OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Victor A. Elliott

Victor Alanson Elliott (July 23, 1839 – February 5, 1899) was an associate justice of the Colorado Supreme Court from 1888 to 1895.

## Early life

Elliott was born in Richmond, Pennsylvania on July 23, 1839. He earned a law degree at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
He fought in the Civil War, achieving the rank of major, and relocated to Colorado after the war ended.

## Career in Colorado

Elliott had a law practice in Denver. Following Colorado's admission to the Union in 1876, he was elected to serve as the first judge of Colorado's Second Judicial District. He was re-elected to the office in 1882, serving for almost twelve years before being elected associate justice of the supreme court.
Elliott was elected to the Supreme Court in fall 1888 and served as an associate justice from December 4, 1888, to January 1895.

## Death

Elliott died on February 5, 1899, aged 59, in Denver.
# Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles

This page list topics related to Muhammad Iqbal.
* Muhammad Iqbal's concept of Khudi
* Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy
* Muhammad Iqbal's educational philosophy
* Madani–Iqbal debate
* Muhammad Iqbal bibliography
* Allahabad Address
* Works of Muhammad Iqbal
* Iqbal Academy Pakistan
Poem
* Iblees Ki Majlis-e-Shura
* Sare Jahan se Accha
* Tarana-e-Milli
* The Mosque of Cordoba
* Lab Pe Aati Hai Dua
* Khizr-i-Rah
* Saqi Namah
* Tulu'i Islam
* Khizr-i-Rah
* Gulshan-i Raz-i Jadid
Works by Iqbal
* The Call of the Marching Bell
* The Development of Metaphysics in Persia
* Gift from Hijaz
* Ilm Al-Iqtisad
* Javid Nama
* Message from the East
* The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
* The Rod of Moses
* Gabriel's Wing
* Persian Psalms
* Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa
* The Secrets of the Self
* The Secrets of Selflessness
* What Should Then Be Done O People of the East
Works about Iqbal
* Glory of Iqbal
* Zinda Rood
Family members
* Javed Iqbal
* Nasira Iqbal
* Yousuf Salahuddin
* Walid Iqbal
Memorials
* Tomb of Allama Iqbal
* Javed Manzil
* Iqbal Stadium
* Iqbal Review
* Iqbal Manzil
* Iqbal Day
* Gulshan-e-Iqbal
* Greater Iqbal Park
* Dhobi Ghat Park (Faisalabad)
* Allama Iqbal Open University
* Allama Iqbal Medical College
* Allama Iqbal International Airport
* Plaza de Pakistán
* Tolu-e-Islam (magazine)
Iqbal scholars
* Syed Nazeer Niazi
* Aziz Ahmad
* Nasim Amrohvi
* Arthur John Arberry
* Jagan Nath Azad
* Dewan Mohammad Azraf
* Yousaf Saleem Chishti
* Zaid Hamid
* Riffat Hassan
* Javed Iqbal
* Ghulam Mustafa Khan
* Ghulam Rasool Mehr
* Muhammad Munawwar Mirza
* Reynold A. Nicholson
* Waheed Qureshi
* Ayub Sabir
* Israr Ahmed
* Jawad Naqvi
* Annemarie Schimmel
* Ali Shariati
* Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch
# Lakeland North, Washington

Lakeland North is a census-designated place (CDP) in King County, Washington, United States. The population was 13,663 at the 2020 census. Part of the community was annexed into neighboring Auburn in 2008.

## Geography

Lakeland North is located in southwestern King County and is bordered to the east by Auburn, to the south and west by Federal Way, and to the north by Kent. Interstate 5 runs along the west edge of the community, with access from Exit 143 (South 320th Street) at the southwest corner of the CDP and from Exit 147 (South 272nd Street) at the northwest corner. I-5 leads north 21 miles (34 km) to downtown Seattle and south 11 miles (18 km) to Tacoma.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Lakeland North CDP has a total area of 3.4 square miles (8.7 km$^2$), of which 3.2 square miles (8.4 km$^2$) are land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km$^2$), or 3.24%, are water. Lake Dolloff is in the southern part of the community, and Star Lake is in the north.

## Demographics

At the 2000 census there were 15,085 people, 4,978 households, and 4,101 families in the CDP. The population density was 2,841.4 people per square mile (1,096.9/km$^2$). There were 5,067 housing units at an average density of 954.4/sq mi (368.4/km$^2$). The racial makup was 82.45% White, 3.41% African American, 1.07% Native American, 6.95% Asian, 0.50% Pacific Islander, 1.62% from other races, and 4.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.56%.
Of the 4,978 households 43.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.6% were non-families. 12.0% of households were one person and 2.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.29.
The age distribution was 30.0% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.
The median household income was $62,292 and the median family income was $64,158. Males had a median income of $45,199 versus $31,753 for females. The per capita income was $23,776. About 3.4% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.
# Henry Thambiah

Henry Wijeyakone Tambiah (1906–1997) was a Ceylonese academic, diplomat, lawyer and judge, born in Sri Lanka during British colonial rule. He was a Commissioner of Assize, High Commissioner and judge of the Supreme Courts of Ceylon and Sierra Leone.

## Early life and family

Tambiah was born on 28 May 1906 in Jaffna in northern province of Ceylon. He was the son of David Tambiah, a surveyor, and Thangamma, daughter of Dr William Thillayampalam Paul and sister of Dr S. C. Paul. Both his parents died when he was child. Tambiah was educated at St. John's College, Jaffna and Jaffna Central College from where he passed the London matriculation in the first division. His ambition was to be an engineer. After school he entered University College, Colombo and graduated in 1928 with a BSc (Hons) degree in maths and physics. He taught physics for a year before becoming interest in the legal profession. He joined Ceylon Law College in 1930 and qualified as an attorney-at-law in 1933, winning a prize for coming first in the examinations. He received a LLB (Hons) degree from the University of London in 1934, coming first amongst overseas students.
Tambiah married Leela, daughter of C. D. A. Sherrard from Point Pedro. They have four children – Gulendran, Rajendran Jeyanathan, Rajeswari and Anthony Sudir.

## Career

After qualifying Tambiah practised law. Tambiah also worked as a visiting lecturer University of Ceylon and Ceylon Law College and an examiner at the Council of Legal Education between 1938 and 1953. He obtained a PhD from the University of London in 1949 and in 1954 he was called to the Middle Temple. In 1956 he became a QC. He then joined the judicial service in 1956, serving as a Commissioner of Assize for five years before being appointed to the Supreme Court in 1960. He was a Supreme Court judge for twelve years.

## Later life

After retiring Tambiah moved to West Africa, serving as a judge on the Supreme Court of Sierra Leone and an appeals court judge in the Gambia. He was awarded a LLD by the University of London in 1973 for his services to Sri Lankan law. He was president of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka from 1974 to 1976. Tambiah returned to Sri Lankan in 1975 and started the Tamil section of the Law Faculty at the University of Colombo. He served as the Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Canada from September 1975 to December 1977. He then served as chair of the Law Commission.
Tambiah was awarded the Deshamanya title, the second highest civilian honour in Sri Lanka, in 1993. He died in 1997 aged 91.

## Works

Tambiah wrote many books during his life:
* Dominion of Ceylon
* Landlord and Tenant in Ceylon
* Law of Insolvency
* Laws and Customs of the Tamils of Jaffna (1950, Times of Ceylon)
* Laws and Customs of the Tamils of Ceylon (1954)
* Principles of Ceylon Law
* Sinhala Laws and Customs (1968)
* The Judicature of Sri Lanka in its Historical Aspects
# Omega League

The Omega League is a high school athletic conference that is affiliated with the CIF Southern Section. Members are primarily small independent schools in Los Angeles and Ventura counties. The league sponsors eight-man football.

## Members

* AGBU Manoukian High School, Pasadena
* Highland Hall Waldorf School, Northridge
* Hillcrest Christian School, Thousand Oaks
* Lighthouse Christian Academy, Santa Monica
* Newbury Park Adventist Academy, Newbury Park
* Ojai Valley School, Ojai
* Pilgrim School, Los Angeles
* San Fernando Valley Academy, Northridge
* Santa Clarita Valley International School, Castaic
* Summit View School, North Hollywood
* Westmark School, Encino
* Glendale Adventist Academy, Glendale
# Eduard Shevchenko

Eduard Hryhorovych Shevchenko (Ukrainian: Едуард Григорович Шевченко; born 19 April 1977) is a Ukrainian soldier of the Ukrainian Navy, captain 1st rank, head of the 73rd Naval Center of Special Operations [uk] between 2016 and 2017. Knight of the II and III degree Orders of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, full knight of the Order for Courage. He was detained by the Security Service of Ukraine on March 7, 2023, as an agent of Russian intelligence who was engaged in preparations for the capture by the Russian Army of the city of Ochakiv in the Mykolaiv Oblast during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
# Newbie

Newbie is a slang term for a novice, newcomer, or somebody inexperienced in a given profession or activity. In particular, it may refer to a new user of computers, and often concerns Internet activity, such as online gaming or Linux use.
The origin of this term is uncertain. Earliest uses probably date to late twentieth century United States Armed Forces jargon, though possible precursor terms date much earlier. The related term noob (often stylized as n00b) is frequently used in online gaming.

## History

The etymology of the term is uncertain. It may derive from "newie", which is attested in U.S. and Australian sources of the 1850s, meaning a neophyte in a place or situation; alternatively, it may derive from the British public school slang "new boy" or "new blood", which is attributed to the same era and was applied to a schoolboy in his first term.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the term "newbie" had a limited usage among U.S. troops in the Vietnam War as a slang term for a new man in a unit.
Another use of the term newbee was the moniker given to new U.S. Navy recruit students attending Basic Electricity and Electronics school by more senior students, a requisite course prior to enrollment in the A-school course at Naval Air Technical Training Center, Millington, Tennessee.
The earliest appearance of the term on the Internet may have been on the Usenet newsgroup talk.bizarre. By 1988, it had already entered online usage.
Coming from an oral tradition, the term has various spellings. Among alternative forms are "newby", "nubie", and "newbee" (e.g. Los Angeles Times of August 1985: "It had to do with newbees. I could be wrong on the spelling, but newbies are the rookies among the Blue Angels.").
In 2000, Electronic Arts released The Sims. The game featured a tutorial house with a family called The Newbies.

## Connotations of variants

Different spellings can have quite different connotations; so in some contexts a "newb" refers to a beginner who is willing to learn, while a "noob" refers disparagingly to an inexperienced or under-talented hacker or gamer who lacks the determination to learn.
The origin of "nub" means "non-usable body" in the context of military submarines. It referred to crew that were too new to contribute, while wasting precious oxygen.

## Similar terms in other languages

* In Korean, the equivalent term is chobo or hasu, the opposite of gosu, meaning "highly skilled".
* In Chinese, cainiao (simplified Chinese: 菜鸟; traditional Chinese: 菜鳥; pinyin: càiniǎo; lit. 'vegetable bird'). It either originated from Hong Kong or from the Taiwanese army. It became an Internet slang term used in the Chinese-speaking community.
# Koshelev (volcano)

Koshelev (Russian: Кошелев) is a complex stratovolcano located in the southern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. It consists of four stratovolcanoes, from which the Central Koshelev is the highest.
# Çârgâh

Çârgâh is the implementation of the Chahargah scale in Turkish makam music. Chargah makam was invented by Saddettin Arel so as to make an attempt to link traditional Turkish music with European scales. There are no traditional compositions in this makam, Hence it is not a true Turkish makam - see "The Music of Rumi" ISBN 978-0-9571665-0-9. It is in 53 Tone Equal Temperament. The makam is the central scale used within analysis in the Arel Ezgi Uzdilek system, this is not because this is a scale that's used a lot or otherwise central, but because it can be written without any accidentals.

## Çârgâh in 53-TET

Breakdown of the Çârgâh Makam :
| Components | Note | Note | Western Note | Steps to following note | Cents from Durak note | Function |
| Çârgâh pentachord | Kaba Çârgâh | Çârgâh | C | T (9) | 0 | Durak |
| Çârgâh pentachord | Yegâh | Neva | D | T (9) | 203.77 | |
| Çârgâh pentachord | Hüseynî Aşiran | Hüseynî | E | B (4) | 407.55 | |
| Çârgâh pentachord | Acem Aşiran | Acem | F | T (9) | 498.11 | |
| Çârgâh pentachord | Rast | Gerdaniye | G | T (9) | 701.89 | Güçlü |
| Çârgâh tetrachord | Rast | Gerdaniye | | T (9) | 701.89 | Güçlü |
| Çârgâh tetrachord | Dügâh | Muhayyer | A | T (9) | 905.66 | |
| Çârgâh tetrachord | Buselik | Tiz Buselik | B | B (4) | 1009.43 | |
| Çârgâh tetrachord | Çârgâh | Tiz Çârgâh | G | - | 1200.00 | Tiz Durak |

## Comparison with Western scales

Since the makam is based on 53-TET, it is impossible to directly tie it to 12-TET Western scales. However, using the 48-TET model, while worse than many other models in approximation, allows for such comparisons.
The approximation of Çârgâh within 48-TET would be the Major Scale.
# Adnan al-Husayni

Adnan Ghaleb al-Husayni (Arabic: عدنان غالب الحسيني) (born 1946) is a Palestinian politician, who was the Palestinian governor of Jerusalem and of the Quds Governorate between 2008 and 2018 when he was succeeded by Adnan Ghaith. He is also Waqf supervisor and a member of the Palestinian National Authority Higher Council of Tourism. He belongs to the al-Husayni family of Jerusalem, where he was born.

## History

In 1971, al-Husayni received a BA in architecture from Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Afterwards he began working as General-Manager and Supervisor of the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf. He served as head of the Palestinian Housing Council in Palestinian territories in 1999–2002. Since 1999, he has been a member of the Higher Council of Tourism.
# Gemcon Group

Gemcon Group (Bengali: জেমকন গ্রুপ) is a Bangladeshi diversified conglomerate based in Dhaka.

## History

Gemcon Group was established in 1979 through Castle Construction. It was founded by Kazi Shahid Ahmed who was also the chairperson of the group. It is a family owned company; Ahmed's three sons, Kazi Anis Ahmed, Kazi Inam Ahmed, and Kazi Nabil Ahmed, are directors of the company.
Kazi Shahid Ahmed is also the founder of the University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB). He died on 28 August 2023.
Gemcon group provides awards for writers and poets that it gives annually. It started as Kagoj Tarun Sahitya Puraskar. In 2003, the award was renamed to Best Book Award. It was renamed in 2007 Gemcon Sahitya Puroshkar.
Gemcon Group owned Ajker Kagoj. It closed the newspaper with a one-day notice to its employees. Kazi Anis Ahmed is the publisher of Dhaka Tribune and Bangla Tribune.
In January 2020, Gemcon announced it is in talks to acquire Agora Super Stores and merge it with Meena Bazar. The merger would make Meena Bazar the biggest retail chain in Bangladesh. Gemcon Khulna won the Bangabandhu T20 Cup in December 2020.

## Businesses

* Castle Construction
* Gemcon Limited
* Charka Steel Limited
* Kazi & Kazi Tea Estate sells Teatulia branded tea; the first organic tea in Bangladesh. The plantation is located in Panchagarh District.
* Gemcon Food & Agricultural Products Limited (Meena Bazar)
* Meena Click (an online grocery shop)
* Meena Sweets
* Gemcon City Limited
* Gem Jute
* Gemini Sea Food
* Organikare
* University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh
* Kazi Shahid Foundation
* Abahani Limited Dhaka
* Gemcon Khulna
* Meena Bazar, Super Store.
# Esben Hansen

Esben Hansen (born 10 August 1981) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He made his international debut for the Denmark national team in a game against Liechtenstein on 13 September 2007, when he was named in the starting 11.

## Honours

OB
* Danish Cup: 2006–07
# Vynohradove, Kherson Oblast

Vynohradove (Ukrainian: Виноградове) is a village (selo) in southern Ukraine, located in Kherson Raion, Kherson Oblast. Before 1946, it was named Chalbasy (Ukrainian: Чалбаси). It has a population of 4636 people. It is the center of Vynohradove rural hromada.

## Administrative status

Until July 2020, Vynohradove was in the Oleshky Raion of Kherson Oblast. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as a result of the administrative reform of Ukraine's districts, which reduced the number of raions of Kherson Oblast to five, merging Oleshky Raion into Kherson Raion.

## History

The village was founded as Chalbasy in 1794 as one of many destinations for exiled insurgents who had taken part in the Turbai uprising [uk; ru]. Before then, Chalbasy had been the site of a former Tatar settlement. The location in the steppes in which the village was built was "waterless". Additionally, imperial authorities forbade them from digging wells, forcing them to travel to the Dnipro river 50 kilometres (31 mi) away to collect water. The punishment for digging a well occasionally included hard labor. After a few years, residents eventually discovered a natural well in the wilderness. The prohibition on digging wells was only lifted by the beginning of the 19th century. By 1799, Chalbasy had 1,139 inhabitants, of whom 622 were men and 517 were women.
By 1886, 4788 people lived in Chalbasy, which also contained an Orthodox church and a school. As a result of the Holodomor, 195 people in the village died. In 1946, Chalbasy was renamed to Vynohradove.
Vynohradove was occupied by Russian forces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In June 2022, Kirill Stremousov, then the Russian-installed deputy leader of occupied Kherson Oblast complained about resistance from citizens of the village, specifically reporting on "sabotage" by the leader of Vynohradove rural hromada. On 11 May 2023, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy created a military administration for the village.

## Demographics

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, the native languages of the inhabitants were:
| Language | % |
| Ukrainian | 95.43% |
| Russian | 3.60% |
| Armenian | 0.65% |
| Belarusian | 0.06% |
| Hungarian | 0.02% |
| Romani | 0.02% |
| Others | 0.22% |
# Florence Baverstock

Florence Baverstock born Louisa Florence Blair (1860 – 8 September 1937) was an Australian journalist. She started writing by helping her father write books. She led the women's section of The Bulletin, The Daily Telegraph and the Sydney Morning Herald. She was chosen to be the inaugural President of the Australian Society of Women Writers.

## Life

Baverstock was born in 1860 in Melbourne. She had a sister named Lillian. Their parents were both immigrants. Her mother Annie (born Macpherson) was the sister of a politician. Her father David Blair was a journalist, writer and politician in Melbourne. Her father decided to write The History of Australasia and the Cyclopaedia Australasia. While she was in her teens she was helping her father in the construction of these books. They were published in 1878 and 1881. Her father further assisted her career when he became the editor of the newspaper The Age. She submitted articles to that paper.
She was involved with a periodical that was launched called "The Bohemian" in the 1880s. Its contributors were Florence and her sister Lillian and a group of moonlighting writers from The Argus. The editor forbade his writers from working elsewhere and paid them extra for their loyalty. Florence and Lillian became contributors but not employees of the Argus.
In 1895 veteran journalist Mary Hannay Foott interviewed Florence about her time on "The Bohemian" and about her and her sisters visit to Samoa. Florence had met Robert Louis Stevenson and his family who lived there. She championed him and she noted that he was well regarded by the Samoans who were much afraid of becoming a German colony. She and Lillian used the nom de plume of "Victorian Girl" jointly.
In 1896 she was employed by The Bulletin to lead their women's section. She was employed by the periodical, as their lead writer "Sappho Smith" (Ina Wildman) was ill and she died that year. She used the name "Cleo" when writing. A commentator who welcomed her appointment, noted that she was the only woman who had written a leader for The Argus. Her career was interrupted by marriage and three children, but she was employed again on the women's section in 1907. This time it was in Sydney for the Daily Telegraph.
In 1918 she retired from the Sydney Morning Herald in 1918 after leading its woman section from 1914. Her place was taken by Jean Williamson who was to also be a leader in writing for Australian women in newspapers.
In 1925 the Society of Women Writers was formed and Baverstock was the inaugural President. Her four vice-presidents were Pattie Fotheringhame, Mary Gilmore, Isobel Gullett and Mary Liddell and the aim was to encourage other women writers.
Baverstock died in the Sydney suburb of Mosman on 8 September 1937. She was buried in a family plot. The Melbourne Press Club includes her in their Hall of Fame.
# Thomas Stanes

Thomas Stanes (6 January 1837 – 30 January 1905) was an Anglo-Indian businessman and philanthropist.

## Early life

Stanes was the sixth of nine children of James Stanes, a glass and china shipping merchant of London, and his wife Sarah Poultney Worth. After education at College House, Edmonton, London, he arrived at Madras, Tamil Nadu, India on 26 June 1855 on the MS Hindustan. He was the elder brother of the celebrated Anglo-Indian businessman Sir Robert Stanes. Both Thomas and Robert founded Stanes schools in Tamil Nadu, Robert at Coimbatore in 1862 and Thomas at Coonoor in 1858.
Stanes opened the Adderley Estate shortly after his arrival. He purchased the Colacumbie Coffee Estate in 1865. These two businesses eventually led to the formation of the company T. Stanes and Co. in 1886 by combining the interests of Robert and Thomas Stanes. The company expanded beyond the coffee business into manufacturing, agricultural machinery, agrichemicals and the motor trade. T. Stanes and Co. was still trading 125 years after its foundation, although it is no longer owned by the Stanes family.

## Organisations started

* In 1858 Stanes started The Coonoor Day School, popularly known as The Stanes School in Coonoor, India. The school is one of the oldest in India, still in existence.
* In 1861 Stanes started T Stanes & Co along with his brother Robert Stanes.

## Death

Stanes died after being thrown from his horse on 30 January 1905. His body has been buried at the All Saints Church, Coonoor.