OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1959 in radio

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
The year 1959 saw a number of significant happenings in radio broadcasting history.

## Events

* 3 February – A light-aircraft crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, kills three musicians: Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and KTRM-Beaumont deejay JP "The Big Bopper" Richardson, Jr., as well as the plane's pilot. The tragedy will go on to become known as "The Day The Music Died".
* 11 May – At 10 am, KROW 960 AM in San Francisco switches its call letters to KABL. The KABL name will stay with the station until September 2004.

## Debuts

* German-American musicologist Karl Haas starts Adventures in Good Music at WJR in Detroit, Michigan.
* 14 March – Tulane University's WTUL signs on for the first time. Owned and operated by Tulane University, this progressive-music station. will give Jerry Springer his start in broadcasting.
* 3 April – Pick of the Week is first broadcast on the BBC Home Service.
* 7 June KKLS signs on in Rapid City

## Closings

* 2 January – CBS ends Our Gal Sunday, This Is Nora Drake, Backstage Wife and Road of Life.
* 2 January – The Kate Smith Show ends its run on network radio (Mutual).
* 9 January – The Howard Miller Show ends its run on network radio (CBS).
* 24 April - NBC Bandstand ends its run on network radio (NBC).

## Births

* 2 January – Joe Bevilacqua, award-winning American voice actor, radio producer, dramatist, humorist and documentary film producer.
* 9 January – Andy Kershaw, English world music presenter.
* 27 January – Cris Collinsworth, American sportscaster, previously American football player.
* 28 January – Randi Rhodes, American radio host.
* 22 May – Graham Fellows, English comedy performer.
* 3 June – John Carlson, American conservative talk radio host on KVI in Seattle.
* 7 June – Mike Pence, American politician who began his career on the radio station WIFE-FM (WRCR-FM).
* 13 August – Danny Bonaduce, American comedian, actor and broadcast personality.

## Deaths

* 9 January – Hans Bredow, "father of German radio" (born 1879).
* 3 March – Lou Costello, American comic actor (The Abbott and Costello Show), heart attack (born 1906).
* 6 December – Len Doyle, American actor, played investigator Harrigan on Mr. District Attorney (born 1893).
# Christian Palant

Christian Jean Gérard Palant (21 September 1921 – 18 November 2001) was a French modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics. He died in Paris in November 2001 at the age of 80.
# Liberty Township, Cowley County, Kansas

Liberty Township is a township in Cowley County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 218.

## Geography

Liberty Township covers an area of 47.97 square miles (124.2 km$^2$) and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Prairie Ridge and Rose Valley.
The streams of Crabb Creek, Harper Creek, Horse Creek, Pebble Creek and Wildcat Creek run through this township.
# Monosodium xenate

Monosodium xenate is the sodium salt of xenic acid with formula NaHXeO$_4$. It is a powerful oxidizer, owing to being a highly reactive compound of xenon.

## Synthesis

Monosodium xenate can be made by mixing solutions of xenon trioxide and sodium hydroxide, followed by freezing to liquid nitrogen temperatures, and dehydrating in a vacuum.

## Properties

Monosodium xenate usually exists in the sesquihydrate form, with 1.5 waters of hydration per unit molecule. It is stable up to 160 °C heated in a pure state. However it can explode when subjected to mechanical shock, or lower temperatures when mixed with XeO$_3$. Sodium xenate is slightly toxic with a median lethal dose between 15 and 30 mg/kg of body weight in mice. Xenate leaves the body very quickly. In mice, the level in blood drops by half in twenty seconds due to it being decomposed and exhaled. In the peritoneum the half-life extends to six minutes.
The dialkali xenates XeO$_4$$^{2-}$ have not been discovered, as xenate disproportionates in more alkaline conditions, hence it being rare to the find the dialkaline salt Na$_2$XeO$_4$.
# Ilkeston Flyer

The Ilkeston Flyer is a bus route that operates between Cotmanhay and Derby via Ilkeston and Spondon. Launched in 1999, it is solely operated by Trentbarton and was formerly in partnership with Felix Bus Services prior to 2012.

## History

The route was introduced on 27 September 1999. Prior to 2011, the route operated on a half-hourly frequency with one bus per hour operated by Trent Barton and the other by Felix Bus Services. On 26 June 2011, Trentbarton added an additional bus per hour, increasing the frequency to every 20 minutes, including the fleet of buses now using Wright Solars instead of Optare Tempos. On 30 January 2012, Felix Bus Services' commercial routes were acquired by Wellglade Group, the parent company of Trentbarton. Trentbarton subsequently became the sole operator of the route.
In September 2013, the frequency was then increased to every 15 minutes (4 buses an hour) in response to Yourbus' Y3 extension to Cotmanhay, with buses running every 30 minutes on Sundays. Ilkeston Flyer would then be extended to Cotmanhay on 30 June 2014 to compete with the Y3 service, though the route would return to its original every 20 minutes frequency as a result.
On 26 March 2017, Ilkeston Flyer received a first class upgrade using Wright Eclipse buses complete with USB sockets and free wifi, while increasing the fleet of buses operating the route from four to six, bringing the frequency up from every 20 minutes to every 15 minutes again. Then on 1 September 2019, the fleet of buses went up from six to seven, further increasing the frequency to every 12 minutes, though it would be reverted back to every 15 minutes due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In December 2022, Ilkeston Flyer was temporarily diverted to avoid Cotmanhay Road after 18:00 following attacks on buses. The route would later return to its regular route a few days after the attacks.
Ilkeston Flyer's frequency would later be further increased to every 10 minutes on 14 July 2024, alongside the entire fleet being replaced with Alexander Dennis Enviro200 MMC models.
# McShane Bell Foundry

The McShane Bell Foundry, located in St. Louis, Missouri, is a maker of church bells founded in 1856. Over the past 150 years, the firm has produced over 300,000 bells. In 2019, the company moved its headquarters from Glen Burnie, near Baltimore, Maryland to St. Louis Missouri, as it centralized its manufacturing and shipping.

## History

Henry McShane (1830-1889), an immigrant from Dundalk, Ireland, established the McShane Bell Foundry in Baltimore, Maryland at Holliday and Centre Streets in 1856. By the late 19th century, the business had produced tens of thousands of bells, including dozens of chimes, shipping them out to churches and public buildings across the USA and beyond, and expanded to a large factory complex on Guilford Avenue (then known as North Street). In 1935, the Henry McShane Manufacturing Company sold the foundry to William Parker, whose family continued to operate the business for three generations. The McShane Bell Foundry moved to Glen Burnie, Maryland in 1979 and was the only surviving large Western-style bell maker of the many that had once operated in the United States. Over the course of more than a century, the firm produced over 300,000 bells for cathedrals, churches, municipal buildings and schools in communities around the world - including the 7,000-pound bell that hangs in the dome of Baltimore City Hall. It was featured on an episode of the Discovery Channel's show Dirty Jobs. In 2019, ownership of the company changed, and it was relocated to Saint Louis, Missouri, where it is now known as the McShane Bell Company.
# Brendan Barber

Brendan Paul Barber, Baron Barber of Ainsdale (born 3 April 1951), is a British trade union official and life peer. He served as chair of the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) Council until 2020. He is a former general secretary of the United Kingdom's Trades Union Congress (TUC); a post he held from June 2003 until his retirement at the end of 2012. He was appointed Acas Chair in 2014, replacing Ed Sweeney, who had been in the post since 2007. He also serves on the board of the Banking Standards Board (since 2015), the Board of Transport for London (2013–), the board of Britain Stronger in Europe (since 2015), the Council of City University, London and the board of Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts (since 2014).

## Early life and education

Barber was born on 3 April 1951 in Southport, Lancashire, and educated at St Mary's College, Sefton (then a direct grant grammar school). Between school and university, he spent a year with VSO teaching in the Volta Region of Ghana. At City, University of London, he earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in social sciences in 1974, then spent the next year as the president of the students' union.

## Career

He spent a year as a researcher for the Ceramics, Glass and Mineral Products Industry Training Board based in Harrow.

### Trades Union Congress

In 1975. he began working at the TUC as a policy officer. In 1979, he became the head of the TUC's Press and Information Department. In 1987, he became head of the Organisation and Industrial Relations Department and in 1993 he became deputy general secretary.
He became General Secretary of the TUC in June 2003. On 18 April 2012, he announced his retirement, enabling a successor to be elected in September at Trades Union Congress 2012. Frances O'Grady was elected his successor.

### Awards

In 2007, Barber was given an Award of Doctor of Science honoris causa by City University London. He was knighted in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to employment relations.

### House of Lords

Barber was nominated for a life peerage by Prime Minister Keir Starmer in late 2024. He was created Baron Barber of Ainsdale, of Southport in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, on 20 January 2025, and was introduced to the House of Lords on 23 January.

## Personal life

He met Mary Gray in the TUC International Dept, and they married. They have two daughters. He supports Everton F.C. and lives in Muswell Hill.
# Dolling

Dolling or Dölling is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alison Dolling (1917–2006), Australian writer
* Charlie Dolling (1886–1936), Australian doctor, cricketer and cricket administrator
* Emmi Dölling (1906–1990), Czechoslovak/German political activist and journalist
* Hazel Dolling (1923/24–2006), British chatelaine
* Irene Dölling (born 1942), German sociologist
* Iwo Dölling (1923–2019), Swedish diplomat
* Peter Dolling (born 1941), Australian rules footballer
* Robert Dolling (1851–1902), British Anglo-Catholic Anglican priest
# New Unionville, Indiana

New Unionville is an unincorporated community in Benton Township, Monroe County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

## History

New Unionville was founded in 1906.

## Geography

New Unionville is located near the city of Bloomington. Indiana State Road 45 and the Indiana Rail Road pass through the community. There is a Baptist church and a recycling center in the area.
# Probabilistic CTL

Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic (PCTL) is an extension of computation tree logic (CTL) that allows for probabilistic quantification of described properties. It has been defined in the paper by Hansson and Jonsson.
PCTL is a useful logic for stating soft deadline properties, e.g. "after a request for a service, there is at least a 98% probability that the service will be carried out within 2 seconds". Akin CTL suitability for model-checking PCTL extension is widely used as a property specification language for probabilistic model checkers.

## PCTL syntax

A possible syntax of PCTL can be defined as follows:
$\phi ::=p\mid \neg \phi \mid \phi \lor \phi \mid \phi \land \phi \mid {\mathcal {P}}_{\sim \lambda }(\phi {\mathcal {U}}\phi )\mid {\mathcal {P}}_{\sim \lambda }(\square \phi )$
Therein, $\sim \in \{<,\leq ,\geq ,>\}$ is a comparison operator and $\lambda$ is a probability threshold.
Formulas of PCTL are interpreted over discrete Markov chains. An interpretation structure is a quadruple $K=\langle S,s^{i},{\mathcal {T}},L\rangle$, where
* $S$ is a finite set of states,
* $s^{i}\in S$ is an initial state,
* ${\mathcal {T}}$ is a transition probability function, ${\mathcal {T}}:S\times S\to [0,1]$, such that for all $s\in S$ we have $\sum _{s'\in S}{\mathcal {T}}(s,s')=1$, and
* $L$ is a labeling function, $L:S\to 2^{A}$, assigning atomic propositions to states.
A path $\sigma$ from a state $s_{0}$ is an infinite sequence of states $s_{0}\to s_{1}\to \dots \to s_{n}\to \dots$. The n-th state of the path is denoted as $\sigma [n]$ and the prefix of $\sigma$ of length $n$ is denoted as $\sigma \uparrow n$.

## Probability measure

A probability measure $\mu _{m}$ on the set of paths with a common prefix of length $n$ is given by the product of transition probabilities along the prefix of the path:
$\mu _{m}(\{\sigma \in X:\sigma \uparrow n=s_{0}\to \dots \to s_{n}\})={\mathcal {T}}(s_{0},s_{1})\times \dots \times {\mathcal {T}}(s_{n-1},s_{n})$
For $n=0$ the probability measure is equal to $\mu _{m}(\{\sigma \in X:\sigma \uparrow 0=s_{0}\})=1$.

## Satisfaction relation

The satisfaction relation $s\models _{K}f$ is inductively defined as follows:
* $s\models _{K}a$ if and only if $a\in L(s)$,
* $s\models _{K}\neg f$ if and only if not $s\models _{K}f$,
* $s\models _{K}f_{1}\lor f_{2}$ if and only if $s\models _{K}f_{1}$ or $s\models _{K}f_{2}$,
* $s\models _{K}f_{1}\land f_{2}$ if and only if $s\models _{K}f_{1}$ and $s\models _{K}f_{2}$,
* $s\models _{K}{\mathcal {P}}_{\sim \lambda }(f_{1}{\mathcal {U}}f_{2})$ if and only if $\mu _{m}(\{\sigma :\sigma [0]=s\land (\exists i)\sigma [i]\models _{K}f_{2}\land (\forall 0\leq j<i)\sigma [j]\models _{K}f_{1}\})\sim \lambda$, and
* $s\models _{K}{\mathcal {P}}_{\sim \lambda }(\square f)$ if and only if $\mu _{m}(\{\sigma :\sigma [0]=s\land (\forall i\geq 0)\sigma [i]\models _{K}f\})\sim \lambda$.
# Phanigiri

Phanigiri is a Buddhist site in Suryapet district, Telangana. It dates to the 1st Century BCE - 4th century CE period.
The site is a major discovery in the history of the early India. It is closely related to the stupa complexes at Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda.

## Structure

Phanigiri is a village in Suryapet district, Telangana. It is situated about 40 km from Suryapet city. The place consists of a Buddhist complex which is adorned with a massive stupa along with two apsidal halls with stupas in it.
Two large footprints in the complex are believed to belong to Gautama Buddha. The place also houses three viharas which were once served as the dwelling for the Buddhist monks. Previously the name of the village is Dharmachakrapuram but later it is changed to Phanigir. The name is derived from two words which represent the shape of the hill (phani=snake, giri=hill).
# Zion (Phil Keaggy album)

Zion is a concept album written and performed by the guitarist Phil Keaggy as a tribute to the master guitarmaker Ken Hoover at Zion Guitars. It was recorded exclusively on a Zion Radicaster.

## Personnel

* Guitar: Chad Crow, Phil Keaggy
* Bass: Bob Birch, Dave Coy, Rick Cua, Jack Giering
* Keyboards: David Harris, Jeff Lams, Phil Madeira, Smitty Price, Harlan Rogers
* Drums: Alex Acuña, Vinnie Colaiuta, Dennis Holt, Mike Mead, Paul Sansone, John Sferra, Ron Tutt
* Percussion: Alex Acuña, Ken Lewis
# Jacory Croskey-Merritt

Jacory Croskey-Merritt is an American football running back for the Arizona Wildcats. He previously played for the Alabama State Hornets and for the New Mexico Lobos.

## Early life and high school

Croskey-Merritt attended Sidney Lanier High School in Montgomery, Alabama. He was rated as a zero-star recruit and committed to play college football for the Alabama State Hornets over Alcorn State.

## College career
### Alabama State

In 2022, Croskey-Merritt rushed 120 times for 526 yards and four touchdowns. In four years with the Hornets, he rushed for 1,164 yards and 13 touchdowns. After the 2022 season, Croskey-Merritt entered his name into the NCAA transfer portal.

### New Mexico

Croskey-Merritt transferred to play for the New Mexico Lobos. In week 13 of the 2023 season, he ran for 204 yards and two touchdowns in a win over Fresno State. In the 2023 regular season finale, Croskey-Merritt rushed for 233 yards versus Utah State. During the 2023 season, he ran 189 times for 1,190 yards and 17 touchdowns and hauled in eight receptions for 72 yards and a touchdown, earning second-team all-Mountain West honors. After the season, Croskey-Merritt entered his name into the NCAA transfer portal.

### Arizona

Croskey-Merritt originally transferred to play for the Arizona Wildcats, however he would later flip to play for the Ole Miss Rebels, before again joining Arizona. In 2024, he appeared in just one game due to eligibility issues where he rushed for 106 yards and a touchdown. After the 2024 season, Croskey-Merritt declared for the 2025 NFL draft and accepted an invite to play in the 2025 East-West Shrine Bowl, where he rushed for 97 yards and two touchdowns on 11 carries and was named the games MVP.
# 9100

9100 may refer to:
* A.D. 9100, a year in the 10th millennium CE
* 9100 BCE, a year in the 10th millennium BC
* 9100, a number in the 9000 (number) range
* 9100 Tomohisa, an asteroid in the Asteroid Belt, the 9100th asteroid registered; see List_of_minor_planets:_9001–10000
* Holborn 9100, a Dutch personal computer
* CP Class 9100, a diesel railcar class
* Chiba New Town Railway 9100 series electric multiple unit train series
* Meitetsu 9100 series trains
* Qtek 9100, a branded version of the HTC Wizard smartphone
# Siege of Petra (541)

The siege of Petra took place in 541 when the Sasanian Empire, under King of Kings Khosrow I, besieged the town of Petra in Lazica, held by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The Sasanians successfully captured the fortress.

## Background

The 541 capture of Petra was part of Khosrow I's invasion of Lazica. This campaign commenced when the Sasanian king was invited by the local king Gubazes II.

## Siege

After passing through the difficult terrain of Lazica, the Sasanian forces met and joined Gubazes II. The main objective of the campaign was to capture Petra, where the magister militum per Armeniam John Tzibus had concentrated his forces and had established a monopoly in the port city. Khosrow sent a detachment under Aniabedes to attack the fort, where he found the fort apparently deserted. A detachment that was sent to destroy the gate with a battering-ram was defeated as the Byzantine forces quickly rushed out of the gate in a surprise raid. The Sasanians then camped near the fortifications and began a regular siege. On the following day, the Sasanians went completely around the fort and began shooting with arrows, and the Byzantines responded by shooting with arrows and war engines. The Byzantine commander John was killed by an arrow in the neck, demoralizing the defenders. Petra featured a rough terrain and unusually strong defensive towers, which, instead of being hollow, were made of solid stone to a great height. Nevertheless, the Sasanians managed to bring down one of the two great defensive towers through mining operations: much of the lower stones were removed and replaced by wood by the miners, and the tower fell as the flames slowly loosened the upper layers of stone; the tower was suddenly brought down and the Sasanians entered the fort through the walls. The besieged forces then surrendered and came to terms. The possessions of the rich commander/merchant John Tzibus were seized, but everything else was untouched, and the surviving Byzantine forces joined the Sasanian army. A Sasanian garrison was established in Petra. An account cited that in the course of the siege, many Persian soldiers died due to the difficult terrain, an epidemic, and lack of supplies.
Leif Inge Ree Petersen notes that Roman commanders were killed (without specifying names) during the defense of Petra.
# Aero AT-1

The Aero AT-1, a.k.a. Antoniewski AT-1, is a two-seat, low wing, ultra-light sport aircraft, developed by Tomasz Antoniewski, manufactured in Poland by Aero AT in ready-to-fly certificated form and as a kitplane.

## Design and development

Antoniewski designed the AT-1, using the Jodel D.9 Bébé as a starting point, for his diploma thesis at the Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering of the Warsaw University of Technology.
Retaining most of the fuselage structure, the wings were replaced with shortened SZD-30 Pirat wings of 10.6 m (35 ft) span. The 50 kg (110 lb) heavier wings required structural modifications to the fuselage and the adoption of undercarriage legs from a PZL-126 Mrówka, main landing gear wheels from the SZD-51 Junior and tail landing gear from the PZL-104 Wilga.
Construction began at Yalo in 1987 and by December 1989 the aircraft was almost ready, with only the engine covers missing, painting and other small parts required. The first short flights over Bemowo airport were carried out then. A proper, but still unofficial, flight was carried out in July 1990, but it was not until 9 December 1990 that the first AT-1 was officially flown by Maciej Aksler.
The AT-1 is a single-seat wooden low wing monoplane, with fabric and plywood skinning. Initially flown with an open cockpit a canopy was later installed. Controls are entirely conventional, including a small fin with large rudderand similar construction to the wings. The tailwheel undercarriage has single leaf main undercarriage legs.

## Operational history

Initially used as intended, for recreational flying, the AT-1 was also used for banner-towing and forest fire-patrol from 1993 to 1996. The original AT-1 is currently stationed at the Pilski Aero Club.

## Specifications

Data from Aero AT-1 - SAMOLOTY.PL
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 5.72 m (18 ft 9 in)
* Wingspan: 10.6 m (34 ft 9 in)
* Height: 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
* Airfoil: root:Wortmann FX 61-168; tip: Wortmann FX 60-126
* Empty weight: 315 kg (694 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 430 kg (948 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Limbach SL 1700 EA 4-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine, 44 kW (59 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 198 km/h (123 mph, 107 kn)
* Cruise speed: 160 km/h (99 mph, 86 kn)
* Stall speed: 80 km/h (50 mph, 43 kn)
* Range: 600 km (370 mi, 320 nmi)
* Rate of climb: 2.2 m/s (430 ft/min)
# 2007 Krems local election

Local elections were held in Krems an der Donau on 7 October 2007. The ÖVP held its majority; while the SPÖ increased its share of votes and seats, it failed to displace the ÖVP as the largest party in the city council. In addition to ÖVP, SPÖ, FPÖ and the Grüne, three other parties stood:
* Kommunisten und Linkssozialisten (KLS, Communists and Left Socialists)
* Zahlende Öffentlichkeit contra Hochverschuldung (ZÖCH, Paying Public against High Indebtation)
* Gerechtigkeit für Krems (GFK, Justice for Krems)
The ÖVP held their 20 mandates, the SPÖ saw an increase of three for a total of 16, while the FPÖ lost one and the Greens lost two, resulting in two and one mandate, respectively. The Communists and Left Socialists held their single mandate.
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