OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Opeltia

Opeltia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has four species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens.

## Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 2017 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Laszlo Lőkös, with O. neobaltistanica assigned as the type species. The genus name honours lichenologist Josef Poelt, "in recognition of his enormous contribution to lichenology".
Opeltia occupies a distinct monophyletic branch within the Mikhtomia clade, a phylogenetically related group of taxa that also includes the genera Hanstrassia, Laundonia, and Oxneriopsis. This clade is in the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the family Teloschistaceae.

## Description

Opeltia shares similarities with Blastenia. However, it can be distinguished by certain key characteristics. The thallus of Opeltia has a crustose form, appearing areolate to subsquamulose with an abrupt margin. Its colouration varies, typically presenting in shades of whitish, dirty white, and occasional yellowish tones. Opeltia lacks asexual propagules or soredia.
The apothecia of Opeltia are biatorine, occasionally manifesting as zeorine, biatorine, or lecanorine. The distinctive feature is the dark reddish-orange to rusty brown colouration of the apothecial disc. The true exciple in Opeltia has a paraplectenchymatous structure in the basal portion, transitioning into a mesodermatous paraplectenchymatous form with a well-developed matrix. A noteworthy trait is the presence of oil in the hymenium and subhymenium. Reproduction in Opeltia is characterized by eight-spored asci and polarilocular ascospores that can be quite variable in shape.

## Habitat and distribution

Opeltia neobaltistanica, and O. juniperina occur in Eurasia, while O. arizonica occurs in southern North America.

## Species

* Opeltia arizonica (H.Magn.) S.Y.Kondr. & Lőkös (2017)
* Opeltia flavorubescens (Huds.) S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2020)
* Opeltia juniperina (Tomin) S.Y.Kondr. & Lőkös (2017)
* Opeltia neobaltistanica (S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur) S.Y.Kondr. & Lőkös (2017)
# Bill Strickland (baseball)

William Goss Strickland (March 29, 1908 – January 26, 2000) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the St. Louis Browns in 1937.
# Bill Striegel

William Joseph Striegel (May 28, 1936 – July 23, 1992) was an American football offensive guard in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles. He also was a member of the Oakland Raiders and Boston Patriots in the American Football League (AFL). He played college football at the University of the Pacific.

## Early years

Striegel attended Chico Senior High School. He accepted a football scholarship from the University of the Pacific. He became a starter as a two-way tackle.

## Professional career

Striegel was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the eighth round (88th overall) of the 1958 NFL draft. He suffered an injury in practice with the 1958 College All-Star steam and was lost for the season. On May 9, 1959, he was re-signed by the Eagles and was converted into an offensive guard during training camp. He appeared in 12 games as a backup.
In 1960, Striegel was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the expansion draft. He was tried at linebacker and defensive end. He was released before the start of the season in September.
On September 19, 1960, he was signed as a free agent by the Oakland Raiders of the American Football League to play as an offensive tackle. He appeared in one game during their inaugural season before being cut in October.
In October 1960, he signed with the Boston Patriots of the American Football League to play as a linebacker. He appeared in 5 games with one start during their inaugural season.

## Personal life

In September 1965, he was hired by the expansion franchise Atlanta Falcons to work as a scout.
# Onthophagus cervus

Onthophagus cervus, is a species of dung beetle found in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Thailand.

## Description

This oval, moderately convex species has an average length of about 6 to 7 mm. Male is smaller than female. Body black and shiny. Head, pronotum, elytra and ventrum are coppery or green. Elytra covered with orange clothing. Sometimes only irregular humeral and apical spots are present. Femora, antennae, mouthparts, pygidium, and abdominal sides are yellowish, whereas dorsum is thinly clothed with minute yellow setae. Head less broad, with rounded ocular. Clypeus little produced with strongly reflexed angle. Pronotum fairly strongly, unevenly punctured. Elytra finely striate, with slightly convex intervals. Pygidium punctured intermixed with both large and small punctures. Metasternal shield with very few fine punctures. Male has little produced, truncate and very shiny clypeus. A pair of horns located behind the eyes, which are sloping backward. Pronotum rather flat, smooth, and shiny. Female has strongly and closely punctured clypeus without shine.
Adults are known to spread scarabiasis, a condition of presence of beetles in the intestine of humans.
# Open Wide (song)

"Open Wide" is a song by Scottish DJ and producer Calvin Harris from his fourth studio album, Motion (2014). It features American rapper Big Sean. Originally released a promotional single on 27 October 2014, the song officially impacted rhythmic contemporary radio in the United States on 27 January 2015 as the album's fifth single. "Open Wide" is the vocal version of Harris's instrumental track "C.U.B.A", which appears as a B-side to his single "Blame". It peaked at number 23 in the UK, becoming Harris's first single to miss the top 10 since 2010.

## Music video

The video was directed by Emil Nava, and is a cinematic clip featuring a desert shoot-out. As two opposing sides blast shot after shot at each other, a ballerina dances in the middle of the gunfight, dodging bullets with the dexterity of Keanu Reeves in The Matrix.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Motion.
* Calvin Harris – vocals, all instruments, arrangement, production
* Big Sean – vocals
* Chris Galland – mixing assistance
* Manny Marroquin – mixing
* Ike Schultz – mixing assistance

## Certifications

Certifications for "Open Wide" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000$^‡$ |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 80,000$^‡$ |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| United Kingdom | 27 October 2014 | Digital download (via pre-order of Motion) | DeconstructionFly EyeColumbia | |
| United States | 27 January 2015 | Rhythmic contemporary radio | Columbia | |
# François Cupis de Renoussard

François Cupis de Renoussard Seigneur de Renoussard, called le cadet (10 November 1732 – 13 October 1808) was an 18th-century classical French composer, cellist and music educator.

## Biography

François Cupis de Renoussard was the son of Ferdinand-Joseph de Cupis Camargo [fr], teacher of violin and maître à danser [fr] rue de la Montagne in Brussels, and Marie-Anne de Smet.
He was the brother of the famous ballerina Marie-Anne de Cupis de Camargo (1710–1770) and violinist Jean-Baptiste de Cupis de Camargo [fr].
He was a pupil of Martin Berteau. In 1750, he entered the Paris Opéra as basse du grand chœur. He stayed there until 1770.
Through his numerous compositions, which were musically of little inspiration, but had educational significance, Cupis strengthened his reputation for having given the cello in France a greater importance. François Cupis, on the one hand, stands in the same line between his teacher, Martin Berteau and Jean-Baptiste Barrière, and on the other, the brothers Jean-Louis and Jean-Pierre Duport.

## Works

In addition to several works, not mentioned by François-Joseph Fétis, François Cupis wrote:
* Arrangements: Recueil d'airs choisis des meilleurs auteurs pour violoncelle (1761)
* Recueil d'airs choisis des meilleurs auteurs ajustés pour le violoncelle (Paris, Le Menu, 1761)
* 6 Sonatas for Cello and Bass, Op. 1 (c. 1761)
* 6 Duos for 2 Cellos, Op. 2 (c. 1767), missing
* 6 Duos for 2 Cellos, Op. 3 (c. 1770)
* 3 Duos, for 2 Cellos, Op. 5 (1773)
* 2 Cello concertos, mentioned by Fétis and Ernst Ludwig Gerber (missing)
* Six duo (sic) pour deux violoncelles, Op. 3 (Paris, La Chevardière)
* Six duo (sic) pour deux violoncelles, Op. 5 (Bayeux, Le Menu, 1773)
* Airs d'opéra-comiques pour deux violoncelles (Paris, 1777)
* Cello Concerto in D Major (1783)
* Concerto à grand orchestre pour le violoncelle (Paris, 1783). The orchestra includes strings, 2 oboes and 2 horns; (Paris, 1783)
* Air de l'Aveugle de Palmire, and Menuet de Fischer, for 2 cellos (c. 1784)
* Recueil de petits airs variés et dialogués for 2 cellos, Op. 9 (around 1800)
* Méthode nouvelle et raisonnée pour apprendre à jouer du violoncelle (Paris, Le Menu, 1772). The method contains comments on the technique of the instrument.
# Birger Gotaas

Karl Birger Vodahl Gotaas (22 July 1883 – 14 June 1960) was a Norwegian journalist, newspaper editor and non-fiction writer.

## Career

Gotaas was born in Minnesota on 22 July 1883. He edited the newspapers Stavangeren and Bergens Aftenblad, and headed Høyres Pressekontor from 1925 to 1950. During the Norwegian Campaign in 1940 he was press officer for the Norwegian general staff, and wrote the book Fra 9. april til 7. juni. in 1945. Gotaas served as secretary general for the Conservative Party from 1945 to 1946.
Gotaas died in Oslo on 14 June 1960.
# Caroline (1800 ship)

Caroline was launched in 1799, or 1800, at Ipswich. She had an unusually long service life of almost 60 years. She spent the first 40 years or so as a West Indiaman. She then spent the remainder of her career trading more widely, particularly with Quebec. She was last listed in 1864 with minimal data unchanged since 1859.

## Career

Caroline first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1800.
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source & notes |
| 1800 | S.Hayes | R.Neave | London–St Kitts | LR |
| 1805 | S.Hayes | Neave & Co. | London–St Kitts | LR |
| 1810 | Hodgson | N.Malcom | London–Jamaica | LR |
| 1812 | Hodgson Watson | N.Malcom | London–Jamaica | LR; thorough repair 1812 |
| 1815 | Hodgson | N.Malcolm | London–Jamaica | LR; thorough repair 1812 |
| 1820 | Robson | N.Malcolm | London–Jamaica | LR; thorough repair 1812 |
| 1825 | D.Campbell | N.Malcolm | London–Jamaica | LR; small repair 1824 |
| 1830 | D.Campbell | N.Malcolm | London–Jamaica | LR; small repair 1824 |
| 1833 | Campbell | Malcolm | London–Jamaica | Register of Shipping; large repair 1827, small repair 1830, small repairs 1831, & large repairs 1832 |
| 1836 | Campbell | Niel & Co. MacDonald & Co. | London–West Indies | LR; small repairs 1836 |
| 1840 | Campbell | Malcolm | London London–Jamaica | LR; small repairs 1836 |
| 1845 | Harris | Tullock Frampton | Dunstable–Africa Poole–Quebec | LR; small repairs 1843 |
| 1850 | Harris | Frampton | Poole–Quebec | LR; small repairs 1846 & 1849 |
| 1855 | J.Harris | Frampton | Poole | LR; small repairs 1849, 1851, & 1853 |
| 1858 | J.Harris | Frampton | Poole–Quebec | LR; small repairs 1851, 1853, & 1857 |
| 1859 | J.Harris | Frampton | | LR |

## Citations

* 1 2 3 LR (1800), Seq.№C585.
* 1 2 LR (1859), Seq.№133.
# Black Country UTC

Black Country UTC was a university technical college (UTC) located in the Bloxwich area of Walsall, West Midlands, England. The University of Wolverhampton and Walsall College were the lead academic sponsors of the UTC, and Siemens acted as the lead business partner for the UTC. The UTC closed at the end of August 2015.

## History

Black Country UTC opened in September 2011, and was the second university technical college to open in England as part of the university technical colleges programme. The UTC was located on the site of the former Sneyd Comprehensive School, a secondary school in Walsall which closed during the Summer of 2011 due to falling pupil numbers. The school site was extensively refurbished to accommodate the new UTC. A second phase of renovation was completed in September 2013.
In April 2015 it was announced that Black Country UTC would close at the end of August 2015, with all pupils either graduating or being given places at other local schools. The decision to close the UTC was made after two Ofsted reports stated that the school required improvement, and overall low student numbers.

## Curriculum

The UTC specialised in engineering and science, and offered education for pupils aged 14 to 19. At ages 14–16, pupils studied a Higher Diploma in Engineering or BTEC First Diploma in Engineering in conjunction with a range of GCSE options. For sixth form education, students chose between three routes of study:
* The Technical and Academic studies route required all students to study an Advanced Engineering Diploma or a BTEC National Diploma in Engineering. In addition, all students were expected to study the German language. Students could also choose to study between 1 and 3 other subjects in addition to their core engineering studies.
* The Apprenticeships route required all students to study a Level 2 and 3 Apprenticeship in Engineering on a full-time or day release basis in conjunction with Walsall College.
* The Pre Apprenticeship routes required all students to study a Performing Engineering Operations course, a BTEC First in Engineering and Functional Skills in English, Maths and ICT. Students also had the opportunity to retake GCSE English and Maths.
# Opening ceremony

An opening ceremony, grand opening, or ribbon-cutting ceremony marks the official opening of a newly constructed location or the start of an event. Opening ceremonies at significant events such as the Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, and the Rugby World Cup might involve thousands of participants and be watched worldwide. Such tournaments often also include a closing ceremony at the end of the event.

## Ribbon cutting

A ribbon cutting is a ceremonial event to mark the opening of a new business or a newly renovated business location. It typically involves cutting a ribbon with giant scissors, speeches and presentations by local officials and business owners, and tours of the new facilities. Members of the local community often attend the event, the local chapter of the chamber of commerce, the media, and other guests. It is seen as a celebration of the business and the community it serves.
The ritual originated in the ancient ceremony to open the Cloth Fair at Bartholomew the Great, London. Since 1133, the Lord Mayor of London would open the fair each year by ceremonially cutting a piece of cloth.

## Soft launch or opening

In the case of physical establishments, its grand opening might be preceded by a "soft opening" or "soft launch" in which the establishment begins to operate with little promotion to allow testing of operations, procedures, and facilities.
# Decree of Extended Freedom of Trade (Sweden)

Förordningen för utvidgad näringsfrihet ('Decree of Extended Freedom of Trade'), also known as 1864 års näringsförordning ('Trade Decree of 1864'), was a Swedish law reform introduced 18 Jun 1864. It was law until 1968.
The reform continued the reform of Swedish commercial life, initiated by the Fabriks och Handtwerksordning and Handelsordningen of 1846, by introducing complete freedom of economy. It abolished all requirements and privileges of the guilds and removed all restrictions of trade and handicrafts professions in the cities as well as the country side and granted the right to start a business to all citizens of legal majority, or those with permission from their guardian, regardless of gender.
# Delice, İmranlı

Delice is a village in the İmranlı District of Sivas Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 136 in 2023.
# Björkskatan

Björkskatan, often called Björx, is a residential area in Luleå, Sweden. It is located on the island of Hertsön.

## Census

The residential area had 4,487 inhabitants in 2010.
# Bitter Creek

Bitter Creek may refer to:
* Bitter Creek, Texas, a ghost town in Nolan County
* Bitter Creek (South Dakota)
* Bitter Creek (Utah), a tributary of the White River
* Bitter Creek (Wyoming), a tributary of the Green River
* Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge, in Kern County, California
* Bitter Creek (film), a 1954 American Western film
* Bitter Creek, a song from the Eagles' album Desperado
* George “Bittercreek” Newcomb, a member of the Wild Bunch
# Carphina assula

Carphina assula is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1864, and is known from central Brazil, eastern Ecuador, and Peru.
# Open–closed principle

In object-oriented programming, the open–closed principle (OCP) states "software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for extension, but closed for modification"; that is, such an entity can allow its behaviour to be extended without modifying its source code.
The name open–closed principle has been used in two ways. Both ways use generalizations (for instance, inheritance or delegate functions) to resolve the apparent dilemma, but the goals, techniques, and results are different.
The open–closed principle is one of the five SOLID principles of object-oriented design.

## Meyer's open–closed principle

Bertrand Meyer is generally credited for having originated the term open–closed principle, which appeared in his 1988 book Object-Oriented Software Construction.$^{:23}$
   * A module will be said to be open if it is still available for extension. For example, it should be possible to add fields to the data structures it contains, or new elements to the set of functions it performs.
   * A module will be said to be closed if [it] is available for use by other modules. This assumes that the module has been given a well-defined, stable description (the interface in the sense of information hiding).
At the time Meyer was writing, adding fields or functions to a library inevitably required changes to any programs depending on that library. Meyer's proposed solution to this problem relied on the notion of object-oriented inheritance (specifically implementation inheritance):$^{:229}$
   A class is closed, since it may be compiled, stored in a library, baselined, and used by client classes. But it is also open, since any new class may use it as parent, adding new features. When a descendant class is defined, there is no need to change the original or to disturb its clients.

## Polymorphic open–closed principle

During the 1990s, the open–closed principle became popularly redefined to refer to the use of abstracted interfaces, where the implementations can be changed and multiple implementations could be created and polymorphically substituted for each other.
In contrast to Meyer's usage, this definition advocates inheritance from abstract base classes. Interface specifications can be reused through inheritance but implementation need not be. The existing interface is closed to modifications and new implementations must, at a minimum, implement that interface.
Robert C. Martin's 1996 article "The Open-Closed Principle" was one of the seminal writings to take this approach. In 2001, Craig Larman related the open–closed principle to the pattern by Alistair Cockburn called Protected Variations, and to the David Parnas discussion of information hiding.
# Opeongo River Provincial Park

Opeongo River Provincial Park is a waterway park in Nipissing District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. It incorporates those portions of the Opeongo River from its exit from Algonquin Provincial Park to the river's mouth at the Madawaska River, except for a small portion around Victoria Lake. The park has two access points: from Ontario Highway 60 west of the community of Madawaska; and the Shall Lake access point, north of Victoria Lake, in Algonquin Provincial Park.
As a non-operating park, there are no facilities or services. The park can be used for recreational activities such as canoeing, hiking, swimming, and hunting.
# Carmo de Minas

Carmo de Minas is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.
# Carmo da Mata

Carmo da Mata is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.
The municipality contained the 86 hectares (210 acres) Carmo da Mata Biological Reserve. An audit in 2012 stated that some biological reserves created in 1974 on state-owned land no longer qualified as conservation units. These included Carmo da Mata, Colônia 31 de Março and others.
# Black Creek Township, Ohio

Black Creek Township is one of the fourteen townships of Mercer County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 611 people in the township.

## Geography

Located in the northwestern corner of the county, it borders the following townships:
* Willshire Township, Van Wert County – north
* Liberty Township, Van Wert County – northeast corner
* Dublin Township – east
* Hopewell Township – southeast corner
* Liberty Township – south
* Jefferson Township, Adams County, Indiana – southwest
* Blue Creek Township, Adams County, Indiana – northwest
No municipalities are located in Black Creek Township.

## Name and history

Black Creek Township was organized in 1834. It is the only Black Creek Township statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
# On–off keying

On–off keying (OOK) denotes the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation that represents digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave. In its simplest form, the presence of a carrier for a specific duration represents a binary one, while its absence for the same duration represents a binary zero. Some more sophisticated schemes vary these durations to convey additional information. It is analogous to unipolar encoding line code.
On–off keying is most commonly used to transmit Morse code over radio frequencies (referred to as CW (continuous wave) operation), although in principle any digital encoding scheme may be used. OOK has been used in the ISM bands to transfer data between computers, for example.
OOK is more spectrally efficient than frequency-shift keying, but more sensitive to noise when using a regenerative receiver or a poorly implemented superheterodyne receiver. For a given data rate, the bandwidth of a BPSK (Binary Phase Shift keying) signal and the bandwidth of OOK signal are equal.
In addition to RF carrier waves, OOK is also used in optical communication systems (e.g. IrDA and fiber-optic communication).
In aviation, some possibly unmanned airports have equipment that let pilots key their VHF radio a number of times in order to request an Automatic Terminal Information Service broadcast, or turn on runway lights.
OOK is also used in remote garage and gate keys, often operating at 433.92 MHz, in combination with rolling codes.