OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bukovik (Aleksinac)

Bukovik (Serbian Cyrillic: Буковик) is a mountain in central Serbia, between the towns of Ražanj and Aleksinac. Its highest peak Bukova glava has an elevation of 894 m (2,933 ft) above sea level.
Bukovik is located between the left, eastern bank of the South Morava river and the right, northern bank of its tributary the Moravica, above the Bovan Lake reservoir. The municipal border between Aleksinac and Ražanj runs across the mountain. The easiest access is from the villages of Mozgovo to the south and Crni Kao to the west. The mountain is well-forested, originally with beech trees to which it owns its name (bukva meaning 'beech' in Serbo-Croatian), but after the World War II significant amounts of spruce have been planted. To the northeast lies the Rožanj mountain, separated by the valley of the Brška Reka, a tributary of the Bovan Lake.
Near the mountain top there are two separate World War II memorials, one to the Yugoslav Partisans and the other to the Chetniks, who fought a fierce battle in June 1944.
# Federal question jurisdiction

United States federal civil procedure doctrines :
Justiciability :
Advisory opinions
Standing
Ripeness
Mootness
Political questions
Constitutional avoidance :
Jurisdiction :
Federalism :
Erie doctrine
Abstention
Anti-Injunction Act
Sovereign immunity
Abrogation
Rooker–Feldman doctrine
Adequate and independent state ground :
vte :
In United States law, federal question jurisdiction is a type of subject-matter jurisdiction that gives United States federal courts the power to hear civil cases where the plaintiff alleges a violation of the United States Constitution, federal law, or a treaty to which the United States is a party. The federal question jurisdiction statute is codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1331.

## Statute

   The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.

## Overview

Article III of the United States Constitution permits federal courts to hear such cases, so long as the United States Congress passes a statute to that effect. However, when Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789, which authorized the newly created federal courts to hear such cases, it initially chose not to allow the lower federal courts to possess federal question jurisdiction for fear that it would make the courts too powerful. The Federalists briefly created such jurisdiction in the Judiciary Act of 1801, but it was repealed the following year, and not restored until 1875.
Unlike diversity jurisdiction, which is based on the parties coming from different states, federal question jurisdiction no longer has any amount in controversy requirement. Congress eliminated the requirement in actions against the United States in 1976 and in all federal question cases in 1980. Therefore, a federal court can hear a federal question case even if no money is sought by the plaintiff.
To meet the requirement of a case "arising under" federal law, the federal question must appear on the face of the plaintiff's complaint. There has been considerable dispute over what constitutes a "federal question" in these circumstances, but it is now settled law that the plaintiff cannot seek the jurisdiction of a federal court merely because it anticipates that the defendant is going to raise a defense based on the Constitution, or on a federal statute. This "well-pleaded complaint" rule has been criticized by legal scholars, but Congress has so far chosen not to change the law, although the Supreme Court has made clear it is free to do so.

## Related cases

Eight years after Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company v. Mottley, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes established the Holmes Test in American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co. The opinion delivered for the court included the phrase: "A suit arises under the law that creates the cause of action." For almost a hundred years this test was the foundation for federal question qualification under § 1331 until the Supreme Court modified it in Mims v. Arrow Financial Services (2012) to be whether “federal law creates [both] a private right of action and furnishes the substantive rules of decision.”
# Batrachedra substrata

Batrachedra substrata is a species of moth in the family Batrachedridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1916 and is found in Sri Lanka.
# Batrachedra theca

Batrachedra theca is a moth in the family Batrachedridae. It is found in Mexico.
# Baruch Singer

Baruch Singer (born 1954) is a New York-based real estate investor and developer.

## Biography

Singer was born to a Jewish family, the son of rabbi Yitzhak Singer. In 1983, while living on the Lower East Side and in the midst of writing his doctoral dissertation in clinical psychology at Harvard University, his cousin Rabbi Joseph Singer referred a local builder, David Disenhouse, to invite him as a partner to renovate a vacant apartment building on the Lower East Side. Singer accepted and this led to a ten-year relationship (ending when Disenhouse moved to Israel).
Singer specialized in purchasing and leasing distressed residential properties in Harlem, Hamilton Heights, Manhattan Valley, and Washington Heights. After an existing tenant vacated, he would renovate the apartment and then find tenants to replace the prior occupants. Although the buildings were often crime-ridden, Singer claims that he would make sure that the new tenants were told upfront about the problems they were moving into before signing a lease. Singer always lets tenants break a lease and personally meets every new tenant. He has been variously credited with or blamed for the gentrification of poorer neighborhoods by hipsters as well as being branded a "slumlord." Once he is able to renovate all the apartments in a building having churned through the legacy tenants, he completes the renovation by finishing the hallways and common areas enabling him to increase the rent in the now secure building to closer to market rates.
Singer was accused of being responsible for a 1995 collapse of a Harlem building that killed three people. Singer's company, Triangle Management, was the manager of the building at the time of the collapse. The company later purchased the building site. In 2005, he sold a portfolio of 104 buildings for $450 million to the Pinnacle Group and Praedium Fund. He has been criticized for not repairing the distressed buildings he purchases quick enough. Singer defends himself by stating that the buildings he buys typically have severe problems that take time to correct and that some tenants do not readily allow the landlord access to apartments.
In 2013, Singer sold a portfolio of 84 properties to Brooklyn-based Rainbow Estates Group, headed by Irving Langer and Leibel Lederman for $340 million.

## Personal life

He was married to Vera Singer. The two divorced and Singer married his second wife, Susie.
# Bulelwa Tunyiswa

Bulelwa Tunyiswa is a South African politician who served as the Eastern Cape's Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Sports, Recreation, Arts and Culture from May 2018 to May 2019. Before that, she was the Deputy Speaker of the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature from 2010 to 2018. She lost her position on the Executive Council after the 2019 general election, when she failed to gain re-election to the provincial legislature. A member of the African National Congress (ANC), Tunyiswa has also been a member of the Central Committee of the South African Communist Party (SACP) since 2012.

## Early life and career

Tunyiswa was born in 1962 in Middledrift in the former Cape Province. She completed an undergraduate degree from the University of the Western Cape and a Master's degree in public administration at the University of Fort Hare. A former teacher, she rose to political prominence through the Congress of South African Trade Unions and the affiliated South African Democratic Teachers' Union, both ANC allies.

## Political career

In the 2009 general election, Tunyiswa was elected to an ANC seat in the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature, ranked 19th on the ANC's provincial party list. The following year, she was elected Deputy Speaker of the provincial legislature, succeeding Neo Moerane; the opposition Democratic Alliance said that her election was the result of "factional politics in the Tripartite Alliance". She was re-elected to the legislature in the 2014 general election, ranked 35th on the ANC's party list, and she continued to serve as Deputy Speaker.
On 10 May 2018, Tunyiswa was appointed to the Eastern Cape Executive Council by Phumulo Masualle, the incumbent Premier of the Eastern Cape, who made her MEC for Sports, Recreation, Arts and Culture. City Press reported that the ANC's provincial leadership, then headed by Oscar Mabuyane, had forced Masualle to effect the reshuffle. Tunyiswa served on the Executive Council for only a year: in the 2019 general election, she was ranked 51st on the ANC's party list and failed to gain re-election to the provincial legislature.
After her departure from the legislature, Tunyiswa continued to serve on the Central Committee of the SACP: she was elected to her third five-year term on the committee in 2022.
# Claudius Marioton

Claudius Marioton (2 February 1844–1919) was a French sculptor.

## Life

The eldest child of the cook Jean Marioton and the metal-browner Catherine Magister, Claudius had two younger brothers who were also artists - the sculptor Eugène Marioton and the painter Jean Alfred Marioton. He exhibited at every Paris Salon from 1873 onwards, winning an honorary mention each year from 1879 to 1882, a 3rd class medal in 1883 and a 2nd class medal (outside the competition) in 1885. His first exhibit was "Le Plaisir" (Pleasure; plaster #6514) and Eros Making the World Turn According to His Pleasure (bronze #6515) at the 1879 Salon. He also won laureates in the Willemsens and Crozatier competitions in 1876 and 1879 respectively. In 1886, he decorated Carrier-Belleuse's cup (Musée d'Orsay)
Marioton won two gold medals and one silver medal at the 1889 Exposition Universelle. He was on the sculpture jury at the salon des Champs-Élysées in 1893 and 1894. In 1894 he produced "Byzance" (Byzantium) in gold and silver, The Satyr, a steel bas-relief with lapis lazuli inlay, and "L'offensive et Défensive" (The Offensive and the Defensive, a silver, gold and colour diptych). He won the collective first prize at the Lyon Exposition Universelle in 1894 and the following year was made a knight of the Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur. He was also a member of the overseeing committee of the École Boulle and director of the école de dessin de modelage et de ciselure de la réunion des fabricants de bronze in Paris.
# Fish out of water

Fish out of water is an idiom used to refer to a person who is in unfamiliar, and often uncomfortable, surroundings.
Fish out of water may also refer to:

## Film and television

* Fish Out of Water (1993 film), a Danish film
* Fish Out of Water (2009 film), a documentary
* Fish Out of Water (2023 film), an American short film
* "Fish Out of Water" (BoJack Horseman), a 2016 episode of BoJack Horseman
* "A Fish out of Water" (Family Guy), a 2001 episode of Family Guy
* Fish Out of Water, a character in the 2005 film Chicken Little
* "Fish Out of Water", a 2011 episode of Fish Hooks

## Music

* Fish Out of Water (Chris Squire album), 1975
* Fish Out of Water (Charles Lloyd album), 1990
* Fish Out of Water (Ash Grunwald album), 2008
* "Fish Out of Water", a song by Tears for Fears from Elemental, 1993
* "Fish Out of Water", a song by One Minute Silence from Buy Now... Saved Later, 2000
* "Fish Out of Water", a song by OPM on Menace to Sobriety, 2000
* "Fish Out of Water", a song by Nicola Roberts on Cinderella's Eyes, 2011
* "Fish Out of Water", a song by Mudvayne from The New Game, 2008

## Other uses

* A Fish Out of Water (book), a 1961 children's book by Helen Palmer Geisel
* Fish Out of Water (video game), released in 2013
# Florence Macbeth

Florence Mary MacBeth (January 12, 1889 – May 5, 1966) was an American operatic soprano.

## Biography

MacBeth was born in Mankato, Minnesota. She sang in opera abroad and with the Chicago Opera Association, as well as in the Mozart operas given by the Society of American Musicians in New York in 1918. She was one of the organizers of the Los Angeles Opera Guild.
Macbeth was married to James M. Cain, American author and journalist.
She shares a name with singer of English/Canadian band The Revolving Doors of London, Florence (Flossie) Macbeth.
# OpenTaal

OpenTaal ("Open Language") is a Dutch foundation which provides free Dutch language files to be used in open-source software spell checking, hyphenation, thesaurus and grammar checking.

## Background

In 1996 a working group of the Dutch TeX User's Group created a word list for spell checking and hyphenation to be used in TeX software. This list is also used in OpenOffice.org and has been developed since. At the end of 2005 the Dutch Language Union (Nederlandse Taalunie), the formal Dutch language institute, published a new version of the "Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal" (Dutch Language Word list, also known as "the Green Booklet"). The new spelling rules laid down in it are compulsory in government and education of participating countries since August 2006. To comply with the spelling changes, the existing free language files had to be adjusted. At the same time, the opportunity arose to have them certified by the Dutch Language Union. The OpenTaal project was founded to facilitate the collaboration of open source projects in this area.

## Projects
### Spell checking

OpenTaal provides files for spelling check which are being used in software such as OpenOffice.org, Firefox, Thunderbird, Safari, Opera, TinyMCE and more. Some of this software receives custom files from OpenTaal while other software uses the generic spelling checker Hunspell. This is using its own custom file from OpenTaal. Even the Dutch Wiktionary uses this list of correctly spelled words.

### Word list

The Dutch Language Union has approved OpenTaal's word list and labelled it with Keurmerk Spelling. Also OpenTaal has been granted funding by the Dutch Language Union to implement missing functionality in Hunspell.

### Thesaurus

A thesaurus has been set up in which many different relations between words and meaning of words can be browsed and edited.

### Grammar checking

OpenTaal also provides grammar rules which are used in the grammar checker LanguageTool. This is offering grammar checking via its own website but is also used by OpenOffice.org and Thunderbird. This grammar checker also identifies possible false friends.

## Partners

Since 2012, OpenTaal has an official program for partners. These are third parties which have access to special partner products. From these collaborations the following has come forth. One partner has provided Dutch support for Wordfeud and another partner has made an educational poster on diacritical marks in the Dutch language.
# Genevieve E. Yates Memorial Centre

The Genevieve E. Yates Memorial Centre houses two performance theatres in downtown Lethbridge, Alberta. The centre was built starting 15 August 1965 and officially opened 1 May 1966. Deane Yates, a local retailer, donated over $200,000 towards its existence and asked the centre be named Genevieve E. Yates Memorial.
Its two theatres are the 500-seat proscenium Yates Theatre and the 180-seat black box Sterndale Bennett Theatre named after the actor/director Ernest Sterndale Bennett, a grandson of the composer Sir William Sterndale Bennett and who, in December 1974, was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada for services to the theatre. An art gallery exists in the upper mezzanine area, which is operated by the Allied Arts Council of Lethbridge. Since 1990, the building has been home to local theatre society New West Theatre.
# Ouled Hellal

Ouled Hellal is a town and commune in Médéa Province, Algeria. During the 1998 census, it had a population of 3,062.
# Wakestock

Wakestock may refer to:
* Wakestock (Canada)
* Wakestock (Wales)
# Bakkerud

Bakkerud is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Andreas Bakkerud (born 1991), Norwegian rallycross driver
* Christian Bakkerud (1984–2011), Danish race car driver
* Ingvild Bakkerud (born 1995), Norwegian handball player
* Odd Bakkerud (1931–1989), Norwegian fiddle player
# Noordvaal Commando

Noordvaal Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

## History
### Disbandment

This unit, along with all other Commando units was disbanded after a decision by South African President Thabo Mbeki to disband all Commando Units. The Commando system was phased out between 2003 and 2008 "because of the role it played in the apartheid era", according to the Minister of Safety and Security Charles Nqakula.
# Fontinalis dalecarlica

Fontinalis dalecarlica is a species of moss belonging to the family Fontinalaceae.
It is native to Eurasia and Northern America.
# David Chu

David Chu may refer to:
* David Chu (designer), founder of Nautica, a men's designer outerwear company
* David S. C. Chu, former U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness
* David Chu (Hong Kong politician), member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China
# Franz von Rinecker

Franz von Rinecker (3 January 1811 – 21 February 1883) was a German pharmacologist and physician, born in Schesslitz near Bamberg.
He studied medicine at Munich and Würzburg, earning his medical degree in 1834. In 1838 he became professor of pharmacology at the University of Würzburg. Some of his more prominent students and assistants were Emil Kraepelin, Franz von Leydig, Ernst Haeckel, Richard Geigel, Hermann Emminghaus and Carl Gerhardt, who later succeeded Rinecker at the department of pediatrics. In addition, he was responsible for the appointment of Albert von Kölliker and Rudolf Virchow to the medical faculty.
Along with being a professor of pharmacology, Rinecker was responsible for several major developments at the University of Würzburg. With Franz Leydig, he created the school's physiological institute, and was an important figure in the establishment of the university pediatric clinic. In 1863 he became director of psychiatry at the Juliusspital in Würzburg, and in 1872 took on additional responsibilities as director of dermatology. He is also remembered for his efforts to replace natural philosophy from the school's medical curriculum with studies that were more scientifically based.
# General Willis

General Willis may refer to:
* Edward Willis (British Army officer) (1870–1961), British Army major general
* Frederick Willis (British Army officer) (1827–1899), British Army lieutenant general
* George Willis (British Army officer) (1823–1900), British Army general
# Boomdabash

Boomdabash (often stylized as BoomDaBash) is an Italian dancehall reggae band formed in 2002.
They debuted in 2008 with the album Uno.
The band participated at the Sanremo Music Festival 2019 with the song "Per un milione".

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Uno (2008)
* Mad(e) in Italy (2011)
* Superheroes (2013)
* Radio Revolution (2015)
* Barracuda (2018)
* Venduti (2023)
# Permissive dialing

In North America, permissive dialing is the ability to make phone calls in an area subject to a newly introduced area code by using both the new and preexisting dialing methods.
When an area is given a new area code under a split plan, the area's previous area code would no longer be valid for calls in the area, so calls to numbers using the old area code will not work. To alleviate misdialing frustration, the local routing can be set up such that both the old and new area codes will work for the same telephone exchange. During this period, the local numbering authority must not reassign the area's existing exchanges to the remaining area of the old area code, nor vice versa. At the end of the permissive dialing period, the old area code is no longer valid for numbers in the affected area.
Under an overlay plan, permissive dialing refers to the ability to continue to connect calls via 7-digit dialing while also making 10-digit dialing valid. Again, the affected area must not introduce any new ambiguous telephone exchanges. At the end of the period, 10-digit dialing becomes mandatory.
# Perry Lentz

Perry Carlton Lentz (born March 27, 1943, in Anniston, Alabama) is an author and professor emeritus of English language and literature at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio.

## Early life and education

The son of Lucian Boyd Lentz, a sales executive, and his wife, Adelaide Carleton Sterne, Perry Lentz attended Kenyon College, and was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, graduating with his Bachelor of Arts in English in 1964, summa cum laude with Highest Honors in English. He went on to Vanderbilt University, where he earned his master's degree in 1966 and his PhD in 1970. He married Jane Anderson in 1965; they have two children, Robin Lentz and Emily Hollis, and six grandchildren, Amos, Etta, and Piper DeMartino, and Abraham, Margaret, and Arlo Hollis. His son-in-law is legal scholar Duncan Hollis.

## Academic career

As a graduate student, Lentz served as a teaching fellow at Vanderbilt University between 1964 and 1969. In 1969, he returned to Kenyon College, where he has spent his entire career, being appointed assistant professor of English in 1969, associate professor in 1973, and then full professor. He was subsequently appointed to an academic chair, McIlvaine Professor of English, and has served as chairman of the English Department.
He was a Woodrow Wilson Fellow in 1964 and held a Rockefeller Foundation grant in 1971. In 1978–79, he was visiting professor at Exeter University in England, where he established a joint program with Kenyon. Lentz was twice awarded Trustee Teaching Excellence Award, in 1992 and 2009.
In honor of his distinguished tenure and teaching excellence, Kenyon College opened the Lentz House for its Department of English in 2009. Lending his name to the new English building places Lentz in the ranks of other highly distinguished Kenyon faculty, such as John Crowe Ransom, for whom Ransom Hall, Kenyon's Admissions building, was renamed in 1958. In a video uploaded to the Vlogbrothers YouTube channel, author John Green, whom Lentz taught at Kenyon, listed Lentz's "Instruction Booklet" as one of his most valuable books.

## Published works

* The Falling Hills, New York, Scribner, [1967]; Columbia : University of South Carolina Press, 1993.
* It Must Be Now the Kingdom Coming: An Historical Romance, New York, Crown [1973].
* Private Fleming at Chancellorsville: The Red Badge of Courage and the Civil War, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006.
* Perish From the Earth [2008]

## Sources

* Who's Who
* Contemporary Authors
# Claude de Boutroue d'Aubigny

Claude de Bouteroue d'Aubigny (1620–1680) was the intendant of New France from 1668 to 1670. His tenure was between two periods served by Jean Talon in that position.
# Giləşə

Giləşə is a village in the municipality of Siyaku in the Astara Rayon of Azerbaijan.