OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Upper Common Pits

Upper Common Pits is a 3-hectare (7.4-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in the north of Gomshall in Surrey. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.

## Overview

These pits have yielded deposits which are part of the Netley Heath Beds, which date to the Early Pleistocene and are related to the Red Crag Formation. There is a considerable difference in elevation compared with the Red Crag of East Anglia, suggesting differential warping. Near the base there are sandy deposits with many marine fossils.
The site is private land with no public access.
# Mincenii de Jos

Mîncenii de Jos is a commune in Rezina District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Mîncenii de Jos and Mîncenii de Sus.
# USS Bristol (DD-453)

USS Bristol (DD 453) was a Gleaves-class destroyer of the United States Navy, named for Rear Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol. She was launched 25 July 1941 by Federal Shipbuilding, Kearny, New Jersey; sponsored by Mrs. Powell Clayton.The destroyer was commissioned on 22 October 1941.

## Service history

During her first year of service Bristol operated as a patrol and convoy escort in the North Atlantic, making several trans-Atlantic voyages to Ireland. On 22 September 1942, Cmdr John Albert Glick took over command of the ship. On 24 October 1942, she made her first voyage to North Africa, as part of the Operation Torch landings at Fedala, French Morocco (8–17 November). Returning to the United States in late November, she operated out of Norfolk, Virginia until 14 January 1943, when she again steamed to the Mediterranean where, with the exception of one trip to the Panama Canal Zone in April 1943, she served exclusively until 13 October 1943.
While on duty in that area, she took part in Operation Husky (9 July – 17 August 1943) and the Salerno landings (9–21 September). On 11 September 1943, Bristol rescued 70 survivors from the torpedoed destroyer Rowan. While performing shore bombardment during the same operation, she destroyed the Italian Navy armed train ("treno armato") T.A. 76/2/T around the port of Licata.
At 04:30 on 13 October 1943, while escorting a convoy to Oran, Algeria, Bristol was struck on the port side at the forward engine room by a single torpedo from U-boat U-371 commanded by Waldemar Mehl. Bristol was broken in half by the single explosion. No fires resulted, but steam, electrical power, and communications were lost and the ship had to be abandoned. Eight minutes after the explosion the aft section sank, followed four minutes later by the foreparts. Bristol suffered the loss of 52 of her crew; the survivors were rescued by the destroyers Trippe and Wainwright.

### Convoys escorted

| Convoy | Escort Group | Dates | Notes |
| HX 179 | MOEF group A5 | 13–22 March 1942 | 21 ships escorted without loss from Newfoundland to Northern Ireland |
| ON 81 | MOEF group A5 | 30 March–9 April 1942 | 13 ships escorted without loss from Northern Ireland to Newfoundland |
| AT 17 | | 1–12 July 1942 | 6 troopships escorted without loss from New York City to Firth of Clyde |
| UGF 1 | | 24 October–8 November 1942 | 31 ships escorted without loss from Chesapeake Bay to Operation Torch |
| UGF 4 | | 14–25 January 1943 | 21 ships escorted without loss from Chesapeake Bay to Mediterranean Sea |
| UGF 6 | | 5–18 March 1943 | 22 ships escorted without loss from Chesapeake Bay to Mediterranean Sea |
| UGS 6 | battle reinforcement | 20–22 March 1943 | Chesapeake Bay to Mediterranean Sea; 3 ships torpedoed & sunk |
| GUF 6 | | 25 March–7 April 1943 | 15 ships escorted without loss from Mediterranean Sea to Chesapeake Bay |
| UGS 8A | | 17 May–1 June 1943 | 80 ships escorted without loss from Chesapeake Bay to Mediterranean Sea |

## Awards

Bristol received three battle stars for her World War II service.
# John Malcolm (professor)

John Malcolm CMG (31 August 1873 – 17 June 1954) was a New Zealand professor at the University of Otago and physiologist.

## Life

He was born in Halkirk, Caithness, Scotland, on 31 August 1873 the son of John Malcolm, a public works contractor.
He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh graduating with an MBChB in 1897 and gaining his MD in 1899. He initially lectured in chemical physiology at the University of Edinburgh. He lived at 1 Sciennes Road in the south side of the city.
In 1905 he obtained a post of professor of physiology at the University of Otago in New Zealand. In 1933 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer, William Anderson Bain, Walter Phillips Kennedy, and Philip Eggleton.
In the 1947 King's Birthday Honours, Malcolm was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George for services to the medical profession.

## Family

On 8 November 1912, he married Vicky Simpson at All Saints' Church in Dunedin. They had one daughter and two sons. One of their sons, John Laurence Malcolm, after working as senior lecturer with John Eccles from 1942 to 1947 at the University of Otago, worked temporarily at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School in London, then emigrated from New Zealand in 1953 to be professor of physiology at the University of Aberdeen and died in 2001.
Vicky Malcolm died in 1953. John Malcolm died in Dunedin on 17 June 1954.
# Unshinagh Mountain

Unshinagh Mountain (from Irish Uinseanach, meaning 'place of ash trees') is a townland of 635 acres in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the civil parish of Tickmacrevan and the historic barony of Glenarm Lower.
# Christ and Saint Thomas (Verrocchio)

Christ and Saint Thomas (1467–1483) is a bronze statue by Andrea del Verrocchio made for one of the fourteen niches on the exterior walls of the Orsanmichele in Florence, Italy. It is now replaced in that location by a cast and the original has been moved inside the building, which is now a museum. The sculpture shows the Incredulity of Saint Thomas, a subject frequently represented in Christian art since at least the 5th century and used to make a variety of theological points. Thomas the Apostle doubted the resurrection of Jesus and had to feel the wounds for himself in order to be convinced (John 20:24–29). The surrounding marble niche was originally designed by Donatello for his Saint Louis of Toulouse (1413), but that statue was moved to Santa Croce when the niche was sold to the Tribunale di Mercanzia (merchants' guild), who commissioned the replacement from Verrocchio.
The sculpture was the first narrative-based work to appear at Orsanmichele. In its execution Verrocchio showed sophisticated knowledge of the style and substance of classical sculpture. The figures were cast without backs (i.e., not in the round) as they were only to be viewed from the front. This had the added benefits of saving on bronze (which was roughly ten times more expensive than marble), and of making the work lighter and easier to fit into the niche.
The interaction between the characters of Christ and Saint Thomas show a strong sense of movement and dialogue. Differences between the mortal and the immortal are highlighted with Christ's passive, almost regal stance and the agitated and nervous disposition of the doubting Thomas.
Part of the remit of the Mercanzia was to be a judicial, overseeing body; the theme of Christ and Saint Thomas would therefore have been attractive to them as it concerned proof and the presentation of reliable evidence.
# Mind of the Raven

Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds is a 1999 book by Bernd Heinrich. Heinrich tells about the process and findings of his long-term researches into raven cognition, offering an "admittedly incomplete if anecdotally rich" portrait of the species.
# Upper Katchal

Upper Katchal is a village in the Nicobar district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. It is located in the Nancowry tehsil, on the Katchal Island.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Upper Katchal has 55 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 67.96%.
Demographics (2011 Census) :
| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 217 | 120 | 97 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 36 | 16 | 20 |
| Scheduled caste | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 211 | 117 | 94 |
| Literates | 123 | 81 | 42 |
| Workers (all) | 157 | 94 | 63 |
| Main workers (total) | 105 | 63 | 42 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Other | 105 | 63 | 42 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 52 | 31 | 21 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 52 | 31 | 21 |
| Non-workers | 60 | 26 | 34 |
# Christhu Raj College

Christhu Raj College is an arts and science college founded in 1998. The college campus is located in Tiruchirappalli, India and is affiliated to Bharathidasan University.
# John Lovelace

John Lovelace may refer to:
* John Lovelace (died 1558), MP for Reading (UK Parliament constituency)
* John Lovelace, 2nd Baron Lovelace (1616–1670)
* John Lovelace, 3rd Baron Lovelace (c. 1640–1693)
* John Lovelace, 4th Baron Lovelace (d. May 6, 1709), Governor of the Province of New Jersey
* John Lovelace, 5th Baron Lovelace (d. May 1709), Baron Lovelace
* Jonathan Bell Lovelace of Capital Group Companies
* John Lovelace, Jr. of Capital Group Companies
# USS Halawa

USS Halawa (AOG-12) was a gasoline tanker acquired by the U.S. Navy for the dangerous task of transporting gasoline to warships in the fleet, and to remote Navy stations.
Halawa was built as Blue Sunoco in 1929 by Sun Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Chester, Pennsylvania, and operated as a tanker for the Sun Oil Co. until acquired by the Navy through the Maritime Commission in 1942. She was renamed Halawa and commissioned 10 April 1942, at Pearl Harbor.

## World War II service

Halawa was based at Pearl Harbor and vicinity during the entire war. She operated at the Naval Base and at Naval Air Station Kaneohe supplying fuel oil and diesel fuel.
The ship made occasional voyages to Palmyra, Canton, and Johnston Islands 1942-1944, supplying those bases with fuel. While returning to Pearl Harbor from Canton Island 21 December 1944 Halawa suffered a serious generator failure and was towed the rest of the way by tug ATR-12. After her arrival 26 December she stayed at Pearl Harbor until being towed to San Francisco, California, after the war.

## Decommissioning

Halawa arrived San Francisco 25 September 1945 and decommissioned 25 October. She was returned to the Maritime Commission, was placed in reserve for a time, and was sold 5 July 1948 to Foss Launch and Tug Co. She was broken up in 1956.
# Max Koecher

Max Koecher (German:; 20 January 1924 in Weimar – 7 February 1990, Lengerich) was a German mathematician.

## Biography

Koecher studied mathematics and physics at the Georg-August-Universität in Göttingen. In 1951, he received his doctorate under Max Deuring with his work (Koecher 1953) on Dirichlet series with functional equation where he introduced Koecher–Maass series. He qualified in 1954 at the Westfälische Wilhelms University in Münster. From 1962 to 1970, Koecher was department chair at the University of Munich. He retired in 1989.
His main research area was the theory of Jordan algebras, where he introduced the Kantor–Koecher–Tits construction and the Koecher–Vinberg theorem. He discovered the Koecher boundedness principle in the theory of Siegel modular forms.
# Min Mountains

Min Mountains or Minshan (Chinese: 岷山; pinyin: Mín Shān) are a mountain range in central China. It runs in the general north-south direction through northern Sichuan (the eastern part of the Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and adjacent areas of Mianyang Prefecture-level city) and southernmost borderlands of Gansu. The highest elevation is Mount Xuebaoding ("Snow Treasure Peak"), 5588 m and the second highest is Mt Little Xuebaoding ("Little Snow Treasure Peak"), 5443m.

## Geography

The Min mountain range is a southern prolongation of the Kunlun Mountains that separates the basins of two major rivers of Sichuan: the Min River (to the west) and the Jialing River (to the east). Both rivers flow in the general southern direction, and are tributaries of the Yangtze.
The Min Mountains are part of a wider mountainous region:
* Amne Machin: The range located to the far west, known to the ancient Chinese as Mount Jishi (積石山, 积石山, Jīshíshān), part of the Kunlun Mountains.
* Xiqing Mountains (西倾山): The northern range.
* Qionglai Mountains: The central part of the range to the west of the Min River
* Motian Mountains: The easternmost prolongation, merging with the Daba Mountains.

## History

According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the Xia dynasty managed this mountain range as early as 2000 BC.
The Lazikou Pass, a site of strategical importance during the Long March, passes through the Min Mountains and connects northwestern Sichuan with southern Gansu.

## Ecology

The characteristic ecosystem of the Min Mountains and the Qionglai Mountains (which are located further west, separated from the Min Mountains by the Min River valley) has been described by the World Wildlife Fund as the Qionglai-Minshan conifer forests.
Important tourism and nature conservation objects in the Min Mountains include the Jiuzhaigou Valley Nature Reserve (in Jiuzhaigou County) and the Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area (in Songpan County); both are listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list.
# Minella bianca

Minella bianca is a white Italian wine grape variety that is indigenous to the island of Sicily where it is grown in the foothills of Mount Etna. The name Minella is derived from the Sicilian word minna (or "small breast") to which the berries have some resemblance due to their elongated shape. Minella bianca is very rarely seen as a varietal and is most often used in field blends with Carricante and Catarratto bianco.

## History and name

The grape was first described in 1760 by the Italian writer and traveler Domenico Sestini as growing in the foothills of Mount Etna where ampelographers believe that the grape originated from. The grape's name, Minella, is derived from the Sicilian minna which means breast and refers to the berries' shape.

## Viticulture

Minella bianca is an early ripening grape variety that is often one of the first wine grapes to be harvested in a vintage, usually around mid-September, followed by Carricante. In some vineyards Minella bianca is part of a field blend and is inter-planted with other Sicilian wine grapes such as Carricante and Catarratto or even the red wine grape Nerello Mascalese.

## Wine regions

Minella bianca is almost exclusively found on the island of Sicily with ampelographers believing that the grape is indigenous to the island. In 2000, there were 86 hectares (210 acres) of the grape planted, the vast majority of which were found in the province of Catania around the foothills of Mount Etna. Here the grape is a permitted grape variety in the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) white wines of Etna. Further west, the province of Enna is home to a few scattered plantings of Minella bianca.

## Styles

According to Master of Wine Jancis Robinson, Minella bianca tends to produce dry, aromatic wines that are characterized by aroma notes of aniseed. The grape is rarely made as a single varietal and is most often included in a blend with Catarrato and Carricante such as in the DOC wines of Etna Bianco.

## Synonyms

Over the years, Minella bianca has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Eppula, Minedda bianca, Minnedda bainca, Minnedda bianca, Minnedda bianca de Catane, Minnedda Ianca and Minella.
# Ostrowik

Ostrowik may refer to the following places:
* Ostrowik, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Ostrowik, Otwock County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Ostrowik, Wołomin County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Ostrówik, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
# OSS/BSS

OSS/BSS, in telecommunications, refer to operations support system and business support system. The distinction emphasizes a separation of concerns between maintaining network operations and the business around which that network is built. Communications service providers support a broad range of services and functions with their OSS/BSS. BSS primarily consists of order capture, Customer Relationship Management and Telecommunications billing whereas OSS covers Order Management, Network Inventory Management and Network Operations.

## History

Previously OSS and BSS were more clearly separate entities but the term OSS/BSS (or occasionally BSS/OSS) has been in use since at least 2000. The interface, for example, between the BSS capturing an order and the OSS fulfilling it could be quite simple.
Now, with more complicated and differentiated products and services being offered much closer liaison between the two is required, for example processing an order may require information on the services the customer already has, the network they are using, and currently available resources.

## Use in VoIP and Unified Communications

Service providers in this area have even more requirements for an integrated OSS/BSS system. Examples include eCommerce, self-management, real time reporting, and fraud prevention.
# John McGrath (judge)

Sir John Joseph McGrath KNZM QC (10 March 1945 – 19 October 2018) was a judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, serving in that role from 2005 until 2015. He was also a judge of the Court of Appeal from 2000 to 2005, and the Solicitor-General of New Zealand from 1989 to 2000.

## Career

Born in Wellington, McGrath attended Wanganui Collegiate School and graduated with an LL.M. from Victoria University of Wellington in 1968. He was a partner in Buddle Findlay, in Wellington, until he moved to the separate bar in 1984. He became Queen's Counsel in 1987 and he was Solicitor-General between 1989 and 2000. McGrath was appointed to the Court of Appeal in July 2000 and to the Supreme Court in May 2005. In the 2007 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the Appeal and Supreme Courts. In 2009, following the re-introduction of titular honours by the New Zealand government, McGrath accepted redesignation as a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit. McGrath died in Wellington on 19 October 2018 at the age of 73.
# Paul Bie-Eyene

Paul Bie-Eyene is a Gabonese diplomat.
* From 1996 till August 25, 2000 he was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Luanda.
* From October 26, 2000 till June 30, 2005 he was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Pretoria.
* From November 8, 2005 till 2009 he was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Moscow the Russian Federation.
* From 2009 till June 29, 2012 he was Secrétaire Général of the Ministère des Affaires Etrangères Gabún.
* In the Gabonese legislative election, 2011 he became member of the National Assembly of Gabon as a candidate of the Gabonese Democratic Party 12e Législature (2012-2017)
# Awutu/Effutu/Senya District

Awutu/Effutu/Senya District is a former district that was located in Central Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, which was created from the former Gomoa-Awutu-Effutu-Senya District Council. However on 29 February 2008, it was split off into two new districts: Effutu Municipal District (capital: Winneba) and Awutu Senya District (capital: Awutu Breku). The district assembly was located in the southeast part of Central Region and had Winneba as its capital town.

## Sources

* "Awutu/Effutu/Senya District". Statoids.
* District: Awutu/Effutu/Senya District
# Palmodes

Palmodes is a genus of thread-waisted wasps in the family Sphecidae. There are more than 20 described species in Palmodes.

## Species

These 21 species belong to the genus Palmodes:
* Palmodes californicus R. Bohart & Menke, 1961
* Palmodes carbo Bohart & Menke, 1963
* Palmodes dimidiatus (De Geer, 1773)
* Palmodes garamantis (Roth, 1959)
* Palmodes hesperus Bohart & Menke, 1961
* Palmodes insularis Bohart & Menke, 1961
* Palmodes laeviventris (Cresson, 1865)
* Palmodes lissus Bohart & Menke, 1961
* Palmodes melanarius (Mocsáry, 1883)
* Palmodes minor (F. Morawitz, 1890)
* Palmodes occitanicus (Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau & Serville, 1828)
* Palmodes orientalis (Mocsáry, 1883)
* Palmodes pacificus Bohart & Menke, 1961
* Palmodes palmetorum (Roth, 1963)
* Palmodes parvulus (Roth in de Beaumont, 1967)
* Palmodes praestans (Kohl, 1890)
* Palmodes pusillus (Gussakovskij, 1930)
* Palmodes rufiventris
* Palmodes sagax (Kohl, 1890)
* Palmodes strigulosus (A. Costa, 1861)
* Palmodes stygicus Bohart & Menke, 1961
# Aurora Ljungstedt

Aurora Lovisa Ljungstedt (née, Hjort; pseudonym, Claude Gérard; 2 September 1821 – 21 February 1908), was a Swedish writer. She is regarded to be the first crime novel author of her country and has been referred to as Sweden's Edgar Allan Poe.

## Life

Aurora Lovisa Hjort was born 2 September 1821, in Karlskrona. She was the eldest of four children of major Georg Leonard Hjort (1788–1872) and Fredrika Elisabeth Alf (1792–1877). In 1846, she married Samuel Viktor Ljungstedt (1820–1904), an official in the prison care bureau, and settled in Stockholm. She had three children.
Ljungstedt displayed talent early on but her mother disapproved of a literary career as unsuitable as this would make her a public person. After having married, she was free to write with the support of her spouse. She debuted in the 1840s, and wrote anonymously until her pseudonym was unintentionally exposed in the 1870s.
Her crime novels were very successful in Sweden and were also translated to French and Danish. She was inspired by Eugéne Sue and Edward Bulwer and wrote crime novels in the then fashionable sensationalist horror style, often with supernatural phenomena.
Ljungstedt died on 21 February 1908 in Stockholm.
# Epithemia

Epithemia is a genus of diatoms belonging to the family Rhopalodiaceae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution and are found in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Recent studies have proposed that the genus Rhopalodia should be recategorized to join Epithemia based on phylogenetic evidence, although this change in nomenclature has been disputed.
Members of this genus have endosymbionts that fix nitrogen called spheroid bodies, that are derived from cyanobacteria. This endosymbiont is closely related to the nitroplast organelle. Because of this close relationship, Epithemia has been proposed as a model system to study the early stages of organelle evolution.
Because of their nitrogen fixing endosymbionts, they can be a possible indicator of eutrophication, because Epithemia abundance decreased with increased ambient inorganic N concentrations. High concentrations Epithemia species would mean that there is more fixed nitrogen in the ecosystem and could act as an early indicator of nutrient overload.

## Species

Those marked with a * were previously in the genus Rhopalodia.
* Epithemia adnata (Kützing) Brébisson, 1838
* Epithemia alpestris Kützing, 1844
* Epithemia alpestris W.Smith, 1853
* Epithemia anasthasiae Pantocsek, 1902
* Epithemia argus (Ehrenberg) Kützing 1844
* Epithemia catenata
* Epithemia constricta W. Smith (Krammer)*
* Epithemia gibba Kützing, 1844*
* Epithemia gibberula Kützing, 1844*
* Epithemia musculus Kützing, 1844*
* Epithemia pelagica
* Epithemia reicheltii Schmidt et al. 1904
* Epithemia smithii Carruthers 1864
* Epithemia sorex Kützing, 1844
* Epithemia turgida Kützing, 1844