OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shkodra revolt of 1854

The Shkodra revolt of 1854 was one of the 19th-century uprisings in Ottoman Albania directed against the Ottoman authorities.

## Background

During the 1851-1852 period, the new governor of Shkodra, Masar Pasha, doubled the taxes on the city's Christians. The Catholic Christians were one of the two big communities of the city, the others being the Muslims. Representatives of the Christian community protested before the Sublime Port, but to no avail. To calm down the tense situation, the authorities in the spring of 1854 proclaimed a decree of the Sultan, which described the Christian as equal citizens with the Muslims. However, the effort failed because the population was disturbed by Masar Pasha's taxes and speculation with the grain trade done by politically-connected merchants. In 1854, when the Crimean War and conflicts with Montenegro were ongoing, they collected the grain and sold it abroad at a higher profit. As a result, food prices rose sharply, which together with the city's population's obligation to feed 20,000 Ottoman soldiers stationed on the border with Montenegro, brought famine and the first related deaths.

## Events

On August 7 the citizenry led by Hasan Alia, a Muslim cleric who would later be known as Sheh Shamia, organized a large meeting. There the city's population asked for a ban on the export of grain, the reduction of prices and the punishment of speculators. Given the unresponsiveness of the authorities, the next day a large crowd of several thousand artisans and poor workers attacked the market, which was closed, while the governors were forced to retreat to the fortress. The former opened the barns and distributed grain to poor residents. Sheh Shamia set an example by opening his father's barns first. On August 9 a group of youngsters asked for the removal of Masar Pasha from his position. The French consul in the city tried to calm them down, stating that unrest could pose risks to the city due to the ongoing conflict with neighboring Montenegro.

## Aftermath

After the end of the military operations on the border with Montenegro, Masar Pasha was replaced with Mustafa Pasha to Shkodër. He immediately undertook a large number of arrests. Sheh Shamia and managed to flee Albania, while the other leaders of the revolt were exiled. The city authorities stopped the grain exports, and refrained from implementing the Tanzimat reforms, which had been planned by the Sublime Port and were seen as controversial around the empire.
# Higer Longwei

The Higer Longwei (Chinese: 龙威) is a midsize pickup manufactured by Chinese automotive brand Higer. Higer is a brand under Higer Bus, a subsidiary of the King Long Group, which is the largest bus maker in China.

## Overview

Launched in March 2015, the Higer Longwei midsize pickup is available with two engine options, including a 2.4 liter four-cylinder petrol engine producing 136hp and 200nm of torque, and a 2.8 liter four-cylinder turbo-diesel engine producing 102hp and 220nm of torque, both either mated to a five-speed manual gearbox or a five-speed automatic gearbox. The standard layout is rear wheel drive, and four-wheel drive is optional. Prices of the Higer Longwei starts at 81,800 yuan and ends at 101,800 yuan ($13,184 – 16,407) at launch. As of 2019, the Higer Longwei midsize pickup has a price range of 72,800 yuan to 165,800 yuan.
The Higer Longwei is also rebadged as the Shaanxi Tongjia Longrui (龙锐) sold under the Shaanxi Automobile Group.

## Controversy

Since its production, controversy has arisen due to the front fascia design of the Higer Longwei bearing a likeness to the twelfth generation Ford F-150, making it an unlicensed clone.
# Six Songs, Op. 36 (Sibelius)

The Six Songs, Op. 36, is a collection of Swedish-language art songs for vocal soloist and piano written from 1899 to 1900 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. As a group, Op. 36 is Sibelius's most popular song set; indeed, "Svarta rosor" is arguably the best-known song in his entire oeuvre. "Säv, säv, susa", too, is oft-performed.

## Constituent songs

Ordered by catalogue number, the Op. 36 songs are as follows:
* "Svarta rosor" ("Black Roses"), Op. 36/1 (1899); text by the Swedish poet Ernst Josephson
* "Men min fågel märks dock icke" ("But My Bird is Long in Homing"), Op. 36/2 (1899); text by the Finnish poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg
* "Bollspelet vid Trianon" ("Tennis at Trianon"), Op. 36/3 (1899); text by the Swedish poet Gustaf Fröding
* "Säv, säv, susa" ("Sigh, Sigh, Sedges"), Op. 36/4 (1900); text by Fröding
* "Marssnön" ("The March Snow"), Op. 36/5 (1900); text by the Finnish poet Josef Julius Wecksell
* "Demanten på marssnön" ("The Diamond on the March Snow"), Op. 36/6 (1900); text by Wecksell
The collection was first published piecemeal by two Helsinki-based firms: Fazer & Westerlund [fi] (Helsingfors Nya Musikhandel) printed Nos. 1–4 from 1900 to 1901, while Axel E. Lindgren printed Nos. 5–6 in 1901. The table below provides additional information about each song:
| Song | Tempo | Time | Key | Premiere | Premiere | Premiere | Premiere | Ref. |
| Song | Tempo | Time | Key | Soloist | Pianist | Date | Venue | Ref. |
| No. 1 | Commodo | | | Ida Ekman | Karl Ekman [fi] | 21 September 1899 (1899-09-21) | Solemnity Hall, Helsinki | |
| No. 2 | Andantino | | | Ida Ekman | Karl Ekman [fi] | 21 September 1899 (1899-09-21) | Solemnity Hall, Helsinki | |
| No. 3 | Vivace | $^3$ $_4$ | | Ida Ekman | Karl Ekman [fi] | 24 October 1900 (1900-10-24) | Solemnity Hall, Helsinki | |
| No. 4 | Andantino | $^2$ $_4$ | | Adée Leander-Flodin [fi] | Karl Flodin [fi] | Autumn 1900 (1900) | ? | |
| No. 5 | Andantino | $^5$ $_4$ | | Ida Ekman | Karl Ekman | 12 October 1902 (1902-10-12) | VPK Hall [fi], Helsinki | |
| No. 6 | Commodo | $^6$ $_4$ | | Alexandra Ahnger | Oskar Merikanto | 8 February 1901 (1901-02-08) | Solemnity Hall, Helsinki | |

### Orchestral version of No. 6

In January 1917, Sibelius arranged "Demanten på marssnön" for vocalist and orchestra, which he intended for his frequent collaborator, the celebrated Finnish soprano Ida Ekman; she premiered this version of the song on 22 February 1917 in Helsinki, with her husband, Karl Ekman [fi], conducting the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra. It is scored for the following instruments and voices, organized by family (vocalists, woodwinds, and strings):
* Vocalist (typically soprano or baritone)
* 2 flutes and 2 clarinets
* Violins (I and II), violas, cellos, double basses, and harp
The orchestral version of "Demanten på marssnön" was first published in Volume VIII/1 of the Jean Sibelius Works (JSW) critical edition, an ongoing collaborative project involving the National Library of Finland, the German firm of Breitkopf & Härtel, and the Sibelius Society of Finland.
# Kjenndalsbreen

Kjenndalsbreen is a glacier in the municipality of Stryn in Vestland, Norway. The 19-square-kilometre (7.3 sq mi) glacier is a side branch of the Jostedalsbreen glacier, and is included in the Jostedalsbreen National Park.
# Palaver sauce

Palaver sauce or palava sauce or plasas is a type of stew widely eaten in West Africa, including Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone The word palaver comes from the Portuguese language and means a talk, lengthy debate or quarrel. It is unclear how this led to the name of the stew. One theory is that the spices used in the stew mingle together like raised voices in an argument. It has been thought of as having the power to calm tensions, or to cause them. Other names for the dish include kontonmire, kentumere, nkontommire and pla'sas.
It has regional variations and can contain beef, fish, shrimp, pepitas, cassava, taro (cocoyam) leaves, and palm oil. It is served with boiled rice, potatoes, garri, fufu or yams. Outside of Africa, spinach is often used as a substitute for other greens. The leaves used to make this soup in Liberia are called molokhia or mulukhiyah leaves.
The name "palava sauce" is said to originate from the people of Elmina.

## Ghana

Kontomire stew is a stew made from cocoyam leaves (known in the Akan language as "kontomire"), commonly prepared in the home and very popular in Ghanaian cuisine. In Ghana, kontomire stew is served with variety of dishes, including steamed rice, cooked yam and plantain.

## Recipe

The meat is first cut into small pieces and is fried in palm oil in a pan, and to the pan is added onion, pepper and chilli. Next is added the fish, dried or smoked, previously moistened and cut in chunks. The vegetables are sliced and incorporated into the cooking pan (spinach leaves or bean leaves, cabbage, kale, okra), and finally water is poured to help in the cooking and spices for seasoning. The mixture is kept on a low fire until all the ingredients are cooked and the water has reduced. It may be served with white rice.
In Ghana, the stew consists primarily of:
* cocoyam leaves
* palm oil
* egusi
* dried fish
* fresh tomatoes
* pepper
* egg
# Midtre Folgefonna

Midtre Folgefonna is a glacier located in the Hardanger region of Vestland county, Norway. It is one of the three glaciers that make up the large Folgefonna glacier. It is located on the border of Ullensvang and Kvinnherad municipalities between the Nordre Folgefonna and Søndre Folgefonna glaciers on the Folgefonna peninsula. In 1969, the glacier was listed at 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi). In a book by glaciologist Olav Orheim from 2009 the area is listed as only 9 square kilometres (3.5 sq mi). The glacier drains partly to the Maurangerfjord to the west, and partly to the Sørfjorden to the east.
# Svedala IF

Svedala IF is a Swedish football club located in Svedala in Skåne County.

## Background

Svedala Idrottsförening were formed in 1908 and are one of Scania's oldest sports clubs. Today, Svedala IF is only a football club, but this was not always the case particularly in the club's early years when they participated in wrestling, gymnastics, athletics and football. The club currently has more than 300 youth players from the junior school age up to 16 years. There are also men's and ladies teams which the youth system feeds into.
Since their foundation Svedala IF has participated mainly in the middle and lower divisions of the Swedish football league system. The club currently plays in Division 3 Södra Götaland which is the fifth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Svedalagårdens IP in Svedala.
Svedala IF are affiliated to Skånes Fotbollförbund.

## Recent history

In recent seasons Svedala IF have competed in the following divisions:
2011 – Division III, Södra Götaland 2010 – Division III, Södra Götaland 2009 – Division IV, Skåne Södra 2008 – Division IV, Skåne Södra 2007 – Division IV, Skåne Södra 2006 – Division IV, Skåne Södra 2005 – Division IV, Skåne Södra 2004 – Division III, Södra Götaland 2003 – Division IV, Skåne Södra 2002 – Division IV, Skåne Södra 2001 – Division IV, Skåne Södra 2000 – Division IV, Skåne Södra 1999 – Division IV, Skåne Södra

## Attendances

In recent seasons Svedala IF have had the following average attendances:
| Season | Average Attendance | Division / Section | Level |
| 2009 | Not available | Div 4 Skåne Södra | Tier 6 |
| 2010 | 104 | Div 3 Södra Götaland | Tier 5 |

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Svedala IF – Fotboll Klubb". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
* ↑ "Om klubben – Svedala IF". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
* ↑ "Södra Götaland - Division 3 – Fotbollsserier 2011 – Fotboll – everysport.com". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
* ↑ "Tabell och resultat – Div 3 Södra Götaland, herrar – Svenskfotboll.se". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
* ↑ "Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Svedala IF – Svenskfotboll.se". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
* ↑ "GAIS – Lagfacta – Svedala IF". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
* ↑ "Svedala IF – Fotboll – everysport.com". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
* ↑ "Sweden Final Tables – Clas Glenning". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
* ↑ "Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Svenska Fotbollförbundet – svenskfotboll.se". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
# Tarantula (Ride album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Pitchfork Media | (5.4/10) |
| NME | (6/10) |
| Melody Maker | (negative) |
| Select | |
| Vox | (5/10) |
Tarantula is the fourth studio album by British rock band Ride, released in March 1996 shortly after the band split. The album was deleted from Creation Records' catalogue only one week after its release.
This is also the only Ride album on which Andy Bell's vocal duties outweigh those of regular frontman Mark Gardener, due to internal conflict and the prior of their breakup. By contrast to the band's earlier and post-reunion albums, Gardener sang on only two songs which made the original tracklist, alongside one bonus track.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Andy Bell except where noted. All lead vocals performed by Andy Bell except where noted.

## Personnel

Ride
* Laurence Colbert – drums
* Steve Queralt – bass
* Mark Gardener – vocals, rhythm guitar
* Andy Bell – vocals, lead guitar
Additional musicians
* Nick Moorbath – piano, Hammond organ, Fender Rhodes
* Jeff Scantlebury – percussion
Technical personnel
* Richard "Digby" Smith – engineering
* Mark Freegard – mixing (except "Castle On The Hill" and "Deep Inside My Pocket")
* Andy Bell – mixing ("Castle On The Hill")
* Mitch Easter – mixing ("Deep Inside My Pocket")

## Charts

| Chart (1996) | Peak position |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 26 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 21 |
| Chart (2023) | Peak position |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 31 |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 9 |
# Virginia Hesse

Virginia Hesse (born 31 July 1944) is a Ghanaian civil servant and diplomat who served as Ghana's ambassador to the Czech Republic from 2017 to 2021. She spent a majority of her professional career in the Ghanaian public service.

## Family life and education

A native of Osu, Accra, Virginia Hesse is a member of the notable Hesse family. Her brother, Lebrecht Wilhelm Fifi Hesse (1934 – 2000) was the first black African Rhodes Scholar, two-time Director-General of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation and a member of the Public Services Commission of Ghana. Her other brother, Christian Hesse served as Ghana's ambassador to the Soviet Union and later to Russia in the 1980s and 1990s. She is an alumna of Achimota School and the University of Ghana, Legon.

## Career

She worked at the Ministry of Trade and Industry in Accra, as a commercial officer and at the ministry's diplomacy department. She was Ghana's Deputy Trade Commissioner at the Court of St James's. In the private sector, she also worked for a Swiss international firm as a project manager and later, for water supply and sewage treatment plants. She was also the President of the Accra chapter of the women's empowerment global non-profit, Zonta International.

### Diplomatic career

She was sworn into office as the Ghanaian Ambassador to the Czech Republic, together with four other envoys, on 2 August 2017 by Nana Akufo-Addo, the president of Ghana. She was also among 20 Ghanaian women ambassadors selected that year. As ambassador, she had concurrent accreditation to North Macedonia, Romania and other Visegrád Group nations, Hungary and Slovakia. She was also the Dean of the African Group of the Czech Republic. She finished her four-year term in 2021.

## Personal life

Virginia Hesse has one daughter, Gyankroma Akufo-Addo whose father is Nana Akufo-Addo. Hesse is a lifelong Presbyterian and a member of the Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu.
# Nolann Mahoudo

Nolann Mahoudo (born 17 November 2002) is a French cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Cofidis.

## Major results
### 2023

    2nd Overall Tour de Bretagne
       1st Young rider classification
       1st Stage 4

### 2024

    8th Tour du Finistère
# PAF Airpower Centre of Excellence

The PAF Airpower Centre of Excellence or PAF ACE is an airpower and air warfare research, planning, and development facility of the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) based at PAF Base Mushaf, Sargodha, Pakistan.
Operationally, PAF ACE has the status of a Wing under the PAF's Central Air Command (CAC), with three fighter squadrons of the PAF's Combat Commanders' School (CCS) under its command.
PAF ACE is geared primarily towards the research, planning, and development of airpower and air warfare doctrines and strategies and linking airpower research and air combat doctrines and strategies with air combat operations to orchestrate effective military air campaigns.

## History

Earth-breaking of PAF ACE was done at PAF Base Mushaf on 22 February 2016.
In 2016, the PAF's Combat Commanders' School (CCS) was placed under the operational command of PAF ACE.

## Mission

PAF ACE is tasked with the research, planning, and development of airpower and air warfare doctrines and strategies, and towards building a country's capacity to undertake effective air warfare operations. Specifically, PAF ACE aims to build the capacity of air forces to effectively utilize their intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR), and precision-strike assets and capabilities in an effective manner.
PAF ACE is also open to air forces from countries deemed friendly to Pakistan.
# July 2019 Farah bombing

vteWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021) :
On 31 July 2019, a roadside bomb killed 34 civilians and injured another 17 who were on a bus in Farah Province, Afghanistan. President Ashraf Ghani's spokesman confirmed that the perpetrators were the Taliban.

## The bombing

On 31 July 2019, at 8am, a high explosive bomb attack was carried out on a passenger bus on the Herat-Kandahar highway in Farah, western Afghanistan, bordering Iran. The roadside IED killed 34 passengers. Another 17 people were injured after the explosive device detonated. The victims and injured were all defenseless civilians, most of them women and children.

## Claims of responsibility, motivation

No group has claimed responsibility, but the Taliban is the only extremist group known to operate in the area and frequently uses IEDs in attacks. The bloodshed took place in the midst of efforts to conclude a US peace agreement with the Taliban, presumably to strengthen their negotiating position through deterrence.
# Mert and Marcus

Mert and Marcus is the working name of two fashion photographers, Mert Alaş (born 1971) and Marcus Piggott (born 1971), who work together on a collaborative basis. Their work and style is influenced by photographer Guy Bourdin and, together, they have pioneered the use of digital manipulation within their field.

## Career

Mert Alaş, born in Turkey and Marcus Piggott, born in Wales, met in England in 1994 after having worked for a brief period in different areas, Alaş in classical music and Piggott in graphic design. Piggott was an assistant photographer and Alas was a fashion photo modeler. After working together in the photography business, they decided to create a team. When they showed their first photos to Dazed and Confused, the London fashion magazine, they immediately made the cover.
The team has worked for such magazines as Vogue, Vogue Paris, Vogue Italia, Interview, Love, W, Pop Magazine, Numéro and Arena Homme +. Some of their major clients have included fashion labels such as Dior, Louis Vuitton, Missoni, Giorgio Armani, Roberto Cavalli, Fendi, Kenzo and Miu Miu. They have created the images for perfume houses such as Gucci, Yves St Laurent, Givenchy and Lancôme.
Alas and Piggott have also worked with celebrities including Madonna, Marion Cotillard, Cara Delevingne, Adele, Adriana Lima, Lady Gaga, Julia Roberts, Rihanna, Shakira, Jennifer Lopez, Linda Evangelista, Gisele Bündchen, Björk, Gigi Hadid, Kendall Jenner, Lindsay Lohan, Scarlett Johansson, Charlotte Rampling, Bella Hadid, Kylie Minogue, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Victoria Beckham, and have shot album covers for Fergie, Taylor Swift and Nicki Minaj.
They created the cover art for Rob Dougan's 2002 CD Furious Angels.
In 2015, Mert & Marcus were awarded Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society.
In 2018, Mert & Marcus won the Isabella Blow Award for Fashion Creator.
# Ernesto Magdaleno

Ernesto "Ernie" Magdaleno (December 29, 1962 – December 31, 1995) was an American professional boxer.

## Life and career

Magdaleno, who attended Westminster High School, was of Mexican origin. He participated in only eleven amateur fights.
His first fight as a professional boxer came in November 1989, when he defeated Steve Montoya in Irvine, California. On February 24, 1992, Magdaleno won the California State Light-Heavyweight title by knocking out Bomani Parker in round five. After having won all of his first 15 bouts as a professional, Magdaleno had a draw against Mexican Lupe Aquino in February 1993. Later that year, Magdaleno held off Tim Hillie to claim the IBF USBA Light-Heavyweight title.
Until 1993, Magdaleno was promoted by Don King. His manager and trainer was Clyde Armijo. Magdaleno was sitting in first place in the IBF World ranking, when taking on German Henry Maske, the reigning IBF Light-Heavyweight World champion, on March 26, 1994. German newspaper Hamburger Abendblatt described Magdaleno as a "tough fighter with limited technical skills". Fighting in front of a sell-out crowd of 13,500 in Dortmund's Westfalenhalle, Magdaleno dominated the early stages of the bout, before being stopped by T/KO in round nine, after having suffered a cut above the eye. After the fight, Magdaleno's opponent Maske called the bout his most difficult world championship fight so far.
Following the title fight in Germany, Magdaleno won the last three bouts of his professional career. His overall record was 21 wins (8 by KO), one loss and one draw. Besides boxing, he worked as a carpenter and carpet layer. Magdaleno died on December 31, 1995, only three days after his last fight. At this time, he was ranked fifth in the world by the World Boxing Association. Driving in Huntington Beach, California, Magdaleno's car was hit by a vehicle, which fled from police. His wife and two children sustained minor injuries in the crash, while Magdaleno was thrown out of the car following the impact.
# Wind River meridian

The Wind River meridian, established in 1875, is one of the principal meridians for Wyoming. The initial point is near Fort Washakie, Wyoming.
# Nigardsbreen

Nigardsbreen (English: the Nigard Glacier) is a glacier arm of the large Jostedalsbreen glacier. Nigardsbreen lies about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of the village of Gaupne in the Jostedalen valley in Luster Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located just west of the Jostedøla river.
The Breheimsenteret museum is located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south in the village of Jostedal. In front of the Nigardsbreen is the lake Nigardsbrevatnet where there is a small boat to transport visitors to the glacier. There is also a bus to take visitors to the glacier.

## History

During the first half of the 18th century, the glacier expanded due to cold weather. Then, the winters of 1741-1744 were extremely cold. Apples and pears did not ripen during the summer and the bee populations perished. Between 1700 and 1748, the glacier moved forward about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) completely covering and crushing nine farms (Danish: Ni gårde) (hence the name of the glacier). By 1748, the Nigardsbreen covered about 48 square kilometres (19 sq mi). From 1930 until 1939, the glacier retracted again.

### Safety

Nigardbreen has seen several severe accidents. In July 1986 two people, a Danish woman and her 8-year-old daughter, died when hit by chunks of ice that fell from the glacier. In 1994 a Polish woman was left in critical condition after being hit by falling ice. In 2014 a German couple died as a result of being crushed by ice; their children standing close by survived physically unharmed. In August 2018 an Austrian man drowned when a wave caused by a huge block of ice swept him into the glacial river.

## Media gallery

* Detail Nigardsbreen
* View on Nigardsbrevassnet from the glacier
* Nigardsbreen in July 2012
* Overall view of the glacier (2017)
* Nigardsbreen summer 1962