OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nuclear command and control

Nuclear command and control (NC2) is the command and control of nuclear weapons. The U. S. military's Nuclear Matters Handbook 2015 defined it as the "activities, processes, and procedures performed by appropriate military commanders and support personnel that, through the chain of command, allow for senior-level decisions on nuclear weapons employment." The current Nuclear Matters Handbook 2020 [Revised] defines it as "the exercise of authority and direction, through established command lines, over nuclear weapon operations by the President as the chief executive and head of state."

## United States

In the United States, leadership decisions are communicated to the nuclear forces via an intricate Nuclear Command and Control System (NCCS). The NCCS provides the President of the United States with the means to authorize the use of nuclear weapons in a crisis and to prevent unauthorized or accidental use. It is an essential element to ensure crisis stability, deter attack against the United States and its allies, and maintain the safety, security, and effectiveness of the U.S. nuclear deterrent. Nuclear Command and Control and Communications (NC3), is managed by the Military Departments, nuclear force commanders, and the defense agencies. NCCS facilities include the fixed National Military Command Center (NMCC), the Global Operation Center (GOC), the airborne E-4B National Airborne Operations Center (NAOC), and the E-6B Take Charge and Move Out (TACAMO)/Airborne Command Post (Looking Glass)
The current Nuclear Matters Handbook 2020 [Revised] states: "The President bases this decision [to employ nuclear weapons] on many factors and will consider the advice and recommendations of senior advisors, to include the Secretary of Defense, the CJCS, and CCDRs." Note that both the 2015 and the 2020 Handbooks describe themselves as "unofficial."
The Ground Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD) is entering the design review phase, as of 22 September 2021.

## Other countries

* Nuclear Command Authority (India), the authority responsible for command, control and operational decisions regarding India's nuclear weapons programme
* National Command Authority (Pakistan), the command that oversees the deployment, research and development, and operational command and control of Pakistan's nuclear arsenal
* Category:United Kingdom nuclear command and control
* Nuclear Command Corps
# Calpocalyx atlanticus

Calpocalyx atlanticus is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in Cameroon.
# New Brunswick Route 885

Route 885 is a 24.5-kilometre (15.2 mi) long north to south secondary highway in the south-eastern portion of New Brunswick, Canada.

## Route description

Most of the route is in Kings County.
The route's northern terminus is in New Canaan at Route 112 on the Canaan River. It travels southeast through Canaan Road and Havelock where it briefly merges with Route 880 near Havelock Airport. The route then passes through a mostly wooded area as it arrives in Kinnear Settlement and crosses Route 2. Route 885 then follows the North River as it enters Intervale, where it heads south where it is known as King Rd. It passes the eastern terminus of Route 890 and ends in Three Rivers at Route 106.
# Furze Hill SSSI

Furze Hill is a 5.8-hectare (14-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in three nearby areas east of Hildersham in Cambridgeshire.
The site has steep banks of glacial deep sandy gravel, and is one of the few examples of a sandy habitat in the county. There are several rare plants, such as hoary cinquefoils, pasque flowers and maiden pinks.
The site is private land with no public access.
# Draba norvegica

Draba norvegica is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) know by the common names Norwegian draba and Norwegian whitlow grass.

## Description

Draba norvegica is a small cespitose (forming dense clumps or tufts), herbaceous perennial plant with a rosette of leaves from which a simple unbranched or branched, (0.2-)0.4-1.4(-2) dm tall, flowering stem arises. The basal leaves are simple, with hispid hairs, and narrowly oblanceolate in shape. The stem leaves are also covered in hispid hairs. The flowers are arranged into a raceme inflorescence with 5-23-flowers. The flowers have 2 to 4 rays and are white in color. The fruits (siliques) in contrast to the foliage are hairless or nearly so.

## Distribution and habitat

Draba norvegica occurs along the Atlantic coast of eastern North America and northwestern Europe with disjunct inland populations. In Canada it is found in arctic and subarctic areas growing on gravelly shorelines, ledges, cliffs, and stone barrens. There is one small population in the USA state of Minnesota found growing on the rocky shores of Susie island in lake superior which has an arctic-like environment. In Minnesota it is listed as an endangered species, with around 50 plants counted in 1998.
# Brucea macrocarpa

Brucea macrocarpa is a species of plant in the Simaroubaceae family. It is endemic to Kenya, and is being threatened by habitat loss.
# Ewa Björling

Ewa Helena Björling (born 3 May 1961) is a Swedish politician and a member of the Moderate Party. She served as Minister for Foreign Trade from 2007 to 2014 and as Minister for Nordic Cooperation from 2010 to 2014 in the Swedish Government. She was a member of the Swedish Riksdag for Stockholm County from 2002 to 2014.
On 16 October 2014, she submitted her resignation from the Riksdag and announced that she will retire from politics.

## Prior career

Ewa Björling is a dentist, Doctor of Medicine and a docent in virology. Prior to her election to the Swedish parliament in 2002, she worked as a lecturer at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm. She was also a member of the municipal council in Ekerö Municipality from 1999 to 2006, and served as its chairman from 2005 to 2006. She was elected a Member of Parliament in 2002 and served in the parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs. She was also a substitute in the Committee on the Constitution, the Committee on Education and the Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs.
She was a member of the board of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency from 2003 to 2007. She was also chairman of the Swedish National Council for Coordination of Efforts Against HIV/AIDS in 2007, and Europe's representative in the Inter-Parliamentary Union's working group on HIV/AIDS. Björling has promoted the use of contraception in Malta, a country which maintains solid links to the Roman Catholic Church.

## Career as Minister for Foreign Trade

In November, 2012 Björling traveled with two Swedish trade delegations to discuss increasing bi-lateral trade between Sweden and war-torn country of Myanmar, despite an existing EU arms embargo against Myanmar. Björling was later questioned by the Swedish Parliament regarding the discovery of Swedish made Carl Gustav recoilless rifles found in Myanmar in December, 2012.
Following the 2010 general election, Björling also took office as Minister for Nordic Cooperation. She made mining one of the areas of Nordic cooperation.

## Awards

In 2006 Björling was awarded with the "Jerusalem Prize" from the Zionist Federation in Sweden. The award is given to persons who has shown "extraordinary support for Israel, Jerusalem and Zionism".

## Personal life

Ewa Björling is married and has two children. She lives on the island of Ekerö west of Stockholm.
# Bacterial potassium transporter

This protein family consists of various potassium transport proteins (Trk) and V-type sodium ATP synthase subunit J or translocating ATPase J (EC). These proteins are involved in active sodium uptake utilizing ATP in the process. TrkH from Escherichia coli is a transmembrane protein and determines the specificity and kinetics of cation transport by the TrK system in this organism. This protein interacts with TrkA and requires TrkE for transport activity.
# Mindy Lubber

Mindy Lubber is President of Ceres, a non-profit sustainability advocacy organization based in Boston, Massachusetts. Lubber became President of Ceres in January 2014 and was a speaker at the Sustainable Innovation Forum of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference.

## Education and career

Lubber earned an MBA from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1976, and a J.D. from Suffolk University. She joined the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1995 as a Senior Policy Advisor and was named Regional Administrator under President Bill Clinton in 2000. In addition to her civil service duties, Lubber was the Founder and CEO of Green Century Capital Management and served as President of the National Environmental Law Center. She currently also serves as an Expert Consultant to The B Team.

## Work

Lubber works on developing business strategies that create value across the environmental, social, and economic spectrums. Using sustainability as the driving force of innovation, she has been noted for her work with various multinational corporations, such as Nike and American Electric Power.
# Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen

Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen (4 August 1713 – 29 June 1761) was a Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. She served as regent for her son after the deaths in 1752–1753 of her husband and brother-in-law of, respectively, the ducal appanage of Mirow and of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

## Biography

Elisabeth Albertine was a daughter of Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1681–1724), and his wife, Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach (1683–1742).
On 5 February 1735, Elisabeth married Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Mirow (23 February 1707 – 5 June 1752) at Eisfeld, the youngest son of Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and half-brother to Adolphus Frederick III. They became the parents of ten children.
The death of her childless brother-in-law on 11 December 1752, six months after she was widowed, left Albertine as regent of both men's duchies on behalf of her eldest son, Adolphus Frederick IV, until he attained his majority at the age of 14 on 17 January 1753. During that brief period she ruled the Strelitz duchies under the protection of George II of Great Britain, warding off encroachments from Duke Christian Ludwig II, ruler of the Schwerin branch of the House of Mecklenburg.
She died in 1761, shortly before the marriage of her daughter Sophia Charlotte to King George III of Great Britain, and was buried at the ducal crypt in Mirow.

## Issue

Elisabeth had ten children, including the future Queen Charlotte, consort to King George III of the United Kingdom.
Issue :
| Name | Lifespan | Notes |
| Christiane | 6 December 1735- 31 August 1794 | Died unmarried |
| Caroline | 22 December 1736- 22 December 1736 | Died in infancy |
| Adolphus Frederick IV Duke of Mecklenburg | 5 May 1738- 2 June 1794 | Died unmarried |
| Elisabeth Christine | 13 April 1739- 9 April 1741 | Died in infancy |
| Sophie Louise | 16 May 1740- 31 January 1742 | Died in infancy |
| Charles II Grand Duke of Mecklenburg | 10 October 1741- 6 November 1816 | Married firstly Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt and had issue; married secondly Princess Charlotte of Hesse-Darmstadt and had issue |
| Ernst Gottlob Albert | 27 August 1742- 27 January 1814 | Died unmarried |
| Sophie Charlotte Queen of the United Kingdom | 19 May 1744- 17 November 1818 | Married George III of the United Kingdom and had issue; |
| Gotthelf | 29 October 1745- 31 October 1745 | Died in infancy |
| George Augustus | 16 August 1748- 14 November 1785 | Died unmarried |

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen :
# Life (Elvis Presley song)

"Life" is a song written and originally recorded by Shirl Milete in 1969. Elvis Presley recorded the song on June 6, 1970. Presley's version was released as single, peaking at No. 53 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 8 on the Easy Listening chart, and No. 34 on the Country Singles chart. It was a double A-side with "Only Believe". It was included on Presley's Love Letters from Elvis album.

## Critical response

Billboard reviewed the single "Life/Only Believe" in its May 8, 1971, issue. The magazine characterizes the song "Life" as "a gospel-oriented ballad that builds into a heavy production."
# Minam, Oregon

Minam is an unincorporated community in northwestern Wallowa County, Oregon, United States. It is located at the confluence of the Minam and Wallowa rivers, north of the Wallowa Mountains on Oregon Route 82. Minam is approximately 20 miles (32 km) Northeast of La Grande.
Minam was named after the Minam River, which in turn was named for the Native American name for the locality E-mi-ne-mah, which described a valley or canyon where a plant used for food that resembled a small sunflower was abundant. The form "Minam River" was used as early as 1864. Minam post office was established in 1890, closed in 1891, and was reestablished in 1910. Minam was platted in 1907; a railroad branch through the community to Joseph, completed in 1908, probably prompted the reopening of the post office.

## Climate

This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Minam has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.
# Problem of the criterion

In the field of epistemology, the problem of the criterion is an issue regarding the starting point of knowledge. This is a separate and more fundamental issue than the regress argument found in discussions on justification of knowledge.
In Western philosophy the earliest surviving documentation of the problem of the criterion is in the works of the Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus. In Outlines of Pyrrhonism Sextus Empiricus demonstrated that no criterion of truth had been established, contrary to the position of dogmatists such as the Stoics and their doctrine of katalepsis. In this Sextus was repeating or building upon earlier Pyrrhonist arguments about the problem of the criterion, as Pyrrho, the founder of Pyrrhonism, had declared that "neither our sense-perceptions nor our doxai (views, theories, beliefs) tell us the truth or lie.
American philosopher Roderick Chisholm in his Theory of Knowledge details the problem of the criterion with two sets of questions:
* What do we know? or What is the extent of our knowledge?
* How do we know? or What is the criterion for deciding whether we have knowledge in any particular case?
An answer to either set of questions will allow us to devise a means of answering the other. Answering the former question set first is called particularism, whereas answering the latter set first is called methodism. A third solution is skepticism, which proclaims that since one cannot have an answer to the first set of questions without first answering the second set, and one cannot hope to answer the second set of questions without first knowing the answers to the first set, we are, therefore, unable to answer either. This has the result of us being unable to justify any of our beliefs.
Particularist theories organize things already known and attempt to use these particulars of knowledge to find a method of how we know, thus answering the second question set. Methodist theories propose an answer to question set two and proceed to use this to establish what we, in fact, know. Classical empiricism embraces the methodist approach.
# Minesota Mine

The Minesota Mine is a former copper mine near Rockland, Ontonagon County in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The Minesota (the single "n" in the name was a mistake in the original incorporation papers) was one of the most productive and famous early mines in the Michigan Copper Country.

## Geology

Like almost all other Copper Country mines, the mineral sought was native copper. Some silver was said to have been recovered in the upper workings. Other minerals in the ore, but which had no economic importance include quartz, calcite, epidote, pumpellyite, chlorite and feldspar.

## History

The Minesota fissure vein was discovered in 1847 when prospectors found a six-ton (5.4 mt) mass of native copper in a pit dug by aboriginal miners. In the pit was growing a hemlock nearly 400 years old by the number of growth rings. Mining began in 1848, and from 1855 through 1862, the Minesota was the most productive copper mine in the United States. The mine had ten shafts, the deepest of which extended to a depth of 1200 feet (366 m). In 1856, miners tunneled into a 527-ton (478 mt) mass of native copper, the second-largest such mass found in the Copper Country. Besides masses of copper recovered through hand-sorting, the mine ran a small stamp mill to recover finer-grained copper in ore that ran 3%.
In 1870, the rich massive copper had been worked out, and the depth of the mine shafts had reached the limit of the hoisting equipment. At the same time, the price of copper dropped to $0.19 per pound, down from a high of $0.55 in 1864. Rather than invest in new equipment and explore for new ore bodies, the company stopped working the mine, and turned it over to tributers – independent miners who paid for the privilege of mining, usually paying a share of the ore they took out. The mine continued to be profitable to tributers, who took out 270 tons (245 mt) of copper in 1870, the same year that the mine closed. In 1876, the Minesota company paid a final dividend and went out of business, having paid a total of $1.82 million in dividends, versus $456,000 in assessments.
    "It is true that such recollections must be taken with a grain of salt, as the miner sees through the vista of backward years with an eye that wonderfully magnifies mineral values, and in the course of time any abandoned mine gets the name of having been rich; but in the case of the Minnesota [sic] there is reliable evidence that the mine was abandoned through faint-heartedness, and not because it was worked out."
          - Horace J. Stevens, 1902, The Copper Handbook, p.196-197.
Through the end of the 1800s tributers continued to pick copper out of that part of the old workings that remained above water level. Through 1888, the mine had yielded 17,352 tons (15,742 mt) of copper, as well as 533 pounds of silver. In 1899 the property was acquired by the Michigan Mining Company, which also bought the nearby Rockland and Superior mines. In 1903, the Michigan company opened the Calico amygdaloid, which held 3% copper ore, and outcropped on the Minesota property only 140 feet (43m) from the outcrop of the Minesota fissure vein.
# El plano de Alí-Gusa-No

El plano de Alí-Gusa-No (English: Alí-Gusa-No's Flatland) is a 1974 comic written and drawn by Francisco Ibañez in the Mortadelo y Filemón (Mort & Phil) comic series.

## Publication history

The comic strip was first published in the Mortadelo magazine, issues #203 (October 14, 1974) to #213 (December 23, 1974). It was later compiled in the collection series Ases del Humor #32 (1975) and Colección Olé #101 (1995).

## Plot

El Super summons Mortadelo and Filemón for yet another delicate mission. An Arabic racketeer by the name of Ali-Gusa-No has sold a worthless piece of desert land to a group of ten gullible men for a hefty sum of money. Recently, however, a rich depot of uranium was discovered on this very land, making its owners potential multi-millionaires. However, too lazy to sign ten separate contracts, Ali-Gusa-No simply issued one single contract and, after signing it, tore it into ten pieces, giving one piece to each of the landholders. Only if the contract is fully reassembled, can the landholders make any claim to the uranium.
To make things difficult, the rival organisation A.B.U.E.L.A. catches wind of this lucrative objective and begins sending out its own agents to collect the contract pieces and silence their owners forever. Despite taking extreme precautions, Mortadelo and Filemon always accidentally reveal the names and current locations of the contract owners to their enemy counterparts, resulting in furious chases all around the world to protect the unwitting subjects in question: A mountain climber, a big game hunter, a sailor, a construction worker, a cave explorer, an Egyptologist, a farmer, an animal lover with a taste for exotic pets, a pyrotechnician... and as a final twist, Filemón himself.
As soon as Filemón becomes known as the final participant in Ali-Gusa-No's shady deal, he gets a number of unpleasant house calls by A.B.U.E.L.A. assassins. One of them, posing as Filemon, manages to get hold of the last contract piece, but is then electrocuted by Mortadelo. However, this move burns the contract fragment into a crisp, and since this particular piece was bearing Ali-Gusa-No's signature, the rest of the contract is rendered worthless. Thence, Mortadelo is forced to go off-planet to escape the wrath of the outraged ex-landholders.

## Influences

* This comic's plot was possibly inspired by Peyo's comic book Les Douze travaux de Benoît Brisefer in which a young Arabic prince similarly divided a contract for an initially worthless piece of land into several parts, and an evil organization is trying to get their hands on the fragments when oil is discovered on that ground.
* This is the first appearance of the recurring enemy organisation A.B.U.E.L.A. (Agentes Bélicos Ultramarinos Especialistas Líos Aberrantes; English: "War Agents, Ultramarine Specialists for Aberrant Disasters"). In a similar pun to the name T.I.A. for Mortadelo and Filemon's own organisation, "abuela" is the Spanish word for "grandmother". "Ultramarinos" can also be translated as "grocery store".
# Electroless copper plating

Electroless copper plating is a chemical process that deposits an even layer of copper on the surface of a solid substrate, like metal or plastic. The process involves dipping the substrate in a water solution containing copper salts and a reducing agent such as formaldehyde.
Unlike electroplating, electroless plating processes in general do not require passing an electric current through the bath and the substrate; the reduction of the metal cations in solution to metallic is achieved by purely chemical means, through an autocatalytic reaction. Thus electroless plating creates an even layer of metal regardless of the geometry of the surface – in contrast to electroplating which suffers from uneven current density due to the effect of substrate shape on the electric field at its surface. Moreover, electroless plating can be applied to non-conductive surfaces.

## Process

In a typical formulation of the process, the surfaces to be coated are primed with a palladium catalyst and then immersed in a bath containing copper ions Cu$^{2+}$, which are reduced by formaldehyde through the overall reactions
    2HCHO + 2OH$^−$ → 3H $_2$ (gas) + 2CO $_2$ + 2e$^-$
    Cu$^{2+}$ + 2e$^-$ → Cu (metal).

## Applications

Electroless copper plating is used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs), in particular for the conductive layer on the walls of through holes and vias.
# Vishva (name)

Vishva is an alternative name for Vishnu, which refers to the world, the universe. Vishva may also refer to
* Vishva Chathuranga (born 1998), Sri Lankan cricketer
* Vishva Wijeratne (born 1992), Sri Lankan cricketer
* Vishva Malla (died 1560), King of Bhaktapur, Nepal
* Thakur Vishva Narain Singh (1928–2009), Indian journalist and Braille editor
* Acharya Vishva Bandhu, Indian Vedic scholar, writer and educationist
# Vitória Futebol Clube

Vitória Futebol Clube may refer to:
* Vitória F.C., a Portuguese football club
* Vitória Futebol Clube (ES), a Brazilian football club
# Profiling

Profiling, the extrapolation of information about something, based on known qualities, may refer specifically to:

## Technology

* Profiling (information science) in information science
* Profiling (computer programming) in software engineering
* DNA profiling

## Other

* Author profiling
* Data profiling
* Forensic profiling, used in several types of forensic science
* Offender profiling
* Racial profiling
* Sexual orientation profiling
* Geographic profiling