OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alexander Gough

Alexander Gough (fl. 1626 – 1655), also Goughe or Goffe, was an English actor in the Caroline era. He started out as a boy player filling female roles; during the period of the English Civil War and the Interregnum (1642–1660) when the theatres were closed and actors out of work, Gough became involved in the publication of plays.
Alexander Gough was born in 1614, the son of Robert Gough, an actor with the King's Men. Like some other sons of actors (Theophilus Bird; Robert Pallant), Gough started acting as a boy – in his case, with his father's company. Alexander Gough played:
* Caenis in Massinger's The Roman Actor, 1626
* Acanthe in Massinger's The Picture, 1629
* Eurinia in Wilson's The Swisser, 1631
* Lillia-Bianca in Fletcher's The Wild Goose Chase, the 1632 revival.
Gough also had roles in Ford's The Lover's Melancholy (1628) and Clavell's The Soddered Citizen (1630). Gough remained with the company at least until 1636, and perhaps longer, probably playing minor adult roles.
In 1642, at the start of the Civil War, the Puritan regime forced the closure of the London theatres. Theatrical activity did not cease entirely; rather, actors staged clandestine performances, often at the private houses of sympathetic citizens. In so doing, the actors faced a major and obvious problem: how to find audiences for "secret" performances (ideally, audiences that did not contain informers who would betray them to the authorities). During this period, Alexander Gough reportedly functioned as what was then called a "jackal" – he helped to gather audiences for these clandestine performances.
Later in the Commonwealth era, Gough was active in publication, specifically of plays. He was not the only actor who shifted to publishing; Andrew Pennycuicke and William Cartwright did the same. Most notably, Gough wrote an introduction to Humphrey Moseley's 1652 first edition of The Widow; his preface "To the Reader" re-iterated the title-page attribution of that play to John Fletcher, Ben Jonson, and Thomas Middleton. Modern scholars and critics have strongly rejected the attribution to Fletcher and Jonson, and recognize The Widow as a solo work by Middleton.
Gough was also involved with the first editions of The Queen (1653), a play assigned to John Ford, and Lodowick Carlell's The Passionate Lovers (1655).
# Reconstructing Womanhood

Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist (ISBN 0-19-506071-7) is a book by Hazel Carby that was published in 1987. It documents the history of writing by American black women in the 1800s and early 1900s. It was positively received, being referred to as a landmark study and a groundbreaking work.

## Summary

Reconstructing Womanhood analyzes writings from black women in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as examines the social, political, and historical landscapes in which these works were produced.
Carby describes the history and politics of American black women along with their writings. She writes about racial topics including the imagined danger of black men raping white women, the lynching of black people, racism from white women, black women's organizations, and white supremacy. The black women writers featured used their writing for social justice, but they were unable to accomplish their goals. The book covers the first century of writing by black women. Specifying by Susan Willis has been stated to be sort of a continuation of Reconstructing Womanhood due to Specifying covering the second century of black women authors. Willis's book deals with "contradiction and struggle" while Carby's book has to do with the "nationalist-capitalist system" and black women authors envisioning "social change". The book documents the history of writing by American black women in fiction, feminist writings, literary criticism, and their lives throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s. Other chapters detail the thoughts of black women having exotic sexuality and how black women were separated from white women in American politics. Writings that are discussed include Our Nig from 1859, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl in 1861, Iola Leroy in 1892, and Quicksand in 1928. Carby thinks that the novel Iola Leroy not being well received by literary scholars is an example of such writings from that time period being neglected. The last chapter details more modern fiction written by black women, while also focusing on individual writers. Carby argues that literature by American black women started a new "black womanhood" during the 1800s and that the 19th century was the "first writing renaissance" for those writers rather than the 1970s.

## Reception

Jewelle Gomez wrote in The Nation that Carby's "more formal style makes her book less accessible, but she does offer some important observations about the development of Afro-American women novelists." Angelo Costanzo of American Literature that "Carby convinces us that the time was rich with the voices of many women who were unafraid to express themselves in truthful and courageous ways". Alison Donnell wrote in her book Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture that Reconstructing Womanhood is Carby's "landmark study". Elizabeth Kowaleski-Wallac said in the Encyclopedia of Feminist Literary Theory that Reconstructing Womanhood is a "groundbreaking work".
# Bush Court

Bush Court is a large tower block built as part of a public housing project in the 1970s in Shepherd's Bush, London. It is located on the south side of Shepherd's Bush Green and falls just outside the Shepherd's Bush Conservation Area. Although built as public housing, a number of the flats are now privately owned and are regularly offered for sale to the public.

## History

Like its sister towers, Woodford Court and Roseford Court, Bush Court was designed and built of steel and concrete in a modern style by the then Labour-controlled Council. Bush Court was completed in 1974. It is 184 feet high and contains 112 housing units on 19 floors.
# Rec Hall

Recreation Building, often referred to as Rec Hall, is a field house on the University Park campus of the Pennsylvania State University, within the borough limits of State College. The building was opened on January 15, 1929, and remains in active use. Penn State's gymnastics, volleyball, and wrestling teams compete in Rec Hall. The university's men's and women's basketball teams moved to the Bryce Jordan Center in 1996.

## History
### 20th century

Prior to the opening of Rec Hall in 1929, Penn State's indoor sports teams played in a building known as the Armory, which was razed to allow expansion of the Willard Building. The Nittany Lion Shrine is located nearby the building. The Penn State IFC/Panhellenic Dance Marathon, commonly known as THON, was held in Rec Hall from 1999 to 2006, but was subsequently moved to the Bryce Jordan Center.
The architect was Charles Z. Klauder, who designed the University of Pennsylvania's Palestra in Philadelphia. The Georgian design of Rec Hall was chosen to harmonize with other new structures on campus.
Rec Hall has undergone several renovations over its history. In the 1990s, the drop ceiling that was installed in the 1960s was removed, and the building's original roof line was restored, exposing the open steel truss ceiling and upper windows. Along with this, lighting and building acoustics also have been improved.

### 21st century

In 2005, electronic LED scoreboards were installed and lower seating bowl bleachers were replaced. Renovation of Rec Hall's south wing was completed in 2006, including expansion of the student fitness center.
The largest crowd in Rec Hall history, 8,600, witnessed the men's basketball team defeat Virginia 93–68 on December 5, 1973. Three other notable men's games were: a 74–71 loss to Jerry West-led West Virginia Feb. 15, 1958 (WVU had been AP No. 1 for much of the 1957–58 season), the 1991 Atlantic 10 Conference men's basketball tournament championship, won by Penn State, and a double overtime 88–84 loss to No. 1-ranked Indiana, coached by Bob Knight, Feb. 9, 1993. Rec Hall is also known as a classic home court advantage, as the women's volleyball team holds the NCAA volleyball record for home match winning streaks (94), which ranks in the top five of any home court winning streak for any sport, men or women's, and is only outranked by the basketball trio of Kentucky, 1943–55 (129); St. Bonaventure, 1948–61 (99) and UCLA, 1970–76 (98).
Penn State teams have won five national championships in Rec Hall, including in boxing in 1929 and 1932, in wrestling in 1953, and in men's gymnastics in 1960 and 2007.
The men's basketball team has played sporadically in the Rec Hall since leaving, playing once in 2013, twice in 2015, and once in 2024. The women's basketball team returned to the Rec Hall for one game in 2024.
# 1984 Puerto Rican general election

General elections were held in Puerto Rico on November 6, 1984. Rafael Hernández Colón of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) was elected Governor, whilst the PPD also won a majority of seats in the House of Representatives and the Senate. Voter turnout was 89%.

## Results
### Governor

| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| | Rafael Hernández Colón | Popular Democratic Party | 822,709 | 47.75 |
| | Carlos Romero Barceló | New Progressive Party | 768,959 | 44.63 |
| | Hernán Padilla | Puerto Rican Renewal Party | 69,807 | 4.05 |
| | Fernando Martín García | Puerto Rican Independence Party | 61,312 | 3.56 |
| Total | Total | Total | 1,722,787 | 100.00 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | Valid votes | 1,722,787 | 98.92 |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 18,851 | 1.08 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 1,741,638 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 1,959,877 | 88.86 |
| Source: Nohlen |||||

### Resident Commissioner

| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| | Jaime Fuster | Popular Democratic Party | 827,380 | 48.65 |
| | Nelson Famadas | New Progressive Party | 769,951 | 45.27 |
| | Francisco Catalá Oliveras | Puerto Rican Independence Party | 64,001 | 3.76 |
| | Ángel Viera Martínez | Puerto Rican Renewal Party | 39,319 | 2.31 |
| Total | Total | Total | 1,700,651 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 1,959,877 | – |
| Source: Nohlen |||||

### House of Representatives

| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| | Popular Democratic Party | | | 34 | +8 |
| | New Progressive Party | | | 16 | –9 |
| | Puerto Rican Independence Party | | | 1 | +1 |
| | Puerto Rican Renewal Party | | | 0 | New |
| Total | Total | | | 51 | 0 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 1,729,108 | 99.28 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 12,530 | 0.72 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 1,741,638 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 1,959,877 | 88.86 | | |
| Source: Nohlen ||||||

### Senate

| Party | Party | Seats | +/– |
| | Popular Democratic Party | 18 | +3 |
| | New Progressive Party | 8 | –4 |
| | Puerto Rican Independence Party | 1 | +1 |
| Total | Total | 27 | 0 |
| Source: Nohlen ||||
# Lee Chieh-po

Lee Chieh-po (Chinese: 李玠柏, born 1 November 1994), also known as Max Lee, is a Taiwanese professional golfer.

## Early life and family

Lee was born in Taipei, Taiwan. He has been known as Max since he was six.

## Amateur career

Lee represented Asia-Pacific in the 2014 Bonallack Trophy.

## Professional career

Lee turned professional in 2015. Most of his early career was spent playing in Taiwan and on lower level tours, including the PGA Tour China and Asian Development Tour. His first win as a professional came in a minor event in Taiwan during his first season. His breakthrough came in 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, when he won a record five times on Taiwan PGA Tour, including the Yeangder TPC, to win the money list title. In October 2024, he won for the first time on the Asian Tour, at the International Series Thailand, edging out Peter Uihlein by one stroke. Two months later, he won the LIV Golf Promotions event to earn a place on the 2025 LIV Golf League.

## Professional wins (9)
### Asian Tour wins (1)

* Legend
* International Series (1)
* Other Asian Tour (0)
| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runners-up |
| 1 | 27 Oct 2024 | International Series Thailand | −21 (64-65-67-63=259) | 1 stroke | Richard T. Lee, Peter Uihlein |

### Taiwan PGA Tour wins (7)

* 2021 Yeangder Open, Nanbao Open, Kaohsiung Open, Yeangder TPC
* 2022 Taifong Open (2021 season), Taichung Charity Elite Open
* 2024 Sunflower TPGA Championship

### Other wins (1)

* 2024 LIV Golf Promotions

## Team appearances

* Bonallack Trophy (representing Asia-Pacific): 2014
# Chalmore Lock

Chalmore Lock was a lock and weir which operated between 1838 and 1883 on the River Thames in England near Wallingford, Oxfordshire.

## History

Chalmore Lock was built in 1838 by the Thames Navigation Commissioners at a place called Chalmore Hole between Cleeve Lock and Benson Lock. It was built as a summer or low-water lock. For much of the time the lock was open at both ends and the fall was only 18 inches when the water level reached its lowest in summer. It was described at the time of construction as "a weir and two pairs of gates similar to pound gates to pass boats when the weir is shut in". Its usefulness was demonstrated shortly after its construction, when a barge stranded upstream in the shallows was set in motion within five minutes of closing the gates. The lock was provided with a lock keeper and tolls were exacted for its use. However it fell into disrepair, and the Thames Conservancy was anxious to remove it. Nevertheless, from 1874 onwards, the inhabitants of Wallingford campaigned strongly to keep the lock fearing consequences to the town of its removal. In 1881 Thames Conservancy dredged the river below Wallingford Bridge at "enormous cost" and in the winter floating ice swept away much of the weir. In 1883 the lock was finally removed.

## Literature and the media

Chalmore Lock gives rise to an anecdote in Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome. In it the author recollects an experience of rowing a young lady downstream from Benson Lock expecting to reach "Wallingford Lock" in a short time. Unaware that the map is out of date and that the lock has been removed he and she experience increasing alarm as they continue on the six-mile stretch in the darkening evening to end at Cleeve Lock.
William Staniland included "The lay of Chalmore Lock" among his Songs after Sunset in 1884.
# Rubicon River (California)

The Rubicon River is a major tributary of the Middle Fork American River in the Sierra Nevada of Northern California, west of Lake Tahoe. Its length is 60 miles (97 km) with a watershed of about 184 square miles (477 km$^2$). The river's headwaters are in the Crystal Range of the Sierra Nevada, within the Eldorado National Forest's Desolation Wilderness. Historically, the Rubicon River was known as the South Fork of the Middle Fork of the American River.

## Headwaters

The Rubicon River originates at 9,900 feet (3,018 m) near Clyde Lake in El Dorado County. It flows north-northwest for approximately 8 mi (12.9 km) until it reaches Rubicon Reservoir. The river then travels northwest and within 4.8 mi (7.7 km) of the Rubicon Reservoir is met by Highland Creek, Miller Creek, and the Little Rubicon River. It continues northwest for approximately 5 mi (8 km) to Hell Hole Reservoir. Shortly after the river begins flowing southwest from the reservoir, it serves as a border between El Dorado and Placer Counties, and joins the South Fork of the Rubicon River.

## South Fork

The South Fork of the Rubicon River originates about a mile southeast of Loon Lake. It flows southwest for several miles until it is joined by Gerle Creek, and then travels west to its confluence with the Rubicon River. The river slowly changes course and eventually heads northwest again, finally, joining the Middle Fork of the American River about 20 mi (32 km) northeast of Auburn. The Middle Fork meets the North Fork of the American River in the Auburn State Recreation Area below the Foresthill Bridge, and flows into Folsom Lake.
The reservoirs and trails along the Rubicon River are recreation areas, managed primarily by the Eldorado National Forest.
# Diego Soto Valera

Diego Soto Valera (died 21 August 1549) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Mondoñedo (1545–1549).

## Biography

Diego Soto Valera was born in Spain. On 27 Nov 1545, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul III as Bishop of Mondoñedo. He served as Bishop of Mondoñedo until his death on 21 Aug 1549.
# 1927 Latvian citizenship referendum

A referendum on the citizenship law was held in Latvia on 17 and 18 December 1927. Voters were asked whether they approved of repealing the amendments made to the citizenship law by the Saeima. The referendum was passed and the amendments were cancelled. Of a total of 1,120,026 registered voters, only 242,798 cast valid votes.
# Mount Ashibetsu

Mount Ashibetsu (芦別岳, Ashibetsu-dake) is a mountain located on the border between Ashibetsu and Furano, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is part of the Yūbari Mountains.
# Michael Bruno (economist)

Michael Peter Bruno (Hebrew: מיכאל ברונו; 30 July 1932 – 26 December 1996) was an Israeli economist. He was governor of the Bank of Israel and a former World Bank Chief Economist.

## Biography

Michael Peter Bruno was married to Ofra Hanoch (née Hirshenberg), with whom he had three children, daughter Yael and sons Ido and Asa. He died of cancer at home in Jerusalem. He is survived by his second wife Netta (née Ben-Porath).

## Awards and recognition

* In 1970, Bruno was appointed the Carl Melchior chair of international economics.
* In 1974, he was awarded the Rothschild Prize for Social Science.
* In 1994, he was awarded the Israel Prize, for economics.

## Published works

* Bruno, Michael; Di Tella, Guido; Dornbusch, Rudiger; Fischer, Stanley, eds. (1988). Inflation Stabilization: The Experience of Israel, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Mexico. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-02279-6.
* Crisis, Stabilization, and Economic Reform: Therapy by Consensus, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-19-828663-5
* Bruno, Michael; Sachs, Jeffrey (1985). Economics of Worldwide Stagflation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-23475-8.
# CW 15

CW 15 may refer to one of two television stations in the United States affiliated with the CW television network:

## Current affiliates

* WCWN in Schenectady–Albany–Troy, New York (cable channel; broadcasts on channel 45)
* WHDF in Huntsville–Florence, Alabama

## Former affiliates

* KNXV-DT2 in Phoenix, Arizona (2023–2024)
# Gora Sovetskaya

Gora Sovetskaya (Russian: гора советская, meaning "Soviet Mountain"), also known as Berry Peak, is a mountain on Wrangel Island. Administratively it is part of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russian Federation.
This 1,096-metre-high (3,596 ft) mountain is the highest point of Wrangel Island. It is located in the area near the center of the island, in the Central Mountain Range that runs across Wrangel Island from east to west.

## History

The mountain is conspicuous from the sea and was first described by Captain Thomas Long in 1867 as having "the appearance of an extinct volcano." It was named "Berry Peak" by the United States Navy in 1881 after U.S. Navy Lieutenant Robert M. Berry, commanding officer of the steamer USS Rodgers, who led the group which landed on the island. As a result of the surveys of the time, Berry Peak was marked as a 762-metre-high (2,500-foot) mountain by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. By the early 20th century other surveys of the mountain had been carried out from the shore, but once inland it was not clear which mountain was "Berry Peak."
The mountain was properly surveyed in 1938, by which time the island had become part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union. The correct elevation was found to be 1,096 m (3,596 ft) and the peak was named Gora Sovetskaya.
| 1913 map of Wrangel Island. | Old map of Wrangel Island with the peak marked as "Mount Berry." |
# Henry Springmann

Henry Springmann (1859–1936) was a rugby union international who represented England from 1879 to 1887.

## Early life

Henry Springmann was born on 1859 in Liverpool. He was educated at Craigmount School, Edinburgh.

## Rugby union career

Following his education, Springmann played for Liverpool Football Club. In 1879 he was selected to play in the Lancashire fifteen, and went on to play for the North v. the South, and then again for England v. Scotland. This international debut was on 10 March 1879 at Edinburgh.
Shortly afterwards Springmann left for America, but returned to England in 1886. In that year he played for Lancashire v. Cheshire and Yorkshire and was once more he was selected to play for the North v. the South. Again, he was included in the English team v. Scotland, this time played at Manchester (Whalley Range) on 5 March 1887. Despite the fact that England did not win the match, Springmann was singled out for his performance and it was noted "most creditably in this great match closed his brilliant career."
# Saint Jerome Hears the Trumpet of the Last Judgment

Saint Jerome Hears the Trumpet of the Last Judgment is a 1779 painting by the French artist Jacques-Louis David.

## Description

Jerome, one of the four Doctors of the Church, is depicted as a half-clad anchorite in his cell, with common iconographical attributes, a cross, a skull and bible. He is holding a quill in his right hand, indicating that he is writing the Vulgate. He is wearing the red garb of a cardinal, indicative of his role as secretary to Pope Damasus I. The skull alludes to this intellectual and penitential life.

## Provenance

The painting came to Quebec City between 1901 and 1908, owned by Henriette and Geneviève Cramail. After David's death in 1825, the painting entered the collection of Cardinal Joseph Fesch, and then in the collection of Cramail sisters' grandfather, the history and genre painter Gustave Mailand (1810–1880).
It was donated by the sisters to the parish of Notre-Dame de Québec in 1938, to replace works of art that were lost in a fire at the cathedral in 1922. From 1995 to 2013, the painting was on display at the National Gallery of Canada. It was subsequently in storage at the Musée de la civilisation in Quebec City for conservation. It currently hangs in the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (MMFA).

## Sale

The parish of Notre-Dame de Québec, looking to raise operating funds, approached the Musée de la civilisation, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts and the National Gallery of Canada in 2016. The cost of the painting nearly equalled the entire acquisition budget of the National Gallery (8-million). The National Gallery of Canada has valued the painting at US$5 million. The asking price was CA$6.3 million. The gallery made an initial offer of CA$3 million that the parish refused. When it did not find a buyer it started to approach international institutions. The National Gallery made in bid in December 2017 that was conditional on the sale of a Chagall painting at auction on May 15, 2018. The Musée de la civilisation and Montreal Museum of Fine Arts have made attempts to raise funds to buy the painting together.
Nathalie Bondil, director of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts has claimed that St. Jerome was not in danger of being sold to foreign buyers because that wouldn't be allowed under Quebec's Cultural Heritage Act. Marie Montpetit, Quebec's Minister of Culture and Communications announced on April 23, 2018, that the province of Quebec issued a notice of intent to have Saint Jerome classified as a heritage document. On the same day, Françoise Lyon, chair of the board, and Marc Mayer, director of the National Gallery said the gallery would halt its efforts to obtain the painting.
Saint Jerome is one of only two paintings by David in a Canadian collection, the other one a small portrait of Pierre Sériziat from 1790, in the collection of the National Gallery.