OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chelostoma

Chelostoma is a genus of bees in the Osmiini tribe of the family Megachilidae. The genus is divided into 5 subgenera with at least 60 described species.

## Species

These 60 species belong to the genus Chelostoma:
* Chelostoma aegaeicum Muller, 2012$^g$
* Chelostoma aureocinctum (Bingham, 1897)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma bernardinum Michener, 1938$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma bytinskii (Mavromoustakis, 1948)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma californicum Cresson, 1878$^{icgb}$
* Chelostoma campanularum (Kirby, 1802)$^{icgb}$
* Chelostoma carinocaudatum Wu, 2004$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma carinoclypeatum Wu, 1992$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma carinulum Pérez, 1895$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma clypeale Muller$^g$
* Chelostoma cockerelli Michener, 1938$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma comosum$^g$
* Chelostoma confusum (Benoist, 1934)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma diodon Schletterer, 1889$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma distinctum (Stoeckhert, 1929)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma dolosum (Benoist, 1935)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma edentulum Pérez, 1895$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma emarginatum (Nylander, 1856)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma florisomne (Linnaeus, 1758)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma forcipatum (Benoist, 1928)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma foveolatum (Morawitz, 1868)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma galeridum (Warncke, 1991)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma garrulum (Warncke, 1991)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma grande (Nylander, 1852)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma handlirschi Schletterer, 1889$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma hebraeum (Benoist, 1935)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma hellenicum (Benoist, 1938)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma incertum Pérez, 1890$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma incisulum Michener, 1938$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma incognitum$^g$
* Chelostoma isabellinum (Warncke, 1991)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma josefi Schwarz & Gusenleitner, 2000$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma lamellum Wu, 1992$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma laticaudum (Benoist, 1938)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma longifacies$^g$
* Chelostoma longilabrare Wu, 2004$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma lucens (Benoist, 1928)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma maidli (Benoist, 1935)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma marginatum Michener, 1938$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma minutum Crawford, 1916$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma mocsaryi Schletterer, 1889$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma nasutum Pérez, 1895$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma orientale Schletterer, 1890$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma palaestinum (Benoist, 1935)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma petersi (Tkalcu, 1984)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma phaceliae Michener, 1938$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma philadelphi (Robertson, 1891)$^{icgb}$
* Chelostoma proximum Schletterer, 1889$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma rapunculi (Lepeletier, 1841)$^{icgb}$
* Chelostoma schlettereri (Friese, 1899)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma siciliae$^g$
* Chelostoma styriacum Schwarz & Gusenleitner, 1999$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma sublamellum Wu, 1992$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma subnitidum (Benoist, 1935)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma tetramerum Michener, 1942$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma tonsum Muller$^g$
* Chelostoma torquillum (Warncke, 1991)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma transversum (Friese, 1897)$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma ventrale Schletterer, 1889$^{icg}$
* Chelostoma xizangense Wu, 1982$^{icg}$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Denaturation midpoint

Denaturation midpoint of a protein is defined as the temperature (T$_m$) or concentration of denaturant (C$_m$) at which both the folded and unfolded states are equally populated at equilibrium (assuming two-state protein folding). T$_m$ is often determined using a thermal shift assay.
If the widths of the folded and unfolded wells are assumed to be equal both these states will have identical free energies at the midpoint. However, for natural proteins this is not the case. There is an inherent asymmetry as evidenced by the difference in heat capacities between them - the folded ensemble has a lower heat capacity (in other words, lower fluctuations thus indicating a narrower well) than the unfolded ensemble. This would mean that the free energy of the folded state is lower at the denaturation midpoint than the unfolded state. In such a scenario, the temperature at which both the wells have identical free energies is termed the characteristic temperature (T$_o$).
# Gert Neuhaus

Gert Neuhaus (born February 21, 1939) is a German artist.

## Academics

Neuhaus was born in Berlin, Germany. He studied graphics and exhibition design at the University of Arts Berlin (HdK), 1956–1962. Since 1982, he has been teaching arts at several universities and academies in Berlin.

## Type of work

After doing freelance exhibition work, he owned and ran his own gallery until 1976. Since then, he has designed and completed works for large facades and murals, i.e. design for Multiplex cinemas in several German cities, as well as interior design in hotels, hospitals and private swimming pools in Germany and across Europe.

## Finished works

Currently about 45 building-high murals have been finished, with a total of 25,000 m$^2$ (269,000 ft$^2$). All of them were painted in long-lasting, weatherproof acrylic colors; the lifespan of the paintings is about 30 years. A mural of 500 m$^2$ (5,400 ft$^2$), can be completed in 4 to 6 weeks, including scaffolding setup and proper surface preparation.
# Dee O'Connor

Dee O'Connor was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played as a left corner-back for the Kerry senior team.
# Dinosaur Valley State Park

Dinosaur Valley State Park is a state park near Glen Rose, Texas, United States.

## History

Dinosaur Valley State Park, located just northwest of Glen Rose in Somervell County, Texas, is a 1,524.72-acre (617 ha) scenic park set astride the Paluxy River. The land for the park was acquired from private owners under the State Parks Bonds Program during 1968 and opened to the public in 1972. In addition to being a state park, it is also a National Natural Landmark.
Eastward-dipping limestones, sandstones, and mudstones of the Glen Rose Formation were deposited during the early Cretaceous Period approximately 113 million years ago along the shorelines of an ancient sea, and form the geological setting for the park area. Over the last million years or so, these layered formations have been eroded, dissected and sculpted by the Paluxy River which, in many places, has cut down to resistant beds and planed off sizable exposures of rock in the river bottom.

## Controversy

Near Dinosaur Valley State Park, in the limestone deposits along the Paluxy River, "twin sets" of tracks were found in the Glen Rose Formation as early as 1908. These footprints were once thought to be evidence that humans and non-avian dinosaurs lived at the same time, but now are identified to be created by dinosaurs. However, young-Earth creationists continue to believe that humans and non-avian dinosaurs lived at the same time, a notion that is contrary to the standard view of the geological time scale. Biologist Massimo Pigliucci has noted that geologists in the 1980s "clearly demonstrated that no human being left those prints," but rather "they were in fact metatarsal dinosaur tracks, together with a few pure and simple fakes."
The family of George Adams, who claimed to have found human footprints in the Glen Rose Formation, later admitted that Adams' and some others' fossil footprints were a hoax. Zana Douglas, the granddaughter of George Adams, explained that during the 1930s' Great Depression her grandfather and other residents of Glen Rose made money by making moonshine and selling "dinosaur fossils". The faux fossils brought $15 to $30 and when the supply ran low, they "just carved more, some with human footprints thrown in."
# Brembio

Brembio (Lodigiano: Brémbi) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southeast of Milan and about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) southeast of Lodi. Its inhabitants are called "Brembiesi".
Brembio borders the following municipalities: Mairago, Ossago Lodigiano, Secugnago, Borghetto Lodigiano, Casalpusterlengo, Livraga, Ospedaletto Lodigiano.

## Economy

Some industries work in the mechanic and alimentary sectors. There are also numerous agricultural activities, often at a familiar level.

## History

Of Roman origin, it belonged to the Monastery of "San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro" in Pavia (725). Then, it belonged to the church of "Santa Maria" in Lodi and, later, it became a fief of various Lodi families.
During the Napoleonic Era (1809-16), the municipality of Brembio was attached to "Cà del Bosco". With the constitution of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Veneto, Brembio was aggregated permanently in 1837.

## Twin towns

Brembio is twinned with:
* Saint-Christo-en-Jarez, France, since 2004
# Compsolechia melanophaea

Compsolechia melanophaea is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes in 1931. It is found in Puerto Rico.
# La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná

La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná, or the Most Holy Trinity of Paraná, is the name of a former Jesuit reduction in Paraguay. It is an example of one of the many Jesuit reductions, small colonies established by the missionaries in various locations in South America, such as Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay throughout the 17th and 18th century. These missions were built as self-contained societies that existed outside of regular Spanish colonial life that integrated indigenous populations with Christian faith.
La Santisima Trinidad de Paraná, often referred to by the locals as simply the "ruins of Trinidad" was one of the last of the Jesuit reducciones to be built in the Paraná River area encompassing southern Paraguay and northern Argentina. It is also the most highly accessible and the most visited of the historical sites today. Located near the modern day city of Encarnación, Trinidad was originally constructed in 1706, the intended self-sufficient city came complete with a central meeting plaza, where most of the celebrations, such as Mass and matrimony were celebrated, a large church meetinghouse, a school, several workshops, a museum and housing for the local Indian population.
The Jesuit expulsion from Spanish colonies in 1768 eventually led to the abandonment of Trinidad and the rest of the reducciones, which were left to decay, and later on, (in mainly the church structure where the saints' statues were decapacitated) were massacred in search for gold in the structure by the other Indian population of this region. Owing in part to its relatively recent construction, Trinidad bore the weathering of time fairly well, and modern historical societies have maintained the current, well-preserved state of the ruins to this day. It has also been named one of two UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Paraguay.
# Pointe de la Masse

Pointe de la Masse is a mountain of Savoie, France. It lies in the Massif de la Vanoise range. It has an elevation of 2,804 metres above sea level.
* This Savoie geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Minuscule 137

Minuscule 137 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A$^{153}$ (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. It has marginalia.

## Description

The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 300 thick parchment leaves (size 28.6 cm by 21.5 cm), with a commentary. The text is written in one column per page, 19 lines per page (size of column 14.5 by 11.8 cm).
The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their τιτλοι (titles of chapters) at the top of the pages. There is also another division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (Mark 233 – 16:8; in a commentary 234 – 16:9). There are no references to the Eusebian Canons.
It contains tables of the κεφαλαια (tables of contents) before each Gospel, synaxaria, Menologion, and pictures. Victor's commentary to Mark appears.

## Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family K$^x$ in Luke 1 and Luke 10. In Luke 20 it has a mixture of the Byzantine text-types. It creates textual cluster 137.

## History

At the end we read: κσ φραγκισκος ακκιδας ευγενες κολασσευς... ρωμη ηγαγε το παρον βιβλιον ετει απο αδαμ ζφω [A.D. 1583], μηνι ιουλιω, ινδ. ια. This means the manuscript was brought to Rome in 1583.
It was partially examined by Birch (about 1782). C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1886.
It is currently housed at the Vatican Library (Vat. gr. 756), at Rome.
# Bradford Rock

Bradford Rock is an insular rock, mainly ice-covered, which marks the northwest end of the Swain Islands. It was first roughly mapped from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and included in a 1957 survey of Swain Islands by Wilkes Station personnel under Carl R. Eklund. It was named by Eklund for Radioman Donald L. Bradford, U.S. Navy, a Navy support force member of the 1957 wintering party at Wilkes Station during the IGY.
# Ortholasma pictipes

Ortholasma pictipes is a species of harvestman in the family Nemastomatidae. It is found in North America.
# Chyangyu

Chyangyu is a village in Hsawlaw Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
# Abbot of Scone

The Abbot of Scone, before 1163 x 4, Prior of Scone, and then by the beginning of the 16th century, the Commendator of Scone, was the head of the community of Augustinian canons of Scone Abbey and their lands. The priory was established by King Alaxandair mac Maíl Choluim (Alexander I) sometime between 1114 and 1120, and was elevated to the status of an abbey in 1163 or 1164. The abbey was turned into a secular lordship for William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie in 1581, but was forfeited when the earl was executed in 1584, given to William Foularton in the same year, but restored to the earl's son, James Ruthven, 2nd Earl of Gowrie. An independent secular lordship was established for David Murray in 1608.

## List of priors of Scone

* Robert (I), 1114 x 1120-1127
* Nicholas, 1127-1140
* Dionysius, 1140 - 1142 x 1147
* Thomas, 1150-1154
* Isaac, 1154-1162
* Robert (II), 1162

## List of abbots of Scone

* Robert (II), 1163x1164-1186
* Robert (III), 1186-1198
* Reimbald, 1198-1206
* William, 1206 x 1209-1225
* Robert (IV), 1227
* Philip, 1230-1242
* Robert (V), 1240-1270
* Nicholas, 1270-1273 x
* William, 1273 x 1284
* Hugh, x 1284-1287
* Thomas de Balmerino, 1291-1312
* Henry Man, 1303-1320
* Simon, 1325-1341
* Adam de Crail, 1343-1344
* William, 1354-1370 x 1391
* Alexander, 1370 x 1391-1412 x 1417
* Alexander de Balbirnie, 1412 x 1417-x1418
* Adam de Crannach (Aberdeen), 1418-1432
* John de Inverkeithing, 1432
* William de Skurry, 1435-1439
* James Kennedy, 1439-1447
* George Gardiner, 1445-1447
* Thomas de Camera, 1447-1458
* John Crambe, 1465-1491
* David Lermonth, 1492-1496
* Henry Abercrombie, 1492
* James Abercrombie, 1492-1514

## List of commendators

* Alexander Stewart de Pitcairne, 1518-1537
* Patrick Hepburn, 1538-1571
* William Lord Ruthven, 1571
* John Ruthven, 1580
* William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie, 1581-1584
* William Foularton, 1584
* James Ruthven, 2nd Earl of Gowrie, 1587-1588
* John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, 1592-1600
* David Murray (later Lord Scone and Viscount Stormont), 1608
# Diptoindonesin A

Diptoindonesin A is a C-glucoside of ε-viniferin isolated from the two Dipterocarpaceae Shorea seminis and Dryobalanops aromatica.
# Brembodus

Brembodus is an extinct marine pycnodontid fish, the type genus of the family Brembodontidae. It contains a single species, B. ridens, known from the Late Triassic Calcare di Zorzino formation of Cene, Italy.
# Elizabeth Kinniburgh

Reverend Elizabeth (Betty) Baxter Forbes Kinniburgh (1 May 1929 – 23 October 2016) was one of the first women to gain the license to preach in 1969 and became ordained as a minister for the Church of Scotland in 1970.

## Life

Elizabeth Kinniburgh (who preferred the name Betty) was born in Greenock, Scotland.

### Education and early work

She attended Greenock Academy, until her family move to Edinburgh during World War II. While at Trinity Academy she was described as a brilliant scholar, and went on to earn a Master of Arts degree at Edinburgh University and then a Diploma in Education at Moray House at the same university.
Kinniburgh worked as a school teacher at the Aberlady Public School in East Lothian, but gave up teaching to pursue biblical studies and a Bachelor of Divinity course at New College and continued post graduate research in Cambridge publishing Religious Education - An Attempt at a Theological Appraisal in the Scottish Journal of Theology. She continued teaching religious topics in her position at the University of St. Andrews and later at Dundee's College of Education.

### Work in the Church of Scotland

Kinniburgh became one of the first women with the license to preach in 1969 while she was lecturing in religious studies in Dundee followed by full ordination to minister in 1970 after the Church of Scotland began allowing the ordination of women in 1968. She was accepted as minister and Moderator of the Presbytery in the parish of Birse, which was linked with the communities of Finzean and Strachan in 1983.
Kinniburgh was acting as Moderator of the Presbytery and running three kirk sessions and three Sunday schools when she suffered a severe stroke in 1986 which left her in a coma for six weeks. She made only a partial recovery from the incident and had to retire from ministry to a small house in Aboyne. She lived there the rest of her days and died 23 October 2016.
# Phylomictis monochroma

Phylomictis monochroma is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1892. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from South Australia.
# 542 BC

The year 542 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 212 Ab urbe condita. The denomination 542 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events

Jambuswami; the head of the Jain order for 44 years after the Nirvan of Mahaveer Swami, attained Nirvan at the age of 80 years old.
# Minuscule 140

Minuscule 140 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 202 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The codex has complex contents, with full marginalia.

## Description

The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 408 parchment leaves (partly on paper) (size 23.4 cm by 18.3 cm). The text is written in two columns per page, 22 lines per page.
The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (chapters), which numbers are given at the margin of the text, and their τιτλοι (titles of chapters) at the top of the pages. There is also another division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (in Mark 234 sections – the last numbered section in 16:9), with references to the Eusebian Canons.
It contains the Eusebian Canon tables at the beginning and pictures.

## Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family K$^x$. Aland placed it in Category V. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents K$^x$ in Luke 1 and Luke 20. In Luke 10 no profile was made.
Textually it is close to minuscule 80. In Luke 1:64 it has a textual variant that supports the Complutensian reading.

## History

The manuscript was given by the Queen of Cyprus to pope Innocent VII (1404-1406).
It was examined by Birch (about 1782), Scholz, and Franz Delitzsch. C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1886.
It is currently housed at the Vatican Library (Vat. gr. 1158), at Rome.
# Dominica Chess Federation

The Dominica Chess Federation (DCF) is the governing organization of chess in Dominica. It is a non-profit organization and a member of International Chess Federation. The DCF was founded in 2021 to grow and support chess on the island.

## Activities

The Dominica National Chess Tournament is run by the DCF and has been held Annually since 2022. The federation also hosts other tournament, and oversees the national Chess in Schools program.
# Ortholasma coronadense

Ortholasma coronadense is a species of harvestman in the family Nemastomatidae. It is found in North America.
# Dyal–Upchurch Building

The Dyal–Upchurch Building (also known as the Dyal–Upchurch Investment Company Building) is a six-story, 43,747-square-foot historic building in Jacksonville, Florida. It is located at 4 East Bay Street, and was designed by architect Henry John Klutho. On April 17, 1980, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

## History

Following Jacksonville's Great Fire of 1901, the building was the first multi-story structure built in the barren downtown area and the first design by Klutho in Jacksonville. Construction began on a five-story building, but demand for office space spurred the addition of a sixth floor. As the name states, Dyal–Upchurch was a Georgia investment company that moved to Jacksonville after the fire. Frank Upchurch had interests in turpentine and lumber, while Benjamin Dyal owned a sawmill. The company ceased business in Jacksonville after 1924.
The Atlantic National Bank was founded shortly after the Dyal–Upchurch building opened in May, 1902 and was located on the first floor until their own building was constructed in 1909. Other tenants have included an office of the National Weather Service, a regional office for the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, law offices and a financial advice company.
Noted Florida author and folklorist Stetson Kennedy had his office here in the 1930s when he worked for the Federal Writers Project. He explained that the white staff members worked in the Dyal-Upchurch Building while the "Negro Unit" was based in the Clara White Mission in the LaVilla section of town.
When the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, it became eligible to use rehabilitation tax credits when restoration work was performed in 1981, the first building in Jacksonville to do so.
The Husk Jennings advertising company bought the building in 1998 for $1.6 million and spent $600,000 to renovate the top floor, where the firm relocated.
In May, 2002, the city established the Downtown Historic Preservation and Revitalization Trust Fund with $7 million to assist companies that purchase and restore old buildings. The fund could pay up to half the cost of exterior work and one-fifth of interior work with a $1 million cap per building. That was sufficient incentive for Husk Jennings to begin a $1.72 million restoration of the rest of the building, for which the city kicked in almost $340,000.
Cameron Kuhn, a commercial developer from Orlando, Florida, purchased the building in December, 2005 for $4.5 million, but defaulted on the mortgage when his company declared bankruptcy in 2008. The Dyal–Upchurch building was repossessed by The Jacksonville Bank in January, and sold on February 28, 2009 for $3.73 million to A. Duda & Sons of Oviedo, Florida.