OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Croydon facelift

In English slang, a Croydon facelift (sometimes council house facelift, or in Northern Ireland a Millie facelift) is a particular hairstyle worn by some women. The hair is pulled back tightly and tied in a bun or ponytail at the back. The supposed result is that the skin of the forehead and face are pulled up and back, producing the effects of a facelift.
Traction alopecia, a type of gradual hair loss, can result from hairstyles that tightly pull the hair in this manner.
This hairstyle is frequently portrayed in the media as belonging to young women from the lower social classes, particularly the Chav subculture (Ned in Scotland, Millie in Northern Ireland). The term is thus considered derogatory because it portrays people from Croydon as being lower class. Croydon can be replaced by the name of any other unfashionable residential area.
The Croydon Guardian newspaper jokingly suggested that the style may have originated with the ancient Egyptian Queen Nefertiti.
# Castle Geyser

Castle Geyser is a cone geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. It is noted for the particularly large geyserite sinter deposits, which form its cone. These deposits have been likened in appearance to a castle.
When the geyser was given this name in 1870, the top edges of the structure resembled the typical profile associated with the modern concept of a castle, having the appearance of a large keep, multiple turrets, and especially because of the crenellation along the top edges of what resembled its towers. As the drawing below shows the cone had distinctive appearance at the time. Over time the cone's shape changes because of the layers of mineral deposited in successive eruptions.

## History

On September 18, 1870, the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition entered the Upper Geyser Basin. Eventually, members of the expedition named seven geysers they observed in the basin. The appearance of this geyser led Lieutenant Gustavus Cheyney Doane to name it Castle Geyser. Nathaniel P. Langford gave this account in his 1871 Scribner's article:
   "The Castle," situated on the summit of an incrusted mound, has a turreted crater through which a large volume of water is expelled at intervals of two or three hours to the height of 50 feet (15 m), from a discharging orifice about three feet (0.91 m) in diameter. The architectural features of the silicious sinter surrounding it, which is very massive and compact, indicating that at some former period the flow of water must have been much greater than at present, suggested its name. A vent near it is constantly discharging a large stream of boiling water, and when the geyser is in action the water in this vent boils and bubbles with great fierceness.

## Eruption

The Castle Geyser has a 16- to 17-hour eruption cycle. The geyser erupts hot water for about 20 minutes in a vertical column that reaches a height of 90 ft (27 m) before changing to a noisy steam phase that issues for 30 to 40 minutes.
The sinter cone for Castle Geyser has been dated to around 1022 using carbon-14 dating. This date is much younger than the originally-presumed age of 5,000 to 15,000 years. A 3-D laser scan made of the cone reveals evidence that this geyser has evolved through four to five distinct stages to reach its current configuration.
In November 2002, the Denali earthquake in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska caused Castle Geyser, as well as other geysers in Yellowstone, to decrease in eruption frequency. The affected geysers have returned to their previous pattern since that time, however.

## Gallery

* Castle Geyser erupting, 2019.
* Castle Geyser erupting, 2019.
* Castle Geyser erupting, 2017.
* c. 1952
* Steam phase in winter, 1961.
* The sun behind Castle Geyser, 2019.
* Steam phase eruption. Crepuscular rays are also seen, 2008.
* 2005
* William Henry Jackson, 1872. Crested Pool is in the foreground.
* Ansel Adams, 1942.
* Color lithograph by Thomas Moran, 1874.
* January 1887, F. Jay Haynes.
# David Bergman

David Bergman may refer to:
* David Bergman (journalist) (born 1965), British journalist based in Bangladesh
* David Bergman (American writer) (born 1950), American writer and English professor
* David Bergman (baseball) (born 1981), Dutch baseball player
# Frontal gyri

The frontal gyri are six gyri of the frontal lobe in the brain. There are five horizontally oriented, parallel convolutions, of the frontal lobe that are aligned anterior to posterior. Three are visible on the lateral surface of the brain and two are on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe in a region called orbitofrontal cortex. The other main gyrus of the frontal lobe is the precentral gyrus which is vertically oriented, and runs parallel with the precentral sulcus.
The uppermost of the five gyri is the superior frontal gyrus, below this is the middle frontal gyrus, and below this is the inferior frontal gyrus. Continuing from the superior frontal gyrus on the lateral surface, into the uppermost part of the medial surface of the hemisphere is the medial frontal gyrus. The inferior frontal gyrus includes Broca's area. On the inferior or ventral surface of the frontal lobe including the orbitofrontal cortex is the orbital gyrus. This is also called the orbital gyri because it is separated into four sections or gyri: anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial. The most medial gyrus of the frontal lobes on the inferior surface of the lobe is the straight gyrus, also called the gyrus rectus. The lowest part of the inferior frontal gyrus rests on the orbital part of the frontal bone.

## Gyri
### Superior

The superior frontal gyrus makes up about a third of the frontal lobe. It is bounded laterally by the superior frontal sulcus.

### Middle

It has been recently found that this region participates during linguistic tasks. More precisely, during interactive communication it is active during a phase of response planning.

### Inferior

The inferior frontal gyrus includes Broca's area.
# Baroni, India

Baroni is a village located in Tonk Tehsil of Tonk district, Rajasthan, India.
# Pareiorhaphis scutula

Pareiorhaphis scutula is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it is known only from Brazil, with its type locality being listed as the Piracicaba River basin in the state of Minas Gerais. The environment in which most specimens of the species have been collected is a shallow creek 20 to 50 cm (7.9 to 19.7 inches) deep and approximately 5 m (16 ft) wide with a swift current, clear water, a rocky substrate, and banks covered in grass. It is known to occur alongside the species Geophagus brasiliensis, as well as members of the genera Astyanax, Neoplecostomus, and Trichomycterus. The species reaches 9.1 cm (3.6 inches) in standard length and is believed to be a facultative air-breather.
# Canton of Arras-Ouest

The Canton of Arras-Ouest is a former canton situated in the department of the Pas-de-Calais and in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Arras. It had a total of 21,404 inhabitants (2012).
# Paussomorphus

Paussomorphus is a genus in the ground beetle family Carabidae. There are at least three described species in Paussomorphus, found in Africa.

## Species

These three species belong to the genus Paussomorphus:
* Paussomorphus chevrolatii (Westwood, 1852) (Ethiopia)
* Paussomorphus conradsianus (Reichensperger, 1938) (Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania)
* Paussomorphus pauliani Reichensperger, 1951 (Ivory Coast and Cameroon)
# Croydon and Epsom Railway

The Croydon and Epsom Railway was an early railway in southern England running between the two Surrey towns mentioned in its name. The company was formed March 1844 to operate a new line using the atmospheric principle. However, before its line was opened it was amalgamated with other companies to form the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) on 27 July 1846.

## History
### Plans

The early success of the London and Croydon Railway (LCR) encouraged its directors to form a new independent company to continue the line to Epsom. This was approved by shareholders at a meeting on 7 March 1844. The railway was then experimenting in the use of atmospheric propulsion and decided to use the Samuel Clegg and Jacob and Joseph Samuda system patented in 1838. However, difficulties in acquiring suitable land meant that the line was not completed in 1846 as originally planned.

### Merger

The company was merged with others to form the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) on 27 July 1846 before the line was completed. The railway opened to the public 10 May 1847, but by that time atmospheric working had been abandoned by the new company.
# Casajús

41°45′39″N 3°45′00″W﻿ / ﻿41.760886°N 3.749992°W﻿ / 41.760886; -3.749992
Casajús or Casajús Winery, in Spanish: Bodegas Casajús, is a Spanish fine winery. It is situated in the town of Quintana del Pidio (province of Burgos, Spain), in the Protected Designation of Origin (Denominación de origen) Ribera del Duero. Over generations, the Calvo and Casajús families developed their own family wines, although it was not until 1993 that José Alberto Calvo Casajús founded the winery.
The winery gained international recognition thanks to the great appraisals from the American wine magazine, Robert Parker’s The Wine Advocate upon reviewing Casajús Antiguos Viñedos and Vendimia Seleccionada, and in particular the signature wine, NIC.

## History
### The 1920s

José Alberto's grandparents, and those of his wife Leonor, planted their vineyards in 1920, in Quintana del Pidio, in the heart of Ribera del Duero. Over generations, the Calvo and Casajús families developed their own wines in traditional cellars.

### The 1960s

In 1963, a local wine cooperative "Los Olmos" was founded in Quintana del Pidio, of which José Alberto and Leonor's families were founding and active members until the start of the 1990s.

### The 1990s and 2000s

In 1993 José Alberto left the local cooperative and founded his own winery in Quintana del Pidio: “Bodegas J.A. Calvo Casajús”, an activity that combined with José’s work as a baker. In 2004 production began of the signature wine, NIC, an acronym of his children's names, Nicolás and Catalina. In the middle of that same decade, the winery began to receive international recognition due to the positive reviews in Robert Parker’s The Wine Advocate.

### The 2010s

In 2013 the winery received the highest scores in Ribera del Duero from the British critic, Neal Martin, for the American magazine Robert Parker’s The Wine Advocate. The NIC 2009 wine was awarded 97 points and Casajús Viñedos Antiguos wine received 95 points, this triggered the receipt of international media attention.

## Notable reviews

According to Robert Parker’s The Wine Advocate magazine:
* NIC 2009: 97 points; 2005: 95+ points; 2006: 94+ points; 2011: 94 points; 2010: 93 points.
* Antiguos Viñedos 2009: 95 points; 2004 & 2012: 93 points; 2011: 92 points; 2005: 91 points.
* Vendimia Seleccionada 2010: 94 points; 2009: 93 points; 2005 & 2012: 92 points; 2006: 91 points.
* Splendore 2010: 93 points; 2007: 91 points.
* Valpidio 2011: 92 points; 2013 & 2014: 90 points.
According to Wine Spectator magazine:
* NIC 2010: 95 points.
* Antiguos Viñedos 2014: 93 points; 2011: 92 points.
* Vendimia Seleccionada 2014: 92 points.

## Gallery

* Bottle pantry in the Casajús winery.
* Casajús underground cellar.
* Wine barrels in the underground winery of Casajús.
# Frontal eminence

A frontal eminence (or tuber frontale) is either of two rounded elevations on the frontal bone of the skull. They lie about 3 cm above the supraorbital margin on each side of the frontal suture. They are the site of ossification of the frontal bone during embryological development, although may not be the first site.
The frontal eminences vary in size in different individuals, are occasionally asymmetrical, and are especially prominent in young skulls. The surface of the bone above them is smooth, and covered by the epicranial aponeurosis.
# Bud McLearn

Vernon E. "Bud" McLearn (September 11, 1933 – April 7, 1999) was an American high school basketball coach. Most notably the head coach for the Bullettes of Mediapolis High School (Mediapolis, Iowa) girls six-on-six basketball team from 1959 to 1987.

## Early life

McLearn was born in Montrose, Iowa, to Ed and Mary Cale McLearn. He graduated from Montrose High School in 1951, where he was senior class president, and then from Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant in 1955, with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He served two years in the United States Army and did graduate study work at Western Illinois University in 1957.

## Coaching

He began coaching in 1957 at Oakville High School (Oakville, Iowa) and after two seasons became the head coach at Mediapolis High School (1959-1960 season). In 28 seasons he had a career coaching record of 706 wins and 80 losses (an 89.8 winning percentage). During his 26-year tenure at Mediapolis the girls team went 333-8 (97.6 percent) on their home court. This run included consecutive home winning streaks of 97, 84, and 66 games. McLearn's teams qualified for the Iowa state tournament 21 years out of the 28 (including a stretch of 12-straight appearances), with two state championships, a 51-35 victory over South Hamilton (Hamilton County) in 1967 and a 68-51 win over Adel in 1973. He retired in 1987 with the fourth best record in Iowa state basketball history. McLearn and Mediapolis lost to Van Horne High School, 62-59, in the 1962 state tournament final (Van Horne's Mickey Schallau scored 37 of the team's 62 points).
McLearn was inducted into the Iowa Girls Coaches Association Hall of Fame in 1988, and after dying of cancer in 1999, was posthumously inducted into the National High School Athletic Coaches Association Hall of Fame in 2000. The high school gymnasium at Mediapolis was named McLearn Court in his honor in 2001.

## Outside coaching

McLearn taught math at Mediapolis and also had a Mississippi River commercial fishing operation with his wife, Joyce (née Wehde), whom he married April 17, 1955 in Tipton.
He is buried at the Montrose Cemetery, a block away from his childhood home.
# Chickasaw County Courthouse

Chickasaw County Courthouse mar refer to:
* Chickasaw County Courthouse (Iowa), listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa
* Chickasaw County Courthouse (Mississippi), a Mississippi Landmarks
# Kathleen MacInnes

Kathleen MacInnes, or Caitlin NicAonghais in Scottish Gaelic, (born 30 December 1969) is a Scottish singer, who performs primarily in Scottish Gaelic. She is a native of South Uist, Outer Hebrides, Scotland, and lives in Glasgow with her partner and three sons. In 2010, she appeared on the soundtrack to the Ridley Scott film Robin Hood.

## Discography
### Solo albums

* Òg-Mhadainn Shamhraidh (Summer Dawn) (2006)
* Cille Bhrìde (Kilbride) (2012)

### Collaborations and guest appearances

* Iain MacDonald & Iain MacFarlane – The First Harvest (2002)
* Maggie MacInnes – Òran na Mnà (A Woman's Song) (2006)
* Julie Fowlis – Cuilidh (2007)
* Griogair Labhruidh – Dail-riata (2007)
* Margaret Stewart - Togaidh mi mo Sheòlta (2007)
* Deoch 'n' Dorus – The Curer (2008)
* Blair Douglas – Stay Strong (Bithibh Laidir / Rester Fort) (2008)
* Flying Fiddles – Flying Fiddles (2009)
* Marc Streitenfeld – Robin Hood (Soundtrack) (2010)
* Seudan – Seudan (2011)
* Salsa Celtica – The Tall Islands (2014)
* Niteworks – Maraiche (2015)
* Trail West – Rescattermastered (2016)

## Filmography
### Film

* An Ceasnachadh: The Interrogation of a Highland Lass (2000)
* Seachd: The Inaccessible Pinnacle (2007)

### Television

* Speaking our Language (1992–1996)
* Machair (1992–1998)
* Bannan / The Ties that Bind (2014)
* Gaol @ Gael (2014)

## Awards

* Scots Trad Music Awards: Gaelic Singer of the Year (2006)
# Francis Thompson Site (16 MA 112)

The Francis Thompson Site, denoted by Smithsonian trinomial 16 MA 112, is an archeological site in Madison Parish, Louisiana in the vicinity of Delhi in Richland Parish. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 1991.
The site has yielded prehistoric pottery and other artifacts from several cultures.
# Drosera venusta

Drosera venusta is a subtropical sundew endemic to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. It was described as a new species by Paul Debbert in 1987. Some have questioned its specific rank, noting its affinity to D. natalensis, while others have reduced it to a synonym of D. natalensis.
# Pierre Nerini

Pierre Emmanuel Nerini (7 October 1915 – 27 February 2006) was a French classical violinist and music teacher who held prominent positions with leading Parisian orchestras.

## Biography

Nerini was born in the 14th arrondissement of Paris, in a family of musicians from Milan. His father was Emmanuel Nerini who gave his name to a music competition. He studied at the Conservatoire de Paris where he obtained a first prize in violin and an accessit in harmony. During his musical career he was a member of various orchestras including the Orchestre Lamoureux and the Pasdeloup Orchestra. From 1945 to 1965, he was concertmaster at the Opéra de Paris.
In June 1945 Nerini was elected to become concertmaster of the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, which position he held until the dissolution of the orchestra in 1967, playing a Mozart concerto with them the January before closure.
He was also a violin teacher at the Conservatoire de Versailles [fr] from 1957 to 1967 and at the Conservatoire de Paris from 1965 to 1985. He wrote several books about violin teaching.
Among Nerini's recordings are the solo violin part in Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade Op.35 with the Paris Conservatoire Orchestra under Ernest Ansermet in 1948 and 1954 (Decca), solos in music from Sylvia by Delibes with the Conservatoire Orchestra under Roger Désormière in 1950 (Decca), in Rimsky-Korsakov's Russian Easter Festival Overture and Capriccio Espagnol with the Conservatoire Orchestra under André Cluytens in 1953 (Pathé), and in Tchaikovsky's Suite No. 3 In G Major Op. 55 with the Conservatoire Orchestra under Adrian Boult in 1955 (Decca). In 1963 he played the violin part in a recording for EMI of Falla's harpsichord concerto with Gonzalo Soriano, and Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos conducting the Conservatoire orchestra. With his wife Jeanine Nerini he recorded Dohnànyi's Ruralia Hungarica suite op. 32 with Columbia in 1945, and Beethoven's Spring sonata Op.24 on Pacific PIA 1518.
Nerini died in Paris on 27 February 2006 at age 90.

## Nerini Competition

In 1960, Nerini became director of the Nerini competition founded by his father to reward talented and promising young musicians (pianists, violinists, flutists). The competition only survived two years after Nerini's death since its last edition took place in 2007 under the aegis of Annick Nerini, Nerini's daughter.
# Cumulopuntia

Cumulopuntia is a genus of cactus (family Cactaceae). This is a poorly defined genus, with constant change to what species fall under it and whether it should even be a separate genus from Opuntia, which it is often interchanged with. It was defined by Friedrich Ritter in 1980 by redefining multiple species in Tephrocactus and Opuntia. Still more work needs to be done to circumscribe Cumulopuntia as it stands.

## Species list

As of February 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:
| Scientific name | Distribution |
| Cumulopuntia boliviana (Salm-Dyck) F.Ritter | Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru |
| Cumulopuntia chichensis (Cárdenas) E.F.Anderson | Argentina, Bolivia |
| Cumulopuntia corotilla (K.Schum. ex Vaupel) E.F.Anderson | Peru |
| Cumulopuntia dimorpha (C.F.Först.) A.Pauca & Quip. | Peru. |
| Cumulopuntia flexibilispina Hoxey & M.Lowry | Bolivia |
| Cumulopuntia glomerata (Pfeiff.) Hoxey | Peru |
| Cumulopuntia ignota (Britton & Rose) F.Ritter ex D.R.Hunt | Peru |
| Cumulopuntia iturbicola G.J.Charles | Argentina (Jujuy) |
| Cumulopuntia leucophaea (Phil.) Hoxey | Chile, Peru |
| Cumulopuntia rossiana (Heinrich & Backeb.) F.Ritter | Argentina, Bolivia, Peru |
| Cumulopuntia sphaerica (C.F.Först.) E.F.Anderson | Peru |
| Cumulopuntia subterranea (R.E.Fr.) F.Ritter | Argentina, Bolivia |
| Cumulopuntia unguispina (Backeb.) F.Ritter ex A.Pauca & Quip. | Peru |
| Cumulopuntia zehnderi (Rauh & Backeb.) F.Ritter | Peru |
# Blo.Torch

Blo.Torch is a Dutch melodic death metal band from The Hague. Freely mixing genres, their style has also been described as black metal. Formed by Marvin Vriesde and Hassan Moechtar in 1996, they got their first big break when their debut demo titled "The Plot Sickens..." got a great review in Terrorizer magazine, which caught the eye of Earache Records label manager Dan Tobin. After contacting the band and listening to more material, he offered BloTorch a record deal with Earache sublabel Wicked World Records. Blo.Torch released their self titled debut album on Wicked World in 1999. Blo.Torch and Wicked World parted ways in 2001.
In the next years, Blo.Torch recorded two more demos and parted ways with vocalist Michel de Wilde, who was succeeded by Chris van der Valk. In 2004, Blo.Torch entered the prestigious regional talent competition, De Grote Prijs van Zuid-Holland (The Grand Prize of South Holland) in 2004., which they won. Winning the regional leg granted them a place in the national finals, De Grote Prijs van Nederland (The Grand Prize of The Netherlands), but did not win.
Still unsigned, the band released another full length album titled "Volatile" in 2004. In 2005, guitarist Marvin Vriesde left the band to focus on his other band, Severe Torture. Vriesde was succeeded by Rory Hansen.
October 2006, Blo.Torch played their last show in De Baroeg, Rotterdam.
The band released another full length album, Volatile, Currently unsigned, they had been signed with Earache Records, and have released two full-length albums.

## Overview

The founding members, Hassan Moechtar and Marvin Vriesde were quickly joined by Sander Koole (formerly with Cypher). After a demo, they recorded an eponymous album, which was picked up by Wicked World, a sublabel of Earache Records, who signed the band in 2000. Quickly, however, the band complained about lack of support, and recorded and released the follow-up, Volatile, independently. Since recording that album, the band has played smaller festivals and venues in the Netherlands.
In July 2005, Vriesde left the band (he is also active in Dew-Scented) and was replaced by Rory Hansen, formerly of Bagga Bownz. The band's website announced in 2006 that Sander Koole, longtime bassist for the band, left to pursue other musical interests. Since 7 October 2006, the band's website has not been updated.

## Members
### Current members

* Hassan Moechtar - guitar
* Rory Hansen - guitar
* Pascal Rappailles - drums
* Chris van der Valk - vocals

### Past members

* Sander Koole - bass
* John den Buitelaar - drums
* Michel de Wilde - vocals
* Marvin Vriesde - guitar

## Discography

* The Plot Sickens... (Demo, 1997)
* Blo.Torch (Album, Wicked World/Earache, 1999)
* Demo 2001 (Demo, 2001)
* Plan B (Promo CD, 2002)
* Volatile (Album, 2004)