# Sejong City

Sejong or Sejong City (Korean: 세종; Korean: ), officially Sejong Special Self-Governing City (세종특별자치시), is a special self-governing city and the de facto administrative capital of South Korea.
Sejong was founded in 2007 as the new planned capital of South Korea from many parts of the South Chungcheong Province and some parts of North Chungcheong Province to ease congestion in South Korea's current capital and largest city, Seoul, and encourage investment in the country's central region. Since 2012, the government of South Korea has relocated numerous ministries and agencies to Sejong, but many still reside in other cities, primarily Seoul, where the National Assembly and many important government bodies remain.
Sejong has a population of 351,007 as of 2020 and covers a geographic area of 465.23 km$^2$ (179.63 sq mi), making it the least-populous and smallest first-level administrative division in South Korea. Sejong is located in the west-central Hoseo region, bordering South Chungcheong to the west, Daejeon to the south, and North Chungcheong to the east.
The construction of the city is expected to be completed in 2030, at which time 500,000 people are expected to live there.

## Name

Sejong was named in honor of King Sejong the Great, the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty and creator of the Korean alphabet, Hangul. The city was formed by combining Yeongi County, the county of South Chungcheong Province from which the majority of the city's territory was ceded, and other counties.

## History

In 2003, then-President Roh Moo-hyun sought to relocate the national capital of South Korea from the metropolitan city of Seoul to a new multifunctional administrative city in the center of the country. The goal was to reduce the influence and dominance of Seoul on national governance and economics, whilst promoting the regional development of other areas of the country. According to the former Interior Minister Maeng Hyung-gyu in 2012, "Sejong is a symbol of the country's efforts toward more balanced regional development," helping to decongest Seoul and spur investment in the country's central region.
In October 2004, the Constitutional Court dealt a setback to President Roh's plans, ruling that the capital must remain in Seoul in response to a complaint filed by the main opposition, the conservative Grand National Party. As such, the Roh administration was forced to modify the project to relocate the majority of government ministries and institutions to Sejong, which would become a special administrative city instead of a new capital. The revised plan was approved by the National Assembly in March 2005. Challenges to the new plan were rejected by the Constitutional Court in November 2005.
When the Grand National Party retook the presidential office in 2008, then-President Lee Myung-bak opposed the idea of moving government agencies, claiming that it would hurt Seoul's global competitiveness and result in inefficiency. Following Lee's directions, plans were made to make Sejong an industrial, science and education hub instead. This plan was opposed by many, including Roh's allies and some members of the ruling Grand National Party, including Lee's arch-rival and eventual successor, Park Geun-hye. Defeat in the mid-2010 local elections forced Lee to present his proposal to the National Assembly where it was voted down.
In December 2008, construction for the Sejong Government Complex started. After level 1 of the construction was completed in November 2012, level 2 was finished in November 2013, and finished construction in November 2014.
In July 2012, Sejong Special Self-Governing City was created by combining all of Yeongi County, three townships of Gongju and one township of Cheongwon County. Jochiwon was the main city within Yeongi.
In April 2013, the city government of Putrajaya, Malaysia signed a letter of intent (LOI) with the government of Sejong City to mark cooperation between the two planned capitals.
As of 2019, 12 ministries were relocated to the city. As such, only 5 ministries continue to remain in Seoul; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Unification, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of National Defense, and Ministry of Gender Equality and Family.
Sejong was specifically designed to be a "smart city", and is sometimes referred to as Sejong smart city. It is the leading smart city in Korea, and is often held up as the standard for other cities experimenting with the development of smart city infrastructure.
By 2019, there was disagreement among experts as to whether Sejong has "lived up to expectations". Sejong uses its new development to market itself as an alternative to Seoul, offering luxury living at a fraction of the cost. It boasts shiny state-of-the-art condominiums, ample public green space and smart and sustainable city tech, like automated trash collection and zero-waste food disposal, electric car charging and sharing stations, solar-powered buildings, interactive digital signage, closed-circuit television security and fine dust emergency alerts. It has sparked criticism that the new city is not only too lackluster to draw residents away from Seoul, but also difficult to access and poorly designed"

## Geography

Sejong is surrounded by the two provinces of South and North Chungcheong, as well as the metropolitan city of Daejeon. It is about 121 kilometres (75 mi) south from Seoul.

### Climate

Sejong City has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), but can be considered a borderline humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm.
Climate data for Yeonseo-myeon, Sejong City (1993–2020 normals) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) | 6.9 (44.4) | 13.1 (55.6) | 19.6 (67.3) | 24.6 (76.3) | 28.0 (82.4) | 29.4 (84.9) | 30.1 (86.2) | 26.2 (79.2) | 20.8 (69.4) | 13.2 (55.8) | 5.6 (42.1) | 18.4 (65.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.7 (27.1) | −0.1 (31.8) | 5.5 (41.9) | 11.7 (53.1) | 17.4 (63.3) | 21.7 (71.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 24.9 (76.8) | 19.8 (67.6) | 13.0 (55.4) | 6.1 (43.0) | −0.7 (30.7) | 11.8 (53.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.8 (18.0) | −5.4 (22.3) | −0.8 (30.6) | 5.1 (41.2) | 11.2 (52.2) | 16.7 (62.1) | 21.0 (69.8) | 21.1 (70.0) | 15.4 (59.7) | 7.3 (45.1) | 0.8 (33.4) | −5.6 (21.9) | 6.6 (43.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 22.6 (0.89) | 31.4 (1.24) | 42.4 (1.67) | 76.6 (3.02) | 86.5 (3.41) | 132.5 (5.22) | 284.9 (11.22) | 260.3 (10.25) | 141.2 (5.56) | 58.4 (2.30) | 45.3 (1.78) | 22.8 (0.90) | 1,204.9 (47.44) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.2 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 13.2 | 12.7 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 7.3 | 6.0 | 90.3 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||

## Administrative divisions

Sejong is divided into 14 haengjeong-dong (administrative neighborhoods), 1 eup (town) and 9 myeon (townships). The 10 haengjeong-dong and Jochiwon-eup is the city main urban centre.
| Map | Name | Hangul | Hanja | Population (2024–7) | Area (km$^2$) |
| Administrative Neighbourhoods |||||
| | Hansol-dong | 한솔동 | 한솔洞* | 18,143 | 2.75 |
| | Saerom-dong | 새롬동 | 새롬洞* | 26,479 | 4.84 |
| | Naseong-dong | 나성동 | 羅城洞 | 13,176 | 24.91 |
| | Dodam-dong | 도담동 | 도담洞* | 24,976 | 4.72 |
| | Eojin-dong | 어진동 | 어진洞* | 11,278 | 2.65 |
| | Areum-dong | 아름동 | 아름洞* | 23,383 | 2.19 |
| | Jongchon-dong | 종촌동 | 宗村洞 | 27,879 | 1.15 |
| | Goun-dong | 고운동 | 고운洞* | 35,964 | 5.35 |
| | Boram-dong | 보람동 | 보람洞* | 19,513 | 1.33 |
| | Daepyeong-dong | 대평동 | 大坪洞 | 10,940 | 1.52 |
| | Sodam-dong | 소담동 | 소담洞* | 21,772 | 4.43 |
| | Dajeong-dong | 다정동 | 다정洞* | 28,312 | 1.74 |
| | Haemil-dong | 해밀동 | 해밀洞* | 16,612 | 8.44 |
| | Bangok-dong | 반곡동 | 盤谷洞 | 28,923 | 3.2 |
| Towns |||||
| | Jochiwon-eup | 조치원읍 | 鳥致院邑 | 42,154 | 13.56 |
| Townships |||||
| | Yeongi-myeon | 연기면 | 燕岐面 | 2,500 | 12.1 |
| | Yeondong-myeon | 연동면 | 燕東面 | 2,978 | 21.5 |
| | Bugang-myeon | 부강면 | 芙江面 | 5,755 | 27.79 |
| | Geumnam-myeon | 금남면 | 錦南面 | 8,581 | 72.5 |
| | Janggun-myeon | 장군면 | 將軍面 | 7,032 | 53.23 |
| | Yeonseo-myeon | 연서면 | 燕西面 | 7,045 | 54.58 |
| | Jeonui-myeon | 전의면 | 全義面 | 5,694 | 62.44 |
| | Jeondong-myeon | 전동면 | 全東面 | 3,421 | 57.74 |
| | Sojeong-myeon | 소정면 | 小井面 | 2,356 | 16.47 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 351,007 | 465 |
* Note: there are no Hanja for Hansol, Dodam, Areum, Goun, Boram, Saerom, Sodam, Dajeong, Eojin, or Haemil as they are native Korean words.

## Population and demographics

The city aimed to have a population of 200,000 in 2012, 300,000 by 2020 and 500,000 by 2030. In 2017, it had a population of 281,120. As of 30 June 2020, Sejong had a population of 351,007.
As of 2018, Sejong had a higher proportion of children than the South Korean average.

## Religion

Religion in Sejong (2024)
The census from 2015 indicated that the majority of Sejong residents did not belong to any particular religion. Protestantism was the most common religion with around 19.9% of the population being adherents, followed by Buddhism at 13.9% and Roman Catholicism at 7.9%.

## Government buildings

The South Korean government plans to move 36 government ministries and agencies to Sejong City. Government Complex Sejong is located in Sejong City. The complex, on a 213,000-square-metre (2,290,000 sq ft) plot of land, has seven stories and one basement. Construction began in November 2011 in what was South Chungcheong Province, and the complex was completed on November 16, 2013. The ceremony to mark the movement of several government agencies to the complex occurred on December 23, 2013.
Government Complex Sejong includes the head offices of:
* Office of the Prime Minister (OPM)
* Ministry of Economy and Finance (MOEF)
* Ministry of Education (MOE)
* Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)
* Ministry of the Interior and Safety (MOIS)
* Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MCST)
* Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)
* Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE)
* Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW)
* Ministry of Environment (ME)
* Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL)
* Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT)
* Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF)
* Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS)
* Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs (MPVA)
* Ministry of Personnel Management (MPM)
* Ministry of Government Legislation (MOLEG)
* National Tax Service (NTS)
* National Agency for Administrative City Construction (NAACC)
* Fair Trade Commission (KFTC)
* Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (ACRC)
Several MOLIT agencies, the Korea Office of Civil Aviation (KOCA), the Korean Maritime Safety Tribunal (KMST), and the Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board (ARAIB), have their headquarters in Government Complex Sejong.

## Culture

Sejong Lake Park was completed in March 2013 and has various theme facilities in the park, including the square fountain. The size is 705,768m$^2$ and the lake area is 322,800m$^2$.
The Sejong National Arboretum is the first urban arboretum in Korea and the largest indoor arboretum in Korea. There are 1.72 million plants of 2834 species available. There is an admission fee of 5,000 won for adults.

## Education
### Universities

* KDI School of Public Policy and Management
* Hongik University Sejong Campus
* Korea University Sejong Campus
* Global Consortium University
* Daejeon Catholic University
* Korea University of Media Arts

## Transportation
### Air

Sejong is served by Cheongju International Airport in Cheongju, the nearest airport to Sejong.

### National railway

Sejong is centrally located on Gyeongbu Line operated by Korail. It is a 90-minute journey on the Mugunghwa-ho to Seoul and trains run approximately every 30 minutes. Located just outside Jochiwon-eup limits in Osong, Cheongwon has a KTX station named Osong Station which is a Korea Train Express bullet train that frequently travels 300 km/h (190 mph). Osong station opened in 2010. There has also been some debate concerning opening another KTX station within the new Sejong City close to the bus terminal to the south.

### Daejeon subway Line 1

In April 2019, a feasibility study was completed and approved an extension of Daejeon Metro Line 1 from Banseok station in Daejeon, accessing the southern bus terminal in Sejong, and ending at the Government Complex Sejong. Of the five new stations that are set to open over the new 14 km of tracks, four of which will be in Sejong. Opening is tentatively set for 2029.

## In popular culture

The 2015 tvN television series Let's Eat 2 was based in Sejong. During the month of April, various Sejong Spring Festival celebrations were held throughout the city such as those celebrating cherry blossoms, peach blossoms, and flower arrangements. The 2018 Peace Spring Flower Festival of the Sejong Restoration Center was held under the sponsorship of the Jochiwon, Peach Festival Promotion Committee. It was prepared as a five-sensory satisfaction program to enjoy parts of nature such as peach flower, pear flower, mustard blossom, and to avoid becoming a performance-oriented festival.

## Gallery

* Sejong City's BRT
* Public bicycle in Sejong City
* Construction in Sejong City, November 2009