OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hortense Powdermaker

Hortense Powdermaker (December 24, 1896 – June 16, 1970) was an American anthropologist best known for her ethnographic studies of African Americans in rural America and of Hollywood.

## Early life and education

Born to a Jewish family, Powdermaker spent her childhood in Reading, Pennsylvania, and in Baltimore, Maryland. She studied history and the humanities at Goucher College, graduating in 1921. She worked as a labor organizer for the Amalgamated Clothing Workers but became dissatisfied with the prospects of the U.S. labor movement amid the repression of the Palmer Raids. She left the United States to study at the London School of Economics, where she met eminent anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski, who convinced her to embark on a course of doctoral studies. While at the LSE, Powdermaker also worked under and was influenced by other well-known anthropologists such as A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Raymond Firth.
Powdermaker completed her PhD on "leadership in primitive society" in 1928. Like her contemporaries, Powdermaker sought to identify her anthropological work with a "primitive" people and conducted fieldwork among the Lesu of New Ireland in present-day Papua New Guinea (Life in Lesu: The Study of a Melanesian Society in New Ireland. Williams & Norgate, London 1933).

## Academic work

After returning to the United States, Powdermaker was given an appointment at the new Rockefeller Foundation-supported Yale Institute of Human Relations. Director Edward Sapir encouraged her to apply ethnographic field methods to the study of communities in her own society. She remained at Yale between 1930 and 1937, during which time she conducted anthropological fieldwork in an African-American community in Indianola, Mississippi, in 1932-34 (After Freedom: A Cultural Study In the Deep South, 1939).
In 1938 she began working at Queens College, where she founded the departments of Anthropology and Sociology during a career spanning three decades. Subsequent research yielded Hollywood, the Dream Factory (1950), the first and still the only substantial anthropological study of the film industry. She then worked documenting the mining industry and the consumption of American media in Northern Rhodesia (Copper Town: Changing Africa, 1962).
Her final book, the memoir Stranger and Friend: The Way of an Anthropologist (1966), was her personal account of her anthropological career, from the beginning as a labor movement leader to her last field work in an African copper mining community.

## Later life and legacy

In 1968, Hortense Powdermaker retired from Queens College, where she had founded the department of anthropology and sociology, and moved to Berkeley, where she remained engaged in ethnographic fieldwork. She died two years later of a heart attack.
The building on the Queens College campus that houses the anthropology and sociology departments (along with other social science disciplines) is named in her memory.
# José Giral

José Giral y Pereira (22 October 1879 – 23 December 1962) was a Spanish politician, who served as the 75th Prime Minister of Spain during the Second Spanish Republic.

## Life

Giral was born in Santiago de Cuba. He had degrees in Chemistry and Pharmacy from the University of Madrid. In 1905 he became professor of chemistry in the University of Salamanca. He founded Acción Republicana with Manuel Azaña. During the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera he conspired against the regime, and was imprisoned three times. When the Second Republic was declared, he was named director of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and advisor of State. Between 1931 and 1933 he served as Minister of the Navy.
After the failure of Diego Martínez Barrio to form a government to restrain the military revolt of 17 July 1936, Azaña ordered Giral to form a new government constituted exclusively by republicans. Giral's government lasted from 19 July to 4 September 1936. Then, with the fall of Talavera de la Reina and the Army of Morocco within reach of Madrid, Giral was forced to cede power to Francisco Largo Caballero.
After the end of the Spanish Civil War he went to France, then to Mexico. In 1945 he succeeded Juan Negrín as prime minister of the Spanish Republican government in Exile until 1947.
He died in Mexico.
He married María Luisa González y de la Calle.

## Cabinet

Members of Giral's cabinet of 19 July 1936 – 4 September 1936 were:
| Ministry | Start | End | Officeholder | Party |
| Premier | 19 July 1936 | 4 September 1936 | José Giral | Republican Left |
| State (Foreign Affairs) | 19 July 1936 | 4 September 1936 | Augusto Barcía Trelles | Republican Left |
| Justice | 19 July 1936 | 4 September 1936 | Manuel Blasco Garzón | Republican Union |
| War | 19 July 1936 | 6 August 1936 | General Luis Castello Pantoja | Army |
| War | 6 August 1936 | 4 September 1936 | Juan Hernández Saravia | Army |
| Navy | 19 July 1936 | 22 August 1936 | José Giral | Republican Left |
| Navy | 22 August 1936 | 4 September 1936 | Francisco Maíz Sánchez | |
| Interior | 19 July 1936 | 4 September 1936 | General Sebastián Pozas Perea | Army |
| Finance | 19 July 1936 | 4 September 1936 | Enrique Ramos Ramos | Republican Left |
| Industry and Commerce | 19 July 1936 | 4 September 1936 | Plácido Álvarez-Buylla Lozana | Republican Union |
| Communications and Merchant Marine | 19 July 1936 | 4 September 1936 | Bernardo Giner de los Ríos | Republican Union |
| Public Works | 19 July 1936 | 4 September 1936 | Antonio Velao Oñate | Republican Left |
| Agriculture | 19 July 1939 | 4 September 1936 | Mariano Ruiz-Funes García | Republican Left |
| Education and Fine Arts | 19 July 1936 | 4 September 1936 | Francisco Barnés Salinas | Republican Left |
| Labor, Health and Planning | 19 July 1936 | 4 September 1936 | Joan Lluhí | Republican Left of Catalonia |
# Al Wathba, Abu Dhabi

Al Wathba (Arabic: ٱلْوَثْبَة, romanized: Al-Wathbah) is a suburb of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates that has a wetland nearby. It is located not too far from the international airport. It is also known as Zayed Festival village because Sheikh Zayed Festival, an important festival in Abu Dhabi, is held here.
Al wathba introduction After Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan became the Ruler of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 1966, he set about further developing the Emirate, spending on healthcare, education and infrastructure. As part of his plan to develop the city of Abu Dhabi, in the 1980s, he invited Sir William Atkins, of the company W.S. Atkins and Partners (Atkins), to plan the development of Abu Dhabi and what would become the satellites of Wathba, Shahama and Bani Yas, where a number of local Bedouins and immigrants from other parts of the Arabian Peninsula had settled under Sheikh Zayed's encouragement.

## Wetland reserve

Located between Bani Yas, Mussafah, and the Abu Dhabi–Al Ain Road, Al Wathba Wetland Reserve was established by Sheikh Zayed in 1998, and is home to birds like the greater flamingo, besides aquatic life. The reserve has been designated as a Ramsar site since 2013.

## Al Wathba Jail

in the 1990s, Filipino worker Sarah Balabagan was held here on charges of murdering her employer which she claims was an act self-defence. She was initially sentenced to death but was later pardoned after intervention from Sheikh Zayed. Her sentence was shortened to 1 year and she was later deported back to the Philippines.
In 2009, a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family, Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, was the subject of a lawsuit brought to him by his employee whom he allegedly imprisoned and tortured in Al Wathba Jail.
In 2011, Ahmad Mansoor, who received the prestigious Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders in 2015 was jailed for speech related activity “publishing false information and rumours", Mansoor was held in solitary confinement and prohibited access to a lawyer.In Al Wathba prison nobody is treated like prisoner because it provides access to rehabilitation programs, including vocational training, educational programs, and religious guidance aimed at reintegrating inmates into society.

## Notable events in Al Wathba

The following is a notable events in Al Wathba

### Sheikh Zayed Festival

The Sheikh Zayed Festival is one of the largest heritage events in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, which sheds light on multiple bright aspects of the heritage and culture of the United Arab Emirates

## Notable Person

* Hazza Al Mansouri, Emirati astronaut
# Louisiana African American Heritage Trail

Louisiana African American Heritage Trail (French: Sentier de l'héritage afro-américain de la Louisiane) is a cultural heritage trail with 38 sites designated by the state of Louisiana, from New Orleans along the Mississippi River to Baton Rouge and Shreveport, with sites in small towns and plantations also included. In New Orleans several sites are within a walking area. Auto travel is required to reach sites outside the city.
A variety of African-American museums devoted to art, history and culture are on the "trail", as is the Cane River Creole National Historical Park, and the first two churches founded by and for free people of color. The trail includes two extensive plantation complexes, with surviving slave quarters used by people who lived and worked at the plantations — until 1930 in one case, and into the 1960s at the other. Two historically black universities are also on the trail.
Mitch Landrieu, as Lieutenant Governor, supported the establishment of the cultural heritage trail in order to highlight the many contributions of African Americans to the culture of Louisiana and the United States; and to promote these sites as destinations for tourism, which is increasingly important to the state's economy. The state established the trail with 26 sites in 2008, more were added in 2012 and 2019, and the list was expanded to 38 with an announcement from Lieutenant Governor Billy Nungesser in 2022.

## Historic sites

Included in 2008 were:
* New Orleans
** Congo Square;
** New Orleans African American Museum;
** St. Augustine Church (New Orleans) in Tremé;
** St. Louis Cemeteries No. 1 and No. 2;
** French Market;
** Amistad Research Center, Tulane University
* Mahalia Jackson's grave, Providence Park Cemetery, Metairie;
* Arna Bontemps African American Museum (birthplace of writer of the Harlem Renaissance), Alexandria;
* Madam C.J. Walker's birthplace, Delta;
* Hermione Museum, Tallulah, Louisiana, one of four antebellum houses in the parish, has exhibit about Madam C. J. Walker;
* Melrose Plantation, center of Louisiana Créole culture;
* Laura Plantation, Vacherie;
* Evergreen Plantation, Wallace;
* River Road African American Museum, Donaldsonville;
* Grambling State University, Grambling;
* Tangipahoa African American Heritage Museum, Hammond;
* Port Hudson State Historic Site, Jackson;
* Whitney Plantation Historic District, Wallace;
* African American Museum, St. Martinville;
* St. Augustine Catholic Church and Cemetery, Natchez, Louisiana;
* Black Heritage Art Gallery, Central School Arts and Humanities Center, Lake Charles;
* Creole Heritage Folk Life Center, Opelousas;
* Cane River Creole National Historical Park-Creole Center, Natchitoches;
* Southern University, Baton Rouge;
* Southern University Archives Department, Baton Rouge;
* Multicultural Center of the South, Shreveport;
* Isle Brevelle, Natchitoches;
* Southern University Museum of Art, Shreveport;
* Northeast Louisiana Delta African American Heritage Museum, Monroe
# Brno-Chrlice

Brno-Chrlice is a city district in the south part of the city of Brno, Czech Republic. It consists of the municipal part and cadastral territory of Chrlice (German: Chirlitz), originally an independent municipality that was annexed to Brno in 1971. The current city district was established on 24 November 1990. About 3,600 people live here.

## Etymology

The name Chrlice was derived from the personal name Chrla (the basis of which is either the verb chrliti – 'to throw' or the adjective chrlý – 'quick') and meant "Chrla's people". The German name (Kirlitz in the oldest documents) originated from Czech.

## Geography

Brno-Chrlice borders with Brno-Tuřany in the north, the municipalities of Modřice in the west, Rebešovice and Otmarov in the south, and Sokolnice in the east. It has an area of 9.49 km$^2$. Outside the Chrlice urban area, there are extensive areas of arable land, which fill most of Chrlice.
For the purposes of the senate elections, Brno-Chrlice is included in electoral district 58 of Brno-City District.

## History

The first written mention of Chrlice dates from 1320. It was already in the possession of the Archdiocese of Olomouc at that time, but the village was divided into fiefs, the holders of which changed during the following centuries. At the end of the 16th century, Chrlice became the centre of the episcopal estate. In 1787, the village of Růžový, which was an independent municipality between 1875 and 1949, was founded on the site of a parceled yard, close to Chrlice.
Chrlice (and Růžová) were annexed into Brno on 26 November 1971. Until 31 December 1975, they were an independent district of Brno with their own local national committee. The district was first called Brno XIV-Chrlice, and from 1 May 1972, only Brno-Chrlice. From 1 January 1976 to 23 November 1990, Chrlice was part of the Brno IV district. Since 23 November 1990, the current city district of Brno-Chrlice was established.
Since 2005, Brno-Chrlice has its flag.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,135 | — |
| 1880 | 1,328 | +17.0% |
| 1890 | 1,534 | +15.5% |
| 1900 | 1,608 | +4.8% |
| 1910 | 1,694 | +5.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 1,814 | +7.1% |
| 1930 | 2,314 | +27.6% |
| 1950 | 2,382 | +2.9% |
| 1961 | 2,647 | +11.1% |
| 1970 | 2,565 | −3.1% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 3,121 | +21.7% |
| 1991 | 3,110 | −0.4% |
| 2001 | 3,176 | +2.1% |
| 2011 | 3,722 | +17.2% |
| 2021 | 3,613 | −2.9% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

The D2 motorway passes through the western part of Chrlice.
Brno-Chrlice is located on the railway line Letovice–Křenovice.
There is bus transport on route No. 64 on the route Chrlice to Maloměřice (Červený písek). There is also line number 78 from Židenice railway station or from the Olympia shopping mall in Modřice. Next, nightline number N95 from Kamenný vrch via the main railway station to the Chrlice loop. The regular bus line number 509 arrives in Chrlice from the direction of Měnín (some routes only go from/to Rajhradice).
# Keeler House

The Keeler House was a house in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles. It was completed in 1991 to the designs of American architect Ray Kappe and was destroyed in the January 2025 Palisades Fire.
The house was designed in a Modernist style by Kappe for Anne Keeler, a jazz singer, and her husband Gordon Melcher. The couple had originally engaged another architect before they approached Kappe. Keeler was an admirer of Kappe's 1967 residence on Brooktree Road in Pacific Palisades. It was a remodelling of the extant residence on the site. The house was 4,142 sq ft in size with 4 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms. The walls and floors of the house were made from concrete; redwood, teak and fir woods were also used throughout the house. The house used a cantilevered post-and-beam construction that was one of the last of its kind, due to newer California seismic codes and Title 24 building efficiency standards. It was completed in 1991 with the construction having taken four and a half years.
In April 2024 the house was put up for sale for $12 million. It was destroyed in the January 2025 Southern California wildfires.
The house was located at 16525 Akron Street in the Pacific Palisades area of Los Angeles.
# Honglou Times Square

Honglou Times Square (Chinese: 红楼时代广场) is a 313 metres (1,026.9 ft) tall skyscraper in Lanzhou, Gansu, China. Construction started in 2012 and was completed in 2018. It is the tallest building in Gansu.
The building was developed by the Lanzhou Minbai Group, a subsidiary of Zhejiang Honglou Group, at a cost of 2 billion yuan and constructed by Zhejiang Construction Group. On 13 April 2018, a fire broke out on the 11th floor while the building was still under construction.
The skyscraper has 59 floors in total, including 3 underground floors. On the 55th floor, at 240 m, there is a publicly accessible viewing area. In addition, there is a glass skywalk. The building is used for shopping malls, restaurants, entertainment, offices and hotels.

## Floor use

| Floor | Use |
| -3, -2 | Parking, utilities |
| -1 | Supermarket |
| 1-7 | Shopping mall |
| 8-14 | Leisure and entertainment |
| 15-37 | Offices |
| 38-53 | Marriott Hotel |
| 54-55 | Observatory |
# 1991 Yugoslav Open – Doubles

Vojtěch Flégl and Daniel Vacek were the defending champions, but Flégl chose to compete at Rome during the same week. Vacek teamed up with Tobias Svantesson and lost in the first round to José Luis Aparisi and Vicente Solves.
Gilad Bloom and Javier Sánchez won the title by defeating Richey Reneberg and David Wheaton 7–6, 2–6, 6–1 in the final.

## Seeds

* Richey Reneberg / David Wheaton (final)
* Tobias Svantesson / Daniel Vacek (first round)
* Gilad Bloom / Javier Sánchez (champions)
* Marcos Górriz / Andrei Olhovskiy (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | R Reneberg D Wheaton | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Eltingh M Oosting | 4 | 4 | | 1 | R Reneberg D Wheaton | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Garnett G Van Emburgh | 6 | 5 | 7 | | B Garnett G Van Emburgh | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | F Clavet J Clavet | 3 | 7 | 6 | | | | | | 1 | R Reneberg D Wheaton | 6 | 6 | | | | | | |
| 4 | M Górriz A Olhovskiy | 4 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 4 | M Górriz A Olhovskiy | 3 | 1 | | | | | | |
| WC | S Hiršzon B Orešar | 6 | 1 | 4 | 4 | M Górriz A Olhovskiy | 4 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Albano J Čihák | 5 | 1 | | | J Gunnarsson M Mortensen | 6 | 1 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Gunnarsson M Mortensen | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | R Reneberg D Wheaton | 6 | 6 | 1 |
| | S Patridge K Thorne | 6 | 3 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | G Bloom J Sánchez | 7 | 2 | 6 |
| | MI Năstase P Wekesa | 2 | 6 | 3 | | S Patridge K Thorne | 5 | 7 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Q | J Cunha e Silva M Ingaramo | 2 | 4 | | 3 | G Bloom J Sánchez | 7 | 5 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | G Bloom J Sánchez | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | G Bloom J Sánchez | 6 | 7 | 7 | | | | | |
| | A Mora J Oncins | 3 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | M Damm R Vogel | 7 | 5 | 5 | | | | | |
| | M Damm R Vogel | 6 | 4 | 7 | | M Damm R Vogel | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | JL Aparisi V Solves | 6 | 6 | | | JL Aparisi V Solves | 1 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | T Svantesson D Vacek | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Zachary Plavsic

Zachary Plavsic (Serbian: Захари Плавишић; born January 15, 1983) is a Canadian windsurfer of Serbian background. Plavsic was born and raised in the city of Vancouver, BC, Canada. He has represented Canada in two Olympic Games. In the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, Plavsic finished 23rd. In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom, Plavsic placed in 8th. In the 2011 ISAF Sailing World Cup, Plavsic finished Second and at the 2011 ISAF Sailing World Championships, Plavsic finished in 12th spot.
# Carpet Museum of Iran

Located beside Laleh Park in Tehran the Carpet Museum of Iran was established by the order of Shahbanu Farah Pahlavi in 1976 to exhibit a variety of Persian carpets from all over Iran.
The museum's exhibition hall occupies 3,400 square metres (37,000 sq ft) and its library contains approximately 7,000 books. The museum was designed by architect Abdol-Aziz Mirza Farmanfarmaian.
# HMS Newcastle (1750)

HMS Newcastle was a 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built by Peirson Lock at Portsmouth Dockyard and launched in 1750 for active service during the Seven Years' War against France. Principally engaged in defending British settlements in India, she was wrecked in a storm off Pondicherry in January 1761.

## Fate

On 1 January 1761, a cyclone off Pondicherry, drove Newcastle, HMS Queenborough, and HMS Protector onshore, where they wrecked. Newcastle was able to leave harbour, but the wind shifted, impeding her and eventually driving her ashore two miles south of Pondicherry. The same storm also caught HMS Duc D'Aquitaine and HMS Sunderland. They tried to get out to open water, but were unable to. When they anchored the sea overwhelmed them and they both foundered, each with the loss of almost all on board. The former Captain, Sir Digby Dent, survived, having transferred command to Captain Richard Collins exactly one year before. Collins also survived the wreck.
# Christingle

A Christingle is a symbolic object used in the Advent, Christmas, and Epiphany services of many Christian denominations. It symbolises the birth of Christ, the Light of the World. A modern Christingle is made from a candle in an orange (representing the light and the world respectively) which is typically decorated with a red ribbon and sweets or dried fruit. It has been a feature in Moravian churches across the United Kingdom since before the World Wars. As members of Moravian churches moved away from their home congregations, they took the custom of Christingles with them and introduced it to other denominations. In the 1960s John Pensom adopted it as a fundraising tool for the Children's Society of the Church of England.

## History

The history of the Christingle can be traced back to Moravian Bishop Johannes de Watteville, who started the tradition in Germany in 1747 as "an attempt to get children to think about Jesus". At that time it was just a red ribbon wrapped around a candle; it is unclear how an orange came to be incorporated into the Christingle.
In the intervening years, the Moravian Church spread the tradition of Christingle through their early role in the Protestant missionary movement.
The custom was popularized in the United Kingdom by John Pensom in 1968. He was raising funds for the charity The Children's Society. In the 2000s, over 5,000 Christingle services, in which children are presented with Christingles, were being held in the UK every year. In 2018, over 6,000 services were held for The Children's Society. Each year, Christingle raises over £1.2 million to help vulnerable young people.
In 2018, The Children's Society launched its #Christingle50 campaign, which included festive services in schools and churches for the 50th year.

## Construction

A Christingle usually consists of:
* An orange, representing the world
* A candle pushed into the centre of the orange, then lit, representing Jesus Christ as Light of the World
* A red ribbon wrapped around the orange or a paper frill around the candle, representing the blood of Christ
* Dried fruits and/or sweets skewered on cocktail sticks pushed into the orange, representing the fruits of the earth and the four seasons.
Alternate additions to the Christingle include:
* Aluminium foil placed underneath and around the base of the candle, to prevent accidental burns from molten candle wax
* Cloves studded into the orange, as a replacement for the dried fruits and/or sweets, making it into a modern pomander
* Glow sticks were introduced at Chelmsford Cathedral in the UK in 2006 as a safer alternative to candles, due to concerns of children's hair catching on fire.

## Etymology

The name Christingle probably derives from a German dialectical word Christkindl, meaning 'Christ-child' or 'Christmas gift'. Alternatively, according to a BBC source, the name means 'Christ Light', given that the orange and candle symbolise the Light of the World.