OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Škocjan, Grosuplje

Škocjan (pronounced) is a settlement in the Municipality of Grosuplje in central Slovenia. It lies in the hills south of Grosuplje, near Turjak. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Staro Apno to Škocjan (literally, 'Saint Cantius') in 1992. Although many former religious names of settlements in Slovenian were restored after the fall of communism, this is one of the few cases of a settlement receiving a religious name after 1990 even though it did not have a religious name before the Second World War.

## Church

The parish church in the village is dedicated to Saint Cantianus and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana. It was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1260 and restyled in the Baroque in the mid-18th century and extensively rebuilt in 1906 by the master mason Janez Ronko Jr (1876–1963). Part of the original church is preserved as a side chapel. The Slovene Protestant reformer Primož Trubar was christened in the chapel in 1508.
# Sean Mulligan

Sean Patrick Mulligan (born April 25, 1970) is an American former professional baseball player. A catcher in the minor leagues, Mulligan played in two games as a pinch hitter for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1996. He was famously traded away from San Diego in exchange for $50,000 and a treadmill. He last played professional baseball in 2001.
Mulligan played college baseball at Illinois.
# Don't Need You To (Tell Me I'm Pretty)

"Don't Need You To (Tell Me I'm Pretty)" (entitled "I Don't Need You To" on the UK and Japanese album re-issues) is a song by Irish singer Samantha Mumba. The single was released exclusively in the United States as Mumba's third single, and as the fifth overall single from her debut studio album Gotta Tell You (2000) on 4 September 2001. "Don't Need You To (Tell Me I'm Pretty)" was also the official second single to be released from the original motion picture soundtrack to Legally Blonde. The song peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot Singles Sales chart.

## Track listing

US single
* "Don't Need You To (Tell Me I'm Pretty)" – 3:46
* "The Boy" (Remix) – 4:03
# Nicolás Del Grecco

Nicolás Del Grecco (born 19 November 1993) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a defender for Villa Mitre.
# Card of Darkness

Card of Darkness is a puzzle video game developed by Zach Gage and Choice Provisions and published by Zach Gage. It was originally released for iOS through Apple Arcade on September 19, 2019. The objective is to traverse dungeons and save the world using card game-style gameplay.

## Reception

The game received positive reviews from critics.
Sergio Velasquez of TouchArcade rated the game 4.5/5 stars, calling it a "fantastic game" with "simple, yet addictive gameplay", saying that the only "annoyance" was the game's randomly generated dungeons. Giorgio Melani of Multiplayer.it rated the game 8.5/10, praising its game mechanics and graphics.
Chris Plante of Polygon called the game "difficult", but said that it consumed his free time, also saying that it "excels in being easily readable". Gita Jackson of Kotaku stated that the game had the same appeal as Adventure Time, praising its simple story, which "frees up brainspace for understanding the complicated gameplay".
# Daniel Okimoto

Daniel Iwao Okimoto (born 1942) is a Japanese-American academic and political scientist.

## Early life

Okimoto was born at the Santa Anita Assembly Center during the early stages of the World War II Internment of Japanese Americans. As an infant, he was sent along with his family to the Poston War Relocation Center in Arizona as part of the enforcement of Executive Order 9066.
A roommate and friend of Bill Bradley at Princeton University, Okimoto graduated cum laude in 1965, and his postgraduate studies at Harvard University earned a master's degree in 1967. He continued his studies at the University of Tokyo from 1968 through 1970. His Ph.D. in political sciences was conferred by the University of Michigan in 1975.

## Academic career

Okimoto is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Political Science at Stanford University. He is also Director Emeritus and co-founder of the Walter H. Shorenstein Asia/Pacific Research Center (APARC) at Stanford University. Shorenstein APARC is part of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI) at Stanford University.

## Selected works

* 1988 -- The Japan-American Security Alliance: Prospect for the Twenty-First Century. Stanford: Asia/Pacific Research Center, Institute for International Studies, Stanford University. OCLC 39677150
* 1984 -- Competitive Edge: the Semiconductor Industry in the U.S. and Japan with Takuo Sugano, Franklin B. Weinstein, M. Thérèse Flaherty. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1225-5; OCLC 10640450
* 1971 -- American in Disguise. New York: Walker/Weatherhill. ISBN 978-0-8027-2438-0; OCLC 130056

## Honors

* Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, 2007.
* Prime Minister's Commendation, 2004.
# Coat of arms of Colombia

The coat of arms of Colombia contains a shield with numerous symbols. Perched on top of the shield is an Andean condor holding an olive crown and the condor symbolizing freedom. The national motto, Libertad y Orden (Spanish for Liberty and Order), is on a scroll in between the bird and the shield in black font over golden background. The condor is depicted as displayed (with his wings extended) and looking to the right.

## Description

The national flag is draped on each side of the shield. The shield is broken into three portions. In the lowermost portion is a depiction of ships, pointing to the maritime history of Colombia, mainly to the Isthmus of Panama, which was part of Colombia until 1903. Nowadays represents the two oceans that border the country (Atlantic and Pacific). The sails mean the Colombian commerce with the rest of the world and the rising economy. In the middle section, over a field of silver (argent), the Phrygian cap is presented; this being a traditional symbol of liberty and freedom. The topmost section contains a pomegranate over a blue (azure) field, as a symbol of the Vice royalty of New Granada (early colonial name of Colombia back in the 18th century), in the middle flanked by two cornucopias or horns of plenty: the one at the right with golden and silver coins and the one at the left with tropical fruits. This portion represents the agricultural and mineral wealth of Colombian soil.
The coat of arms of the Republic was designed by Francisco de Paula Santander, and was adopted via Act 3 of 9 May 1834, with later non-essential modifications according to Ordinance 861 of 1924.

## Gallery

National coat of arms
* Heraldic coat of arms of Colombia
* Regulated coat of arms of Colombia
* Common coat of arms in use
Historical coats of arms
* Arms of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717–1819)
* Arms of the United Provinces of New Granada (1814) (provisional)
* Arms of the United Provinces of New Granada (1814–1816)
* Arms of Gran Colombia (1819)
* Arms of Gran Colombia (1820)
* Arms of Gran Colombia (1821–1830)
* Arms of Gran Colombia (proposal)
* Arms of the State of New Granada (1830–1834)
* Arms of the Republic of New Granada (1833) (proposal)
* Arms of the Republic of New Granada (1834–1858)
* Arms of the Republic of New Granada (1854) (provisional)
* Arms of the Republic of New Granada (1854) (provisional)
* Arms of the Granadine Confederation (1858–1861)
* Arms of the United States of Colombia (1861–1886)
* Arms of the Republic of Colombia (1886–1924)
* Arms of the Republic of Colombia (1924–present)
Other versions
# Robert Burnside (minister)

Robert Burnside (31 August 1759 – 19 May 1826) was an English Baptist minister.

## Biography

He was born in the parish of Clerkenwell, Central London and educated at Merchant Taylors' School and at Aberdeen University, where he graduated with an M.A. In 1780 he was appointed afternoon preacher at the Seventh Day Baptist Church, Curriers' Hall, London, and in 1785 became pastor of that congregation. In 1799 he moved to Redcross Street, and thence to Devonshire Square. As a teacher of languages he amassed a considerable fortune. He died in Snow's Fields, Bermondsey, on 19 May 1826. His works published in several volumes are The Religion of Mankind, in a Series of Essays (1819), Tea-Table Chat, or Religious Allegories told at the Tea-Table in a Seminary for Ladies (1820), Remarks on the different Sentiments entertained in Christendom relative to the Weekly Sabbath (1825).
# Crescent River (Georgia)

The Crescent River is a 5.4-mile-long (8.7 km) tidal river in McIntosh County, Georgia, in the United States. It forms in salt marshes east of the community of Bellville Point and flows southeast, ending at a river junction where the Mud River flows northeast into Sapelo Sound and Old Teakettle Creek flows south to Doboy Sound.
# Haw Creek (Haw River tributary)

Haw Creek is a 12.84 mi (20.66 km) long 3rd order tributary to the Haw River, in Alamance County, North Carolina.

## Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:
* Jumping Run

## Course

Haw Creek rises in a pond about 0.5 miles southeast of Mebane in Orange County, North Carolina and then flows southwest into Alamance County to the Haw River about 3 miles south of Swepsonville, North Carolina.

## Watershed

Haw Creek drains 28.43 square miles (73.6 km$^2$) of area, receives about 46.3 in/year of precipitation, and has a wetness index of 427.99 and is about 49% forested.
# 1868 in animation

Events in 1868 in animation.

## Events

* Specific date unknown:
** In 1868, the physicist James Clerk Maxwell had an improved zoetrope constructed. Instead of slits, his version used concave lenses with a focal length equaling the diameter of the cylinder. The virtual image was thus seen in the centre and appeared much more sharp and steady than in the original zoetrope. Maxwell drew several strips that mostly demonstrated subjects relating to physics, like the vibrations of a harp string or Helmholtz's vortex rings threading through each other. An article about the "Zootrope perfectionné" was published in the French science magazine Le Cosmos in 1869, but Maxwell never marketed his animation device.
** In 1868, the Birmingham-based printer John Barnes Linnett received the first patent for the flip book. He gave the name kineograph to his device. A flip book is a small book with relatively springy pages, each having one in a series of animation images located near its unbound edge. The user bends all of the pages back, normally with the thumb. Then by a gradual motion of the hand, the user allows them to spring free one at a time. As with the phenakistoscope, the zoetrope, and the praxinoscope, the illusion of motion is created by the apparent sudden replacement of each image by the next in the series. Unlike those other inventions, no view-interrupting shutter or assembly of mirrors is required and no viewing device other than the user's hand is absolutely necessary. Early film animators cited flip books as their inspiration more often than the earlier devices, which did not reach as wide an audience.

## Births
### July

* July 18: Hy Mayer, German-American political cartoonist, comic artist and animator (The Travels of Teddy, with Otto Messmer), (d. 1954).

### August

* August 26: Edwin George Lutz, German-American cartoonist, illustrator, and non-fiction writer of training manuals about art and drawing techniques, (wrote the training manual Animated Cartoons - How they are made, their origin and development, which offered practical ideas for streamlining the production of animated drawings and influenced the techniques used by early animation studios; aspiring animator Walt Disney first read Lutz's book at the age of 19. The book was one of the primary animation guides used by Disney's Laugh-O-Grams studio team in Kansas City, Missouri, throughout the 1920s), (d. 1951).

### November

* November 12: Ada Driver, Australian photographer, (created her own magic lantern slides and stereoscopic photographs, some of which have been bequeathed to the State Library of Queensland), (d. 1954).
# Negro cloth

Negro cloth or Lowell cloth was a coarse and strong cloth used for slaves' clothing in the West Indies and the Southern Colonies. The cloth was imported from Europe (primarily Wales) in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The name Lowell cloth came from the town Lowell in Massachusetts, United States, where the cloth was produced.

## The Act of 1735

South Carolina's Negro Act of 1735 had various cheap materials dictated for slave clothes that include ''Negro cloth, duffelds, course kiersies, osnaburg, blue linen, checked linen, coarse calicoes and checked kinds of cotton''.

## Types

Negro cloth was a woven material made of cotton or blended coarse threads also homespun. These were inexpensive and lower grades of cloth. Certain long cloths of coarser varieties and Salampore were among recognized Indian materials; the Dutch merchants called them ''Guinea or Negro cloth.'' ''Guinea cloth'' was a generic term for various inferior Indian piece goods traded for the purpose, such as inexpensive dyed plain and patterned calicoes like stripes and checks.

## Quality

Negro cloth was durable, but often regarded by its wearers as coarse, rough, and uncomfortable. Those freed from slavery recalled the cloth feeling akin to "needles sticking one all the time."

## Garments

The cloth was converted into various garments, such as breeches, jackets, skirts, bodices, shirts and trousers.
# Moore determinant of a Hermitian matrix

In mathematics, the Moore determinant is a determinant defined for Hermitian matrices over a quaternion algebra, introduced by Moore (1922).
Because quaterion multiplication does not commute, it is necessary to specify the order in which multiplication occurs. The Moore determinant uses the formal classical determinant, which has $n!$ terms consisting of products of elements of the matrix, and for each term specifies an order for those elements to be multiplied. Specifically, it separates out cycles of factors $a_{f_{1}f_{2}},a_{f_{2}f_{3}},\dots ,a_{f_{k}f_{1}}$. The shortest cycles are placed first, with the smallest index within the cycle occurring first. Ties in the length of the cycle are broken by listing the cycle with the smallest $f_{1}$ first.
This definition has the property that the Moore determinant of a matrix formed from a suitable collection of vectors of quaternions is zero if and only if the vectors are linearly dependent.
# Jim Berryman

Jim Berryman (born February 17, 1947) is a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. He is the former mayor of Adrian, Michigan. He previously served as a member of the Michigan Senate, where he represented the 11th district from 1991 to 1994, and the 17th district from 1995 to 1998. He served as mayor of Adrian, Michigan, from 1985 to 1990. He is a Democrat and was the first one ever to be elected to the Michigan Senate from Lenawee County. Again, in 2013 Berryman was elected mayor of Adrian (2013-2017).

## Early life

Berryman was born on February 17, 1947, and attended Adrian College from 1965 to 1969.

## 2012 Michigan House of Representatives campaign

On January 6, 2012, Berryman announced his candidacy for the 57th district seat in the Michigan House of Representatives. He ran against the incumbent, Republican Nancy Jenkins. On August 7, 2012, Berryman defeated Harvey Schmidt in the Democratic Party 57th district primary.
In the election on November 6, 2012, Berryman was defeated by Nancy Jenkins.

## Personal

Berryman lives in Adrian with his wife Susan. They have three children. His granddaughter, Olivia Berryman, goes to Pepperdine University in Malibu, CA. He is also a member and former president of the Adrian Rotary Club.
# Robert Nesbitt (theatre director)

Robert Nesbitt (11 January 1906 – 3 January 1995) was a theatre director, theatrical producer and impresario, particularly known for staging 25 instances of the Royal Variety Show.
Nesbitt was born on 11 January 1906 in London, England.
He was the Royal Variety Show's stage director in 1945, 1946, 1958 and 1961; and its producer from 1962 until 1976 and again in 1978. He staged and co-wrote the 1952 hit musical The Glorious Days starring Anna Neagle.
He once rejected an audition by Julie Andrews, but on the grounds of her age (she was only twelve at the time) rather than a deficiency of talent.
He appeared as a castaway on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs on 27 January 1973.
He died on 3 January 1995.
# Convocation Sejm of 1764

The Convocation Sejm of 1764 was a session of the Sejm (parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It took place in Warsaw from 7 May to 23 June, and was a confederated convocation sejm, tasked with preparing a new royal election to fill the throne of the Commonwealth. It carried out a series of reforms to the Commonwealth government.
The Sejm was led by Sejm marshal, Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski. Familia party of Czartoryski magnate family, backed by the Russian Empire (whose military forces were occupying parts of the Commonwealth) forced an election of their candidate (Stanisław August Poniatowski). In protest at the presence of Russian forces, and influence of Russian ambassador to the Commonwealth, Herman Karl von Keyserling, many opposition deputies left the session - in the end the Sejm passed its decisions with only 80 deputies (out of 300) and 7 senators (out of 136). The Sejm approved the cession of the territory of the Commonwealth to Russia, made in the Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686.

## Reforms and decisions

* Stanisław August Poniatowski elected the new king of the Commonwealth, replacing interrex Władysław Aleksander Łubieński
* Emperor titles of Russian Tsar and King of Prussia were recognized
* private tariffs were abolished
* general tariff for public treasury was introduced
* liberum veto was abolished for discussions of financial and military matters
* unified system of measurements was introduced
* tax system was reformed (kwarta, head tax)
* Jewish Council of Four Lands was discontinued as it failed to deliver collected taxes
* Commissions of Treasury and Military were created
* hetmans powers were limited
* crown lands (królewszczyzna) were to be reviewed for incompetent management to increase public revenue
* special privileges (serwitoriaty) of some royal craftsman were abolished, along with royal enclaves (jurydyki) near cities but not subject to municipal laws and regulations
# Crooked Creek (Tioga River tributary)

Crooked Creek is a 26.3-mile-long (42.3 km) tributary of the Tioga River located entirely in Tioga County, Pennsylvania in the United States.

## Geography

The source is southwest of the unincorporated village of Little Marsh in Chatham Township at an elevation of 1,979 feet (603 m). The creek first flows east for 15 miles (24 km), then northeast for 9 miles (14 km). The mouth is at the confluence with the Tioga River, just north of the borough of Tioga, at an elevation of 1,018 ft (310 m).
The difference in elevation (961 ft (293 m) divided by the length of the creek of gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of creek or relief ratio of 39.1 ft/mi (7.4 m/km ). The meander ratio is 1.07, so despite its name, the creek is fairly straight in its bed.

## Watershed

The watershed area is 123 sq mi (320 km$^2$), with a population of 4,570 as of 2000. Of that area, 79 sq mi (200 km$^2$) are forested, 51 sq mi (130 km$^2$) are given to agricultural uses, and 1 sq mi (2.6 km$^2$) is open water. The watershed accounts for 12.2% of Tioga County by area.

## Hammond Reservoir

Crooked Creek has one major impoundment, the Hammond Reservoir, formed by a dam just before it enters the Tioga River. The lake has a surface area of 685 acres (2.77 km$^2$) and is administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, who built the Hammond Dam from 1973 to 1979. Built together with the adjoining Tioga Dam and Tioga Lake (on the Tioga River), the total project cost $200 million.
The dam projects were initially authorized by the United States Congress in the Flood Control Act of July 3, 1958 (Public Law 85-500). A channel connects the two lakes so that Hammond Lake (which has greater storage capacity) may be used to store excess (flood) water from Tioga Lake.
However, in addition to flood control on the Chemung and North Branch Susquehanna Rivers, the dams are also meant to help decrease the acidity of water in the Tioga River downstream of the dams by dilution with the more neutral waters of Crooked Creek. The Tioga River's acidity is caused by acid mine drainage.
The lakes also offer recreational opportunities, including camping, boating, fishing, swimming, and hiking on area trails.
# 1872 in animation

Events in 1872 in animation.

## Events

* November 9-10: The photographer James Wallace Black produces images of the Great Boston Fire of 1872, which he would later publish in a photographic album titled Ruins of the Great Fire in Boston, November 1872. By the late 1870s, Black's business largely consisted of magic lantern slide production. His images of the Boston Fire circulated in the form of lantern slides.
* Specific date unknown: In 1872, Leland Stanford, a businessman, race-horse owner, and former governor of California hired the photographer Eadweard Muybridge for a portfolio depicting his mansion and other possessions, including his race-horse Occident. Stanford also wanted a proper picture of the horse at full speed. He was frustrated that the existing depictions and descriptions seemed incorrect. The human eye could not fully break down the action at the quick gaits of the trot and gallop. Up until this time, most artists painted horses at a trot with one foot always on the ground; and at a full gallop with the front legs extended forward and the hind legs extended to the rear, and all feet off the ground. There are stories that Stanford had made a $25,000 bet on his theories about horse locomotion, but no evidence has been found of such a wager. However, it has been estimated that Stanford spent a total of $50,000 over the next several years to fund his investigations on animal locomotion. Stanford would initially fund Muybridge's experiments with chronophotography, an important step in the development of motion pictures.

## Births
### April

* April 11: Romolo Bacchini, Italian filmmaker, musician, painter, and poet (art director for CAIR (Cartoni Animati Italiani Roma), director or co-director of the unfinished animated feature film The Adventures of Pinocchio, the first animated film based on the namesake novel by Carlo Collodi), (d. 1938).

### August

* August 17: Joaquín Xaudaró, Spanish cartoonist, caricaturist, illustrator, and animator, (co-founder of the Sociedad Española de Dibujos Animados (SEDA), collaborated with K-Hito in the production on an animated film), (d. 1933).

### November

* November 7: Lucille La Verne, American actress, (voice of the Evil Queen in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs), (d. 1945).
# Ƹ

Ƹ (minuscule: ƹ) is a letter of the Latin script. It was used for a voiced pharyngeal fricative, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet as [ʕ], in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, for example by John Rupert Firth and Terence Frederick Mitchell, or in the 1980s by Martin Hinds and El-Said Badawi.
Although it looks like a reversed ezh (Ʒ), it is based on the Arabic letter ʿayn (ع). (Unicode, however, refers to it expressly as "reversed ezh.")