OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Counterknowledge

Counterknowledge: How We Surrendered to Conspiracy Theories, Quack Medicine, Bogus Science and Fake History is a polemic by British writer and journalist Damian Thompson which examines the dissemination and reception of fringe theories. It was published on 1 January 2008 by Atlantic Books and is Thompson's third book.

## Overview

Thompson argues that we are experiencing a "pandemic of credulous thinking". People are increasingly surrendering the values of the Enlightenment to accept a barrage of "counterknowledge", which he defines as "misinformation packaged to look like fact". This concept embodies both theories for which there is no supporting evidence, and theories against which there is already evidence that directly contradicts them. Thompson does not consider religious teachings to be counterknowledge because their claims are metaphysical, and are thus inherently unverifiable.
Among the forms of counterknowledge Thompson examines are alternative medicine, such as homeopathy and crystal therapy; pseudoscience, such as creationism; pseudohistory, such as Holocaust denial; and conspiracy theories, such as those concerning the September 11 attacks and the Moon landing.

## Reception

Counterknowledge received a number of positive reviews. In New Humanist magazine, A. C. Grayling described Counterknowledge as an "excellent little book" which debunks sophistry with "great clarity and efficiency". In The Independent, Peter Stanford described it as a "short and punchy book, written with passion and humour"; The Guardian's Jonathan Sale felt that there was not a single "dull sentence". The book was "highly recommended as an initial source for argumentation" and a potential "antidote to the kind of thinking which he [Thompson] critiques" by The Skeptic. In The Daily Telegraph, Tim Lott described the book as "highly enjoyable" and "well-written", but felt that Thompson did not address what he considered to be a critical issue: how to "...promote real knowledge in a world where reality is something that more and more people wish to avoid".
The book drew criticism because of its message in the context of the author's religious association—Thompson is a director of the Catholic Herald. Grayling, an atheist, rejected his justification of how religion isn't counterknowledge and felt that religion should also be considered counterknowledge because it too is "controverted by the evidence of our senses"; Sale also wrote that counterknowledge and religion may be considered indistinguishable. In the Metro, Robert Murphy viewed some of Thompson's conclusions as debatable, but felt that his anger towards those who distribute patently false information was justified.
# Koposov 2

Koposov 2 is a low-luminosity globular cluster in the constellation Gemini in the halo of the Milky Way galaxy. It was discovered, along with globular cluster Koposov 1 by S. Koposov et al. in 2007. Koposov 1 and Koposov 2 were described by their discoverers as the "lowest luminosity globular clusters orbiting the Milky Way," along with AM 4, Palomar 1, and Whiting 1.
# FCER1G

Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I, receptor for; gamma polypeptide is gamma chain of high affinity IgE receptor. This protein is encoded by the FCER1G gene in humans.

## Function

The high affinity IgE receptor, FcεRI, is a key molecule involved in allergic reactions. It is a tetramer composed of 1 alpha, 1 beta, and 2 gamma chains. The gamma chains are also subunits of other Fc receptors. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].
# Eassie railway station

Eassie railway station served the village of Eassie, Angus, Scotland from 1838 to 1956 on the Scottish Midland Junction Railway.

## History

The station opened on 4 June 1838 by the Newtyle, Eassie and Glamiss Railway but disappeared from the timetable in October 1847. It reopened on 2 August 1848. It closed to both passengers and goods traffic on 11 June 1956.
# Willibald Utz

Willibald Utz (20 January 1893 – 20 April 1954) was a German general during World War II who commanded several divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

## Life and career

Willibald Utz was born in Furth im Wald in Bavaria on 20 January 1893. In 1913, at the age of 20, he entered the Bavarian Army as an ensign, and by September 1914 he had been commissioned lieutenant. After serving in World War I he joined the inter-war Reichswehr. By the outbreak of World War II in 1939 he was commander of the 100th (mountain) (Gebirgsjäger) Regiment, and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his leadership of this regiment during the invasion of Crete during May and June 1941.
In April 1943, Utz was appointed commander of the newly reconstituted 100th Jäger Division, which had been destroyed at the end of the Battle of Stalingrad. Promoted to major general (generalmajor) on 1 July 1943, he held his command on the Eastern Front from March to December 1944.
Now a lieutenant general (generalleutnant), he took over command of the 2nd Mountain Division on 9 February 1945 when its previous commander was wounded. After fighting on the Western Front in the Saar-Moselle Triangle, his new command, earlier in the war considered an elite unit, was well below strength and combat effectiveness. The division finished the war in Württemberg where Utz surrendered it to the Western Allies.

## Awards and decorations

* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 June 1941 as Oberst (colonel) and commander of Gebirgs-Jäger-Regiment 100 during the Battle of Crete.
# Groupe scolaire Paul Gauguin

The Groupe scolaire Paul Gauguin or the Lycée Français Paul Gauguin was a French international school in Agadir, Morocco.
In 2013 an announcement stating that there was a possibility of the school merging with the Lycée Français d'Agadir (LFA) caused an uprising amongst the parents. On 31 August 2014 the school closed, and students were moved to the LFA.
# Lakshminiya, Mahottari

Lakshminiya is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 7540 people living in 1444 individual households.
# Employment zone

Employment Zones were areas within the UK designated as such to 'loosen restrictions' and requirements on government assistance in job acquisition. Those living in Employment Zones were able to get financial assistance to set up in business, improve their skills or even buy clothes for a job interview. The zones were managed by the Department for Work and Pensions.

## Employment Zones

Fifteen areas across the UK were classified as Employment Zones. Typically, private sub-contractors would bid for workfare contracts for the designated areas blighted by long-term unemployment.
The following companies were classed as Employment Zones providers: Reed in Partnership PLC Pertemps Employment Alliance Ltd Working Links (Employment) Ltd The Wise Group Pelcombe Training Ltd Ingeus (formerly Work Directions UK Ltd) TNG Workzone

### Criticism of Employment Zones

Variant magazine published an article discussing Employment Zones. A.W.o.L. - an independent unemployed group in Brighton and Hove - was set up in response to the creation of an Employment Zone.
# Waterfront and Allied Workers' Union

The Waterfront and Allied Workers' Union (WAWU) is a trade union in Dominica. It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.
# Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium

Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium is a rugby union stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa. It seats 4,000 people. Previously it was used as home venue by the Katlehong City Football Club, but when the club was relegated from the National First Division in May 2002, they moved their home venue to another place in the Free State Province. Since then, the stadium has mostly been used to host various Rugby games in Johannesburg.
vteGreater Johannesburg :
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Johannesburg :
26°21′14.63″S 28°12′5.09″E﻿ / ﻿26.3540639°S 28.2014139°E﻿ / -26.3540639; 28.2014139
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# William Bruce, 8th Earl of Kincardine

William Bruce, 8th Earl of Kincardine (died 8 September 1740), the son of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Kincardine and Rachel Paunceforth, became the 8th Lord of Torry and the 8th Earl of Kincardine in 1740.
His wife was Janet Roberton, the daughter of James Roberton, a Lord of Session (in turn a grandson of James Roberton, Lord Bedlay an ordinary Lord of Session during the Restoration.) and his wife Euphemia Burnett.
The couple were second cousins, both descendants of Robert Bruce, Lord Broomhill. Bruce's descent was through his father Thomas Bruce 7th Earl of Kincardine and his grandfather Alexander 4th Earl of Kincardine. His wife's mother was the daughter of Janet Bruce, Alexander's sister. Bruce had five children:
* Lady Christian Bruce d. 1810 ar. 28 Apr 1762 James Erskine of Cardross
* Lt-General James Thomas Bruce M.P. for Marlborough 1796 and Great Bedwyn 1796–1797 (d. 12 Dec 1797)
* Charles Bruce 9th Earl of Kincardine (who later succeeded as the 5th Earl of Elgin)
* Rev Hon. James Bruce b. 1865
* Lady Rachel Bruce m. 1778 John Milnes Esq. d. 1803
His son Charles Bruce inherited the Earldom of Elgin from the extinct line of Charles Bruce, the 3rd Earl of Ailesbury and 4th Earl of Elgin by virtue of their descent from Sir George Bruce, younger brother of Edward, the 1st Lord of Kinloss
Peerage of Scotland :
| Preceded byThomas Bruce | Earl of Kincardine 1710–1740 | Succeeded byCharles Bruce |
# Ramadan Güney

Ramadan Güney (18 February 1932 – 2 November 2006) was a British-Turkish Cypriot businessman and politician. He was the owner of Brookwood Cemetery, the largest cemetery in the United Kingdom, with the aim of establishing a Turkish cemetery. Güney was also the founder and chairman of the UK Turkish Islamic Trust and had established the first Turkish mosque in London, Shacklewell Lane Mosque, in 1977.
He was also a founding member of the VOLKAN organisation in Cyprus, established in the 1950s as part of the struggle against the Greek Cypriot nationalists, EOKA. He was in later years a Member of Parliament and presidential candidate in Northern Cyprus.

## Life

Güney was born in Paphos, Cyprus in 1932 to Turkish Cypriot parents. After leaving school, he served in the British Army and police on the island. However, in 1955, with the rise of EOKA Greek Cypriots fought a violent campaign for the end of British rule as well as for union with Greece (enosis); Güney fought against this by becoming a founding member of the Volkan organisation. In 1958 he emigrated to Britain where he set up a music publishing business and became a millionaire at the age of 35. In 1977 he helped found and run the first Turkish Cypriot mosque in London, called the Shacklewell Lane Mosque, and worked on a variety of social and community projects, arising from his work with the UK Turkish Islamic Centre.
He acquired Brookwood Cemetery in 1985, the purchase evolving from Güney's role as Chairman of the UK Turkish Islamic Trust, which wanted suitable burial facilities for its members.
In 1990 he stood guarantor for £1m for the bail of Asil Nadir, who was accused and eventually convicted of theft in his role as the chief executive of Polly Peck, a British textile company. Nadir eventually fled, but the courts ruled that Güney was not liable to pay the £1m because bail had not technically been renewed; it also turned out that Güney had warned the Serious Fraud Office in advance of his concerns that Nadir might flee.
He died at the age of 74 in Northern Cyprus. Following a service at his mosque in London, he was buried in his family vault at Brookwood Cemetery on Friday 10 November 2006.

## Personal life

Güney was married to Süheyla Güney who died in 1992. They had two sons and four daughters from this marriage.
Diane Holliday was Güney's partner of six years before his death. In 2011, the inheritance of the cemetery was successfully challenged by Diane Holliday and her adult son from a previous marriage, Kevin.
# Easson

Easson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Frederick Easson (1905–1988), Scottish Episcopal Church bishop of the Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney in Scotland, United Kingdom
* Jimmy Easson "Jimmy" Easson (1906–1983), Scottish footballer who played as an inside-forward for Portsmouth in the English Football League
* Mary Easson (born 1955), Australian Labor Party Member of the House of Representatives for the Division of Lowe from 1993
* Michael Easson AM (born 1955), Australian businessman and former union leader
# Daniel Knight Warren House

The Daniel Knight Warren House is a house located in Warrenton, Oregon, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Daniel Knight Warren was an Oregon pioneer born in Bath, New York on March 12, 1836.
# Bayfront Convention Center

The Bayfront Convention Center is a convention center complex located in Erie, Pennsylvania. The center, which has views of Presque Isle Bay from three sides, includes a 28,800-square-foot (2,680 m$^2$) Great Hall with a seating capacity of 4,500, and a 13,500-square-foot (1,250 m$^2$) Grand Ballroom. The attached hotels are a Sheraton and Courtyard by Marriott The center held an open house beginning on August 3, 2007. Local promotion continued with public tours during the annual Celebrate Erie festival 17–19 August 2007. The attached hotel opened on April 10, 2008.
Construction manager, Barton Malow completed the construction of this project which won the 2008 Build America Award from the Associated General Contractors of America.

## General Managers

* Kevin R. Molloy, June 3, 2002 – May 11, 2008
* Jeff Esposito, May 12, 2008 – present
# Growing teratoma syndrome

Growing teratoma syndrome is a rare complication of teratoma that can occur when an immature ovarian germ cell teratoma is treated by chemotherapy.
# Governor's Foreign Language Academies

Starting in 1986, the Virginia Department of Education has sponsored Governor's Foreign Language Academies, summer residential programs for Virginia's most motivated and talented foreign language students. As of 2006, approximately 6,600 students have completed one of the six programs, housed at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond: immersion programs in French, German, and Spanish, an intensive Latin program, and partial-immersion programs in Russian and Japanese. Virginia Commonwealth University offers concurrent STARTALK summer programs in Chinese and Arabic.
The six governor's academies maintain their individuality and offer activities to expand global awareness, multi-cultural understanding, and international education. The three immersion academies provide an intensive experience and unique challenge for students who have excelled in language study to continue their study of that language in a total immersion environment, which is generally unavailable in the regular school environment. The Latin Academy provides an intensive experience for students who have excelled in the study of Latin to continue their study in a milieu unavailable in the regular school environment and introduces the students to classical Greek. The partial-immersion programs in Japanese and Russian, as well as the STARTALK programs in Chinese and Arabic, provide an opportunity for interested students to be introduced to these cultures and languages, which are not widely taught across the Commonwealth. Beginning with the summer of 2011, the Commonwealth of Virginia ceded sponsorship of the Russian Academy to Virginia Commonwealth University.
The success of the pilot Virginia's Governor's Foreign Language Academies is influencing other states into starting similar programs to encourage excellence in foreign languages.

## Activities

Initially, each academy was held at a separate college or university in Virginia; however, from 2004 until 2010, all academies were held at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond Virginia. In 2011, once again, the academies dispersed throughout the commonwealth. In 2012, The Japanese and Latin Academies will be hosted by Randolph-Macon College, in Ashland Virginia. French, Spanish, and German Academies will occur at Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. Highlights of the programs include day trips, such as to Washington, D.C. to see various museums, academic, and/or cultural institutions that correspond to the respective foreign languages, outings to the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, or the archaeological sites at Jamestown.
# Ptiliolum

Ptiliolum is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Ptiliidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.
Species:
* Ptiliolum africanum Peyerimhoff, 1917
* Ptiliolum atlanticum Peyerimhoff, 1917
# Monoxenus balteatus

Monoxenus balteatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1903.
# Râul Mic

Râul Mic may refer to:
* Râul Mic (Cugir), Romania
* Râul Mic (Cibin), Romania
# Dale Polakoff

Dale Polakoff (born July 23, 1957) is an American Modern Orthodox Rabbi, teacher and spiritual leader. He has served as the senior rabbi of the Great Neck Synagogue for over 30 years and formerly served as President of the Rabbinical Council of America.

## Biography

Dale Polakoff was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 23, 1957. He moved to New York for his undergraduate studies at Yeshiva University and graduated in 1979 with a bachelor's degree in psychology. He continued his learning at the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary and was granted semicha (rabbinical ordination) in 1982, after having learned in the Gruss Kollel for several years, then headed by Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein.
Polakoff's first rabbinic position was as assistant rabbi at Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun, where he also served as a faculty member of the Rabbi Joseph Lookstein Upper School of Ramaz. In 1988, Polakoff became senior rabbi of the Great Neck Synagogue in Great Neck, Long Island and a faculty member of the North Shore Hebrew Academy.
Polakoff served as president of the Rabbinical Council of America from 2005 to 2007. In September 2005, he testified to the United States Congress representing the Rabbinical Council of America in support of the nomination of John Roberts to the Supreme Court of the United States.

## Personal life

Polakoff resides in Great Neck, New York with his wife Ellen née Pinsker. He is a father of 9.
# E39

E39 may refer to:
* Tetrasodium EDTA, a cosmetics additive
* BMW 5 Series (E39), the BMW 5 Series mid-size luxury car manufactured between 1995 and 2003
* European route E39, a part of Norwegian national road system
* HMS E39, a British E class submarine
* E39 screw, a type of Edison screw
* Asahikawa-Monbetsu Expressway, route E39 in Japan
* Setiawangsa–Pantai Expressway, route E39 in Malaysia
# Daniel Knobel

Daniel Pieter 'Neil' Knobel SSAS SD SOE SM MMM KStJ MBC HB PHD (29 November 1936 – 22 July 2021) was a South African military commander. A medical doctor, he was Surgeon-General, in command of the South African Medical Service, from 1988 to 1997.

## Medical career

Knobel was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1936. Educated at the Afrikaans Boys High School in Pretoria, South Africa, he graduated with an MD and as specialist anatomist at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland in 1966. After being involved in academic medicine as a teacher of anatomy to approximately 20,000 students of all health professions in both Scotland and South Africa, he retired as Professor and Head of the Anatomy Department at the University of Pretoria, South Africa in 1979.
Having served for 13 years (from 1966 to 1979) as a Medical Officer, in various staff and operational positions in the part-time forces of the South African Defence Force, he joined the Permanent Force as Chief of Staff Medical Operations, with the rank of Brigadier in 1980. During the period 1980 to 1988, he obtained the Command and Staff and Joint Staff qualifications of the SADF, and served in various capacities in numerous operations in the RSA, South West Africa, Angola and Mozambique. In 1988 he was appointed Surgeon General of the SADF with the rank of lieutenant general.
During his term of office he was responsible for the medical care of four successive State Presidents of the RSA, all foreign dignitaries, as well as providing a specialized supporting service to all the security services and the Department of Health in South Africa. He also commanded the secretive South African chemical and biological weapons program, known as Project Coast from 1988 to 1998.

## Honours and awards

He officially visited 160 military and scientific installations in 14 countries, received 21 honours and awards and was decorated on seven occasions. In particular the Order of the Star of South Africa (Silver) was conferred on him by the State President of the RSA in 1992 and in 1994, Queen Elizabeth II sanctioned his promotion to Knight of the Order of St John.

### Medal List

* Star of South Africa (Silver) (SSAS)
* Southern Cross Decoration (SD)
* South African Police Star for Outstanding Service (SOE)
* Southern Cross Medal (1975) (SM)
* Military Merit Medal (MMM)
* Pro Patria Medal
* Southern Africa Medal
* General Service Medal (South Africa)
* Unitas (Unity) Medal
* Good Service Medal (Silver (20 Years))
* Good Service Medal (Bronze (10 Years))
* Venerable Order of Saint John (Gr II - Knight of Justice or Grace) (KStJ)

## Professional recognition

He is the author/co-author of 72 academic, military and/or scientific publications and is associated with 45 professional societies/organizations. With a special devotion to the needs of the disabled, he established the Curamus Association and Curamus Monument, for serving and ex-serving members of the Security Services of the RSA in 1989 and was awarded the World Veterans Fund Rehabilitation Prize for his work in this regard in 2000.
# Bayfront, Wisconsin

Bayfront is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Ashland County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 113.
Bayfront is in northern Ashland County, on the southeast shore of Chequamegon Bay, an inlet of Lake Superior. The community is within the limits of the Bad River Reservation. Ashland, the county seat, is 5 miles (8 km) to the southwest.
# Lauras

Lauras may refer to:
* Lauras Bielinis, a Lithuanian political scientist
* Lauras Januševičius [lt], Lithuanian footballer
* Lauras Stacevičius [lt], Lithuanian politician