# Kōji Mitsui

Kōji Mitsui (三井弘次, Mitsui Kōji, 6 March 1910 – 20 April 1979) was a Japanese actor. He appeared in more than 150 films from 1925 to 1975, including 29 of Kinema Junpo’s annual Top-10 winners and three of its 10 best Japanese films of all time. In 2000 the magazine named him one of the 60 most important Japanese actors of the 20th century.

## Career

Mitsui was born Hikohide Mitsui in Yokohama, where his father managed a Shochiku movie theater. He joined the studio in 1924 while a student at the Keio School of Commerce and Industry, making his film debut in 1925 under the stage name Hideo Mitsui (三井秀男). His short stature, soft features, and expressive face and voice suited him for rebellious “younger brother” roles, and he appeared as a youth lead in many silent and early sound films, notably in several Yasujirō Ozu classics and the “Yota” series, about the antics of a trio of young idlers that also included Akio Isono and Shōzaburō Abe.
Mitsui left Shochiku in 1935 to help found the independent studio Tokyo Hassei (Sound), which was largely staffed by talent who had left Shochiku to bring prestige to the new talkie phenomenon. After the studio folded into Toho in 1941, Mitsui returned to Shochiku, where he spent the remaining war years making films and traveling with other studio stars to stage morale-boosting performances, the final of which, in Ōmihachiman, starred Mitsui, his then-wife Fusako Maki, Shin Saburi, Chishū Ryū, and Reikichi Kawamura, all of whom heard of Japan's surrender on the radio before the play began. In 1948 he changed his stage name to Kōji Mitsui (三井弘次) and transitioned into the character roles that would define his primary legacy. He joined other Shochiku performers in 1954 to create the Madoka (Picture-Perfect) Group, a film production company intended to provide stability to the lives of actors. In 1964 he was associated with the Ningen Production Company established by actor Hiroyuki Nagato.
Like many popular character actors of post-war Japan, Mitsui occasionally headlined minor films but most often shone in key supporting parts. In 1957, Akira Kurosawa borrowed Mitsui from Shochiku to play the pivotal role of Yoshisaburo the gambler in The Lower Depths, whose final line in the film—annoyed that the suicide of one of the characters has ruined their party—is “always shocking, always devastating when viewed,” and Mitsui's delivery, which breaks the fourth wall, is “absolutely on target: ironic, cruel, funny, horrible.” Kurosawa subsequently borrowed Mitsui (who had appeared in a small part in the director's 1950 Shochiku film Scandal) for five more of his Toho films.
Mitsui often played showy drunken scenes, notably in Kurosawa's Red Beard (1965). Life sometimes imitated art; confronted by director Kaneto Shindo over smelling of alcohol during a scene in which he was supposed to act drunk, Mitsui said, "What's the difference between doing what you say and really doing it?" (Shindo recalled that Mitsui would continue to taunt him with the question whenever they met, including the last time he saw the actor, at a 1975 remembrance for Yasujirō Ozu.) At the voting for the 1956 Blue Ribbon Awards, Mitsui lost a tie-breaking vote for Best Supporting Actor to his I Will Buy You costar Jun Tatara because of concerns among voters about his on-set behavior. Mitsui was reportedly chastened by the experience and resolved not to drink anymore while performing; he won the award the following year and began the most fruitful and highest-profile period of his career.
Nonetheless, as recounted in books by Shindo and critic Seiichi Yano, his drinking continued. Notoriously, Mitsui was the actor (unnamed in Stuart Galbraith IV’s The Emperor and the Wolf) who drunkenly called Kurosawa a “coward” at his home for not wanting to make any more movies following the failure of 1970's Dodes'ka-den (in which Mitsui had a cameo), after which the director tried to commit suicide; upon learning the news the next day while appearing on a live television program, a horrified Mitsui stopped the interview and rushed to Kurosawa's side. Fellow Kurosawa friend and regular Kamatari Fujiwara, who also had been present that evening, later recounted that he had assured a guilt-ridden Mitsui that Kurosawa wouldn’t have been provoked by Mitsui’s words but rather had been depressed about the state of the film industry in general.
Apart from his informal wartime performances, Mitsui did not appear onstage professionally until 1964, when he was asked to co-star in two prestige productions at the Toho Geijutsuza (Art Theater), which was located in the studio's Tokyo office building. His other artistic endeavors included creating brushed ink sketches of popular co-stars such as Hideko Takamine that were published in entertainment magazines.
In 1971, Mitsui underwent gastric ulcer surgery, further affecting a film career that had slowed by the late 1960s. In poor health throughout the 1970's, he primarily appeared on television programs, notably starring as the family patriarch in the 1969-70 season of the popular Fuji TV drama Oyome-san (Bride). Dispirited by the diminishing effect that television had on film production at Shochiku, which at one time had been nicknamed "House of Mitsui" due to his commitment and influence (and as a joking reference to the famous Japanese family to which he bore no relation), he sold his longtime home near the Ōfuna studio and moved his second wife, former Takarazuka Revue actress Shinobu Omori, and the daughter they had adopted to another part of Kamakura.
Mitsui had performed on more than 100 television shows by the time he played his final role in 1978, on the TV Asahi adaptation of the manga series Haguregumo. When he died of heart failure in 1979, among the survivors were his younger brothers Naomaro Mitsui, a noted artist and associate of the poet Makoto Tsuji, and Tadao Mitsui, a renowned anatomist who had studied as a Fulbright scholar at the University of Washington and served as the president of the Japanese Association of Anatomists from 1975 to 1982.

## Honors

In 1957 Mitsui won the Mainichi Film Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Lower Depths as well as his performances in two films directed by Minoru Shibuya, Kichigai buraku (The Unbalanced Wheel) and Seigiha (Righteousness).
That year he also won the Blue Ribbon Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Lower Depths and Kichigai buraku. With these two awards for The Lower Depths, Mitsui was able to distinguish himself among the top performers in Japanese cinema, whom Kurosawa had selected and dress-rehearsed on-set for 60 days to create the ultimate acting ensemble.
On May 24, 1960, Mitsui was the subject of the Asahi Shimbun Interview, an honor reserved for notable members of the arts, sports, political, and business communities.
A 1962 English-language feature article on Mitsui in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin called him "[o]ne of Japan's top 'villains' in motion pictures." He acknowledged 1957 as "a great year in my 37 years as a movie actor."
In 1993, Mitsui was named one of the 50 all-time greatest Japanese actors in a film-industry survey conducted and published by Bungei Shunjū magazine.
In 2000, Kinema Junpo designated Mitsui as one of the top 60 Japanese male stars of the 20th century as determined by a committee of 74 critics, writers, and journalists.
Mitsui was one of the actors commemorated in Seven Supporting Characters, a 2008 film festival held at the now-defunct Cinema Artone in Tokyo's Shimokitazawa entertainment district.

## Distinctions

Mitsui was a voice actor in Japan's first sound cartoon, Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka (1933; now lost), and appeared in both Japan's first color film, Carmen Comes Home (1951), and first color television series, Ashita Koso (Tomorrow) (1968-69).
A star of Ozu's 1934 original silent version of A Story of Floating Weeds, he was stunt-cast in the director's own widely acclaimed 1959 color remake, Floating Weeds, which Roger Ebert named as one of the ten greatest films of all time.
Mitsui was featured as a seppuku second in footage pulled from pre-war jidaigeki films that was edited into Frank Capra's World War II propaganda film Know Your Enemy: Japan (1945).
In addition to his many performances for prominent directors such as Kurosawa, Ozu, Kobayashi, and Kinoshita, Mitsui is best known to Western audiences as the duplicitous village elder in Hiroshi Teshigahara's Oscar-nominated Woman in the Dunes (1964), for which he received above-the-title billing on the original film poster along with stars Eiji Okada and Kyōko Kishida.

## Legacy

Mitsui's portrayal of the lazy nihilist in The Lower Depths is well-remembered as a showcase for his improvisational talents and his “oboe-like,” “beautiful voice with its unique charm and sense of rhythm.” The film's final act becomes a tour de force for Mitsui, who mockingly impersonates Bokuzen Hidari (whose character's humanistic influence has been defeated by the gambler's cynicism), leads the remaining denizens in song, and ends the film with his brutal remark. According to frequent co-star Kyōko Kagawa, he was “fabulous” in the film and “great in any role.” Contemporary film reviewers continue to discover Mitsui as “an incredible actor with no sense of fear [whose gambler] is a visceral treat. He is real and relaxed, with no sense of pride or regret.”
Mitsui's largest part for Kurosawa after The Lower Depths was the lead journalist who comments on the wedding reception that opens The Bad Sleep Well (1960); his role as a sarcastic observer was noted by Kurosawa scholar Donald Richie to parallel traits of Yoshisaburo the gambler in the prior film, and Mitsui's “particularly enthralling” performance helped to associate his legacy with sardonic characters as well as boozy ones.
In her 1976 memoir My Professional Diary, Hideko Takamine recalled working with the 23-year-old Mitsui as a child actress on a 1933 "Yota" film, remembering him as "petite, sharp-eyed, and rather quirky. [He] left an impression on me, [and] since then, for more than 40 years, I have been watching [him] obsessively." She referred to him as "Ibushi Gin," a term of respect for distinguished elder actors likening them to rich, oxidized silver.
Kaneto Shindo's 1980 book People I Met includes a chapter remembering Mitsui and the skillful acting style he had developed since childhood. According to Shindo, Mitsui was able to emanate an aura of personality even when motionless, both onscreen and off.
A portrait of Mitsui was featured in Postwar Focus 293: The Brightness of Dreams [Dream Shine], a 1983 retrospective of works by the noted photojournalist Jun Yoshida.
A 1995 issue of the Bungeishunjū monthly No Side commemorating Japan's great postwar actors included a full-page essay by the writer Midori Nakano celebrating the familiar clear-eyed urban attitude of the characters Mitsui played for Kurosawa, particularly his role in The Lower Depths. In 2005 she reiterated the point, writing in the publisher's Bungei Shunjū magazine, "I don't know about foreigners, but if you're Japanese, you surely recognize his type."
In 2000, the rakugo star and film critic Shiraku Tatekawa named Mitsui one the top three Japanese actors of the 20th century, calling him "addictive," "haunting," and "unforgettable."
At a 2017 event, the actor Tatsuya Nakadai stated that during the filming of Kurosawa's 1963 High and Low, he felt added pressure having to deliver a 10-minute monologue because Mitsui was in the scene. The two also appeared onscreen together in Kobayashi's The Human Condition (1959) and The Inheritance (1962), as well as Okamoto's Battle of Okinawa (1971); in 1975, Nakadai appeared in a stage production of Gorky's The Lower Depths as the gambler character who was closely associated in Japan with Mitsui's portrayal in Kurosawa's 1957 film version.
In media coverage of the 2017-2018 TV Tokyo reality series “The Supporting Actors,“ which featured six popular character actors living together, the stars repeatedly cited Kōji Mitsui as a major influence and an example of a distinctive and superlative member of their profession.
The November 15, 2022 installment of the cat-oriented manga Mon-chan and Me, published in Fusosha's popular webzine Joshi Spa! (Women's Spa!), featured several panels with a guest character designed as a caricature of Mitsui. The January 24, 2023 installment featured him again, as robbery suspect "Shūji Mitsui," derived from blending the kanji characters from the actor's two professional first names, Hideo (秀男) and Kōji (弘次), to create "秀次," literally "Hidetsugu" but more popularly a representation of "Shūji."
In his February 19, 2024 "Cigarette Burn“ column posted in the webzine Kemur, author Daisuke Kodama called Kōji Mitsui the quintessential "Shōwa smoker" due to his deftness with match-lighting and blowing of smoke rings in the film Floating Weeds.

## Partial filmography

Film :
| Year | Title | Director | Role | Notes |
| 1932 | No Blood Relation | Mikio Naruse | Sake delivery cyclist | Silent; as Hideo Mitsui (uncredited) |
| 1933 | Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka | Kenzō Masaoka | Voice | First Japanese sound cartoon (lost); as Hideo Mitsui |
| 1933 | Dragnet Girl | Yasujirō Ozu | Hiroshi | Silent; as Hideo Mitsui |
| 1934 | Street Without End | Mikio Naruse | Café patron | Silent; as Hideo Mitsui |
| 1934 | A Story of Floating Weeds | Yasujirō Ozu | Shinkichi | Silent; as Hideo Mitsui |
| 1934 | A Mother Should Be Loved | Yasujirō Ozu | Kosaku | Silent; as Hideo Mitsui |
| 1935 | A Hero Of Tokyo | Hiroshi Shimizu | Hideo Nemoto | as Hideo Mitsui |
| 1938 | Children of the Sun | Yutaka Abe | Okubo | as Hideo Mitsui |
| 1940 | Urban Torrent | Kōjirō Sasaki | Kirō | as Hideo Mitsui |
| 1946 | The Elegant Vagabond | Masahiro Makino | Gentarō | as Hideo Mitsui |
| 1950 | The Bells of Nagasaki | Hideo Ōba | Yamashita | |
| 1951 | Carmen Comes Home | Keisuke Kinoshita | Oka | First Japanese color film |
| 1952 | General Pork Chop | Yuzo Kawashima | Gintsuki | |
| 1955 | The Vassal's Neck | Daisuke Itō | Izari | |
| 1956 | I Will Buy You | Masaki Kobayashi | Tamekichi Kurita | |
| 1956 | Early Spring | Yasujirō Ozu | Hirayama | |
| 1957 | The Lower Depths | Akira Kurosawa | Yoshisaburo (the gambler) | Mainichi, Blue Ribbon awards (best supporting actor) |
| 1957 | The Unbalanced Wheel | Minoru Shibuya | Sukeo Aoki | Mainichi, Blue Ribbon awards (best supporting actor) |
| 1957 | Righteousness | Minoru Shibuya | Aoki | Mainichi award (best supporting actor) |
| 1957 | Times of Joy and Sorrow | Keisuke Kinoshita | Mr. Kanemaki | |
| 1958 | The Hidden Fortress | Akira Kurosawa | Pit guard | Cameo appearance |
| 1958 | Ragpicker's Angel/Maria of the Ant Village | Heinosuke Gosho | Iwa-san | |
| 1958 | Spring and Autumn of the Boro Family | Noboru Nakamura | Tabito Noro | |
| 1959 | Floating Weeds | Yasujirō Ozu | Kichinosuke | Mitsui played the youth lead in the 1934 original |
| 1959 | The Human Condition | Masaki Kobayashi | Furuya | First film in trilogy (No Greater Love) |
| 1959 | Kiku and Isamu | Tadashi Imai | Yasube |
| 1959 | Lucky Dragon No. 5 | Kaneto Shindo | Yaizu policeman | Cameo appearance |
| 1960 | The Bad Sleep Well | Akira Kurosawa | Lead journalist |
| 1960 | Only She Knows | Osamu Takahashi | Chief Kanzaki | |
| 1961 | My Face Red in the Sunset/Killers on Parade | Masahiro Shinoda | Knife assassin | |
| 1962 | Gang vs. Gang | Teruo Ishii | Yanagisawa | |
| 1963 | High and Low | Akira Kurosawa | Journalist | Cameo appearance |
| 1963 | Legends of Showa Yakuza | Teruo Ishii | Ikegami |
| 1963 | The Secret Sword | Hiroshi Inagaki | Senjūrō Yabe | |
| 1964 | Woman in the Dunes | Hiroshi Teshigahara | Village elder | |
| 1965 | A Fugitive from the Past | Tomu Uchida | Motojima | |
| 1965 | Red Beard | Akira Kurosawa | Heikichi | |
| 1967 | Japan's Longest Day | Kihachi Okamoto | Weeping reporter | Cameo appearance |
| 1971 | Battle of Okinawa | Kihachi Okamoto | Old man | Cameo appearance |
| 1975 | The Great Jailbreak | Teruo Ishii | Ryota | Final film role |
English-language reference works frequently cite Mitsui as a performer in the film Nanami: The Inferno of First Love, but the role is played by a different actor whose name's Kanji characters (満井幸治) also translate to "Kōji Mitsui," and whose only film credit is that role.