# Hanau

Hanau (German pronunciation:) is a city in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is 25 km east of Frankfurt am Main and part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region. Its railway station is a major junction and it has a port on the river Main, making it an important transport centre. The city is known for being the birthplace of Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm and Franciscus Sylvius. Since the 16th century it was a centre of precious metal working, with many goldsmiths. It is home to Heraeus, one of Germany's largest family-owned companies.
Once the seat of the Counts of Hanau, Hanau lost much of its architectural heritage in World War II, such as its City Palace. A British air raid in 1945 created a firestorm, killing a sixth of the remaining population and destroying 98% of the old city and 80% of the city overall. The outer parts of the city have old timbered towns like Hanau-Steinheim [de] and castles like Schloss Philippsruhe [de].
In 1963, Hanau hosted the third Hessentag state festival. Until 2005, Hanau was the administrative centre of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis. On 19 February 2020, a gunman attacked two bars and a kiosk in Hanau, murdering nine people with roots outside Germany, before shooting his mother and himself.

## Geography

The historic core of Hanau is within a semicircle of the river Kinzig that flows into the river Main just west of the city. Today, after a substantial expansion during the 19th and 20th centuries, it also extends to the river Main. After a restructuring of municipal borders within Hesse in the 1970s, a couple of nearby villages and towns were incorporated. After that change, Hanau for the first time also extended to the south bank of the Main.

### Climate

On the 0 °C isotherm, Hanau has a humid continental climate as Eastern Germany with warm summer, classified by Köppen as Dfb. In the -3 °C isotherm has oceanic climate (Cfb) with some interior characteristics. Hanau is the westernmost city on the European continent below 200 m at sea level in this category.
Climate data for Hanau :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13 (55) | 18 (64) | 26 (79) | 30 (86) | 33 (91) | 35 (95) | 36 (97) | 36 (97) | 31 (88) | 27 (81) | 20 (68) | 16 (61) | 36 (97) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3 (37) | 5 (41) | 10 (50) | 14 (57) | 19 (66) | 22 (72) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 19 (66) | 14 (57) | 8 (46) | 4 (39) | 14 (57) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2 (28) | −1 (30) | 2 (36) | 4 (39) | 8 (46) | 11 (52) | 13 (55) | 12 (54) | 9 (48) | 5 (41) | 2 (36) | −2 (28) | 5 (41) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −20 (−4) | — | −12 (10) | −5 (23) | — | 3 (37) | 4 (39) | 2 (36) | 1 (34) | −2 (28) | −9 (16) | — | −20 (−4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30 (1.2) | 30 (1.2) | 30 (1.2) | 40 (1.6) | 50 (2.0) | 70 (2.8) | 50 (2.0) | 50 (2.0) | 50 (2.0) | 30 (1.2) | 50 (2.0) | 50 (2.0) | 530 (21.2) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 9 (3.5) | 10 (3.9) | 4 (1.6) | trace | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.4) | 10 (3.9) | 46 (18) |
| Average rainy days | 10 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 111 |
| Average snowy days | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 13 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 89 | 84 | 85 | 82 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 84 | 89 | 91 | 89 | 90 | 85 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Source: WeatherBase and Fremdenverkehrsbuero.info (temperature, rainy and sunny days) ||||||||||||||

### Districts

* Innenstadt (city center)
* Nordwest (northwest) incl. Wilhelmsbad [de]
* Südost (southeast)
* Lamboy [de]
* Steinheim [de]
* Klein-Auheim (Hanau) [de]
* Großauheim
* Wolfgang [de]
* Kesselstadt [de]
* Mittelbuchen [de]

## Name

'Hanau' derives from Hagenowe, a combination of Haag ('wood') and Aue ('open land by the side of a river').

## History
### Old town

Hanau was first mentioned as a settlement in 1143. It was the site of a castle that used the river Kinzig as a defense. The castle belonged to a noble family that began calling themselves "of Hanau" in the 13th century. A village developed around the castle and it became a town in 1303. As a result of this history, Hanau's main church stood outside its walls in the village of Kinzdorf. The villagers moved into Hanau and Kinzdorf became an abandoned village, leaving only the church. In the 15th century the status of the Hanau parish church was transferred to the church of Mary Magdalene within the town walls.
Shortly after the first town walls were built at the beginning of the 14th century, the town outgrew this limit. Outside the wall, along the road to Frankfurt am Main, a settlement developed (the Vorstadt) that was properly included in the fortifications of Hanau only when Hanau received completely new Renaissance-style fortifications during the first half of the 16th century. These fortifications enclosed three elements: the medieval castle, the town of Hanau, and the Vorstadt.

### New town
#### Huguenots

In 1597 Count Philipp Ludwig II attracted French Protestant (Huguenots) refugees, who had been admitted to Frankfurt but had only very limited accommodation, to found their own settlement south of Hanau. This happened under the direction of the guardian of the Hanau count, Johann VI von Nassau-Dillenburg, who hoped for significant economic and cultural advances from the settlement of the 'Réfugiés' from south-west France. In return for the assurance of free exercise of their religion, the refugees undertook to become economically active in Hanau. Out of this tradition, goldsmiths are still trained in Hanau. Hanau also was the site of the first workshop to produce faïence (tin-glazed pottery) within Germany. These new citizens were granted privileges and formed their own community, church and administration for the "new town of Hanau" (Neustadt Hanau) wholly separate from the existing community. A stark contrast to the Catholic Church, but also to the Lutheran Church of the time, was the participation of laypeople in church-governing functions, as well as the design of the church, especially the decalogues (boards displaying the Ten Commandments). Each congregation was led by a Consistoire, elected by congregation members for life, which is roughly comparable to today's church council. The descendants of the French Reformed religious refugees have assimilated in Hanau over time.

#### Walloon-Dutch refugees and Jews

In contrast to the Huguenots, Walloon and Dutch Calvinist refugees came from an area of what is now the Netherlands, Belgium, and the French Département Nord at the time of Spanish rule, the Spanish Netherlands. With the arrival of the Huguenots, Walloons and Dutch, Hanau's rise to an important business location began. Until 1821, the new town had its own independent community, independent of the old town. The Reformed Walloon-Dutch community still exists today.
Philipp Ludwig II also allowed Jews to settle in Hanau. From 1604 there was a Jewish community again.
It took more than 200 years to amalgamate both. The new town, larger than the old one, was protected by a then very modern fortification in Baroque style, which proved a big asset only a few years later in the Thirty Years' War. The town survived a siege in 1637 with only minor damage.
The new citizens formed the major economic and political power within the County of Hanau and in 1642 played a leading role in the succession of Count Fredrik Casimir of Hanau Lichtenberg into the County of Hanau-Münzenberg, of which Hanau was the capital.

### 17th century

During the Thirty Years' War Hanau was taken by the Swedes in 1631. In 1636 it was besieged by imperial troops but was relieved on the 13 June by William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, on account of which the inhabitants commemorate that day.

### 18th century

Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg, the last of the Counts of Hanau, died in 1736. Those parts of his county belonging to the County of Hanau-Münzenberg, which included Hanau, were inherited by the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. Due to dynastic troubles within his family, the County of Hesse-Hanau was created a separate state from the Landgraviate until 1786. So Hanau remained the capital for another 50 years. Even after that it became the second-most important town in Hesse-Kassel, after Kassel.

### 19th century

During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon I ordered the fortifications of Hanau destroyed. This created a chance for both parts of the town to expand across their former limits. In 1813, the Battle of Hanau took place near the city between French troops and Austro-Bavarian forces; the former won. During the 1820s the administrations of both towns of Hanau merged. The first common mayor, who became lord mayor (Oberbürgermeister), was Bernhard Eberhard [de]. He became prime minister and minister of the interior of the Electorate of Hesse after the Revolution of 1848.
With its preindustrial workshops, Hanau became a nucleus of a heavy industrialisation during the 19th century from within the city (e.g., Heraeus) as well as from outside (e.g., Degussa and Dunlop). This was heavily supported by its development as an important railway interchange of six railway lines, most of them main lines:
* 1848: Frankfurt-Hanau Railway
* 1854: Main–Spessart Railway
* 1867: Frankfurt–Bebra Railway, eastern direction
* 1873: Frankfurt–Bebra Railway, western direction
* 1879/1881: Friedberg–Hanau Railway
* 1882: Odenwald Railway

#### Revolution of 1848

1848 Hanau was a centre of the German democratic movement and contributed significantly both in 1830 and in the Revolution of 1848. As part of this movement the German Gymnastic League (Deutscher Turnerbund) was founded here in 1848. Like all of Hesse-Kassel, Hanau was annexed to Prussia in 1866 after its prince-elector took the Austrian side in the Austro-Prussian War. It remained part of Prussia until 1945.
In the late 19th century Hanau became a major garrison town. Due to its interchange of railway lines a large detachment of military railway-engineers as well as other military units were stationed here.
As a free-trade city, Hanau developed a silver manufacturing industry using fantasy hallmarks. Hanau silver was produced from the mid-19th to the early 20th century.

### 20th century

During World War II, Hanau's Jewish population was persecuted. The last Jews were deported in May 1942.
Hanau's inner city was mostly destroyed by British airstrikes in March 1945, a few days before it was taken by the U.S. Army. Around 87% of the town was destroyed.$^{:35}$ Of the city's 15,000 inhabitants at the time, 2,500 died in the attack.
Hanau housed one of the largest garrisons of the U.S. Army in Europe. It was an important strategic location in the so-called Fulda Gap. The military community had a population of 45,000 military members, U.S. civilians and family members at its peak during the Cold War. The extensive U.S. facilities included Hanau Army Airfield, also known as Fliegerhorst Langendiebach. The garrison closed in 2018. Most of the former military areas have been converted to civil use.

### 21st century

In 2010, Hanau started a huge building project to completely redesign the inner city. These are the town's largest construction projects since the reconstruction after World War II.
On 19 February 2020, eleven people—including the perpetrator—were killed in a spree shooting at two shisha bars and a flat in the town. The perpetrator, known as Tobias Rathjen, opened fire at Midnight Bar and Arena Bar in Hanau centre and Kesselstadt. He then drove home, where he killed his mother and himself.
In September 2021, Hanau reached 100,000 inhabitants. Starting 1 January 2026, Hanau will regain its kreisfreie Stadt (district-free city) status. It will secede from Main-Kinzig-Kreis after losing the privilege in 1974 after the Hessian district reformation.

## Economy

At present, many inhabitants work for the technological group Heraeus, or commute to Frankfurt. Frankfurt International Airport is 30 km away.
Nuclear energy company Nukem was headquartered in Hanau, with a nuclear fuel plant in its Wolfgang district, until 1988.

## Population

* With 101,364 residents, Hanau is the sixth-most populous town in Hesse. Having lost its status as administrative centre of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis (Main-Kinzig district) to Gelnhausen in 2005, proposals have been made that Hanau should form its own administrative district by 1 January 2026.
* More than 20% of the inhabitants are foreign nationals, mostly Turks.

## Jewish community

The earliest documentary evidence of Jews in Hanau is from 1313. In the 17th and 18th centuries Hanau developed into an important center of Hebrew printing. The community numbered 540 in 1805, 80 families in 1830, 447 persons in 1871, and 657 at the turn of the century. In 1925 there were 568 Jews in Hanau.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Hanau is twinned with:
* Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, France
* Dartford, United Kingdom
* Francheville, France
* Nilüfer, Turkey
* Taizhou, China
* Tottori, Japan
* Yaroslavl, Russia

### Friendly cities

Hanau also has friendly relations with:
* Waltershausen, Germany
* Pays de Hanau, France

## Transport
### Rail

Hanau is a transportation hub, with its main station serving the following lines:
* Frankfurt-Hanau Railway (RE / RB 55),
* Main-Spessart-Bahn (from Hanau to Aschaffenburg Hauptbahnhof) (RE / RB 55),
* Kinzig Valley Railway to Fulda (RE / RB 50),
* Frankfurt-Bebraer railway (westbound) to Offenbach Hauptbahnhof, Frankfurt am Main Hauptbahnhof as well as the largely parallel south metropolitan S-Bahn,
* Friedberg-Hanau railway (RB 33) and
* Odenwaldbahn (RE / RB 64) towards Babenhausen, Groß-Umstadt-Wiebelsbach, Erbach and Eberbach.
Besides the main station, the town is also served by Hanau West and Hanau-Wilhelmsbad on the Frankfurt-Hanau Railway, Großauheim on the Main-Spessart-Bahn, Wolfgang an der Kinzigtalbahn, the S-Bahn station at Steinheim (Main) on the South-Main S-Bahn, Hanau Nord at the Hanau-Friedberger Bahn, and Hanau-Klein Auheim on the Odenwaldbahn.

## Sights

* Deutsches Goldschmiedehaus [de]
* Schloss Philippsruhe [de]
* Wilhelmsbad [de] (historic spa)
* Marienkirche (Hanau) [de] (St Mary's Church)
* Wallonisch-Niederländische Kirche [de]
* Historic spa of Wilhelmsbad - today a part of Hanau
* Schloss Philippsruhe
* Lion at Schloss Philippsruhe by Christian Daniel Rauch
* Amphitheater Hanau [de]

## Notable people

* Louis Appia, surgeon, member of the Geneva "Committee of Five" (precursor to the International Committee of the Red Cross)
* Johann Christian Claudius Devaranne, anti-Napoleon resistance leader, born in Hanau
* Siegmund Feniger, also known as Nyanaponika Thera, Buddhist monk
* Jürgen Grasmück, author of horror fiction and science fiction stories, born in Hanau
* The Brothers Grimm (Brüder Grimm), born in Hanau; they collected many German fairy tales and started work on a German glossary
* Ludwig Emil Grimm, painter, younger brother of Jacob and Wilhelm
* Solomon Hanau, 17th-century Hebrew-language linguistic master
* Hans Daniel Hassenpflug, German statesman
* Paul Hindemith, composer
* Stefan Jagsch, extreme-right politician
* Alois Kottmann, violinist, born in Großauheim
* Johann Peter Krafft, painter
* Daniel la Rosa, racing driver
* Moritz Daniel Oppenheim, painter often regarded as the first Jewish painter of the modern era
* Bodo Sperling, painter and conceptual artist
* Karl Storck, sculptor born in Hanau
* Hermann Volk, Roman Catholic bishop in Mainz
* Rudi Völler, football/soccer world champion and coach
* Wilhelm Wagenfeld, designer

## Sports

* Turngemeinde 1837 Hanau a.V. (TGH), one of the oldest of Germany's sports clubs
* Hanauer Rudergesellschaft 1879 e.V. (HRG), one of Germany's oldest rowing clubs
* Hanau 93 (1. Hanauer Fußball Club 1893 e.V. or very short just "HFC"), Hesse's oldest association football club