OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chop chord

In music, a chop chord is a "clipped backbeat". In $^4$ $_4$: 1 2 3 4. It is a muted chord that marks the off-beats or upbeats. As a rhythm guitar and mandolin technique, it is accomplished through chucking, in which the chord is muted by lifting the fretting fingers immediately after strumming, producing a percussive effect.
   The chop is analogous to a snare drum beat and keeps the rhythm together and moving. It's one of the innovations bluegrass inventor Bill Monroe pioneered, and it gave the music a harder groove and separated it from old-time and mountain music.
Traditional bluegrass bands typically do not have a drummer, and the timekeeping role is shared between several instruments. The upright bass generally plays the on-beats, while the banjo keeps a steady eighth-note rhythm. The mandolin plays chop chords on the off-beats or upbeats. (see: boom-chick) By partially relaxing the fingers of the left hand soon after strumming, the strings are allowed to rise off the frets, and their oscillations are damped by the fingers. All strings are stopped (fingered); open strings are not played in chop chords.
The offbeat was played on the piano in rhythm and blues "shuffle" style, as heard in songs like Louis Jordan's "It's a Low-Down Dirty Shame" (1942) and Professor Longhair's "Willie Mae" (1949). This popular, danceable shuffle style was present on many early rock and roll records. It was played on the electric guitar at least as early as 1950 by Robert Kelton on Jimmy McCracklin's "Rockin' All Day." Either played on the guitar, piano or both, the "chop", "chuck" or "skank" offbeat eventually influenced Jamaican rhythm and blues of the 1950s, which morphed into ska in late 1962, then rocksteady and reggae, all of which featured the offbeat "chuck" or "skank" guitar.

## Guitar

The "chuck" usually consists of a downward strum on the up beat notes. Alternatively, the bass note can be played and allowed to ring, with the remainder of the chord being "chucked" on the up beat. This technique is usually used in a rhythmically simple manner, such as chucking on every beat, or bass notes on down beats and chucking on up beats. Freddie Green, Django Reinhardt and Nile Rodgers are known for this technique.

## Mandolin

Mandolin "chunks", or more commonly known as "chops", rarely include a down-beat strum. When a mandolin is playing rhythm it is most often in conjunction with other instruments, such as guitar and bass, which produce the main beat. The mandolin contributes to the rhythm by producing a sharp "chunk" on the upbeat notes. This is particularly common when playing bluegrass music. According to Andy Statman, "the mandolin can drive and push the band in the same way (as) a snare drum."

## Fiddle

The chop was introduced to fiddle playing by Richard Greene in the 1960s.
# Christian Bisceglia

Christian Bisceglia (born 18 November 1967) is an Italian film director and screenwriter. He was born in a small town near Milan, but he is Messinese of adoption.

## Biography

In 2019, he shoots in English, directed in collaboration with the director Ascanio Malgarini, the film Cruel Peter, a horror film set in his Messina. The film premiered at the Ancient theatre of Taormina on the occasion of the annual Taormina Film Fest. The director, is ever more active in the United States, and the movie will be released in US cinemas (and on demand) in 2020, distributed by Vertical Entertainment.

## Selected filmography

* Agente matrimoniale (2006)
* The Haunting of Helena (2012)
* Cruel Peter (2019)
# George Turner (physician)

George Turner (died 1610) was an English physician in London. He is known for his interest in alchemy and friendship with Simon Forman. His wife was the convicted murderer Anne Turner.

## Life

Born either in Derbyshire or in Suffolk, he has been identified as the George Turner who entered St. John's College, Cambridge as a sizar in November 1569. This George Turner became a Beresford scholar of the college on 9 November 1570, and graduated B.A. in 1573, M.A. in 1576. He took the degree of M.D. abroad.
Turner became a candidate at the College of Physicians of London on 4 September 1584. He was elected a fellow there on 29 February 1588, and was censor in 1591, 1592, 1597, 1606, and 1607. He attained a good medical practice, and Queen Elizabeth favoured him.
Turner was a friend of Dr. Simon Forman, and had at least a literary interest in alchemy. Forman apparently borrowed and copied alchemical writings of Turner's in the 1590s. Manuscripts in a special script connected to Thomas Harriot, from 1590 and found in the Sion College library, were attributed to "Dr. Turner" by Ethel M. Seaton; and so to George Turner. There was in fact another Dr. Turner in London at this period (Peter Turner). The Dr. Turner who had dealings with Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland in the next decade has been thought possible as either of them.
Considered a crypto-Catholic, Turner found that his theological opinions were in 1602 urged against his candidacy as an elect in the College of Physicians. Sir John Stanhope and Robert Cecil wrote a letter of support, saying that his appointment would be pleasing to the queen, since there was no objection to him but his "backwardness in religion", which, Turner stated, was "in no way tainted for malice or practice against the state". He was chosen an elect the day after this letter, 12 August 1602. He was appointed treasurer in 1609, and died, holding that office, on 1 March 1610.

## Family

Turner married Anne Norton (1576–1615), a figure of the poisoning case of Sir Thomas Overbury. His will mentioned three sons and three daughters.
# Bring Me to Life (Thousand Foot Krutch song)

"Bring Me to Life" is a song by the rock band Thousand Foot Krutch on their album Welcome to the Masquerade. It was released as a single on April 22, 2009. Thousand Foot Krutch were part of around 100 bands participated in Taco Bell's "Feed the Beat" competition, where they competed for a chance to record a single and have Taco Bell produce it and gain valuable marketing support for that single.

## Release and reception

"Bring Me to Life" was released via digital download and to radio stations on April 22, 2009, it peaked at number 2 on Christian rock radio on September 10, 2009. It was also well received with heavy iTunes sales and was for a limited time available for free legal download off feedthebeat.com.

## Style

The song features a keyboard, which is a new entry for Thousand Foot Krutch as they had previously only experimented with it on slower songs, with the keyboard used for both the intro and the bridge. The lyrics are both rapped and sung. The song itself appears to be influenced by bands such as Korn and Evanescence, as well as the band's own nu metal and rap rock roots.

## Personnel

* Trevor McNevan - vocals, guitars
* Joel Bruyere - bass
* Steve Augustine - drums
* Aaron Sprinkle - Keyboards

## Awards

The song was nominated for "Rock Recorded Song of the Year" at the 41st GMA Dove Awards.
# Paruroctonus soda

Paruroctonus soda is a species of scorpion in the genus Paruroctonus. It lives in the deserts of Southern California where it is found in dry lake beds and playas of Soda Lake and Koehn Lake. P. soda is an alkali sink specialist species.

## Discovery

Paruroctonus soda was described alongside Paruroctonus conclusus, both species having come to the attention of Prakrit Jain and Harper Forbes when observations uploaded to iNaturalist could not be assigned to a known species. They were assisted by Lauren Esposito of the California Academy of Sciences.
The species was named after Soda Lake, Southern California where it lives.
# Georgina Ama Ankumah

Georgina Ama Ankumah is a Ghanaian broadcast journalist and news presenter who currently works with GBC as the Ashanti Regional Correspondent. She is also the Ashanti Regional Secretary of the GJA.

## Career

Georgina is the Ashanti Regional Secretary of GJA and also trainer of IFJ.
# Pascal Vanderveeren

Pascal Vanderveeren (16 March 1946 – 24 August 2023) was a Belgian lawyer. He was the president of the International Criminal Bar (the bar association of the International Criminal Court) during 2007–2010. He was president of the French-speaking bar in Brussels during 1998–2000. He also founded his own law firm, Vanderveeren & Associes, in Brussels, which specializes in business crime.
Vanderveeren received his Dr. Jur. from the University of Louvain in 1968, and Lic. Econ. Law from the Université libre de Bruxelles in 1969. He was married to Ana da Silveira.
Vanderveeren died on 24 August 2023, at the age of 77.
# Brian Tracey

Brian John Tracey is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in the 1972 World Cup.

## Playing career

Tracey played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition.
In 1972, Tracey was selected in the New Zealand national rugby league team squad for the World Cup and went on to play in all three matches at the tournament.
In 1973 Tracey was part of the Auckland side that won the national Rothmans trophy.

## Coaching career

Tracey later coached the Te Atatu Roosters in the Auckland Rugby League competition, sharing the Hyland Memorial Cup as best coach with Mount Albert's Mike McLennan in 1984 and winning it outright in 1986.
# Chris Young (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Chris Young is the debut album by American country music artist Chris Young, who in 2006 was a winner on the television singing competition Nashville Star. Released on Arista Nashville in 2006, the album produced two chart singles for Young on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts: "Drinkin' Me Lonely" and "You're Gonna Love Me", which respectively reached No. 42 and No. 48, making this the only album of Young's career not to produce any top 40 hits. However "Drinkin' Me Lonely" did reach top 40 territory, peaking at #38, for Media Base, which was the chart used by Bob Kingsley's "Country Top 40" at the time.
The song "Flowers" was originally recorded by its co-writer, Billy Yates, who released it as a single from his self-titled debut album in 1997. "Beer or Gasoline" was co-written by David Lee Murphy and Ira Dean, the latter of whom was bassist for Trick Pony at the time.

## Critical reception

Thom Jurek of Allmusic rated the album three stars out of five, criticizing Buddy Cannon's "generic" production but praising the neotraditionalist country sound of the album as well as Young's voice.

## Personnel

As listed in liner notes.
* Wyatt Beard - background vocals
* Pat Buchanan - electric guitar
* Buddy Cannon - background vocals
* Eric Darken - percussion
* Thomas Flora - background vocals
* Steve Gibson - electric guitar, 6 string bass
* Kenny Greenberg - electric guitar
* Rob Hajacos - fiddle
* Wes Hightower - background vocals
* David Hungate - bass guitar
* Paul Leim - drums
* B. James Lowry - acoustic guitar
* Randy McCormick - piano, keyboards
* Terry McMillan - harmonica
* Liana Manis - background vocals
* Phillip Moore - electric guitar
* Larry Paxton - bass guitar
* Gary Prim - piano, keyboards
* Hargus "Pig" Robbins - piano
* John Wesley Ryles - background vocals
* Scotty Sanders - steel guitar, dobro
* David Talbot - banjo
* George Tidwell - trumpet
* Jim Williamson - trumpet
* John Willis - acoustic guitar, electric guitar, nylon string guitar
* Lonnie Wilson - drums
* Curtis Wright - background vocals
* Chris Young- lead vocals

## Chart performance
### Album

| Chart (2006) | Peak position |
| U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums | 3 |
| U.S. Billboard 200 | 22 |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions |
| Year | Single | US Country |
| 2006 | "Drinkin' Me Lonely" | 42 |
| 2007 | "You're Gonna Love Me" | 48 |
# George Swan

George Swan may refer to:
* George Swan (politician) (1833–1913), New Zealand politician, businessman and photographer
* George Swan (footballer) (born 1994), English association footballer
# George Swartz

George Alfred Swartz (8 September 1928 - 1 January 2006) was a South African Anglican bishop. He was the ninth Bishop of Kimberley and Kuruman.

## Education

Swartz was educated at the University of the Witwatersrand and Pembroke College, Cambridge.

## Priesthood and elevation to Episcopate

Ordained in 1955, he began his career with a curacy in Cape Town and held a number of pastoral posts in the area before becoming a suffragan bishop of the diocese in 1972.

## Bishop of Kimberley and Kuruman

Eleven years later he was translated to Kimberley and Kuruman, in 1983, where he remained until retirement, in 1991.

## Link with the Diocese of Atlanta

Bishop Swartz originated a link between Kimberley and Kuruman and the Diocese of Atlanta in the United States of America, and on 5 June 1984 he was awarded Freedom of the City of Compton.

## Death

He died in retirement in Cape Town on New Year's Eve 2006.
# Chris Hogan (actor)

Christopher Hogan is an American actor and comedian, most notable for his membership in the recurring cast of comedians on MADtv and for the character of Aubrey Pitman, one of Dick Solomon's students, on 3rd Rock from the Sun.

## Early life

Hogan grew up in Eastchester, New York, and went to Trinity College, in Hartford, Connecticut, graduating in the class of 1985. While at Trinity, he was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity.

## Career
### MADtv

Hogan joined the cast of MADtv in 1997, as a repertory performer, for the third season. He is remembered for playing characters who could only wrestle the infamous response, "He looka like a man" from Alex Borstein's Ms. Swan, whether it would be a fast food clerk, a police officer, or his Fox Mulder character. Hogan's other characters included Miguel O'Reilly (New at Six), Vonda Parker (Parker Sisters), and public accountant Milton Cladwell. However, Hogan is most remembered for succeeding David Herman as the colorful El Asso Wipo from the Superstars of the Mexican Wrestling Federation Theatre. El Asso struck fear into the hearts of many with his famed one line threat, "I will break their back like so, WITH MY KNEE!" After one season on the show, Hogan left MADtv at the conclusion of season three.

### Characters

* El Asso Wipo (Mexican Wrestling Federation)
* Miguel O'Reilly (News at Six)
* Milton Cladwell
* Vonda Parker (Parker Sisters)

### Impressions

* Andrew McCarthy
* Anthony Head
* David Duchovny (as himself and as Fox Mulder from The X-Files)
* Don Knotts (as Barney Fife from The Andy Griffith Show)
* Gavin MacLeod (as Captain Merrill Stubing from The Love Boat)
* Hugh Downs
* Hugh Grant
* Isaac Hanson
* James Stewart
* John F. Kennedy
* John Stamos
* Kenneth Starr
* Paul Reiser
* Tom Cruise

#### Catch phrases

* "You ain't gettin' none a' this, none a' this and especially none of THIS" - Vonda Parker (The Parker Sisters)
* "I will break your back, like so, with my knee!!" - El Asso Wipo

### Television projects

Since MADtv, Hogan has made a number of television appearances on shows such as 3rd Rock from the Sun, Martin Short's Primetime Glick, Just Shoot Me!, Grounded for Life as Mr. Kersey, and on The Sopranos as Meadow's advisor at Columbia University.

## Television

| Year | Title | Role | Other notes |
| 2005 | Scrubs | Mr. Gerst | Episode 89 |
| 2004 | Arrested Development | Man in Bar | |
| 2003 | Yes, Dear | Rob | |
| 2002 - 2005 | Grounded for Life | Mr. David Kersey | |
| 1999 | That '70s Show | Therapist #2 | Season 1, Episode 15 |
| 1997 - 1998 | MADtv | Various Characters | Sketch Comedy |
| 1997 | Just Shoot Me | Wally | Episodes 1.1-1.6 |
| 1996 - 2001 | 3rd Rock from the Sun | Aubrey Pitman | |
# Brill and Ludgershall railway station

Brill and Ludgershall railway station was a railway station serving the villages of Brill and Ludgershall in Buckinghamshire. It was on what is now known as the Chiltern Main Line.

## History

Brill and Ludgershall was one of six new stations that the Great Western Railway provided when it opened the high-speed Bicester cut-off line between Princes Risborough and Kings Sutton in 1910. The line became part of the Western Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. It had sidings by 1951 British Railways closed the station and sidings in 1963.
| Preceding station | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | Following station |
| Blackthorn Line open, station closed | | Great Western Railway Bicester "cut-off" | | Dorton Halt Line open, station closed |
# Brillanceausuchus

Brillanceausuchus is an extinct genus of paralligatorid crocodyliforms. Fossils have been found in Early Cretaceous–age rocks of Cameroon. The genus is notable for the position of the secondary choana within its palate. Parts of the pterygoid bones make up the rostral margin of the choana and thus separate it from the palatines, a feature also seen in the more advanced neosuchian suborder Eusuchia. This characteristic was once thought to be characteristic of Eusuchia, but its presence in Brillanceausuchus suggests that the trait is homoplasic, thus making the evolution of the position of the choana within crocodilians more complex than previously thought.
# Douglas Mombeshora

Dr Douglas Mombeshora was Zimbabwe's Lands Minister from 2013 to 2018. He was appointed Minister of Lands following a landslide victory by ZANU–PF in the 2013 harmonized elections. He also served as Deputy Minister of Health and Child Welfare during the Inclusive Government of 2009–2013. He was the Member of House of Assembly for Mhangura (ZANU-PF).
Dr Mombeshora studied at Kutama College alongside fellow Cabinet Ministers, Dr Ignatius Chombo, Walter Chidhakwa and the late President of the Republic of Zimbabwe Robert Gabriel Mugabe.
# Douglas Monypenny

Douglas Blackwell Monypenny (28 May 1878 – 22 February 1900, in Paardeberg) was a Scottish international rugby player,

## Rugby Union career
### Amateur career

He played for London Scottish FC.

### Provincial career

Monypenny played for the Anglo-Scots in 1898.

### International career

He was capped three times for Scotland in the 1899 Home Nations Championship, scoring a try in the game against Wales.

## Death

Monypenny was killed in the Second Boer War, and is the only Scottish rugby internationalist known to have died in either conflict. He was twenty one at the time.
# Dos Mundos (Rick Trevino album)

Dos Mundos is the debut album of country music artist Rick Trevino, released in 1993 on Columbia Records. Its title is Spanish for "Two Worlds". The album produced no chart singles, although "Bastante Cordón" would be re-recorded in English as "Just Enough Rope" and serve as the first single to Trevino's self-titled second album. Also included is a Spanish-language cover of Bill Anderson's "Walk Out Backwards", which Trevino later covered in English on his 1994 self-titled album.

## Track listing

* "Salte de Espalda" (Bill Anderson) – 2:40$^A$
** Spanish-language version of "Walk Out Backwards"
* "No Perdí la Razón" (Flores Peregrino, Kim Williams, Lonnie Wilson) – 2:49
* "Tal Como Ayer" (Larry Boone, Peregrino) – 3:26
* "Bastante Cordón" (Karen Staley, Steve Dean) – 4:17$^B$
** Spanish-language version of "Just Enough Rope"
* "Un Momento Allá" (Mike McGuire, Billy Maddox, Billy Henderson) – 3:11$^B$
* "Change for a Quarter Moon" (Jeff Crossan) – 3:06
* "Podría Volar" (Victor Guerra, Jeffrey M. Tweel) – 3:19
* "Si Quieres Conmigo" (Boone, Guerra, William Robinson) – 3:25
* "A Quarter at a Time" (Boone, Paul Nelson) – 2:39
* "Si Tú Ves a un Hombre Llorar" (Guerra, Peregrino, Rick Trevino) – 3:25
* $^A$Spanish-language translation by Flores Peregrino
* $^B$Spanish-language translation by Flores Peregrino and Victor Guerra

## Personnel

* Eddie Bayers - drums
* Mark Casstevens - acoustic guitar
* Paul Franklin - steel guitar
* Sonny Garrish - steel guitar
* Steve Gibson - acoustic guitar, mandolin
* Rob Hajacos - fiddle
* David Hungate - bass guitar
* John Barlow Jarvis - piano
* Randy McCormick - piano
* Brent Mason - electric guitar
* Tom Robb - bass guitar
* Rick Trevino - lead vocals, background vocals
# Dragiša Pešić

Dragiša Pešić (Serbian Cyrillic: Драгиша Пешић; 8 August 1954 – 8 September 2016) was a Yugoslav politician. He was the second last Prime Minister of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

## Biography

Pešić was born in Danilovgrad on 8 August 1954. He studied economics at the University of Sarajevo's Faculty of Economics, where he graduated in 1978.
He was President of the executive committee of Podgorica Municipality, a member of the Chamber of Citizens in the Yugoslav Federal Assembly. In 1998, he became Finance Minister of Yugoslavia, in the governments of Prime Ministers Momir Bulatović and Zoran Žižić.
Dragiša Pešić became Prime Minister of Yugoslavia on 24 July 2001, after Žižić resigned in protest of the extradition of Slobodan Milošević to the ICTY.
Pešić became a member of the Senate of the State Audit Institution (DRI) of Montenegro in December 2007.
He died on 8 September 2016 at the age of 62. He was buried on 10 September in the village of Frutak near Danilovgrad.
# George Washington (steamboat)

George Washington was a steamboat that ran on the Mississippi River system in the mid-19th century.

## Explosion

The George Washington's boilers exploded near Grand Gulf, Mississippi on January 14, 1852. The death toll was approximately 20 killed, with some counts running as high as 30. The loss of the George Washington was one of the steamboat catastrophes described in Lloyd's Steamboat Directory, and Disasters on Western Waters. Another steamboat, the Martha Washington, was coincidentally destroyed the same day near Memphis, Tennessee.
# Patania mysisalis

Patania mysisalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in Madagascar, Sierra Leone and South Africa.
# Patania palliventralis

Patania palliventralis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Snellen in 1890. It is found in India (Sikkim).
# Gerard Lough

Gerard Lough is an Irish film director best known for Night People, Spears and the short film The Boogeyman, based on a story by Stephen King.

## Career

After graduating from the North West Institute in Derry, he took an internship in a U.S. advertising agency where he directed his first professional music video. Since then he has directed a dozen music videos as well as several short films such as the Stephen King adaption The Boogeyman which received extensive press coverage. His first feature film as director was Night People, was released in cinemas in November 2015. It was met with mostly positive reviews but a limited audience due to a short theatrical run. His second feature, a mystery / thriller called Spears, was released in 2022.

## Filmography

Feature Films
* 2022: Spears
* 2015: Night People
Short Films
* 2024: Waiting for Magic Hour
* 2012: Ninety Seconds
* 2010: The Boogeyman
* 2009: The Stolen Wings
* 2009: The Scanner
* 2008: Deviant
* 2007: A Long Term Effect
* 2007: Ulterior
Music Videos
* 2019: Counterfeit, Le Groupe Fantastique
* 2017: It Feels So Good, Michael O'Boyce
* 2017: Warped, Electro Kill Machine
* 2016: Exoself, Voynich
* 2016: Rush of Blood, AustenEx
* 2015: Night People, Voynich
* 2008: Life In The Big City, Cian Furlong
* 2007: Baby Boom Boom, Cian Furlong
* 2006: I Lift My Hands, Lise and The Scarbrough Affair
* 2006: Karma & Destiny, The Scarbrough Affair
* 2005: The Divine Beat, Robbie Mc Donald
* 2005: Demon, First On
* 2003: Rachel Hates The Sun, Dan Anderson Band
# Patania expictalis

Patania expictalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hugo Theodor Christoph in 1881. It is found in the Russian Far East (Amur), China and Japan.
The wingspan is 12–13 millimetres (0.47–0.51 in).
# Briant, Saône-et-Loire

Briant (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.