OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PPA (complexity)

In computational complexity theory, PPA is a complexity class, standing for "Polynomial Parity Argument" (on a graph). Introduced by Christos Papadimitriou in 1994 (page 528), PPA is a subclass of TFNP. It is a class of search problems that can be shown to be total by an application of the handshaking lemma: any undirected graph that has a vertex whose degree is an odd number must have some other vertex whose degree is an odd number. This observation means that if we are given a graph and an odd-degree vertex, and we are asked to find some other odd-degree vertex, then we are searching for something that is guaranteed to exist (so, we have a total search problem).

## Definition

PPA is defined as follows. Suppose we have a graph on whose vertices are $n$-bit binary strings, and the graph is represented by a polynomial-sized circuit that takes a vertex as input and outputs its neighbors. (Note that this allows us to represent an exponentially-large graph on which we can efficiently perform local exploration.) Suppose furthermore that a specific vertex (say the all-zeroes vector) has an odd number of neighbors. We are required to find another odd-degree vertex. Note that this problem is in NP—given a solution it may be verified using the circuit that the solution is correct. A function computation problem belongs to PPA if it admits a polynomial-time reduction to this graph search problem. A problem is complete for the class PPA if in addition, this graph search problem is reducible to that problem.

## Related classes

PPAD is defined in a similar way to PPA, except that it is defined on directed graphs. PPAD is a subclass of PPA. This is because the corresponding problem that defines PPAD, known as END OF THE LINE, can be reduced (in a straightforward way) to the above search for an additional odd-degree vertex (essentially, just by ignoring the directions of the edges in END OF THE LINE).

## Examples

* There is an un-oriented version of the Sperner lemma known to be complete for PPA.
* The consensus-halving problem is known to be complete for PPA.
* The problem of searching for a second Hamiltonian cycle on a 3-regular graph is a member of PPA, but is not known to be complete for PPA.
* There is a randomized polynomial-time reduction from the problem of integer factorization to problems complete for PPA.
# FabricLive.54

FabricLive.54 is a 2010 DJ mix album by David Rodigan. The album was released as part of the FabricLive Mix Series.

## Track listing

* Augustus Pablo - King Tubby meets Rockers Uptown - Yard Music / Rockers International
* Big Youth - Waterhouse Rock - VP
* Alborosie - Kingston Town - Greensleeves
* Etana - August Town - VP
* Chezidek - Borderline - Mideya
* Romain Virgo - Live mi Life - VP
* Cham - Ghetto Story - Warner
* Super Cat - Don Dada - Sony
* Pinchers - Bandelero - Necessary Mayhem
* Prince Alla - Bucket Bottom - Freedom Sounds
* King Tubby - Roots of Dub - Total Sounds
* Joe Gibbs & Errol T - He Prayed (Dubbed) - VP
* Tenor Saw - Ring the Alarm - Techniques
* Mr. Vegas & Konshens - Help me Praise Jahoviah - Maximum Sound
* Bitty McLean - Plead my Cause - Mideya / TAXI / Silent River
* Beres Hammond - Can you Play some More - VP
* Cadenza - Stop that Train - Headlock
* Sly and Robbie, Lenky & the Maximum Sound Crew - Black Board - Maximum Sound
* Shaggy - Church Heathen - Big Yard
* Collie Buddz - Come Around - Sony
* Million Stylez - Police in Helicopter - Necessary Mayhem
# Brad Redekopp

Brad Redekopp MP (born 1964/1965) is a Canadian politician who was elected to represent the riding of Saskatoon West in the House of Commons of Canada in the 2019 Canadian federal election.

## Biography

Redekopp was born in Yorkton, Saskatchewan. He has lived in the Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, area since 1984 and received a bachelor's degree in commerce from the University of Saskatchewan. Redekopp worked in finance and accounting roles for twenty years in the manufacturing industry and worked as a plant manager for Case New Holland in Saskatoon. Prior to his election, he owned and operated a home building company, Cherry Creek Homes, for ten years. Redekopp is married to his wife, Cheryl, and has two sons, Kyle and Eric.

## Electoral record

vte2021 Canadian federal election: Saskatoon West :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
| | Conservative | Brad Redekopp | 15,379 | 45.4 | -2.3 | $101,524.46 |
| | New Democratic | Robert Doucette | 13,328 | 39.3 | -1.0 | $98,502.73 |
| | Liberal | Ruben Rajakumar | 2,778 | 8.2 | +0.86 | $22,012.29 |
| | People's | Kevin Boychuk | 2,064 | 6.1 | +4.11 | $9,067.48 |
| | Green | Dave Greenfield | 357 | 1.1 | -1.57 | $166.25 |
| Total valid votes/Expense limit | Total valid votes/Expense limit | Total valid votes/Expense limit | 33,906 | 99.16 | +0.17 | $119,102.72 |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 284 | 0.84 | -0.17 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 34,190 | 55.91 | -8.05 |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 61,148 |
| Source: Elections Canada |||||||
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | Swing | -0.96 |
vte2019 Canadian federal election: Saskatoon West :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
| | Conservative | Brad Redekopp | 18,597 | 47.70 | +14.82 | $82,759.63 |
| | New Democratic | Sheri Benson | 15,708 | 40.29 | +0.73 | $101,089.71 |
| | Liberal | Shah Rukh | 2,863 | 7.34 | -17.14 | $13,960.24 |
| | Green | Shawn Setyo | 1,042 | 2.67 | +0.93 | $658.36 |
| | People's | Isaac Hayes | 775 | 1.99 | - | $2,776.00 |
| Total valid votes/expense limit | Total valid votes/expense limit | Total valid votes/expense limit | 38,985 | 98.99 |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 397 | 1.01 | +0.56 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 39,382 | 63.96 | -2.48 |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 61,577 |
| | Conservative gain from New Democratic | Conservative gain from New Democratic | Swing | Swing | +7.05 |
| Source: Elections Canada |||||||
# Dolgor Puntsag

Dolgor Puntsag was a Mongolian politician (Communist). She was the Minister of Health of the People's Republic of Mongolia from 1930.
Dolgor Puntsag belonged to a family of Shepherds. In 1930, the Seventh Great Hural Conference under took the decision to create the Health Ministry, which had not existed before. Prime Minister Tsengeltiin Jigjidjav appointed Dolgor Puntsag to the first Minister of Health, to head and organize the Ministry of Health. She was the first Health Minister in Mongolia. She was also the first woman government minister in Mongolia. She also belonged to the first female cabinet ministers in the world.
# Dominica Defense Force

The Dominica Defense Forces (DDF) was the military of the Commonwealth of Dominica. There has been no standing army in Dominica since 1981, following the disbandment of the defence forces after two violent coup attempts against Dame Eugenia Charles. Defense is the responsibility of the Regional Security System (RSS).

## History

By the 1960s, the police were the only security force in the country. As a result, a Volunteer Defence Force was established in 1974. In November 1975, a full-time Defence Force was established by an act of the House of Assembly to replace the Volunteer Defence Force, headed by Patrick John as Minister of Security. In March 1981, Charles announced the discovery of a coup d'état attempt known as Operation Red Dog, which involved Major Frederick Newton, the head of the Defence Force. A month later, parliament disbanded the Defence Force.

## Modern defense

The civil Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force includes a Special Service Unit and Coast Guard. In the event of war or other emergency, if proclaimed by the authorities, the Police Force shall be a military force which may be employed for State defence (Police Act, Chapter 14:01).
# Dominica Amateur Athletic Association

The Dominica Amateur Athletic Association (DAAA) is the governing body for the sport of athletics in the Commonwealth of Dominica. Current president is Godwin Dorsette. He was elected in December 2015.

## History

DAAA was founded in 1985, and was affiliated to the IAAF in 1986.

## Affiliations

DAAA is the national member federation for Dominica in the following international organisations:
* International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)
* North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association (NACAC)
* Association of Panamerican Athletics (APA)
* Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation (CACAC)
Moreover, it is part of the following national organisations:
* Dominica Olympic Committee (DOC)

## National records

DAAA maintains the Dominica records in athletics.
# Paradoris liturata

Paradoris liturata is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Discodorididae.
# Paradoris indecora

Paradoris indecora is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Discodorididae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and in the Atlantic Ocean along the Cape Verde Islands.
# Panteón Hill

Panteón (Pantheon) Hill in one of the 42 hills of the city of Valparaíso, Chile. It is surrounded by Ecuador and Cumming Streets and it has its base on Condell Street. It is next to Cárcel (Jail) Hill and Panteón Hill is part of the central chain of Valparaíso's hills.
Panteón is Spanish for cemetery. It is named Cemetery Hill because three cemeteries of the city can be found on the hill: the Cemetery No. 1, the Dissidents Cemetery and the Cemetery No. 2.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the people of Valparaíso used to bury their dead by letting them wash away in the ocean or on the tops of hills. These unsanitary practices eventually caused a health crisis. In 1825, the government bought some lands to found a cemetery on the hill on the periphery of the city. The Catholics originally created the cemetery nº1, and with the help of British immigrants a second one was created to bury at those not of the Catholic faith, called Dissidents Cemetery. Cemetery nº2 was created in 1848.
# Cheshire Township

Cheshire Township may refer to the following places in the United States:
* Cheshire Township, Michigan
* Cheshire Township, Ohio
# Daniel Dreisbach

Daniel Dreisbach is an American author, academic, and attorney. He is currently a professor at the American University School of Public Affairs, teaching in the Department of Justice, Law and Criminology.
Dreisbach teaches at the Summer Institute program of the James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation.
He is a specialist on the constitutional issue of the separation of church and state.
# Corrine Grad Coleman

Corrine Grad Coleman (1927–2004) was an American writer and women's rights activist. She was a founding member of the women's liberation organization Redstockings and helped to write the group's manifesto. She was also a member of New York Radical Women. She participated in the 1968 Miss America protest and the occupation of the offices of Ladies' Home Journal in 1970. She was a co-founder and editor of the literary magazine Feelings: A Journal of Women's Liberation. As a freelance writer, her works were published in the Village Voice and The Brooklyn Phoenix. Coleman graduated from New York University and taught English in New York public schools.

## Early life and education

Corrine Grad was born in The Bronx on June 30, 1927. She earned her bachelor's and master's degrees from New York University.

## Career and activism

Coleman taught English in public schools in New York. According to Kathie Sarachild, Coleman's interest in feminism stemmed from reading Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex. She was also a freelance writer and poet, with her works published in the Village Voice and The Brooklyn Phoenix.
In the late 1960s, Coleman was active in the women's liberation movement. She was a member of the second-wave radical feminist organization New York Radical Women, which had its beginnings in 1967. In 1968, Coleman participated in a women's liberation protest organized by the New York Radical Women against that year's Miss America pageant. In November 1968, she attended the national Women's Liberation Conference in Lake Villa, Illinois and conducted a workshop on 'Alternatives to Marriage'.
Alongside Shulamith Firestone and Ellen Willis, she founded the radical women's liberation organization Redstockings, an offshoot of New York Radical Women. She one of the editors of the Redstockings Manifesto of July 7, 1969. She was a leader of the hundred feminists who occupied the offices of the women's magazine Ladies' Home Journal for a day in 1970, demanding that the magazine release an issue on women's liberation. Coleman was a co-founder of the literary magazine Feelings: A Journal of Women's Liberation and served as its editor. Some of her poetry is included in the magazine.
Coleman was married to Joseph K. Coleman and had four children. Anticipating her 1977 divorce from him, she devised guidelines for making the process of divorce equitable for women and wrote an article about divorce for the Ladies' Home Journal.
At a memorial for Simone de Beauvoir in New York in 1986, Coleman was among the women who spoke and gave testimonies. She died of heart disease on July 4, 2004, in Manhattan.
# Glorious Day (Living He Loved Me)

"Glorious Day (Living He Loved Me)" is a song performed by contemporary Christian band Casting Crowns from their 2009 album Until the Whole World Hears. While the music was composed by the band, the lyrics come from the hymn "One Day", written in 1910 by John Wilbur Chapman during the second summer conference of the Stony Brook Assembly in Stony Brook, NY. The song's verse melody was set by Michael Bleecker at The Village Church in Flower Mound, Texas. The single has been successful on Christian radio, reaching the top spot on the Hot Christian Songs (for a total of nine non-consecutive weeks), Soft AC/Inspirational, and Christian AC charts. The song has also achieved some inroads on secular charts, peaked at #2 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.
"Glorious Day (Living He Loved Me)" is also appears on the compilation album WOW Hits 2012.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Petit Saint Vincent

Petit St Vincent, known locally as PSV, is an island 40 miles (64 km) south of St. Vincent in the Grenadine islands. It is the southernmost island in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The island is privately owned and operates as a resort. The resort has 22 one- and two-bedroom cottages and villas. Since 2013, it has been a part of the Small Luxury Hotels of the World hotel chain.

## Location

Petit St Vincent is located in the southern part of the Grenadines island chain, to the north of Carriacou and Petite Martinique and south of Palm Islands and Union Island.

## Geography

PSV is surrounded by two miles (3.2 km) of white sand beaches. Inland, the terrain consists of gently rolling hills and tropical woodland, amid which the resort's accommodation is built. The highest point on the island is on Marni Hill to the northwest of the island, which is 275 feet (84 m) above sea level. The Grenadines are marginally drier and warmer than St. Vincent to the north, with the average daily temperature being between 29 and 30 °C (84 and 86 °F) all year round, due to the island chain's proximity to the equator.

## History

The island is privately owned. In 1963 Haze Richardson and Doug Terman chartered their 77’ schooner Jacinta to Mr. H.W. Nichols, Jr. and family. During this three-week cruise, Mr. Nichols expressed interest in purchasing an island and building a small hotel. Richardson and Terman concentrated their search on the Grenadines island chain, eventually arranging the purchase of Petit St. Vincent from a woman on Petit Martinique. The two men oversaw the construction of the 22 cottage resort on the behalf of Nichols, who asked Richardson to stay on as manager. Richardson accepted this offer and never left the island, becoming owner after Nichols’ death in 1985.
Richardson died in a swimming accident in Costa Rica in 2008. His wife, Lynn Richardson, continued to manage the resort until November 2010, when it was announced that the island had been sold to Freedom Resorts Ltd., operated by business partners Phil Stephenson (majority owner) and Robin Paterson. Improvements made by this group include renovations to the cottages, a new beach bar and restaurant, and a spa.
The Petit St. Vincent resort contains 22 cottages, as well as a spa and a dive center in the 115 acre area. Food services are provided by the Main Pavilion Restaurant and Bar and the nearby Beach Restaurant with the adjacent Goatie's Bar. Stephenson invested heavily in the refurbishment of the resort, and under the management of husband and wife team Matthew and Anie Semark, the island was inducted into the portfolio of Small Luxury Hotels of the World in July 2013. The diving center on the island was opened by Jean Michel Cousteau in 2014.
# Glutamyl-tRNA reductase

A glutamyl-tRNA reductase (EC 1.2.1.70) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    L-glutamate 1-semialdehyde + NADP$^+$ + tRNAGlu $\rightleftharpoons$ L-glutamyl-tRNAGlu + NADPH + H$^+$
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are L-glutamate 1-semialdehyde, NADP$^+$, and tRNA(Glu), whereas its 3 products are L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu), NADPH, and H$^+$.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific, those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-glutamate-semialdehyde: NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamyl-tRNAGlu-forming). This enzyme participates in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism.
# Glutamyl endopeptidase II

Glutamyl endopeptidase II (EC 3.4.21.82, GluSGP) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    Preferential cleavage: -Glu- >> -Asp- . Preference for Pro or Leu at P2 and Phe at P3. Cleavage of -Glu-Asp- and -Glu-Pro- bonds is slow
This enzyme is isolated from Streptomyces griseus.
# Kamenné Žehrovice

Kamenné Žehrovice is a municipality and village in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,600 inhabitants.

## Etymology

The name Žehrovice is derived from the personal name Žehra, meaning "the village of Žehra's people". The attribute Kamenné means 'stone' and refers to stone mining.

## Geography

Kamenné Žehrovice is located about 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Kladno and 24 km (15 mi) west of Prague. The municipal territory lies mostly in the Křivoklát Highlands, only the northern part extends into the Prague Plateau. The highest point is at 436 m (1,430 ft) above sea level.
The Loděnice River flows through the municipality. On the river is the fishpond Turyňský rybník, which has an area of 51 ha (130 acres) and is among the largest bodies of water in the region. It was originally a small pond, extended in 1950.

## History

The first written mention of Kamenné Žehrovice is from 1277, when King Ottokar II donated the village to the Ostrov Monastery in Davle. From the Middle Ages until the 20th century, the village was known for quarrying stone, which was also used in the construction of the Charles Bridge and St. Vitus Cathedral. In the 14th century, Kamenné Žehrovice became a property of the Metropolitan Chapter at Saint Vitus in Prague. In 1420, during the Hussite Wars, the village was acquired by the Kladenský of Kladno family. In 1543, it was bought by the Martinic family. From 1558 until the establishment of an independent municipality in 1849, the village was part of the Smečno estate.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,030 | — |
| 1880 | 1,024 | −0.6% |
| 1890 | 1,202 | +17.4% |
| 1900 | 1,387 | +15.4% |
| 1910 | 1,753 | +26.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 1,795 | +2.4% |
| 1930 | 1,993 | +11.0% |
| 1950 | 1,999 | +0.3% |
| 1961 | 1,685 | −15.7% |
| 1970 | 1,583 | −6.1% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 1,541 | −2.7% |
| 1991 | 1,530 | −0.7% |
| 2001 | 1,568 | +2.5% |
| 2011 | 1,729 | +10.3% |
| 2021 | 1,644 | −4.9% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

The D6 motorway from Prague to Karlovy Vary runs through the municipality.
Kamenné Žehrovice is located on the railway line Kladno–Rakovník The train station is situated outside the built-up area.

## Sights

There are no major historical monuments in the municipality. Among the protected cultural monuments are a calvary from 1838, two statues of saint from the 18th century, a rural homestead from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, and an archaeological site of the former village of Německá Lhota.
A landmark in the centre of Kamenné Žehrovice is the Chapel of the Name of the Virgin Mary. It is a modern building, dating from 2009.
# Petru Costin

Petru Costin (born 8 July 1997), is a Moldovan football defender who plays for FC Bălți.
# Phanauta

Phanauta is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Kärla-Kirikuküla

Kärla-Kirikuküla is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.
Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Lääne-Saare Parish.
# Journal of Attention Disorders

The Journal of Attention Disorders is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the field of psychiatry and attention disorders. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The journal's editor is Sam Goldstein (University of Utah). It has been in publication since 1996 and is currently published by SAGE Publications.

## Abstracting and indexing

The Journal of Attention Disorders is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases: SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2017 impact factor is 3.668, ranking it 39 out of 142 journals in the category 'Psychiatry'. and 12 out of 73 journals in the category 'Psychology, Developmental'.
# Journal of Automated Reasoning

The Journal of Automated Reasoning was established in 1983 by Larry Wos, who was its editor in chief until 1992. It covers research and advances in automated reasoning, mechanical verification of theorems, and other deductions in classical and non-classical logic.
The journal is published by Springer Science+Business Media. As of 2021, the editor-in-chief is Jasmin Blanchette, a professor of theoretical computer science at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. The journal's 2019 impact factor is 1.431, and it is indexed by several science indexing services, including the Science Citation Index Expanded and Scopus.
# Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems

Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems is a quarterly, peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the development, testing, and application of telescopes, instrumentation, techniques, and systems for ground- and space-based astronomy, published by SPIE. The editor-in-chief is Megan Eckart (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA).

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
* Science Citation Index Expanded
* Current Contents - Engineering, Computing & Technology
* Inspec
* Scopus
* Ei/Compendex
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.436.