OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bernina District

Bernina District is a former administrative district in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It had an area of 237.2 km$^2$ and a population of 4,619 in 2015. It was replaced with the Bernina Region on 1 January 2017 as part of a reorganization of the Canton.
It is the most south-easterly district in Switzerland, being surrounded on three sides by Italy and is predominantly Italian-speaking. As of 2000, 91% of the population speak Italian, followed by German (7.2%) and Romansh (0.5%).
Bernina District consisted of two sub-districts, Brusio and Poschiavo, each of which contains a single municipality of the same name.
Brusio sub-district :
| Municipality | Population (31 December 2020) | Area (km$^2$) |
| Brusio | 1,120 | 46.25 |
Poschiavo sub-district :
| Municipality | Population (31 December 2020) | Area (km$^2$) |
| Poschiavo | 3,441 | 190.95 |

## Languages

The official language of the district of Bernina is Italian.
Languages of Bernina District, GR :
| Languages | Census 2000 | Census 2000 |
| Languages | Number | Percent |
| Italian | 4,028 | 91.0% |
| German | 319 | 7.2% |
| Romansh | 22 | 0.5% |
| TOTAL | 4,427 | 100% |
# Octomeria concolor

Octomeria concolor is a species of orchid endemic to Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Paraná).
# Octomeria aloefolia

Octomeria aloefolia is a species of orchid endemic to eastern Brazil.
# Octomeria crassifolia

Octomeria crassifolia is a species of orchid found from eastern Ecuador, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina.
# John N. Clarke

John N. Clarke (born 3 March 1972) is a Senior United Nations (UN) Official currently serving as Head of Mission of the Office of the Quartet. He has previously served in a variety of humanitarian and recovery roles with the United Nations as well as serving as a Policy Advisor to Canada's then Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Hon. Lloyd Axworthy. He continues to publish on a variety of academic subjects and serves as the Chair of the Clarke Education Foundation which works to enable women's higher education in the developing world by supporting a number of university scholarships.

## Early life and education

Clarke is the son of Professor John Clarke, originally from Belfast, Northern Ireland and the late Vilma Nathaniel Clarke originally from Quetta, Pakistan. He was raised and educated in Ottawa, Canada and received a B.A. (Honours) in Philosophy and Politics from the University of Western Ontario (Huron College). He completed and an MPhil (Clare Hall) and PhD (Peterhouse) at Cambridge University, where he studied between 1995 and 1999 and later held a Post-doctoral Fellowship at Yale University.

## Career

From 1999 to 2000, Clarke served as Policy Advisor to then Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Hon. Lloyd Axworthy. He then joined the United Nations with which he has served in a variety of relief, recovery and political roles. In March 2016 he joined the Office of the Quartet (OQ) serving as Deputy Head of Mission and in July 2017, as Acting Head of Mission. On 17 January 2018, the Middle East Quartet Envoys (Russia, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations appointed him as the new Head of Mission of the OQ.The role of the OQ is to increase Palestinian economic and institutional development and empowerment, as a support towards achieving a two-state solution. In the event of a resumption of final status negotiations the OQ would support Quartet members in their efforts to realize a successful outcome.

## Publications

British Media and Rwandan Genocide (author)
Bridging the Political and Global Governance Gap: A Two-step Approach to Canadian Foreign Policy, Canadian Foreign Policy, ISSN 1192-6422, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 2005), 47-64
Global Governance in the Twenty-first Century (co-editor)

## Selected articles

* Nathaniel Clarke, Joh. "Transitional coordination in Sudan: Lessons from the United Nations Resident Coordinator's Office". Disasters: The Journal of Disaster Studies, Policy and Management. 37 (3). doi:1 0.1111/disa.12008.
* Closing the Political and Global Governance Gap: A Two Step Approach to Canadian Foreign Policy Canadian Foreign Policy. Winter 2006, Volume 12, Number 2.
* Early Warning Analysis for Humanitarian Preparedness and Conflict Prevention, Civil Wars. Volume 7, Number 1, Spring 2005, pp. 71–97.
* Revisiting the New Interventionism, Peace Review. (Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2002).
* Ethics and Humanitarian Intervention, Global Society: Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations. Volume 13, No.4, October 1999, pp. 489–510.
# Apatit

Apatit JSC (Russian: АО «Апатит») is a Russian mining and processing enterprise engaged in the extraction of mineral raw materials for manufacture of chemicals and fertilizers.
Main operations are the mining and processing of mines and processes apatite-nepheline ore from the Khibiny deposit. Products are marketed locally and in Finland, Poland, Norway, Belgium and the Netherlands.

## History

"Apatit" was established in 1929. The company is based in Kirovsk, Murmansk Oblast. Its main plants are located in Kirovsk and in Apatity, a town located at a distance of about 23 km from Kirovsk, near the eastern shore of Lake Imandra. Both towns are situated at the foot of the Khibiny Mountains.

### Developments

In the early 1990s, the rapid decline in demand for apatite concentrate led to a significant reduction in production volumes resulting in a struggle of survival for the company. In 1994, only 6 million tonnes of apatite concentrate were produced, compared to 20 million tons in 1988. This deep crisis led to privatization of the company, starting in 1994.
Apatit was owned by Mikhail Khodorkovsky's financial holding company Menatep Group in the late 1990s. Khodorkovsky and business partner Platon Lebedev purchased Apatit in 1994.
Andrei Guriev who ran a department of Rosprom at that time, became chairman of its subsidiary Apatit in 2001. Following the arrest of Khodorkovsky in 2003, Guriev led a management buyout of Apatit and acquired control.
Apatit assets were seized by the state during Khodorkovsky's trial. Andrei Guryev led the sale of PhosAgro and 50% of Apatit to management. PhosAgro later increased its holdings to 57.57% of Apatit. The arrest and subsequent 11-month trial of Khodorkovsky revealed that the focus was not on the alleged 'loans-for-shares' scheme, but rather on claims that the privatization of Apatit in 1994 was itself fraudulent.
At present, JSC "Apatit" is a large Mining and Chemical Complex consisting of four mines, three concentrating mills and various support units. Core production activity is the production of apatite concentrate from apatite-nepheline ore. In the early 2000s, the company employed up to 13,000 people. In 2013, PhosAgro completed the consolidation of 100% of Apatit. Phosagro is controlled by Andrey Guriev together with two other prominent businessmen. A 7% stake in PhosAgro is owned by Igor Antoshin, who also serves as the deputy chair of the holding company. A further 10% is owned by Vladimir Litvinenko.
# Emily Spörck

Anna Susanna Gunilla Emilia (Emily) Spörck née von Vegesack (27 March 1825, När—10 February 1904, Chicago) was a Swedish physician. At a time when women were not admitted to colleges of medicine in Sweden, she trained as a physiotherapist. After emigrating to the United States, she was able to study at the Habnemann Medical College in Chicago. When she graduated in March 1873, she became the second Swedish women to qualify as a doctor of medicine. Active in Chicago, she mainly treated women and children, especially Scandinavians. In addition, she lectured at the Chicago College of Midwifery and was active in organizations including the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

## Early life

Born on 27 March 1825 in När on the island of Gotland, Anna Susanna Gunilla Emilia von Vegesack was the daughter of Baron Eberhard Ferdinand Emil von Vegesack, a captain in the national guard, and his wife Ulla Christina Sofia née Lythberg. She was the third of the family's nine children. From the age of eight she attended a private school in nearby Visby where she progressed in English, German and French. She became interested in medicine as she helped her father run his little chemists shop and diligently read one of his pharmaceutical books.

## Career

After the family moved to Visby, in the mid-1840s she met the Norwegian sea captain Peter Bruno Spörck when his ship docked in the harbour. They married in 1856 and moved to Bergen in Norway. Suffering from poor health, Emily Spörck was treated at the Hartelius Institute in Stockholm where after recovery she was trained as a physiotherapist. She returned to Bergen where she spent the next four years working as a physiotherapist.
Around that time, her husband retired as a seaman and began working as a merchant in Ålesund but his business failed and he decided to emigrate to the United States. Spörck left her job in Bergen soon afterwards and joined him in Chicago. Two years after her husband died in 1869, she began to study medicine at the Habnemann Medical College, graduating as a doctor in 1873 as the second Swedish woman to qualify as a physician.
On graduating, she specialized in the treatment of women and children, especially in connection with Scandinavian immigrants. In addition, she lectured at the Chicago School of Midwifery and was active in organizations including the Women's Christian Temperance Union.
Emily Spörck died in Chicago on 19 February 1904, aged 78.
# Upper Kuttanad

Upper Kuttanad is a part of India's Kuttanad region. It consists of parts of Kottayam, Pathanamthitta, and Alapuzha districts.
Kuttanad is broadly divided into Lower Kuttanad (Taluks of Ambalapuzha and Kuttanad in Alappuzha district), Upper Kuttanad (some parts of Kuttanad, and Karthikapally Taluks in Alappuzha district, western parts of Tiruvalla taluk in Pathanamthitta district), and North Kuttanad (Taluks of Vaikom, and western parts of Changanacherry and Kottayam taluks in Kottayam district.)
Some villages in Upper Kuttanad are Edathua, Thalavady, Muttar, Veeyapuram, Peringara, chathenkary, Nedumbram, Niranam, Kadapra, Parumala, Mannar and Pallippad Evoor
There is a demand for an Upper Kuttanad taluk (administrative subdivision) with Edathua as headquarters.
# Boxing at the 2015 Pan American Games – Women's lightweight

The women's lightweight competition of the boxing events at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, was held between the 20 and 25 of July at the Oshawa Sports Centre. The defending champion is Kiria Tapia of Puerto Rico. Lightweights is limited to those boxers weighing less than or equal to 60 kilograms.
Like all Pan American boxing events, the competition is a straight single-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers are awarded bronze medals, so no boxers compete again after their first loss. Bouts consist of a 3 rounds "10-point must" scoring system used in the pro game, where the winner of each round must be awarded 10 points and the loser a lesser amount. AIBA officials are waiting to see how things go in the men's game before making a decision to take headgear off women fighters. Five judges scored each bout. The winner will be the boxer who scored the most at the end of the match.

## Results
### Bracket

| Quarterfinals July 20, 2015 | Quarterfinals July 20, 2015 | Quarterfinals July 20, 2015 | Semifinals July 21, 2015 | Semifinals July 21, 2015 | Semifinals July 21, 2015 | Finals July 25, 2015 | Finals July 25, 2015 | Finals July 25, 2015 |
| Victoria Torres (MEX) | Victoria Torres (MEX) | 3 | | | | | | |
| Valerian Spicer (DMA) | Valerian Spicer (DMA) | 0 | Victoria Torres (MEX) | Victoria Torres (MEX) | 0 | | | |
| Dayana Sánchez (ARG) | Dayana Sánchez (ARG) | 3 | Dayana Sánchez (ARG) | Dayana Sánchez (ARG) | 3 | | | |
| Stefani Lopez (PER) | Stefani Lopez (PER) | 0 | | | | Dayana Sánchez (ARG) | Dayana Sánchez (ARG) | 0 |
| Mirquin Sena (DOM) | Mirquin Sena (DOM) | 2 | | | | Caroline Veyre (CAN) | Caroline Veyre (CAN) | 2 |
| Karla Herrera (ESA) | Karla Herrera (ESA) | 1 | Mirquin Sena (DOM) | Mirquin Sena (DOM) | 0 | | | |
| Kiria Tapia (PUR) | Kiria Tapia (PUR) | 1 | Caroline Veyre (CAN) | Caroline Veyre (CAN) | 2 | | | |
| Caroline Veyre (CAN) | Caroline Veyre (CAN) | 2 | | | | | | |
# Namibia People's Liberation Front

The Namibia People's Liberation Front was an alliance of moderate political parties in Namibia. It was formed in 1978 by the Voice of the People Party, the Damara Executive Committee and the Bondelswarts Council. The Damara Christian Democratic Party joined the NPLF in 1979, but withdrew in 1986.
# Vigilant (ship)

Several vessels have been named Vigilant:
* Vigilant (1783 ship) was launched in 1780 at Sunderland as Alfred but in 1783 new owners renamed her. She became a West Indiaman and then a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. As she was gathering slaves on the coast of Africa the slaves on board captured her and ran her aground.
* Vigilant (1794 Baltimore schooner) was a Baltimore schooner, possibly originally launched in 1794 as Nonsuch. She appeared in the Danish West Indies as Vigilant from 1824. She carried the mail and passenger traffic between St. Croix and St. Thomas in the 19th and the first decade of the 20th century. A storm sank Vigilant on 12 September 1928.
* Vigilant (1802 ship) was built in Britain, but the date and place of her launching are obscure. Vigilant first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1802, having undergone a repair in that year, which suggests that she may have been launched some years earlier under another name. She made one complete voyage as a whaler to the British southern whale fishery, and was captured in the Pacific on her second whaling voyage.
* Vigilant (1852 bark) was built in 1852. She served in the whaling trade, making eight voyages from New Bedford between 1852 and 1879 before being wrecked in 1879.
# Măria

The Măria (in its upper course: Măria Mare) is a left tributary of the Someșul Mare in Romania. It discharges into the Someșul Mare near Valea Mare. Its length is 12 km (7.5 mi) and its basin size is 48 km$^2$ (19 sq mi).
# Borgue Old House

Borgue Old House is a ruined Y-plan house, about 300 metres (0.2 mi) east of Borgue in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. Built in 1680, but probably incorporating the fabric of an older building, its large main block has two projecting wings at either end of its south face; another wing in the middle of the north face probably contained the stairway, but this is no longer present. Each of the two main stories has three interconnecting rooms, on in each of the wings on the south face, and one in the main block. The main block would also have had an attic, but is now roofless.
The main entrance, with molded stonework surround, is in the south face of the main block. Also in the south wall is a surviving chimney which rises above the wall level. On the ground floor is a large mantelpiece, with a lintel supported by corbels; architectural historian John Gifford asserts that this fireplace cannot be older than the early seventeenth century, and thus must be part of the older building that the house was built around. There is a single-storey building attached to the south-east wing, which probably formed part of a courtyard when the building was in use, and there is a large garden, probably laid out in the eighteenth century, partially enclosed by rubble walls. Nearby is the current Borgue House, a nineteenth-century mansion, which is still in use.
Borgue Old House was the home of Hugh Blair of Borgue, an eccentric laird whose unusual behaviour has led modern scholars to speculate that he may have had autism spectrum disorder.
The house was designated a Category A listed building in 1971. As of 2014, the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland records that the upper parts of the walls and chimneys are precariously balanced, and that the inside is overgrown.
# Borko Temelkovski

Borko Temelkovski (1919 – 2001) was a Macedonian politician and communist leader born in Prilep, Yugoslavia.
Temelkovski learned about hardship and unionism at a young age. As a worker he became a member of the Workers Union in early 1938. Later on, he became a member of the Communist Party in 1939.
Temelkovski was captured and imprisoned during the invasion of Yugoslavia in early 1941. Soon after his release from captivity, he joined the Yugoslav Partisans where he took various positions as Communist Party Leader. From 1942 Temelkovski was a member of the PK KPJ for Macedonia, and then Head of the Operational Zone III. From September 1944 until the end of the war he was Political Commissioner of the GS for Macedonia, a member of AVNOJ and ASNOM, and a Secretary of PK SKOJ for Macedonia.
After the war, Temelkovski performed various political functions. Among others, he was President of the Republican Council of Macedonian Trade Unions, member of the Council of Federation, Federal Deputy, member of the CK SKJ, member of the CK SKJ Presidency, the Presidency of the Main Board of SSRN Macedonia and the Central Committee of the Veteran's Federation of Macedonia (VFM).
Long after retiring, he was President of the Veteran's Federation of Macedonia, until he died in 2001. Temelkovski is officially inaugurated as a National Hero and holds numerous political and military decorations.
# Antonio Ramos

Antonio Ramos may refer to:
* Antonio J. Ramos (born 1946), United States Air Force general
* Antonio Sagardía Ramos (1880–1962), Spanish military officer and war criminal
* António Ramos (born 1950), Portuguese equestrian
# Village of Schaumburg v. Citizens for a Better Environment

Village of Schaumburg v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 444 U.S. 620 (1980), was a case before the United States Supreme Court.

## Background

A nonprofit environmental-protection organization was denied permission to solicit contributions, pursuant to a village ordinance prohibiting the door-to-door or solicitation of contributions by charitable organizations not using at least 75 percent of their receipts for "charitable purposes". This requirement exclude administrative expenses such as solicitation expenses, salaries, and overhead; thus, if more than 25 percent of the nonprofit's revenue was used to pay salaries, then it could not prove that it used at least 75 percent of its revenue for the organization's charitable purposes.
The organization sued the village in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, alleging that the ordinance's 75-percent requirement violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments.
The District Court, awarding summary judgment to the organization on the ground that the 75-percent requirement was a form of censorship prohibited by the First and Fourteenth Amendments, declared the ordinance void on its face, enjoined its enforcement, and ordered the municipality to issue a charitable solicitation permit to the organization. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit affirmed, holding that although the 75-percent requirement might be valid as applied to other types of charitable solicitation, the requirement was unreasonable on its face because it barred solicitation by advocacy-oriented organizations even where it was made clear that the contributions would be used for the reasonable salaries of those who would gather and disseminate information relevant to the organization's purpose.

## Opinion of the court

On certiorari, the United States Supreme Court affirmed. In an opinion by White, J., joined by Burger, Ch. J., and Brennan, Stewart, Marshall, Blackmun, Powell, and Stevens, JJ., it was held that the ordinance was unconstitutionally overbroad in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments, since the 75-percent limitation was a direct and substantial limitation on protected activity which could not be sustained unless it served a sufficiently strong, subordinating interest that the village was entitled to protect, and the asserted substantial governmental interests in protecting the public from fraud, crime, and undue annoyance, offered as justifications for limiting protected activity, were inadequate in such regard.
Rehnquist, J., dissented, expressing the view that the ordinance, as applied to the environmental organization, was not invalid, since it affected only door-to-door solicitation for financial contributions, left little or no discretion in the hands of municipal authorities to "censor" unpopular speech, and was rationally related to the community's collective desire to bestow its largess upon organizations that were truly "charitable."
# Edward Charles Pearce

Sir Edward Charles Pearce was the Chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council for 7 years, serving throughout World War I.

## Biography

Pearce was born 1862 in London the son of John Swayne Pearce. He was educated at the Charterhouse School.
Pearce moved to Shanghai in the early 1884 to join the tea firm of Messrs George Oliver & Co.. in 1897, he joined Messrs Ilbert & Co and in 1905 became a partner. He subsequently took over the firm when Frederick Anderson retired in 1920.
He served on the Shanghai Municipal Council from 1911 and, in 1913, became chairman serving throughout World War I, stepping down at the beginning of 1920. For this service the Shanghai Ratepayers Meeting unanimously resolved that he be granted the Freedom of Shanghai, a unique distinction. In 1922, he was knighted for his services and was awarded by the Chinese government the 4th Class Order of Chiaho.
He left Shanghai in 1922 and returned to England, where he settled down near London in Little Portnall, Wentworth, Virginia Water.
He died on 8 September 1928 in England.

## Marriage

Pearce married Marion Everett in 1894. They had two children. One, a baby, was drowned and the other was killed in action in World War I in France.
# Edward Waldegrave (disambiguation)

Edward Waldegrave (c.1516-1561) was an English courtier.
Edward Waldegrave may also refer to:
* Sir Edward Waldegrave, 1st Baronet (c. 1568 – c. 1650), Royalist soldier
* Edward Waldegrave (MP for Sudbury) (c.1556-1622), represented Sudbury (UK Parliament constituency)