OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ramapo River

The Ramapo River is a tributary of the Pompton River, approximately 30 mi (48 km) long, in southern New York and northern New Jersey in the United States.

## Course

The Ramapo River rises in Round Lake, a small freshwater lake in the Town of Monroe, New York, in a mountainous area of central Orange County, New York. It flows southeast through the village, where the river was dammed in 1741 for a sawmill and grist mill. It continues to Harriman, where a chemical plant, Nepera Chemical, was built. While the plant has been dismantled, a superfund site has been designated at the location where barrels of toxic chemicals were buried. At Harriman, the river turns south into western Rockland County, where it flows through the hamlet and town of Ramapo, New York, then into northern Bergen County, New Jersey. In New Jersey, it flows southwest along the east side of the ridge of the Ramapo Mountains. Following a course that runs above the Ramapo Fault for about 9 mi (14 km), the river then flows into Potash Lake in Oakland, and from there into Pompton Lake in Pompton Lakes. The river then flows out of Pompton Lake, forming the border between Pompton Lakes and Wayne. The Ramapo forms a confluence with the Pequannock River along the border between Pequannock and Wayne, forming the Pompton River, which eventually flows into the Passaic River. A portion of the river's water is diverted to the nearby Wanaque Reservoir.
The river is a popular destination for fly fishing of trout. New York State Route 17, the Port Jervis commuter railroad line, and the New York State Thruway were all constructed in the valley of the river between Harriman and Suffern, New York.

## History

Areas along the Ramapo River were inhabited by bands of the Lenape tribe, a large group who inhabited much of the coastal areas of the mid-Atlantic region. Some of their people retreated to the mountains under pressure from Dutch and English colonists. The Lenape occupied western Long Island, the area of present-day metropolitan New York, northern and southern New Jersey, and the Delaware River Valley south through Pennsylvania into Delaware.
Many smaller archeological sites in Oakland, New Jersey were found to have been inhabited by prehistoric indigenous peoples. Fossilized crustaceans can be found along the banks of the river near Oakland.
Descendants of the Lenape include the Ramapough Lenape Indian Tribe (also known as the Ramapough Mountain Indians), recognized in 1980 by the state of New Jersey. Many Ramapough Lenape people have lived in what is now Mahwah and Ringwood, New Jersey and Hillburn, New York since the late colonial period. They also intermarried with people of other ethnicities.
Torne Mountain (1,130 ft or 340 m; shown on topographic maps as "High Torne"), in Harriman State Park, overlooks the Ramapo Pass and remnants of the once-thriving Ramapo Iron Works. During the American Revolution, the Torne served as a lookout for British ship movements on the Hudson. Legend tells that Gen. George Washington lost his watch on the mountain, and it may still be heard ticking up there in a crevice of rock.
# Ernest Barberolle

Ernest Barberolle (16 October 1861 – 5 September 1948) was a French coxswain who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal, along with Gabriel Poix and Maurice Monney-Bouton in the coxed pair in Antwerp. Monney-Bouton was his son-in-law.
# St Michael's Hospital, Warwick

St Michael's Hospital is a National Health Service psychiatric hospital situated in Warwick, Warwickshire, England run by Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust.

## History

The hospital was established in 1995, largely to replace the outdated Central Hospital in the nearby village of Hatton. The hospital was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 8 November 1996. A new psychotherapy unit known as The Pines (the wards are generally named after trees) opened at the hospital in April 2004.

## Services

There is an Education Centre Library and tennis court on site.

## Gallery

* Views from the surrounding roads
* The entrance to the hospital's car park on St Michaels Road
* From the T-junction of St Michael's Road and Cape Road
# Sales letter

A sales letter is a piece of direct mail which is designed to persuade the reader to purchase a particular product or service in the absence of a salesman or saleswoman . It has been defined as "A form of direct mail in which an advertiser sends a letter to a potential customer." It is distinct from other direct mail techniques, such as the distribution of leaflets and catalogues, as the sales letter typically sells a single product or product line, and further tends to be mainly textual as opposed to graphics-based, although video sales letters have become increasingly popular. It is typically used for products or services which, due to their price, are a considered purchase at medium or high value (typically tens to thousands of dollars). A sales letter is often, but not exclusively, the last stage of the sales process before the customer places an order, and is designed to ensure that the prospect is committed to becoming a customer.
Since the advent of the internet, the sales letter has become an integral part of internet marketing, and typically takes the form of an email or webpage. Unsolicited sales emails are known as spam, although spam typically consists of emails which are much shorter than a normal sales letter. Offline, unsolicited sales letters are known as junk mail.

## Development of sales letters

Because of the direct response nature of sales letters, they can be carefully tested on an ongoing basis to determine which version performs best in terms of converting readers to customers. Sales letters are typically developed incrementally, with split testing of various elements. This allows the marketeer or copywriter to confirm which headline, body text or graphic design converts best. On the internet, it is possible to track additional variables, such as the open rate of emails, the bounce rate, clickthrough to the checkout, etc.
# Rapid River (Delta County, Michigan)

The Rapid River is a 35.9-mile-long (57.8 km) river on the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. It rises in southeast Marquette County and flows into Little Bay de Noc on Lake Michigan near the community of Rapid River.
# Ladder Creek

Ladder Creek is a 230-mile-long (370 km) stream in the central Great Plains of North America. A tributary of the Smoky Hill River, it flows from eastern Colorado into western Kansas.

## Name

Ladder Creek, also known locally as Beaver Creek, was named by a surveying party "who found a ladder imbedded in the grass by the creek, almost hidden. When they tried to pull it out, it broke to pieces. It was a great mystery what use a ladder could be to any one out there. The rounds or steps had been tied to the sides with rawhide. There were notches around the steps and also around the side poles. This was such an important find that the surveying crew called the stream Ladder Creek."

## Geography

Ladder Creek rises in the High Plains region of the Great Plains and generally flows east. Its source lies just south of Firstview, Colorado in central Cheyenne County in the far eastern part of the state. The river flows east into western Kansas, turning southeast in southern Wallace County and then east again in north-central Wichita County. Finally, in Scott County, it turns north, joining the Smoky Hill River at Elkader, Kansas in southwestern Logan County.
In north-central Scott County, Ladder Creek has been dammed to form a small reservoir, Lake Scott.

## History

In 1664, a group of Taos people fleeing Spanish rule built a small pueblo on the west bank of Ladder Creek in what is today north-central Scott County, Kansas. The site was occupied intermittently until it was finally abandoned in 1727. University of Kansas archaeologists excavated the site in the 1890s, and it became known as El Cuartelejo, the northernmost pueblo ruins in the United States. In 1928, the Government of Kansas acquired El Cuartelejo and the surrounding land to create a state park. The following year, it dammed Ladder Creek a few miles north of the ruins to create Lake Scott, and the park became known as Lake Scott State Park.
In September 1878, the U.S. Army fought the Northern Cheyenne in the Battle of Punished Woman's Fork on bluffs overlooking the creek a few miles south of El Cuartelejo. In 1878, a group of Northern Cheyenne led by Chief Dull Knife and Chief Little Wolf, escaped their reservation at Fort Reno and went northward through Kansas toward their former home. The group of Cheyenne consisted of 92 warriors, 120 women, and 141 children. Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Lewis, who was the commander at Fort Dodge, was dispatched to locate and return them. On September 27, 1878, Lewis and his troops located them. The women, children, and elderly took cover in Squaw’s Den Cave, as the warriors fought the U.S. soldiers, at which time Lewis was shot in his thigh. Later that night, the Cheyenne escaped in a northwest direction. Lewis died of his wounds the next day, becoming the last Kansas military casualty of the American Indian Wars.
# Nachman Bulman

Nachman Bulman (also known as Nathan Bulman, 1925-July 6, 2002) was an American rabbi associated with Orthodox Judaism. He was born to Rabbi Meir and Etil Bulman after a blessing from the Rebbe of Ger, Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter. He grew up on the Lower East Side, Manhattan, and was, for a brief period, part of the circle of the Rebbe of Modzitz, remaining close to the Rebbe until the latter's death.
He studied at Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS), where obtained his semicha ("rabbinical ordination"). Turning down offers from various communities because of inadequate standards, he eventually accepted a position in Danville, Virginia, which had a small Jewish community that he served for three years. Subsequently, he served as a synagogue rabbi and Jewish educator in number of cities in the United States for most of his life. In 1975, he moved to Israel and served as rabbi in Migdal HaEmek starting in 1979. During the last few years of his life he served as rabbi of the Nachliel Synagogue in Neve Yaakov, Jerusalem, where he resided at the time of his death.

## Ideology and impact

Rabbi Bulman was a student of Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik at Yeshiva University where he received his rabbinic ordination. However, in terms of religious ideology, Bulman chose to follow and be identified with Agudath Israel of America, one of Haredi Judaism's largest movements. He referred to himself as a disciple of Rabbi Eliyahu Kitov. At a later stage in his life, Bulman sometimes dressed in the style typical of Gerrer Hasidim, even donning a spodik in his later years, on the Sabbath and holidays.
He was a popular teacher, lecturer, writer, translator of Hebrew language works into English, and builder of Jewish communities in both America and Israel.
In the late 1970s, he taught in Israel at Yeshivat Ohr Somayach in Jerusalem serving as its mashgiach ruchani and continued to serve in that capacity after he established a community in Migdal HaEmek. He was seen as a great visionary and was known for understanding modern political events through the lens of timeless Torah wisdom. Often he would compare the events of the weekly Haftorah with current events in his sermons. He was also a great student of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch's teachings and would sometimes incorporate those teachings into his lectures.
After leaving Migdal HaEmek, Bulman again taught at Ohr Sameyach and resided nearby in Maalot Dafna. In 1996 he founded a Beis Midrash, Nachlas Tzvi, in Telz-stone, named after the writings of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch. He strove to teach immigrants and others how to function within Israeli Haredi society without losing their individual identities. During the final three years of his life he lived in Neve Yaakov, a northern neighborhood of Jerusalem, where he founded Bais Medrash Nachliel, and where Kollel Nachmani was established in his memory.
He translated Rabbi Eliyahu Kitov's Hebrew books The Book of Our Heritage, Jew and His Home and Rite and Reason to English. His name was often written as Nathan Bulman in English.
# Frank Plasberg

Frank Plasberg (born 18 May 1957) is a German journalist and television presenter.

## Biography

Born in Remscheid, Plasberg has an education in theatre, politics and pedagogy and works as television presenter on German broadcaster WDR. From 1987 to 2002, he was television host of programme Aktuelle Stunde (together with journalist Christine Westermann). From 2001 to 2023, Plasberg was television host of Hart aber fair ("hard but fair") on WDR, and nationwide on ARD since 2007. He is known for his controversial role in the Gladbeck hostage crisis .
Plasberg was married with Angela Maas (born 1959); they have one son and one daughter. Since July 2007, he lives together with Anne Gesthuysen (born 1969). They married in August 2012. Her son was born in January 2011.

## Awards

* 2003: Deutscher Fernsehpreis
* 2005: Adolf-Grimme-Preis
* 2005: Ernst Schneider Award
* 2005: Hanns Joachim Friedrichs Award
* 2006: Bayerischer Fernsehpreis in information for moderation of Hart aber fair
* 2006: journalist of year in politics
* 2008: Bambi in Category 'Moderation'
# Erchitu

The Erchitu is a legendary creature of Sardinian tradition.
According to the ancient legends of Sardinia, a man who committed a serious crime would turn on full moon nights into a white ox with two large horns. The creature stops in front of a house and bellows three times: his roar is heard by all the inhabitants of the country, and according to tradition, the master of the house will die within the year.
Sometimes it is accompanied by devils who lay two lit candles on its horns and prod it with hot skewers.
The Erchitos can free themselves from their torment only when they encounter someone brave and strong, capable of extinguishing the candles in one puff, or capable of cutting the horns on the head with one precise shot.
# Rapid River (Maine)

Rapid River is a 6.0-mile-long (9.7 km) river in the northwestern portion of the US state of Maine flowing from Lower Richardson Lake to Umbagog Lake. Despite its short length, it forms the end of a major portion of the Umbagog Lake and Androscoggin River watersheds. Much of this watershed is covered by (from downstream to upstream) Lower and Upper Richardson Lakes, Mooselookmeguntic Lake, Cupsuptic Lake and Rangeley Lake. The major tributaries of this system are the Cupsuptic, Kennebago and Rangeley rivers, all of which flow into Cupsuptic Lake.
True to its name, Rapid River contains class III–IV rapids for most of its length, including some good spots for playboating and riverboarding. Locals omit the word "the" when referring to the river. For example, "I went kayaking on Rapid River" not "I went kayaking on the Rapid River."
# Eurasia (skyscraper)

Eurasia (Russian: Евразия, romanized: Yevraziya), also known as Steel Peak (Russian: Стальная Вершина, romanized: Stalnaya Vershina), is a 308.9 m (1,013 ft) supertall skyscraper located on plot 12 of the MIBC in Moscow, Russia. The mixed-use skyscraper occupies a total area of 207,542 square metres (2,233,960 sq ft), and houses offices, apartments, a hotel, and a fitness center. It is the sixth-tallest building in Russia, the eighth-tallest building in Europe, and the 72nd-tallest building in the world. Construction of Eurasia started in 2006 and was completed in 2014.

## History

The concept of Eurasia was first proposed in 2003. Construction started in 2006 and was completed in 2014.

## Design

According to Swanke Hayden Connell Architects, the architectural skin of Eurasia reinforces the purity of the tower volume over the complexity of the program within. The unitized curtain wall allows the transition from the office floors of fixed windows to operable windows on the residential floors. The overall architectural form is developed as a pure glass, curving, curtain wall tower with its broad faces versus its tripartite ends sitting on a multi-volume podium.
Eurasia was the first composite structure to be constructed in Russia utilizing a reinforced concrete core with a perimeter frame of steel. The structural design allows for column-free interior spaces ideal for offices which make up a significant portion of the building’s programming. The building features a bowed exterior made up of closely spaced steel columns which sit upon a belt truss serving as a load transfer for the base of the tower to feature an open lobby on the ground floor.

### Features

The building is designed as a two-tier skyscraper: 30 floors in the first tier and 37 in the second one. Offices occupy from the 4th floor to the 45th floor while apartments occupy from the 48th floor to the 66th floor. The 47th floor is occupied by a fitness center and the second floor of the building is occupied by a casino. A swimming pool is located on the 50th floor.

## Management

The building is developed by CJSC Techinvest and MOS City Group. The company LLC Plaza owns Eurasia. On 12 April 2016, VB-service, a subsidiary of VTB Bank, acquired a 99.55% stake in LLC Plaza at a price estimated at 48.5 billion rubles. The transaction was carried out within the framework of the fulfillment of credit obligations by Coulteria to the Bank of Moscow. Head offices of VTB 24 and the Bank of Moscow are planned to occupy the tower.

## Construction gallery

* 21 July 2008
* 12 May 2012
* 12 September 2012.
* 20 October 2012
* 13 July 2013
* 26 March 2014
* 4 September 2019

## Awards

* The Eurasia Tower is the second Swanke-designed building rated by Emporis.
* It also rated by Turkish banking company Is Bankasi as among the top ten innovative and imposing designs of notable bank buildings around the world. This in turn led Swanke to meet up with its Turkish manager and associate architect Summa International Construction Inc.
# Lake Fork River

The Lake Fork River is a river in Duchesne County, Utah in the United States. It flows for 54 miles (87 km) from Mount Lovenia in the Uinta Mountains, in a southeasterly direction, receiving the Yellowstone River above Mountain Home, to join the Duchesne River near Myton. The river is dammed near its headwaters to form Moon Lake, formerly a smaller natural lake.

## Climate

Lakefork Basin is a SNOTEL weather station located near the source of the Lakefork River by Mount Lovenia.
Climate data for Lakefork Basin, Utah, 1991–2020 normals, 1982-2020 extremes: 10966ft (3342m) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 56 (13) | 62 (17) | 65 (18) | 66 (19) | 74 (23) | 77 (25) | 83 (28) | 76 (24) | 74 (23) | 70 (21) | 61 (16) | 50 (10) | 83 (28) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 45.7 (7.6) | 46.3 (7.9) | 53.3 (11.8) | 58.0 (14.4) | 63.8 (17.7) | 70.5 (21.4) | 74.5 (23.6) | 71.8 (22.1) | 67.0 (19.4) | 60.8 (16.0) | 52.0 (11.1) | 43.5 (6.4) | 74.6 (23.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 28.9 (−1.7) | 31.1 (−0.5) | 38.2 (3.4) | 42.9 (6.1) | 50.9 (10.5) | 58.8 (14.9) | 66.3 (19.1) | 64.4 (18.0) | 56.4 (13.6) | 45.9 (7.7) | 34.5 (1.4) | 27.8 (−2.3) | 45.5 (7.5) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 18.3 (−7.6) | 18.6 (−7.4) | 24.4 (−4.2) | 29.3 (−1.5) | 37.8 (3.2) | 46.4 (8.0) | 53.7 (12.1) | 51.9 (11.1) | 44.9 (7.2) | 35.1 (1.7) | 23.7 (−4.6) | 17.6 (−8.0) | 33.5 (0.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 7.7 (−13.5) | 6.1 (−14.4) | 10.7 (−11.8) | 15.5 (−9.2) | 24.8 (−4.0) | 34.0 (1.1) | 41.1 (5.1) | 39.5 (4.2) | 33.2 (0.7) | 24.2 (−4.3) | 12.9 (−10.6) | 7.4 (−13.7) | 21.4 (−5.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −10.8 (−23.8) | −11.1 (−23.9) | −6.5 (−21.4) | 0.2 (−17.7) | 9.0 (−12.8) | 22.5 (−5.3) | 34.5 (1.4) | 32.2 (0.1) | 21.0 (−6.1) | 6.8 (−14.0) | −7.1 (−21.7) | −11.4 (−24.1) | −16.4 (−26.9) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −30 (−34) | −29 (−34) | −16 (−27) | −16 (−27) | −6 (−21) | 12 (−11) | 26 (−3) | 25 (−4) | 4 (−16) | −6 (−21) | −15 (−26) | −25 (−32) | −30 (−34) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.77 (96) | 3.50 (89) | 3.26 (83) | 3.63 (92) | 3.20 (81) | 2.03 (52) | 2.26 (57) | 2.57 (65) | 2.81 (71) | 2.98 (76) | 3.22 (82) | 3.68 (93) | 36.91 (937) |
| Source 1: XMACIS2 ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (Precipitation) ||||||||||||||
# Nowa Rudna

Nowa Rudna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wysoka, within Piła County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Wysoka, 21 km (13 mi) east of Piła, and 89 km (55 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.
# Chenar Bon, Gilan

Chenar Bon (Persian: چناربن) is a village in Machian Rural District of Kelachay District, Rudsar County, Gilan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 149 in 49 households. The following census in 2011 counted 142 people in 49 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 153 people in 63 households.
In 2023, the villages of Kudakan and Soltan Sara were merged with the village of Chenar Bon.
# Dov Tzvi Heller

Dov Tzvi Heller (1862 – 1935) commonly called by his Yiddish name, Ber Hirsch Heller, was a rabbi and mashgiach ruchani at the Slabodka Yeshiva in Europe, as well as the father-in-law of Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetzky and Rabbi Avraham Grodzinski.

## Life

Dov Tzvi Heller was born in 1862 in Shilel (Šilalė), Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire, to Eliezer Yitzchak and Hasseh Gisseh Heller. In 1890, he became the mashgiach ruchani in the Yeshiva Knesses Yisrael Slabodka under Nosson Tzvi Finkel, where he was known for his sweet personality, gentleness, and love of his students, which was so strong, that he would often fast for their success. During World War I, the yeshiva escaped to Minsk, and later many of them Kremenchug, and Heller came with the yeshiva on these travels. Shimon Reuven Dvoretz, who was teenager in Kremenchug, described Heller as "a saint, a Chafetz Chaim in his simplicity," comparing him to Yisrael Meir Kagan, who had been the greatest rabbi of the time until his death a few years prior.

## Family

Heller was married Feiga Esther Heller née Blankfield (c. 1862-1942). They had five children, four of which lived to adulthood (one son and four daughters). Their son was Avraham Meir Heller (1887-1979). Their oldest daughter, Chasya (1891-1944), married Avraham Grodzinski, who later served as mashgiach ruchani of the Slabodka Yeshiva as well. Their second daughter, Ita Ettel (1895-1954), married Yaakov Kamenetzky, a student of her father and Finkel, and future rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva Torah Vodaath. Their third daughter to live adulthood, Sara (1899-1941), married Shabsi Vernokovsky, and they both were murdered in the Holocaust. They had another child, named Kayle, who was born in 1897 and died two years later.

## Death

Heller died in 1935 in Jerusalem.
# Longmuir

Longmuir is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alan Longmuir (1948–2018), Scottish bass guitarist
* Bill Longmuir (born 1953), British golfer
* David Longmuir, head of the Scottish Football League
* Derek Longmuir (born 1951), Scottish drummer
* James Longmuir, Church of Scotland minister
* John Longmuir (poet) (1803–1883), Scottish minister, antiquary, poet and lexicographer
* John Longmuir (tenor), Scottish-born Australian tenor
* Justin Longmuir (born 1981), Australian rules footballer
* Troy Longmuir (born 1979), Australian rules footballer