OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carolina Northern Railroad

The Carolina Northern Railroad was a shortline railroad that served eastern South Carolina and eastern North Carolina in the early 20th century. The railroad connected Lumberton, North Carolina, and South Marion, South Carolina, serving towns, farms and lumber mills along the route. Passenger trains were run twice a day (except Sundays) in each direction, southbound in the morning and northbound in the afternoon. It was sold under foreclosure and reorganized as the Raleigh and Charleston Railroad in 1905.

## History

The Carolina Northern was chartered in consolidation with the Carolina and Northern Railroad of South Carolina to extend from Lumberton, NC, to South Marion, SC, a distance of about 40 miles (64 km). The railroad was incorporated in February 1899. Construction began soon after with the first carloads of 60 lb/yd rails arriving on August 11. The line first opened on January 1, 1900, with the official completion coming on December 1, 1901. Extensions were proposed in January 1902 from Lumberton to Fayetteville and from Marion to Charleston, South Carolina, with the ultimate goal of creating a through route from Raleigh to Charleston.
The carrier entered receivership on December 2, 1902, after which it was sold under foreclosure and subsequently reorganized as the Raleigh and Charleston Railroad.
The Raleigh and Charleston Railroad Company was incorporated in 1905. In December 1911, the Seaboard Air Line Railroad acquired the company. The stretch between Lumberton and Lake View, South Carolina, was abandoned in 1933, while the remaining section from Lake View to Marion was abandoned in 1941.
# Little River (Big Lake)

The Little River is a short river in Maine. From the outflow of Little River Lake (45°09′26″N 67°48′42″W﻿ / ﻿45.1571°N 67.8118°W﻿ / 45.1571; -67.8118﻿ (Little River source)) in T.47 MD BPP, the river runs 7.1 miles (11.4 km) southeast and northeast to Big Lake in T.27 ED BPP.
Little River and its main tributary, Grand Lake Brook, provide an alternate drainage from West Grand Lake to Big Lake, in parallel to Grand Lake Stream. Big Lake drains into the Grand Falls Flowage, a reservoir created by the Grand Falls Dam on the St. Croix River in Baileyville.
# Charles John Brydges

Charles John Brydges (23 February 1827 in London, England – 16 February 1889 in Winnipeg) was the son of Thomas and Mary Brydges. He was baptized on 30 May 1827 at Saint Leonards, Shoreditch, London, England. As a young man he learned railway management with the London and South Western Railway. In 1852 he came to British North America to become the managing director of the Great Western Railroad which was incorporated to build a line from Burlington Bay to Lake Huron. From 1862 to 1874 he was general manager of the competing Grand Trunk Railway. Afterwards he became one of the Commissioners of the Intercolonial Railway which connected Montreal, Quebec, with Halifax, Nova Scotia. From 1879 until his death he was a Land Commissioner for the Hudson's Bay Company in Winnipeg.
The town Mount Brydges, Ontario, is named in his honour.
# Fintan Warfield

Fintan Warfield (born 1992) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician who served as a senator for the Cultural and Educational Panel from April 2016 to January 2025.

## Early life and education

Warfield attended St Mac Dara's Community College. He was a Gaelic footballer for St Jude's, a sport he has also played with Dublin Devils F.C., as well as being a supporter of St Patrick's Athletic. At 17, Warfield moved to Galway where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Film & Television from Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT) in 2012. He moved back to Dublin upon graduation.

## Career

Warfield was the Mayor of South Dublin County Council from 2014 to 2015, and is an openly gay LGBT activist. He donated 10% of his mayoral salary to a women's refuge, LGBT group BeLonG To and Citywise (known for providing youths with educational support in Jobstown).
Warfield was the first senator elected in the 2016 Seanad election, topping the poll on the Cultural and Educational Panel on 25 April 2016. He also won the most first preference votes of any candidate contesting the five vocational panel elections.
As a senator, he tabled two legislative bills: the Electoral (Amendment) (Voting at 16) Bill 2016, which aimed to lower the voting age to sixteen in local and European elections; and the Gender Recognition (Amendment) Bill 2017, which aimed to give gender identity rights to non-binary and transgender young people. He was the Sinn Féin Seanad spokesperson on youth affairs, LGBT rights and the arts.
On 31 March 2020, Warfield was re-elected at the 2020 Seanad election. In July 2020, Warfield made reports to the Garda Síochána following escalating online and offline homophobic harassment and abuse that started to extend to threats against members of his family. This came after he had made a speech in the Seanad in support of transgender rights, but also in the same time period as an extended bout of harassment against Green Party TD Roderic O'Gorman, who is also openly gay.
He did not contest the 2025 Seanad election, in order to pursue music full time.

## Personal life

A former full-time musician, he plays guitar and sings. He is a cousin of Derek Warfield and Brian Warfield (musicians with The Wolfe Tones) and performed with them, touring in the United States. He is on the board of the Civic Theatre.
# Scott Spedding

Scott Spedding (born 4 May 1986) is a retired French rugby union player. His position was as fullback and he last played for Castres Olympique in the Top 14. He retired in 2019.
Spedding attended St. John's College, Johannesburg from 2000 to 2004 where he captained the first XV Rugby team. He was in the same boarding house and matriculated one year after four-time Tour de France champion Chris Froome.
In 2008, Spedding moved to France to play with Brive in the Top 14. After seven years of living in France, Spedding gained French nationality in 2014. In January 2015 he was named in the France 31-man squad for the 2015 Six Nations Championship by coach Philippe Saint-André. He debuted for France on 8 November 2014 against Fiji.
In May 2019, Spedding announced his retirement from rugby. He was also a guest pundit on Supersport during the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan.
# Sébastien Roudet

Sébastien Roudet (born 16 June 1981) is a French former professional football midfielder.
# Blocher's Run

Blocher's Run is a Pennsylvania stream which flows from Oak Ridge (triple watershed point at 39°51′32″N 77°14′41″W﻿ / ﻿39.858792°N 77.24483°W﻿ / 39.858792; -77.24483) on the Gettysburg Battlefield eastward to the Rock Creek (39°50′52″N 77°13′33″W﻿ / ﻿39.847665°N 77.225797°W﻿ / 39.847665; -77.225797) through and near areas of the Battle of Gettysburg, First Day.
During the Battle of Gettysburg Confederate soldiers took cover behind the trees that lined the stream.
# Bernice Robinson (athlete)

Claudealia Bernice Robinson (February 28, 1927 – October 14, 2019) was an American hurdler. She competed in the women's 80 metres hurdles at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
After the Olympics she moved to Cleveland. She continued to compete in Masters athletics under her married name of Bernice Robinson Holland as a thrower. In 1986, she was inducted into the Greater Cleveland Hall of Fame. Bernice was voted to the USATF Masters Hall of Fame in 2001.
# 1992 Tbilisi Tupolev Tu-154 crash

On 20 July 1992, a Tupolev Tu-154B cargo plane crashed during takeoff from Tbilisi-Novo Alexeyevka Airport in Georgia. The aircraft failed to become airborne and struck a residential area, killing all 24 on board and four more people on the ground. An investigation revealed that the aircraft's cargo was improperly loaded and partially undocumented, causing it to become overloaded.

## Aircraft

The Tupolev Tu-154B aircraft was manufactured in 1977 with tail number CCCP-85222 for Aeroflot's International division. It was powered by three Kuznetsov NK-8-2U turbofan engines. On 16 October 1979 it was transferred to Aeroflot's Georgian division. During the 1980 Summer Olympics, it bore the Official Olympic Carrier livery.

## Flight

The cargo flight operated either by Transair Georgia or Tbilisi Aviation Enterprise was scheduled from Tbilisi in Georgia to Russia's Mineralnye Vody, carrying tea. The aircraft was carrying eight crew and sixteen passengers; none of the passengers had tickets and did not receive official permission to be on the flight.
The aircraft began its takeoff procedure on runway 31L. While the nose gear lifted off the runway at V1 speed, the main landing gears failed to become airborne. The nose only reached an angle of 6–7°. It rolled past the runway and continued for about 490 m (1,610 ft) before barrelling into a localizer. The impact caused the aircraft to roll over. After traveling for another 190 m (620 ft), it impacted homes in the village of Alekseevka and caught fire. Everyone on board died, along with four people on the ground, although Georgian media said there were as many as 30 ground fatalities. Ten people on the ground were also injured.

## Investigation

Officials began suspecting the crash was due to overloading as the aircraft failed to lift off the ground. The investigation revealed that the flight crew and ground personnel at the cargo warehouse had violated regulations for loading cargo. Twenty tons of cargo was present on board, exceeding the maximum allowed weight. The loading of cargo was also improperly done and not all the cargo was recorded; flight documents only recorded 6.4 tons. The cargo placement also violated the Tu-154B's alignment standards. Three tons of load was added without the crew's knowledge, overloading the aircraft by two tons. This altered the aircraft's center of gravity.
The airport transport management and cargo warehouse was a single corporation before separating into two different entities; the airport management did not oversee cargo flights although this arrangement was not officially removed. The airport loading and balance controllers ceased operations for cargo flights while the warehouse company (Lasare) did not provide such services as they did not have relevant employees. As a result, the loading of cargo went unmonitored.
# Charles Lucas (cricketer, born 1885)

Charles Eric Lucas (16 April 1885 – 4 April 1967) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Sussex and Cambridge University between 1906 and 1908. He was a right-handed middle-order batsman and a right-arm slow bowler. He was born at Westminster, London and died at Warnham, Sussex.
# Multimedia fugacity model

Multimedia fugacity model is a model in environmental chemistry that summarizes the processes controlling chemical behavior in environmental media by developing and applying of mathematical statements or "models" of chemical fate.
Most chemicals have the potential to migrate from the medium to medium. Multimedia fugacity models are utilized to study and predict the behavior of chemicals in different environmental compartments.
The models are formulated using the concept of fugacity, which was introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1901 as a criterion of equilibrium and convenient method of calculating multimedia equilibrium partitioning. The fugacity of chemicals is a mathematical expression that describes the rates at which chemicals diffuse, or are transported between phases. The transfer rate is proportional to the fugacity difference that exists between the source and destination phases. For building the model, the initial step is to set up a mass balance equation for each phase in question that includes fugacities, concentrations, fluxes and amounts. The important values are the proportionality constant, called fugacity capacity expressed as Z-values (SI unit: mol/m$^3$ Pa) for a variety of media, and transport parameters expressed as D-values (SI unit: mol/Pa h) for processes such as advection, reaction and intermedia transport. The Z-values are calculated using the equilibrium partitioning coefficients of the chemicals, Henry's law constant and other related physical-chemical properties.

## Application of models

There are four levels of multimedia fugacity Models applied for prediction of fate and transport of organic chemicals in the multicompartmental environment:
| Level I | Closed system in equilibrium | Equilibrium between compartments according to thermodynamics assumed (partition coefficients such as K$_{OW}$, K$_{AW}$ or K$_S$); transformation and active transport not taken into account |
| Level II | Open system in equilibrium | In addition to level I: continuous emissions and transformation (e.g. biodegradation, photolysis) taken into account |
| Level III | Open system in steady state | In addition to level II: active transport and compartment-specific emissions taken into account |
| Level IV | Open system, non steady state | In addition to level III: dynamics of emissions and resulting temporal concentration course taken into account |
Depending on the number of phases and complexity of processes different level models are applied. Many of the models apply to steady-state conditions and can be reformulated to describe time-varying conditions by using differential equations. The concept has been used to assess the relative propensity for chemicals to transform from temperate zones and “condense out” at the polar regions. The multicompartmental approach has been applied to the “quantitative water air sediment interaction" or "QWASI" model designed to assist in understanding chemical fate in lakes. Another application found in POPCYCLING-BALTIC model, which is describing fate of persistent organic pollutants in Baltic region.
# Bloody Dick Creek

Bloody Dick Creek is a stream in Beaverhead County, Montana, in the United States.
It was apparently named in honor of a man who settled nearby in the 1860s.
Bloody Dick Creek is noted for trout fishing. A single cabin is available at Bloody Dick Creek for rental year-round from the United States Forest Service.
# Lamspringe

Lamspringe is a village and a municipality in the district of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 20 km south of Hildesheim. Since 1 November 2016, the former municipalities Harbarnsen, Neuhof, Sehlem and Woltershausen are part of the municipality Lamspringe. Lamspringe is known historically as the seat of the former Lamspringe Abbey, of which the church and other buildings remain.
Glashütte is a small settlement in the district of the Lamspringe community and located around 4 km east of Lamspringe on the L 466 state road to Rhüden in the Schlörbach valley. In the 18th century, the Lamspringe monastery founded a forest glassworks . It was located in the extensive wooded area of the Westerhof monastery forest, which borders the Heber ridge. In 1792 Johann Friedrich Stender from Ziegenhagen resumed glass production in the monastery forest and founded a glassworks with the Stender glass factory. The settlement was founded as a result of the glassworks.
Lamspringe was the seat of the former Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Lamspringe.

## Sons and daughters of the place

* Kurt Hotmeyer (1905-1967), SS doctor
* Richard Mühe (1929-2009), watchmaker and physicist
* Lothar Hampe (born 1946), politician (CDU)
# High Visibility

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
High Visibility is the fourth album released by the Swedish rock band The Hellacopters and the first studio album to feature new guitarist Robert Dahlqvist. The album was released on both CD and vinyl; the first vinyl release featured the music on three sides and an etching of the band's logo on the fourth, the second was a 2×180g issue but without the etching. Both versions also contained the bonus track "No Dogs". There was also a limited edition from Gearhead Records on red vinyl without the bonus track. The Japanese version of the CD also features "A Cross for Cain" as a bonus track.

## Personnel

The Hellacopters:
* Nicke Andersson – Vocals, guitars, clavinet, percussion
* Robert Dahlqvist – Guitars, vocals
* Kenny Håkansson – Bass guitar
* Anders Lindström – organ, piano
* Robert Eriksson – Drums, backing vocals
Additional musicians:
* Scott Morgan – Vocals
* Biff Malibu – Vocals
* Mattias Bärjed – Guitars
* Fredrick Wennerlund – Percussion
* Karin Thyr – Backing vocals
* Charlotte Ollward – Backing vocals
Production:
* Chips Kiesbye – Producer
* Stefan Boman – Engineer
* George Marino – Mastering
# Tintwistle Rural District

Tintwistle Rural District was a local government district in north east Cheshire, England from 1894 to 1974.
It was created a rural district by the Local Government Act 1894 from the part of the Ashton-under-Lyne rural sanitary district which was in Cheshire. It consisted of the civil parishes of:
* Tintwistle
* Hattersley (until 1936)
* Matley (until 1936)
Hattersley and Matley formed an exclave of the district. They were abolished in 1936 and their area transferred to the Municipal Borough of Hyde, the Municipal Borough of Dukinfield, Longdendale Urban District and the Municipal Borough of Stalybridge.
In 1974 the district was abolished. At that time, much of north east Cheshire became part of Greater Manchester. Instead of becoming part of that county, or forming an exclave of Cheshire, Tintwistle became part of the High Peak district of Derbyshire.
# Titular nation

The titular nation is the single dominant ethnic group in a particular state, typically after which the state was named. The term was first used by Maurice Barrès in the late 19th century.

## Soviet Union

The notion was used in the Soviet Union to denote nations that give rise to titles of autonomous entities within the union: Soviet republics, autonomous republics, autonomous regions, etc., such as Byelorussian SSR for Belarusians.
For an ethnos to become a Soviet titular nation, it had to satisfy certain criteria in terms of the amount of population and compactness of its settlement. The language of a titular nation was declared an additional (after Russian) official language of the corresponding administrative unit.

## China

The People's Republic of China government has adopted some of the principles behind this Soviet concept in its ethnic minority policy—see Autonomous administrative divisions of China.

## Yugoslavia

The federal republics of Socialist Yugoslavia were perceived as nation-states of the constitutional peoples. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, only Bosnia and Herzegovina was not defined in its constitution as a nation-state of its titular nation.
# Riverwood (Nashville, Tennessee)

Riverwood is a privately owned historic house located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. At 9,200 square-feet it sits on 8 acres of its original 2,500 acres. It has been a wedding and event facility since 1997.

## Location

The mansion is located at 1833 Welcome Lane in Nashville, Tennessee.

## History

The rear wing was built in 1799 by Alexander Porter, an Irish immigrant who came to Nashville in the mid-1790s. He originally named it Tammany Woods after his family home in Ireland. By the 1820s, he built a two-story Federal-style home a few feet away from the rear wing. In 1850, a third story was added, alongside a Greek Revival portico supported by six Corinthian columns. Guests included President Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) and his wife Rachel Jackson (1767-1828), who was an aunt to Alexander's son's wife.
In 1859, Judge William Frierson Cooper (1820–1909), a member of the Tennessee Supreme Court, purchased the property. He renamed it Riverwood as it was by the Cumberland River. His brothers and their wives lived in the house with him. In the 1880s and 1890s, plumbing and electricity were added. The dining room was also extended, and the two houses were united. After his death in 1909, his brother Duncan Brown Cooper inherited the property.
When Cooper died in 1922, his daughter Sarah and her husband Dr. Lucius E. Burch, a Dean of the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, inherited the house. They had a son, Lucius E. Burch, Jr. Their annual Christmas Dinner was attended by the Nashville elite. Robert Penn Warren spent a summer in one of their cottages during his stay at Vanderbilt University. Presidents Andrew Jackson, James K. Polk (1795–1849), Franklin Pierce (1804–1869), Andrew Johnson (1808–1875), Grover Cleveland (1837–1908), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and William Howard Taft (1857–1930) and Vice President Adlai Stevenson I (1835-1914) visited the house. The Burches lived in it until 1975.
The property was purchased by Joe and Jackie Glynn in 1994. Over the next three years, the Glynns restored the property and opened the property to facilitate weddings and small events in 1997.
In June 2015, the Glynn's sold the property to investors Debbie Sutton, Steven R Shelton, and Matt Wilson.
Riverwood Mansion has been featured in multiple music videos, television shows, and magazines, most recently on the October 2015 cover of Southern Living Magazine, featuring Reese Witherspoon.

## Architectural significance

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 20, 1977.
# Jiuguang

Jiuguang (Chinese: 久光百货) is a Chinese department store chain, a joint venture between Chongguang Department Store and Jiubai Group (Chinese: 九百集团) of Shanghai.
Chongguang Department Store is operated by the Lifestyle International Group (Chinese: 利福國際集團), which continues Sogo's operations in Hong Kong after Sogo's bankruptcy,
Jiuguang opened its flagship store in Shanghai's Jing'an District in 2004, and branch stores in Suzhou Industrial Park in 2008 and in Dalian in 2009.