam.
Powell and Donovan realize that there is no need to do anything for the rest of their tour of duty. Cutie's religion cannot be eliminated, but since the robot performs its job just as well, it is moot, even if Cutie continues to perform his duties for a perceived deity, rather than for the benefit of the humans. The humans begin to consider how they might spread the notion to other groups of robots which need to work as teams.
# Oueid Khenig-Roum bombing

On January 14, 2021, five people were killed by a bomb placed by Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb in Oueid Khenig-Roum, near Telidjane, Tébessa Province, Algeria.

## Background

Following the end of the Algerian Civil War, the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat, the predecessor to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), launched limited incursions and bombings into Algerian territory as it consolidated power in Mali, Niger, and Mauritania. Many of these attacks targeted Algerian soldiers. In December 2020, a shootout in Jijel Province killed an Algerian officer and three AQIM jihadists. At the beginning of January 2021, clashes between Algerian soldiers and AQIM killed three soldiers and six fighters.

## Bombing

The bombing occurred on January 14 when a civilian car drove over a homemade landmine on a road in the rural Oueid Khenig-Roum region of Tebessa. The drivers were hunters from Bir el Ater, and were on their way to a hunting area. Five civilians were killed and three others were wounded in the explosion. In the statement released by the Algerian Ministry of Defense announcing the bombing, Algerian authorities also stated that a shootout several hours later between Algerian authorities and a jihadist in Khenchela Province killed the jihadist. The jihadist killed was monitoring the area to scope out locations for a jihadist attack.
The bombing at Oueid Khenig-Roum was the deadliest attack on civilians in Algeria in several years. The bombing was also the first civilian vehicle bombing by jihadists in Algeria in ten years. Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack but stated they did not intend to kill civilians. Egypt condemned the bombing in a statement released on January 15.
# John A. Snively

John Andrew Snively (1889 – January 22, 1958) was an American farmer, businessman, and pioneering citrus grower in Florida and Georgia who was an original inductee into the Florida Citrus Hall of Fame–at one point, his companies were responsible for one-third of the Florida citrus crop.

## Biography

Snively was born in 1889 in Schellsburg, Pennsylvania, the son of Frank B. Snively and Laura Irvin Snively. In 1910, at the age of twenty-one, he moved to Winter Haven, Florida, where he began working as a fertilizer salesman.
A few years later, just before the Florida land boom of the 1920s, Snively bought his first grove, a ten-acre site near Lake Eloise in Winter Haven.
In 1934, he established the Polk Packing Company, which later became Snively Groves Inc. Snively Groves was the largest fruit packing and canning company in the United States during the 1930s; with 1,500 employees, it was the largest business in Winter Haven.
With the outbreak of World War II, the citrus industry boomed. The demand for canned and packaged citrus fruit from the United States and other Allied Nations greatly exceeded growers ability to supply the fruit. The Allies were willing to purchase all of the canned fruit that could be produced, at any price. Citrus prices skyrocketed, and Snively Groves experienced massive growth.
After World War II, with the wartime market gone, the citrus industry began to experience wild fluctuations in market prices. At times, the price of citrus fruit fell below the cost of production. Snively recognized that citrus growers had to organize to stabilize market prices and create quality control standards and, under his leadership, growers created the Florida Citrus Mutual. Snively later served as President of the Florida Citrus Exchange, and remained an influential figure in the citrus industry until his death.
Snively also served on the boards of the Tavares and Gulf Railroad and the Winter Haven Exchange National Bank. He served a three-year term as City Commissioner and built several housing sub-divisions on some of his grove land, including the Winter Haven communities of Inwood and Eloise Woods. John A. Snively Elementary School, on Snively Avenue, in Winter Haven, Florida is named after him.
During the 1940s, Snively built Magnolia Mansion, an Antebellum-style house on Lake Eloise, on Winter Haven's Chain of Lakes. Magnolia Mansion was purchased by Cypress Gardens theme park in the 1970s.
Snively was married to Dorothy DeHaven Snively, and had one son and two daughters, one of whom, Avis, was the mother of musician Gram Parsons. He died of a heart attack at the age of 68.
# Kim Hyun-sub

Kim Hyun-sub (Korean: 김현섭; RR: Kim Hyeonseob, Korean pronunciation: or; born May 31, 1985) is a race walker from South Korea. He is the first South Korean to win a medal at IAAF World Athletics Championships.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing South Korea ||||||
| 2002 | Asian Junior Championships | Bangkok, Thailand | 5th | 10,000 m | 48:11.00 |
| 2004 | Asian Junior Championships | Ipoh, Malaysia | 2nd | 10,000 m | 42:49.80 |
| 2004 | World Junior Championships | Grosseto, Italy | 3rd | 10,000 m | 40:59.24 |
| 2004 | World Race Walking Cup | Naumburg, Germany | 8th | 10 km | 42:04 |
| 2005 | Universiade | Izmir, Turkey | 2nd | 20 km | 1:24:42 |
| 2005 | Asian Championships | Incheon, South Korea | 2nd | 20 km | 1:25:41 |
| 2006 | Asian Games | Doha, Qatar | 2nd | 20 km | 1:23.12 |
| 2007 | Universiade | Bangkok, Thailand | 6th | 20 km | 1:27:20 |
| 2007 | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | 20th | 20 km | 1:26:51 |
| 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 23rd | 20 km | 1:22:57 |
| 2008 | World Race Walking Cup | Cheboksary, Russia | 20th | 20 km | 1:22:01 |
| 2009 | Universiade | Belgrade, Serbia | 5th | 20 km | 1:22:00 |
| 2009 | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 34th | 20 km | 1:27:08 |
| 2009 | East Asian Games | Hong Kong | 3rd | 20 km | 1:26:59 |
| 2010 | Asian Games | Guangzhou, China | 3rd | 20 km | 1:22:47 |
| 2011 | World Championships | Daegu, South Korea | 3rd | 20 km | 1:21:17 |
| 2012 | Olympic Games | London, United Kingdom | 17th | 20 km | 1:21:36 |
| 2013 | World Championships | Moscow, Russia | 10th | 20 km | 1:22:50 |
| 2014 | Asian Games | Incheon, South Korea | 3rd | 20 km | 1:21:37 |
| 2015 | World Championships | Beijing, China | 10th | 20 km | 1:21:40 |
| 2016 | Olympic Games | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 17th | 20 km | 1:21:44 |
| 2017 | World Championships | London, United Kingdom | 26th | 20 km | 1:22:08 |
| 2018 | Asian Games | Jakarta, Indonesia | 4th | 20 km walk | 1:27:17 |
# MundoTenis Open

MundoTenis Open is a WTA 125 tournament held in Florianópolis, Brazil and it is currently the highest leveled woman's tennis professional tour tournament in Brazil, and the only tournament outside of the ITF Women's circuit. The inaugural Challenger-level event took place in 2023 after a six year absence in Brazil from any WTA circuit tournament.
Although this tournament is played on outdoor clay courts, the 2024 doubles final was played in a indoor clay court due to rain. Laura Pigossi, winner of the doubles title in 2024, was the first Brazilian to win a trophy in this tournament. Polish Maja Chwalińska, winner of singles and doubles in 2024, was the first to win both trophies and also to do so in the same edition.

## Finals
### Singles

| Location | Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| Florianópolis | 2023 | Ajla Tomljanović | Martina Capurro Taborda | 6–1, 7–5 |
| Florianópolis | 2024 | Maja Chwalińska | Ylena In-Albon | 6–1, 6–2 |

### Doubles

| Location | Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| Florianópolis |
| Florianópolis | 2023 | Sara Errani Léolia Jeanjean | Julia Lohoff Conny Perrin | 7–5, 3–6, [10–7] |
| Florianópolis | 2024 | Maja Chwalińska Laura Pigossi | Nicole Fossa Huergo Valeriya Strakhova | 7–6$^{(7–3)}$, 6–3 |
# The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam

The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam is a compilation of lectures delivered by Muhammad Iqbal on Islamic philosophy which got published in 1930. These lectures were delivered by Iqbal in Madras, Hyderabad, and Aligarh. The last chapter, "Is Religion Possible", was added to the book from the 1934 Oxford Edition onwards.
In Reconstruction, Iqbal called for a re-examination of the intellectual foundations of Islamic philosophy. The book is a major work of modern Islamic thought. It was a major influence on Iranian sociologist Ali Shariati and other contemporary Muslim reformers, including Tariq Ramadan.

## Chapters

* Knowledge and Religious Experience
* The Philosophical Test of the Revelations of Religious Experience
* The Conception of God and the Meaning of Prayer
* The Human Ego – His Freedom and Immortality
* The Spirit of Muslim Culture
* The Principle of Movement in the Structure of Islam
* Is Religion Possible?

## Reviews

D.S. Margoliouth, an orientalist and a professor of Arabic at the University of Oxford, wrote "From the Qur'anic law of inheritance which makes the share of the male equal to that of two females the superiority of the male over the female has been inferred; such an assumption would, Sir M.Iqbal observes, be controversial to the spirit of Islam."The Qur'an says: And for women are rights over men similar to those for men over women." William Owen Carver (1898–1943) observed "His [Iqbal's] aim was "to reconstruct Muslim religious philosophy with due regard to the philosophical traditions of Islam and the more recent developments of human knowledge." Edward Hulmes noted "One of the author’s [Iqbal's] motives was to encourage his fellow countrymen to explore their own cultural roots after years of British colonial rule. But his aim was also to transcend the limited boundaries of national identity in order to 'build bridges' between peoples of different cultures and religious traditions."

## Editions

* Iqbal, Muhammad. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Kitab Bhavan, 2000. ISBN 81-7151-081-7.
# Lippisch P.15

The Lippisch P.15 was a proposed World War II German fighter aircraft.

## Development

Alexander Lippisch designed it after inspecting the new Heinkel He 162 which he thought could be improved. The redesigned He 162 composed of the nose section of the Heinkel 162, the wings and tail of the Me 163C, a newly designed rear fuselage, and landing gear adapted from the Bf 109.
Power was to be supplied by a single Heinkel HeS 011 A turbojet contained within the rear fuselage, which was fed by two intakes buried in the wing roots.
Though the full-scale plane was never actually built, modelers can purchase a Radio Control model version.

## Specifications

General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in)
* Wingspan: 10.08 m (33 ft 1 in)
* Powerplant: 1 × Heinkel HeS 011 turbojet engine, 12.7 kN (2,900 lbf) thrust
Performance
* Maximum speed: 1,000 km/h (620 mph, 540 kn)
Armament
* Guns: 2x 20 mm MG 151/20 autocannon in the wing and 2x 30 mm MK 108 cannon in the forward fuselage sides
# Hanneke Hoefnagel

Hanneke Hoefnagel (born 12 October 1988) is a former Dutch gymnast, whose favorite discipline was the beam, but who contributed an eponymous element to the sport on the uneven bars.

## Career
### Early career

Hoefnagel was born in Beneden-Leeuwen and started her career in gymnastics in 1993 at a local team in the same city. In 1996 she joined one of the most prestigious club teams in the Netherlands, Nijmegen based GTV De Hazenkamp. She started off in the youth squads, but found herself in the top sport squad of coach Boris Orlov since 1999.

### Senior career

In 2006, she was part of the Dutch national team that took part in the 2006 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Volos where they finished in eighth position. Although she finished just in 108th position in the senior allround discipline, she reached the junior top 10 at the eighth position. Later that year she also was part of the team that participated in the 2006 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Aarhus where the Netherlands finished in 15th position, claiming a ticket for the 2007 edition in Stuttgart, the tournament that will be the 2008 Summer Olympics qualification. In the individual allround competition she finished in 66th position out of 223 participants.
Although 2006 was her international breakthrough year it was also the year of the end of her career. On 11 December 2006, two months after her 18th birthday she decided to concentrate on her social life instead of training daily to become better in gymnastics.

## Eponymous skill

Hoefnagel has one eponymous skill listed in the Code of Points.
| Apparatus | Name | Description | Difficulty |
| Uneven bars | Hoefnagel | Piked sole circle (toe-on) forward in reverse or L grip with full turn in handstand | D (0.4) |
* ↑ Valid for the 2025–2028 Code of Points
# Aer Lingus Flight 164

Aer Lingus Flight 164 was a scheduled Boeing 737 passenger flight that was hijacked on 2 May 1981, en route from Dublin in Ireland to London Heathrow in England.

## Hijacking

While on approach to Heathrow, about five minutes before the flight was due to land, a 55-year-old Australian named Laurence James Downey went into the toilet and doused himself in petrol. He then went to the cockpit and demanded that the plane continue on to Le Touquet – Côte d'Opale Airport in France, and refuel there for a flight to Tehran, Iran. Upon landing at Le Touquet, Downey further demanded the publication in the Irish press of a nine-page statement which he had the captain throw from the cockpit window.

## Standoff

After an eight-hour standoff (during which time Downey released 11 of his 108 hostages), French special forces stormed the plane and apprehended Downey. No shots were fired and nobody was injured. It was later found out that Downey was being sought by police in Perth, Australia, in connection with a $70,000 land fraud incident, and was also wanted in Shannon, Ireland, for alleged assault. He was sentenced in February 1983, in Saint-Omer, France, to five years' imprisonment for air piracy.

## Hijacker

In his statement, Downey claimed to have been a Trappist monk in residence at Tre Fontane Abbey in the 1950s (this was later confirmed by monastery officials), before he was expelled from the order for punching a superior in the face. He then took a job as a tour guide in central Portugal, at a shrine devoted to Our Lady of Fátima, the reported origin of the Three Secrets of Fátima. At the time of the hijacking, the third secret was known only to the Pope and other senior figures in the Catholic Church; Downey's statement called on the Vatican to release this secret to the public.
# Arman Adamian

Arman Azatovich Adamian (Russian: Арман Азатович Адамян; born 14 February 1997) is a Russian judoka and 2023 world champion in the men's 100 kg. He also won the gold medal in the men's 100 kg event at the 2019 European Games held in Minsk, Belarus.
In 2018, Adamian won the silver medal in the men's 100 kg event at the Judo Grand Prix Antalya held in Antalya, Turkey. In that same year, he won the gold medal in the men's 100 kg event at the 2018 European U23 Judo Championships held in Győr, Hungary. In 2020, he won the silver medal in the men's 100 kg event at the European Judo Championships held in Prague, Czech Republic.
In 2021, Adamian won one of the bronze medals in his signature event at the Judo World Masters held in Doha, Qatar. At the 2021 Judo Grand Slam Abu Dhabi held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, he won the gold medal in the 100 kg event.
# William Greenough Thayer Shedd

William Greenough Thayer Shedd (June 21, 1820 – November 17, 1894) was an American Presbyterian theologian from Massachusetts.

## Life

William Greenough Thayer Shedd was the son of the Reverend Marshall Shedd and Eliza Thayer and was born in Acton, Massachusetts on June 21, 1820.
In 1835, Shedd enrolled at the University of Vermont and became a protégé of UVM president James Marsh. Under the influence of his mentor, Shedd was deeply affected by the thought of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Transcendentalism. He graduated from UVM in 1839 and taught school for one year, during which time he began to attend the Presbyterian church. Being called to the ministry, Shedd entered Andover Theological Seminary in 1840 and studied under theologian Leonard Woods. He graduated in 1843.
After a short pastorate at Brandon, Vermont, he was successively professor of English literature at the University of Vermont (1845–1852), professor of sacred rhetoric in Auburn Theological Seminary (1852–1854), professor of church history in Andover Theological Seminary (1854–1862), and, after one year as associate pastor of the Brick Church of New York City (1862–1863), professor of sacred literature (1863–1874) and of systematic theology (1874–1890) in Union Theological Seminary. He died in New York City on November 17, 1894.

## Published works

Dr. Shedd was one of the most notable systematic theologians of the American Presbyterian church. His great work was Dogmatic Theology (3 vols, 1888–1894). He served as editor of Coleridge's Complete Works (7 vols, New York, 1894). He also wrote:
* The Influence of Temperance Upon Intellectual Discipline: A Discourse Delivered Before the Temperance Society of the University of Vermont (1844)
* Lectures on the Philosophy of History (1856), in which he applied to history the doctrine of organic evolution
* Discourses and Essays (1856)
* A Manual of Church History (2 vols, 1857), a translation of Guericke
* A History of Christian Doctrine (2 vols, 1863)
* Homiletics and Pastoral Theology (1867)
* Sermons to the Natural Man (1871)
* Theological Essays (1877)
* Literary Essays (1878)
* Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (1879)
* Sermons to the Spiritual Man (1884)
* The Doctrine of Endless Punishment (1885)
* Introductory Essay on Augustine's De Trinitate, 1 February 1887.
# Purell

Purell is an American brand of hand sanitizer invented in 1988, and introduced to the consumer market in 1997, by GOJO Industries. Its primary component is ethyl alcohol (70% v/v), and is used by wetting one's hands thoroughly with the product, then briskly rubbing one's hands together until dry.
Purell was acquired by Johnson & Johnson in 2006, then reacquired by GOJO in 2010. That year, Purell Green Certified Instant Hand Sanitizer became the first hand sanitizer to meet EcoLogo CCD-170 standards.
In early 2020, some of Purell's claims, including that it kills "99.99% of most common germs", have been met with regulatory warning to desist the claim.
During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, GOJO faced unprecedented demand for Purell products due to its reputation as a leading name-brand for hand sanitizer. Almost immediately, as cases began to rise in the United States, Purell products ran out-of-stock and remained largely unavailable to the general public, with new shipments being prioritized to medical and professional customers. Purell's products were still hard to find in July 2020, despite GOJO producing more than twice the amount of hand sanitizer in 2020 than in 2019. GOJO has stated it is currently investing in further strategies to source ingredients and substantially increase manufacturing space for use by mid-2021.

## Ownership and distribution

Pfizer acquired the exclusive rights to distribute Purell in the consumer market from GOJO Industries in 2004, and on June 26, 2006, Johnson & Johnson announced its acquisition of the Pfizer Consumer Healthcare division, which includes the Purell brand. In 2010, GOJO Industries bought the brand back from Johnson & Johnson.

## Health risks and claims

Purell adds an unpleasant bitter taste to its product to discourage ingestion. Since Purell has been available, the accidental or intentional ingestion of its products has been rare. The Chicago Tribune reported that children have become inebriated by ingesting Purell. One child's ingestion of the hand sanitizer caused her blood alcohol level to reach 0.218%; Purell contains 70% ethyl alcohol. The product packaging recommends that the product be "kept out of the reach of children".
Purell has been claimed to "[kill] more than 99.99% of most common germs that may cause illness in a healthcare setting, including MRSA & VRE." However, in January 2020, the Food and Drug Administration issued a warning to Purell's maker, GOJO Industries, to stop its claims that the product is effective at eliminating diseases because there are no peer-reviewed, published clinical studies demonstrating the company's claims.
The product is flammable, as mentioned in the product label. Besides ethyl alcohol, it contains Water, Isopropyl Alcohol, Caprylyl Glycol, Glycerin, Isopropyl Myristate, Tocopheryl Acetate, Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Copolymer, Aminomethyl Propanol, & Fragrance.