OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences

The GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences (formerly Helmholtz Centre Potsdam – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences), or just GFZ, is the national research center for Earth Sciences in Germany. Located in the Albert Einstein Science Park on the hill of Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Brandenburg, GFZ is part of the Helmholtz Association of National Research Centres.
"GFZ" stands for GeoForschungsZentrum (Geo-research Centre).

## History

The GFZ was founded in 1992. It is the latest in a long line of research institutes that have been located on the Telegrafenberg. These have included the Central Institute of for Physics of the Earth (ZIPE), which was an institute of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR (German Democratic Republic) that was actively involved in Geodesy. The history of the GFZ can be traced back to the Geodätisches Institut Potsdam [de], an institution of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. Under the directorship of Friedrich Robert Helmert from 1886 to 1917, the institute developed into the world's leading center for scientific geodesy. The current GFZ is supported 90% by the German Ministry of Education and Research, and 10% from the Ministry of Science, Research, and Culture from the state of Brandenburg.

### Exhibition

Between 24 March and 9 July 2017 GFZ shows a bilingual exhibition (German / English) with the title Focus: Earth - Measuring our World in the Haus der Brandenburgisch-Preußischen Geschichte in Potsdam with many exhibits of the history of geosciences on the Telegrafenberg hill.
* Exhibition 2017 (selection)
* Surveyor's wheel, London (around 1760)
* Historical universal theodolite, Pistor & Martins, Berlin (1851)
* Basis apparatus for surveying geodetic base lines, Gebrüder Brunner, Paris (1876 to 1878)
* Electromagnetic dip number 1, G. Schulze, Potsdam (around 1900)
* Marine chronometer, A. Lange & Söhne, Glashütte (1948)
* Square academic caps made with helmets of the Nationale Volksarmee of Sigmund Jähn and Karl-Heinz Marek (1983)
* Three-dimensionales model of the so-called "Potsdamer Kartoffel" (Potato of Potsdam) with a 15000 times magnification of the surface's level of the earth, Potsdam (2017)
# Jaana Savolainen

Jaana Maarit Savolainen (born 23 January 1964) is a Finnish former cross-country skier who competed from 1984 to 1993. She won a bronze medal in the 4 × 5 km relay at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and finished 18th in the 5 km + 10 km combined pursuit event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville.
Savolainen also won a gold medal in the 4 × 5 km relay at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti. She also won the 10 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1986.

## Cross-country skiing results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

### Olympic Games

* 1 medal – (1 bronze)
| Year | Age | 5 km | 10 km | 15 km | Pursuit | 20 km | 30 km | 4 × 5 km  relay |
| 1988 | 24 | — | — | — | — | 28 | — | Bronze |
| 1992 | 28 | 26 | — | — | 18 | — | 28 | 4 |

### World Championships

* 1 medal – (1 gold)
| Year | Age | 5 km | 10 km  classical | 10 km  freestyle | 15 km | 20 km | 30 km | 4 × 5 km  relay |
| 1985 | 21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 |
| 1987 | 23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6 |
| 1989 | 25 | — | — | 16 | — | — | — | Gold |

### World Cup
#### Season standings

| Season | Age | Overall |
| 1983 | 19 | NC |
| 1984 | 20 | 28 |
| 1985 | 21 | NC |
| 1986 | 22 | 8 |
| 1987 | 23 | 56 |
| 1988 | 24 | 28 |
| 1989 | 25 | 28 |
| 1990 | 26 | 9 |
| 1991 | 27 | NC |
| 1992 | 28 | 13 |
| 1993 | 29 | 58 |

#### Individual podiums

* 2 victories
* 4 podiums
| No. | Season | Date | Location | Race | Level | Place |
| 1 | 1985–86 | 7 December 1985 | Labrador City, Canada | 5 km Individual F | World Cup | 3rd |
| 2 | 1985–86 | 15 March 1986 | Oslo, Norway | 10 km Individual F | World Cup | 1st |
| 3 | 1987–88 | 13 December 1987 | La Clusaz, France | 5 km Individual F | World Cup | 2nd |
| 4 | 1989–90 | 9 December 1989 | Soldier Hollow, United States | 5 km Individual C | World Cup | 1st |

#### Team podiums

* 1 victory
* 8 podiums
| No. | Season | Date | Location | Race | Level | Place | Teammates |
| 1 | 1983–84 | 26 February 1984 | Falun, Italy | 4 × 5 km Relay | World Cup | 2nd | Määttä / Hyytiäinen / Hämäläinen |
| 2 | 1985–86 | 1 March 1986 | Lahti, Finland | 4 × 5 km Relay C | World Cup | 3rd | Määttä / Hyytiäinen / Matikainen |
| 3 | 1986–87 | 1 March 1987 | Lahti, Finland | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | 3rd | Pyykkönen / Määttä / Matikainen |
| 4 | 1987–88 | 21 February 1988 | Calgary, Canada | 4 × 5 km Relay F | Olympic Games | 3rd | Määttä / Kirvesniemi / Matikainen |
| 5 | 1988–89 | 23 February 1989 | Lahti, Finland | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Championships | 1st | Määttä / Kirvesniemi / Matikainen |
| 6 | 1989–90 | 11 March 1990 | Örnsköldsvik, Sweden | 4 × 5 km Relay C/F | World Cup | 3rd | Pyykkönen / Määttä / Kuivalainen |
| 7 | 1990–91 | 10 March 1991 | Falun, Sweden | 4 × 5 km Relay C | World Cup | 3rd | Lukkarinen / Lahtinen / Kirvesniemi |
| 8 | 1991–92 | 8 March 1992 | Funäsdalen, Sweden | 4 × 5 km Relay C | World Cup | 3rd | Riikola / Lukkarinen / Kirvesniemi |
Note: $^1$ Until the 1999 World Championships and the 1994 Olympics, World Championship and Olympic races were included in the World Cup scoring system.
# Piotr Wiwczarek

Piotr Paweł Wiwczarek (born 22 October 1965 in Olsztyn, Poland), also known as Peter, (ex nickname Behemoth) is a Polish musician who is the vocalist and lead guitarist for the death metal band Vader, as the only constant member of the band since its inception. He has also collaborated with Kazimierz "Para" Paraszczuk on his tribute album, Bandid Rockin', and is the producer of several of Vader's releases. He is also the founder and guitarist of a side-project, named Panzer X.
Wiwczarek also became a producer for the first time in 1999, when producing the Polish death metal band Decapitated's first release, Winds of Creation.

## Gear

* 4x Ran Invader, 6 string (EMG 81 Pickup)
* Ran Invader, 6 string (EMG X Pickup)
* P. Kamecki customs cold demon
* Laboga Mr. Hector Amplifier
* Laboga 412 V30 Cabinets
* Mesa Boogie Dual Rectifier Solo Head
* Morley Bad Horsie II
* Boss NS-1
* POD XT Live
* Mipro ACT 707s
* Ernie Ball Strings (.010"-.052")

## Discography

* Slashing Death – Live at Thrash Camp (1988, guest vocals)
* Impurity – In Pain We Trust (1990, guest bass guitar)
* Para Wino Band – Bandid Rockin (1993, guest vocals)
* Kingdom of the Lie – About the Rising Star (1993, guest guitar)
* Proletaryat – Live 93 (1994, guest guitar)
* Misya – Misya (1994, guest vocals)
* Sweet Noise – Getto (1996, guest vocals)
* Decapitated – Winds of Creation (2000, producer)
* Ceti – Shadow of the Angel (2003, guest vocals)
* Panzer X – Steel Fist (2004, guitar, vocals)
* Crionics – N.O.I.R. (2010, guest vocals)
* VA - Mazurski cud (2011, single)
* Crystal Viper – Crimen Excepta (2012, guest vocals)
* Sabaton – 40:1 (2013, single, guest vocals)

## Filmography

* Historia polskiego rocka (2008, documentary, directed: Leszek Gnoiński, Wojciech Słota)
# January 2005 Dagestan Raids

January 15, 2005 sieges were two raids of the Russian security forces on a militant Islamist group's safehouses in Daghestan. At least four Russian commandos and six rebels died in the clashes, while one was captured. The group, called Shariat Jamaat, previously killed 29 members of the Daghestani department for fighting extremism and criminal terrorism, including its chief Akhberdilav Akilov.

## Sieges
### Makhachkala

In the first incident, the government forces surrounded a group of five rebel fighters in a two-story house on the outskirts of Makhachkala, capital of Dagestan. For 17 hours, the rebels battled Russian special forces supported by armoured vehicles and a helicopter, killing one of elite Alpha Group commandos and wounding another. In the end a tank belonging to the Russian Marines smashed the remains of the burned and gutted house. The authorities claimed that among the five bodies recovered from the ruins was the Jennet leader Rasul Makasharipov, but it turned out to be incorrect when Makasharipov resurfaced four days later.

### Kaspiysk

In a separate clash this day, special police task force stormed another house in Dagestan's port of Kaspiysk to arrest a separate group of militants. Three SOBR officers were killed in the attempt, including group commander Colonel Arzulum Ilyasov. One rebel was killed (50-year-old commander Magomedzagir Akayev) and one wounded and captured, while the third one escaped (according to some reports two were captured).
# 1953 Wakayama flood

The 1953 Wakayama flood (Japanese: 紀州大水害 / 南紀豪雨) was caused by heavy rain that resulted in landslides and flooding in the Kii Peninsula, Wakayama Prefecture in Japan in July 1953. Collapse of the dikes occurred along many rivers, which caused flooding. It resulted in the deaths of 713 people and 411 people went missing.
# Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr (Arabic: عبد الملك بن مروان بن موسى بن نصير) was the last governor of Egypt for the Umayyad Caliphate.

## Career

Abd al-Malik was a grandson of Musa ibn Nusayr, the Muslim general responsible for the conquest of parts of North Africa and Hispania. He first appears in c. 749 as the finance director for Egypt during the governorship of al-Mughirah ibn Ubaydallah al-Fazari. Following al-Mughirah's death in December 749, Abd al-Malik was selected to replace him by the Umayyad caliph Marwan II.
Abd al-Malik's governorship was a turbulent one, as it coincided with the arrival of the Abbasid Revolution in Egypt. In the Nile Delta, the Copts rebelled against the government and refused to pay the taxes that Abd al-Malik had levied on them, forcing the governor to send troops which engaged the insurgents in a bloody battle. Around the same time, an anti-Umayyad revolt broke out in the eastern Hawf district; Abd al-Malik dispatched another army to Bilbeis to deal with them, but on this occasion the two sides were able to agree to a reconciliation and refrained from fighting.
In the midst of these disturbances, Marwan II himself arrived in Egypt in June 750, having fled there from Syria in the aftermath of his defeat against the Abbasids at the Battle of the Zab earlier that year. Within a short time of his arrival he found much of the country was against him, with various rebels taking up the Abbasid black in the Hawf, Alexandria, Upper Egypt, and Aswan, and the Copts continuing to be in a state of revolt. Marwan eventually opted to depart from Fustat, destroying the Gilded Palace and city bridges as he did so, and sent his armies to retake Alexandria and Upper Egypt. Soon afterwards, however, an Abbasid force under Salih ibn Ali and Abu Awn Abd al-Malik ibn Yazid invaded Egypt and caught up with Marwan, killing him at Busir in August 750; with the death of the caliph, the province submitted to the Abbasids, and Umayyad rule was brought to an end.
In the aftermath of Marwan's death, Abd al-Malik and his brother Mu'awiyah were captured and imprisoned by Salih ibn Ali, but were soon pardoned on account of the leniency Abd al-Malik had shown towards the Abbasids during his time in office. They later accompanied Salih when he departed from Egypt in 751.
# List of mosques in Hong Kong

The following is the list of mosques in Hong Kong:
| English Name (and Chinese) | Location | Establishment | Sequence | Nearest station |
| Jamia Mosque (些利街清真寺) | Mid-Levels | 1890 (original building) 1905 (current building) | 1st mosque | Central station |
| Kowloon Mosque (九龍清真寺) | Tsim Sha Tsui | 1896 (original building) 1984 (current building) | 2nd mosque | Tsim Sha Tsui station |
| Ammar Mosque (愛群清真寺) | Wan Chai | 1967 (original building) 14 September 1981 (current building) | 3rd mosque | Causeway Bay station / Wan Chai station |
| Stanley Mosque (赤柱清真寺) | Stanley | 1 January 1937 | 4th mosque | Ocean Park station |
| Chai Wan Mosque (柴灣清真寺) | Chai Wan | 4 August 1963 | 5th mosque | Chai Wan station |
| Ibrahim Mosque (亞伯拉罕清真寺) | Mong Kok | 24 November 2013 | 6th mosque | Mong Kok station |
# Oakmont Regional High School

Oakmont Regional High School is a public high school in New England, located in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, United States. Its serves the towns of Ashburnham and Westminster which together comprise the regional School District. The property straddles the border between the two towns, with the athletic fields and a portion of the school building being located on the Westminster side. The superintendent is Todd Stewart.

## History

A regional school planning board was established by Westminster in 1954 and Ashburnham in 1955. The concept of building Oakmont Regional Junior-Senior High School was proposed by the school faculty in 1957. After it received town approval, construction was started in January 1959. The new school opened in September 1960 at a cost of $750,000. After a visit by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges in 1994 it was determined that after 34 years major renovations were needed. In the summer of 2001 construction began and was completed 26 months later at a cost of $35,561,481.

## Notable alumni

* John Griffin, NFL football player
# Wabash Little Giants football

The Wabash Little Giants football team represents Wabash College in the sport of college football at the NCAA Division III level. The Little Giants have competed as a member of the North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC) since 2000. Wabash plays home games at Hollett Little Giant Stadium in Crawfordsville, Indiana. Don Morel served as the team's head coach from 2016 to 2024, amassing a 61-20 record overall and a 54-15 record in conference play. Jake Gilbert (Wabash '98) will take over as head coach for the 2025 season.

## History

In 1884, Wabash played its first game of intercollegiate football when it defeated a team from Butler University on October 25, 4–0. The first intercollegiate game in the state took place on May 31, between Butler and DePauw University. From the 1890s to the 1910s, the Wabash football team played schedules against many much larger colleges, such as Illinois, Indiana and Purdue, against whom the Little Giants occasionally won impressive upsets. For instance Wabash won all five games against Purdue between 1906 and 1911.
In 1903, the Wabash football team fielded its first black player, Samuel S. Gordon, and the following season added another, Walter M. Cantrell. Many opposing teams threatened boycotts, but school president William Patterson Kane insisted the men be allowed to play. Some opponents did cancel their games, but Gordon and Cantrell continued to play for Wabash. The 1904 football team adopted the nickname the "Little Giants", which was the first time that moniker was used by the school. That season, Wabash won decisive victories over Hanover, 81–0, Butler, 51–0, and Earlham, 35–0, and they lost close contests to Illinois, Notre Dame, Purdue, and Michigan Agricultural (Michigan State).
The Little Giants' most prominent football game came against Notre Dame at South Bend, Indiana on October 21, 1905. Wabash took a first-half lead, 5–0, through a dominating performance by their backfield and linemen. In the second half, Notre Dame advanced inside the Wabash five-yard line three times, but was repelled on each occasion. The Little Giants won, 5–0, and it proved the only Notre Dame home-field loss in 125 games between 1899 and 1928. The Little Giants and Fighting Irish played several more times after that, and the last game took place in 1924. Incidentally, both head coaches that season, Pete Vaughan of Wabash and Knute Rockne of Notre Dame, had played college football together for the Fighting Irish. A further connection between the schools was College Football Hall of Fame inductee Jesse Harper, who coached Wabash from 1909 to 1912, and then Notre Dame from 1913 to 1917. Century Milstead played for the 1921 team.
# Contact Trio

Contact Trio was a jazz group from the Ruhr area of Germany that existed from 1970 to 1984. The band was one of the first professional jazz groups in the Ruhr area and released four albums. The founding members of the group included clarinetist Theo Jörgensmann, bassist Alois Kott, and drummer Michael Jüllich.

## Career

The trio performed primarily in Germany and Switzerland. Jörgensmann played from 1970 to 1973 with the trio. When he left, guitarist Evert Brettschneider joined the group. In the early 1980s, Michael Jüllich left the band. He was replaced by drummer Peter Eisold. The Contact Trio performed at the Deutsches Jazzfestival in 1974 and the Berlin Jazz Festival in 1981.
Since 2015 there is a new edition of the band as Contact 4tett, which includes the former soloists of the band Theo Jörgensmann and Evert Brettschneider. The other members are Kai Kanthak, electric bass and Bernd Oezsevim, drums. vor Michael Jüllich war Michael Radünz Drummer der Band.

## Discography

* Contact (Blackfield, 1972)
* Double Face (Calig, 1975)
* New Marks (Japo, 1978)
* Musik (Japo, 1981)
# Thornton, California

Thornton is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Joaquin County, California, United States. Thornton is located along Interstate 5 7 miles (11 km) west-southwest of Galt. Thornton has a post office with ZIP code 95686.

## History

The Western Pacific Railroad was extended to Thornton in 1907. A post office called Thornton has been in operation since 1910. The community was named for Arthur Thornton, the original owner of the town site.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 2.2 square miles (5.6 km$^2$), 98.70% of it land, and 1.30% of it water.

## Demographics

At the 2010 census Thornton had a population of 1,131. The population density was 524.9 inhabitants per square mile (202.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of Thornton was 554 (49.0%) White, 43 (3.8%) African American, 3 (0.3%) Native American, 45 (4.0%) Asian, 1 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 443 (39.2%) from other races, and 42 (3.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 770 people (68.1%).
The whole population lived in households, no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters and no one was institutionalized.
There were 310 households, 166 (53.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 175 (56.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 58 (18.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 15 (4.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 17 (5.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 5 (1.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 45 households (14.5%) were one person and 21 (6.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.65. There were 248 families (80.0% of households); the average family size was 4.10.
The age distribution was 404 people (35.7%) under the age of 18, 112 people (9.9%) aged 18 to 24, 259 people (22.9%) aged 25 to 44, 259 people (22.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 97 people (8.6%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 28.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males.
There were 326 housing units at an average density of 151.3 per square mile, of the occupied units 134 (43.2%) were owner-occupied and 176 (56.8%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.8%. 426 people (37.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 705 people (62.3%) lived in rental housing units.
# Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development

ASCD, formerly known as the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, is an education non-profit organization founded in 1943. It has more than 125,000 members from more than 128 countries, including superintendents, principals, teachers, professors of education, and other educators. The ASCD community also includes affiliate organizations Student Chapters.
While ASCD was initially founded with a focus on curriculum and supervision, the organization now provides professional development, publishing, and event experiences focusing on a broad range of topics for educators.

## History and governance

ASCD formed when the National Education Association's Society for Curriculum Study and Department of Supervisors and Directors of Instruction merged in 1943. ASCD became totally independent of the NEA in 1972.
In 2023 ASCD merged with ISTE to form the largest education non-profit organization focused on supporting educators in designing high-quality learning experiences for all students. The merger brings together the instructional expertise of ASCD with the innovation expertise of ISTE. The merged organization is led by Richard Culatta, who previously served as the Chief Innovation Officer for the State of Rhode Island and Executive Director at the US Department of Education.
ASCD+ISTE is governed by a Board of Directors, which includes the CEO.

## Educational Leadership

Educational Leadership (EL) magazine is ASCD's flagship publication, with a circulation of 135,000. EL provides information about teaching and learning, new ideas and practices relevant to practicing educators, and the latest trends and issues affecting prekindergarten through higher education. EL is published eight times each year, September through May, with a combined issue in December/January.

## Key Initiatives

In March 2007, ASCD launched its Whole Child Initiative to ensure all children are healthy, safe, engaged in learning, supported by caring adults, and academically challenged. The public-engagement and advocacy campaign encourages schools and communities to work together so that each student has access to a challenging curriculum in a healthy and supportive environment. ASCD contends that "current educational practice and policy focus overwhelmingly on academic achievement. This achievement, however, is but one element of student learning and development and only a part of any complete system of educational accountability." Partner organizations, such as the American School Health Association, Developmental Studies Center, and the National School Boards Association, have signed on in support of the initiative. Other key initiatives include Differentiated instruction, Understanding by Design, and What Works in Schools.

## Programs, products, and services

ASCD offers four main services; events, publishing, professional learning, and membership. In 2024 ASCD announced that its flagship Annual Conference would be co-located with the ISTE annual conference (ISTELive) beginning in San Antonio in 2025.