OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pavement dwellers

Pavement dwellers refers to informal housing built on the footpaths/pavements of city streets. The structures use the walls or fences which separate properties from the pavement and street outside. Materials include cloth, corrugated iron, cardboard, wood, plastic, and sometimes also bricks or cement.

## Mumbai

According to Sheela Patel of the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centers (SPARC), pavement dwellers are primarily first generation migrants who moved to Mumbai as early as the 1940s, and who have lived on the pavement of public roadways ever since. They are completely invisible as far as local, state, and national policies are concerned. People who sleep on or near pavements often pay to keep their belongings in shops, kiosks, or other buildings.
SPARC conducted a study in 1985 called We the Invisible based on a census of about 6,000 households. It showed approximately half of the pavement dwellers to be from the poorest districts in the state of Maharashtra, with the other half from the poorest parts of wider India. Many came as victims of drought, famine, earthquakes, religious persecution or riots. Others came as a result of a complete breakdown in their livelihoods where they had been living. Pavement dwellers migrate to Mumbai hoping to capitalize on the wealth and job opportunities that the city offers. They are typically forward-thinking, seeking to build lives in the city that give the next generation better opportunities than would have been possible in the village.

### 1985 eviction crisis

In 1985, the Supreme Court of India granted the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai authority to demolish household structures on the sidewalks of Mumbai. With the aid of SPARC, the rights of Mumbai's pavement dwellers were recognised and coexistence was successfully negotiated.

## South Africa

The Symphony Way Pavement Dwellers were a group of evicted families who lived on a main road in Delft, South Africa, from February 2008 till late 2009, until they were evicted by court order to the Blikkiesdorp resettlement zone.

## Paris

Following the eviction of the Calais Jungle in 2016, African migrants began living on the pavements of Paris. The encampments would grow over a period of weeks and the police would evict them.
# Church of the Holy Innocents (Brooklyn)

Church of the Holy Innocents is a historic Roman Catholic parish church in the Diocese of Brooklyn located at 279 E. 17th St. in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, New York. The church was built in 1923 in the Late Gothic Revival style. It is built of granite with limestone trim. It consists of a tall, clerestoried nave with gable roof, lower flat-roofed side aisles, transepts, chancel, and a tall bell tower. Attached to the church is a rectory (1923) and school (1914).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

## Music

The organ at Holy Innocents Church was built in 1922 by the Ernest M. Skinner Organ Company of Boston, Massachusetts as their Opus 390 3 manuals, 33 stops, 32 ranks. The instrument was rebuilt in 2005 by the Peragallo Pipe Organ Company of Paterson, NJ. As of April 6, 2018, the Director of Music is Dr. Alfred E. Cresci, himself a 1968 graduate of Holy Innocents School.
The organ is primarily used for the Saturday 5pm Mass in English, the Sunday 8am Mass in English, the 9:30am Mass in Spanish and the 11:30am Mass in English. The English Adult Choir which is heavily dependent on the organ for choral accompaniment, is one of the longest running in Brooklyn, beginning its existence in 1973.

## In popular culture

The Holy Innocents Church appeared in several episodes of the AMC television show Mad Men as the church that character Peggy Olson and her family attended.
# German submarine U-529

German submarine U-529 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 26 November 1941 at the Deutsche Werft yard in Hamburg as yard number 344, launched on 15 July 1942, and commissioned on 30 September 1942 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Georg-Werner Fraatz. After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla, U-529 was transferred to the 10th flotilla for front-line service on 1 February 1943.

## Design

German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-529 had a displacement of 1,144 tonnes (1,126 long tons) when at the surface and 1,257 tonnes (1,237 long tons) while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.67 m (15 ft 4 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,850 nautical miles (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-529 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 as well as a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

## Service history

U-529 sailed from Kiel on her first and only war patrol on 30 January 1943. The U-boat was sunk with all hands on 15 February 1943 in the North Atlantic, in position 55°45′N 31°09′W﻿ / ﻿55.750°N 31.150°W﻿ / 55.750; -31.150, by depth charges from a British B-24 Liberator aircraft from No. 201 Squadron RAF. She was originally listed as missing, assumed lost at sea, as the Liberator attack of 15 February was believed to have sunk U-225.

### Wolfpacks

U-529 took part in one wolfpack, namely:
* Ritter (11 – 12 February 1943)
# Dzierzbia (river)

Dzierzbia [ˈd͡ʑɛʐbja] is a small river in north-eastern Poland, flowing within the administrative district of Gmina Stawiski in Kolno County, Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is being fed by several local streams. Dzierzbia is a right-tributary of another small river called Skroda, which begins near the village of Andrychy and empties into Pisa river near the town of Rudka-Skroda.
In 2001, a nature reserve has been established along Dzierzbia. It is called the Rezerwat "Uroczysko Dzierzbia" (Uroczysko Dzierzbia Nature Reserve, or Dzierzbia River Wilderness Reserve), located also within Gmina Stawiski. The reserve has been created for the protection of deciduous forest with a high level of natural purity. Main ecosystems include ash-alder wetlands (Circaeo-Alnetum), chickweed-alder wetlands (Stellario - Alnetum), European Fen-Alder (Carici elongatae-Alnetum), typical broadleaf forest (Tilio-Carpinetum), mixed forest (Melitti-Carpinetum), and bright oak wood (Potentillo albae - Quercetum).
The Uroczysko Dzierzbia Nature reserve is maintained and supervised by Forest District Office in Łomża (Nadleśnictwo Łomża).
# Gertrud Zwicknagl

Gertrud Zwicknagl is a retired German solid-state physicist whose research involved the development of renormalized band theory for intermetallic solids and its application to the theory of superconductors and heavy fermion materials, as well as the study of heavy quasiparticles in uranium compounds. Formerly a professor of physics at the Technical University of Braunschweig, she retired in 2020.

## Education and career

After studying physics as an undergraduate at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 1970 to 1975, Zwicknagl continued her studies at the University of Cologne, earning a doctorate (Dr. rer. nat.) in 1979.
She became a researcher at KFA Jülich (now the Forschungszentrum Jülich) from 1976 to 1980, at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart from 1980 to 1986, at the Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics at Cornell University in the US from 1983 to 1984, and at the Institute of Solid State Physics at the Technische Universität Darmstadt from 1986 to 1991. While at Darmstadt she completed a habilitation in 1991.
She returned to the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research as a senior researcher in 1991, and moved to the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden in 1996. In 1998 she took a professorship at the Technical University of Braunschweig, from which she retired in 2020.

## Recognition

Zwicknagl was the 1993 recipient of the Walter Schottky Prize of the German Physical Society.
She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2023, after a nomination from the APS Division of Condensed Matter Physics, "for original and paramount contributions to the theory of emergent solid-state materials, in particular, for groundbreaking advances toward the quantitative microscopic understanding of strongly correlated systems on the basis of their atomistic and electronic structure".
# Duston Spear

Duston Spear is an American artist.
She received a certificate from Parsons School of Design in 1976, a B.A. from New York University in 1989, and an M.A. from New York University in 1998. She served as a Falk Visiting Artist in the Department of Art at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in the spring of 1996. Beginning in spring of 2002, she began work as an adjunct professor of fine arts at Pace University. Starting in spring of the following year, she began work as an adjunct professor for Higher Education for Women in Prison. She has taught painting at Bedford Hills Correctional Facility in Bedford Hills, NY. Her work has been shown at the Metropolitan Museum, the Brooklyn Museum, and the High Museum of Art, among others.
A native of Virginia, she resides in New York City. She is represented by Sara Tecchia Roma New York in Chelsea.
# Durham Flower Festival

The Durham Flower Festival is an annual flower and horticulture show run by, and held at, East Durham College's Houghall Campus in Durham, County Durham, England. The festival is held in August and the inaugural show was held in 2014. The show was established by the College following the decision by Gateshead Council to axe the Gateshead Flower Show.
# Gertrude Beals Bourne

Gertrude Beals Bourne (1868–1962) was an American artist.
Bourne was known as a landscape painter and for her gardening work; she was the founder Boston's Beacon Hill Garden Club. She studied art privately beginning about 1890, first with Henry Rice and then with Henry B. Snell, a founding member of the New York Watercolor Club. She preferred to paint in Gouche and watercolor. In 1904 she married the architect Frank Bourne. They lived together in a home known as Sunflower Castle, in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood.
The 2004 book Gertrude Beals Bourne: Artist in Brahmin Boston (1868-1962) is devoted to her work.

## Collections

Her work is included in the collections of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
# Chyasal

Chyasal (Nepal Bhasa:च्यास:) is an ancient town in the District of Lalitpur in Bagmati Zone in Nepal and a section of the city of Lalitpur. Also known as Yala in Nepal Bhasa. The 800 Kiratis are said to been slain in this Dabu by Lichhavis. Yalamber was a Kirat King who settled in Nepal mainly in Ye (Kathmandu Valley) and surrounding region of Khopa (Bhaktapur) and Yala (Lalitpur).

## History

This ancient town, north post of Yala or Patan City, was a final battlefield for Kiratas and Lichhavis. About 250 A.D., Lichhavis attacked this post killing 800 Kiratas who were guarding at the post. In newari language, 800 means chyasa and the town was named chyasa. Later, it was pronounced as Chyasal.
Chyasal is famous for its preserved, traditional culture. The main occupation of the residents of this place is Agriculture and business. Nowadays, the trend is shifting and more and more people are attracted towards service based occupation.
Chyasal has been conserving its cultural heritage and rituals over thousands of years now. Many festivals, the ancient rituals and ancient heritage are also preserved and are kept safe in conservation.

## Location

It is situated at north of Patan Durbar Square (Patan Palace) about distance of 500 meters and ends at Bagmati river.

## Main Sights

Attraction in this town are historic stone water spouts, sculptures of god and goddess, Ganesh temple, ponds, etc. There are only two temples with three-faced Ganesh idol (Swapakhwa Ganesh). One is in Chyasal tole and another is in Pulchowk .
The main inhabitant of Chyasal is from Newar community with surnames Byanjankar, Awale, Shakya, Maharjan, Khadgi and Shrestha.

## Religion

Hinduism and Buddhism.

## Sports

Chyasal Youth Club aims to engage in "Sports for health and fitness for the community and national pride". The club owns its own football stadium.

## Gallery

* च्यासल हिटी
* Bhagwati Temple
* Shree Saptapur Mahabihar
* Narayan Hiti Kwelacchi
* Saraswati Hiti
# Civil war institute

Civil War Institute may refer to:
* Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College
* Civil War Institute at Manor College
* Bridgewater College Civil War Institute
# Pearlman v Manitoba Law Society Judicial Committee

Pearlman v Manitoba Law Society Judicial Committee, [1991] 2 SCR 869, is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

## Background

David Pearlman was a Manitoba lawyer who was disciplined by the Law Society for three acts of professional misconduct under section 52(4) of the Law Society Act. Pearlman sought a prohibition against the proceedings of the Law Society on the basis that it violated his right to be tried within a reasonable time under section 11(b) of the Charter, it was contrary to natural justice as the Society had pecuniary interest in his guilt, and that the committee was biased against him.
Pearlman's arguments were dismissed. He appealed, arguing a violation of his section 7 rights.
The issues before the Supreme Court were:
* Whether section 52(4) of the Manitoba Law Society Act violated section 7 of the Charter.
* If so, whether the violation was justifiable under section 1 of the Charter.

## Opinion of the Court

Justice Iacobucci, writing for a unanimous Court, dismissed Pearlman's appeal. He found that there was no violation of section 7 of the Charter.
# Dysaletria

Dysaletria is a genus of flies in the family Hybotidae.

## Species

* Dysaletria atriceps (Boheman, 1852)
* Dysaletria complicans (Frey, 1958)
* Dysaletria diabolica (Meunier [fr], 1908)
* Dysaletria nigripennis Chvála, 1975
* Dysaletria varicolor (Becker, 1908)
# Dysaphis crataegi

Dysaphis crataegi, the hawthorn-carrot aphid, is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants.

## Taxonomy

The hawthorn-carrot aphid was first described by the German entomologist Johann Heinrich Kaltenbach in 1843. It has three subspecies in Europe. All overwinter on their primary host, hawthorn trees (Crataegus) spp., but each migrates to a different secondary host in the family Apiaceae during the summer; D. c. crataegi moves to wild carrot (Daucus carota), D. c. kunzei to wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) and D. c. aethusae to hedge parsley (Torilis spp.) or fool's parsley (Aethusa cynapium). Two further subspecies are found to Asia.

## Description

On the primary host, these aphids are about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, with short antennae and short siphunculi, greenish-grey and dusted with wax particles. On the secondary host, wingless viviparous females are greenish-grey or yellowish-grey, again dusted with fine wax particles. Winged viviparous females are greyish-red with black markings. Egg-laying females are reddish-brown and winged males are reddish with black markings.

## Ecology

The hawthorn-carrot aphid migrates to its primary host in late summer and forms red, curling galls on its leaves. The following spring, females move to its secondary host, an umbellifer in the family Apiaceae, and produce live offspring, When these nymphs are sufficiently mature, they produce further live young. Most offspring are wingless, but some winged females are produced which are able to colonize new secondary hosts. In late summer winged females and males are produced and migrate to hawthorn trees. These aphids are attended by ants on both their primary and secondary hosts.
# Browns Plains bus station

The Browns Plains bus station, at Browns Plains, is serviced by Translink bus routes. It is part of the Grand Plaza Shopping Centre and is a major interchange for Translink’s Southern Region. It is in a transition precinct between Zone 2 and Zone 3 of the Translink integrated public transport system. The station has three platforms.
In 2014, the bus station underwent a two-stage upgrade.
# Brunswick County Courthouse

Brunswick County Courthouse may refer to:
* Brunswick County Courthouse (North Carolina), Southport, North Carolina
* Brunswick County Courthouse (Virginia), Lawrenceville, Virginia
# E. Kothandam

E. Kothandam is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Sriperumbudur constituency as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) candidate in the 1989 and 1996 elections. The constituency was reserved for candidates from the Scheduled Castes.
# Chénelette

Chénelette (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Rhône department in eastern France. While there have been settlements in the region since before the Roman conquest of Gaul, the modern village of Chénelette first appears in records dating to the 14th century. Today it has a population of approximately 300 people.

## Geography

Chénelette is a small village of approximately 300 people (2012) located in the north-west of the Rhône Department, notably in the Beaujolais region. The surrounding landscape is one of forests, mountains (of the Massif Central), and pastures; and is frequented by hikers and outdoor enthusiasts. The village has an elevation of 660 meters, and is located approximately 60 kilometres north-northwest of Lyon (as the crow flies) and about 375 kilometres south-south west of Paris (as the crow flies). It lies between Roanne and Mâcon.

## History

Chénelette has its roots from the Middle Ages when, in the fourteenth century, a castle was built at the peak of the Mont Tourvéon (to the east of the village) by Louis de Pieux. Today the ruins of this castle can still be seen by climbing to the top of the mountain, which requires a considerable hike. Chénelette has been significant to the region because it has been a point of convergence for travellers from surrounding areas. During World War Two this region was occupied by German forces and was known for its considerable resistance.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 670 | — |
| 1800 | 626 | −0.97% |
| 1806 | 617 | −0.24% |
| 1821 | 529 | −1.02% |
| 1831 | 685 | +2.62% |
| 1836 | 721 | +1.03% |
| 1841 | 749 | +0.76% |
| 1846 | 617 | −3.80% |
| 1851 | 740 | +3.70% |
| 1856 | 668 | −2.03% |
| 1861 | 640 | −0.85% |
| 1866 | 673 | +1.01% |
| 1872 | 671 | −0.05% |
| 1876 | 674 | +0.11% |
| 1881 | 673 | −0.03% |
| 1886 | 645 | −0.85% |
| 1891 | 598 | −1.50% |
| 1896 | 587 | −0.37% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 567 | −0.69% |
| 1906 | 529 | −1.38% |
| 1911 | 527 | −0.08% |
| 1921 | 450 | −1.57% |
| 1926 | 411 | −1.80% |
| 1931 | 401 | −0.49% |
| 1936 | 384 | −0.86% |
| 1946 | 356 | −0.75% |
| 1954 | 322 | −1.25% |
| 1962 | 320 | −0.08% |
| 1968 | 293 | −1.46% |
| 1975 | 277 | −0.80% |
| 1982 | 270 | −0.36% |
| 1990 | 284 | +0.63% |
| 1999 | 315 | +1.16% |
| 2007 | 330 | +0.58% |
| 2012 | 317 | −0.80% |
| 2017 | 321 | +0.25% |
Source: EHESS (1793-1999) and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# Pegnesischer Blumenorden

The Pegnesischer Blumenorden (English: Pegnitz Flower Society; Latin: Societas Florigera ad Pegnesum; abbr. P.Bl.O.) is a German literary society that was founded in Nuremberg in 1644. It is the sole Baroque literary society that remains active today. The name derived from the river Pegnitz, which flows through Nuremberg.

## History

The Society was founded in 1644 by the poets Georg Philipp Harsdörffer and Johann Klaj on the model of the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft (Fruitbearing Society). Members called themselves Pegnitzschäfer (Pegnitz shepherds). The stated goal of the society was the "support and improvement of German language and poetry."
After the deaths of Klaj and Harsdörffer (1656, 1658, resp.), Sigmund von Birken revived the Society and became its director until his death in 1681. Under his leadership a total of almost 60 new members were inducted. Unusually for the time, Birken also allowed women to join; a total of 14 did so. The best known among these was Maria Catharina Stockfleth [de] (1634–1692).
The 1660s and 1670s saw the society at its most fertile; its members produced many pastorals in the style of Virgil and Opitz.
After Birken's death the Society began a slow decline. His successors Martin Limburger [de] and Magnus Daniel Omeis [de] were not especially successful in their attempt to promote and propagate the florid Baroque style in the 18th century, by which time the more structured neoclassical style had become the norm. Nevertheless, the society has continually maintained a membership of some sort, and remains active to this day.
# Bucculatrix ainsliella

Bucculatrix ainsliella, the oak leaf skeletonizer or oak skeletonizer, is a moth species of the family Bucculatricidae. It is found in the northern part of the United States, down to North Carolina and Mississippi and the Southern parts of Canada, including British Columbia. In 2011 it was discovered in the Netherlands and Belgium. It was first described in 1905 by Mary Murtfeldt.
The wingspan is 7–8 mm. Adults are on wing between February and August depending on the location.
The larvae feed on Quercus species, first as leaf miner and later feeding externally.
# Bucculatrix agnella

Bucculatrix agnella is a species of moth in the family Bucculatricidae. The species was first described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1860. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Washington D.C., Massachusetts, Indiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, South Dakota, Maine, Ohio and Texas.
The wingspan is about 7 mm.
# Ghaggar railway station

Ghaggar railway station is a small railway station in Mohali district, Punjab. Its code is GHG. It serves Ghaggar town near Derabassi and Zirakpur The station consists of two platforms. The platforms are well sheltered. It has good facilities including water and sanitation.

## Trains

Some of the trains that run from Ghaggar are:
* Kalka–Delhi Passenger (unreserved)
* Ambala–Nangal Dam Passenger (unreserved)
* Amb Andaura–Ambala DMU
* Kalka–Ambala Passenger (unreserved)
# Gerrard Street

Gerrard Street may refer to:
* Gerrard Street, London in London, United Kingdom
* Gerrard Street (Toronto) in Toronto, Canada
# Bruce Evans (baseball)

Bruce Evans was an American Negro league outfielder in the 1910s.
Evans played for the All Nations club in 1916. In six recorded games, he posted four hits in 25 plate appearances.
# Bryan Little (disambiguation)

Bryan Little (born 1987) is a Canadian ice hockey player.
Bryan or Brian Little may also refer to:
* Bryan Little (baseball) (born 1959), American baseball player
* Bryan Little (footballer) (born 1978), Scottish footballer
* Brian Little (born 1953), English football manager and former player
* William Brian Little (1942–2000), known as Brian Little, American businessman
# Cinderella (1916 film)

Cinderella (German: Aschenbrödel) is a 1916 German silent film directed by Urban Gad and starring Asta Nielsen and Max Landa. It is based on the fairytale of the same name.

## Cast

* Asta Nielsen as Lotte
* Max Landa as von Harten