OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Boulder Bank

The Boulder Bank (Māori: Te Taero a Keropa or Te Tāhuna o Tama-i-ea) is a very unusual naturally formed landform in Nelson, New Zealand. It is a 13 km (8.1 mi) long stretch of rocky substrate which begins at the Mackay Bluff and ends at the Cut of the Nelson Harbour. Haulashore Island was once a part of the Boulder Bank, but the Cut made it an island, and it is no longer connected to the Boulder Bank. The Boulder Bank separates Tasman Bay and the Nelson Haven and is managed as a scenic reserve by the Department of Conservation. Land access is gained along Boulder Bank Drive, signposted at the northern end of Nelson Haven on State Highway 6.

## Geology and geography

The Boulder Bank is composed of granodiorite. The source of this rock is Mackay Bluff. It is still debated what process or processes have resulted in this odd structure. Longshore drift, however, is the most accepted hypothesis for creation. The main objection for longshore drift as the explanation is that Tasman Bay does not receive enough wave action to move the large boulders in a south west direction. Studies have been conducted since 1892 to determine speed of boulder movement. Rates of the top course gravel movement have been estimated at 7.5 m (25 ft) a year.

## The Cut

The Cut was made to enable the Nelson port to allow the increasing demands of sea transport for the Tasman area. Construction started in 1903 and in 1905 a 61 m (200 ft) wide entrance was operational. Today the Cut is 150 m (490 ft) wide and dredged every six months to maintain a depth of 10 m (33 ft).

## Lighthouse

The Boulder Bank Lighthouse was erected in 1862. It is located near the port end of the Boulder Bank and was New Zealand's second permanent lighthouse. It is registered with the Historic Places Trust as a category I structure with registration number 41.
# Orange County Courthouse (Texas)

The Orange County Courthouse is located at 801 West Division Avenue, Orange, Texas, United States. The art deco courthouse was designed by Charles Henry Page of the firm C. H. Page and Brother of Austin, Texas and built in 1937 after a fire destroyed the Old Orange County Courthouse.
# Dronningens Enghave

Dronningens Enghave (lit. 'The Queen's Meadow Garden') was a seventeenth-century royal pleasure garden located just outside the Western City Gate of Copenhagen, Denmark, roughly where Tivoli Gardens and Copenhagen Central Station lies today.

## History

The garden was established by Queen Consort Sophie Amalie after her husband, Frederick III of Denmark, had been crowned in 1648. The garden had pavilions, fishing ponds and rare plants. As late as 1657, 40,000 bricks were used for a house on the premises but it was destroyed by the Swedish troops during their Siege of Copenhagen in the Second Northern War from 1658 to 1660 shortly thereafter. After the war Sophie Amalie established Sophie Amalienborg in its place.
# DePoe

DePoe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Brian DePoe, Canadian radio personality and program director
* David DePoe (born 1944), Canadian community activist and retired teacher
* Norman DePoe (1917-1980), Canadian journalist
* Peter DePoe (born 1943), American rock musician
# Gaetano Giuffrè

Gaetano Giuffrè (born Corfu, 14 September 1918 – 8 January 2018) was an Italian-Greek-Swiss composer and maestro whose father was Giovanni Giuffrè, also a composer and maestro born in Corfu, Greece.

## Biography

Born into a musical family, Giuffrè began playing violin and piano with his father at the age of 4 until he became an adult at the age of 18.
In 1936, he moved to Athens to study composition with George Sklavos and Dimitri Mitropulos, focusing on fugues and counterpoints. In 1939, he moved to Rome and studied at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia where he was one of the students of renown composer, Alfredo Casella. There he acquired formation in choir studies with Elena Mangione and from choir director and influential composer, Goffredo Petrassi.
From 1957 to 1972 he became an artistic director for Radio Svizzera Italiana in Lugano. During this period he received an award by the 8th International Competition G.B. Viotti in Vercelli, Italy for his work, Tema con Variazioni, for one piano. During this period he conducted and performed piano recitals throughout Europe.
In 1957–1961, he was commissioned by the Italian State to direct his work, Aeroporto. The first showing of this work was in 1961 in Bergamo, Italy in collaboration with writer and playwright, Achille Campanile.
Between 1961 and 1970, he continued to give concerts throughout Europe and in parallel composed some big works one of which, Hiroshima, was commissioned by the state of Japan.
Between 1972 and 1975, The Congress of Soviet Composers invited Giuffrè to Moscow for a concert held at the Kremlin where he met the milieu of contemporary Soviet composers: Dmitri Shostakovitch, Aram Khachatourian and Dmitri Kabalevsky. Soon after, he traveled to South Africa to study African percussion.
In 1976 he was awarded a bursary by the Swiss Confederation to write a symphonic study of the sculptural compositions of the late Alberto Giacometti. The composition, Giacometti Introspekt, was written for 52 instruments, mixed choir and percussion.
In 1981, Giuffrè left Europe for Canada where he established himself in Vancouver, British Columbia. In 1984, he directed the Papal visit to Vancouver where he was responsible for preparations and direction of the music and artists. 13 years later, the Foundation Gaetano Giuffrè was created by the Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne where his works can be found in manuscript (more than 150 titles).
# Combe Pafford

Combe Pafford is a village in Torbay in the English county of Devon.
# Petr Švácha

Petr Švácha is a Czech entomologist with the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. In 2008, Švácha was arrested by Indian authorities for collecting insect specimens in Singalila National Park without proper permits. A group of Indian scientists responded by launching a petition in their support which ultimately gathered more than 1,200 signatures from leading entomologists worldwide. However, Švácha was fined, while his assistant Emil Kučera was sentenced to three years imprisonment but fled home to the Czech Republic prior to sentencing. Their conviction was the first under India's Biological Diversity Act of 2002.
Švácha is editor-in-chief of the European Journal of Entomology.
# Libertarian theories of law

Libertarian theories of law build upon classical liberal and individualist doctrines.
The defining characteristics of libertarian legal theory are its insistence that the amount of governmental intervention should be kept to a minimum and the primary functions of law should be enforcement of contracts and social order, though social order is often seen as a desirable side effect of a free market rather than a philosophical necessity.
Historically, the Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek is the most important libertarian legal theorist. Another important predecessor was Lysander Spooner, a 19th-century American individualist anarchist and lawyer. John Locke was also an influence on libertarian legal theory (see Two Treatises of Government).
Ideas range from anarcho-capitalism to a minimal state providing physical protection and enforcement of contracts. Some advocate regulation, including the existence of a police force, military, public land and public infrastructure. Geolibertarians oppose absolute ownership of land on Georgist grounds.

## Notable theorists

Authors discussing libertarian legal theory include:
* Randy Barnett (The Structure of Liberty)
* Frédéric Bastiat (The Law)
* Bruce L. Benson (The Enterprise of Law: Justice Without the State)
* Frank van Dun (The Fundamental Principle of Law)
* Richard Epstein (Skepticism and Freedom)
* David Friedman (The Machinery of Freedom)
* Friedrich Hayek (Law, Legislation and Liberty)
* Gene Healy
* Hans Hermann Hoppe (The Economics and Ethics of Private Property)
* Stephan Kinsella (Legal Foundations of a Free Society)
* Bruno Leoni (Freedom and the Law)
* Robert P. Murphy (Chaos Theory)
* Andrew Napolitano
* Robert Nozick (Anarchy, State, and Utopia)
* Roger Pilon
* Ayn Rand (Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal)
* Murray Rothbard (The Ethics of Liberty)
* Bernard Siegan (Economic Liberties and the Constitution)
* Lysander Spooner (The Unconstitutionality of Slavery)
* Linda and Morris Tannehill (The Market for Liberty)
# Kenneth Andrews (historian)

Kenneth Raymond Andrews, FBA (26 August 1921 – 6 January 2012) was a British historian. He was Professor of History at the University of Hull from 1979 to 1988.
A specialist in the history of English exploration, Andrews was known for his work on Elizabethan privateers, in particular Sir Francis Drake.
# Chaskaman Dam

The Chaskaman Dam is one of the important dams of Maharashtra and is built on the Bhima River at Rajgurunagar in Pune district. It is located across river Bhima in Krishna basin near Village Bibi in Khed taluka. The main purpose of this dam was to improve irrigation and supply of electricity to the nearby villages. It is the second Hydel Greenfield power project in the country that is capable of captive power as well. The power will be utilized through the state power board. The project was completed during 2008-09.

## Details

In the year 1977, the Chas Kaman Irrigation project was approved by the Planning Commission of India. The budget of Rs. 22.47 Crore was approved for building this irrigation and hydroelectric project. This project construction was started in the month of July in year 2002. The final cost of completion of the dam is believed to be around Rs.388 crores. The dam is about 738 meters in length and the masonry dam of 220 meters length. The maximum height of the dam from its lowest foundation level is approximately 46 meters. The dam has five radial gates with a spillway of approximately 72 meters. The reservoir holds about 241 MCM of water of which 214 MCM is approved for use for irrigation purpose. The depth of the dam is about 150 meters. The capacity of Chas Kaman Dam to irrigate about 32824 ha of land of the villages nearby in Pune district. The dam and the surrounding areas receive rainfall from southwest monsoon from the month of June to September. It is having minimum down level of the 634 meters and is designed to generate about six million power units. During monsoons, the dam is full with a gross storage capacity of nearly 250 MCM(million cubic meters)(7.58 tmc ft). In fact, this is being used for drinking as well as irrigation purposes.

## Places nearby

* Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary
* The Jyotirling at Bhimashankar
# Cascabel (artillery)

A cascabel is a subassembly of a muzzle-loading cannon, a knob to which to attach arresting ropes to deal with the recoil of firing the cannon.

## Description

A cannon's cascabel comprises the knob (A) and the neck (B), with some models also having a filet (C). By some definitions the cascabel additionally includes the base of the breech (D). Cascabels varied in design and appearance, and were a common feature of cannons from the 17th century until the advent of the breech loading cannon in the late 19th century. Many naval guns had a heavy metal loop on the cascabel, the pomellion, through which a wide rope was passed.
Bronze cascabels from captured guns have been used to make Victoria Cross medals. It was long thought that Russian guns captured during the Siege of Sevastopol were used, but this has been shown not to be so.
# Dronningens gate

Dronningens gate ("Queen's Street") is the name of two rail stations in Norway:
* Dronningens gate (station, Oslo)
* Dronningens gate (station, Trondheim)
# Electoral results for the district of Condoublin

Condoublin, an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales was created in 1894 and abolished in 1904.
| Election | Member | Party |
| 1894 | Thomas Brown | Independent Labour |
| 1895 | Thomas Brown | Labour |
| 1898 | Thomas Brown | Labour |
| 1901 | Patrick Clara | Labour |
| 1901 by | Patrick Clara | Labour |

## Election results
### Elections in the 1910s
#### 1901 by-election

1901 Condoublin by-election Monday 4 November :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | Patrick Clara (re-elected) | 830 | 50.3 | |
| | Independent | Andrew Stewart | 821 | 49.7 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,651 | 99.5 | +0.2 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 9 | 0.5 | −0.2 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,660 | 59.9 | +2.0 |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | | | |

### Elections in the 1900s
#### 1901

1901 New South Wales state election: Condoublin :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | Patrick Clara | 575 | 36.1 | -18.4 |
| | Independent | Andrew Stewart | 560 | 35.1 | |
| | Independent Liberal | David Tasker | 268 | 16.8 | |
| | Independent | William Nash | 96 | 6.0 | |
| | Independent | William Wilkinson | 95 | 6.0 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,594 | 99.3 | − |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 11 | 0.7 | − |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,605 | 57.9 | +3.3 |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | | | |

### Elections in the 1890s
#### 1898

1898 New South Wales colonial election: Condoublin :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Labour | Thomas Brown | 754 | 54.5 |
| | National Federal | Andrew Stewart | 630 | 45.5 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,384 | 99.3 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 10 | 0.7 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,394 | 54.6 |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | | |

#### 1895

1895 New South Wales colonial election: Condoublin :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Labour | Thomas Brown | 707 | 64.2 |
| | Protectionist | Patrick Ryan | 394 | 35.8 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,101 | 98.5 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 17 | 1.5 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,118 | 55.9 |
| | Member changed to Labour from Independent Labour | Member changed to Labour from Independent Labour | | |

#### 1894

1894 New South Wales colonial election: Condoublin :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Independent Labour | Thomas Brown | 622 | 48.6 | |
| | Protectionist | Patrick Ryan | 394 | 30.8 | |
| | Ind. Free Trade | Henry Cooke | 254 | 19.9 | |
| | Ind. Protectionist | Thomas Browne | 9 | 0.7 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,279 | 97.4 | |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 34 | 2.6 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,313 | 69.7 | |
| | Independent Labour win | Independent Labour win | (new seat) | (new seat) | (new seat) |
# Philip Lichtenberg

Philip Julius Lichtenberg also van Lichtenberg, (26 April 1637 - March 1678) was a governor of Surinam. He was governor from 16 February 1669 until March 1671.

## Biography

Lichtenberg was born on 26 April 1637 in Heusden, Netherlands. He studied law first at the University of Utrecht, and later Leiden University where he received his licentiate. After graduating, he joined the army.
In 1666, Captains Lichtenberg and de Rama [nl] with 225 soldiers were dispatched by the States of Zeeland to fight the British in America during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1667, under the command of Abraham Crijnssen, they conquered the English colony of Surinam. The soldiers were from Zeeland, therefore, the Province of Zeeland considered Surinam their colony, however the States General of the Netherlands disagreed.
On 22 September 1667, Lichtenberg was awarded a gold medal, and promoted to lieutenant colonel. On 4 December 1668, Lichtenberg was appointed Governor of Surinam by the States of Zeeland, and boarded a ship to Surinam. The States General initially disapproved of the unilateral appointment, however on 16 February 1669, he was sworn in by Abraham Crijnssen.
The colony was in bad shape after the war. Crijnssen had made a deal with the Jewish plantation owners in Jodensavanna, however many of the English planters wanted to leave the colony for Barbados and Antigua. Lindenberg had no intention of stopping the planters from leaving, but wanted to minimize the losses for the planters.
To govern the colony, Lindenberg created a Court of Policy consisting of five Dutch councillors chaired by the governor, and a Court of Justice consisting of three Dutch councillors and two English councillors also chaired by the governor. The States of Zeeland insisted on the inclusion of the English in the criminal court. Strict laws were being issued including a death penalty for adultery. Paramaribo became the capital of the colony, however the courts would still meet at Torarica, the former capital, as well.
Lichtenberg became ill, and asked to be replaced. He decided to remain for his planned meeting with James Bannister [nl], the former English governor of Surinam, to discuss the planned departure of some of the planters. Lichtenberg left for the Netherlands in March 1671, and became the colonial advisor for the States of Zeeland.
Lichtenberg died in March 1678.
# 3ω-method

The 3ω-method (3 omega method) or 3ω-technique, is a measurement method for determining the thermal conductivities of bulk material (i.e. solid or liquid) and thin layers. The process involves a metal heater applied to the sample that is heated periodically. The temperature oscillations thus produced are then measured. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the sample can be determined from their frequency dependence.

## Theory

The 3ω-method can be accomplished by depositing a thin metal structure (generally a wire or a film) onto the sample to function as a resistive heater and a resistance temperature detector (RTD). The heater is driven with AC current at frequency ω, which induces periodic joule heating at frequency 2ω (since $P=I^{2}R$) due to the oscillation of the AC signal during a single period.
There will be some delay between the heating of the sample and the temperature response which is dependent upon the thermal properties of the sensor/sample. This temperature response is measured by logging the amplitude and phase delay of the AC voltage signal from the heater across a range of frequencies (generally accomplished using a lock-in-amplifier).
Note, the phase delay of the signal is the lag between the heating signal and the temperature response. The measured voltage will contain both the fundamental and third harmonic components (ω and 3ω respectively), because the Joule heating of the metal structure induces oscillations in its resistance with frequency 2ω due to the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the metal heater/sensor as stated in the following equation:
    $V=IR=I_{0}e^{i\omega t}\left(R_{0}+{\frac {\partial R}{\partial T}}\Delta T\right)=I_{0}e^{i\omega t}\left(R_{0}+C_{0}e^{i2\omega t}\right)=I_{0}R_{0}e^{i\omega t}+I_{0}C_{0}e^{i3\omega t}$,
where C$_0$ is constant. Thermal conductivity is determined by the linear slope of ΔT vs. log(ω) curve. The main advantages of the 3ω-method are minimization of radiation effects and easier acquisition of the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity than in the steady-state techniques. Although some expertise in thin film patterning and microlithography is required, this technique is considered as the best pseudo-contact method available. (ch23)
The process was first published by David Cahill and Robert Pohl in the April 1987 issue of the Physical Review in a paper titled "Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous Solids above the Plateau".
# Pammene fasciana

Pammene fasciana, the chestnut leafroller, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe and across the Palearctic.
# Bloom (test)

Bloom is a test used to measure the strength of a gel, most commonly gelatin. The test was originally developed and patented in 1925 by Oscar T. Bloom. The test determines the weight in grams needed by a specified plunger (normally with a diameter of 0.5 inch) to depress the surface of the gel by 4 mm without breaking it at a specified temperature. The number of grams is called the Bloom value, and most gelatins are between 30 and 300 g Bloom. The higher a Bloom value, the higher the melting and gelling points of a gel, and the shorter its gelling times. This method is most often used on soft gelatin capsules ("softgels"). To perform the Bloom test on gelatin, a 6.67% gelatin solution is kept for 17–18 hours at 10 °C prior to being tested.
Various gelatins are categorized as "low Bloom", "medium Bloom", or "high Bloom", but there are not universally defined specific values for these subranges. Gelatin is a biopolymer material composed of polypeptide chains of varying length. The longer the chain, the higher the Bloom number:
Gelatin classes :
| Category | Bloom number (Bloom strength) | Average molecular mass | Examples |
| Low Bloom | 30–150 | 20,000–25,000 | Beef hide low Bloom gelatin (USP-NF) |
| Medium Bloom | 150–225 | 40,000–50,000 | Gelatin type B |
| High Bloom | 225–325 | 50,000–100,000 | Gelatin type A |
# Remodes

Remodes is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Chandragiri railway station

Chandragiri railway station (station code:CGI) is an Indian Railway station in Chandragiri, Tirupati located in Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh. It is situated on Renigunta–Katpadi section and is administered by South Coast Railway zone.
# Dommo Energia

Dommo Energia is a Brazilian publicly listed oil and gas company. Until 2017 it was known as OGX Petróleo e Gás Participações S.A. (OGX). Prior to a 2013 bankruptcy filing, OGX was Brazil's second-largest oil company by market value after Petrobras.
On September 1, 2022, PetroRio announced the purchase of Dommo Energia. On October 24, PetroRio approved the incorporation of the company. With the transaction, the company now owns 100% of the Tubarão Martelo field.

## History

OGX was founded in 2007. In June 2008 it held initial public offering and the company was listed at BM&F Bovespa.
In September 2009, the company started its exploration activities. At the same year OGX made its first oil discovery at the Waimea offshore field and on 31 January 2012 it started oil production. It made several other oil discoveries.
In 2010, it discovered oil at the Pero and Inga fields in Block BM-C-40.
In 2013 OGX was forced to file for bankruptcy protection in the Court of Justice of Rio de Janeiro after defaulting on a $45m bond payment.
OGX was renamed Dommo Energia in 2017.
In 2023, after the acquisition, Dommo Energia went closed its capital on the stock exchange.

## Operations

OGX is engaged in onshore and offshore exploration and production activities. It owns exploratory blocks in the Campos, Santos, Espírito Santo, Pará-Maranhão and Parnaíba basins in Brazil and the Cesar-Ranchería, Lower Magdalena Valley and Middle Magdalena Valley basins in Colombia.
Its Waimea field in the Campos Basin is producing about 12,500 barrels per day (1,990 m$^3$/d) with expected output rise to 40,000–50,000 barrels per day (6,400–7,900 m$^3$/d) by the end of 2012. Production at the Gaviao Real field is expected to start in 2012 and at the Waikiki field in 2013.