OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Philip Burlamachi

Philip Burlamachi (1575 – 1644) was a major financial intermediary of King Charles I of England, and is remembered as the inventor of the concept of a central bank.
Burlamachi was born Sedan, France. His family was of Italian origin, exiled descendants of the Lucchese Francesco Burlamacchi. He is known to have been in England for at least 30 years (since at least 1605) where he became naturalised by an Act of Parliament.
He worked extensively with his brother in law Philip Calandrini who was his financial representative in Amsterdam; for example, in 1626 Philip offered to stand as guarantor for £58,400 for Charles I. In 1621 Burlamachi acted on behalf of the City of London Merchants, collecting money from foreign merchants and transferring it to the Privy Council. "Whereas you have undertaken the collecting of such moneys as were thought reasonable and meet for the merchants strangers residing within the City of London and the outports, to contribute towards the expedition against pirates." He was entrusted the sum of £30,000 on behalf of the Privy Council with bills of exchange for the service of an army for the States of the United Provinces or 'direct the employment them as he shall think'.
One thing that is certain and clear is the importance of Philip Burlamachi in regards to money and finance and his idea (the first of its kind) although he himself did concede "the proposal has been formerly made." Burlamachi's idea was a national clearing bank: the first known proposal for a central bank, where the word bank is first used for "a bank for the payment of all large sums of which shall be negotiated". The idea was originally discussed in the year 1636 and 58 years later, in 1694, the Bank of England was first formed.
Burlamachi is also known for financing the East India Company. and as Postmaster of Foreign posts from 1637 to 1642.
During the Anglo-French War (1627-1629), Burlamachi loaned Charles I the sum of £70,000, though the king's inability to repay him caused him to go bankrupt in 1633.
# Valera (disambiguation)

Valera is a city in Venezuela.
Valera may also refer to:

## Places

* Valera District, Peru
* Valera, Texas, United States, an unincorporated community
* Valera Municipality, Venezuela
* Valera (crater), a tiny crater on the Moon

## People with the surname

* Alex Valera (born 1996), Peruvian footballer
* Álvaro Valera (born 1986), Spanish Paralympic table tennis player
* Blas Valera (1544–1597), Roman Catholic Jesuit priest, historian and linguist, one of the first mestizo priests in Peru
* Breyvic Valera (born 1992), Venezuelan bsseball player
* Diego Soto Valera (died 1549), Spanish Roman Catholic prelate and Bishop of Mondoñedo
* Dominic Valera (born 1948), Filipino politician
* Dominique Valera (born 1947), French kickboxer and karateka
* Felix Valera (born 1988), Dominican boxer, WBA interim light-heavyweight champion from 2015 to 2016
* Germán Valera (born 2002), Spanish footballer
* Juan Valera (footballer) (born 1984), Spanish footballer
* Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano (1824–1905), Spanish author, diplomat and government minister
* Julio Valera (born 1968), Puerto Rican retired Major League Baseball pitcher
* Lorenzo Coullaut Valera (1876–1932), Spanish sculptor
* Lourdes Valera (1963–2012), Venezuelan actress
* Marcela Valera (born 1987), Mexican footballer
* Mariano Valera (1770–?), Novohispanic officer, colonial official and briefly interim governor of the Spanish colony of Texas
* Mark Valera (born 1979), Australian murderer
* Naddazza Valera (born 1987), Cuban team handball player
* Ramón Valera (1912–1972), Filipino-American fashion designer
* Rey Valera (born 1954), Filipino singer, songwriter, music director, film scorer and television host
* Roberto Valera (born 1938), Cuban composer and pedagogue
* Rodman Valera (born 1982), Venezuelan volleyball player
* Selene Valera (born 1994), Mexican footballer
* Victor Valera [es] (1927–2013), Venezuelan sculptor
* La Valera, a Spanish dancer of the early twentieth century

## Other uses

* Daihatsu Valéra, name of the Diahatsu Charade supermini car in the Netherlands
# Langeberg

The Langeberg Range is a mountain range in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Its highest peak is Keeromsberg at 2,072 m that lies 15 km northeast of the town of Worcester. Some of the highest peaks of the range are located just to the north of Swellendam, in a subrange known as the Clock Peaks whose highest point is the 1,710 m high Misty Point. Local lore states one can tell the time by means of the shadows cast by the seven summits of the Clock Peaks.

## Etymology

The name is Dutch and means "long mountain"

## Physiography and geology

The range runs roughly NW/SE in its western part and in an east-west direction in its mid and eastern section and is approximately 250 km long, from Worcester, past Robertson, Montagu, Swellendam, Heidelberg and Riversdale to the proximity of George.
The Langeberg's most westerly point is located 5 km east of the town of Worcester; the range ends some 20 km North of Mossel Bay in the east. The open plains of the Little Karoo border the north of the mountain range, while to the south lies the Agulhas Plain and the Overberg wheatbelt.
The Langeberg Range is composed mostly of Table Mountain Sandstone and the range is part of the Cape Fold Belt.

## Ecology

On the southern slopes of the range mountain fynbos can be found, with Afromontane forest patches found in deep secluded gorges, while on the drier northern slopes karroid scrub is found.

### Protected areas

There are the following protected areas along the range:
* The Marloth Nature Reserve, in the area where the highest peaks are found
* The Boosmansbos Wilderness Area, which includes the Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve near Barrydale
* The Garcia State Forest

## Mountain passes

The range is traversed by four mountain passes, from west to east, they are:
* Cogmanskloof Pass, linking Montagu with Ashton.
* Tradouws Pass, linking Barrydale with Swellendam and Heidelberg
* Garcia's Pass, linking Riversdale and Ladismith, Western Cape
* Cloetes Pass, linking Mossel Bay with Ladismith, Western Cape
# Isopentane

Isopentane, also called methylbutane or 2-methylbutane, is a branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon (an alkane) with five carbon atoms, with formula C $_5$H $_{12}$ or CH(CH $_3$) $_2$(C $_2$H $_5$).
Isopentane is a volatile and flammable liquid. It is one of three structural isomers with the molecular formula C$_5$H$_{12}$, the others being pentane (n-pentane) and neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane).
Isopentane is commonly used in conjunction with liquid nitrogen to achieve a liquid bath temperature of −160 °C. Natural gas typically contains 1% or less isopentane, but it is a significant component of natural gasoline.

## History

Although the mixture of pentanes was first isolated from the destructive distillation (pyrolysis) products of the boghead coal by Charles Greville Williams in 1862. In 1864–1865 two chemists tried to extract same hydrocarbons from the Pennsylvanian oil. Carl Schorlemmer noted "that a mere trace of the liquid boiled below 30°C", but the first to properly separate isomers (and thus discover isopentane) was American chemist Cyrus Warren (1824–1891) slightly later, who measured the boiling point of the more volatile one at 30°C.

## Nomenclature

The traditional name isopentane, attested in English as early as 1875, was still retained in the 1993 IUPAC recommendations, but is no longer recommended according to the 2013 recommendations. The preferred IUPAC name is the systematic name 2-methylbutane. An isopentyl group is a subset of the generic pentyl group. It has the chemical structure -CH$_3$CH$_2$CH(CH$_3$)$_2$.

## Uses

Isopentane is used in a closed loop in geothermal power production to drive turbines.
Isopentane is used, in conjunction with dry ice or liquid nitrogen, to freeze tissues for cryosectioning in histology.
Isopentane is a major component (sometimes 30% or more) of natural gasoline, an analog of common petroleum-derived gasoline that is condensed from natural gas. Its share in commercial car fuel is highly variable: 19–45% in 1990s Sweden, 4–31% in 1990s US and 3.6–11% in the US in 2011. It has a substantially higher octane rating (RON 93.7) than n-pentane (61.7), and therefore there is interest in conversion from the latter.
# National Explosives Detection Canine Team Program

The National Explosives Detection Canine Team Program is a program administered by the Transportation Security Administration which uses law enforcement and TSA-run explosives detection dog teams to detect explosives in transportation environments.

## History

The program was originally started in 1972 by the TSA's predecessor, the Federal Aviation Administration, who at the time, was responsible for aviation security in the United States. The program paired airport-based law enforcement officers with conventional explosive detection canines to detect explosives in objects such as vehicles and baggage.
Following the September 11th attacks, which resulted in the creation of TSA, the NEDCTP was transferred from the FAA to TSA and was completed by March 2003. In the following years, TSA expanded the LEO teams to other modes of transportation, such as mass transit. In January 2008, TSA began deploying their own unarmed teams where regulatory transportation security inspectors (TSIs) were paired with a canine to screen air cargo. In 2011, TSA furthered the program by launching passenger screening canine (PSC) teams, which are explosive detection canines who besides detecting explosives in objects, can also detect explosives hidden on a person.

## Canines and training

TSA sources their canines from the Department of Defense Military Working Dog program. The canines are trained at TSA's Canine Training Center, located at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, also home to DOD's Military Working Dog program.
TSA uses the following breeds of canine for explosive detection work:
* Belgian Malinois
* German Shepherd
* German Shorthaired Pointer
* German Wirehaired Pointer
* Golden Retriever
* Labrador Retriever
* Vizsla
There are two types of explosive detection canines trained by TSA:
* Conventional explosive detection canines (EDC) who undergo a 10-week training course accompanied by either an assigned LEO or TSA handler. EDCs are trained to recognize explosive odors coming from baggage and vehicles.
* Passenger screening canines (PSC) who undergo a 12-week training course accompanied by their TSA handler. PSCs are trained to recognize explosive odors on passengers plus odors from objects as an EDC does.
TSA operates 372 canine teams consisting of a Transportation Security Specialist - Explosive Detection Canine Handler (TSS-EDCH) and a canine. Prior to 2017, the handler was classified as a Transportation Security Inspector - EDCH. The remaining 675 NEDCTP teams are made up of state and local law enforcement handlers.
# Church of Scotland Yearbook

The Church of Scotland Yearbook (known informally as the Red Book because of its red binding) is a collection of statistical data published annually by the Church of Scotland. It was first published in 1886, and has been published annually ever since. A new free version is sent to every minister each year, although it can also be purchased by the general public.
It contains contact information for every minister, as well as contact details for the church offices, clerks, and general personnel.
The largest section is a list of every congregation, sorted into alphabetical order within their respective Presbytery. For each congregation, the contact details for the congregation and minister is given (or Interim Moderator, for when a congregation is vacant). At the end of each Presbytery List is also listed other ministry staff who work within the bounds (such as chaplains for the military or hospitals), as well as a separate list for retired clergy.
Another main section contains the congregational statistics for every parish in the Church of Scotland, and gives the following information, again sorted by Presbytery:
* Number of communicants (members) at the end of the previous year
* Number of elders at the end of the previous year
* Membership numbers of the Church of Scotland Guild
* Parish's ordinary general income for the prior year.
* Ministries and Mission charge [now called 'Giving to Grow'], which is the amount each congregation is to give to central funds to pay towards ministry and the denomination.
* Number of young people (under the age of eighteen) involved in the life of the congregation
The final main section is a list of all ministers (both working and retired), sorted alphabetically by surname.
There are a number of smaller sections which are not included in the printed edition (but have in previous versions). These can be found on the main Church of Scotland website.
# Butera Knowless

Knowless (born Jeanne d’Arc Ingabire Butera) is a Rwandan singer and a winner of Primus Guma Guma Super Star seasons 5 (PGGSS). Butera writes many of her own songs. Her songs touch on such themes as romantic relationships, societal issues and daily life.

## History
### Early years and background

Jeanne d’Arc Ingabire Butera was born in Ruhango District, and is the wife of Ishimwe Clement. She is the only child of Jean-Marie Vianney Butera and Marie Claire Uyambaje, who are both deceased. Her mother was the lead singer in a local Seventh-day Adventist church choir. Butera attended ESCAF primary school in Nyamirambo, APARUDE secondary school in Ruhango and APACE secondary school in Kigali with a focus on computer sciences and management. As a teenager she sang in the local choir. In 2012 she began to pursue a university degree at Kigali Institute of Science and Technology. In 2019, she graduated with an MBA at the Oklahoma Christian University. She is a mother of two girls named Or & Inzora Butera.

### Musical career

Knowless released her debut album, Komeza, in December 2011. Her second album, Uwo Ndiwe, was released in March 2013. Knowless is managed under the label Kina Music.
She has performed throughout Rwanda and in neighboring countries, including Uganda, and has collaborated with Rwandans Danny, Mc Tino, Paccy, Ciney, Jay Polly, Kamichi and Urban Boyz, and the Ugandan group Vampos. She has named Belgium-based Rwandan musician Cecile Kayirebwa and American R&B singer-songwriter Brandy Norwood as her inspirations. In 2021 she released an album called Inzora.

### Private life

Her husband is Clement and they have two daughters.

## Awards

Knowless won "Best New Artiste" in the 2010 Salax Awards competition. In August 2013, she took third place in the annual Primus Guma Guma Super Star talent competition, held at Amahoro Stadium. In March 2013 she won her second Salax Award, this time in the category of "Best Female Artist".
In 2013, Knowless was one of three Rwandan acts to perform at the "Rwanda Day" event held in London. In 2015, Knowless Butera won the Primus Gumma Gumma Superstar 5th Edition, and she is the first woman to win such a competition.
# Swiss chalet style

Swiss chalet style (German: Schweizerstil, Norwegian: sveitserstil) is an architectural style of Late Historicism, originally inspired by rural chalets in Switzerland and the Alpine (mountainous) regions of Central Europe. The style refers to traditional building designs characterised by widely projecting roofs and facades richly decorated with wooden balconies and carved ornaments. It spread over Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France and Scandinavia during the Belle Époque era.

## History

Swiss chalet style originated in the Romantic era of the late 18th- and early 19th-century, when the ideas of the English landscape garden inspired parks and residences in Germany, such as the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm. It became highly appreciated on the continent by noble landowners who were impressed by the "simple life" of people living in the mountains.
The chalet style soon spread over the German Mittelgebirge landscapes such as the Harz mountains or the Dresden area and the adjacent North Bohemian region. As a "modern" building style, it also influenced the resort architecture along the Baltic seaside, like in Binz or Heringsdorf. Around 1900, design elements were used in the construction of numerous bourgeois family homes as well as by notable architects like Heinrich von Ferstel to build larger mansions and hotels.
The style was further popularized by the first waves of tourism of rich people from the North and West of Europe and became popular in other parts of Europe and North America, notably in the architecture of Norway, Iceland and the Netherlands and in the country house architecture of Sweden and Cincinnati (Ohio, US), in the late 19th and early 20th century. English examples of the chalet style include the Boathouse at Belton House, Lincolnshire, by Anthony Salvin and the Swiss Cottage at Osbourne House, on the Isle of Wight, constructed for Queen Victoria's children.

## Characteristics

The style is characterized by:
* gabled roofs with wide eaves
* exposed construction beams, including large brackets
* decorative carving and mouldings
* balconies
* large windows
* weatherboarding, usually painted, often in bright colors
* Villa in Erlangen
* Villa Eschebach in Dresden
* Kviknes Hotel in Balestrand, Norway, planned by Franz Wilhelm Schiertz in 1894
* Hotel Rooding in Valkenburg (1892), designed by Pierre Cuypers
* The Edwin J. Marshall Residence in Toledo, Ohio, designed by the Mills, Rhines, Bellman and Nordhoff architecture firm in 1912

## Swiss Chalet Revival

Swiss Chalet Revival architecture developed in the United States, emulating the original Swiss chalet style of Switzerland. The style was popular in the U.S. in the early 20th century, approximately coinciding with the Arts and Crafts era.
# Mont Orohena

Mont Orohena is a mountain located in the South Pacific, on the island of Tahiti. With an elevation of 2,241 metres (7,352 ft) above sea level, it is the highest point of French Polynesia. Mont Orohena is an extinct volcano and ranks 7th in the world for topographic isolation.
# Sembakung River

The Sembakung River is a river in Borneo that flows from Sabah, Malaysia to North Kalimantan, Indonesia, about 1600 km northeast of the capital Jakarta.

## Geography

The 322 kilometers long river flows in the northeastern area of Borneo island with predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 24 °C. The warmest month is August, when the average temperature is around 26 °C, and the coldest is January, at 22 °C. The average annual rainfall is 4020 mm. The wettest month is December, with an average of 393 mm rainfall, and the driest is June, with 251 mm rainfall.
# Saddle River (Passaic River tributary)

The Saddle River flows south through much of Bergen County, New Jersey. The river runs through densely populated suburban areas for much of its course. The river takes its name from the river near Saddell in Argyll and Bute in Scotland.
The headwaters of the Saddle River are in the piedmont terrain of Rockland County, in southern New York state. Streams from this area flow south, forming the Saddle River at their confluence, two miles south of the New York state border, in the town of Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
From its feeder streams in Upper Saddle River and the source in Airmont, New York, the Saddle River continues south for 16.3 miles, passing through the towns of Saddle River, Waldwick, Ho-Ho-Kus, Ridgewood, Glen Rock, Paramus, Fair Lawn, Rochelle Park, Saddle Brook, Lodi, Garfield, and Wallington.
The Ho-Ho-Kus Brook, a major tributary, joins the Saddle River at the Dunkerhook area of Saddle River County Park. Their confluence marks the border of four Bergen County towns: Ridgewood, Paramus, Glen Rock and Fair Lawn.
The terminus of the Saddle River is at Garfield and Wallington, where the waterway empties into the Passaic River. The Passaic River drains at Newark Bay and via Arthur Kill and Kill van Kull to the Atlantic Ocean. The northern part of the Saddle River watershed drains an area between the Ramapo River watershed to the west, and the Hackensack River watershed to the east.
Fish species in the Saddle River include largemouth bass, Brown bullhead, yellow bullhead, longnose dace, white sucker, tessellated darter, blacknose dace, various species of sunfish, American eel, carp and different varieties of trout. Most of the trout are stocked by the New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, although the uppermost reaches of the river and some of its tributaries hold wild brown trout. These wild trout are threatened by increased residential use of lawn fertilizer which contributes to algae and weed growth.

## Tributaries

* Ho-Ho-Kus Brook
# William Comes to Town

William Comes to Town is a 1948 British comedy film directed by Val Guest and starring William Graham and Garry Marsh. It was based on the Just William series of novels by Richmal Crompton. It served as a loose sequel to 1947 film Just William's Luck. It is also known by its U.S. alternative title William Goes to the Circus.

## Plot

William Brown and his gang the Outlaws visit the Prime Minister in Downing Street to demand shorter school hours and better pay for kids. The newspaper publicity caused by their visit lands William and his friends in trouble with their parents. William almost ruins his chances of going to the circus (his parents made him promise to stay out of trouble), but somehow he finally finds his way there.

## Cast

* William Graham – William Brown
* Garry Marsh – Mr. Brown
* Jane Welsh – Mrs. Brown
* Hugh Cross – Robert Brown
* Kathleen Stuart – Ethel Brown
* Muriel Aked – Emily, the maid
* A. E. Matthews – Minister for Economic Affairs
* Brian Weske – Henry
* James Crabbe – Douglas
* Brian Roper – Ginger
* Michael Balfour – Stall-holder
* Michael Medwin – Reporter
* Jon Pertwee – Circus Superintendent
* David Page – Hubert Lane (as David Paige)
* Norman Pierce – Police Sergeant
* Eve Mortimer – Postmistress
* John Powe – Glazier
* Mary Vallange – Maid
* Peter Butterworth – Postman
* Donald Clive – Ethel's boyfriend
* John Warren – 2nd Circus official
* Alan Goford – 1st Circus official
* Basil Gordon – 3rd Circus official
* Claude Bonsor – 4th Circus official
* Ivan Craig – 1st Carter
* John Martell – 2nd Carter
* Pinkie Hannaford – Small boy
* Edward Malin – Toy Shop Man
* Slim Rhyder – Tramp Cyclist
* Arthur Stanley – Oldest Inhabitant
* Irene Jones – Elephant Rider

## Critical reception

Allmovie called the film, "one of the better efforts in this off-and-on series."

## Reception

Val Guest says the film was "very successful."
# Jatibarang, Brebes

Jatibarang District is an administrative district (Indonesian: Kecamatan) in Brebes Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. It covers 36.39 km$^2$ (14.05 sq mi) and had a population of 82,868 at the 2010 Census and 87,185 at the 2020 Census.

## Jatibarang town

Jatibarang town is located 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the town of Brebes. In Jatibarang there are remains of a colonial Dutch sugar factory.

## List of villages

* Bojong
* Buaran
* Janegara
* Jatibarang Kidul
* Jatibarang Lor
* Kalialang
* Kalipucang
* Karanglo
* Kebogadung
* Kebonagung
* Kedungtukang
* Kemiriamba
* Kendawa
* Kertasinduyasa
* Klampis
* Klikiran
* Kramat
* Pamengger
* Pedeslohor
* Rengasbandung
* Tegalwulung
* Tembelang

## Border

* North: Brebes District
* South: Tegal Regency
* West: Songgom District
* East: Tegal Regency

## Interesting places

* Al-Ittihad Mosque Jatibarang
* Jatibarang Brebes Sugar Mill

## Others

"Sate Goat" (Indonesia: Sate Kambing) Food that is the most famous In Jatibarang, has a unique taste. With a pin coconut palm leaf rib. sate is not like other sate goat which generally use bamboo burned with charcoal, which is a special tree Semboja. perhaps with charcoal aroma sate this will have a special taste.