# Federal statistical system

In the United States, the federal statistical system (FSS) refers to a decentralized network of federal agencies which produce data and official statistics about the people, economy, natural resources, and infrastructure of the country. It is led by the Chief Statistician of the United States (CSOTUS) and the Interagency Council on Statistical Policy and is composed of 13 principal statistical agencies and 3 recognized statistical units, 24 Statistical Officials (across 24 major cabinet agencies), approximately 100 additional federal statistical programs engaged in statistical activities, and several cross system interagency and advisory bodies.

## Background

In contrast to many other countries, the United States does not have a primary statistical agency. Instead, the statistical system is decentralized, with 13 statistical agencies, two of which are independent agencies and the remaining 11 generally located in different government departments. This structure keeps statistical work in close proximity to the various cabinet-level departments that use the information. In addition, three other statistical units of government agencies are recognized by the OMB as having statistical work as part of their mission.
As of fiscal year 2013 (FY13), the 13 principal statistical agencies have statistical activities as their core mission and conduct much of the government's statistical work. A further 89 federal agencies were appropriated at least $500,000 of statistical work in FY11, FY12, or FY13 in conjunction with their primary missions. All together, the total budget allocated to the federal statistical system is estimated to be $6.7 billion for FY13. In FY20, FY21, and FY22, the total budgets allocated to the federal statistical system are estimated to be $12.0, $7.0, and $7.1 billion, respectively. The larger budget size of FY20 is attributable to the 2020 census, amounting to 54% of the FY20 budget.
The federal statistical system is coordinated through the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB establishes and enforces statistical policies and standards, ensures that resources are proposed for priority statistical programs, and approves statistical surveys conducted by the Federal government under the Paperwork Reduction Act. The Chief Statistician of the United States, also housed within OMB, provides oversight, coordination, and guidance for federal statistical activities, working in collaboration with leaders of statistical agencies.

## Centralization efforts

To streamline operations and reduce costs, several proposals have been made to consolidate the federal statistical system into fewer agencies, or even a single agency. In 2011, President Barack Obama's proposal to reorganize the U.S. Department of Commerce included placing several statistical agencies under one umbrella.

## Principal statistical agencies

Principal statistical agencies :
| Agency | Department | Established | FY13 budget est. (millions) | FY22 budget est. (millions) |
| Census Bureau | U.S. Department of Commerce | 1903 | $1,000.4 | $1,518.8 |
| Bureau of Labor Statistics | U.S. Department of Labor | 1884 | $618.2 | $700.1 |
| National Center for Education Statistics | U.S. Department of Education | 1867 | $317.0 | $333.6 |
| National Agricultural Statistics Service | U.S. Department of Agriculture | 1961 | $179.5 | $193.7 |
| National Center for Health Statistics (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | 1960 | $161.8 | $175.4 |
| Energy Information Administration | U.S. Department of Energy | 1977 | $116.4 | $126.8 |
| Bureau of Economic Analysis | U.S. Department of Commerce | 1972 | $96.5 | $112.7 |
| Economic Research Service | U.S. Department of Agriculture | 1961 | $77.4 | $90.6 |
| Bureau of Justice Statistics | U.S. Department of Justice | 1979 | $68.0 | $54.4 |
| National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (National Science Foundation) | Independent agency | 1950 | $42.6 | $72.6 |
| Statistics of Income Division (Internal Revenue Service) | U.S. Department of the Treasury | 1862 | $39.5 | $41.3 |
| Bureau of Transportation Statistics | U.S. Department of Transportation | 1992 | $38.0 | $26.0 |
| Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics (Social Security Administration) | Independent agency | 1935 | $29.3 | $37.8 |
Total staff levels of principal statistical agencies 2019-2022 :
| Agency | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| Census Bureau | 46,117 | 317,661 | 37,573 | 17,403 |
| Bureau of Labor Statistics | 2,193 | 2,200 | 2,228 | 2,360 |
| National Center for Education Statistics | 93 | 93 | 96 | 98 |
| National Agricultural Statistics Service | 894 | 870 | 892 | 911 |
| National Center for Health Statistics (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) | 501 | 481 | 486 | 481 |
| Energy Information Administration | 333 | 359 | 359 | 366 |
| Bureau of Economic Analysis | 503 | 455 | 495 | 495 |
| Economic Research Service | 316 | 329 | 275 | 332 |
| Bureau of Justice Statistics | 56 | 50 | 53 | 53 |
| National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (National Science Foundation) | 57 | 57 | 54 | 54 |
| Statistics of Income Division (Internal Revenue Service) | 139 | 140 | 144 | 138 |
| Bureau of Transportation Statistics | 60 | 61 | 63 | 80 |
| Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics (Social Security Administration) | 80 | 70 | 69 | 68 |
Number of Statisticians, Economists, Research Scientists, and Other Statistical Personnel in Principal Statistical Agencies Year 2022 :
| Agency | Statisticians | Economists | Research Scientists | Other Statistical Personnel |
| Census Bureau | 2,252 | 117 | 0 | 0 |
| Bureau of Labor Statistics | 165 | 1,169 | 10 | 370 |
| National Center for Education Statistics | 55 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| National Agricultural Statistics Service | 591 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| National Center for Health Statistics (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) | 168 | 0 | 87 | 0 |
| Energy Information Administration | 84 | 84 | 66 | 10 |
| Bureau of Economic Analysis | 8 | 284 | 0 | 51 |
| Economic Research Service | 3 | 248 | 0 | 3 |
| Bureau of Justice Statistics | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (National Science Foundation) | 25 | 3 | 0 | 14 |
| Statistics of Income Division (Internal Revenue Service) | 21 | 42 | 0 | 1 |
| Bureau of Transportation Statistics | 24 | 15 | 0 | 41 |
| Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics (Social Security Administration) | 2 | 17 | 17 | 32 |
Note: Statisticians include statisticians and mathematical statisticians, and research scientists include health scientists, epidemiologists, and educational research scientists. Other statistical personnel may include social science analysts, social insurance administrators, economic assistants, geographers, spatial data analysts, program supervisors, program managers, program analysts, accountants, general engineers, mechanical engineers, writers and editors, visual designers, geologists, cartographers, librarians, operations research analysts, mathematicians, statistical assistants, transportation specialists, transportation industry analysts, and information technology managers—position.

## Statistical units

These are subcomponents of agencies recognized by the OMB as having statistical work as part of their mission:
* Microeconomic Surveys Unit (Federal Reserve Board of Governors)
* Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services)
* National Animal Health Monitoring System (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Department of Agriculture)

## Cross system bodies
### Interagency Council on Statistical Policy

Started in 1989, the Interagency Council on Statistical Policy (ICSP) was originally created to improve communication among the heads of the principal statistical agencies, and later was charged with advising and assisting the CSOTUS. The Evidence Act expanded membership to include the newly established Statistical Officials across major cabinet agencies, 11 of which are also heads of principal statistical agencies. The ICSP, led by the CSOTUS, supports implementation of the statistical system's vision to operate as a seamless system, working together to provide strategic vision and robust implementation in support of the U.S. Federal statistical system's critical longstanding — and expanding — role for supporting evidence-based decision-making. For example, the ICSP sets strategic goals for modernizing the statistical system, as well as enhancing coordination and collaboration across the system, recognizing the efficiencies and advancements possible when taking advantage of the whole system's statistical infrastructure and expertise.

### Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology

The mission of the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology (FCSM) includes advising the CSOTUS and ICSP on methodological and statistical issues that affect the quality of Federal data. The FCSM sponsors regular conferences, hosts seminars and workshops, sponsors interest groups on statistical methodology topics of broad Federal interest, and develops best practices and tools to support the Federal statistical system and the broader Federal data community.

### Federal Economic Statistics Advisory Committee

The Federal Economic Statistics Advisory Committee (FESAC) advises the Directors of the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of the Census and the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics on statistical methodology and other technical matters related to the collection, tabulation, and analysis of federal economic statistics.