OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pegula

Pegula may refer to:

## People

* Jessica Pegula (born 1994), American tennis player and billionaire heiress
* Kim Pegula (born 1969), American businesswoman
* Terry Pegula (born 1951), American billionaire

## Other

* Pegula Ice Arena, multi-purpose arena in University Park, Pennsylvania
* Pegula Sports and Entertainment, American holding company
# Carolyn Mehaffey

Carolyn Mehaffey is an American rower. In the 1986 World Rowing Championships she won gold in the women's lightweight coxless four event.
# Latonia Blackman

Latonia Blackman (born 6 October 1982) is a Barbadian netball player who represents Barbados internationally and plays in the positions of goal attack, goal shooter and goal defense. She competed at the Netball World Cup on five occasions in 1999, 2003, 2011, 2015 and 2019. She also represented Barbados at the Commonwealth Games in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and in 2018.
# Douroula

Douroula is a town in Burkina Faso. It is the county seat of Douroula Department in the province Mouhoun.
Near the town are ruins of a smelting furnace and evidence of ferrous metallurgy dating back to the 8th century BC. This is the oldest confirmed metallurgy site in Burkina Faso discovered to date. Because of this, on 5 July 2019, Douroula was inscribed along with other ancient metallurgy complexes Tiwêga, Yamané, Kindibo and Békuy on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso.
# Wilhelm Philippe Schimper

Wilhelm Philippe Schimper (January 12, 1808 – March 20, 1880, in Lichtenberg) was an Alsatian botanist with French, later German citizenship. He was born in Dossenheim-sur-Zinsel, but spent his youth in Offwiller, a village at the foot of the Vosges mountain range in Alsace. He was the father of botanist Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper (1856–1901), and a cousin to naturalist Karl Friedrich Schimper (1803–1867) and botanist Georg Heinrich Wilhelm Schimper (1804–1878).

## Life

Following graduation from the University of Strasbourg, he worked as a curator at the Natural History Museum in Strasbourg, becoming director of the museum in 1839. The museum has a bust of Schimper at the top of the stairs.
From 1862 until 1879, he was a professor of geology and natural history at the University of Strasbourg.
Schimper's contributions to biology were primarily in the specialized fields of bryology (study of mosses) and paleobotany (study of plant fossils). He spent considerable time collecting botanical specimens in his travels throughout Europe. Together with Jean-Baptiste Mougeot, Antoine Mougeot and Chrétien Géofroy Nestler he edited three exsiccatae. Among his writings was the six-volume Bryologia Europaea, an epic work that was published between 1836 and 1855. It was co-written with Philipp Bruch (1781–1847), and it described every species of European moss known at the time.
Schimper also made significant contributions in geology. In 1874, he proposed a new scientific subdivision of geological time. He called the new epoch the "Paleocene Era", of which he based on paleobotanical findings from the Paris Basin.

## Honours

Since 1854, he had been a Corresponding Member of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. Schimper was elected as a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 1862. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1866. He became a Corresponding Member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in 1872.
A street bears his name in the Orangerie quarter of Strasbourg.

## Writings

* "Bryologia europaea" (Stuttgart, 1836–55, six volumes).
* Monographie des plantes du fossiles grès bigarré de la chaine des Vosges, 1841 – Monograph on fossil plants from the variegated sandstone of the Vosges Mountains.
* Recherches sur les mousses anatomiques et morphologiques, 1850 – Research on the anatomy and morphology of mosses.
* Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des Sphagnum, 1854 – Treatise on the natural history of sphagnum.
* "Synopsis muscorum europaeorum" (1860, second edition in 1876).
* Le terrain de transition des Vosges, 1862 – The changing terrain of Vosges.
* Traité de Paléontologie végétale (1869 to 1874 in two volumes) – Treatise on paleobotany.
# Gambria leucozona

Gambria leucozona is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1880.
# Begonia sparreana

Begonia sparreana is a species of plant in the family Begoniaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Laudach

Laudach is a river in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. The river reaches a length of 23 km (14 mi). The Laudach is a left and the main tributary of the Alm.
The longer Äußere (outer) Laudach is the output of the Laudachsee in Gmunden. It passes the areas of the municipalities Sankt Konrad, Gschwandt, Kirchham and Vorchdorf from the south.
The smaller tributary, the Innere (inner) or Dürre Laudach, has its source in Kirchham. It is formed by two sources, the Platzbach and the Edlbach. The water stems from three hills (Wiesberg, Hacklberg and Feichtenberghills) that lay like a horseshoe around the district Hagenmühle of Kirchham. This right tributary discharges from the south into the Äußere Laudach north of Vorchdorf.
The Laudach empties into the Alm about 5 km (3.1 mi) after the junction of the Äußere and Innere Laudach, several times interrupted by small weirs, in the southern area of the city of Bad Wimsbach.
There are a couple of artificial ponds along the Laudach.
# Buckingham, Colorado

Buckingham is an extinct town located in Weld County, Colorado, United States. The townsite is located at 40°37′17″N 103°58′40″W﻿ / ﻿40.6214°N 103.9777°W﻿ / 40.6214; -103.9777﻿ (Buckingham) at an elevation of 4,944 feet (1,507 m).

## History

The Buckingham post office operated from December 21, 1888, until July 1, 1966. The community was named after C. D. Buckingham, a railroad official.
# Frederick J. Damerau

Frederick J. Damerau (December 25, 1931 – January 27, 2009) was a pioneer of research on natural language processing and data mining.
After earning his B.A. from Cornell University in 1953, he spent most of his career at IBM, in the Thomas J. Watson Research Center. He holds a PhD from Yale University.
One of his most influential and ground-breaking papers was "A technique for computer detection and correction of spelling errors" published in 1964. He also developed and patented for IBM the first algorithm for placing hyphens automatically in words. In 1971 he published the book "Markov Models and Linguistic Theory : An Experimental Study of a Model for English."
After being active in research for over four decades, Fred Damerau died on January 27, 2009.
# Kenneth D. Jordan

Kenneth D. Jordan is an American chemist. He is currently the Richard King Mellon Professor and Distinguished Professor of Computational Chemistry at University of Pittsburgh and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society, Royal Society of Chemistry and American Physical Society.
# Cemal Yıldırım

Cemal Yıldırım (1925–2009) was a Turkish philosopher, author, educator, and researcher. He wrote 15 books (4 in English and 11 in Turkish) and numerous academic papers.
He wrote extensively on the philosophy of science and the history of science. His popular books Bilimin Öncüleri ("Pioneers of Science") and Evrim Kuramı ve Bagnazlık ("Theory of Evolution and Dogmatism") were widely read and discussed in Turkey. His book Matematiksel Düşünme ("Mathematical Thinking") was also very influential.
He was the father of the mathematician Cem Yıldırım.

## Books

* The Patterns of Scientific Discovery, M.E.T.U. Publications (1981)
* Logic: The Study of Deductive Reasoning, M.E.T.U. Publications (1973)
* Science: Its Meaning and Method, M.E.T.U. Publications (1971)
* The Logic of Value Judgments, M.E.T.U. Publications (1965)
* Bilimsel Düşünme Yöntemi ("Method of Scientific Thinking"), Bilgi Yayınevi (1997), ISBN 9789755335780
* Bilimin Öncüleri ("Pioneers of Science"), TÜBİTAK Publications (1996), ISBN 9786050028027
* Matematiksel Düşünme ("Mathematical Thinking"), Remzi Kitabevi (1996), ISBN 9789751400789
* Evrim Kuramı ve Bagnazlık ("Theory of Evolution and Dogmatism"), Bilgi Yayinlari (1989) ISBN 975-494-710-4
* Mantık: Doğru Düşünme Yöntemi ("Logic: The Method to Thinking Correctly"), Verso Yayınları (1987). ISBN 9789754947762
* Bilim Tarihi ("History of Science"), Remzi Kitabevi (1983), ISBN 9789751403148
* Bilim Felsefesi ("Philosophy of Science"), Remzi Kitabevi (1979), ISBN 9789751402943
# Douro Province

Douro is a former province of Portugal, established in 1832. The province encompassed parts of the earlier provinces of Beira and Entre-Douro-e-Minho.
In 1835, the province was dissolved as an administrative division and became a grouping of states for statistical purposes and regional reference, covering the districts of Porto, Aveiro and Coimbra.
When the provinces were restored as administrative divisions in 1936, the old province of Douro was not re-established. Instead, the territory was divided into the new provinces of Douro Litoral and Beira Litoral.
# Deborah Tabart

Deborah Tabart OAM is an Australian environmentalist. She is the CEO of the Australian Koala Foundation (AKF). She has worked with this organisation since 1988 and is known internationally as the Koala Woman.

## Career and achievements

In 1988, Tabart was asked by the Australian Koala Foundation Board of Directors to “raise funds to save the koala”.

## Publications

* D. Tabart (2004) Protecting the Koala: A Species of National Significance – A Consultation paper proposing Commonwealth legislative and policy initiatives that will protect the Koala and its habitat throughout Australia.

## Awards

In 1998 Tabart received a Computersworld Smithsonian Award on behalf of the AKF.
In 2011 she received the International Association of Business Communicators EXCEL Award.
In January 2008, Tabart was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in acknowledgement of her contributions to the protection and management koalas and their habitat, and her service to Australia and humanity.

## Private life

Tabart now resides in Queensland, Australia. Besides her day job at the AKF, she also practices permaculture and grows her own vegetables.
# Chanson à bouche fermée

Chanson à bouche fermée (Song for closed mouth), JA 039, is a composition for unaccompanied four-part choir by Jehan Alain. He wrote the music in 1933. It is to be performed with closed mouth. It was published in 1989, edited by his sister Marie-Claire Alain.

## History

Jehan Alain composed Chanson à bouche fermée in 1933 for a four-part choir (SATB), to be sung without text and with closed mouth, in the Chant à bouche fermée  [fr] vocal technique. It is one of few secular choral works by Alain. It was published in 1989 by Editions de la Schola Cantorum, edited by his sister, the organist Marie-Claire Alain.

## Music

The music is written in G minor and common time. The duration is about three minutes. It has the character of a lullaby, with a gentle swing of simple melodic motifs. The first motiv has only three notes, with beginning and ending with G, the ending being a sequence of eighth-notes G-A-G-A-G. This characteristic figure appears in the four voices at different times and levels. The music begins softly, is carefully marked for crescendo and decrescendo and ends perdendoso, fading away.
The music is repeated, and then seems to begin another repetition, creating a sense of a "perpetual movement". The harmonies are modal, and use some distant tones for colouring.

## Performance and recording

Chanson à bouche fermée was included in a concert program of the Maîtrise de Radio France and Maîtrise de Radio France - Maîtrise Notre-Dame de Paris at Notre-Dame de Paris on 17 November 2017, in a program of French choral music around 1900, including Poulenc's Litanies à la Vierge noire and Duruflé's Quatre Motets sur des thèmes grégoriens. The program was broadcast by Radio France.
The piece was recorded in 1999 by the Camerata Saint Louis, conducted by Georges Guillard, and in 2005 by the Ensemble Vocal Sequenza 9.3, conducted by Catherine Simonpietri. It was included in the first complete recording of Alain's vocal music. Jean Alain retrouvé : Oeuvre vocale, which was recorded in 2004 and released in 2005, performed by the vocal ensemble Sequenza 9.3 conducted by Catherine Simonpietri.
# Belgachia West Assembly constituency

Belgachia West Assembly constituency was a Legislative Assembly constituency of Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## Overview

As a consequence of the orders of the Delimitation Commission, Belgachia West Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.
It was part of Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency).

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Election Year | Constituency | Name of M.L.A. | Party Affiliation |
| 1951 | Belgachia | Ganesh Ghosh | Communist Party of India |
| 1957 | | Ganesh Ghosh | Communist Party of India |
| 1962 | | Ganesh Ghosh | Communist Party of India |
| 1967 | | Lakshmi Charan Sen | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 1969 | | Lakshmi Charan Sen | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 1971 | | Lakshmi Charan Sen | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 1972 | | Ganapati Sur | Indian National Congress |
| 1977 | Belgachia West | Lakshmi Charan Sen | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 1982 | | Rathindra Nath Roy | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 1987 | | Sudipto Roy | Indian National Congress |
| 1991 | | Rajdeo Goala | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 1996 | | Rajdeo Goala | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 2001 | | Rajdeo Goala | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
| 2006 | | Mala Saha | All India Trinamool Congress |

## Results
### 1977-2009 Belgachia West

In the 2006 state assembly elections, Mala Saha of Trinamool Congress won the Belgachia West assembly seat defeating her nearest rival Rajdeo Goala of CPI(M). In 2001, 1996 and 1991, Rajdeo Goala of CPI(M) defeated Dr. Sudipta Roy of Trinamool Congress, Sadhan Das of Congress and Sudipto Roy of Congress respectively. Sudipto Roy of Congress won the seat in 1987 defeating Lakshmi Charan Sen of CPI(M). In 1982, Rathindra Nath Roy of CPI(M) defeated Amarendra Nath Bhattacharya of Congress. In 1977, Lakshmi Charan Sen of CPI(M) defeated Bhupendra Nath Sengupta of Congress.

### 1951-1972 Belgachia

During the period there was only one seat for Belgachia. Ganapati Sur of Congress defeated Lakshmi Charan Sen of CPI(M) in 1972. Lakshmi Charan Sen of CPI(M) defeated Ganapati Sur of Congress in 1971, Suchit Kumar Sur of Congress in 1969 and Ganapati Sur of Congress in 1967. Ganesh Ghosh of CPI won the seat defeating Ganapati Sur of Congress in 1962, Nandalal Banerjee of Congress in 1957 and in independent India's first election in 1951 defeating Sudhir Kumar De of Congress.
# Greenhill, Harrow

Greenhill was an ecclesiastical parish and present day ward with similar but not identical boundaries in the London Borough of Harrow.

## Parish

The parish church (dedicated to St John the Baptist) is at the junction of Station Road and Sheepcote Road. The parish war memorial for the Second World War is outside the church, but the names (and the First World War memorial) are inside the church.

## Ward

The 2001 ward boundary is mostly contained to the east by the railway between Kenton station and The Bridge, Wealdstone; from there to Lower Mead (including Tesco/the previous location of Wealdstone Football Club); from there westward along Hindes Road to the junction with Roxborough Road; from there to the roundabouts above the Underground railway at the West end of College Road; from there along Bessborough Road to the NW corner of the cricket ground opposite Whitmore Road; from there along the footpath leading toward St Mary's church to where it meets the footpath continuing from Roxborough Park; from there to the Southern end of (the road named) Roxborough Park; from there to the SE corner of The Grove Open Space; from there to the junction of Lowlands Road and Tyburn Lane; from there along Tyburn Lane and Kenton Road to Kenton Station.
It does not include the Harrow parish church dedicated to St. Mary or the greater part of Harrow Hill; these are within the Harrow on the Hill ward.
The recent resident population figures are:-
    1991: 7,876
    2001: 9,324

## Locality

The locality derives its name from the hollow (which has been built over from the 19th century) to the north of Harrow Hill. It was not recorded in the Domesday Book but was mentioned as early as 1334 as "Grenehulle". In addition, one or more families bearing the "Greenhulle" or "Greenhill" surname lived there from at least 1247, and are likely to have taken their name from this location.
Greenhill is not often recognised by visitors or incomers but is practically regarded as the main shopping area of Harrow between the bottom of Harrow Hill and Wealdstone. The local council has continued the name by using it for "Greenhill Way" a new road which by-passes the mainly-pedestrianised and modernised shopping area based around College Road and St. Anns Road.
# Bukowski: Born Into This

Bukowski: Born Into This is a 2003 American documentary film about American author Charles Bukowski.

## Reception

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 85% based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The website's consensus reads: "A thoroughly engrossing documentary examining the life of talented but troubled writer Charles Bukowski." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 77 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
# Blaise Pascal Chair

The Blaise Pascal Chairs (Chaires Internationales de Recherche Blaise Pascal), established in 1996 by the Government of the Île-de-France Region for internationally acclaimed foreign scientists in all disciplines. A scientific committee annually selects the most outstanding candidates from all over the world. Since their inception a number of famous scientists have been Blaise Pascal Chair laureates: Gérard Debreu (UC Berkeley, 1983 Nobel Prize in Economics), Ahmed Zewail (Caltech, 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), Igor Mel'čuk (University of Montreal, the world leading researcher in linguistics), George Smoot (LBL, 2006 Nobel Prize in experimental Astrophysics), Robert Langlands (UBC, 1996 Wolf Prize, one of the most influential mathematicians of the 20th century), outstanding theoretical physicists Gabriele Veneziano (CERN/College de France), Alexander Zamolodchikov (Rutgers), and others.
# Greyfriars, Shrewsbury

Greyfriars, Shrewsbury was a friary in Shropshire, England.
Owen de la Pole (c. 1257 – c. 1293), also known as Owain ap Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn, the last Prince of Powys, was buried here, as was his daughter Hawise Gadarn (the Hardy), her husband John Charleton, 1st Baron Cherleton, and Owen's father Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn. An early 16th century sandstone range, thought to have been the refectory, survives as a house near Greyfriars Bridge.
# Denver, New York

Denver is a hamlet in Delaware County, New York, United States. The community is 4.4 miles (7.1 km) north-northwest of Fleischmanns. Denver has a post office with ZIP code 12421.
# Canton of Coligny

The canton of Coligny is a former administrative division in eastern France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 9 communes, which joined the new canton of Saint-Étienne-du-Bois in 2015. It had 6,802 inhabitants (2012).
The canton comprised 9 communes:
* Beaupont
* Bény
* Coligny
* Domsure
* Marboz
* Pirajoux
* Salavre
* Verjon
* Villemotier

## Demographics

Historical population of Canton of Coligny (Source: INSEE) :
| Year | 1962 | 1968 | 1975 | 1982 | 1990 | 1999 |
| Population | 5 218 | 5 704 | 5 347 | 5 563 | 5 792 | 5 994 |
| From the year 1962 on: No double counting—residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel) are counted only once. |||||||
# Music for an Aquatic Ballet

Music for an Aquatic Ballet is the most commonly used title to refer to an untitled composition by American avant-garde composer John Cage. It was presumably finished in 1938, for its performance at the National Aquatic Show in Los Angeles. Even though the score of the composition is lost and has never been published nor performed after its premiere, some of Cage's fellow musicians have loosely reconstructed it.

## Composition

This composition was commissioned by the Physical Education Department of the University of California, Los Angeles to celebrate the National Aquatic Show at the Olympic Swim Stadium in Los Angeles, which was held on July 2, 1938. Since the score is lost, there is debate over the duration and the instrumentation of the original composition. However, the event was played and directed by John Cage himself, and the performance involved both synchronized swimming and live music. It was at this time when John Cage started experimenting with submerged tom-toms and gongs, so that the swimmers could follow the music even when they were completely submerged.
The work was never published nor performed again, but the idea of submerging instruments became increasingly interesting to Cage, as he experimented with it further in later works, such as First Construction in Metal. The composition's title is still unknown, since no specific details about it are mentioned in Cage's notes. However, it is commonly referred to as Music for an Aquatic Ballet, which is the description provided in Cage's book Silence: Lectures and Writings.

## Reconstruction

Since the composition is lost and has not been mentioned many times in John Cage's papers, there is little information about instrumentation, duration and structure. The composition was first reconstructed by Roberto Fabbriciani and Jonathan Faralli in 2011, in a version for flute, percussion and tape. Here, the musicians attempted not only to reconstruct the original composition but also the event in which it took place. For this reason, they used sounds of a stadium audience cheering, water splashes and typical underwater sounds. While there might not be much resemblance to the original 1938 composition, both musicians were Cage's friends and had worked together with him in the past. The recording of this piece was released in 2012 by Brilliant Classics.
# Fini Scad

Fini Scad were an Australian alternative rock band of the 1990s. They had a minor hit with their single "Coppertone", which reached No. 42 in the 1996 Triple J Hottest 100. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1997, the band were nominated for two awards. They released one album, Wider Screen in 1998, and disbanded later the same year.

## Members

* Dave Thomas – vocals, rhythm guitar
* Bill Coupland – lead guitar
* Lincoln Beecroft – bass guitar
* John (Jono) McPhee – drums

## Discography
### Albums

List of albums, with selected details :
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| Title | Album details | AUS |
| Wider Screen | Released: September 1998 Label: Mushroom Records (Mush33154.2) Format: CD | 77 |

### Extended plays

List of EP, with selected details :
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| Title | Album details | AUS |
| Testrider | Released: October 1996 Label: Bark (GRRR123), Mushroom (D13028) Format: CD | 119 |

### Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions :
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
| Title | Year | AUS | Album |
| "Coppertone" | 1996 | | Testrider |
| "Furious" | 1997 | 205 | Wider Screen |
| "It's Not Real" | 1998 | 141 | Wider Screen |
| "Sonic Boy" | 1998 | - | Wider Screen |
# 3-Methylsalicylic acid

3-Methylsalicylic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH$_3$C$_6$H$_3$(CO$_2$H)(OH). It is a white solid that is soluble in basic water and in polar organic solvents. At neutral pH, the acid exists as 3-methylsalicylate Its functional groups include a carboxylic acid and a phenol group. It is one of four isomers of methylsalicylic acid.
It is produced by carboxylation of sodium o-cresolate:
    CH$_3$C$_6$H$_4$ONa + CO$_2$ → CH$_3$C$_6$H$_3$(CO$_2$Na)OH