# Singapore–United Kingdom relations

Singapore–United Kingdom relations, also referred to as British–Singaporean relations, refers to the bilateral relations between the Republic of Singapore and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations and are marked by historical, cultural, institutional and language ties, extensive people-to-people links, aligned security interests, sporting tournaments, and significant trade and investment co-operation.

## Country comparison

| Common name | Singapore | United Kingdom |
| Official Name | Republic of Singapore | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
| Coat of Arms | | |
| Flag | | |
| Population | 5,638,700 | 67,886,004 |
| Area | 725.7 km$^2$ (280.2 sq mi) | 242,495 km$^2$ (93,628 sq mi) |
| Population Density | 7,804/km$^2$ (20,210/sq mi) | 270.1/km$^2$ (700/sq mi) |
| Time zones | 1 | 1 |
| Capital | Singapore (City-state) | London |
| Largest City | Singapore – 5,638,700 (City-state) | London – 8,961,989 (14,257,962 Metro) |
| Government | Unitary dominant-party parliamentary constitutional republic | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
| Established | 1299 (Founding of the Kingdom of Singapore) 9 August 1965 (Proclamation of Singapore) | 1535 & 1542 (Annexation of Wales to England) 1603 (Union of the Crowns) 1707 (Acts of Union of England and Scotland) |
| Head of State | Tharman Shanmugaratnam | Charles III |
| Head of Government | Lawrence Wong | Keir Starmer |
| Deputy Leader | Heng Swee Keat | Angela Rayner |
| Legislature | Parliament of Singapore | Parliament of the United Kingdom |
| Official/National Languages | English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay, Tamil | English |
| National Anthem | Majulah Singapura (Onward Singapore) | God Save the King |
| National carrier | Singapore Airlines | British Airways |
| International airport | Changi Airport | Heathrow Airport |
| Public broadcasting | Mediacorp | BBC |
| Military | Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) Singapore Army (SA) Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) Digital and Intelligence Service | British Armed Forces British Army (BA) Royal Air Force (RAF) Royal Navy (RN) |
| Law Enforcement Agency | Singapore Police Force (SPF) | National Crime Agency (NCA) |
| GDP (nominal) | $372.807 billion | $2.744 trillion |
| GDP (nominal) per capita | $68,487 | $41,030 |
| GDP (PPP) | $615.698 billion | $3.131 trillion |
| GDP (PPP) per capita | $107,604 | $46,827 |
| Currency | Singapore dollar (SG$) | Pound sterling (GB£) |
| Human Development Index | 0.935 (very high) | 0.920 (very high) |

## History

Britain first established a settlement on the island of Singapore in 1819 under Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, and took possession of the whole island in 1823. It formally became a British colony in 1824, and remained in British hands (apart from the Japanese occupation of 1941-45) until 1963, until the island was granted independence as part of Malaysia. Between 1963 and 1965, Singapore formed part of Malaysia. The British Armed Forces maintained a presence in Singapore at the request of the founding Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew for stability reasons and to allow for a gradual transition to independence and self-reliance. After the end of the Malayan Emergency and Konfrontasi, the British military gradually withdrew during the 1960s and 1970s, with the infrastructure turned over to the fledgling Singapore Armed Forces.
As a result of the long historical relationship, English is one of Singapore's 4 official languages (see Singapore English).

## Bilateral relations

The United Kingdom co-operates with Singapore on a wide range of international issues. Singapore's non-permanent membership of the UN Security Council (2001/02) further intensified bilateral contacts on key issues affecting international peace and security. The UK and Singapore have also been closely co-operating in the area of counter terrorism and counter proliferation, both politically and operationally.

### Defence

Since 1971, the two countries have co-operated militarily through the Five Power Defence Arrangements, which involve annual joint exercises with other partners Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand. The UK has a defence attache in Singapore and a logistics supply depot, known as the British Defence Singapore Support Unit (BDSSU), in Sembawang. In contrast, Singapore has no military attache in their High Commission in London. An EU Centre report suggests that Singapore's defence attache to the UK is located in the embassy in Paris. A recent news report stated that the UK wished to increase its defence cooperation with Singapore.

### Trade and investment

Singapore is the United Kingdom's largest trading partner in Southeast Asia, with two thirds of UK exports to this region flowing into Singapore. UK exports of goods only to Singapore in 2010 were valued at £3.29billion, a 15% increase from 2009 while imports of goods from Singapore in 2010 were valued at £3.99billion, an 18% increase from 2009. The top exports of UK goods to Singapore are power generating machinery, beverages and general industrial machinery while the top exported goods from Singapore were organic chemical, power generating machinery and office machines. As of 2009, Singapore was the UK's 11th largest market for services exports.
There are few import tariffs from Singapore who supports the World Trade Organization process fully. Singapore was the first ASEAN country to commence negotiations with the EU for a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The two countries signed a continuity free trade agreement on 10 December 2020, which came into effect on 1 January 2021. The United Kingdom has completed negotiations to accede to Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership on 31 March 2023, of which Singapore is a founding member.
The UK and Singapore have signed a Digital Economy Agreement (DEA). As a result of the agreement, businesses and consumers can now benefit from: open digital markets, including guaranteed tariff-free flow of digital content, free flow of trusted data guaranteed protections for personal data and intellectual property, and cheaper trade through the adoption of digital trading systems.
The UK is the fourth largest foreign investor in Singapore with cumulative stock of £23.5 billion at end 2009. There are over 31,000 British nationals and some 700 British companies in Singapore. Many of the major long-term British investors have increased their footprint in Singapore recently, including Barclays, Dyson, HSBC, Rolls-Royce, Shell and Standard Chartered. There has also been a significant increase in the number of British SMEs entering the market and British universities establishing collaborative partnerships with Singapore's educational institutions.
The UK attracts over two thirds of all Singaporean investment into the European Union with a cumulative stock of £20.6 billion with financial and insurance services, real estate and ICT being the most significant sectors.

### State visits

In 2011, six dignitaries from the United Kingdom visited Singapore, including Peter Ricketts, the national security advisor, in January, Martin Donnelly, BIS permanent secretary, in February, John Aston, FCO special representative for climate change, in March, Jeremy Browne, minister of state at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, in April, Liam Fox, secretary of state for defence, in June and The Duke of York in September. The two Singaporean dignitaries who visited the United Kingdom in 2011 are Ow Foong Pheng, permanent secretary Singapore Ministry of Trade & Industry in September and Tony Tan, President of Singapore in December. In October 2014, Tony Tan made the first official state visit of a president of Singapore to the United Kingdom and was hosted by Queen Elizabeth and the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.

## Academic exchanges

Education links between Singapore and the United Kingdom are strong. As of 2011, more than 3,000 Singaporeans were studying in the United Kingdom and the British Council estimate that around 80,000 UK qualifications are awarded annually in Singapore through "twinning" programmes. Due to Singapore's membership in the Commonwealth, Singaporean students qualify for scholarships such as the Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan and Chevening Scholarship to further their studies in the United Kingdom. Links in the arts are also strong with many British artists and organisations being invited to perform and the established presence of British music examination boards such as ABRSM.
The British Council has a large presence teaching English to around 20,000 Singaporeans and foreign nationals. Current British Council projects focus on the internationalisation of education, developing young leaders to take action against climate change and the exchange of knowledge and expertise in the arts and creative industries.

## Resident diplomatic missions

* Singapore has a high commission in London.
* United Kingdom has a high commission in Singapore.