OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chris Wherry

Chris Wherry (born July 18, 1973) is a former professional road racing cyclist from Boulder, Colorado. In 2006, he wore the jersey of the United States National Road Race Champion, having won the event in 2005.
Wherry is one of a series of professional riders who started in the sport through the Red Zinger Mini Classics youth bicycle series in Colorado.

## Major results
### 1996

    1st Road race, National Amateur Road Championships

### 1998

    3rd Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic

### 1999

    1st Overall Tour of the Gila
    2nd Overall Fitchburg Longsjo Classic
    3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
    3rd Overall Coors Classic
    4th Overall Tour of Japan

### 2000

    3rd Overall Ringerike GP
    9th Overall Tour de Langkawi

### 2001

    3rd Overall Tour de Langkawi
    3rd Overall Cascade Classic
       1st Stage 1
    5th Overall Tour du Limousin
    9th San Francisco Grand Prix

### 2002

    1st Overall Saturn Cycling Classic
    1st Overall Tour of the Gila
    1st Overall Cascade Classic
    1st Overall Valley of the Sun Stage Race
    2nd First Union Invitational

### 2004

    1st Stage 2 Boulder Stage Race
    6th Time trial, National Road Championships

### 2005

    National Road Championships
       1st Road race/Philadelphia International Cycling Classic
       5th Time trial
    1st Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic
       1st Prologue
    1st Stage 3 International Tour de Toona
    3rd Overall UCI America Tour

### 2006

    1st Overall Cascade Classic
       1st Stage 1
    1st Stages 2 & 3 Tour of Utah
    1st Stage 3 Tour de Nez
    5th Road race, National Road Championships
    7th Overall Tour of the Gila
    8th Reading Classic

### 2007

    4th Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic
    4th Overall Tour de Toona
# Calzadilla

Calzadilla (Spanish pronunciation:) is a municipality located in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2006 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 491 inhabitants.
# Douaya clashes

The Douaya clashes took place on October 1 during the Mali War, just three days after the Timbuktu attack where 2 civilians were killed.

## Clashes

On October 1, 2013, a confrontation took place between the French forces and Islamist fighters. On that day, the French were informed that jihadists had arrived at the Douaya market, approximately 120 kilometers north of Timbuktu, using several pick-up trucks. A helicopter was dispatched to the scene, but the jihadists fled upon seeing it. However, one of the vehicles was located later in the day. The helicopter fired warning shots, but the militants disembarked from the pick-up and opened fire. Subsequently, about fifty soldiers from the French Special Forces engaged in the ground operation. The clash lasted for four hours. According to the French army's account, all ten individuals who had exited the pick-up were "neutralized".
# N'Tillit clashes

On October 16, 2014, clashes broke out between the pro-government GATIA miltiia and the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad in N'Tillit, Mali.

## Background

The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) consists of Ifoghas Tuaregs, and rebelled against the Malian government in 2012. Imghad Tuaregs, who are considered by Ifoghas to be a vassal clan of Tuaregs, created the GATIA militia that supported the Malian state. By 2014, peace negotiations were ongoing between the Malian government and Platform, a coalition of pro-government rebels including GATIA and loyalist factions of the Arab Movement of Azawad (MAA), and the Coordination of Azawad Movements, which included the MNLA.

## Battle

GATIA fighters attacked an MNLA outpost in N'Tillit on October 16, claiming retaliation for the forced disarmament of a GATIA fighter in his home by MNLA fighters. The group denounced the disarmament as unacceptable. The MNLA denounced the attack in a press release, and accused the Malian Army of supporting GATIA in the attack. The Malian Army denounced these claims, stating that GATIA was autonomous.
MINUSMA confirmed the presence of loyalist MAA fighters before the battle, and stated that the presence of the MAA was due to residents backing up the presence of the MNLA. GATIA fighters arrived on nineteen to twenty pickups, with fighting lasting for more than six hours. The MNLA claimed to have fought until 5:30pm before being forced to retreat. Shortly afterward, GATIA seized the village, and claimed to also capture the nearby town of Tessit.
A detachment of Nigerien peacekeepers from MINUSMA arrived in the village on the evening of October 16. A Dutch drone and a helicopter flew over the village for the rest of the evening.

## Aftermath

A MINUSMA source told AFP that at least four MNLA fighters were killed and three GATIA fighters were killed. Six were wounded in total on both sides. The MNLA stated two fighters were killed and three were injured, in conjunction to fourteen GATIA fighters killed and nine injured. The Malian government released a statement condemning the violence and expressing condolences to the victims, while also reaffirming they didn't intervene.
# Battle of Ndaki

Between October 16 and 17, 2018, joint Franco-Malian forces clashed with Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin in a forest near Ndaki, Mali.

## Prelude

In 2017, five jihadist groups - Ansar Dine, Al-Mourabitoun, Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa, Katibat Macina, and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb - that initially rebelled against the Malian government amidst the Tuareg rebellion in 2012, merged to form Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin. JNIM grew in power in late 2017, and soon intensified operations in southern Gao Region and Mopti Region.
The Ndaki region is considered a hotspot for Katibat Macina activity, in particular Katibat 3A, named for their leader Almansour Ag Alkassam.

## Battle

A skirmish broke out between joint Franco-Malian forces in a forest near Ndaki on October 16. Around fifty jihadists attackd Malian forces in the forest from two sides. Malian forces alerted nearby French forces in Operation Barkhane, who sent air support. The French helicopters came under small arms fire from the militants, and the helicopter subsequently responded. Ground troops were soon deployed, and the clashes continued into October 17. Patrick Steiger, spokesman for the French Armed Forces, stated that "tenacity of the terrorists...suggested that it was either a site important to them or someone important was present." That leader was likely Alkassam.
JNIM abandoned their camp on October 17, after which Malian and French forces seized the site.

## Aftermath

Two Malian soldiers were injured in the clashes, and one jihadist was killed. Steiger claimed that other wounded or killed jihadists were likely taken away by Katiba 3A overnight.
# Casar de Palomero

Casar de Palomero is a municipality located in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,343 inhabitants.
Casar de Palomero is historically not part of Las Hurdes region. However, it eventually merged with the other municipalities of the comarca to form the Mancomunidad de Las Hurdes.
# Kõliküla

Kõliküla is a village in Võru Parish, Võru County in southeastern Estonia.
# 2022 Bandiagara highway bombing

On October 13, 2022, an IED hit a civilian bus travelling along the Bandiagara-Goundaka highway in rural Mali, killing 10 civilians and injuring dozens more. The attack was alleged to be coordinated by Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM).

## Prelude

The tri-state area between Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger has been a hub of jihadist violence since 2013, escalating in 2015. The area is home to several jihadist groups, including Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin, Islamic State in the Greater Sahara, and Ansar ul Islam. In these areas, these militant groups often conduct bombings or ambushes along the highway against Malian, Nigerien, and Burkinabe troops, although they often conduct attacks against civilians. In 2022, the United Nations reported an increase in civilian attacks in rural Mali, especially due to roadside bombs. The Mopti region, where Bandiagara is located, was the deadliest region for these attacks, due to fighting between the army, pro-government and ethnic civilian militias, and the jihadist groups across the Mali-Burkina Faso border. Two deadly bus bombings and ambushes occurred in northern Burkina Faso in September 2022, with one in Silgadji and one in Gaskinde killing a total of over seventy people, including dozens of civilians.

## Bombing

On the afternoon of October 13, a civilian convoy was travelling between Bandiagara and Goundaka, when they hit an IED near the village of Sibo. Moussa Houseyni, the leader of the Bandiagara Youth Association, in conjunction with local hospitals, claimed that the death toll was eleven killed and fifty-three people injured. A local policeman, speaking to Libération, claimed all the dead were civilians. Data from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) suggested the perpetrator was Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin.
# Cañaveral, Spain

Cañaveral is a municipality in the province of Cáceres, an autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. The municipality covers an area of 86.48 square kilometres (33.39 sq mi) and as of 2011 had a population of 1248 people. 39°47′N 6°24′W﻿ / ﻿39.783°N 6.400°W﻿ / 39.783; -6.400
# Métis Population Betterment Act

The Métis Population Betterment Act was a 1938 act of the Alberta Legislature in Canada that created a committee of members of the Métis and the government to plot out lands for allocation to the Métis. Twelve areas were mapped out for this purpose, with the idea of creating ongoing cooperation between the Métis and Crown representatives toward the improvement of quality of life for the Métis. In 1940, however, certain revisions in the act's effects reduced the role of the Métis in their affairs, leaving them in charge of land occupation and timber, among several other things. Throughout the subsequent decade, the Métis received government funds to construct schools, roads, housing, engage in commercial fishing, and extracting timber. Meanwhile, it came to light that certain lands given to the Métis were insufficient to create a living for the people placed there, and these settlements were rescinded. By 1960, only eight of the original lands were still in the hands of the Métis.
# Rachna Doab

Rachna Doab (Punjabi: رچنا دوآب) can be classified as one of the main regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Punjab historically has been divided into regions based on its various rivers, since the name Punjab is based on its five main rivers. Rachna Doab is a Doab or tract of land in the Punjab region, encompassing all the area lying between the Ravi and Chenab Rivers, all the way from the Jammu Division till their confluence in Punjab, Pakistan. It lies between 30° 35' and 32° 50' N. and 71° 50' and 75° 3' E. The name was given by the Mughal emperor Akbar, by combining the first syllables of the names of the two rivers.

## Districts

Rachna doab covers Narowal District, Sialkot District, Jammu District, Kathua District, Samba district, Udhampur district, Gujranwala District, Hafizabad District, Sheikhupura District, Nankana Sahib District, Faisalabad District, Toba Tek Singh District, Chiniot District (excluding Lalian Tehsil) and Jhang District (excluding Athara Hazari Tehsil and Ahmedpur Sial Tehsil).

## Major cities

Major cities of this doab are Narowal, Sialkot, Jammu, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Narowal, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang, Hafizabad, and Wazirabad.
# Restrepia elegans

Restrepia elegans, commonly called the elegant restrepia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is native to Colombia and northwestern Venezuela.
# Izzy Weinstock

Isadore "Izzy" Weinstock (June 27, 1913 – September 26, 1997) was an American professional football player. Weinstock attended James M. Coughlin High School in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and the University of Pittsburgh. He played college football for the Pitt Panthers football team from 1932 to 1934 and was selected by the Newspaper Enterprise Association and the North American Newspaper Alliance as a first-team fullback on the 1934 College Football All-America Team. He was also chosen as a second-team All-American by the Associated Press. He also played professional football as a fullback in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1935, and for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1937 and 1938. Weinstock sustained a broken nose and thereafter became one of the first football players to wear a face mask.
Weinstock served as a lieutenant in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He was the head coach and a player for the 1943 Spokane Air Service Commandos football team.
Weinstock died on September 26, 1997, at his home in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, following a long illness.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall |
| Spokane Air Service Commandos (Independent) (1943) ||||||
| 1943 | Spokane Air Service | 2–2 |
| Spokane Air Service: | Spokane Air Service: | 2–2 |
| Total: | Total: | 2–2 |
# Ludwik Pociej

Ludwik Konstanty Pociej (Lithuanian: Liudvikas Pociejus) (1664–1730) was a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman, podkomorzy of Brest, podskarbi, castelan and voivode of Vilnius, Great and Field Hetman of Lithuania.
# West Rudham

West Rudham is a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village straddles the A148 King's Lynn to Cromer road. It covers an area of 11.81 km$^2$ (4.56 sq mi) and had a population of 213 in 97 households at the 2001 census, the population including Houghton and increasing to 288 at the 2011 census. For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of King's Lynn and West Norfolk.
West Rudham also includes the village of Pockthorpe.

## History

The villages name means 'Rudda's homestead/village' or 'Rudda's hemmed-in land'. There is evidence of occupation during the Middle Ages. In 2016, archaeological test pits were dug. The report was published in 2019.
# Michelle Menzies

Michelle Menzies (born April 28, 1972 in Halifax, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian former pair skater. With partner Jean-Michel Bombardier, she won the gold medal at the Canadian Figure Skating Championships in 1995 and 1996.

## Results
### Pairs with Bombardier

International :
| Event | 92–93 | 93–94 | 94–95 | 95–96 | 96–97 | 97–98 |
| World Champ. | 7th | | 10th | 8th | | |
| Skate America | | | 8th | | | 4th |
| Skate Canada | 2nd | 3rd | | 7th | 7th | 6th |
| Trophée Lalique | 7th | | 10th | 8th | | |
| Nations Cup | | 6th | | | | |
| NHK Trophy | | | | 6th | 6th | |
| National |||||||
| Canadian Champ. | 2nd | | 1st | 1st | 3rd | |

### Pairs with Wheeler

International :
| Event | 86–87 | 87–88 | 88–89 | 89–90 | 90–91 | 91–92 |
| Goodwill Games | | | | | 5th | |
| Internat. de Paris | | | | | 3rd | |
| Internat. St. Gervais | | 1st | | | | |
| Nebelhorn Trophy | | 1st | | | | |
| NHK Trophy | | | | | | 6th |
| Prize of Moscow News | | | 8th | | | |
| Skate America | | | 6th | 4th | | |
| Skate Canada | | | | 3rd | 3rd | 2nd |
| St. Ivel | 2nd | | | | | |
| Canadian Champ. | | | 4th | 4th | 4th | |

### Fours with Wheeler and others

International :
| Event | 86–87 | 87–88 | 88–89 | 89–90 | 90–91 | 91–92 |
| Skate Canada | | | | 2nd$^4$ | 2nd$^1$ | |
| National |||||||
| Canadian Champ. | 2nd$^1$ | 2nd$^2$ | 3rd$^3$ | 2nd$^4$ | 2nd$^1$ | 2nd$^1$ |
| Partners in addition to Kevin Wheeler: $^1$ Christine Hough / Doug Ladret $^2$ Melanie Gaylor / Lee Barkell $^3$ Alison Hughes / Jim Blackburn $^4$ Patricia MacNeil / Cory Watson |||||||
# Francesca R. Jensenius

Francesca Refsum Jensenius is a Norwegian political scientist currently working as a professor at the University of Oslo. Her work relates to comparative politics and specifically focuses on the Indian political economy. She received the Nils Klim Prize in 2018 for her contributions to scholarship.

## Career

Jensenius completed her undergraduate degree from the University of Oslo in 2005, studying for a bachelor's in arts and the Hindi language. She earned an M.A. in political science from Duke University. Her doctoral work was completed at the University of California, Berkeley, and studied electoral quotas for scheduled castes in India. She is currently a professor at the University of Oslo, in the department of political science.
In 2017, Jensenius published Social Justice through Inclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India (Oxford University Press), for which she won the Nils Klim Prize in 2018. Her research work has since examined the economic agency of women, political representation, and legal regimes in comparative context. She has been published in Comparative Political Studies, the American Journal of Political Science, Journal of Politics, and Studies in Indian Politics.
# Romolo Valli

Romolo Valli (7 February 1925 – 1 February 1980) was an Italian actor.
Valli was born in Reggio Emilia. He was one of the best-known Italian actors from the 1950s to his death. He worked for both the stage and the silver screen. Among the directors he collaborated with were Vittorio De Sica, Sergio Leone, Roman Polanski, Roger Vadim, and Luchino Visconti, who cast Valli in three feature films (Il Gattopardo, Morte a Venezia, Gruppo di famiglia in un interno) and the episode Il lavoro of Boccaccio '70. Valli died in a car accident, at age 54.

## Theatre

* Così è (se vi pare) (1974)

## Filmography

* Policarpo ufficiale di scrittura (1959) - Commendator Egidio Marzi Laurenzi
* The Great War (1959) - Tenente Gallina
* Jovanka e le altre (1960) - Mirko
* Call Girls of Rome (1960) - Il commissario
* Il carro armato dell'8 settembre (1960)
* La ragazza con la valigia (1961) - Don Pietro Introna
* La viaccia (1961) - Dante
* Un giorno da leoni (1961) - Edoardo
* Boccaccio '70 (1962) - Lawyer Zacchi (segment "Il lavoro")
* Senilità (1962) - Emilio Brentani (voice, uncredited)
* Peccati d'estate (1962) - Carlino
* Una storia milanese (1962) - Mr. Gessner
* The Shortest Day (1962) - Il capitano
* Il Gattopardo (1963) - Father Pirrone
* Sweet and Sour (1963) - Signor X
* I fuorilegge del matrimonio (1963) - Francesco
* La vendetta della signora (1964) - Town Painter
* La costanza della ragione (1964) - (uncredited)
* E venne un uomo (1965) - The Intermediary (voice)
* I complessi (1965) - Father Baldini (segment "Guglielmo il Dentone")
* La Mandragola (1965) - Messer Nicia
* Non stuzzicate la zanzara (1967) - Bartolomeo Santangelo padre di Rita
* Il marito è mio e l'ammazzo quando mi pare (1968) - Butler
* Boom! (1968) - Dr. Luilo
* Barbarella (1968)
* Scacco alla regina (1969) - Enrico Valdman
* Il giardino dei Finzi Contini (1970) - Giorgio's Father
* Morte a Venezia (1971) - Hotel Manager
* Er Più – storia d'amore e di coltello (1971) - Il maresciallo
* Giù la testa (1971) - Dr. Villega
* Paulina 1880 (1972) - Farinata
* What? (1972) - Giovanni
* Silence the Witness (1974) - Il ministro
* Gruppo di famiglia in un interno (1974) - Micheli
* Nipoti miei diletti (1974) - Trèves
* Novecento (1976) - Giovanni Berlinghieri
* Un borghese piccolo piccolo (1977) - Dr. Spazioni
* Un attimo, una vita (1977) - Uncle Luigi
* The Devil's Advocate (1977) - Cardinal Marotta
* Holocaust 2000 (1977) - Charrier
* Chiaro di donna (1979) - Galba (final film role)
# David Young (composer)

David Young is an American keyboardist, composer, and recording artist. He is most well known for producing the soundtracks to the Sega CD video games Sonic CD, Ecco: The Tides of Time, and The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin.

## Career with Sega

In 1993, Young began contributing audio and music to Sega video games. He was present for the formation of Sega Music Group and Sega Music Group Studios in San Francisco. Young was a frequent collaborator with composer/producer Spencer Nilsen, who was director of Sega Music Group at the time. He was involved in over a dozen different Sega titles from 1993–1996, composing, producing and engineering soundtracks for titles such as The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin, Sonic CD, Ecco: The Tides of Time, Congo The Movie: The Lost City of Zinj, NBA Live, NHL Live, and Wild Woody, as well as many others.

## Works

| Title | Year | System | Notes |
| Sonic CD (US) | 1993 | Sega CD | with Spencer Nilsen and Mark Crew, keyboards and synthesizer programming. |
| The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin | 1993 | Sega CD | with Nilsen. |
| Ecco: The Tides of Time | 1994 | Sega CD | Engineering, keyboards & programming, additional writing with Nilsen. |
| Wild Woody | 1995 | Sega CD | Engineering, mixing and mastering, sound/foley effects. |
| Cyber Speedway | 1995 | Sega Saturn | Recording, engineering & mixing. |
| Congo The Movie: The Lost City of Zinj | 1996 | Sega Saturn | with Brad Kaiser. |
| Mr. Bones | 1996 | Sega Saturn | Assistant on the set. |
# MS-CHAP

MS-CHAP is the Microsoft version of the Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol, (CHAP).

## Versions

The protocol exists in two versions, MS-CHAPv1 (defined in RFC 2433) and MS-CHAPv2 (defined in RFC 2759). MS-CHAPv2 was introduced with pptp3-fix that was included in Windows NT 4.0 SP4 and was added to Windows 98 in the "Windows 98 Dial-Up Networking Security Upgrade Release" and Windows 95 in the "Dial Up Networking 1.3 Performance & Security Update for MS Windows 95" upgrade. Windows Vista dropped support for MS-CHAPv1.

## Applications

MS-CHAP is used as one authentication option in Microsoft's implementation of the PPTP protocol for virtual private networks. It is also used as an authentication option with RADIUS servers which are used with IEEE 802.1X (e.g., WiFi security using the WPA-Enterprise protocol). It is further used as the main authentication option of the Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP).

## Features

Compared with CHAP, MS-CHAP: works by negotiating CHAP Algorithm 0x80 (0x81 for MS-CHAPv2) in LCP option 3, Authentication Protocol. It provides an authenticator-controlled password change mechanism. It provides an authenticator-controlled authentication retry mechanism and defines failure codes returned in the Failure packet message field.
MS-CHAPv2 provides mutual authentication between peers by piggybacking a peer challenge on the response packet and an authenticator response on the success packet.
MS-CHAP requires each peer to either know the plaintext password, or an MD4 hash of the password, and does not transmit the password over the link. As such, it is not compatible with most password storage formats.

## Flaws

Weaknesses have been identified in MS-CHAP and MS-CHAPv2. The DES encryption used in NTLMv1 and MS-CHAPv2 to encrypt the NTLM password hash enable custom hardware attacks utilizing the method of brute force.
As of 2012, MS-CHAP had been completely broken. The divide-and-conquer attack only requires breaking a single DES key, which is not difficult with modern GPUs and FPGAs. MS-CHAP as a whole can be viewed as a smoke-and-mirrors protocol, in that ~80% of the protocol provides no real security; it just makes the construction very complicated and thus appear infeasible to crack. In reality, this ~80% is either plaintext messages, or messages easily derived from those sent in plaintext. The actual security core is reduced to the NTLM password hash and DES encryptions keyed by the hash output, which is fundamentally weak.
After Windows 11 22H2, with the default activation of Windows Defender Credential Guard, users can no longer authenticate with MSCHAPv2. The developers recommend a move from MSCHAPv2-based connections to certificate-based authentication (such as PEAP-TLS or EAP-TLS).
# Michael Hicks-Beach (1760–1830)

Michael Hicks-Beach (1760–1830) was the member of Parliament for the constituency of Cirencester for the parliaments of 1794 to 1818. He owned the Manor of Chigwell in Essex.
He was the son of Sir Howe Hicks, 6th Baronet, and the brother of Sir William Hicks, 7th Baronet. His elder son Michael Beach Hicks-Beach was the father of Sir Michael Hicks Beach, 8th Baronet, and his younger son William Beach was also an MP.