# Penal Code of Japan

The Penal Code (刑法 Keihō) of Japan was passed in 1907 as Law No. 45. It is one of six Codes that form the foundation of modern Japanese law. The penal code is also called “ordinary criminal law” or “general criminal law” as it relates to general crimes. Criminal law in the practical sense refers not only to the content of the criminal code, but also to all legal norms that specify the requirements for the consequences of a crime and the content of the penalty as a legal effect imposed on a person. It may also include a law regarding security measures, which is a supplementary system.

## Structure

The Penal Code of 1907 is subdivided into 2 parts, 50 chapters and comprises 264 articles.

### Structure (Part I)

Part I: General Provisions :
| Chapter | Articles covered | Classification of provisions |
| Chapter I | Articles 1 to 8 | Scope of Application |
| Chapter II | Articles 9 to 21 | Punishments |
| Chapter III | Articles 22 to 24 | Calculation of the Period of Time |
| Chapter IV | Articles 25 to 27-7 | Suspended Execution of Sentence |
| Chapter V | Articles 28 to 30 | Parole |
| Chapter VI | Articles 31 to 34-2 | Prescription and Extinction of Punishment |
| Chapter VII | Articles 35 to 42 | Actions not [sic] Constituting Crimes and Reduction or Remission of Punishment |
| Chapter VIII | Articles 43 and 44 | Attempts |
| Chapter IX | Articles 45 to 54 | Consolidated Punishments |
| Chapter X | Articles 56 to 59 | Repeated Convictions |
| Chapter XI | Articles 60 to 65 | Complicity |
| Chapter XII | Articles 66 and 67 | Reduction of Punishment in Light of Extenuating Circumstances |
| Chapter XIII | Articles 68 to 72 | Rules for Aggravation and Reduction |

### Structure (Part II)

Part II: Crimes :
| Chapter | Articles covered | Classification of offences |
| Chapter I | 73 through 76 | Deleted |
| Chapter II | 77 through 80 | Crimes Related to Insurrection |
| Chapter III | 81 through 88 | Crimes Related to Foreign Aggression |
| Chapter IV | 92 through 94 | Crimes Concerning Diplomatic Relations |
| Chapter V | 95 through 96-6 | Crimes of Obstructing the Performance of Public Duty |

## The legal nature of criminal law

The criminal law is classified as substantive law as it defines the contents of crimes and penalties and clarifies the conditions under which a country can carry out a punishment. On the other hand, it is mainly the Criminal Procedure Code that stipulates how an investigation/trial should actually be carried out when a crime in the Criminal Code is committed. Furthermore, it is the Criminal Treatment Law that defines the method of actually executing a punishment. These fields of law are collectively referred to as "criminal law," but criminal law is positioned as the central law of criminal law.
Also, when the legal system is divided into public law and private law, it is understood that it belongs to public law in Japan.

## Criminal function
### Regulatory function

The function that clarifies the evaluation of actions is called the regulatory function. By describing certain acts as crimes, criminalizing those who do such actions by punishing for criminal acts, it helps to keep the general public from committing those acts.

### Protective function (legal protection function)

The function of protecting legal interests and maintaining order in social life by adding sanctions to infringement of certain legal interests (profit that should be protected by law) is called a protective function. Also known as order maintenance function.

### Guarantee function (human rights guarantee function)

The criminal law stipulates certain acts as crimes, and the punishment for them is specified in advance. General citizens are not punished unless they commit a crime, and criminals are punished only within that range. In this way, the function that guarantees the freedom of the general public and those who commit crimes by limiting the use of the state's punishment right is called a guarantee function. Also called Magna Carta function.

## Criminal code types
### Criminal criminal law

The criminal penal code refers to the criminal code relating to the punishment of acts that are thought of as morally wrong and are considered punishable. In Japanese law, in addition to the criminal code, explosives control and punishment for violent acts, etc. belong to the criminal penal code.

### Administrative criminal law

In order to achieve the administrative purpose, the criminal law regarding the punishment of acts that violate administrative laws is called the administrative criminal law. Administrative criminal law has weaker moral elements and stronger administrative elements than criminal criminal law. As it covers all areas of administrative regulations such as tax and economic criminal law, its content is also extensive.

## Table of amendments and revisions

(In progress)