OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sound-on-disc

Sound-on-disc is a class of sound film processes using a phonograph or other disc to record or play back sound in sync with a motion picture. Early sound-on-disc systems used a mechanical interlock with the movie projector, while more recent systems use timecodes.

## Examples of sound-on-disc processes
### France

* The Chronophone (Léon Gaumont) "Filmparlants" and phonoscènes 1902–1910 (experimental), 1910–1917 (industrial)

### United States

* Vitaphone introduced by Warner Bros. in 1926
* Photokinema, short-lived system, invented by Orlando Kellum in 1921 (used by D. W. Griffith for Dream Street)
* Digital Theater Systems

### United Kingdom

* British Phototone, short-lived UK system using 12-inch discs, introduced in 1928-29 (Clue of the New Pin)

### Other

* Systems with the film projector linked to a phonograph or cylinder phonograph, developed by Thomas Edison (Kinetophone, Kinetophonograph), Selig Polyscope, French companies such as Gaumont (Chronomégaphone, Chronophone), and Pathé, and British systems.

## Film censorship

During the 1920s and early 1930s, films in the United States were subject to censorship by state and city censor boards, which often required cuts of scenes before a film would be licensed for exhibition. While films using the sound-on-film process could accommodate a patch for a requested cut with ease, a film using sound-on-disc would require an expensive retake. If the cost of compliance with a censor board was too high, the film would not be shown in that state or city.
# A. birmanus

A. birmanus may refer to:
* Abacetus birmanus, a ground beetle
* Aclees birmanus, a weevil found in India and Sri Lanka
# Trollhättans IF

Trollhättans IF or TIF, is a football club in Trollhättan, Sweden, which was founded in 1906. The association's first team were merged in 2001 with Trollhättan KC to FC Trollhättan. Trollhättan IF's first team played then in division 6 through the 2009 season, when the club won its series and moved up to Division 5, where they are currently playing.

## History

The club was founded in 1906. In the early decades, the club also had a bandy team, which managed to become district champions for Västergötland in 1930.
Trollhättan IF played in the Swedish second highest division, 1959–1960 and 1974–1976. The season 1975 was just over 10,500 spectators at the match against IFK Göteborg in Edsborgs IP.
In 2004 the club played qualifying games for the 2005 season Boys Allsvenskan. This team was a mixed team with players born 1989, 1990, and three players born 1991.
The women's soccer team has played 9 seasons in Swedish top division between 1981 and 1989, and lost the 1984 Swedish national against Jitex BK. That year Lena Videkull was the league's top scorer.
The track and field athlectics section is the organizer of one of the oldest Swedish road races, TIF Terrain. 2007 saw the 80th edition.
The club previously had a handball program and qualified for the Olympics in 1965, and also had a hockey team for a short time.
# Karluk River

The Karluk River is a stream, 24 miles (39 km) long, on Kodiak Island in the U.S. state of Alaska. It begins at Karluk Lake in the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge and flows north and then northwest through Karluk Lagoon to the Shelikof Strait at Karluk.
Sportfishing is popular in this river basin, "the largest and most productive" on Kodiak Island. It has significant runs of sockeye salmon, Coho, pink, Chinook, and chum salmon, and steelhead, and Dolly Varden trout are also prevalent. The entire main stem, rated Class I (easy) on the International Scale of River Difficulty, is floatable by raft or kayak.
# Hi no Tori Hououhen (MSX)

Hi no Tori Hououhen (火の鳥 鳳(ほう)凰(おう)編(へん)) is a 1987 video game for the MSX2 developed by Konami, produced alongside a similarly named game for the Famicom. Both games are based on the series and story arc with the same names.
It is in essence a Knightmare-like vertical scrolling shooter with the player viewing his character on the back and enemies and obstacles entering from the top of the screen. In addition, the game's six stages are laid out in a labyrinthine way, adding puzzle elements to the mix. In order to find, reach and defeat the game's final boss, the player would have to travel back and forth between the various stages to obtain a large assortment of keys. These keys then allow access to parts of other stages, even earlier ones. This traveling between the stages is highly unusual for a shoot 'em up.
# Carlton Cinema (TV channel)

Carlton Cinema was a British digital film television channel, provided by Carlton Television. It launched in November 1998 on the ITV Digital platform and closed down in March 2003, five months after Carlton went off the air in the London region, being the last Carlton-branded television network to do so. Its sister channels were Carlton Select, Carlton World, Carlton Kids, and Carlton Food Network. The first film shown on the channel was the 1953 film Genevieve.
The channel got additional carriage when it launched on cable in March 2000. It aired as an evening and overnight service, as a replacement for Carlton Select.

## Closure

Carlton Cinema struggled to keep going after the ITV Digital platform ceased broadcasting on 1 May 2002. These struggles increased when the channel was removed from NTL's analogue channel line-up in September 2002. At the same time Carlton had been negotiating with BSkyB to get the channel onto Sky, but no deal was agreed. The closure was announced on 4 December 2002. The channel closed on 31 March 2003. On that night came the last three films on Carlton Cinema, Genevieve, which was the first film to be broadcast on the channel's launch night, The Inn of the Sixth Happiness and finally, the 1981 neo-noir Body Heat. Following the conclusion of that film, continuity announcer Fiona Goldman made the closing announcement:
   Well, that was the last film on Carlton Cinema. It's been almost four-and-a-half years since we first went to air and during that time, we've shown over 4,000 films. We hope you've enjoyed watching them as much as we've enjoyed showing them. So, from our director of programmes, George McKee, myself, Fiona Goldman, and all the team here at Carlton Cinema, it's been a great pleasure and thank you for having been with us. Now, all we have to do is pick up the popcorn and turn off the lights.
Then they aired a montage of scenes and quotes from all the films they showed, to the tune of Alice Faye's "You'll Never Know" which was regularly being shown on the channel during its final two weeks on the air. The farewell montage concluded with the last words ever heard on the channel:
   Carlton Cinema thanks all our viewers for tuning in over the last four years. We hope you've enjoyed watching the films as much as we've enjoyed bringing them to you.
The final image shown was a movie theatre screen curtain (one of the many icons of movie places during the Golden Age of Hollywood) closing, revealing (for the final time) the Carlton Cinema logo with the date of launch (15 November 1998) on the top and the date of closure (31 March 2003) on the bottom. After a final fade to black, the channel's DOG was still seen for twenty more minutes. The channel's transmitters were finally shut down at midnight.
# Nhã nhạc

Nhã nhạc (Vietnamese:, 雅樂, "elegant music") is a traditional music of Vietnam. Vietnamese court music is very diverse, but the term nhã nhạc refers specifically to the Vietnamese court music performed from the Trần dynasty of the 13th century to the Nguyễn dynasty at the end of the 20th century.

## Nhã Nhạc

Vietnamese court music was performed at annual ceremonies, including anniversaries and religious holidays, as well as special events such as coronations, funerals or official receptions, by highly trained and skilled court musicians. Along with the musicians, a number of intricate court dances also exist (see Traditional Vietnamese dance). Both musicians and dancers wore elaborately designed costumes during their performances.
* Imperial court musicians in 1937
* Imperial musicians
* Court lady musicians
While the largest foreign influence on nhã nhạc came from the Ming dynasty court of China, later on there were also adapted a few elements from the music of Champa, which the Vietnamese court found intriguing.

### Instruments

Instruments commonly used for nhã nhạc include kèn bầu (conical oboe), đàn tỳ bà (pear-shaped lute with four strings), đàn nguyệt (moon-shaped two-string lute), đàn tam (fretless lute with snakeskin-covered body and three strings), đàn nhị (two-stringed vertical fiddle), sáo (also called sáo trúc; a bamboo transverse flute), trống (drum played with sticks), and other percussion instruments.

## Development during the Nguyễn dynasty

It is believed that nhã nhạc did not truly reach the pinnacle of its development until the Nguyễn Dynasty, when it was standardized. The Nguyễn emperors declared it as the official court music, and it became an essential part of the extensive rituals of the royal palace.

## UNESCO

Nhã nhạc is still performed in the old capital of Huế. 'Nhã nhạc of Huế court' (Nhã nhạc cung đình Huế) was recognised in 2003 by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Extensive efforts have gone underway to preserve this truly unique and highly developed art.
# Marsh terrace

A marsh terrace is an artificially created berm that is built in a wetland to prevent erosion, reduce wave energy, and improve habitat for wildlife. Marsh terracing is most common throughout the upper Gulf Coast of the United States, where it is used to prevent coastal erosion, with 980 linear km (609 mi) having been built in Texas and Louisiana alone in the thirty years to 2020. The terraces catch sediment from rivers which is then colonized by plants to form marshland.

## Construction and design

The design of marsh terraces depends on the local conditions, such as wave strength and wind speed. There are several commonly used patterns, including chevrons (duck wings), straight lines, and square grids. Chevrons are the most effective pattern as wind can blow from any direction but there will still be calm water on at least one side of the chevron.
One thing that must be considered is the type of soil, as some are more vulnerable to erosion than others. Soils heavy with clay and silt are more resistant than soils primarily composed of organic matter.
Terraces are often built in shallow coastal ponds that may have been former marshland that has eroded away over time. Large berms, usually two to five meters in width, are built with material that is either dredged at the site or brought in as fill from inland. The berms themselves are often only a meter in height above sea level which allows it to be occasionally inundated with water and create the proper coastal plant community.
Marshland terraces are a relatively new construction, so far has only been extensively used in the Gulf Coast of the United States. They were first built at the Sabine National Wildlife Refuge in 1990. In 2021, a plan to create marsh terraces in Virginia's Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge has been approved. This will be the first project of its kind to be done in the Mid-Atlantic region.

## Results

Being only constructed recently, there have not been a lot of published studies on the effects of marsh terracing. However, the existing results are promising. The terraces have a higher sediment accumulation rate compared to erosion, and are able to reduce wave strength by an average of 45%. The calmer waters allows sediment to settle which then promotes the growth of seagrasses which further hold down the sediment with their roots. Additionally, the terraces have been found to provide habitat for marsh wildlife such as seabirds and fish.
# 1993 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone – Pool C

Group C of the 1993 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone was one of three pools in the Asia/Oceania zone of the 1993 Federation Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top two teams advancing to the play-offs.
| | NZL | SRI | LIB | RR W–L | Set W–L | Game W–L | Standings |
| New Zealand | | 2–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 10–2 | 54–2 | 1 |
| Sri Lanka | 1–2 | | 3–0 | 1–1 | 8–4 | 52–35 | 2 |
| Lebanon | 0–2 | 0–3 | | 0–2 | 0–10 | 7–60 | 3 |

## Sri Lanka vs. Lebanon

| Sri Lanka 3 | National Tennis Centre, Colombo, Sri Lanka 3 May 1993 Clay (outdoors) | National Tennis Centre, Colombo, Sri Lanka 3 May 1993 Clay (outdoors) | Lebanon 0 |
| 1 2 3 1 Saranga Sangakkara Tania Zaitouni 6 1 6 1     2 Lihini Weerasuriya Maya Hajjar 6 1 6 1     3 Saranga Sangakkara / Lihini Weerasuriya Maya Hajjar / Tania Zaitouni 6 0 6 1 ||||

## New Zealand vs. Lebanon

| New Zealand 2 | National Tennis Centre, Colombo, Sri Lanka 4 May 1993 Clay (outdoors) | National Tennis Centre, Colombo, Sri Lanka 4 May 1993 Clay (outdoors) | Lebanon 0 |
| 1 2 3 1 Claudine Toleafoa Nahia Abou-Khalil 6 0 6 1     2 Julie Richardson Maya Hajjar 6 1 6 0     3          not played ||||

## New Zealand vs. Sri Lanka

| New Zealand 2 | National Tennis Centre, Colombo, Sri Lanka 4 May 1993 Clay (outdoors) | National Tennis Centre, Colombo, Sri Lanka 4 May 1993 Clay (outdoors) | Sri Lanka 1 |
| 1 2 3 1 Claudine Toleafoa Saranga Sangakkara 6 1 6 2     2 Julie Richardson Lihini Weerasuriya 6$^4$ 7$^7$ 0 6     3 Julie Richardson / Claudine Toleafoa Saranga Sangakkara / Lihini Weerasuriya 6 4 6 2 ||||
# Damani Sewell

Damani Sewell (born 21 August 1994) is a Jamaican cricketer. He made his List A debut for Jamaica in the 2016–17 Regional Super50 on 24 January 2017. He made his first-class debut for Jamaica in the 2017–18 Regional Four Day Competition on 26 October 2017.
# NFO

NFO may refer to:

## Computing

* .nfo, for informational text files with software
* .nfo, for Folio Infobase data files

## Finance

* Net financial obligations (or liabilities), of a business
* New fund offer, in Indian mutual funds

## Other uses

* National Farmers Organization, an American producerist movement
* Naval Flight Officer, United States Navy and Marine Corps
* The Night Flight Orchestra, a Swedish hard rock band
* NFO, EMS code for Norwegian Forest Cat in the Fédération Internationale Féline
* Nottingham Forest F.C., an association football club
# Rolf Saalfrank

Rolf Saalfrank (born 9 March 1962 in Würzburg) is a retired West German shot putter.
He finished sixth at the 1987 European Indoor Championships with a throw of 19.41 metres. He represented the sports club LAC Quelle Fürth, and won the bronze medal at the West German championships in 1986 (19.24 m). He set his personal best of 19.51 metres at 3 August 1986.
# Terri Treas

Terri Treas is an American actress, writer and director who has starred in films and on television.
She is best known for her role as Cathy Frankel, one of the alien "Newcomers" on the short-lived science fiction television series Alien Nation (1989–1990) and the five subsequent TV movies continuing the storyline.

## Early years

Treas was born in Kansas City, Kansas. Her dancing led to a scholarship with the Joffrey Ballet when she was 15 years old.

## Career

Treas began her career on stage, frequently as a dancer in Broadway shows. Broadway productions in which Treas appeared include Working (1978), Dancin' (1978), Pal Joey (1976), and My Fair Lady (1976).
On television, she appeared in the 1980s series Seven Brides for Seven Brothers as Hannah McFadden$^{:949}$ from 1982 to 1983, the Fox Network series DEA, and Santa Barbara.
Her first movie role was in the 1979 movie All That Jazz; her other film roles are So Fine (1981), The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982), The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989) and House IV (1992).
In 1992, Treas directed her first movie, Play Nice, starring Louise Robey.
Treas has made guest appearances on many TV shows, such as Knight Rider, Crazy Like a Fox, The A-Team, Murphy Brown, and Roseanne.
As of 2019, Treas was teaching at the Los Angeles Performing Arts Conservatory. She also has taught at The Playground and at the University of Southern California's Masters Writing Program, where she directed that school's One Act Play Showcase.

## Personal life

Treas married producer Michael Zand.

## Selected filmography

* All That Jazz (1979)
* Headin' for Broadway (1980)
* So Fine (1981)
* The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982) – The Chicken Ranch Girl
* Something in Common (1986 TV film) – Nancy Webster
* Deathstalker III (1988) – Camisarde
* The Nest (1988) – Dr. Morgan Hubbard
* The Terror Within (1989) – Linda
* The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989) – Girl in Bed
* Frankenstein Unbound (1990) – Voice of Computer
* Rage and Honor (1992) – Rita Carrion
* Play Nice (1992) – Director
* House IV (1992)
* Snapdragon (1993) – Co-writer with Gene Church
* Little Miss Millions (1993) – Susan Ferris
* Yankee Zulu (1993) – Rowena
* Alien Nation: Dark Horizon (1994 TV film) – Cathy Frankel
* Alien Nation: Body and Soul (1995 TV film) – Cathy Frankel
* Scene of the Crime (1996) – Captain Lorraine Hanover
* Ladykiller (1996)
* Alien Nation: Millennium (1996 TV film) – Cathy Frankel
* Alien Nation: The Enemy Within (1996 TV film) – Cathy Frankel
* Alien Nation: The Udara Legacy (1997 TV film) – Cathy Frankel
Treas's Broadway musical credits – "Pal Joey" Circle in the Square, "My Fair Lady" Revival 1976, "Pippin", "Working", "King of Hearts", "Back Country", "Dancin'", "One Night Stand"
# Kelso River

The Kelso River is a 4.0-mile-long (6.4 km) stream in northern Minnesota, the United States. It flows entirely within the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness of Superior National Forest, ending at Sawbill Lake. Water from the Kelso River flows via Sawbill Creek (the outlet of Sawbill Lake) to the Temperance River and thence to Lake Superior.
# Alastair Cameron, Lord Abernethy

John Alastair Cameron, Lord Abernethy, PC (born 1 February 1938) is a Scottish lawyer, and a former Senator of the College of Justice, a judge of the country's Supreme Courts, serving from 1992 to 2007, when he retired. He was a member of the English Bar before moving to the Scottish Faculty of Advocates, where he served as vice-dean from 1983 to 1992.

## Early life

Cameron was educated at the Clergy School, Khartoum, St. Mary's School, Melrose, and Trinity College, Glenalmond. He undertook National Service as a Second Lieutenant with the Royal Army Service Corps from 1956 to 1958, and then studied at Pembroke College, Oxford.

## Legal career

Cameron was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1963, but moved to the Faculty of Advocates in 1966. He served as an Advocate Depute from 1972 to 1975, Standing Junior Counsel to the Department of Energy from 1976 to 1979 and Standing Junior Counsel to the Scottish Development Department from 1978 to 1979. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1979, and the same year became Director of Faculty Services Limited, the services branch of the Faculty of Advocates, and was its chairman from 1983 to 1989. He was Legal Chairman of the Pensions Appeal Tribunals from 1979 to 1992, serving in addition as President of the Tribunal from 1985. He was elected Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Advocates in 1983, serving until his appointment to the Bench.
In 1992, he was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice, a judge of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary, Scotland's Supreme Courts, with the judicial title, Lord Abernethy, and promoted to the Inner House of the Court of Session in 2005, being appointed to the Privy Council. He was one of the four judges in the original Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial.
He was vice-chairman of the Judges' Forum of the International Bar Association from 1993 to 1994, and chairman from 1994 to 1998. He then became a member of the Council of the IBA's Section on Legal Practice from 1998 to 2002, and of the Council of its Human Rights Institute from 1998 to 2000 and 2002 to 2005. He was the first President of the Scottish Medico-Legal Society, serving from 1996 to 2000. He is also the author of Medical Negligence: An Introduction (ISBN 978-0902023116).
Lord Abernethy resigned as a judge in 2007, being succeeded in the Inner House by Lord Wheatley, whose seat in the Outer House was filled by the appointment of Colin Campbell, Lord Malcolm, former Dean of the Faculty of Advocates.

## Personal life

Cameron married Elspeth Miller in 1968. They have three sons. His interests include travel, sport, nature conservation and Africana. He is an Honorary Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford.
# Radical Youth League

The Radical Youth League (RYL) was a frontal organisation of the Communist Party of India (Maoist), a Naxalite group, mainly operating in Andhra Pradesh.

## History

The Radical Students Union (RSU) was formed in 1974, and the Radical Youth League (RYL) in 1977. Radical Youth League units were established by revolutionaries in Andhra Pradesh in 1978 during their "Go To Village" campaigns to propagate agrarian revolution. They were banned in Andhra Pradesh, but in 2004 the state government lifted the ban to allow for peace talks. While talks were underway the People's War Group (PWG) merged with Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist). The Naxalites suffered a serious setback in 2005.
On 17 August 2005 a ban was re-imposed on the Communist Party of India (Maoist) and its frontal organisations including the Radical Youth League and the All India Revolutionary Students Federation after Congress legislator C. Narsi Reddy was killed. Bans were repeatedly reimposed, one year at a time. In August 2006 the ban was extended for a year. In August 2009 the Andhra Pradesh government extended the ban for another year. In August 2011 the ban was again extended for another year. In November 2011 it was reported that the Maoists were planning to revive the RYL and other frontal groups in Andhra Pradesh, first in forest areas and later in the plains. Tribal students would be mobilised using the issues of corruption, poor school facilities, lack of teachers and lack of job opportunities.

## Incidents

On 10 January 2000 a Telecom Department engineer was killed by police in Dharmapuri district. He had allegedly joined the Radical Youth League and become an extremist. His widow protested that the "encounter" was fake. In March 2012 the Madras High Court ordered a probe by the Central Bureau of Investigation into the event, saying there was prima facie evidence that the police had violated the law.
The RYL was not banned in the state of Tamil Nadu but the Tamil Nadu police targeted the organisation. On 24 November 2002 the police arrested twenty six people in the Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu, and on 10 January 2003 they were placed under POTA by the government on the grounds that they were members of the Radical Youth League. On 26 August 2004, still being held without trial, the detainees began a hunger strike. The former judge Rajinder Sachar led a team of human rights activists who visited them in jail on 15 September 2004 and persuaded them to end the hunger strike. As in May 2005 they had still not been released.
In February 2012 "Q" branch officials arrested a core committee member of the Radical Youth League named Manivasagam along with 25 other Naxalites. Manivasagam had been arrested in 2002 as a courier for the organisation, appeared for trial in 2008 and then escaped.