OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Karl Sapper

Karl Theodor Sapper (6 February 1866 - 29 March 1945) was a German traveler, explorer, and antiquarian who is known for his research into the natural history, and cultures of Central America.

## Education

Sapper studied geology in Munich and showed a vivid interest in geography.

## Travel in Central America

In 1888 the young Sapper traveled to Guatemala, where his brother worked as a coffee planter. For two years Sapper managed a plantation, but he gave up this position because of ill health. However, in those two years Sapper learned three languages from the locals, as Spanish was not in common use. He also carried out topographic, and geological surveys, while pursuing his interest in ethnography, and archeology. After giving up the plantation work, Sapper moved to Cobán and with the financial support of his brother he was able to dedicate himself to scientific studies.
Sapper traveled throughout central America, and spent some time working as a geologist for the government of Mexico. Sapper's diaries are filled with his observations on geology, weather, vegetation, as well as the social and economic situation of the local people. He drew geological maps of central America, and a large topology of Guatemala. Sapper published and became accepted as authority on central America.

## Academic career in Germany

Sapper returned to Germany in 1900 aged 34, after 12 years in central America. He wrote his habilitation and was able to lecture at German universities. In 1902 Sapper was appointed professor of geography at the University of Tübingen, and in 1910 became professor at the University of Strasbourg. In 1919 he moved on to the University of Würzburg, becoming instrumental in establishing an institute of geography. He remained in this position until he retired in 1932.
# Prunus versteeghii

Prunus versteeghii is a species of Prunus native to the island of New Guinea. It is a tree reaching 25 m with strongly‑smelling grey (sometimes brown) bark. Its herbaceous leaves are oblong to oblong‑ovate, 10 to 15 cm long and 4 to 8 cm wide, having rounded to acute bases and acute apices, and two flat basal glands. Its inflorescences have triangular hairy sepals, only about 1 mm long. The petals are elliptic to obovate, also only 1 mm long and hairy. The flowers have 35 to 45 stamens each, with 1.5 mm long filaments and 0.5 to 0.7 mm long anthers. The fruits are purplish‑black when ripe, have thick mesocarps, and endocarps which are glabrous inside. Its seeds have glabrous testa.
# Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's team parallel bars

The men's team parallel bars was the first of eight gymnastics events on the Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. It was held on 9 April. Three teams took part, one German and two Greek, with the German team winning the competition.

## Background

This was the only appearance of the event, which was one of two team apparatus events contested at the 1896 Games (along with a team horizontal bar competition).

## Competition format

There were 10 sets of parallel bars made available to the teams. However, there was apparently no limit on the size of the teams, as the Panellinios team had 33 members (though the names of only four are known).
Judges scored the routines on execution, rhythm, and technical difficulty.

## Schedule

The men's team parallel bars was held in the afternoon of the fourth day of events. It was the second event of the afternoon, following the 800 metres (which began at 2:30 p.m.).
| Date | Date | Time | Round |
| Gregorian | Julian | Time | Round |
| Thursday, 9 April 1896 | Thursday, 28 March 1896 | 2:30 | Final |

## Results

| Nation | Team | Team leader | Gymnasts |
| Germany | Germany | Fritz Hofmann | Konrad Böcker, Alfred Flatow, Gustav Flatow, Georg Hilmar, Fritz Manteuffel, Karl Neukirch, Richard Röstel, Gustav Schuft, Carl Schuhmann, Hermann Weingärtner |
| Greece | Panellinios | Spyridon Athanasopoulos | Nikolaos Andriakopoulos, Petros Persakis, Thomas Xenakis, 29 others, names unknown |
| Greece | Ethnikos | Ioannis Chrysafis | Ioannis Mitropoulos, Dimitrios Loundras, Filippos Karvelas, 15 others, names unknown |
# William Dick-Cunyngham

Lieutenant Colonel William Henry Dick-Cunyngham VC (16 June 1851 – 6 January 1900) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Background

Dick-Cunynigham was the youngest son of Sir William Hanmer Dick-Cunyngham, 8th Baronet of Prestonfield and Lambrughton. The family lived at Prestonfield House in south Edinburgh.

## Military career and VC details

He was 28 years old, and a lieutenant in The Gordon Highlanders, British Army during the Second Anglo-Afghan War when the following deed took place on 13 December 1879 during the attack on the Sherpur Pass, Afghanistan for which he was awarded the VC.
   For the conspicuous gallantry and coolness displayed by him on the 13th December, 1879, at the attack on the Sherpur Pass, in Afghanistan, in having exposed himself to the full fire of the enemy, and by his example and encouragement rallied the men who, having been beaten back, were, at the moment, wavering at the top of the hill.
In 1899 he was appointed in command of the 2nd Battalion Gordon Highlanders, which was sent to South Africa for the Second Boer War.
While in South Africa, he was mortally wounded in action at the siege of Ladysmith on 6 January 1900 and died the following day, 7 January.

## Medal and memorials

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Gordon Highlanders Museum, Aberdeen, Scotland.
His grave is in Ladysmith Cemetery in South Africa. and his name appears on the Boer War Memorial in Cheltenham England.
He is also memorialised with his siblings in Duddingston Kirkyard in Edinburgh. A memorial tablet inside the church remembers his only son, St John William Keith Dick-Cunyngham who was drowned near the family home of Philorth Castle in 1897 while trying to rescue his best friend.
# ETAP 22

The EATP 22 is a Belgian trailerable sailboat that was designed by E. G. van de Stadt as a cruiser and first built in 1974.

## Production

The design was the first boat built by ETAP Yachting in Belgium. It was built between 1974 and 1984, with 1830 boats completed, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The EATP 22 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of glassfibre and features a flush deck design. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a plumb transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a lifting keel or optional centreboard. It displaces 2,756 lb (1,250 kg) and carries 1,213 lb (550 kg) of ballast.
The lifting keel equipped model has a draft of 4.10 ft (1.25 m) with the keel fully down, while the centreboard model has a draft of 4.92 ft (1.50 m) with the centreboard extended and 2.3 ft (0.70 m) with it retracted, allowing ground transportation on a trailer.
For downwind sailing the design may be equipped with a spinnaker.

## Operational history

The boat was at one time supported by a class club, the ETAP Owners Association.
# LNER Class A1

Class A1 in the London and North Eastern Railway's classification system may refer to any of the following British steam locomotives:
* The GNR Class A1 or "Gresley A1", a class of 52 Pacific locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, including Flying Scotsman
* The LNER Thompson Class A1/1, a single Pacific locomotive designed by Edward Thompson and rebuilt from a Gresley A1
* The LNER Peppercorn Class A1, a class of 49 Pacific locomotives designed by A. H. Peppercorn
* LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado, a new locomotive completed in 2008, officially considered to be the 50th member of its class.
# Pluggable Authentication Service

Pluggable Authentication Services (PAS) allows a SAP user to be authenticated outside of SAP. When the user is authenticated by an external service, the PAS will issue an SAP Logon Ticket or x.509 Certificate which will be used for future authentication into SAP systems. The PAS is generally regarded as an opportunity for companies to either use a new external authentication system or an existing external authentication system. In some cases, the PAS is used with an external single sign-on system that uses SAP Logon Tickets or x.509 certificates.

## External authentication systems

* Windows NT LAN Manager Authentication
* Windows NT domain controller (i.e., User ID and password verification)
* Binding LDAP to a directory server
* Authentication using the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol and x.509 certificates
* HTTP header variables (mapping userIDs)
* Authentication mechanism through the AGate

## Prerequisites

* One system must be configured as the ticket-issuing system.
* Other SAP systems must be configured to accept logon tickets (and therefore preconditions for logon ticket configuration or non-logon ticket configuration, such as certificate, must be met prior).
* Usage of Secure Network Communications because authentication occurs externally.
* Ticket-issuing SAP system must be able to recognize user's ID.
# Kate Cullity

Kate Cullity is an Australian landscape architect and founding director of TCL (Taylor Cullity Lethlean), a landscape architecture and urban design practice based in Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia.

## Early life

Kate Cullity grew up in Perth, Western Australia. She received a Bachelor of Science, majoring in Botany, from the University of Western Australia in 1977, and later a Diploma of Education, also from the University of Western Australia, in 1979.

## Career

Her career began as a biology high school teacher before she moved from Perth to Melbourne in 1982 and commenced studying for a Master of Landscape Architecture at the University of Melbourne in 1985. In 1986, she worked for the then Victorian Public Works Department in the landscape architecture division. From 1987-1989 she designed and constructed residential gardens. In 1989, she met Kevin Taylor while working in the offices of architect Gregory Burgess.
In 1990, Cullity and Taylor founded their landscape architecture practice Kevin Taylor and Kate Cullity Pty Ltd, later renamed to Taylor and Cullity. Their first major project was the Box Hill Community Arts Centre in Melbourne’s eastern suburbs. In 1995, Cullity and Taylor relocated to Adelaide, maintaining a Melbourne studio headed by Perry Lethlean, who later became the company’s third director. The company developed into one of Australia’s most well-known and awarded landscape architecture firms, employing around thirty landscape architects across its Adelaide and Melbourne studios. The company has received many awards and international notoriety with the design of the Australian Garden in Cranbourne, Victoria.
Kate Cullity is particularly respected for her private garden designs in Australia and culturally-interpretive exhibits at garden festivals in France, Canada, and Germany.
Cullity completed a practice-based PhD from RMIT University in 2013.
In 2014, she became an Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of Adelaide and a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects in 2016.

## Notable projects

* Cultivated by Fire, IGA International Garden Festival, Berlin, Germany, 2017
* Redevelopment of Victoria Square, Adelaide, 2012
* Adelaide Airport Plaza, Adelaide, 2012
* Seeing the Woods for the Trees, University of NSW, 2007
* The Australian Garden, Cranbourne, Victoria, 2006
* Eucalyptus Light and Shadow, Metis International Garden Festival, 2005
* Fire Stories, Chaumont – sur- Loire Garden Festival, France, 2004
* Taylor and Cullity Garden, Adelaide, 2003
* Redevelopment of North Terrace, Adelaide, 2002
* Uluru Kata Tjuta Aboriginal Cultural Centre, 1993
* Box Hill Community Arts Centre, 1990
# Prunus umbellata

Prunus umbellata, called flatwoods plum, hog plum and sloe plum, is a plum species native to the United States from Virginia, south to Florida, and west to Texas.
Prunus umbellata can reach 6.1 meters (20 feet) in height with a 4.6 m (15 ft) spread. It has alternate serrate green leaves that turn yellow in autumn. Flowers are white, creamy, or grayish. Fruits are round, purple, and 1.3–2.5 centimeters (1⁄2–1 inch) in diameter. The trees bloom and bear fruit later than other plums. The fruits mature August–October. Large crops appear only every 3–4 years.
P. umbellata trees can live up to 40 years and are very difficult to distinguish from P. angustifolia, with which it hybridizes easily.
The fruits are made into jellies and jams.
# Waterstock House Training Centre

Waterstock House Training Centre (WHTC) is situated in the village of Waterstock in Oxfordshire, England. It is a well used venue for local and national equestrian training events and clinics.
It was once owned by Lars Sederholm and was a very well known training centre for horses and riders alike. Many of the royal family have ridden at WHTC and competitions are regularly held there.
51°43′29″N 1°08′02″W﻿ / ﻿51.72472°N 1.13389°W﻿ / 51.72472; -1.13389
* This article about an Oxfordshire building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Les Emigres aux Terres Australes

Les Emigres aux Terres Australes (English: The Emigrants to the Southern Lands) is a 1792 French stage play by Citizen Gamas. The play had a fortnight's run as in the Theatre des Amis de la Patrie, in the Rue de Louvois.

## Background

It was the first play to be set in colonial Australia and is sometimes referred to as the first Australian play.
The subtitle was Le Dernier Chapitre d’une Grande Révolution, Comedie (The Last Chapter of a Great Revolution, a Comedy).
# William Scanlan

William Scanlan or Bill Scanlon could refer to:
* William J. Scanlan (1856–1898), American actor and composer
* Doc Scanlan (William Dennis Scanlan, 1881–1949), American professional baseball player
* Bill Scanlan (1925–2000), Australian footballer
* Bill Scanlan, American broadcast journalist and former host of C-SPAN's Washington Journal
# LNE

LNE may refer to:
* Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais, a French reference laboratory
* La Nouvelle École, international school in Rajasthan, India
* Lehigh and New England Railroad, a former American railroad
* La Nueva España, a newspaper published in Oviedo, Spain
* Lonorore Airport, IATA code LNE, on Pentecost Island, Vanuatu
* Limited nuclear exchange, a hypothesized, small-scale type of nuclear war
# Layla (magazine)

Layla was a first women's magazine published in Baghdad, Iraq, in 1923. It was published in the Arabic Language. The magazine which became the forerunner of the women's movement in Iraq ceased publication in 1925.

## History

Layla was founded by Paulina Hassoun, a Jordanian woman migrated to Baghdad, in 1923 and focused exclusively on women's issues. It was published 20 issues from 15 October 1923 to 3 January 1925. It was closed due to financial reasons and protests from conservatives.
The magazine was a pioneer of its time and the next women's magazine was started only over a decade later. The magazine was started at time when the Iraqi women's movement itself started and the magazine was seen as a pioneer for raising women's issues including an editorial to the Iraqi Assembly to give women more rights in 1924.
# Line 9 (Suzhou Rail Transit)

Line 9 of Suzhou Rail Transit (Chinese: 苏州轨道交通9号线), also known as the East-West Express Line (Chinese: 东西向快线) is a planned east–west rapid transit line in Suzhou. No official public construction date is available, however construction is expected to start before 2035. It will serve Suzhou New District, Gusu District, Suzhou Industrial Park, Kunshan, and Taicang.
Line 9 is planned as the East-West Express Line. Due to the lack of capacity on Line 1, Line 9 is to make up for rapid transit linking Suzhou New District, Gusu District, and Suzhou Industrial Park to Kunshan and Taicang.
# Waterstonella

Waterstonella grantonensis is a species of fossil crustacean so distinct from other crustaceans that it has been placed in its own genus, Waterstonella, family, Waterstonellidae, and order, Waterstonellidea. It is named after Charles Waterstone, keeper of geology at the Royal Scottish Museum, while the specific epithet commemorates the location where the fossil was found, the Granton shrimp beds, near Edinburgh.
# Pottipadu

Pottipadu is a village in the YSR Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh State, India, lies 97 KM west of Kadapa, the district headquarters. The state’s capital, Vijayawada, is 436 KM away. The postal code of Pottipadu is 516464 and its post office is in Lavanur.
Pottipadu is near the borders of Kondapuram, Tadipatri, Mylavaram, Putlur and Simhadripuram mandals.
Some of the nearby cities are Tadpatri, Jammalamadugu, Proddatur and Yerraguntla.
Pottipadu is also close to the boundary between Cuddapah District and Anantapur District. Yellanur in Anantapur District is south of Pottipadu.

## Population

| Census Parameter | Census Data (2011) |
| Total Population | 792 |
| Total No of Houses | 229 |
| Female Population % | 49.9 % ( 395) |
| Total Literacy rate % | 53.0 % ( 420) |
| Female Literacy rate | 21.5 % ( 170) |
| Scheduled Tribes Population % | 0.0 % ( 0) |
| Scheduled Caste Population % | 23.5 % ( 186) |
| Working Population % | 63.5 % |
| Child(0 -6) Population by 2011 | 64 |
| Girl Child(0 -6) Population % by 2011 | 46.9 % ( 30) |

## Notable people

* Nagi Reddi - Indian film producer and director mainly in Telugu cinema. He set up Vijaya Vauhini Studios in Chennai, which was then Asia's biggest film studio.
# Francisco Arce y Romero

Francisco Arce y Romero (ca. 1822 – ca. 1902) was an interim Corregidor Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico, in 1872. Eduardo Neumann Gandia describes him as an honest man, politically liberal and open minded.
# William MacTaggart

Sir William MacTaggart, FRSE RA PPRSA (1903–1981) was a Scottish painter known for his landscapes of East Lothian, France, Norway and elsewhere. He is sometimes called William MacTaggart the Younger to distinguish him from his grandfather, the painter William McTaggart.

## Life and work

William MacTaggart was born on 15 May 1903 at Westbank in Loanhead, Midlothian, the son of Hugh Holmes MacTaggart an engineer and partner of MacTaggart Scott & Co.
He went to Edinburgh College of Art between 1918 and 1921, and there he made friends with other young artists like William Gillies, William Geissler, Anne Redpath, John Maxwell, William Crozier and Adam Bruce Thomson. Later they would be considered the core group of the Edinburgh School. Crozier was a major artistic influence on MacTaggart, and he joined his friend on some of his trips to the south of France, made for the sake of MacTaggart's health, as well as for painting opportunities.
In 1927 he joined the Society of Eight whose members included Cadell and Peploe, and two years later held his first solo exhibition. In the early 1930s he shared a studio with Gillies.
MacTaggart started teaching at Edinburgh College of Art in 1933 and was president of the Society of Scottish Artists between 1933 and 1936. In 1948 the Royal Scottish Academy made him an Academician and he later served as their president from 1959 to 1969. He was also a member of the Royal Academy in London and was knighted in 1962.
In 1967 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Harold R. Fletcher, Stanley Cursiter, Norman Feather and Neil Campbell.
He died on 9 January 1981.

## Family

In 1937 he married Fanny Margaretha Basilier Aavatsmark, a Norwegian.
# East African Railways and Harbours Corporation

The East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EAR&H) is a defunct company that operated railways and harbours in East Africa from 1948 to 1977. It was formed in 1948 for the new East African High Commission by merging the Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours with the Tanganyika Railway of the Tanganyika Territory. As well as running railways and harbours in the three territories it ran inland shipping services on Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert, the Victoria Nile and the Albert Nile.

## Railways

The Malayan Railway sold the EAR&H eight metre gauge USATC S118 Class steam locomotives in 1948, and another eight in 1949. The EAR&H converted them to oil burners and numbered them 2701–2716, making them the 27 class and allocating them to its Tabora Depot on its Tanganyika section. They entered service in 1949 and 1950, working the lines to Mwanza, Kigoma and Mpanda where their light axle loading was an advantage and their high firebox enabled them to run through seasonal flooding on the Kigoma and Mpanda branches. EAR&H built further S118 from spare parts in 1953 and numbered it 2717. The EAR&H withdrew them from service in about 1965, and they were moved to Dar es Salaam for scrapping in 1966.
In 1955 and 1956, the EAR&H introduced new and much more powerful steam locomotives for its Kenya and Uganda network: the 59 class Garratt locomotives. These were the mainstay of the section's heaviest traffic between Mombasa and Nairobi until they started to be withdrawn from service between 1973 and 1980.
The EAR&H extended the Uganda Railway from Kampala to the copper mines at Kasese in 1956. In 1962, it completed the northern Uganda railway from Soroti to Pakwach and from there to Arua in 1964, thus superseding the Victoria Nile steamer service.

## International ferries

Proposed ferries from East Africa Harbour (E.A.H):
* Lagos
* Cairo
* Canada (Int. Oveaseas)

## Inland ferries

In 1961, the EAR&H introduced the new Lake Victoria ferry RMS Victoria. This faster vessel doubled the speed of the circular service around the lake, allowing EAR&H to increase sailings from once to twice a week. Elizabeth II designated her a Royal Mail Ship, making it the only EAR&H ship to receive this distinction.
In 1965 and 1966, the EAR&H introduced a train ferry service across Lake Victoria with the MV Umoja and MV Uhuru. In 1967, the EAR&H made harbour improvements at Kisumu on the Kenyan shore of Lake Victoria by scuttling the disused ferry SS Winifred to form a breakwater.

## Dissolution

In 1977, the High Commission's successor, the East African Community, was dissolved and EAR&H's rail network was broken up into three national railways: Kenya Railways Corporation, Tanzania Railways Corporation and Uganda Railways Corporation.

## In Culture

Kenyan-born singer Roger Whittaker wrote and recorded the song The Good Old EAR&H in about 1982, after a return visit to Kenya.
# NBJ

NBJ or nbj may refer to:
* NBJ, the FAA LID code for Naval Outlying Landing Field Barin, Foley, Alabama, United States
* nbj, the ISO 639-3 code for Ngarinyman language, Northern Territory, Australia
# LZ

LZ may refer to:

## Computing

* .lz, a filename extension for an lzip archive
* Abraham Lempel (born 1936) and Jacob Ziv (born 1931), Israeli computer scientists:
** Lempel-Ziv, prefix for family of data compression algorithms, sometimes used as beginning for file name extensions
** Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm

## Aviation

* Republic of Bulgaria (aviation code)
* Air Link IATA code
* Balkan Bulgarian Airlines IATA code (1947-2002)
* Swiss Global Air Lines IATA code (2005-2018)
* Landing zone, an area where aircraft can land
* LZ-, prefix of the serial numbers of Zeppelin airships built by Ferdinand von Zeppelin

## Other uses

* LUX-ZEPLIN, a dark matter detection experiment
* Lubrizol, a chemical manufacturer (NYSE symbol LZ)
* Lutz jump, a figure skating jump
* Led Zeppelin, an English rock band
# Laykold

Laykold is a brand of tennis hardcourt constructed over an asphalt or concrete base. It can be constructed without cushion or with a cushion layer (Laykold Cushion Plus) for better force reduction and longer player longevity. Court surfaces are made of various materials including rubber, silica, and acrylic resin. Laykold is manufactured by Advanced Polymer Technology (based in Harmony, Pennsylvania).

## Tournaments

Laykold has been the surface of the Miami Open since 1984. In March 2020, the United States Tennis Association (USTA) announced that the US Open will be using Laykold for five years, starting with the 2020 tournament.