OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Buffelspoort Dam

Buffelspoort Dam is an arch type dam in the Sterkstroom River, a tributary of the Crocodile River (West), North West Province, South Africa. Its main purpose is for irrigation use and it is owned by the Department of Water Affairs.
It is located on the northern slopes of Magaliesberg mountain range, 27 km southeast of Rustenburg. This dam is a popular fishing spot.
# Gibson, Dunklin County, Missouri

Gibson is an unincorporated community in northern Dunklin County, Missouri, United States. It is located thirteen miles (19 km) north of Kennett on Route 53.
Gibson was originally called Canaan Island; the present name honors the Gibson family, original owners of the site. A post office called Gibson has been in operation since 1892.
# Gibson, Inc. Factory and Office Building

The Gibson, Inc. Factory and Office Building is a former industrial building located at 225 Parsons Street in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2022.

## History

In 1902, Orville Gibson incorporated the Gibson Mandolin Guitar Company in Kalamazoo. Production began in a former bakery located in downtown Kalamazoo. They company soon moved to a larger facility, and in 1911 moved again to a larger two-story industrial building. By this time the company employed over sixty workmen, and even the new facility was proving too small. The same year, the company purchased land on Parson Street and hired local architect George Gilbert Worden to design a new factory and office building. However, securing permits and material was slow, and construction did not begin until 1916, with the building completed in 1917.
After World War I, interest in the mandolin declined, affecting Gibson's profits. This was exacerbated by the arrival of the Great Depression some years later. However, the company adapted and even constructed a small addition to the plant in 1935. Additional expansions were made in 1945, by the late 1940s the company was again expanding, and substantial additions to the building were made in 1950. The $400,000 brick-and-steel expansion of 1960 added an additional 60,000 square feet. In 1965, the plant was again expanded, filling the entire block. However, the market softened in the late 1960s, and in 1969 the company changed ownership.
Gibson opened a plant in Nashville, Tennessee in 1975, and over the next decade production shifted to the new plant. The Kalamazoo plant was shuttered in 1984. The 1917 building was occupied in 1985 by Heritage Guitars, a company created by former Gibson employees. They later relocated to one of the additions, and remain there as of 2021. Other small companies also use the space.
In 2021, a planned renovation of the building into a Hard Rock Hotel was announced.

## Description

The Gibson, Inc. Factory and Office Building, consists of the original 1917 building and ten subsequent additions completed between 1917 and 1965, covering a city block. The original 1917 factory building, located in the southeast corner of the property, is a "daylight" style factory constructed of cast-in-place concrete. It is three stories tall and has a concrete and a stucco-like exterior and large steel-framed industrial windows on all sides. The remaining additions are of varied styles, most being single-story steel structures with masonry exteriors. A Modern Movement office building was added in the 1950s.
# Bullou

Bullou (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the commune of Dangeau.
# EasyRider

The easyrider Citycard, (known formally as EasyRider and locally as RealRider), is a contactless smartcard introduced in 2000 in Nottingham, England, for use on Nottingham City Transport Services. It was originally named 'BusCard'. The name EasyRider was first used by NCT in 1981 for a pre-paid, paper-based system that was carried and used with a photo-identity card. In September 2009 the card was relaunched as 'easyrider Citycard'; it merged easyrider and Citycard into one card.

## Background

The Easyrider card is a contactless smartcard. Travellers wave the card past the green readers on Nottingham City Transport buses. The card can not be used at tram stops.

## Cards

There are four different kinds of easyrider cards; easyrider Everyday, easyrider Anyday, and their respective 'further' versions for use on South Notts 1 to Loughborough and Pathfinder 100 to Southwell, as well as other services that extend beyond the City Zone into the Outer Area.

### easyrider Everyday

Blue card, can be purchased in blocks from 7 days up to 1 year. Activated for all NCT buses in that period of time. The card carries a photograph of the holder.

### easyrider Anyday

Easyrider Anyday can be purchased for 5, 10, 20 or 100 days. However, it is activated only on the days it is used and so is useful for those who travel regularly but not on consecutive days.

### easyrider Purse

Like an electronic purse, ordinary tickets can be bought at a reduced price using credit stored on it.

### Citycard Senior

Allows over 60s to travel free within the county.

### Citycard Mobility/Mobility+

Allows the disabled to travel free within the county.

### Student Cards

Students of the Nottingham Trent University can also use their university ID cards on Nottingham City Transport and NET, activated in the University at Chaucer Building (City Site) or George Eliot Building (Clifton Campus) at discounted rates. They can also be topped up at the NCT Travel Centre in the usual way.
Students of the University of Nottingham are able to use their University Cards for travel. They can top up their cards in the Student's Union travel centre.

## Milestones

* First contactless smartcard in the UK is launched in Nottingham, called BusCard (September 2000)
* BusCard renamed EasyRider City (March 2004)
* Tram services commence, and EasyRider City smartcards are accepted, although conductors are unable to validate them (March 2004)
* EasyRider Child launched (August 2004)
* EasyRider Anytime launched (September 2004)
* EasyRider Child renamed EasyRider <16 (September 2005)
* Tram conductors begin reading cards (September 2005)
* Trent Barton announce contactless smartcard, called 'ToTo' (February 2006)
* Citycard Senior/Mobility/Mobility+ revealed (Mid 2007)
* Trent Barton reveal contactless smartcard, called 'Mango' (Late 2007)
* EasyRider <16 extended to 18 years of age, now called EasyRider <18 (March 2008)
* EasyRider Anytime <18 launched (August 2008)
* easyrider Citycard family launched (September 2009)

## Competition

In late 2007, Trent Barton, a neighbouring bus operator in Greater Nottingham, revealed their contactless smartcard system, Mango.
# Building at 140 W. Main Street

Building at 140 W. Main Street is a historic home located at Newark in New Castle County, Delaware. It was built in 1885 and is a three-story, L-shaped frame residence in the Second Empire style. It was built as a single family home, but later divided into apartments. Also on the property is a carriage house.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
# Clean surplus accounting

The clean surplus accounting method provides elements of a forecasting model that yields price as a function of earnings, expected returns, and change in book value.
The theory's primary use is to estimate the value of a company's shares (instead of discounted dividend/cash flow approaches). The secondary use is to estimate the cost of capital, as an alternative to e.g. the CAPM. The "clean surplus" is calculated by not including transactions with shareholders (such as dividends, share repurchases or share offerings) when calculating returns; whereas standard accounting for financial statements requires that the change in book value equal earnings minus dividends (net of capital changes).

## Theory

The market value (MV) of the firm—and hence security returns—can be expressed in terms of balance sheet and income statement components, as below. This allows reading the firm's value directly from the balance sheet. The theory assumes ideal conditions. Here:
    The market value of a firm = net book value of the firm’s net assets + present value of future abnormal earnings (goodwill).
    Logic:
* Goodwill is calculated as the difference between actual earnings and expected earnings ("abnormal earnings").
** Actual earnings are the “clean surplus” - this ensures that all gains or losses go through the income statement. The impact of fair values is recognized in earnings.
** Expected earnings = opening shareholders' equity X the firm's cost of capital (similar to accretion of discount.)
* Finally, convert book value to market value as above: firm value = net worth of the firm + calculated estimate of firm's goodwill.

### Applicability

This approach provides a relatively "quick and dirty" method to calculate the market value of a firm - which should be (approximately) the same as a valuation based on discounted dividends or cash flows.
The model provides one estimate of the firm's shares, useful for comparison to their market value. Research by Frankel & Lee shows that this ratio provides a good predictor of share returns for 2–3 years into the future.
The model is applicable when abnormal earnings do not "persist" (i.e. no goodwill); in this case all gains and losses go through the income statement, and the firm's fair value appears on the balance sheet. The investor can then calculate expected earnings directly from the balance sheet, as above. However, if persistence is assumed, the income statement will have emerging "information content": this increases the impact of the income statement on firm value, and the method is less applicable. (Greater persistence similarly translates to a greater Earnings response coefficient.)
# Pentresaeson Halt railway station

Pentresaeson Halt railway station was a station in Bwlchgwyn, Wrexham, Wales. The station was opened on 20 March 1905 and closed on 1 January 1931.
# Burhar railway station

Burhar railway station is a railway station on Bilaspur–Katni line under Bilaspur railway division of South East Central Railway Zone of Indian Railways. The railway station is situated beside State Highway 9A at Lakheran Tola, Burhar in Shahdol district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

## History

Katni to Umaria railway line was constructed in 1886 as Katni–Umaria Provincial State Railway and in 1891 the line was extended to Bilaspur Junction by Bengal Nagpur Railway.
# Bulrush (disambiguation)

Bulrush or bullrush is a common name for any of several wetland plants, mostly in the sedge family, Cyperaceae.
Bulrush may also refer to:
* HMS Bullrush (K307), former name of HMCS Mimico (K485)
* Bullrush (game), a variation of the tag and running game British Bulldog
* "Bull-Rush", a song by Paul Weller from the 1992 album Paul Weller
* Bullrush, one of eleven Reedling keelboats
* Bullrush, a technique by mixed martial artist Bob Sapp
# Claude Guillaumin

Claude Guillaumin (11 August 1842 – 9 March 1927) or Édouard Pépin was a French painter and caricaturist.

## Life and career

He was born on 11 August 1842 in Moulins. He was one of the Republicans exiled to Algeria during the suppression of the uprisings against the Coup of 2 December 1851. This incident affected the young Claude Guillaumin, who opposed bonapartism and all forms of despotism.
Using the pseudonym Pépin, he made his cartoonist debut at the end of the Second Empire at La Lune (from 1866), La Rue de Jules Vallès (1867-1868), then L'Éclipse. Pépin's cartoons have appeared on the cover of L'Éclipse many times.
In the early part of the Third Republic, Pépin began drawing in 1875 for Le Grelot, for which he had drawn most of the covers between 1876 and 1879, thus replacing Alfred Le Petit. Later, he made illustrations for various magazines. He also worked at Le Lampion de Berluron. In November 1881, Guillaumin became the administrator of this satirical magazine, in which he freely conveyed his anti-religionist ideologies. In the same years, his caricatures were also published in Le Troupier.
In the mid-1880s Pépin returned to Le Grelot. As a radical Republican, he made accusations against monarchists, Catholics, Boulangists (especially Henri Rochefort) and socialists there. Pépin later joined the Dreyfusard camp. From the end of the autumn of 1897 he had a conflict with the director of Le Grelot over a caricature of General Mercier, in which he expressed his thoughts. Pépin then decided to start his own weekly satirical magazine, Le Fouet. He also sent drawings to Petit Rouennais between 1901 and 1902.
Pépin was a student of Henri Harpignies, he was also a painter. Like his master, he produced works on landscapes. In 1890 he exhibited Le Chantier du Père Gazut at the Paris Salon. In 1917 he drew the Cher coast, Puisaye and Montrichard.
He died on 9 March 1927 in the 9th arrondissement of Paris.

## Gallery

* Auguste Vermorel and Louis Veuillot
* La Rue team
* Baker Gabriel Terrail
* Paul de Cassagnac raises money for Bishop of Mende whose salary is suspended by Louis Ricard
* Marquis de Mores and Drumont
* Panama scandal
* Norton incident
* Arton's arrest
* Léon Bourgeois and Charles Demole
* Artillerie Boche
# East African School of Taxation

The East African School of Taxation provides tax training and consultancy services in East Africa. The school is located in Kampala, Uganda, and is the first taxation school in East Africa. It offers courses in income tax and revenue administration, certificates of merit in taxation, and tailor-made courses in taxation for parastatal organizations, the private sector, local governments and small and medium enterprises. The school also offers training in facilitating tax planning processes, salary, and benefits tax consultancy, tax management systems and tax audits.
The school aims to attract revenue officials, lawyers, financial managers, accountants and economists from the Uganda Revenue Authority; the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development; the Tax Appeals Tribunal; law firms and non-profit organizations.
# Clelea pravata

Clelea pravata is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is found on Java in Indonesia.
# Per Jonas Nordhagen

Per Jonas Nordhagen (born 30 October 1929) is a Norwegian art historian.
He was born in Bergen as a son of professor Rolf Nordhagen (1894–1979) and Elisabeth Marie Myhre (1900–1979). He was a grandson of Johan Nordhagen and nephew of Olaf Nordhagen. He has been married twice; first to art historian Signe Horn Fuglesang, a daughter of Rolf Jørgen Fuglesang.
He finished his secondary education in 1948 and took the mag.art. degree (PhD equivalent) at the University of Oslo in 1955. He was a lecturer at the University of Oslo from 1962 to 1969, and after taking the dr.philos. degree in 1968 he became a docent at the University of Bergen from 1969 to 1973. He managed the University of Oslo's Norwegian Institute in Rome from 1973, succeeding his mentor Hans Peter L'Orange, before being a docent at the University of Oslo from 1976 to 1986 and a professor at the University of Bergen from 1986 to 1999. He was elected to the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in 1974.
His special field was Roma and Byzantine mosaics and frescos. He has also been involved in architecture and protection of buildings, among others in the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments. In 1994 he became deputy chairman of the National Gallery of Norway.
# Giovanni Giacinto Vogli

Giovanni Giacinto Vogli (1697-1762) was an Italian physician and writer.

## Biography

He was born in Budrio, but moved to Bologna; where he initially studied with the Jesuits. He then studied medicine at the University of Bologna. He wrote a book (published 1726) about distinguished graduates of this University. He was best known for a medical dissertation titled: De Anthropogenia dissertatio anatomico physica (1718, Bologna).
At the University of Bologna, he studied initially under Stefano Danielli (1656-1730), professor of Anatomy and Medicine. He was able to obtain a doctorate in philosophy and medicine in 1714, at the age of 17 years. He then moved to Florence to work at the Hospital of Santa Maria Novella. During this time, the debates were still raging between the followers of Marcello Malpighi and of Giovanni Girolamo Sbaraglia. This contentious debate had both scientific/philosophic differences as well as tinged by familial grudges. Malpighi was also defending the use of animal studies and new-fangled techniques like microanatomy to contribute to the human medicine, while Sbaraglia thought past knowledge and empirical studies were more important. Vogli seems to have defended the Sbaraglia arguments in his De Anthropogonia Dissertatio Anatomico-Phisica, in qua de Viviparorum Genesi. Volgi also practiced for a time in the Duchy of Urbino.
In the first half of the 1720s Vogli returns to the university to study algebra with professor Carlo Hebert Gerolimino. In 1725, he became a lecturer in Anatomy. In 1728, he was named professor of anatomy, with the support of also Sbaraglia. His work on Fluidi Nervei Historia (1720) where he applied comparative physiology of different species. This book was said to be influential for Luigi Galvani. In the 1730s, Vogli was accepted as a member of the Accademia delle Scienze of Bologna. In the 1740s he was appointed to the newly founded Accademia Benedettina, a papal science academy, and an appointment that carried a yearly stipend. He dedicated some of the time to studying fossil records.
Vogli would marry the sister of Vincenzo Menghini, who was one of the first to report the presence of iron in the blood. Of his sons, Giuseppe became a natural scientist and member of the Academy of Sciences. By 1740s, he suffered loss of vision and was blind for his last decade of life.
# Burnett House

Burnett House or Burnette House may refer to:
in Australia
in the United States (by state then town)
* Burnett House (Searcy, Arkansas), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in White County
* Burnett House (Orlando, Florida), the official residence of the President of the University of Central Florida
* H. C. Burnett House, Boise, Idaho, NRHP-listed in Ada County
* Burnett-Montgomery House, Fairfield, Iowa, NRHP-listed in Jefferson County
* Aubrey Burnett House, Oakland, Kentucky, NRHP-listed in Warren County
* Parker-Burnett House, Somerville, Massachusetts, NRHP-listed
* Edgar A. Burnett House, Lincoln, Nebraska, NRHP-listed in Lancaster County
* Southerland-Burnette House, Mount Olive, North Carolina, NRHP-listed in Wayne County
* Worsley-Burnette House, Conetoe, North Carolina, NRHP-listed in Edgecombe County
* William Burnett House, Washington Court House, Ohio, NRHP-listed in Fayette County
* Burnett House (Houston, Texas), NRHP-listed in Harris County
* Burk Burnett Building, Fort Worth, Texas, NRHP-listed in Tarrant County
# Clemelis

Clemelis is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Clemelis apicalis Villeneuve, 1923
* Clemelis atricans Herting, 1975
* Clemelis delicatula Mesnil, 1970
* Clemelis gymnops Herting, 1975
* Clemelis jingentaoi Zhng & Hao, 2022
* Clemelis majuscula Mesnil, 1954
* Clemelis massilia Herting, 1977
* Clemelis pullata (Meigen, 1824)
* Clemelis pullula (Townsend, 1915)
# Burgh, Netherlands

Burgh is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is connected to Haamstede, and therefore generally considered to be part of the village Burgh-Haamstede.

## Geography

Burgh is a part of the municipality of Schouwen-Duiveland, and lies about 23 km north of Middelburg. The statistical area "Burgh", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1200.
Tourism is very important in Burgh, as it is in nearby Haamstede. Agriculture and fishery are also of some importance.

## History

Burgh was founded as an earthen fortification constructed near the end of the ninth century. It can be called a burh, a circular rampart or a Viking ring fortress. Fact is that it closely resembles a Viking ring fortress. The diameter of the restored fortress is 185 m. Between 2001 and 2007 the fortification of Burgh was partially restored.
Burgh used to be a separate municipality. In 1816 it came to include the smaller village Westenschouwen. In 1961 Burgh was merged with Haamstede, Noordwelle, Renesse and Serooskerke to form the municipality Westerschouwen. In turn this municipality was merged into Schouwen-Duiveland municipality in 1997.
During World War II Burgh was very often bombarded. In 1945 the church of Burgh was hit by a precision bombardment. The North Sea flood of 1953 did heavy damage in Burgh.
# Noucouru River

Noucouru River is a river of Amapá state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Jari River which is part of the Amazon River basin.
0°11′S 52°48′W﻿ / ﻿0.183°S 52.800°W﻿ / -0.183; -52.800
* This article related to a river in Amapá, Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Brudzew

Brudzew may refer to the following places:
* Brudzew, Kalisz County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
* Brudzew, Turek County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
* Brudzew, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
# Baiss

Baiss (/beɪs/) is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* James Baiss (1909–1984), English cricket player
* Reginald Baiss (1873–1955), English cricket player
# De Giacomo

De or de Giacomo is a patronymic surname of Italian origin, derived from the personal name Giacomo. Notable people with the surname include:
* Costantino De Giacomo (fl. 1980–present), Italian gastroenterologist
* Giuseppe De Giacomo (born 1965), Italian computer scientist
* Juan de Giacomo (1913–????), Argentine sports shooter
# Diachasmimorpha mellea

Diachasmimorpha mellea (formerly known as Biosteres melleus) is a species of braconid parasitoid wasp which attacks multiple species of Rhagoletis fruit flies, including R. pomonella, the apple maggot fly. This wasp has been found throughout much of the United States and in Central Mexico. It is morphologically similar to and has overlapping range with another apple maggot parasitoid, Diachasma alloeum.
# Peardrax

Peardrax, formerly Whiteway's Peardrax, is a pear-flavoured fizzy soft drink popular in Trinidad and Tobago. It originated in the United Kingdom, and was first manufactured by Whiteway's, a now-defunct cider company founded in Whimple, Devon during the 19th century. It became part of the conglomerate Allied Breweries in 1968, which merged into Allied Lyons in 1978, and eventually merged into Allied Domecq in 1994. Peardrax and Cydrax was discontinued in 1988, but its rights were acquired in 2004 by Gaymer Cider Company from Allied Domecq. Gaymer Cider Company was bought in 2010 by the C&C Group.
It is manufactured, bottled and distributed by Hand Arnold Trinidad Ltd., a division of Caribbean Distribution Partners Ltd., under license from the Gaymer Cider Company of the C&C Group, an eventual successor to the original Whiteway's.
It was especially popular among some British children during the 1960s and 1970s, though not by all: Victor Lewis-Smith recalls it as "a foul, resinous, cloying, sweet beverage" without even the "saving grace" of inducing drunkenness. It vanished from UK shelves in 1988, together with the apple based Cydrax, suffering from plummeting sales.
Sales of the beverage continued in Trinidad and Tobago to the point that "Trinidadians and Tobagonians now see the drink as a defining part of the culture of their twin-island republic." Until December 2017, it was manufactured and bottled by Pepsi-Cola Trinidad Bottling Company (part of PepsiAmericas Caribbean Operations), before both the Peardrax and Cydrax brands were bought up by Caribbean Distribution Partners, a joint venture of Trinidad-based Agostini's Ltd. and Barbados-based Goddard Enterprises.

## Nutritional facts per 250ml

* Calories: 140
* Fat: 0g
* Carbohydrate: 32g
* Sugars: 32g
* Protein: 0g