OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Monwabisi Kwanda Mbeki

Monwabisi Kwanda Mbeki (1959 — missing since 1981) is the son of former South African President Thabo Mbeki and Olive Mpahlwa. His disappearance and presumed murder at the hands of apartheid authorities has been a matter of international interest.

## Biography

Monwabisi Kwanda Mbeki known as Kwanda was born to then 16-year-old Thabo Mbeki and high school sweetheart Olive Mphahlwa in 1959, in Butterworth, Eastern Cape. Under Xhosa law, Thabo had to pay a penalty for making an under-age girl pregnant. He gave five head of cattle.
Kwanda lived with Olive's family until the age of ten, when he moved in with Thabo's mother, Epainette Mbeki (known as Ma Mofokeng), until he passed matric.

## Disappearance

In 1976, Kwanda went into exile with one of Thabo's old comrades Phindile Mfeti. Kwanda had heard from Phindile that his father was in exile in Swaziland and decided to join him. Kwanda's voice was heard for the last time over a phone when he told Thabo's friend that he was in Durban. He disappeared in 1981.

## Truth and Reconciliation Commission

In 1998, both Thabo and Olive spoke at the TRC and found that the last place Kwanda was seen alive was at the ANC military base in Tanzania. It was assumed that both Kwanda and Phindile were killed by the Apartheid government's forces.
In 2006, it was announced that a new enquiry was to be launched to try to find out what happened. It was noted that hundreds of bodies of ANC members killed by the authorities of the time have never been located.
# 2nd G7 summit

The 2nd G7 Summit, also called Rambouillet II, was held at Dorado, Puerto Rico, between June 27 and 28, 1976. The venue for the summit meetings was the Dorado Beach Hotel, now Dorado Beach Resort, which is near San Juan, Puerto Rico.
The Group of Six (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States; and the Group of Seven (G7), meeting for the first time this year, was formed with the addition of Canada. This summit, and the others which would follow, were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a kind of frustrated rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was an element in the genesis of cooperation between France's president and West Germany's chancellor as they conceived the first summit of the G6.

## Leaders at the summit

The G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.
The 2nd G7 summit was the first summit for British Prime Minister James Callaghan and, as it was formed with the addition of Canada, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. It was also the last summit for Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro, Japanese Prime Minister Takeo Miki, and US President Gerald Ford.
The first summit session began at 4:15 p.m. and concluded at 7:05 p.m., while the second and final took place between 9:00 a.m. and 11:30 a.m., however, the leaders' held speeches until 3:00 p.m. Both sessions were celebrated at the Dorado Beach Hotel's Salon Del Mar.

### Participants

These summit participants are the current "core members" of the international forum: Trudeau of Canada had been invited because he had eight years experience.
Core G7 members Host state and leader are shown in bold text. :
| Member | Represented by | Title | In office since |
| Canada | Pierre Trudeau | Prime Minister | 1968 |
| France | Valéry Giscard d'Estaing | President | 1974 |
| West Germany | Helmut Schmidt | Chancellor | 1974 |
| Italy | Aldo Moro | Prime Minister | 1974 |
| Japan | Takeo Miki | Prime Minister | 1974 |
| United Kingdom | James Callaghan | Prime Minister | 1976 |
| United States | Gerald Ford | President | 1974 |

## Issues

The summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.

## Gallery of participating leaders
### Core G7 participants

* Canada Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister
* France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President
* Germany Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor
* Italy Aldo Moro, Prime Minister
* Japan Takeo Miki, Prime Minister
* United Kingdom James Callaghan, Prime Minister
* United States Gerald Ford, President (Host)
# War of Metz

The War of Metz or War of Four Lords (German: Vierherrenkrieg, "four lords' war") was a feudal conflict which devastated the region around Metz between 1324 and 1326. At the Siege of Metz, in 1324, cannons were used, perhaps for the first time in Western Europe.
Following a series of quarrels with the city of Metz and mounting debts incurred by its bourgeoisie, King John of Bohemia, his uncle Baldwin, Archbishop of Trier, Count Edward I of Bar, and Duke Frederick IV of Lorraine joined together to form a coalition to take the city by force. The war was fought chiefly over the possession of land and the obligations, not always respected, of the burgesses as vassals of their lords. The debts the burgesses owed were many and varied:
* the ransom of the duke of Lorraine paid to Louis of Bavaria after he was made prisoner after the Battle of Mühldorf in 1322
* the ransom of the count of Bar paid to Frederick IV of Lorraine after he was made prisoner after a battle near Nancy in 1313
* the 50,000 pound loan to Henry VII, father of the king of Bohemia, in order to finance his successful bid for the Holy Roman Emperorship
* the garrisoning of troops in the city by the count of Bar during a war with the Bishop of Verdun
After two years of trouble, Pope John XXII refused his financial assistance and the four princes were constrained to come to terms with the citizens of Metz. By March 1325 peace was restored and a treaty was signed called the "Peace of Herrings", as Metz was depending on herrings for food while the lords blocked incoming trade routes. The negotiations took place at Pont-à-Mousson. The burgesses promised not to set up markets on the fiefs of the lords without their consent.
# Kalin Bankov

Kalin Bankov (Bulgarian: Калин Банков; born 12 May 1965) is a former Bulgarian professional footballer who played as a defender in Bulgaria and the United States.

## Career

Born in Sofia, Bankov played for Levski Sofia, Etar Veliko Tarnovo, Slavia Sofia, CSKA Sofia, Minyor Pernik, the Nashville Metros, the Minnesota Thunder, the Tampa Bay Mutiny and the Rochester Rhinos.
Bankov also earned seven caps for the Bulgaria national team during a two-year international career.
# Ostwald's rule

In materials science, Ostwald's rule or Ostwald's step rule, conceived by Wilhelm Ostwald, describes the formation of polymorphs. The rule states that usually the less stable polymorph crystallizes first. Ostwald's rule is not a universal law but a common tendency observed in nature.
This can be explained on the basis of irreversible thermodynamics, structural relationships, or a combined consideration of statistical thermodynamics and structural variation with temperature. Unstable polymorphs more closely resemble the state in solution, and thus are kinetically advantaged.
For example, out of hot water, metastable, fibrous crystals of benzamide appear first, only later to spontaneously convert to the more stable rhombic polymorph. A dramatic example is phosphorus, which upon sublimation first forms the less stable white phosphorus, which only slowly polymerizes to the red allotrope. This is notably the case for the anatase polymorph of titanium dioxide, which having a lower surface energy is commonly the first phase to form by crystallisation from amorphous precursors or solutions despite being metastable, with rutile being the equilibrium phase at all temperatures and pressures.
# Linda Halderman

Linda Halderman (June 30, 1968) is an American politician who served in the California State Assembly. She is a Republican.

## Background

Linda Halderman is a board-certified General Surgeon who specializes in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Halderman graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a bachelor's degree in English from the University of Illinois. After earning a Medical Degree, she completed residency training at the UCSF-Fresno general surgery program.

## Tenure in Assembly

Halderman was elected to the California State Assembly in 2010. While serving in the legislature, she charged that she was sexually harassed by Democratic state Senator Robert Hertzberg. She claimed that over two months, he repeatedly hugged her closely and rubbed his groin against her. When she complained to the Assembly's Chief Administrator, he dismissed her complaints and no action was taken against the Senator.
Discouraged, Halderman did not seek reelection in 2012.
# Sławin

Sławin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieroszewice, within Ostrów Wielkopolski County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Sieroszewice, 26 km (16 mi) east of Ostrów Wielkopolski, and 116 km (72 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
# Cuchillo Negro Creek

Cuchillo Negro Creek is a stream in Sierra County, in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The stream is a tributary of the Rio Grande.
The stream headwaters are at the confluence of Poverty Creek with Schoolhouse Canyon just east of the community of Winston, south of New Mexico State Road 52 and west of the Sierra Cuchillo at 33°20′50″N 107°38′45″W﻿ / ﻿33.34722°N 107.64583°W﻿ / 33.34722; -107.64583. The stream flows south to southeast passing Chise and Cuchillo. It continues, passing northeast of the Mud Springs Mountains and crossing under I-25 to its confluence adjacent to New Mexico State Road 51. The confluence lies just northeast of Truth or Consequences and just below the Elephant Butte Dam at 33°08′54″N 107°13′16″W﻿ / ﻿33.14833°N 107.22111°W﻿ / 33.14833; -107.22111.
The creek derives its name from Cuchillo Negro ("black knife"), an Apache chief.
# Dante Dowdell

Dante Dowdell (born March 7, 2005) is an American football running back for the Kentucky Wildcats. He previously played for the Nebraska Cornhuskers and the Oregon Ducks.

## Early life and high school

Dowdell grew up in Picayune, Mississippi and attended Picayune Memorial High School. He rushed for 2,555 yards and 28 touchdowns during his junior season. Dowdell was named MHSAA 5A Mr. Football as a senior after rushing for 2,165 yards and 31 touchdowns. After the season he played in the 2023 All-American Bowl. Dowdell was rated a four-star recruit and committed to play college football at Oregon over offers from Texas A&M, Ole Miss, Mississippi State, Penn State, and Auburn.

## College career

Dowdell began his career at Oregon. As a freshman, he played in six games and rushed for 90 yards and one touchdown. Following the end of the season Dowdell entered the NCAA transfer portal. On January 7, 2024, Dowdell announced that he would be transferring to Nebraska. He has three years of college eligibility remaining.
# Bolívar Canton, Manabí

Bolívar is a canton located in the northeast of the province of Manabí, Ecuador. It borders the canton Pichincha in the east, the cantons Portoviejo and Junín in the south and the cantons Tosagua and Chone in the north, and cover an area of 524 km².

## Demographics

Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
* Mestizo 73.3%
* Montubio 19.1%
* Afro-Ecuadorian 4.4%
* White 3.1%
* Indigenous 0.1%
* Other 0.1%
# Murad Pasha Mosque, Damascus

The Murad Pasha Mosque (Arabic: جَامِع مُرَاد بَاشَا, romanized: Jāmiʿ Murād Bāšā; Turkish: Murat Paşa Camii) is an early Ottoman-era Sufi mosque and mausoleum in Damascus, Syria, located in the Suwayqa sector of the Al-Midan quarter. The mosque was erected and named after Murad Pasha, who served as the Ottoman governor ("wali") of Damascus between 1568-1569. The mosque was built in 1568. The mosque is also known as the Naqshbandi Mosque (Arabic: جَامِع النَّقْشَبَنْدِي, romanized: Jāmiʿ an-Naqšabandī) after the Naqshbandi Sufi order which it served as a center for.

## Architecture

The mosque is built in the style of Ottoman mosques, rather than the prevalent Persian styles in Arab lands. The building is noted for its similarities with other Ottoman-era mosques in Damascus, including the Sulaymaniyya Takiyya Mosque and the later Darwish Pasha Mosque. The walls of the mosque were built using alternating lines of black and white stones. The mosque is built around a large courtyard ("sahn"), which features an elaborate fountain that was used for ablution ("wudu"). The courtyard is surrounded by an arcade of domed cells ("riwaq"), which were used as sleeping rooms by students and scholars at the mosque. The structure's walls are decorated with elaborate qashani tile panels. The interior rectangular prayer hall is roofed by a typical Ottoman-style lead-covered dome. The prominent hexagonal-shaped minaret is singled out as the only element built in "the image of the minarets of the Arab lands." The mosque also holds in one of its corners the mausoleum where Murad Pasha was buried. The mosque's main gate holds kufic inscriptions that mention the mosque's construction date and its patron's name.

## Road to Mecca

During the Mameluke rule, which lasted from 1260 to 1516, Damascus was the main city for the gathering of pilgrims of the region for their five-week journey to Mecca. The city was viewed as a holy one because of the remains in the Umayyad Mosque. Damascus kept this role during the Ottoman rule (1516-1918), and was referred to as the "Gateway to Hajj". Every year approximately 30,000 pilgrims gathered outside the western walls of the Old Town, from where they started their journey. The Murad Pasha Mosque was the first example of an Ottoman-style building along the Road to Mecca, which is why even though the design of the minaret followed local and traditional patterns. The complex, which included a hospice for poor pilgrims, was built on an angle. As a consequence of this, the mosque complex is exceptionally visible.

## Location

The Murad Pasha Mosque is situated southwest of the old city of Damascus. From the main (western) entrance of al-Hamidiyeh Market, follow the main street, Aal albeit that runs to the south-southeast along the original boundary of the old city walls. This street will pass al-Darwishiyeh Mosque on the right, al-Sibaiyeh Mosque on the right, al-Sinaniyeh Mosque on the left, al-Ajami Mosque on the right, and al-Sabuniyeh Mosque on the right. About one hundred meters beyond this point, a road diverts to the right (southwest), leaving the Murad Pasha Mosque clearly visible on the right.
# 1978 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election

The 1978 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election took place on 25 June 1978.

## Events

Christian Democracy was by far the largest party, largely ahead of the Italian Communist Party which came second. The regionalist parties, Friuli Movement, Slovene Union and the recently formed List for Trieste (which stole many votes from the mainstream social-democratic parties), had a total score of more than 10% for the first time.
After the election Antonio Comelli, the incumbent Christian Democratic president, formed a one-party government. In 1980 he managed to enlarge his cabinet to the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, the Italian Republican Party and the Italian Liberal Party (Pentapartito).

## Results

seats :
| | Christian Democracy | 332,684 | 39.6 | 26 |
| | Italian Communist Party | 182,845 | 21.8 | 14 |
| | Italian Socialist Party | 79,656 | 9.5 | 5 |
| | List for Trieste | 54,682 | 6.5 | 4 |
| | Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 41,979 | 5.0 | 3 |
| | Friuli Movement | 38,238 | 4.6 | 2 |
| | Italian Social Movement | 35,084 | 4.2 | 2 |
| | Italian Republican Party | 19,716 | 2.3 | 1 |
| | Proletarian Democracy | 11,184 | 1.3 | 1 |
| | Italian Liberal Party | 10,575 | 1.3 | 1 |
| | Slovene Union | 9,481 | 1.1 | 1 |
| | Others | | 0.9 | - |
| Total | Total | 840,126 | 100.0 | 60 |
Sources: Istituto Cattaneo and Cjargne Online
# Picris

Picris (oxtongues) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.
Picris species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as the grass moth Diasemia reticularis. Schinia cardui feeds exclusively on P. hieracioides.
The genus is widespread across Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.

## Etymology

Picris is from the Greek picros meaning 'bitter', in reference to the bitter taste of some species in the genus.

## Description

Erect annual to perennial taprooted herbs, mostly branching, stem and leaves bearing stiff bristly hairs, with rather large, usually corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers.

## Taxonomy
### Taxonomic history

The genus Picris was first validly described by Linnaeus in 1753 with the genus being accepted by a number of secondary sources including Plants of the World Online. Linnaeus initially described four species with P. hieracioides, P. echioides, P. pyrenaica and P. asplenioides. In 1913, Britton and Brown proposed P. asplenioides as the type species for the genus. Subsequently, in 1930, Hitchcock and Green alternatively proposed P. hieracioides as the type species. The Hitchcock and Green proposal was adopted by Lack in 1975 and accepted by Jarvis in 1992. Lack argued that Linnaeus never saw P. asplenioides which Linnaeus regarded as an obscure species and no specimen could be found in the Linnean Herbarium. For this reason Lack concluded that P. hieracioides should be designated as the type species.
In 1794, the German botanist Conrad Moench described the genus Medicusia and the species M. aspera. This genus has not been accepted and is considered a synonym of Picris. M. aspera has also been determined to be a synonym of P. rhagadioloides.

### Species

'Source
* Picris albida
* Picris altissima
* Picris amalecitana
* Picris angustifolia
* Picris aspera
* Picris asplenioides
* Picris atlantica
* Picris babylonica
* Picris barbarorum
* Picris bracteatus
* Picris burbidgeae
* Picris campylocarpa
* Picris comosa
* Picris compacta
* Picris conyzoides
* Picris cupuligera
* Picris cyanocarpa
* Picris cyprica
* Picris cyrenaica
* Picris davurica
* Picris divaricata
* Picris drummondii
* Picris eichleri
* Picris evae
* Picris flexuosa
* Picris galilaea
* Picris helminthioides
* Picris hieracioides
* Picris hispanica
* Picris hispidissima
* Picris humilis
* Picris japonica
* Picris junnanensis
* Picris kotschyi
* Picris littoralis
* Picris longifolia
* Picris longirostris
* Picris macloviana
* Picris macrantha
* Picris macrorhiza
* Picris manginiana
* Picris morrisonensis
* Picris nigricans
* Picris nuristanica
* Picris ohwiana
* Picris olympica
* Picris pauciflora
* Picris pygmaea
* Picris racemosa
* Picris rhagadioloides
* Picris rivularis
* Picris sancta
* Picris scaberrima
* Picris scabra
* Picris senecioides
* Picris sinuata
* Picris spinosissima
* Picris squarrosa
* Picris strigosa
* Picris sulphurea
* Picris wagenitzii
* Picris willkommii
* Picris xylopoda
# Cuffawa Creek

Cuffawa Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
Cuffawa Creek is a name derived from the Choctaw language purported to mean "where the sassafras abounds".
# At Your Service-Star Power

At Your Service-Star Power is a Philippine television public affairs show broadcast by GMA Network. Originally hosted by Rhea Santos as At Your Service, it premiered on May 1, 2004. It later moved to QTV in November 2005 with Iza Calzado serving as the host. The show concluded in October 2007.
# Memory (2006 film)

Memory (also billed as mem-(o)-re and Memore) is a 2006 American medical-thriller film written and directed by Bennett Joshua Davlin, and starring Dennis Hopper, Ann-Margret, Billy Zane, Tricia Helfer and Terry Chen.

## Plot

While lecturing in Brazil, Taylor Briggs, an American authority on memory, consults on a patient found deep in the Amazon. While examining the patient, Taylor is accidentally exposed to a substance which unlocks memories that do not belong to him.

## Cast

* Billy Zane as Taylor Briggs
* Tricia Helfer as Stephanie Jacobs
* Ann-Margret as Carol Hargrave
* Dennis Hopper as Max Lichtenstein
* Terry Chen as Dr. Deepra Chang
* Dan Pelchat as Spectre
* Emily Hirst as Bonnie McHale

## Production

Bennett Davlin wrote the novel first with the intention of directing and producing the film. He said: "These characters were so real to me that I just knew I had to bring them to the big screen".
# IHRA Professional Drag Racing 2005

IHRA Professional Drag Racing 2005 is a 2004 video game from Bethesda Softworks.

## Development

The game was announced in May 2004 and was showcased at E3 2004. IHRA 2005 used the Gamebryo engine.

## Reception

Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| IGN | 3.1/10 |
| TeamXbox | 5.2/10 |
TeamXbox gave the game a score of 5.2 out of 10, stating: "I can only recommend Pro Drag Racing 2005 as a rental to hardcore motorsports fans."
# 1978 Palace of Versailles bombing

Around 2:30 am on Monday, 26 June 1978, the historic Palace of Versailles near Paris, France, was bombed by Breton nationalists belonging to the Breton Liberation Front (FLB). The powerful explosion occurred on the ground floor of the left wing of the palace and caused damage within an 80 meter radius. Many statues and priceless paintings were damaged, including an entire gallery and several pieces of Napoleonic art, and a wide hole was opened in the ceiling. The bomb caused millions of francs in damage. The Hall of Mirrors, opera house and chapel were undamaged. One night guard was wounded.

## Aftermath and convictions

French Minister of Culture Jean-Philippe Lecat said the bombing evokes an "absolutely heinous criminal side" of the Breton nationalists. Hubert Landais, the director of French museums at the time, called the attack a "real catastrophe." The Breton Democratic Union also condemned the attack. After the bombing, restoration works commenced costing 3 million francs. The Bataille room was finally re-opened to the public in April 1982.
Both the FLB and the Armed Nuclei for Popular Autonomy claimed responsibility, but police later found that it was caused by the Breton group. The two perpetrators were FLB members Lionel Chenevière and Padrig Montauzier, who placed the bomb the day before. The two were already under surveillance by authorities in Rennes, and were arrested the next day. They were sentenced to death in November 1978. Following the election of François Mitterrand as President in 1981, they were freed after an amnesty law had been enacted as part of Mitterrand's plans to give in to some of the demands of the Breton regional government.
The attack came in the context of renewed terrorist activity by the FLB in 1976, targeting cultural property in protest of the signing of the Breton Cultural Charter. The group were trying to 'punish' the French state for its annexation of the formerly independent Brittany region. The FLB's activities were usually confined to Brittany itself. German tabloid Die Welt later said no reasonable French person wants the state to grant independence to peripheral provinces, "nor Brittany, nor Alsace, nor Occitania."
The Palace of Versailles became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.