OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gene D. Cohen

Gene D. Cohen (1944–2009) was an American psychiatrist who pioneered research into geriatric mental health. He was the first head of the Center on Aging at the National Institute of Mental Health, the first government-supported center on mental health and aging in the world, and was later the first director of the Center on Aging, Health, and the Humanities at the George Washington University.

## Early life and education

Cohen was born on September 28, 1944, in Brockton, Massachusetts, where he showed a predilection for science at an early age. He attended Harvard College as an undergraduate, earning his degree in 1966, and four years later graduated from the Georgetown University School of Medicine.

## Career

Cohen worked for a time in the United States Public Health Service before becoming the founding Director of the Center on Aging at the National Institute of Mental Health in 1975. In 1981, he earned a Doctorate in Gerontology at the Union Institute and University. He went on to serve as Acting Director of the National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health from 1991 to 1993 and found the Center on Aging, Health, and the Humanities at the George Washington University in 1994.
Cohen was a dedicated advocate of the idea that the aged are capable of functioning at high levels of creativity and intellectual rigor. When his career began, the medical profession largely treated aging like a disease, but Cohen argued based on his research that the brain would continue creating new cells at any age so long as it was engaged in new and challenging intellectual activities. His work in a number of studies on aging supported this belief, including a 2002 study which suggested that involvement in the arts late in life led to a lower incidence of illness and injury. According to Dr. Walter Reich, a colleague at George Washington University, "Single-handedly he changed the image of aging from one of senescence to a period of creativity."
Cohen was a prolific writer. His theories and research were published in a multitude of books, three of which he was the sole author and more than 150 others which he co-wrote or edited. Among his other contributions to his field, he helped found two journals on geriatric psychiatry, served as president of the Gerontological Society of America, and appeared on television programs as an expert on aging and with George Burns in Public Service Announcements. He also developed a number of therapeutic activities, including intergenerational games. Two of his creations were patented, a combination of chess and scrabble called World War Three and a variation of cribbage. He is featured in the 2009 documentary film on Alzheimer's and the creative arts I Remember Better When I Paint.
Cohen died at 65 of prostate cancer on November 7, 2009, in Kensington, Maryland. He had two children, Alex Cohen and Eliana Miller-Cohen."
# Radical 21

Radical 21 or radical spoon (匕部) meaning "spoon" is one of the 23 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals total) composed of two strokes.
In the Kangxi Dictionary, there are 19 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical.
匕 is also the 15th indexing component in the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China.

## Evolution

* Oracle bone script character
* Bronze script character
* Large seal script character
* Small seal script character

## Derived characters

| Strokes | Characters |
| +0 | 匕$^{Kangxi/SC/HK/JP/KO}$/匕$^{TW}$ |
| +2 | 化$^{Kangxi/SC}$/化$^{JP/KO/HK}$/化$^{TW}$ |
| +3 | 北 |
| +9 | 匘 匙 |

## Variant forms

匕 as a component of Chinese characters takes different forms in different printing typefaces or different Chinese characters. In the Kangxi Dictionary, current standard Simplified Chinese, Hong Kong Traditional Chinese, and Japanese, the second stroke of 匕 is a left-falling stroke. In Taiwan Traditional Chinese, the Standard Form of National Characters prescribes the second stroke of 匕 is horizontal, 匕 with a left-falling second stroke is also widely used.
The nuance of this character applies to both printing and handwriting forms.
| 2nd stroke left-falling | 2nd stroke left-falling | 2nd stroke horizontal |
| 匕 | 匕 | 匕 |
| 化 | 化 | 化 |
| Kangxi Dict. Simp. Chinese | Hong Kong Macau Japanese Korean | Taiwan |

## Literature

* Fazzioli, Edoardo (1987). Chinese calligraphy : from pictograph to ideogram : the history of 214 essential Chinese/Japanese characters. calligraphy by Rebecca Hon Ko. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-89659-774-1.
* Lunde, Ken (Jan 5, 2009). "Appendix J: Japanese Character Sets" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (Second ed.). Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.
# Panachaiko

The Panachaiko (Greek: Παναχαϊκό, "Panachaean"), also known as Vodias (Βοδιάς) mainly at the Middle Ages, is a mountain range in Achaea, Peloponnese, Greece. It spans about 20 km in length from north to south, and 15–20 km from east to west. It is the northernmost mountain range in the Peloponnese. The highest point, named Pyrgos Palavou (Πύργος Παλαβού), is 1,926 metres (6,319 ft).
The mountain is home to two shelters, Greece's largest wind farm with 40 generators, which opened in 2006, and two communications stations. Snow is common in areas over 1,000 m in the winter. Paragliding is common in areas under 1,100 m. Due to overgrazing, frequent forest fires, and the appropriation of land for housing, the mountain's ecology and soil have suffered greatly, to the extent that much of the soil is now barren or can only support herbaceous vegetation. The range is sparsely forested, mainly on its western and southern slopes, while the most fertile areas lie on the eastern and western slopes.

## Gallery

* Panachaiko from the castle of Patras
* During the winter
* Mountain trail
* Ascending path
* Wind farm
* Rakita plateau
* Road to wind farm
* Pigi (Zoumpata) village
* Sapia Vrysi ruins
* Mount Panachaiko viewed from the suburb of Tsoukaleika
# Engraulicypris howesi

Engraulicypris howesi is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Danionidae, the danionins or danios. It inhabits the Kunene River in Angola and Namibia and has a maximum length of 4.3 cm (1.7 inches).

## Etymology

The fish is named in honor of Gordon J. Howes (1938–2013), of the Natural History Museum in London, and whose studies of the osteology of the Danioninae laid the foundations for their modern classification.
# Hugh Laddie

Hugh Ian Lang Laddie (15 April 1946 – 28 November 2008) was a judge of the High Court of England and Wales. He was a leader in the field of intellectual property law. He was co-author of the Modern Law of Copyright (1980).
Laddie was educated at Aldenham School and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. He studied medicine but changed to law. He became a barrister in 1969. He is credited with having developed the idea of applying for an Anton Piller order while still a junior. After 25 years at the bar, he was appointed a High Court judge in April 1995, and was assigned to the Chancery Division, as one of the Patents Court judges.
He resigned from his post as a judge in 2005, "because he found it boring" and felt isolated on the bench. He became a consultant for Willoughby & Partners, a boutique law firm, UK legal arm of Rouse & Co International, a move which was criticised by some. He was thought to be the first High Court judge to resign voluntarily in 35 years, and the first subsequently to join a firm of solicitors. No one since Sir Henry Fisher, in 1970, had resigned from the bench.
He was appointed to a Chair in Intellectual Property Law at University College London, with effect from 1 September 2006. He founded there the Institute of Brand and Innovation Law. The Sir Hugh Laddie chair in Intellectual Property has subsequently been established at UCL.

## Personal life

Hugh Laddie married Stecia Zamet in 1970. He died of cancer on 28 November 2008, aged 62.
# Ericus Olai

Ericus Olai (c. 1420–1486) was a Swedish theologian and historian. He served as a professor of theology at Uppsala University and dean at Uppsala Cathedral. Ericus Olai was the author of the chronicle Chronica regni Gothorum and was an early proponent of Gothicismus.

## Biography

Neither the date nor place of his birth are known with certainty. He was probably born during the 1420s. Olai studied at the University of Rostock (Magister Artium. 1452). After working as canon in Uppsala, he attended the University of Siena (Magister de Sacra Theologia. 1475).
He became a professor of theology at Uppsala University in 1477 and dean at Uppsala Cathedral in 1479. He died on Christmas eve in 1486 and was buried in Uppsala Cathedral. His tomb was the center of a substantial local tradition of veneration of the "holy doctor Ericius". His tombstone was destroyed in a fire in 1702.
Olai initiated what would become the Gothicismus movement of Swedish Romantic nationalism in his Chronica Regni Gothorum, an account of Swedish history until 1468 (completed before 1475). Chronica was first edited in 1615 by historian John Messenius (1579–1636) and became influential in early modern Swedish historiography. Chronica has been preserved in three medieval manuscript copies from the first decades of the sixteenth century at the Uppsala University Library in Uppsala, the National Library of Sweden in Stockholm and in the National Archives of Sweden at Stockholm.
# Ove Sørensen Schjelderup

Ove Sørensen Schjelderup (1674–1756) was a Norwegian government official. He was educated at the University of Copenhagen. He was given the job of prosecutor for the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway in 1697. In 1704 he was appointed to be the County Governor of Nordland county, a position he held from 1704 until his retirement in 1751.
He was the grandson of Peder Jenssøn Schjelderup. He married Kristin Hansdatter Munch in 1715. She was the daughter of Hans Munch, the Bishop of Christiania.
# Besmira Morina

Besmira Morina (born 24 June 1987) is a retired Kosovan footballer who played as a midfielder and has appeared for the Kosovo women's national team.

## Career

Morina has been capped for the Kosovo national team, appearing for the team during the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifying cycle.
# Ko Mountain

Ko (Russian: Ко) is a peak in the southern part of Khabarovsk Krai near the border of Primorsky Krai.
It sits at 2,004 m above sea level. It is the second highest point of the Sikhote-Alin Mountains.The name of the mountain is from the udege language meaning witch or.
# Littermate syndrome

Littermate syndrome (sometimes referred to as littermate dependency) is a blanket term for a variety of behavioral problems in dogs, which are attributed to their being raised alongside other dogs of the same age (regardless of whether they are actually from the same litter). The existence of littermate syndrome is disputed.
Behaviors which have been connected to littermate syndrome include leash reactivity, fear aggression, neophobia, and separation anxiety relative to the other dog, as well as aggression towards each other and towards their owner.
The American Kennel Club posits that littermate syndrome is the result of puppies "bond[ing] more closely with each other than with [their owner]", arguing that they will distract each other during training and thereby mutually impede their socialization.
A 2019 article in the Journal of the International Association of Animal Behavior Consulants argues that there is no scientific evidence of littermate syndrome existing, only anecdotal, and that the syndrome's various aspects all have different causes, including poor management of the dogs' environment, and insufficient opportunities for behavioral enrichment; as well, the article emphasizes that many dogs are raised alongside their siblings without the occurrence of littermate syndrome, and further suggests that the label "syndrome" may wrongly give the impression that the behavioral problems are irremediable.
Biologist and ethologist Marc Bekoff has declared it to be a "myth", specifying that while the relevant behaviors may be real, the overall phenomenon is "rare enough not to warrant being called a syndrome".
# James Lowe (cricketer)

James Lowe (born 4 November 1982) is a former English cricketer. He was a right-handed opening batsman and part time off-spin bowler who played for Durham. He was born in Bury St Edmunds but moved to Northallerton in North Yorkshire at an early age.
Lowe made his first-class debut vs Hampshire in 2003 making an impressive 80 before being trapped lbw by Wasim Akram. He was next part of the Durham side which beat Yorkshire by 210 runs in 2004 at Scarborough scoring 31 and 41 in the match. However Lowe went on to play only 9 First class matches over 4 seasons between 2003 and 2006 never surpassing the score of 80 he made on debut.
After being released by Durham at the end of the 2006 season Lowe played minor counties cricket for Cumberland and was part of the side that won the 2012 National Counties Knockout Cup beating Wiltshire by 7 wickets at Wormsley.
Following his short career as a player Lowe became a coach firstly working in the junior pathway at Durham before being appointed EPP Head Coach in 2014 and progressing to become Durham Academy Assistant coach in 2017. In March 2022 Lowe ended his long association with Durham and was appointed Academy Head Coach at Yorkshire County Cricket Club.
# Avro Avenger

The Avro 566 Avenger was a prototype British fighter of the 1920s, designed and built by Avro. It was a single-seat, single-engine biplane of wood and fabric construction. Although it was a streamlined and advanced design, it never entered production.

## Development

The Avenger was designed as a private venture and Roy Chadwick penned a machine of great aerodynamic cleanliness for its time. As originally built, it was powered by a 525 hp (391 kW) Napier Lion VIII and it first flew on 26 June 1926, but no order was forthcoming; this was partly because by the time it was evaluated, the Air Ministry did not favour the Lion as a fighter engine.
In May 1928, the machine was modified as a racer, with equi-span wings of 28 ft (8.53 m) and revised struts and ailerons; it was fitted with a 553 hp (412 kW) Lion. The machine was subsequently redesignated Avro 567 Avenger II.
The Avenger ended its days as an instructional airframe.

## Specifications (Avenger)

Data from The Complete Book of Fighters
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 25 ft 6 in (7.77 m)
* Wingspan: 32 ft 0 in (9.75 m)
* Height: 10 ft 3 in (3.12 m)
* Wing area: 244 sq ft (22.7 m$^2$)
* Empty weight: 2,368 lb (1,074 kg)
* Gross weight: 3,220 lb (1,461 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Napier Lion VIII or Lion IX W-12 liquid-cooled piston engine, 525 hp (391 kW) (Lion VIII)
             553 hp (412 kW) (Lion IX)
* Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 180 mph (290 km/h, 160 kn)
* Cruise speed: 130 mph (210 km/h, 110 kn)
* Service ceiling: 22,000 ft (6,700 m)
* Rate of climb: 2,100 ft/min (11 m/s)
Armament
* Guns: provision for two machine-guns
# Byrranga Mountains

The Byrranga Mountains (Russian: го́ры Бырра́нга; Gory Byrranga) are a mountain range in the middle of the Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia.
Even though they were first explored in 1736, the Byrranga Mountains are one of the least known areas of the Arctic. The climate is continental and harsh, with frequent blizzards in the winter.
This mountain range falls into the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of the Russian Federation and is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve in Russia. However, the area is very remote, there is almost no population, and access is very difficult for the lack of roads and settlements.

## Geography

They are located north and west of Lake Taymyr and running for about 1,100 km, forming a looping curve that runs roughly in a southwest to northeast direction. The name is from Nganasan бъранга [bəranga] 'large rocky mountain.'
The range has deep canyons and ravines, as well as a few small glaciers in its eastern zones. These mountains are not very high, being on average about 500 m (1,600 ft). The highest peak is 1,121 m (3,678 ft).
Rivers Khutudabiga and Chetyrekh have their sources in the Byrranga Range. The lower Taymyr River flows northwards cutting across these mountains. The lowlands located to the north and the south of these mountains are covered with tundra, small lakes and wetlands (bogs and marshes).

## Geology

The Byrranga Range is a Hercynian formation rejuvenated during the Alpine orogeny. It is mainly made up of siltstones and intrusive rocks of neutral composition. There are also vast areas of exposed limestone formation.
# Konstantin Vanshenkin

Konstantin Yakovlevich Vanshenkin (Russian: Константин Яковлевич Ваншенкин; 17 December 1925 – 15 December 2012; born Konstantin Weinschenker) was a Soviet poet and lyricist from Moscow.
During the Second World War Vanshenkin served in the Soviet Army at the Airborne Forces of the 2nd Ukrainian Front and the 3rd Ukrainian Front. He was enlisted in 1942 and discharged at 1946. Song about the Guards, his first collection of poetry, was published in 1951. His best known songs are "Alyosha" (1966), inspired by a military memorial in Plovdiv, and "Ya lyublyu tebya zhizn" (1956), a signature song of Mark Bernes. A collection of his songs with music was published in 1965.
Vanshenkin was a recipient of prestigious state awards, including the USSR State Prize (1985) and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (2001).
His wife Inna Goff [ru] (1928–1991) was a notable lyricist in her own right. The spouses are buried at the Vagankovo Cemetery.
# Týnec nad Sázavou

Týnec nad Sázavou is a town in Benešov District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 5,700 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Týnec nad Sázavou consists of eight municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Týnec nad Sázavou (2,920)
* Brodce (335)
* Čakovice (269)
* Chrást nad Sázavou (985)
* Krusičany (200)
* Pecerady (506)
* Podělusy (217)
* Zbořený Kostelec (305)

## Geography

Týnec nad Sázavou is located about 9 kilometres (6 mi) northeast of Benešov and 30 km (19 mi) south of Prague. It lies in the Benešov Uplands. The highest point is the hill Čížov at 433 m (1,421 ft) above sea level. The Sázava River flows through the town. There is a set of fishponds in the southern part of the municipal territory, supplied by the stream Janovický potok (a tributary of the Sázava).

## History

The first written mention of Týnec nad Sázavou is from 1318, when Oldřich of Týnec was documented as the owner of the local castle. The oldest part of the castle is a Romanesque rotunda, which indicates that the castle was built around 1200. In 1622, after the Battle of White Mountain, the town was acquired by Albrecht von Wallenstein. During his rule, the castle was burned down and the town was devastated. The castle was partially repaired, but in 1654, it burned down for the second time and became a ruin.
In 1785, the Konopiště estate with Týnec was acquired by Count František Josef of Vrtba, who restored importance to the neglected town. He founded a factory for earthenware here in 1791, and had the Týnec Castle with its Romanesque rotunda repaired. After his death, the Konopiště estate was inherited by the Lobkowicz family.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,840 | — |
| 1880 | 1,879 | +2.1% |
| 1890 | 1,998 | +6.3% |
| 1900 | 2,345 | +17.4% |
| 1910 | 2,730 | +16.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 2,426 | −11.1% |
| 1930 | 2,710 | +11.7% |
| 1950 | 3,424 | +26.3% |
| 1961 | 4,746 | +38.6% |
| 1970 | 4,990 | +5.1% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 5,655 | +13.3% |
| 1991 | 5,387 | −4.7% |
| 2001 | 5,340 | −0.9% |
| 2011 | 5,530 | +3.6% |
| 2021 | 5,737 | +3.7% |
Source: Censuses :

## Economy

A traditional Czech manufacturer of motorcycles and mopeds, Jawa Moto, is based in the town.

## Transport

Týnec nad Sázavou is located on the railway line Prague–Čerčany.

## Sights

The most valuable building and landmark of the town is the Romanesque rotunda, which is a part of the castle. Today, the Týnec Castle houses the Town Museum. Its Gothic tower serves as a lookout tower.
The Church od Saints Simon and Jude is originally a Gothic building, rebuilt in the Baroque style.
The Church od Saints Catherine is located in Chrást nad Sázavou. It was built in the first half of the 14th century and rebuilt into its current neo-Gothic form in 1888–1889.

## Notable people

* Havel Medek of Valdek (died 1410), nobleman; possibly born here

## Gallery

* View from the northwest
* "U Micků" House
* Former earthenware factory
* Jawa factory
# Roger North, 2nd Baron North

Roger North, 2nd Baron North (1530 – 3 December 1600) was an English peer and politician at the court of Elizabeth I.

## Biography

He was the son of Edward North, 1st Baron North, for whom the title Baron North had been created. After representing Cambridgeshire in several parliaments (1555, 1559 and 1563), North acceded to his title in 1564. He may have succeeded his father as Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire as well, and was Custos Rotulorum of Cambridgeshire before 1573. He was appointed Treasurer of the Household in 1596 after the death of Sir Francis Knollys.
North played card games called "maw" and Primero with Elizabeth on 6 August 1576. The queen came to his house at Kirtling for three days on 1 September 1578. The visit cost Lord North £642. He gave the queen a jewel worth £120.
North was a personal friend of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, the Queen's favourite. He was present at the latter's secret marriage to Lettice Knollys, Countess of Essex in 1578, and served at his expedition to the Netherlands in 1585–1587. Leicester wanted to make Lord North governor of Brill in 1586, which desire was, however, declined by Elizabeth.
North was succeeded upon his death in 1600 by his grandson, Dudley North, 3rd Baron North, the son of Sir John North.
# Sabarimala (place)

Sabarimala is a hill situated in Perinad village, Ranni Taluk, Pathanamthitta district in Kerala State. This hill is situated at 72 kilometers from Pathanamthitta town. The distance from Ranni to Sabarimala is 60 kilometers. A motorable road is built from Ranni to Pampa, valley of Sabarimala hills. Sabarimala Sree Dharmasastha Temple, Malikappuram Temple are situated in one side of this hills. Sabarimala is a part of periyar tiger reserve and Western ghats. The height of Sabarimala from mean sea level is 1,260 meters. According to Valmiki Ramayana, an ascetic woman named Shabari, also known as Sabari, was believed to have lived in this region. She devoted herself to rigorous penance with the sole purpose of meeting Lord Rama. Her opportunity came when Rama, while searching for Sita devi, visited her humble abode. This significant encounter led to the mountain being named "Sabarimala," which translates to "the mountain or hill of Sabari," honoring the old devotee.