OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Claudius Marie Offray

Claudius Marie "C.M." Offray (12 September 1859 – 5 July 1938) was a French-born American designer and manufacturer of ribbons during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Offray came to the United States in 1885 from the ribbon-center of France, Saint-Étienne near Lyons, and founded his company, C.M. Offray and Sons, Inc. in 1876. As of 1988, Offray & Son Inc. was the largest manufacturer of ribbon in the world. The business was merged in 2002 with competitor Berwick Industries to create the name "Berwick Offray".
Offray & Sons Inc. was chosen four times — in 1980, 1984, 1988, and 1996 — to provide the ribbons used by medal winners in the Olympic Games.
He died while on vacation in Skytop, Pennsylvania.
# Gert Prokop

Gert Prokop (born 11 June 1932 in Richtenberg, died 1 March 1994 in Berlin from suicide) was a German writer of science fiction and crime fiction. He spent much of his life in the former East Germany. In crime fiction one of his best known works is "Detective Pinky" about an American boy who dreams of being like Allan Pinkerton and at least one of his crime novels was filmed. His science fiction made use of social criticism and dystopian forms. In 1990 he has won the Deutscher Science Fiction Preis (best short story).

## Crime fiction

* Der Tod des Reporters, 1973
* Einer muß die Leiche sein, 1976 (filmed 1978, Director: Iris Gusner)
* So blond, so schön, so tot, 1994

## Books for children

* Der Drache mit den veilchenblauen Augen, 1974
* Gute-Nacht-Geschichten für verträumte Kinder, 1975
* Der kleine Riese und andere Märchen, Kinderbuch
* Die Maus im Fenster, 1980
* Detektiv Pinky, 1982 (filmed 2001 as Pinky and the Million Dollar Pug [de])
* Der Hausflug, 1989

## Science fiction

* Wer stiehlt schon Unterschenkel? 1977 (aka Der Tod der Unsterblichen, 1984)
* Der Samenbankraub, 1983
* Die Phrrks, 1988
* Das todsichere Ding, 1988
* Null minus unendlich, 1990
# Pat Uwaje-King

Pat Uwaje-King (also known as Patricia King) (born 26 March 1979), is a Nigerian Gospel music singer and songwriter, best known for her solo album, "HE'S DONE ME WELL.

## Early life and career

Pat Uwaje-King started her singing career at Christ Winners Church, Lagos, at the age of 13. She is her parents’ first daughter and the fourth of seven children. Her professional career began in 1999 when she did a series of jingles and commercials for African Independent Television (AIT) Nigeria. She went to Yaba College of Technology (YABATECH) where she was the music director of the school's mass choir – Original Love Choir (OLC). Midnight Crew, the multi-award-winning gospel music quartet was formed out of OLC on 8 November 2001, whilst Patricia was studying at (YABATECH).
Pat Uwaje-King is a Creative Arts graduate of the University of Lagos, Nigeria. She is a music consultant and leader of Midnight Crew, a gospel music group, popularly known for their hit track, "IGWE"

## Education

Pat Uwaje-King had her Primary and began her Secondary education in Ibadan, Oyo state where she was born, although, she later moved to Lagos, where she completed her Secondary education before proceeding to University. She graduated from the University of Lagos in 2010 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, majoring in Theatre Arts. She also possesses a diploma in Secretariat Administration from Yaba College of Technology, which she obtained in 2001.

## Solo career

In November 2013, Midnight Crew announced the next phase of their movement, permitting individual group members to embark on solo projects while leveraging on the platform already created by the Midnight Crew Music & Ministries. This saw Pat Uwaje-King and other members of the group releasing their potentials by embarking on various projects including solo album & single releases, mentorship and tutorial programs for choirs and potential music ministers, amongst others. Uwaje-King has since released 6 singles, which includes "Thank You Lord","Amara", "Jehovah Daalu", "Eze", "He’s Done me Well" and "All Power". She also released videos for "Eze" and He’s Done Me Well. Shortly after the release of the 3rd single, "All Power", Pat Uwaje-King announced the release of her debut solo album which was subsequently released on 3 June 2015. On the 13th of June 2020, her Sophomore album with 12 beautiful tracks, amongst which is the widely accepted "All Power Praise Medley" was released.

## Discography
### Solo album

* 2020 - AMAZING GRACE
* 2015 – HE’S DONE ME WELL

### Midnight Crew albums

* (2013) EZE
* (2012) KING OF NATIONS
* (2008) IGWE
* (2006) TUNGBA UNLIMITED
* (2004) FUSION
# Error Carried Forward

Error Carried Forward (ECF) is an informal principle for school exam grading employed within computational fields of study such as mathematics, physics, engineering and computer science. In questions with multiple parts, it is common that the answer to the current part builds on an answer to the previous part. As such, if the answer to any part is incorrect, all subsequent parts will be incorrect, even if the approach for said subsequent parts was correct. The purpose of Error Carried Forward is to protect students who run into this issue from being penalized not only for the initial error, but for all subsequent errors that are only incorrect in answer, not approach.

## Usage

ECF has been a long standing topic within schools and standardized testing. Newcastle University's School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics (NUMBAS) did not initially offer Error Carried Forwards points, but in 2015, NUMBAS developer Christian Lawson-Perfect proposed a system of adaptive marking enabled by the replacement of question variables with the student’s answers to question parts. Lawson-Perfect's approach is to represent each part of a question as a function of the answer to the previous part. That is, if a student answer's "x" for part a, the correct answer to part b is "f(x)." No matter what the student puts for part a, the corresponding answer for part b can be calculated quickly. Lawson-Perfect discloses that this system cannot identify "why" a student made an error, but maintains that it is generally successful in providing fair ECF credit.
The college board has been known to employ ECF in both the AP Calculus AB and AP Physics B exams. However, the college board does not award ECF marks if an incorrect answer changes the latter parts of question too drastically. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) has also been known to employ ECF on the financial accounting exam. However, this only applied to written, or fill-in-the-blank questions, not the multiple choice ones.
In 2022, Forrest et al conducted a study of a prototype computer application to incorporate ECF into automated grading of online assessments. This application employs the model-view-controller (MVC) design, which includes a data structure to represent the exam questions, a graphical user interface (GUI) for inputting student answers, and a set of algorithms written in JavaScript to process input and output. However, this application is a work in progress, as it cannot handle rounding errors. The study was published in the 2022 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET), highlighting the prevalence of ECF today.
# Aghinlig

Aghinlig (from Irish Achadh an luig, meaning 'field of the hollow') is a townland of 509 acres in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the civil parish of Loughgall and the historic barony of Armagh.
# Goorkha Craters

The Goorkha Craters (79°45′S 159°34′E﻿ / ﻿79.750°S 159.567°E﻿ / -79.750; 159.567) are a line of snow-free coastal hills 5 nautical miles (9 km) long, standing 2 nautical miles (4 km) east of Cooper Nunatak between Carlyon Glacier and Darwin Glacier in Antarctica. They were discovered and named by the British National Antarctic Expedition ( (1901–04).
# Perrin d'Angicourt

Perrin d'Angicourt (floruit 1245–70) was a trouvère associated with the group of poets active in and around Arras. His birthplace was most likely Achicourt, just south of Arras. His surviving oeuvre is large by the standards of the trouvères, and well-distributed in the chansonniers: thirty-five (35) of his songs survive, in some case in as many as eleven different manuscripts.
Two or perhaps three, of Perrin's songs "J'ai un joli souvenir", "Quant partis sui" and perhaps "Quant li cincenis s'escrie" are described in their chansonniers as "crowned songs" (chansons couronnées), indicating that they had won poetry competitions, probably under the aegis of the puy d'Arras. Twice Perrin composed jeux partis"Perrin d'Angicourt, respondés" and "Prince del pui" with Jehan Bretel, also from Arras, and he is referenced in other jeux partis by Bretel, Gaidifer d'Avion, Lambert Ferri, Jehan de Grieviler and a certain Audefroi (perhaps the banker Audefroi Louchart), and also a song by Gillebert de Berneville. Perrin dedicated his own songs "Quant voi en la fin" and "Lors quant je voi" to Duke Henry III of Brabant and Count Guy of Flanders, respectively, known patrons of the trouvères of Arras.
Perrin's most important patron, however, was Count Charles of Anjou, younger brother of King Louis IX of France and later himself King of Naples. Perrin dedicated "Quant li biaus estés repaire" to Charles, he and the count partnered to compose the jeu parti "Quens d'Anjou" and the two together judged "Encor sui cil qui a merci s'atent" by Jehan Erart. Charles also judged one of Perrin's jeux partis with Bretel, "Perrin d'Angicourt, respondés". Although the Charles and Perrin's literary relationship is known, evidence of their real-world interactions is scarce. One document of 1269 may refer to Perrin when it names Petrus de Angicuria as a "rector of the chapel" (rector capellae) to Charles in Naples.
Most of Perrin's poems are strophic, that is, they contain stanzas each with lines of different length. "Quant partis sui" has five line lengths per strophe. His preference was for heptasyllables. Twelve of his poems have fixed or varying refrains. Five or six of were used as models for contrafacta. Two, possibly three, have their melodies preserved in mensural notation.
# Civilian & Telegraph

The Civilian & Telegraph was a Unionist newspaper published weekly in Cumberland, Maryland, from 1859 to 1905. It was created on March 17, 1859, from the merger of two newspapers, the Civilian and Telegraph. William Evans and John J. Maupin were the first editors.

## History
### Civilian

The Civilian was a weekly newspaper established on February 14, 1828, by Samuel Charles. The name of the newspaper was chosen to indicate that the paper did not support the candidacy of military man Andrew Jackson in the 1828 presidential election. Instead, the paper supported "The Great Commoner" and Secretary of State Henry Clay.
On April 14, 1833, a fire burnt down much of Cumberland, including the offices of the Civilian and the Cumberland Advocate. The account books of the Civilian were the only objects recovered from the office afterwards. By July 1833, the Civilian offices had been rebuilt beneath the Cumberland Bank on Mechanic Street. From 1833 through 1840 the paper was known as the Phoenix Civilian.
On November 6, 1846, Archibald Carey purchased the Civilian and also assumed the role of editor. Under Carey's ownership, the paper continued to support the Whig party, which can be traced back to the paper's support of Clay.
Several years later in 1852, H. W. Hoffman purchased a half interest in the paper and became Carey's associate editor.

### Telegraph

The Cumberland Telegraph was a weekly newspaper established in 1851 by Hilleary & Ogden. In 1853, Aza Beall bought both men's share in the paper and became its sole editor and proprietor.

## Merger

On March 17, 1858, the Cumberland Telegraph and Maryland Mining Register (formerly the Telegraph) merged with the Cumberland Miners' Journal (formerly the Civilian) to create the Civilian & Telegraph.
During the Civil War, the politics of the Civilian & Telegraph were conservative and firmly Unionist. The paper became associated with the Unconditional Union Party in 1861. On July 1, 1865, the Civilian & Telegraph was purchased by Will H. Lowdermilk.
Lowdermilk eventually sold his share of the paper to the Civilian Publishing Company.

## Politics

The politics of the Civilian & Telegraph shifted based on the affiliation of its owners. At the time of the merger, the newspaper was Whig in its politics, as its predecessor the Civilian had been. After its purchase by Lowdermilk, it became a Republican paper.
The Civilian & Telegraph endorsed the Constitutional Union Party in the 1860 elections.
The paper, among others such as the Baltimore American, the Baltimore Clipper, the Baltimore County Advocate, and the Frederick Examiner, denounced southern sympathizers and secession.
# AG Draconis

AG Draconis is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Draco. It consists of a giant star and a white dwarf that revolve around each other every 550 days.

## Discovery

AG Draconis has been catalogued since mid 20th century, as BD+67°922. However, its unusual nature did not start to come to light until the middle of the century. It was noted as an emission-line object in 1943, although its nature was not understood. The emission spectrum was serendipitously discovered to be variable by Nancy Grace Roman when she observed the star and found that the spectrum had completely changed since earlier observations. It was given the variable star designation AG Draconis in 1964.

## Variability

AG Draconis spends most of its time in a quiescent phase near visual magnitude 9.8, with only small semi-regular variations thought to be due to pulsations of the giant star. At its faintest, it can reach magnitude 10.3. The semi-regular variations have periods of 340 - 370 days. Variations at ultraviolet wavelengths occur with a period of 550 days, which is the orbital period.
Every 12-16 years, outbursts occur and last for several years. The brightness can increase to visual magnitude 7.9, although usually not this bright.

## System

The a sin i value for the primary is 50.69 R$_☉$, where a is the semimajor axis and i is the (unknown) orbital inclination. The larger star is thought to be an orange hued giant around 1.5 times as massive as the Sun that has swollen to around 35 times the diameter of the Sun with a spectral type measured at K3IIIep. The smaller star is a compact hot white dwarf around 0.4 times as massive as the Sun, with a surface temperature of around 80,000 K.
# List of Columbian College of Arts and Sciences people

The list of Columbian College of Arts and Sciences people includes notable graduates, professors, and administrators affiliated with the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of the George Washington University, located in Washington, D.C.

## Alumni
### Arts

| Name | Known for | Year | Reference |
| David Lynch | Filmmaker, painter, musician, singer, sound designer, photographer, and actor | (1964) | |
| Jan Van Dyke | Dancer, choreographer, dance educator and scholar and pioneer of modern and contemporary dance | 1967 | |

### Media, sports and entertainment

| Name | Known for | Year | Reference |
| Taylor Hale | Winner of Big Brother 24, Miss Michigan USA 2021 | 2017 |
| Kerry Washington | Actress; Forbes named her the eighth highest-paid television actress in 2018 | 1998 | |

### Politics

| Name | Known for | Year |
| Anwar Gargash | Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Emirates | 1981 / 84 |
| Vincent C. Gray | Politician and former Mayor of the District of Columbia | 1964 |
| Carl Lutz | Swiss diplomat; saved 62,000 Jewish Hungarians during the Holocaust | 1924 |
| Mark Warner | Politician and current U.S. Senator from Virginia | 1977 |

### Others

| Name | Known for | Year |
| Paul Kendrick | Former White House Climate and Domestic Director, author | 2005 |
| Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis | Former First Lady of the United States | 1951 |
| Daniel H. Weiss | Art historian and current president and chief executive officer of the Metropolitan Museum of Art | 1979 |

## Faculty
### Current faculty
#### Administration

* Eric Arnesen - vice dean of faculty and administration of the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences
* Kathryn Newcomer - director, Columbian College’s Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration
* Frank Sesno - director, George Washington University School of Media and Public Affairs
* Sanjit Sethi - director, Corcoran School of the Arts and Design
* Paul Wahlbeck - interim dean, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences

#### Faculty

* Sarah Binder - professor of political science, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and an inductee to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
* Dana Tai Soon Burgess - professor of dance, cultural ambassador for the U.S. State Department; renowned choreographer
* Chryssa Kouveliotou - professor of physics, former NASA senior scientist and a leading expert on gamma-ray bursts
* Sarah Wagner - associate professor of anthropology, recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship
* Gayle Wald - professor of English, recipient of Guggenheim and National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowships
* Andrew Zimmerman - professor of history; Guggenheim Fellowship recipient
# Profession (disambiguation)

A profession is a specialized occupation.
Profession may also refer to:
* Religious profession, in the Catholic Church, a commitment made by those entering a religious order
* Profession (novella), a 1957 novella by Isaac Asimov
* The Profession, a 2011 novel by Steven Pressfield
* "Profession", a song by +/- from Let's Build a Fire, 2005
# Montezuma Well springsnail

The Montezuma Well springsnail (Pyrgulopsis montezumensis) is a species of freshwater snail in the family Hydrobiidae, the mud snails. It is endemic to Montezuma Well, a large sinkhole in Yavapai County, Arizona, in the United States.
This snail has an ovate shell measuring no more than 2.7 millimeters tall. The tip of the snout is pigmented. The species is sexually dimorphic.
This aquatic snail lives in springs with substrates of travertine limestone. It is limited to Montezuma Well and the first 100 meters of its outflow. The snail has a preference for areas of the spring with bare limestone and no vegetation or sediment. It tolerates relatively high amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide and remains in areas of the springs where the CO$_2$ concentration is high, possibly as a means of avoiding predators that cannot tolerate these conditions.
# Goniurosaurus gollum

Goniurosaurus gollum, commonly known as the Gollum leopard gecko, is a gecko endemic to China.
# Perrin Paris

PERRIN PARIS is a French leather accessories brand with shops in Paris, New York City, Los Angeles, Tokyo and Hong Kong.

## History

PERRIN PARIS was founded in Saint-Junien, France.
In 2009 Perrin Paris opened a boutique in Beverly Hills, followed by the New York City location on Madison Avenue at the historic Carlyle Hotel. The Paris flagship, located steps away from Place Vendôme, and the Hong Kong shop at the luxurious IFC Mall opened in 2015. Perrin also inaugurated its first shop in Japan in Tokyo G6 Mall.
The house's design studio and showroom is based in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France.
# Châtillon-lès-Sons

Châtillon-lès-Sons (French pronunciation:, literally Châtillon near Sons) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
# Gun tunnel

A gun tunnel is an intermediate altitude hypersonic wind tunnel that can be configured to produce hypersonic flows at roughly 30 to 40 km altitude. This uses a piston for isentropic compression. The hypersonic facility at IISC Bangalore, India has a high enthalpy gun tunnel, which can produce Schlieren imaging and produce up to 8 megajoules of energy. Using a piston can be very tricky due to reflecting of shocks. At the facility, they use aluminium diaphragm to produce shocks and paper diaphragm to avoid shocks and pass through the hypersonic chamber. The pressure used is significantly higher like 30 times the atmosphere.
# Pakleni plan

"Pakleni plan" (Devilish Plan) is a song recorded by Serbian pop recording artist Milica Pavlović and served as the second single from her debut studio album Govor tela. It was released 11 February 2013. The song was written by Vladimir Graić.
The music video was directed by Andrej Ilić and Đorđe Trbović. The video premiered on Pavlović's YouTube channel, the same day as the song.
# Country Joe (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Country Joe was the seventh album by Country Joe McDonald, released in 1975. It was reissued on CD in 1996 on the One Way Records label.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Joe McDonald; except where indicated
* "Dr. Hip" – 3:46
* "Old Joe Corey" – 3:05
* "Making Money in Chile" – 3:11
* "You Messed over Me" – 5:02
* "Memories" – 6:50
* "Chile" – 4:33
* "Pleasin'" – 4:12
* "Jesse James" (Barry Melton, Robert Hunter) – 3:49
* "Satisfactory" – 4:09
* "It's Finally Over" – 2:54

## Personnel

* Country Joe McDonald – vocals, guitar, kazoo, harmonica
* Charlie Brown – electric guitar
* Sam T. Brown – guitar
* Sal DiTroia – guitar
* Gary Chester – drums
* Frank Owens – piano
* Joe Macho – bass
* Gail Nelson, Hilda Harris, Maeretha Stewart – backing vocals
* George Butcher – string and horn arrangements

### Technical

* David Baker, Jeff Zaraya – engineer
* Steve Prezant – photography
# Robert Shaw (physicist)

Robert Stetson Shaw (born 1946) is an American physicist who was part of Eudaemonic Enterprises in Santa Cruz in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1988 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship for his work in chaos theory.

## Chaos theory

Shaw was one of the pioneers of chaos theory and his work at University of California, Santa Cruz on the subject was among the first research into the relationship between predictable motion and chaos in a landmark PhD thesis.
He was part of the Dynamical Systems Collective with J. Doyne Farmer, Norman Packard, and James Crutchfield. The collective, also known as the Santa Cruz Chaos Cabal, was best known for its work in probing chaotic systems for signs of order.
A documentary is being made about Shaw's life, his art, and his science, entitled Strange Attractors: a movie for curious people.

## Roulette

While at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Shaw also worked briefly with the Eudaemons, a group of physicists attempting to create a computer capable of predicting the outcome of a game of roulette.

## Illustrations

Shaw's younger brother, Chris, an artist and filmmaker, produced illustrations for Shaw's papers and thesis, and also for those of Shaw's PhD advisers Ralph Abraham and William Burke. One cosmological painting of consecutive universes exploding and imploding in alternating Big Bangs and Big Crunches in Burke's cosmology textbook hangs on a wall at the American Center for Physics.
# Golgi (crater)

Golgi is a tiny lunar impact crater located in the Oceanus Procellarum, over 150 kilometers to the north of the crater Schiaparelli. It is a circular, cup-shaped impact formation with an interior albedo that is higher than the surrounding dark lunar mare. This crater was previously designated Schiaparelli D before being given a name by the IAU.
# Cladius (sawfly)

Cladius is a genus of common sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. There are about 17 described species in Cladius.

## Species

These 17 species belong to the genus Cladius:
* Cladius aeneus Zaddach, 1859$^g$
* Cladius brullei (Dahlbom, 1835)$^g$
* Cladius comari Stein, 1886$^g$
* Cladius compressicornis (Fabricius, 1804)$^g$
* Cladius difformis (Panzer)$^{icgb}$ (bristly rose slug)
* Cladius foveivaginatus (Malaise, 1931)$^g$
* Cladius grandis (Serville, 1823)$^g$
* Cladius hyalopterus (Jakovlev, 1891)$^g$
* Cladius nigricans Cameron, 1902$^g$
* Cladius nubilus (Konow, 1897)$^g$
* Cladius ordubadensis Konow, 1892$^g$
* Cladius pallipes Serville, 1823$^g$
* Cladius palmicornis Konow, 1892$^g$
* Cladius pectinicornis (Geoffroy, 1785)$^g$
* Cladius pilicornis (Curtis, 1833)$^g$
* Cladius rufipes (Serville, 1823)$^g$
* Cladius ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758)$^g$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net