OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kiwi Travel International Airlines

Kiwi Travel International Airlines was a New Zealand–based airline which pioneered discount flights between secondary airports in Australia and New Zealand in the mid-1990s. The airline was established by Ewan Wilson and several associates. Wilson was CEO and was later convicted on four counts of fraud.

## Charter services

The airline began as Kiwi Travel Air Charters in July 1994, operating weekly charters between Hamilton, New Zealand and Brisbane, Australia, using a leased Air Nauru Boeing 737-400. In December 1994, charters were operated to Brisbane, Tonga and Western Samoa. The network was expanded in April 1995 to include Queensland coastal cities, including the Gold Coast, Cairns, Townsville and Rockhampton. The last charter flight was operated on 27 August 1995, following the commencement of scheduled services.

## Scheduled flights

Following the issue of the necessary government permits, Kiwi Travel International Airlines commenced scheduled flights between Hamilton and Sydney using a leased Boeing 727-200 on 23 August 1995. The 727 was operated on behalf of Kiwi by AvAtlantic of the United States, who also held the air operator's certificate on behalf of the airline. Flights were operated from the New Zealand cities of Hamilton and Dunedin. Due to the short runways at these airports, the aircraft could only take on limited fuel due to weight restrictions and needed to land in Auckland and Christchurch respectively to take on more fuel before making the trans-Tasman crossing. The airline offered full economy services as well as no frills "Peanuts and Cola"-class fares.

## Competition, route expansion and fleet changes

By the end of 1995, Air New Zealand had established Freedom Air via its subsidiary Mount Cook Airline and operated in direct competition with Kiwi, offering the same routes and a similar fare structure. In early 1996, Kiwi replaced its Boeing 727 with a leased Boeing 757 from the United Kingdom based company Air 2000, later replaced by a Boeing 737. Freedom Air also operated a Boeing 737. Kiwi added a second aircraft, an Airbus A320, and expanded its network to include Christchurch and the Australian cities of Melbourne and Perth. By September 1996, trans-Tasman fares reached historic lows of $199 for return tickets between Melbourne/Christchurch and Melbourne/Hamilton.

## Financial troubles and liquidation

Following intense competition with Freedom Air and a series of financial difficulties, Kiwi Travel International Airlines went into voluntary liquidation on 9 September 1996. Passengers on both sides of the Tasman Sea were stranded. In Brisbane, the company's Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 were taken by Airservices Australia in lieu of unpaid aviation fees. They were eventually returned to their owners.
Ewan Wilson was CEO and was later convicted on four counts of fraud. Evans was later involved in Kiwi Regional Airlines.
# Collège des Dix-Huit

Collège des Dix-Huit (College of the Eighteen), founded in 1180 AD, was the earliest college of the University of Paris in France, established to endow 18 scholars.

## History

The college was founded in 1180 AD by an Englishman by the name of Jocius after a visit to Jerusalem. It was based south of the Rue des Poirées.
In Warriors of the Cloisters: The Central Origins of Science in the Medieval World Christopher Beckwith argues that College des Dix-Huit was modeled on the Central Asian madrasa: "The college founded by Jocius is identical... to the typical madrasa then widespread in Syria and its vicinity. They were endowed institutions, generally quite small, which housed a small number of students, typically less than two dozen.".
The founding text of the college:
   We, Barbedor, dean of the church in Paris... want it to be known to all, both present and future, that when Sir Josse of London returned from Jerusalem, having considered with the most careful devotion the assistance which is given to the poor and the sick in the hospital of Notre Dame (Blessed Mary) of Paris, he saw there a room in which, according to old custom, the poor clerics were lodged and, on our advice and that from Master Hilduin, Chancellor of Paris, then attorney of the same place, he acquired it in perpetuity for the price of 52 livres from the attorneys of the same house for the use of the said clerics, under the condition that the attorneys...would provide 18 school children with suitable beds on a perpetual basis and each month twelve denarii taken from the alms which are collected in the safe.
The college was closed during the reconstruction of the University in the 17th century.
# Mirza Olang

Mirza Olang (Persian: میرزاولنگ) is a village in Sayyad District, Sar-e Pol Province in Afghanistan. It is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) out of Sar-e Pol city and is considered to be within its defensive belt. Most residents of Mirza Olang are Shia Hazaras. As of 2017, about 700 families live in Mirza Olang Village.
# Robert B. Dickey

Robert Barry Dickey (November 10, 1811 – July 14, 1903) was a participant in the conferences leading to the Canadian Confederation of 1867 and is therefore considered to be one of the Fathers of Confederation.
Born in Amherst, the son of Robert McGowan Dickey and Eleanor Chapman, he was educated at Windsor Academy and later studied law with Alexander Stewart. He was called to the Nova Scotia bar in 1834, and to the New Brunswick bar in 1835. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1863. He served as both judge and registrar of probate in Cumberland County for 20 years. In 1844, he married Mary Blair, one of Alexander Stewart's daughters. Dickey was a director of the Nova Scotia Electric Telegraph Company and consular agent for the United States at Amherst.
From 1858 to 1867, Dickey was appointed to the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia. In 1867, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of Amherst, Nova Scotia. A Conservative, he served until his death in 1903.
His son Arthur Rupert Dickey served as a member of the House of Commons.
His daughter Mary married the English landscape architect Henry Ernest Milner.
# Arsenic pentoxide

Arsenic pentoxide is the inorganic compound with the formula As$_2$O$_5$. This glassy, white, deliquescent solid is relatively unstable, consistent with the rarity of the As(V) oxidation state. More common, and far more important commercially, is arsenic(III) oxide (As$_2$O$_3$). All inorganic arsenic compounds are highly toxic and thus find only limited commercial applications.

## Structure

The structure consists of tetrahedral {AsO$_4$} and octahedral {AsO$_6$} centers linked by sharing corners. The structure differs from that of the corresponding phosphorus(V) oxide; as a result, although there is still a solid solution with that oxide, it only progresses to the equimolar point, at which point phosphorus has substituted for arsenic in all of its tetrahedral sites. Likewise, arsenic pentoxide can also dissolve up to an equimolar amount of antimony pentoxide, as antimony substitutes for arsenic only in its octahedral sites.
| As coordination | unit cell | cell packing |

## Synthesis
### Historical

Pierre Macquer found a crystallizable salt which he called ‘sel neutre arsenical’. This salt was the residue obtained after distilling nitric acid from a mixture of potassium nitrate and arsenic trioxide. Previously Paracelsus heated a mixture of arsenic trioxide and potassium nitrate. He applied the term ‘arsenicum fixum’ to the product. A. Libavius called the same product ‘butyrum arsenici’ (butter of arsenic), although this term was actually used for arsenic trichloride. The products that Paracelsus and Libavius found were all impure alkali arsenates. Scheele prepared a number of arsenates by the action of arsenic acid on the alkalies. One of the arsenates that he prepared, was arsenic pentoxide. The water in the alkalies evaporated at 180˚C, and the arsenic pentoxide was stable below 400˚C .

### Modern methods

Arsenic pentoxide can be crystallized by heating As$_2$O$_3$ under oxygen. This reaction is reversible:
    As$_2$O$_5$ ⇌ As$_2$O$_3$ + O$_2$
Strong oxidizing agents such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric acid convert arsenic trioxide to the pentoxide.
Arsenic acid can be generated via routine processing of arsenic compounds including the oxidation of arsenic and arsenic-containing minerals in air. Illustrative is the roasting of orpiment, a typical arsenic sulfide ore:
    2 As$_2$S$_3$ + 11 O$_2$ → 2 As$_2$O$_5$ + 6 SO$_2$

## Safety

Like all inorganic arsenic compounds, the pentoxide is highly toxic. Its reduced derivative arsenite, which is an As(III) compound, is even more toxic since it has a high affinity for thiol groups of cysteine residues in proteins.
It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.
# Liang Kʻai (crater)

Liang Kʻai is a crater on Mercury. It has a diameter of 140 kilometers. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1979. Liang Kʻai is named for the Chinese artist Liang Kai, who lived from 1140 to 1210.
To the southwest of Liang Kʻai is Wen Tianxiang crater. To the south is Dostoevskij crater. To the north is Gainsborough crater.
* Liang Kʽai at low sun angle
* Exaggerated color MESSENGER image with Liang Kʽai in upper right
# 1986 Thai general election

General elections were held in Thailand on 27 July 1986. The Democrat Party emerged as the largest party, winning 100 of the 347 seats. Voter turnout was 61%.

## Results

| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| | Democrat Party | 8,477,701 | 22.52 | 100 | +44 |
| | Thai Nation Party | 6,496,370 | 17.26 | 63 | –10 |
| | Social Action Party | 4,560,615 | 12.12 | 51 | –41 |
| | United Democrat Party | 3,814,651 | 10.13 | 38 | New |
| | People Party | 2,786,105 | 7.40 | 18 | New |
| | Thai Citizen Party | 2,612,717 | 6.94 | 24 | –12 |
| | Community Action | 2,268,346 | 6.03 | 15 | New |
| | Progress Party | 1,998,721 | 5.31 | 9 | +6 |
| | Ruam Thai Party | 1,658,812 | 4.41 | 19 | New |
| | National Democrat Party | 1,078,128 | 2.86 | 3 | –12 |
| | Mass Party | 723,758 | 1.92 | 3 | New |
| | Liberal Party | 404,960 | 1.08 | 1 | New |
| | Labour Democrat Party | 246,512 | 0.65 | 1 | +1 |
| | New Force Party | 232,027 | 0.62 | 1 | +1 |
| | Thai People Party | 196,527 | 0.52 | 1 | –3 |
| | Rak Thai | 85,241 | 0.23 | 0 | New |
| Total | Total | 37,641,191 | 100.00 | 347 | +23 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 15,506,897 | 96.49 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 564,060 | 3.51 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 16,070,957 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 26,160,100 | 61.43 | | |
| Source: Nohlen et al. ||||||
# 2022 Iraqi presidential election

The Iraqi presidential election of 2022 was held on 13 October 2022 to elect by indirect suffrage the President of Iraq for a four-year term. The position is largely ceremonial, with Iraq being a parliamentary system. Outgoing President Barham Salih was eligible for re-election, but was beaten in the second round by Abdul Latif Rashid.

## Process

With only two presidential candidates, initially scheduled for February 7, 2022, the vote was postponed due to the boycott of parliamentary sessions by the majority of deputies. They protested against the decision of the Supreme Court to rule out the candidacy of Hoshyar Zebari, who is supported by the main winning parties of the elections of October 2021.
Rescheduled to 26 March 2022, it was postponed again due to the quorum also not being met. On 30 March, it was postponed for a third time due to the quorum not being met once again. Then scheduled to be held on 6 April 2022, it failed due to the quorum not being met. Finally, the election was held on 13 October with quorum met.

## Results

Results :
| Candidates | Candidates | Parties | First round | First round | Second round | Second round |
| Candidates | Candidates | Parties | Votes | % | Votes | % |
| | Abdul Latif Rashid | PUK | 157 | 61.33 | 162 | 62.07 |
| | Barham Salih | PUK | 99 | 38.67 | 99 | 37.93 |
| Required majority | Required majority | Required majority | 220 votes | 220 votes | 50% of votes | 50% of votes |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | Valid votes | 256 | 92.42 | 261 | 97.03 |
| Blank and invalid votes | Blank and invalid votes | Blank and invalid votes | 21 | 7.58 | 8 | 2.97 |
| Total | Total | Total | 277 | 100 | 269 | 100 |
| Abstention | Abstention | Abstention | 52 | 15.81 | 60 | 18.24 |
| Registered voters / turnout | Registered voters / turnout | Registered voters / turnout | 329 | 84.19 | 329 | 81.76 |
# Turn of the Road

Turn of the Road is a 1959 Australian short film. It ran for 30 minutes and was made to promote the Police Boys Club.

## Plot

A young boy (Kit Taylor) from the slums with a drunk father becomes involved with a gang of car strippers in Woolloomooloo. He finds a new life through the police boys club and goes to Camp McKay at Kurrajong.

## Cast

* Kit Taylor
* Grant Taylor
* Nick Tate

## Production

Kit Taylor was Grant Taylor's son and they had appeared together in Long John Silver. Publicity Officer for Parramatta and District Police Boys' Club, Constable Tom Sneydj, said the film was based on a real incident, adding, "This film shows how boys can become fine citizens with a little help and understanding."

## Reception

It screened at various boys club and in cinemas in 1959. It screened on Sydney TV in 1962 and Melbourne TV in 1964.
# Sir Archibald Alison, 2nd Baronet

General Sir Archibald Alison, 2nd Baronet GCB (21 January 1826 – 5 February 1907) was a Scottish soldier who achieved high office in the British Army in the 1880s. He was a descendant of the Alison family presented by Francis Galton in Hereditary Genius (1869) as an example of genius inherited over several generations.

## Military career

Born on 21 January 1826, in Edinburgh, the son of Archibald Alison, the advocate and historian, and educated at the University of Glasgow, and the University of Edinburgh Alison was commissioned into the 72nd Regiment of Foot in 1846. He went on to serve at the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War in 1855.
He served as Military Secretary to Sir Colin Campbell during the Indian Mutiny in 1857, losing an arm at the relief of Lucknow, and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). He was appointed Assistant Adjutant General in the office of the Inspector General of Infantry in 1862, Assistant Adjutant General for the South Western District in 1864 and Assistant Adjutant General at Aldershot in 1870. In 1873 Alison was given command of the British brigade in West Africa during the Anglo-Ashanti wars and fought at the Battle of Amoaful.
He went on to be Deputy Adjutant General in Ireland in 1874, Commandant of the Staff College, Sandhurst in February 1878 and Deputy Quartermaster General, Intelligence in May 1878. He commanded the Highland Brigade during the Battle of Tel el-Kebir in September 1882. In late 1882 he was appointed General Officer Commanding British Troops in Egypt and in 1883 he became GOC for Aldershot District.
He was given the colonelcy of the Essex Regiment in 1896, transferring to be colonel of the Seaforth Highlanders in 1897, a position he held until his death.
Alison was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1874, and further raised to Knight Grand Cross (GCB) in 1887.
He died on 5 February 1907 and is buried at Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh.

## Family

In 1858 he married Jane Black. They had two sons and four daughters.
# Yucatan flycatcher

The Yucatan flycatcher (Myiarchus yucatanensis) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae.
It is endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and the northern bordering parts of Belize and Guatemala.
It is a typical Myiarchus flycatcher; partially crested with a brown to gray back and head, a rufous tail and yellow to pale underparts. It is closely related to and similar in appearance to the dusky-capped flycatcher (M. tuberculifer), brown-crested flycatcher (M. tyrannulus) and the great crested flycatcher (M. crinitus). These species are best distinguished by voice.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and heavily degraded former forest.
# Charlotte Wahlström

Charlotte Constance Wahlström (17 November 1849 – 22 February 1924) was a Swedish painter.

## Biography

Wahlström was born in the parish of Svärta in Södermanland, Sweden. She was the daughter of Anders Wahlström and Carolina Setterberg. She attended the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm.
She traveled on a scholarship to Paris, Brittany in 1885 and later to Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. In 1889, she spent a period in the artist colony in Barbizon. Wahlström exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. She was awarded a bronze medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Missouri in 1904. Wahlström died in 1924 in Stockholm and was buried at Norra begravningsplatsen.
Her art is characterized by prominent landscapes often with motifs from Skåne.
Wahlström is represented at the Gothenburg Art Museum and the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm as well as at museums in Östergötland, Malmö, Östersund and Örebro.

## Gallery

* Lake landscape at dusk, 1887
* Summer morning, Falsterbo
# George van Egmond

George or Joris van Egmont (2 July 1504, Egmond – 26 September 1559, Saint-Amand Abbey) was a Dutch nobleman who served as Bishop of Utrecht from 1535 until his death in 1559. Following the death of his predecessor, Willem van Enckevoirt, on 19 July 1534, Egmond was appointed Bishop by Emperor Charles V. Egmond's appointment was confirmed by Pope Paul III on 26 February 1535.

## Biography

George was the son of John III of Egmont. In 1526 he became canon and later deacon of the chapter of Liège. Next he became abbot of Saint-Amand Abbey (since destroyed in the wars of the Protestant Reformation and French Revolution) at Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, south of Tournai. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor appointed him bishop of Utrecht in 1534 as a favour to the Dutch nobility. Because he had to be ordained as priest, his consecration as bishop was delayed for over a year. George stayed in Saint-Amand, and had a vicar manage the bishopric for him. He acted unsuccessfully against the rise of Calvinism.

## Legacy

The stained glass window he donated with the theme of the baptism of Christ still exists in the Janskerk in Gouda. This window was designed and made by Dirk Crabeth in 1557-8.
After his death he was buried in Saint-Amand Abbey, but his heart was interred in a cenotaph in St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht. A portrait of George van Egmont from c. 1535, painted by his friend Jan van Scorel, is located in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.
# Arnaldo Benfenati

Arnaldo Benfenati (26 May 1924 – 9 June 1986) was an Italian cyclist. He was born in Bologna. He won a silver medal in team pursuit at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, together with Rino Pucci, Anselmo Citterio and Guido Bernardi.
# Capitol (short story collection)

Capitol (1979) was Orson Scott Card's second published book, and first foray into science fiction. This collection of eleven short stories set in the Worthing series is no longer in print. However six of the stories have been reprinted in The Worthing Saga (1990) and one of them in Maps in a Mirror (1990).

## Contents

The short stories in this book are:
* "A Sleep and a Forgetting"
* "A Thousand Deaths" - Reprinted in Maps in a Mirror
* "Skipping Stones" - Reprinted in The Worthing Saga
* "Second Chance" - Reprinted in The Worthing Saga
* "Breaking the Game" - Reprinted in The Worthing Saga
* "Lifeloop" - Reprinted in The Worthing Saga
* "Burning"
* "And What Will We Do Tomorrow?" - Reprinted in The Worthing Saga
* "Killing Children" - Reprinted in The Worthing Saga
* "When No One Remembers His Name, Does God Retire?"
* "The Stars That Blink"
# Cuban black hawk

The Cuban black hawk (Buteogallus gundlachii) is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is endemic to Cuba and several outlying cays.

## Taxonomy

German ornithologist Jean Cabanis described the Cuban black hawk in 1855. It was considered by most authorities to be a subspecies of the Mangrove Black Hawk (Buteogallus anthracinus), although aspects of its behavior were little studied. However, in 2007, the American Ornithologists' Union classified it as a separate species based on differing vocalizations and plumage patterns.
It is one of eight species in the New World genus Buteogallus.

## Description

The species has an average body length of 53 cm (21 in). The plumage is mainly dark brown verging on black. A lighter greyish or whitish patch may be present on the face between the bill and the eye. White patches at the base of the primary flight feathers are visible in flight. The tail is striped with wide black and white bands. The legs are yellow and the bill is yellow tipped in black. Generally, females tend to be slightly larger in size than males.
* Juvenile

## Distribution and habitat

The Cuban black hawk is endemic to Cuba, where it is found primarily in coastal and mangrove regions and on Isla de la Juventud. It also occurs in wooded areas and even near mountains on the main island, and on several outlying cayes. However, the majority of its sightings are below 800 meters above sea level.

## Ecology

The species primarily feeds on crabs and also takes small vertebrates (fish, lizards, rodents and birds). Cuban black hawks breed mainly between March and June, but may do so as early as January. Nests are built in the sub-canopy of mangrove trees and are generally made out of mangrove twigs and lined with foliage. The female hawk lays 1–2 dark-spotted eggs (42–56 mm long). The species is monogamous and forms long-term pairs.

## Conservation

The species was first evaluated for the IUCN Red List in 2008 and is listed as Near Threatened. Total population size has been estimated at 15,000 birds. Numbers are suspected to be declining due to the continued degradation and draining of its habitat, which also increases fragmentation of the population.
# Talita

Talita is a village and municipality in San Luis Province in central Argentina.
# Masaaki Kanda

Masaaki Kanda (神田 真秋, Kanda Masaaki, born October 1, 1951 in Ichinomiya, Aichi) is a Japanese politician who served as governor of Aichi Prefecture in 1999–2011. A graduate of Chuo University, he served as mayor of Ichinomiya for three terms from 1989 to 1997 before he was first elected governor of Aichi Prefecture in 1999.
# BAP Coronel Bolognesi (CL-82)

BAP Coronel Bolognesi (CL-82) was a Fiji-class light cruiser in service with the Peruvian Navy. It was completed for the Royal Navy in 1943 as HMS Ceylon and, after being withdrawn from service, commissioned by the Marina de Guerra del Perú on February 9, 1960. Renamed BAP Coronel Bolognesi (CL-82), in honor of the Peruvian Colonel Francisco Bolognesi, it arrived at its new home port of Callao on 19 March 1960.
In service, the ship participated in several exercises, including the multinational UNITAS manoeuvres, as well as taking part in disaster relief operations after the 1970 Ancash earthquake. In 1963, after the creation of the Servicio de Aviación Naval (Naval Aviation Service), the Coronel Bolognesi started operating Bell 47G helicopters from its fantail. It went into reserve on 9 June 1981, renamed Pontón Perú (UAI-113) on 30 May 1982 and decommissioned on 20 September of the same year.

## Sources

* Rodríguez Asti, John, Cruceros. Buques de la Marina de Guerra del Perú desde 1884. Dirección de Intereses Marítimos, 2000.