OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Frederick Kaufman

Frederick Kaufman (September 13, 1919 – July 6, 1985) was an Austrian-born American chemist.
Kaufman was most notable for his research work which led to a ban on the use of chloro-fluorocarbon aerosol propellants in the United States. Kaufman was director of the University of Pittsburgh's Space Research Coordination Center, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, president of the Combustion Institute. He served on various committees of the National Academy of Sciences, NASA, AFOSR, National Science Foundation, and National Research Council. He was also president of Space Research Coordination Center. The National Academies Press called Kaufman "a leader in the field of gas-phase chemical kinetics and its application to the understanding of atmospheric and combustion processes".

## Life, education, career

Kaufman was born in Vienna, Austria. Following the annexation of Austria by Hitler, he and his family emigrated to Panama in 1938. He immigrated to Baltimore, the United States in 1941. He received his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University in 1948 without getting an undergraduate degree.
# First (Ferlyn G EP)

'First' is the debut EP of Singaporean singer, Ferlyn G. It consists of a total of three tracks and was released on January 2, 2015.

## Background

In 2014, Ferlyn announced that she will be leaving Skarf and releasing a solo EP in 2015 before Chinese New Year. After a series of teasers, the EP was released on January 2, 2015, during a press conference at Bugis+ in Singapore. The music video for both Xīn fàng kāi (心放开) and Luv Talk was released through iGlobalStar's official YouTube channel on January 2, 2015.

## Composition

Ferlyn worked with various well known composers and singers such as Gen Neo from Noizebank and Mint from Tiny-G. The promotional tracks, Luv Talk and Xīn fàng kāi (心放开) is a fun pop tune and is about having a crush while the second track, Bùjiàn bú sàn (不見不散) about the experience during a breakup.

## Music video

The music video for the promotional track, Luv Talk and Xīn fàng kāi (心放开) begin on a deceptively melancholy note with a teary Ferlyn perched on a bridge and dramatic piano instrumental playing behind her, the song soon ramps up the atmosphere with a full brass tone and hip rhythm. The story flashes back to an unpleasant conversation Ferlyn has with an unknown man. However, after being down, she transforms herself into a new self with a change in make up and outfit.

## Track list

※ Bold track title means it is the title track in the album.
# Paul-André Cadieux

Paul-Andre Cadieux (June 25, 1947 – September 16, 2024) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman and later player-coach, coach and sports director. He was the father of ice hockey player Jan Cadieux.
Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Cadieux studied sports science at the University of Ottawa and came to Switzerland to play for SC Bern in 1970. He stayed in the Swiss hockey scene ever afterwards.
Cadieux died on September 16, 2024, at the age of 77.
| Team | Position |
| SC Bern | Player, player-coach |
| HC Davos | Player, player-coach |
| EHC Chur | Player, player-coach |
| HC Fribourg-Gottéron | Player, player-coach, coach |
| SCL Tigers | Player, coach |
| EHC Biel | Coach |
| Genève-Servette HC | Player, player-coach, coach, sports director |
| HC Martigny | Coach, sports director |
| EHC Basel | Coach, sports director |
| HC Ajoie | Coach |
| HC La Chaux-de-Fonds | Coach |
| HC Lausanne | Sports director |

## Achievements

* 1974 – NLA Champion with SC Bern
* 1975 – NLA Champion with SC Bern
* 1977 – NLA Champion with SC Bern
# Félix Laureano

Félix Laureano (1866 – December 18, 1952) was a Filipino photographer. He is regarded to be the first professional Filipino photographer.

## Early life

Félix Laureano was born in 1866 in the town of Patnongon, Antique in Spanish Philippines to Zamora, Spain-born Augustinian priest Manuel Asensio and Norberta Laureano de los Santos. Felix grew up in the neighboring town of Bugasong where his father was assigned as the parish priest since 1860. He had four other siblings namely Santiago, Vicente, Jesus, and Maria.

## Career

Laureano grew up to be a photographer, opening his own studio in Iloilo City in the mid-1880s. He would move to Spain, but not before attending the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1883. At 21-years old, Laureano would hold his first exhibit in Madrid. He exhibited 40 photographs at the 1887 Exposicion General de Filipinas, a colonial showcase meant to feature the relationship of the Spanish Empire with its colony the Philippines. His works would also be featured at the 1888 Exposicion Universal de Barcelona. In Paris, Laureano is said to have studied photography and attended the 1889 Exposition Universelle. He returned to Barcelona to set up a studio in Las Ramblas. In 1892, Laureano returned to Iloilo for a brief visit where he established another studio along Calle Iznart. Upon his return in Barcelona, Laureano had been cited at the Exposicion National de Industrias Artisticas and was recognized by papers like La Solidaridad and La Vanguardia. He had two brothers and a sister.
Among Laureano's works include the Recuerdos de Filipinas (Memories of the Philippines), a photography book published in 1895 in Barcelona. The photography series En el baño (In the Bathroom) and Cuadrilleros (Laborers) are also his works.
He is regarded to be the first professional Filipino photographer and the first Filipino artist to "consciously use photography as a medium for art."

## Later life and death

Laureano returned to the Philippines from Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s. He lived in Iloilo City until the end of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. He moved to Manila after World War II. Laureano died on December 18, 1952, at the Hospital Español de Santiago in Makati. He was 86 years old.
# Chester Nealie

Chester Nealie (born 1942) is a New Zealand-born potter and teacher. In 1991 he moved to Australia.

## Early life and education

Nealie was born in Rotorua in 1942. In 1963 he graduated from Auckland Secondary Teachers College and began practicing pottery, taught by potters Shoji Hamada, Takeichi Kawai and Michael Cardew. Between 1972 and 1975 he became a ceramics lecturer at North Shore Teachers College.

## Work and career

Nealie began working with salt-glaze ceramics: he built his first anagama kiln in 1978, after visiting Japan.$^{:124,308}$ He has gone on to research and work with wood firing in Japan, Korea, China, the United States, Norway, Burma, Bangladesh and South Africa.$^{:308}$
His work in this form, and working relationship with Australian potter Owen Rye, has been described by ceramic historian Janet Mansfield as 'a significant force and impetus for anagama and wood firing in Australia'.$^{:22}$
The act of gathering and collecting artefacts is influential in his work. Nealie has said
   Digging up old bottles, collecting scraps of weathered driftwood from the mangrove swamps or absorbing visual delights in fossils and artefacts in musky museums are often stimuli behind my work. My shapes are a synthesis of an emotional link I feel with past objects and the accidental play with clay in its making. I like to use a slow turning wheel with a minimum of water so that all honest marks of making remain to be seen.$^{:22}$
In 1982 and 1987 Nealie was awarded the Premier Award at the Fletcher Challenge Ceramics Award. In 1988 he curated the New Zealand Expo Pavilion in Brisbane.$^{:20}$ In 1992, he was a member of the Artists in the Sub-Antarctic expedition to the Auckland Islands and was featured in the Treasures of the Underworld exhibition at the Seville World Expo. In 1993 he became a research fellow at Monash University.

## Collections

Nealie's work is held in the collections of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, the Auckland War Memorial Museum, Otago Museum, Powerhouse Museum, and the Shepparton Art Gallery in Australia.
# Vincent Lamberti

Vincent Lamberti (c. 1927/28 – March 21, 2014) was an American chemist and inventor, who held 118 granted patents, and is best known as the inventor of Dove soap.

## Early life

Vincent Lamberti grew up in Meriden, Connecticut, the youngest son of immigrant parents from Avellino. He was so advanced academically that according to his son, Vincent James, he substitute-taught his high school physics class when the teacher was absent. While in high school, he met his future wife, Ileana. Lamberti won a scholarship to Yale University, where he was thought of as such a "geek" that his dorm mates were known to lock him out of his room, forcing him to climb up a drain pipe to get back into his dormitory. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and the Sigma Xi society. He earned his undergraduate degree in 1947 and earned a doctorate in organic chemistry in 1951.

## Career

Lamberti joined Lever Brothers in 1949 after interviewing with major drug and chemical companies. Lamberti spent 40 years with the company, mostly at its Edgewater, New Jersey research center, where as patent coordinator and manager of organic chemistry, he led a team to create new and improved products. In the 1950s, Lamberti developed an easier and relatively inexpensive process to manufacture a synthetic compound to replace the fatty acids in bar soap, which was considered a breakthrough in the development of synthetic bar soap. This led to the Dove beauty bar, which Lever Brothers marketed as being less irritating to the skin than traditional soaps. Other brands Lamberti helped develop or improve include Wisk and Aim toothpaste.
Lamberti was an opponent of animal testing, and did not participate in that practice.
Lamberti accumulated a total of 118 granted patents, in the U.S. and other countries, all of which were property of Lever Brothers. According to Stephen Madison, senior principal scientist with Unilever, of which Lever Brothers was part (and whom Lamberti hired), no one else at Unilever held as many patents. He also wrote over 2,000 patents for other inventors all over the world.

## Personal life

Lamberti lived in Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. He died on March 21, 2014, of congestive heart failure, at the age of 86. He was survived by his wife of 64 years, Ileana, their children, Vincent James and Laana Peters, and four grandsons, William, Dylan, Morgan, and Dylan.
# C12H16N2S

The molecular formula C$_{12}$H$_{16}$N$_2$S (molar mass: 220.33 g/mol, exact mass: 220.1034 u) may refer to:
* Morantel
* Xylazine
# Colloton

Colloton is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ann Colloton, American swimmer
* John W. Colloton (born 1931), American hospital executive
* Pat Colloton (born 1944), American politician
* Steven Colloton (born 1963), American judge, son of John
# Disperse dye

Disperse dye is a category of synthetic dye intended for polyester and related hydrophobic fibers. Disperse dyes are polar molecules containing anthraquinone or azo groups. It is estimated that 85% of disperse dyes are azos or anthraquinone dyes.

## History

The history of disperse dye production is closely related to the synthesis of cellulose acetate fibres. Disperse dyes were invented in 1923-24.

## Fundamentals of dyeing

Disperse dyes are non-ionic in nature and partially soluble in water. The interaction of dye molecule and polymer takes place with Van der Waals and dipole forces. Disperse dyes have better diffusion at boiling to a higher temperature.

## Examples

* Disperse Blue dyes, especially 106 and 124, are common causes of contact allergy.
* Disperse Orange 1 is an azo dye.
* Disperse Red 9 is a red dye derived from anthraquinone.
* Disperse Red 11, also called C.I. 62015 and 1,4-diamino-2-methoxy anthraquinone, is another anthraquinone dye.
* Disperse Red 60 is also an anthraquinone dye.
* Disperse Yellow 26 is a yellow disperse dye.
* Disperse Yellow 42 is prepared by the reaction of two equivalents of aniline with 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride.
# Caryocolum baischi

Caryocolum baischi is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Greece.

## Etymology

The species is named in honour of Günter Baisch, who collected the first specimens of this species.
# National Party for Solidarity and Development

The National Party for Solidarity and Development (Parti National pour la Solidarité et le Developpement; PNSD) is a minor political party in Algeria.

## History and profile

The National Party for Solidarity and Development was established in 1989. Rabah Bencherif was the leader of the party. The current leader is Dalila Yalaqui.
In the 17 May 2007 People's National Assembly elections, the party won 2.08% of the vote and 2 out of 389 seats. It also won four seats in the 2012 elections.
# Dubai Towers

Dubai Towers may refer to:
* Dubai Towers Doha, a skyscraper under construction in Doha, Qatar
* Dubai Towers Dubai, a proposed four skyscraper complex in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
* Dubai Towers Istanbul, a proposed twin towers complex in Istanbul, Turkey
# Genzone

Genzone is a frazione of the comune (municipality) of Corteolona e Genzone in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km southeast of Milan and about 15 km east of Pavia. It was a separate comune until 2016.
* This article on a location in the Province of Pavia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Edvard Amundsen

Edvard Amundsen (anglicised Edward Amundsen; January 27, 1873 – December 21, 1928) was a Norwegian Lutheran missionary in China and India near the borders of Tibet. He is also remembered as an explorer and Tibetan specialist.

## Biography

Amundsen was born in Lille Kirkeholmen [no] in the Municipality of Sannidal. In 1894, he journeyed to India as part of Annie Royle Taylor's Tibetan Pioneer Mission, which would fail within a year. In 1896, together with Theo Sørensen, he traveled to Darjeeling and Kalimpong in the Himalayas near the borders of Tibet as a missionary for the China Inland Mission, where he studied Tibetan religion and customs. After their language studies Amundsen attempted to travel from there to Lhasa in Tibet but was halted eight days journey short of the "forbidden city." Later the two of them went to Kangding (Sichuan), China in the foothills of the Tibetan plateau to the west. His wife Petrea Ness (1862–1928), from Mandal, Norway, was also a missionary and accompanied him on his trips to China and Tibet.
During the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 he left China for Darjeeling, but in 1903 he returned and then worked in Yunnan for the British and Foreign Bible Society until 1911. From 1918/19 to 1924 he served in China for the last time for the Mission Covenant Church of Norway.
He died in Larvik. A species of rhododendron is named after him: Rhododendron amundsenianum.

## Selected works

* Primer of Standard Tibetan (Darjeeling, 1903)
* In the Land of the Lamas: The Story of Trashilhamo, a Tibetan Lassie (novel; London, 1910)
* Tibetan Manual, with Vocabulary (by Vincent E. Henderson, edited by Amundsen; Calcutta, 1903)

## Gallery

* Edvard Amundsen (first from left in the front row, holding a concertina) was a member of Annie Royle Taylor's Tibetan Pioneer Mission; c. 1894.
* "Tibetan Pioneer Mission Band" in Tibetan dress, c. 1894.
* 1900 map illustrating Amundsen's journey in Sichuan, East Tibet and Yunnan.
# Collozoum

Collozoum is a radiolarian genus formerly reported in the subfamily Sphaerozoidae, now reported descending from the order Collodaria. The genus contains bioluminescent species. It is a genus of colonial radiolarians (as opposed to solitary).

## Species

The following species are recognized:
* Collozoum inerme (J. Müller, 1856)
# Pirenella alata

Pirenella alata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Potamididae. It also lives in brackish water.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Philippines, Myanmar, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore and Indonesia. Indonesia
# Dispersed camping

Dispersed camping is the term given to camping in the United States on public land other than in designated campsites. This type of camping is most common on national forest and Bureau of Land Management land. Designated campsites often offer services to the campers, such as trash removal, toilet facilities, tables and/or fire pits, which are not available at dispersed camping locations. Although dispersed camping takes place on public land, each managing agency has specific regulations for dispersed camping, though they generally all also require campers to follow Leave No Trace guidelines. In addition, some public lands restrict camping to 14 days.
Other terms used for this type are boondocking, dry camping or wild camping to describe camping without connection to any services such as water, sewage, electricity, and Wi-Fi.
Many national forests and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands throughout the United States offer primitive campgrounds with no facilities whatsoever.
Camping closer than 300 feet from a water source is generally restricted. The USFS offers free travel management maps called MVUMs (Motor Vehicle Use Map) that show exactly where dispersed camping is restricted and what roads can be traveled on.
# Caryocolum confluens

Caryocolum confluens is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Greece. The length of the forewings is about 6 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from late June to early July.
# National Front

National Front or Front National can refer to the following political parties and coalitions:

## Africa

* Botswana National Front
* National Front for the Salvation of Libya
* Namibia National Front
* Front National (South Africa), a Boer-Afrikaner political party in South Africa
* South African National Front, neo-fascist organisation associated with the British National Front
* Swaziland National Front, a political party in Swaziland

## Asia

* Chin National Front, a political and military organization in Burma
* Mizo National Front, India
* National Front (India)
* National Front (Iran) (Jebhe-ye Melli Iran)
* Barisan Nasional (National Front) in Malaysia
* Balawaristan National Front, Pakistan
* United National Front (Sri Lanka)

## Europe

* National Front (Albania)
* Partyja BPF, Belarus
* National Front (Belgium)
* Bulgarian National Front
* National Front (Czechoslovakia)
* National Front (East Germany)
* Rahvarinne, Estonia
* Finnish People's Blue-whites, known as National Front 1997–2001
* National Front (French Resistance), a World War II French Resistance group
* Front National des Musiciens, an organization of musicians in Nazi-occupied France
* Nationalist Front (Germany), a German neo-Nazi group that is sometimes translated as National Front
* National Front (Greece)
* National Front (Hungary)
* Icelandic National Front
* National Front (Italy, 1967)
* National Front (Italy, 1990)
* National Front (Italy, 1997)
* Black Front (Netherlands) (1934–41), known as National Front 1940–41
* National Front (Spain, 1986)
* National Front (Spain, 2006)
* National Front (Switzerland)
* National Front (UK), a far-right fascist British political party founded in 1967, which peaked during the 1970s–1980s and declined in the 1990s
* Front National, a far-right political party in France known since 2018 as National Rally

## Other places

* National Front (Australia) (1977-1984)
* National Front (Colombia) (1958–1974), an agreement between the Liberal and Conservative parties
* New Zealand National Front (1968-2019)
# Dubai Towers Dubai

Dubai Towers Dubai was a proposed four tower complex in the city of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is now cancelled. The developer, Sama Dubai, intended this to form the centrepiece of The Lagoons, a megaproject located on Dubai Creek which was to consist of seven islands. The towers were planned to have between 57 and 94 stories Although the heights are not known, it is believed the tallest would top 400 metres (1,310 ft), two others would rise beyond 300 metres (980 ft), and the fourth tower would rise at 230 m (750 ft). Sama Dubai was the Project Management company in charge of the project. Due to downturn in Dubai, the project was cancelled. As the Complex were not built, The Tower was proposed.

## Design

Designed by tvsdesign, these towers were intended to create a dramatic new landmark for Dubai. Their design represents the movement of candlelight and according to Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback & Associates, this is supposed to symbolise hope, harmony, growth and opportunity.

## Construction status

The Dubai Towers Dubai, like the rest of The Lagoons, was never built. The developer, Sama Dubai, was forcibly merged into Emaar Properties in 2009 following extensive legal troubles. The masterplan of the area has since changed to accommodate the proposal to build Dubai Creek Tower and the surrounding Dubai Creek Harbour development.
# Diacheila

Diacheila is a genus in the beetle family Carabidae. There are at least four described species in Diacheila.

## Species

These four species belong to the genus Diacheila:
* Diacheila arctica (Gyllenhal, 1810) (Holarctic)
* Diacheila fausti Heyden, 1887 (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and China)
* Diacheila polita (Faldermann, 1835) (Holarctic)
* † Diacheila matthewsi Böcher, 1995
# Genzsch & Heyse

Genzsch & Heyse was a German type foundry established in Hamburg. In the 1920s and 1930s, G+H types were sold in the United States by Continental Type Founders Association.

## Typefaces

The following foundry types were issued by the Trennert Type Foundry:
* Alte Schwabacher (before 1936)
* Arkona + Fett (before 1936)
* Bodoni + Halbfette + Kursiv (before 1936)
* Brahms Gotisch (before 1936)
* Fette Antiqua (before 1936)
* Friedrich Bauer Grotesk (before 1936, Friedrich Bauer), in addition to a basic face, there were three other versions, Magere, Kräftige, Halbfette, Fette, and Schmale Halbfette. Also cast by the Trennert Type Foundry.
* Fridericus Antiqua + Halbfette + Fette (before 1936)
* Genzsch Antiqua (before 1936), in addition to a basic face, there were several other versions, Halbfette, Fette, Kursiv, Halbfette Kursiv, and Fette Zeitungskursiv.
* Halbfette Antiqua (before 1936)
* Heyse + Semi-Bold (1924, Friedrich Bauer)
* Leibniz Fraktur + Grobe (before 1936)
* Nofretete + Halbfette (before 1936)
* Olympia 1 + 2 (before 1936)
* Phalanx + Halbfette (before 1936)
* Richard Wagner Fraktur + Halbfette (before 1936)
* Römische Antiqua (before 1897) later sold by Inland Type Foundry as MacFarland and by A.D. Farmer & Son as Bradford, matrices for machine composition later offered by Lanston Monotype, also as MacFarland.
* Semper Antiqua + Halbfette + Kursiv (1941–1951)
* Senats Fraktur + Halbfette (before 1936)
* Sparta (before 1936)