OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Apprenticeship Levy

The Apprenticeship Levy is a UK tax on employers which is used to fund apprenticeship training.
Introduced at the start of the 2017/18 tax year, it is payable by all employers with an annual pay bill of more than £3 million, at a rate of 0.5% of their total pay bill. It is collected through the Pay as you Earn process alongside other employment taxes.

## History

The Apprenticeship Levy was announced by Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne in the July 2015 budget which was held following that year's General Election. It was subsequently incorporated into law by Part 6 of the Finance Act 2016. and came into effect at the start of the 2017/18 UK tax year on 6 April 2017. It was projected to raise £2.675 billion in its first year of operation.

## Operation

The Apprenticeship Levy is paid by employers with annual pay bills in excess of £3 million. In this context, the pay bill is defined as the earnings liable to class 1 secondary National Insurance contributions. The levy is payable at 0.5% of the total pay bill (i.e. not just the element over £3 million) minus an annual "levy allowance" of £15,000, although the total amount payable equates to exactly 0.5% of the element over £3 million.
The levy due by an employer is paid to HMRC through the Pay-as-you-earn (PAYE) process alongside payment of Income Tax, National Insurance contributions and money deducted from employees' wages in order to repay Student Loans.
There are separate arrangements for the use of the money collected through the levy in each of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, since apprenticeships are a devolved policy.

### Use of funding in England

In England, the use of the levy for funding apprenticeships is the responsibility of the Department for Education, delivered through the Education and Skills Funding Agency.
The Levy paid by each employer is held in a 'digital fund' which the employer can use to pay for apprenticeship training. A 10% government contribution is added to each monthly payment. Funds in the digital fund remain available for 24 months from the date of payment. Any amount that remains unspent after that period will expire and will be reclaimed by HMRC, including the 10% contribution.
Payment from the digital fund is made directly to training providers on a monthly basis, for as long as the apprentice remains on the scheme (i.e., until the apprenticeship is completed or the apprentice leaves). Any apprenticeship that is terminated less than 42 days after the start of the apprenticeship will not qualify for any payment.
Initially, Levy-paying firms could only share 10% of their levy with other businesses. When this provision was introduced, a firm could also only nominate one other company to receive its levy fund, but from July 2018 this was extended to as many firms as the levy-payer wished. On 1 October, Philip Hammond MP, Chancellor of the Exchequer, announced that from April 2019 firms would be able to share up to 25% of their levy with other businesses in their supply chain, a move which was welcomed by businesses.
# Nicolas Tikhobrazoff

Nicolas Tikhobrazoff (6 June 1946 – 3 October 2022) was a French painter and radio host.

## Biography

Born on 6 June 1946 in Paris, Tikhobrazoff was a member of the Conseil national français des arts plastiques. He then became a member of the Salon d'Automne in 1973, the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts in 2001, and later the Fondation Taylor [fr].
Tikhobrazoff's style centered around lines, anamorphic effects, and medieval calligraphy. In 2000, he took over Jean-Claude Montagné's Libre journal des collectionneurs on Radio Courtoisie. He was founding president of Artcorusse, a Franco-Russian arts club established in 2007.
# Eutropis brevis

Eutropis brevis is a species of skink found in India.
# Wanping Fortress

Wanping Fortress, also known as Wanping Castle (Chinese: 宛平城; pinyin: Wǎnpíng Chéng), is a Ming Dynasty fortress or "walled city" in Fengtai District, Beijing. It was erected in 1638–1640, with the purpose of defending Beijing against Li Zicheng and the peasant uprising.
From the beginning, it functioned as a military fortress. From west to east, it measures 640 meters (2,100 ft), and from south to the north 320 meters (1,050 ft), making it a half-square shape.
The fortress has two gates: the east gate, named Ever Prosperous Gate (永昌門, Yongchangmen), then renamed as Majestic Gate (威嚴門, Weiyanmen), and the west gate, named Favorably Govern Gate (順治門, Shunzhimen).
Wanping witnessed the incident in July 1937 that is reckoned to mark the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, with an exchange of fire over a minor case of a Japanese soldier missing from his post. For reasons unknown, this escalated into full-scale combat. It is known as the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, and also the Lugou Bridge Incident.
The Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, surrounded by a plaza and park with numerous sculptures, occupies a large portion of the space inside the fortress' walls.
To the west of the fortress are the Yongding River and the Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge, 蘆溝橋).

## Transport

It is served by Wanpingcheng station of Beijing Subway Line 16

## Gallery

* The west gate of the Wanping Fortress seen from a distance
* The fortress walls were damaged by Japanese shells during the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.
* The Wanping Fortress as seen from the Lugou Bridge
* Wall of the west gate
* The walls of the fortress
# Březské

Březské is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Březské lies approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) south-east of Žďár nad Sázavou, 47 km (29 mi) east of Jihlava, and 156 km (97 mi) south-east of Prague.
# Arthrosaura versteegii

Arthrosaura versteegii is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. The species is indigenous to northeastern South America.

## Etymology

The specific name, versteegii, is in honor of Gerard Martinus Versteeg (1876–1943), who was a Dutch physician and explorer.

## Geographic range

A. versteegii is found in Brazil (Amazonas), French Guiana, Suriname, and Venezuela.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitats of A. versteegii are forest and savanna, at altitudes of 100–1,400 m (330–4,590 ft).

## Reproduction

A. versteegii is oviparous.
# Arthroschista hilaralis

Arthroschista hilaralis, also known as the kadam defoliator, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Cambodia, Sumatra, Borneo and in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.
# W. F. Morris

Walter Frederick Morris (31 May 1892 – 1969) was an English novelist, best known for his mystery novel, Bretherton (1929), set in World War I.

## Life

Morris was born in Norwich. He attended Norwich Grammar School and then went up to St Catharine's College, Cambridge, where he studied history. He served with the 8th Battalion of the Norfolk Regiment during World War I, initially as an infantryman, but he was soon commissioned as a temporary officer. He reached the rank of major by the age of 27, and was awarded the Military Cross. At the end of the war he was in command of the Cycle Battalion of the XIII Army Corps.
While serving in the occupation army of the Rhineland in 1919 he met Lewine Corney, and they married later that year. He took up teaching in 1920, first in Jersey, then from 1925 at St Benedict's Priory in Ealing, London.
Morris began writing novels in 1925. He served in World War II as the captain of a searchlight unit in Norfolk. After the war he worked for British Industrial Films Limited, still living in Ealing with his wife. After she died in 1965 he returned to Norwich to live with his two unmarried sisters. He died in 1969.

## Bretherton

Critic A.C. Ward praised Bretherton as "an adventure-mystery war-novel with an admirably ingenious and leak-proof plot. This book combines a brilliant exercise of creative imagination with a remarkable ability to reproduce, vividly, first-hand experiences, and there is one brief battle-scene…which is memorable." (The Nineteen-Twenties, Literature and Ideas in the Post-War Decade, 1930, pp 163–4). Spy novelist Eric Ambler named the book as one of his top five spy stories (in the Afterword to the 1952 edition of his Epitaph for a Spy).

## List of works

* Veteran Youth (as Corney Morris, c1927 Hodder & Stoughton)
* The British Empire (1927)
* Bretherton: Khaki or Field Grey? (1929 Geoffrey Bles) Published in United States as G.B (1929 Dodd, Mead)
* Behind the Lines (1930 Geoffrey Bles). Published in United States as The Strange Case of Gunner Rawley (1930 Dodd, Mead)
* Pagan (1931 Geoffrey Bles)
* The Hold-up (1933 Geoffrey Bles)
* Something to His Advantage (1935 Geoffrey Bles)
* Goring's First Case (as Peter Kippax, 1936 Michael Joseph)
* No Turning Back (1937 Michael Joseph)
* The Channel Mystery (1939)
# W. F. Prideaux

William Francis Prideaux (30 April 1840-1914) was a British scholar on the ancient kingdom of Sheba.

## Early life and education

William Prideaux was born on 30 April 1840 in London, the eldest son of F. W. Prideaux, Revenue Secretary of the India Office in London. He attended Aldenham School.

## Early career

Prideaux began a career with the India Office in 1859, but left to join the Bombay Army as an Ensign. In 1864, he served with Hormuzd Rassam in the Abyssinian Mission to Emperor Theodore II of Ethiopia, but was imprisoned for almost two-years from July 1866.
# Parasympathetic ganglia

Parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system. Most are small terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia, so named because they lie near or within (respectively) the organs they innervate. The exceptions are the four paired parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck.

## Parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck

These paired ganglia supply all parasympathetic innervation to the head and neck.
* ciliary ganglion (sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscle)
* pterygopalatine ganglion (lacrimal gland, glands of nasal cavity)
* submandibular ganglion (submandibular and sublingual glands)
* otic ganglion (parotid gland)

## Roots

Each has three roots entering the ganglion and a variable number of exiting branches.
* The motor root carries presynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers (GVE) that terminate in the ganglion and synapse with the postsynaptic fibers that, in turn, project to target organs.
* The sympathetic root carries postsynaptic sympathetic fibers (GVE) that traverse the ganglion without synapsing.
* The sensory root carries general sensory fibers (GSA) that also do not synapse in the ganglion.
Some ganglia also carry special sensory fibers (SVA) for taste sensation.

## Nerves supplying parasympathetic fibers

* oculomotor nerve (ciliary ganglion)
* facial nerve (pterygopalatine ganglion, submandibular ganglion)
* glossopharyngeal nerve (otic ganglion)
* vagus nerve (no named ganglion)
* pelvic splanchnic nerves
# Parasynegia

Parasynegia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae first described by Warren in 1893.

## Species

* Parasynegia pluristriaria (Walker, [1863]) India
* Parasynegia diffusaria (Moore, [1868]) Bengal
* Parasynegia macularia Warren, 1894 Sikkim
* Parasynegia sundatriaria Holloway, 1993 Borneo, Sumatra
* Parasynegia lineata (Warren, 1896) Java, Nias, Borneo
* Parasynegia fortilineata Holloway, 1993 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia (Perak)
# Nathaniel Smith Richardson

Nathaniel Smith Richardson (January 8, 1810 – August 7, 1883) was an American Episcopal minister, author, and editor of The American Church Review.
Richardson, second son and fifth child of Nathaniel and Comfort (Stone) Richardson, was born in Middlebury, Conn., January 8, 1810.
He graduated from Yale College in 1834. After graduating, he spent two years in teaching: one as principal of the Academy in Millbury, Mass., and the other in the Episcopal School of North Carolina at Raleigh. He then spent two years in the General Theological Seminary in New York City, and on July 8, 1838, was ordained Deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church, by Bishop Brownell, at (what is now) Portland, Conn. He immediately accepted the rectorship of Christ Church, Watertown, Conn, where he was advanced to the Priesthood by Bishop Brownell, September 29, 1839. In 1845 he resigned, to accept the rectorship of Christ Church, Derby, Conn., and while there became interested in a project for the establishment of a new periodical in the interests of the Episcopal Church. Accordingly, in 1848 he removed to New Haven, and devoted himself to the American Quarterly Church Review, of which he was sole editor and proprietor. In 1861 he removed the review to New York City, where he also took duty as assistant minister of St. Thomas' Church.
Twenty years of such exhaustive labor at last broke down his health, and early in 1867, having disposed of his magazine, he accepted the rectorship of St. Paul's Church, a missionary enterprise in Bridgeport, Conn. With characteristic energy he devoted himself to building up this parish, until it became one of the strongest m the city About 1878 he established The Guardian, a weekly Church newspaper, published in New York, and finding the double labor too much resigned his rectorship at Easter, 1881. He continued to reside in Bridgeport, devoting his entire attention to editing and publishing The Guardian, until his sudden decease in that city, of paralysis, August 7, 1883, in his 74th year.
Richardson was the author of Reasons why I am a Churchman (Watertown, 1843); Historical Sketch of Watertown, Connecticut (New Haven, 1845); Churchman's Reasons for his Faith and Practice (1846); Reasons why I am not a Papist (1847); and Sponsor's Gift (1852; new ed., 1867).
On October 16, 1838, he married, in New Haven, Lydia A., only daughter of the Rev. Dr. James Murdock, who survived him. They had five sons and one daughter, none of whom survived him.
The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred on him by Racine College in 1857.
# Nathaniel Spring

Nathaniel Spring (born 1971) is a British conservationist and explorer. He currently works for the Earthwatch Institute in Oxford, United Kingdom, where he is Senior Research Director.
Spring studied marine biology at Cardiff University. Since then he has been involved in a variety of expeditions, many of which are related to his work at Earthwatch. In 2004 he rowed 3,000 miles across the Atlantic and has also raced 550 km across Costa Rica by bike, kayak and on foot.
Most recently, Spring was part of a three-man research expedition to Greenland in 2009. In addition to climbing and exploring the area the team collected plants, contributing to a botanical inventory in East Greenland which was initiated in the 1960s . Several new peaks were recorded, one of which was named after Spring's paternal grandfather, Kenneth Spring.
Spring lives in Oxfordshire, England.
# WAMW

WAMW may refer to:
* WAMW-FM, a radio station (107.9 FM) licensed to Washington, Indiana, United States
* WAMW (AM), a radio station (1580 AM) licensed to Washington, Indiana, United States
# Elsa Garmann Andersen

Elsa Garmann Andersen (21 November 1891 – 12 September 1964), sometimes referred to as Elsa Garmann-Anderssen, was a Norwegian amateur photographer active in Bergen's Camera Club in the late 1920s. She was a qualified architect from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology but never practiced her profession, probably due to health problems.

## Works

Andersen's range of subjects was landscape, portrait, architecture, street photography, and still life. Most of all, she photographed the landscape in Hardanger, with which she had a close relationship. She had an uncle who was a district doctor in Lofthus, and she lived in his house every summer. The way she photographed was similar to what was common for amateur photographers in the 1920s and 1930s. The camera clubs had their own aesthetics where they drew inspiration from the art of painting, and left parts of the image blurred and diffused.
# Arthur Tatham

Arthur Tatham (1808–1874) was a member of the Shoreham Ancients, a group of followers of William Blake. He served as a Church of England priest for more than 40 years.
The second son of Charles Heathcote Tatham, an architect.
Tatham and his brother Frederick Tatham and his sister Julia were all associated with the Ancients (art group).
His sister Julia married another member, George Richmond, the father of William Blake Richmond.
He was for over forty years rector of Broadoak and Boconnoc, Cornwall, (1832-74) and prebendary of Exeter Cathedral from 1860. He wrote two pamphlets, one them being "A Cornish Bishopric: a statement of facts" (1859), part of the campaign for a modern Bishop of Cornwall (he was in favour of Bodmin as the seat of the bishop). This proposal was dismissed by the government in 1860,

## Footnotes

* ↑ Brown, H. Miles (1976) A Century for Cornwall. Truro: Blackford; pp. 17, 18 & 19
# Parrot (surname)

Parrot is the surname of:
* André Parrot (1901–1980), French archaeologist
* Carl Parrot (1867–1911), German physician and ornithologist
* Friedrich Parrot (1791–1841), Baltic German naturalist, explorer and mountaineer
* Georg Friedrich Parrot (1767–1852), Estonian scientist
* Henry Parrot (fl. 1600–1626), English epigrammatist
* Jean-Claude Parrot (born 1937), Canadian union leader
* Kent Kane Parrot (1880–1956), American politician
* Philippe Parrot (1831–1894), French painter
* William Parrot (1878–1952), birth name of English music hall performer who used the stage name Talbot O'Farrell
# Parrot Bird Sanctuary, Chandigarh

City Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh or Parrot Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh is a bird sanctuary situated in sector 21 of the city of Chandigarh, India. It is primarily habitat of parrots. Hundreds of parrots live here. They fly in flocks in the morning and evening from here. There are two parks adjoining to this sanctuary. Flocks of parrots sit on the trees of these parks also. It is the second wildlife sanctuary of Chandigarh. Sukhna wildlife sanctuary near Sukhna Lake is another wildlife sanctuary of the city. It is notified under Section 18 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
The parrots wake up and sleep as per Photoperiodism. The Municipal Corporation of U.T., Chandigarh installed high post lights affecting the sleep pattern of the parrots. The Tribune (Chandigarh) highlighted the problem caused to the parrots after a local resident and bird lover, Harman Singh Sidhu brought it to their notice. The Wildlife Department, Chandigarh was apprised of the problem and the high post lights were switched off.
The park is also known for its beautifully designed benches, which the teenagers popularly refer to as "Taj Mahal Benches".

## Background and history

There is a patch of an area of 2.9 hectares of the Forest and Wildlife department here with trees and plants. An adequate green cover adjoining to residential area hare attracted a large number of birds especially parrots and it became a natural habitat for them for living and breeding. Keeping in view the presence of a large number of birds, primarily parrots, this area was notified as bird sanctuary in 1998. Out of total area of 2.9 hectares, 1.80 hectares area is open to the citizens for walk under Chapter IV of the Wildlife Act (1972) and rest of 1.10 hectares area is restricted as per Act.

## Development and ecology

In 2010, there was a proposal to earmark a portion of this area for e-Sampark such as setting up of an office for service delivery of citizen of the area. The city administration ultimately decided to keep the whole of the area of 2.9 hectares as bird sanctuary.

## First bird sanctuary amidst city

This is the first bird sanctuary of the country which is situated within the populated city.

## Declining parrot population

Despite the creation of parrot bird sanctuary the number of parrots is declining. It is reported that a decade ago number of parrots was more than 10,000, but now, it is around 2,000. More needs to be done, trees liked by the parrots need to be planted and preserved to ensure their population increases.

## Gallery

* Parrot bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India
* Flock of parrots, Parrot bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India
* City bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India
* Parrots flock, City bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India
* City bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India
* Parrot bird sanctuary, chandigarh, India
# Wadsworth A. Parker

Wadsworth A. Parker (b. 1864 – d. 1938, Petersburg, Virginia) was an American printer and typeface designer. He was a director of the American Type Founders Company, designed many faces for them, and served as head of their specimen department. His faces are typically highly decorative and often capture the Art Deco style of the time.

## Typefaces designed Wadsworth A. Parker

All faces cut by American Type Founders.
* Goudy Handtooled + italic (1922), alternately credited to either Charles H. Becker or Morris Fuller Benton.
* Lexington (1926), with Clarence P. Hornung.
* Gallia (1927)
* Modernistic (1928)
* Graybar (1930)
* Additions to M.F. Bentons's Stymie series:
** Stymie Compressed (1932)
** Stymie Inline Title (1932)
* Swash letters for Bookman (1936?)
# Nasty Nigel

Nasty Nigel may refer to:
* Nigel Lythgoe (born 1949), English television and film director and producer, television dance competition judge, and choreographer
* Nasty Nigel (rapper) (born 1989), American hip hop recording artist
# Parlance (album)

Parlance is a studio album by American bassist Steve Swallow recorded together with British pianist John Taylor. The album was released in 1995 via Instant Present label.

## Personnel

Band
* Steve Swallow – bass
* John Taylor – piano
Production
* Brian Bennett – producer
* Philippe Laffont – engineer
* Mark Van – assistant engineer
# Parland

Parland is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alfred Parland (1842–1919), Russian architect
* David Parland (1970–2013), Swedish musician
* Oscar Parland (1912–1997), Finnish Swedish author, translator, and psychiatrist
# Parlascio

Parlascio is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Casciana Terme Lari, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 149.
Parlascio is about 39 km from Pisa and 7 km from Lari.
# Dalswinton

Dalswinton is a small village in the historical county of Dumfriesshire in Dumfries and Galloway in the south of Scotland. It is located about six miles (ten kilometres) northwest of Dumfries. To the east of the village a wind farm has been built with a capacity of 30 MW. Patrick Miller the entrepreneur built Dalswinton House and its surroundings, which today remain largely in their original form: the stable block situated below the main house and the walled garden; the village; the farms with the enclosed fields; all the cottages which were to house the farm workers and, finally, the loch. It was, perhaps, this for which he is most renowned, as it was on here that the first steamboat in Britain made its maiden voyage.
The name Dalswinton contains the Old English place-name swīn-tūn 'pig farm', to which Gaelic dál 'haugh or water meadow' has been added.
# Blue columbine

Blue columbine may refer to:
* Aquilegia coerulea (more often)
* Aquilegia brevistyla (infrequently)