OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jozef Adámik

Jozef Adámik (born 10 April 1985) is a Slovak football defender who plays for SK Vorwärts Steyr.

## Career
### Club career

He came to Spartak Trnava in summer 2013.
# Birks' law

Birks' law (named after British physicist John B. Birks) is an empirical formula for the light yield per path length as a function of the energy loss per path length for a particle traversing a scintillator, and gives a relation that is not linear at high loss rates.

## Overview

The relation is:
    ${\frac {dL}{dx}}=S{\frac {\frac {dE}{dx}}{1+kB{\frac {dE}{dx}}}}.$
where L is the light yield, S is the scintillation efficiency, dE/dx is the specific energy loss of the particle per path length, k is the probability of quenching, and B is a constant of proportionality linking the local density of ionized molecules at a point along the particle's path to the specific energy loss; "Since k and B appear only as a product, they act as one parameter, kB, called Birks' coefficient, which has units of distance per energy. Its value depends on the scintillating material."
kB is 0.126 mm/MeV for polystyrene-based scintillators and 1.26–2.07 × 10$^{−2}$ g MeV$^{−1}$ cm$^{−2}$ for polyvinyltoluene-based scintillators.
Birks speculated that the loss of linearity is due to recombination and quenching effects between the excited molecules and the surrounding substrate. Birks' law has mostly been tested for organic scintillators. Its applicability to inorganic scintillators is debated. A good discussion can be found in Particle Detectors at Accelerators: Organic scintillators. A compilation of Birks' constant for various materials can be found in Semi-empirical calculation of quenching factors for ions in scintillators. A more complete theory of scintillation saturation, that gives Birks' law when only unimolecular de-excitation is included, can be found in a paper by Blanc, Cambou, and De Laford.
# 2001 Trans-Am Series

The 2001 Trans-Am Series was the 36th season of the Sports Car Club of America's Trans-Am Series. The victory at Portland would mark Dodge's final Trans Am win until the 2012 Trans-Am Series.

## Results

| Round | Circuit | Winning driver | Winning vehicle |
| 1 | Sebring | Boris Said | Ford Mustang |
| 2 | Long Beach | Lou Gigliotti | Chevrolet Corvette |
| 3 | Mosport | Paul Gentilozzi | Jaguar XKR |
| 4 | Detroit | Paul Gentilozzi | Jaguar XKR |
| 5 | Cleveland | Paul Gentilozzi | Jaguar XKR |
| 6 | Infineon Raceway | Brian Simo | Qvale Mangusta |
| 7 | Portland | Tommy Archer | Dodge Viper |
| 8 | Road America | Michael Lewis | Jaguar XKR |
| 9 | Mid-Ohio | Paul Gentilozzi | Jaguar XKR |
| 10 | Laguna Seca | Justin Bell | Chevrolet Corvette |
| 11 | Houston | Justin Bell | Chevrolet Corvette |
Source:

## Championships

Source:

### Drivers

* Paul Gentilozzi - 287 points
* Brian Simo - 255 points
* Johnny Miller - 255 points
* Tommy Archer - 221 points
* Justin Bell - 219 points
* Lou Gigliotti - 214 points
* Michael Lewis - 197 points
* Boris Said - 166 points
* Bob Ruman - 142 points
* Leighton Reese - 140 points

### Owners

* Rocketsports#64 - 142
* Rocketsports#3 - 140
* Cinjo Racing#36 - 138
* Ruhlman Motorsports#49 - 134
* TDM Motorsports#15 - 132
* Fix Motorsports#77 - 127
* LAC Motorsports#35 - 123
* Derhaag Motorsports#40 - 122
* Autocon Motorsports#12 - 116
* TDM Motorsports#05 - 115

### Manufacturers

* Jaguar – 139 points
* Chevrolet – 117 points
* Qvale Automobiles – 80 points
* Dodge – 80 points
* Panoz – 44 points
* Ford – 36 points
# 2001 in NASCAR

The following NASCAR national series were held in 2001:
* 2001 NASCAR Winston Cup Series - The top racing series in NASCAR
* 2001 NASCAR Busch Series - The second-highest racing series in NASCAR
* 2001 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series - The third-highest racing series in NASCAR
The death of Dale Earnhardt at the 2001 Daytona 500
| Preceded by2000 in NASCAR | NASCAR seasons 2001 | Succeeded by2002 in NASCAR |
# 7th Golden Melody Awards

The 7th Golden Melody Awards ceremony (Chinese: 第七屆金曲獎) was held at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei on June 8, 1996.
# Lippisch Delta VI

The Lippisch Delta VI was a proposed single-seat, twin-jet experimental delta flying wing aircraft begun in 1943 by German designer Alexander Lippisch, as the developed version of the P.11 bomber project begun while he was still working for Messerschmitt in 1942. The only prototype was destroyed in June 1944 while still under construction.

## Design and development
### P.11 bomber for Messerschmitt

During 1942, while still working on the Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket fighter, Alexander Lippisch conceived a larger but similarly tailless bomber with twin jet engines buried in a thick wing, designated P.11.

### P.11 flying-wing fighter

Following his departure for his own independent design office near Vienna in Austria, Lippisch returned to the P.11 and radically revised it. The fuselage shrank to a short forward cockpit nacelle. The engines were placed quite close together inside the wing, with intakes in the roots and the otherwise straight trailing edge cut back for the exhausts. The wing planform was a cropped delta of moderate sweep. Small twin fins were located either side of the trailing edge cutback. Construction of a full-scale mock-up began in 1943.

### Delta VI

By the time work on an experimental prototype was begun, the project had become the Delta VI. Around this time Lippisch conceived of a "power wing", a hollow monocoque shell whose interior formed the internal duct of the main powerplant. He initially intended the Delta VI to have such a wing construction, but later drawings suggest that this was too difficult to realise under the prevailing war conditions.
On 16 and 24 June 1944 the USAF bombed Vienna, destroying the factory where prototype V1 was under construction and killing over forty of his co-workers. The prototype was moved to a new site but could not be completed before the Russian arrival in Vienna caused Lippisch and his colleagues to flee.
Lippisch went on to further develop the power wing concept in his P.12 and P.13a and b projects.

## Specifications (P.11 fighter)

Data from Sharp (2015)
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 7.0 m (23 ft)
* Wingspan: 10.74 m (35 ft 3 in)
* Wing area: 50.0 m$^2$ (538 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 2.3
* Gross weight: 7,257 kg (16,000 lb)
* Powerplant: 2 × Junkers Jumo 004 axial-flow turbojet
Performance
* Maximum speed: 1,038 km/h (645 mph, 560 kn) at 19,500 feet (5,900 m)
* Cruise speed: 850 km/h (528 mph, 459 kn)
* Range: 2,990 km (1,860 mi, 1,620 nmi)
# Michael Graham (footballer)

Michael Wayne Graham (born 11 January 1952) is a former Australian rules footballer. He played with Sturt in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) and St Mary's in the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL) during the 1970s and 1980s.
He was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2024.

## Early life and education

Michael Wayne Graham was born on 11 January 1952, in Wallaroo, into an Aboriginal Australian family living in the Point Pearce mission on the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. The second youngest of 15 children,his father was Cecil Graham (1911–1994), who played for Central District in the SANFL, and his mother Doris May Edwards (1912-2004).
In a book about their family history, As We've Known It: 1911 to the Present (1987) his parents Cecil and Doris relate that Sturt coach Jack Oatey and general manager Vic O'Donnell asked Michael to move to Adelaide and play for the club. Doris and Cecil moved the whole family to Adelaide to support their son's football career, and Michael attended college in Adelaide.
His three elder brothers, Rex ("Curra"), Fred (Tonga), Bradley Graham also played football, as did his nephews (Bradley's sons) Phillip (Phil) Graham and Colin Graham.

## Career

Before beginning his career with Sturt, Graham played for the Penola Eagles, in Penola, South Australia. Graham was awarded the 1970 Western Border Medal (for the association's best and fairest player), after the Penola Eagles had finished third over the previous two seasons.
A half-forward flanker nicknamed "The Flash" for his great speed, Graham made his SANFL debut for Sturt in 1971 (cap number 757) and went on to play 282 games over 15 seasons, kicking 455 goals. He was a premiership player in 1974 and 1976, under coach Jack Oatey, whom he later said was like a second father to him.
He also represented South Australia in interstate football on eleven occasions.
In the SANFL offseasons over summer, Graham played with St Mary's in the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL). He would play 230 matches for St Mary's across 17 seasons, winning premierships in 1978–79, 1983–84, and 1985–86. He would also be awarded the Chaney Medal as best on field in the 1978–79 NTFL Grand Final.
In 1983, was a member of the 1983 Indigenous All-Stars team, as were his father Cecil and nephews Phil and Colin Graham.
Following his retirement from playing, Graham would coach teams in the Northern Territory and other country leagues, also continuing to play masters football until the age of 72 in 2024.

## Recognition

Graham won the Nichols Medal in 1973-74 for the NTFL's best and fairest player.
In 2005 he was named on the interchange bench in the official Indigenous Team of the Century.
He is also a member of Sturt's "Team of the 20th Century" as well as the Northern Territory Team of the Century.
In 2024, Graham was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.
# Velečín

Velečín (German: Weletschin) is a municipality and village in Plzeň-North District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 70 inhabitants.
Velečín lies approximately 37 kilometres (23 mi) north of Plzeň and 73 km (45 mi) west of Prague.

## Administrative division

Velečín consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Velečín (70)
* Ostrovec (10)
# Komařice

Komařice is a municipality and village in České Budějovice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Komařice lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of České Budějovice and 135 km (84 mi) south of Prague.

## Administrative division

Komařice consists of four municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Komařice (196)
* Pašinovice (76)
* Sedlo (52)
* Stradov (31)

## History

The first written mention of Komařice is from 1346.
# Göte Melin

Göte Melin (26 July 1910 – 23 December 1991) was a Swedish wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle lightweight at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# Sagnat

Sagnat (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Sanhac) is a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in central France.

## Geography

A farming area, comprising the village and several hamlets situated by the banks of the Brézentine river, some 16 miles (26 km) northwest of Guéret, at the junction of the D49 and the D46 with the D69 road.

## Sights

* The church, dating from the twelfth century.
* The ancient stone cross on the square.
# Ahmet Zenel Gjonbalaj

Ahmet Zenel Gjonbalaj or Ahmet Zeneli (1803–1893) was an Albanian fighter and commander during the period of the Albanian National Awakening in the 19th century who fought against the Principality of Montenegro's attempts to annex his homeland, Plav-Gusinje, alongside Ali Pasha of Gusinje and other Albanian patriots.
He was born in 1803 in the village of Vusanje (Albanian: Vuthaj) to the south of Gusinje in the Albanian Alps. He was a descendant of the Gjonbalaj brotherhood which traces its ancestry back to the figure of Gjon Bala and his sons; who themselves originated from Nikç in Kelmendi. Ahmeti's father, Zenel Mehmeti, was also a well known fighter and had served under the Ottoman forces against the French-led Morea Expedition. During the 1850s, Ahmet Zeneli was among the Albanian fighters under Ali Pasha of Gusinje tasked with defending Plav and Gusinje from outside invasions.
His son, Mal Ahmeti, fought against Montenegrin invaders in 1879-1880 and continued to fight for in the Battle of Shkodra in 1912. He died at the age of 60, while Ahmet Zeneli died peacefully in his home at the age of 90.
# Daïat Labguer (M'sila) massacre

Algerian massacres in 1997 :
Massacres in which over 50 people were killed: :
| Thalit massacre | 3–4 April |
| Haouch Khemisti massacre | 21 April |
| Daïat Labguer (M'sila) Massacre | 16 June |
| Si-Zerrouk massacre | 27 July |
| Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre | 3 August |
| Souhane massacre | 20–21 August |
| Beni-Ali massacre | 26 August |
| Rais massacre | 29 August |
| Beni-Messous massacre | 5–6 September |
| Guelb El-Kebir massacre | 19 September |
| Bentalha massacre | 22 September |
| Sid El-Antri massacre | 23–24 December |
| Wilaya of Relizane massacres | 30 December |
1998 → :
vte :
The Daïat Labguer (M'sila) massacre took place on June 16, 1997, less than two weeks after parliamentary elections, in the hamlet of Daïat Labguer (M'sila) (also spelled Dairat Labguar, Dairat Lebguar, Daïat Labguer, Daïret Lebguer, Dairet Lebguer) near M'sila, 300 km southeast of Algiers. About 50 people were killed by some 30 guerrillas, who also kidnapped women, killed the livestock, and stole riches. Five days earlier, another 17 had been killed at a village some 5 km away. The massacre was attributed to Islamist groups such as the Armed Islamic Group.
# Cheminée du Front de Seine

The Cheminée du Front-de-Seine is a chimney located in the 15th arrondissement, in the Grenelle district of Paris. It is 130 metres high and the tallest structure in the district by 30 metres.
The chimney was designed by François Stahly and was built between 1970 and 1971. Its simple white form is unadorned except for aesthetic vents located in top of the structure.

## Usage

The chimney ventilates smoke from six boilers used to produce steam from low-sulfur fuel oil, which is distributed through underground pipes to the buildings of the district for central heating and as domestic hot water. It is overseen by the Parisian Company of District Heating (CPCU).
Its output is 590 tons of steam per hour. Ordinarily, only four boilers are used. The last two are only used during cold weather or to substitute for unavailable boilers in the CPCU network.
In 2016, the boiler house underwent renovations in order to function using biodiesel instead of fuel oil. The boiler's efficiency was improved by 5% to 8% and the amount of pollutants released was decreased by a factor of 10.

## Aquatic garden

The chimney is accompanied by an aquatic garden on the roof of the boiler house, which was designed by Catherine Stahly-Mougin, the daughter of the sculptor.
However, seepage of stagnant water from the pools, due to a lack of drainage for rainwater and watertight sealing, led the pools to be emptied in 1995 and, later, to a full renovation of the gardens.

## Ornithology

A birdbox was installed on the chimney in 1994 after a pair of Common kestrels was spotted nesting atop the chimney. The nest was abandoned in the years that followed.
In March 2013, a pair of Peregrine falcons returned in Paris for the first time in decades, in the same birdbox installed nearly 20 years before. The nest is under camera surveillance, and the couple had 3 chicks in the spring of 2013.
# Ana de Santana

Ana Paula de Jesus Faria Santana, known as Ana de Santana or Ana Koluki (born 20 October 1960), is an Angolan writer.

## Biography

Santana was born in Gabela, Kwanza Sul province, but grew up in Luanda, Angola. She is a graduate of Economics for Business (BA Hon.) by the University of Westminster and a Master of Science (MSc Merit) in Economic History and Development Economics by the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). In 1986 she published the poetry collection Sabores, Odores e Sonho ("Flavors, Scents and Reveries"). Blending the heritages of Angola and Africa, political failings and civil strife, her work describes the fragmentation experienced in everyday life. The poems contains broken phrases which describe the persistence of impossibilities and frustrated desires.
Professor Oyekan Owomoyela believed that Santana and Ana Paula Tavares (born 1952) were of "particular interest and importance" among Angola's poets of the 1980s, a genre which has typically been dominated by male writers. According to Luís Kandjimbo, Santana belongs to a group of contemporary female writers in Angola, whom he refers to as the "Generation of Uncertainties" ("Geração das Incertezas"), writers who typically display anguish and melancholy in their works, expressing disappointment with the political and social conditions in the country; the “Generation of Uncertainties”, which also included João Maimona, José Eduardo Agualusa, Lopito Feijoó, and João de Melo, represents Angola's 1980s' poetic movement. She is also a contemporary of the poet Maria Alexandre Dáskalos (born 1957). Santana, Dáskalos, and Tavares are noted for "exploring issues related to erotic desire and heterosexuality".
# Black Devon

The Black Devon is a river in Scotland. It rises in the Cleish Hills, specifically the area known as Outh Muir, 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) north of Knockhill Racing Circuit, around 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of Dunfermline, Fife, with the gathering of three small streams in branch formation. The river flows westwards through Balgonar, north of Saline, and then merges with the Saline Burn. The Black Devon flows into Clackmannanshire, through the hamlet of Forestmill and past the town of Clackmannan. The Black Devon enters the River Forth south of Alloa, 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) north of Dunmore Pier.
It is a narrow and shallow river that holds wild brown trout, and also sees sea trout in winter months that come into the Firth of Forth, which is tidal as far as Stirling. The Rivers and Fisheries Trusts of Scotland manage the River Forth and its tributary rivers, which besides the Black Devon include the River Devon, River Teith, and River Allan.

## Disappearance

In June 1952 the last two miles of the Black Devon disappeared into old coal mine workings. These eventually filled with a mixture of fresh and salt water, the river being tidal at the point where the collapse into the mine workings occurred.

## Wetland scheme

Coal mining over a long period of time, from probably at least three collieries working different strata, had caused significant subsidence around the lower reaches of the Black Devon and its confluence with the River Forth. There was also concern about the effects of rising sea levels generally. The area between the west bank of the Black Devon and the Forth had subsided considerably and had been useful for landfill, however modern environmental considerations meant that this had to cease. Accordingly, a scheme was devised to create a wetland area.

## Gartmorn Dam

Gartmorn Dam is a reservoir which was initially designed and built in 1712 by George Sorocold for John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732), and later upgraded several times by others, to provide water power for the pumps which drained his collieries in Alloa. Gartmorn Dam does not lie on the Black Devon, but is fed from it by a lade originating at a weir in the Black Devon just above Forestmill. Today Gartmorn Dam is used for leisure activities. The weir and lade remain in good condition. In 2013, Scottish Water spent £440,000 to maintain the dam headwall and improve emergency water level reduction systems.

## Other industries

The 1956 2+1⁄2 inch OS map shows weirs and the Linn Mill, traces of which still exist, at NS 926930 and further downstream a woollen mill, now obliterated by a housing estate, at NS 914923, apparently worked by water power.
# Jasper Brown Jeffries

Jasper Brown Jefferies (April 15, 1912 - July 16, 1994) was an African American physicist, one of the few African Americans to work on the Manhattan Project.

## Early life and education

Jasper Brown Jeffries was born on April 15, 1912, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Jeffries attended West Virginia State College and earned his B.S. degree in 1933. After in 1937, Jeffries got engaged to his wife Marguerite Diffay. Together, they have three daughters. Later in 1940, Jeffries earned his master's degree in physical sciences from the University of Chicago.

## Career

After earning his degrees, Jeffries worked at the Met Lab from 1943 to 1946 as physicist on the Manhattan Project. While working at the Met Lab, Jeffries signed the Szilárd petition that requested President Truman to avoid dropping atomic bombs on Japan. After the Manhattan project, atomic bombs were developed, and World War II ended. After working at the Met Lab, Jeffries served as a Professor and Chair in the Department of Physics at North Carolina Agricultural & Technical University, from 1946 to 1949. Next, from 1951 to 1959, Jeffries was a Senior Engineer for the Control Instrument Company. Then, from 1963 to 1971 Jeffries was an Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Westchester Community College. Jasper Brown Jeffries was promoted to professor and became chair of department in 1971.

## Later life

Jasper Brown Jeffries passed away on July 16, 1994, in White Plains, NY. When Jeffries passed away, he was eighty-two years old.
# Khalid Balogun

Khalid Olamipo Morolayo Balogun (born July 25, 1998) is an American soccer player who plays as a forward.

## Career
### Youth, College & Amateur

Balogun was born in Washington D.C., grew up in Bowie, Maryland, and attended Bowie High School. He also played club soccer with the D.C. United academy and with Montgomery Soccer Club.
In 2016, Balogun attended St. Mary's College of Maryland to play college soccer. In four seasons with the Seahawks, Balogun went on to make 66 appearances, scoring 37 goals and tallying 19 assists, also earning two United Soccer Coaches All-American honors and four All-Region awards. Balogun was also the Capital Athletic Conference Offensive Player of the Year in 2019 and Rookie of the Year in 2016.
Balogun competed with National Premier Soccer League side FC Baltimore Christos during their 2019 season, scoring one goal in five regular season games.

### Professional

In May 2021, Balogun signed his first professional contract with National Independent Soccer Association's Maryland Bobcats. In two seasons with the Bobcats, Balogun scored three goals in 24 appearances over all competitions.
On January 17, 2023, Balogun made the move to USL League One side Lexington SC ahead of their inaugural season. In the club's first-ever game, Balogun earned Lexington a penalty during a 2–1 loss away to One Knoxville.
On June 29, 2024, Balogun joined USL Championship side Miami FC on loan for the remainder of their season.
He was released by Lexington following their 2024 season.
# Amílcar Cetino Pérez and Tomás Cerrate Hernández

Amilcar Cetino Pérez and Tomás Cerrate Hernández were two Guatemalan men convicted of murder. They were both executed on June 30, 2000. Their execution was televised on Guatemalan television. Cetino was 35 and Cerrate was 39. The executions, both by lethal injection, occurred at Pavón Prison in Fraijanes. In January 1996 both men had kidnapped 80-year-old Isabel Bonifassi de Botran, who died as a result. The two stated that they were innocent.
Around the time of the execution President of Guatemala Alfonso Portillo sent his family to Canada to protect them from possible retaliation; the two perpetrators were members of a well-known kidnapping gang.