OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Benjamin Earl (priest)

Benjamin Earl, O.P. is an English Catholic Priest, Dominican Friar, and Canon lawyer. He is the Procurator General of the Order of Preachers —the 800-year old mendicant order colloquially known as the Dominicans.

## Education and career

Earl was born and raised in Canterbury, in the United Kingdom.
He read Mathematics, followed by an MSc in Computation, at St John's College, University of Oxford before entering the Dominican order, whose English motherhouse is located in Oxford, as a novice in 1997. As a novice, Earl studied Philosophy and Theology for ordination, before moving to the Dominican Friary of Santa Sabina in Rome to pursue a degree in Canon Law and to work alongside the Procurator General of the order.
In 2006, Earl returned to Oxford, serving as Bursar and as a lecturer on Canon Law at Blackfriars Hall –the English Dominican motherhouse, and later as Bursar for the Province of England, Scotland and Wales —all the while becoming an acclaimed preacher among the English Dominicans and in the wider English Catholic community.
In 2012, Earl was called to be the parish priest and Prior of a new Dominican house at St. Cuthbert's Church in Durham as well as Chaplain of Durham University's Catholic Chaplaincy and Catholic Society. Additionally, he served on liturgical and economic commissions for the English Dominicans, and as a judge on the diocesan tribunal of the Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle.
Since 2016, Earl has served, at the behest of Bruno Cadoré, Master of the Order of Preachers, as Procurator General of the Order at Santa Sabina in Rome, where he has continued the preaching key to the Order alongside his work in canon law.
# David Michael Petrou

David Michael Petrou is a film producer, author and communications executive. In 2013, he served as Co-Executive Producer on Ronny & I. Petrou wrote The Making of Superman (Warner Books, 1978) while he was part of the senior production team on the first two Superman movies starring Christopher Reeve. His previous non-fiction book, Crossed Swords, was about film making behind the Iron Curtain in Budapest, Hungary. Petrou is also a nationally recognized accredited communications executive. He established and ran Eisner, Petrou & Associates, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. and an office in Baltimore, Maryland, from 1986 until 2005.

## Biography
### Education

In 1971 Petrou graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park with a bachelor's degree in English. In 1973, he received his master's degree in English & Journalism from Georgetown University.

### Career

Petrou began his career in New York, NY as Associate Director of Public Relations at Ballantine Books, the paperback division of Random House. Following three years in the publishing industry, Petrou worked for eight years in motion picture production and development. For three years, he worked at the Salkind Organization on the first two “Superman” films, shot on location around the world and at Pinewood Studios outside London. He later worked for motion picture studio Warner Bros. in Los Angeles, where he was an executive consultant in production and marketing.
Petrou wrote "The Making of Superman: The Movie Petrou returned to Washington, D.C., where he served as a director for the late Ambassador R. Sargent Shriver II and the late Eunice Kennedy Shriver at The Joseph P. Kennedy Foundation. In 1986, he founded Eisner, Petrou and Associates, Inc., a full service communications agency based in Washington, DC, where he served as President and Chief Operating Officer until 2005.

### Board and Advisory Councils

Petrou has served as a member of the Kennedy Center Community Advisory Board, the Choral Arts Society of Washington Board and the Washington Men’s Camerata Advisory Board. He is also a baritone singer with The Choral Arts Society of Washington. Petrou participated in several recordings, including: London Symphony Orchestra recording of Mahler “Symphony No. 8,” Valery Gergiev, conductor. “Make Me Drunk with Your Kisses,” by Alexander Knaifel, composer; Mstislav Rostropovich, cellist; Norman Scribner, conductor “Of Rage and Remembrance,” by John Corrigliano, composer, Leonard Slatkin, conductor, with the National Symphony Orchestra. Grammy Award-winner for Best Classical Recording.

## Awards

Petrou has received the Silver Anvil Award from the Public Relations Society of America as well as the PRSA Best in Maryland Awards.
# Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community

The flag of the European Coal and Steel Community was a horizontal bicolour flag defaced with stars which represented the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) between 1958 (six years after the ECSC was founded) until 2002 when the Community was merged into the European Union (EU). Prior to 1958 the ECSC did not have a flag, and no other flag has been used by a historical part of the European Union other than the flag of Europe.

## Design

The flag consisted of two horizontal stripes, blue on the top and black on the bottom. Black stood for coal while the blue stood for steel, the two resources the community managed. There were a number of gold, later white, stars equivalent to the number of states belonging to the community (until 1986, when the number was frozen at twelve). These stars were equally divided between each strip, aligned close to the centre border (if there were an odd number of stars, then the smaller number would be on the top stripe.

## History

The flag was first unveiled at the 1958 Exposition in Brussels, seven years after the establishment of the Community. At Expo, its rivalling flag, the flag of Europe, was also on one of its first public displays.
The number of stars began at six and increased with the membership of the Community until 1986 when it reached twelve. After this it was decided not to increase the number of stars to reflect the new members joining in the 1990s. This kept it inline with the flag of Europe (used by its sister organisations) which displayed twelve stars representing perfection and unity.
The Treaty of Paris setting up the ECSC expired on 23 July 2002 and the ECSC ceased to exist. On this day the ECSC flag outside the European Commission in Brussels was lowered for the final time by President Romano Prodi and replaced with the EU flag.
An original copy of the flag of the ECSC with 12 stars is displayed in the office of the President of the European University Institute in Florence, Prof. J. H.H. Weiler.

### Evolution of designs

| Number of stars | Member states represented by added stars (prior to 1986) | Duration |
| Six | The Inner Six: Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands | 1958 – 31 December 1972 |
| Nine | Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom | 1 January 1973 – 31 December 1980 |
| Ten | Greece | 1 January 1981 – 31 December 1985 |
| Twelve | Portugal and Spain (the number of stars was subsequently fixed at twelve; the principle of having one star per member state was thus abandoned). | 1 January 1986 – 23 July 2002 |
# Flight 417

Flight 417 may refer to:
* Los Angeles Airways Flight 417, crashed on 14 August 1968
* Olympic Airways Flight 417, caused a death by smoke inhalation on 4 January 1998
# Flight 431

Flight 431 may refer to:
* NLM CityHopper Flight 431, crashed on 6 October 1981
* Kenya Airways Flight 431, crashed on 30 January 2000
# Flight 421

Flight 421 may refer to:
* Northwest Airlines Flight 421, crashed on 29 August 1948
* Indian Airlines Flight 421, hijacked on 24 August 1984
* Garuda Indonesia Flight 421, ditched on 16 January 2002
# David Landes

David Saul Landes (April 29, 1924 – August 17, 2013) was a professor of economics and of history at Harvard University. He is the author of Bankers and Pashas, Revolution in Time, The Unbound Prometheus, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, and Dynasties. Such works have received both praise for detailed retelling of economic history, as well as scorn on charges of Eurocentrism, a charge he openly embraced, arguing that an explanation for an economic miracle that happened originally only in Europe must of necessity be a Eurocentric analysis.

## Career

Landes earned a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1953, after a B.A. from City College of New York in 1942. While he waited his call-up to serve in World War II, Landes studied cryptanalysis. He was assigned to the Signal Corps, where he worked on deciphering Japanese coded messages.
Historian Niall Ferguson called him one of his "most revered mentors".
Landes was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the United States National Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.
His son Richard Landes is a historian and author.

## Works

* Landes, David S. (2007). Dynasties: Fortunes and Misfortunes of the World's Great Family Businesses: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03338-6.
* Landes, David S. (1998). The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04017-8.
* Landes, David S. (1983). Revolution in Time. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00282-2.
* Landes, David. S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-09418-6.
* Landes, David S., Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (1958)
# David Landsborough Thomson

David Landsborough Thomson F.R.S.C., (1901–1964) was a Canadian biochemist, best known for the co-discovery of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (adreno-cortical thyroid hormone or ACTH) and as the vice-principal of McGill University. ACTH was co-discovered by Evelyn M. Anderson, James Collip and Thomson. In a paper published in 1933, they explained its function in the body.
Born in Scotland, Thomson earned BSc and MA degrees from the University of Aberdeen, then a PhD in biochemistry from Cambridge University under the eye of Nobel laureate Frederick Gowland Hopkins. After further studies in Europe, he moved to Montreal, joining the McGill faculty in 1928. At McGill, he was Gilman Cheney Professor of Biochemistry from 1937 to 1960, dean of the faculty of graduate studies and research from 1942 to 1963, and the vice-principal from 1955 to 1963. He served on the National Research Council of Canada, the Defence Research Board and the Scientific Research Bureau of Quebec. He received an honorary LL.D. in 1961 from the University of Saskatchewan.
Like all British subjects then living in Canada, he became a Canadian with the passage of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946.

## Publications

Thomson published several highly cited papers in major journals, including The Lancet, BMJ, NATURE, CMAJ, and J. Physiol. Many of these were in collaboration with Collip, Hans Selye, or both. Topic areas included endocrinology (particularly antihormones), vitamins (he coined the term "Vitamin B complex" in a 1938 paper),
He is also a writer of several books, of which "The Life of the Cell" (1928), written at the age of 27, stands out for having been translated into several languages.
# Calliprora platyxipha

Calliprora platyxipha is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Brazil (Amazonas, Para).
The wingspan is 10–12 mm. The forewings are dark fuscous with a broad ochreous-whitish pointed supramedian streak from the base to near the middle, in females narrower and with a short whitish line above its posterior portion. There is a shorter whitish submedian line from the base, and a much shorter dorsal line towards the base. There a rather oblique triangular whitish spot on the middle of the dorsum reaching half across the wing, in females narrower and in males an oblique whitish wedge-shaped streak from the costa about two-thirds, beneath this a longitudinal line, then a wedge-shaped spot, then two longitudinal lines, and finally one on the dorsum, these markings in females smaller and less developed. There is an angulated purple-grey subterminal line, in females whitish at extremities, in males stronger and whitish on the costal and dorsal thirds. There is a ferruginous-brownish streak from the costa beyond this running to the apex, sometimes extended by obscure suffusion along the termen. The hindwings are dark fuscous.
# Oberea tripunctata

Oberea tripunctata, the dogwood twig borer, is a species of longhorn beetle that is a widespread pest that attacks dogwood trees.

## Morphology

Dogwood twig borer adults have slender, elongated bodies like many other beetles of the genus Oberea. They are between 10 and 15 millimeters long and 3 millimeters wide. The head is dark to black and there are three prominent black spots arranged in a triangle on the beetles' thorax. The wing covers are a yellowish tan. There is a narrow black line on the inner edge and a broader, darker line on the outer wing on the lateral margin. There are also two distinct dots right behind the beetle's head.
The larvae of dogwood twig borers, in their final phase, are yellowish, legless and about 19 millimeters long.

## Diet

The dogwood twig borer is distributed in the United States of America wherever there are flowering dogwood trees. They are adaptable and although the bulk of a dogwood twig borer's diet is obtained from flowering dogwood trees, it can also feed on elm, azalea, and viburnum. Many species of fruit trees are attacked by the beetle. The beetle usually begins it's infestation by attacking individual twigs, so wilting leaves on twigs and drooping and girdling of twig tips most likely indicate an infestation by the dogwood twig borer.

## Pest control

To control the dogwood twig borer, a common practice is to clip infested twigs several inches below the girdle, or the infected part of the twig, and then destroy it. This is usually done after wilting occurs, but before adult emergence during spring. This method is commonly recommended and has proved very effective at controlling the population of the dogwood twig borer. Another technique of eliminating the beetle is to spray with recommended insecticides before budding of the infected tree or shrub.
The species is considered a minor pest of the dogwood. It usually does not cause any major problems, unlike the dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula).

## Life cycle

Dogwood twig borer adults emerge in early June, rarely in large numbers. They feed on dogwood twigs and cause girdling around the tips of branches. Females lay their eggs singly on healthy twigs. When the eggs hatch, larvae enter the twig and bore down into the centre. Parts of the twig are sometimes internally separated from the dogwood as a series of closely packed holes are drilled to remove the boring dust (frass). The beetle larvae winter in the stems. Some larvae continue to develop for up to two years. Larvae that pupate during the spring usually emerge from the stem between the middle of May and early June. Dogwood twig borer larvae are sometimes called Elm twig girdlers.
# Calaveras Valley

Calaveras Valley is a valley east of Milpitas, California in the San Francisco Bay Area. It has formed primarily as a result of the actions of the Calaveras Fault. The southern end of the Calaveras Valley is a few miles south of Calaveras Reservoir, while the northern end is at Sunol.
See Calaveras Reservoir for more information.
37°27′15″N 121°48′32″W﻿ / ﻿37.4541667°N 121.8088889°W﻿ / 37.4541667; -121.8088889
# Calaveras Lake

Calaveras Lake can refer to the following bodies of water:
* Calaveras Reservoir (California)
* Calaveras Lake (Texas)
# Flaveria oppositifolia

Flaveria oppositifolia is a rare Mexican plant species of Flaveria within the family Asteraceae. It has been found only in northeastern Mexico, from Tamaulipas west to Coahuila, south as far as Hidalgo and Aguascalientes. Some sources report the species to be present in the State of Texas in the United States, but the Texas populations have been recognized as a distinct species, F. brownii.
Flaveria oppositifolia is a perennial herb up to 80 cm (31.5 in) tall. Leaves are about 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long, covered in short, soft hairs. One plant can produce numerous flower heads in a loose branching array. Each head contains 10-15 yellow disc flowers but no ray flowers.
# Benji Whelan

Benji Whelan is a Gaelic football manager. He managed his native Waterford between 2018 and 2020.
He is from Kilmacthomas.
He led The Nire to two Munster Senior Club Football Championship finals (2014 and 2016).
# Oak Ridge nuclear facility

Oak Ridge nuclear facility may refer to one of several active or historical U.S. federal government facilities in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, including:
* Clinton Engineer Works, the complex of production facilities at Oak Ridge during the World War II Manhattan Project, superseded by the following:
* K-25/K-27, facility for uranium enrichment by gaseous diffusion during World War II and for many years thereafter
** S-50, conducted uranium enrichment by thermal diffusion during the Manhattan Project
* Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy multipurpose national laboratory and the site of several active and historical nuclear energy projects
** X-10 Graphite Reactor, on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory campus, built during World War II and the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation
* Y-12 National Security Complex, conducted uranium enrichment during World War II, more recently used for nuclear weapons production and management of highly enriched uranium
# Ben Downing

Ben Downing may refer to:
* Ben Downing (writer) (born 1967), American author
* Benjamin Downing (born 1981), known as Ben, American politician
# Bernarda Fink

Bernarda Fink (born 29 August 1955) is an Argentine-Slovenian mezzo-soprano. Born in Buenos Aires to Slovene parents who immigrated from Yugoslavia, Fink studied at the Instituto Superior de Arte del Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. She won First Prize at the Nuevas Voces Líricas competition in 1985 and moved to Europe. She lives in the southern Austrian province of Carinthia and is married to Valentin Inzko. Her brother is Marcos Fink, a Slovenian classical music singer.
Fink has sung with leading orchestras including the Philharmonics of Vienna and London, Gewandhaus Leipzig, Radio-France Philharmonic, Orchestre National de France, Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin, English Baroque Soloists, I Solisti Veneti, les Musiciens du Louvre, and Musica Antiqua Köln; and has performed under the baton of conductors such as René Jacobs, Philippe Herreweghe, John Eliot Gardiner, Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Trevor Pinnock, Neville Marriner, Marc Minkowski, Roger Norrington, Mariss Jansons, Valery Gergiev, Colin Davis, and Riccardo Muti.
She has performed at the opera houses of Geneva, Prague, Montpellier, Salzburg, Barcelona, Innsbruck, Rennes. Buenos Aires, Amsterdam, she has sung at the Salzburg, Vienna, Prague, Tokyo, Montreux, BBC Proms festivals, as well as the Théâtre des Champs Elysées, Carnegie Hall, Concertgebouw Amsterdam, Vienna Konzerthaus and Sydney Opera House.
She has recorded for Harmonia Mundi and Hyperion Records.
Fink received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art in 2005.
# Bernarda Albas Haus

Bernarda Albas Haus ('The House of Bernarda Alba') is a 2000 German-language opera in three acts by Aribert Reimann to a libretto by the composer after Enrique Beck's German translation of Federico García Lorca's play La casa de Bernarda Alba (1936).
# Calpocalyx cauliflorus

Calpocalyx cauliflorus is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is found in Cameroon and Nigeria.
# Calbuco River (Cautín)

38°41′35″S 72°01′14″W﻿ / ﻿38.6931°S 72.0206°W﻿ / -38.6931; -72.0206Calbuco River is a river in Cautín Province, Chile.
The river is originating in Llaima Volcano and ending in Vilcún River, commune of Vilcún.
# Fleay

Fleay is a surname of English origin. People with the name include:
* Clarrie Fleay (1886–1955), Australian cricketer
* David Fleay (1907–1993), Australian naturalist
* Frederick Gard Fleay (1831–1909), English Shakespeare scholar
# David Smith (judge)

Sir David Stanley Smith (11 February 1888 – 29 December 1982) was a New Zealand lawyer, judge and educationalist.
Smith was born in Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand in 1888. He worked for Charles Morison as an assistant from 1912. He Smith was appointed as a judge to the Supreme Court in 1928, a relatively early appointment based on his performance as counsel for Maori land claims. Smith received a knighthood in the 1948 New Year Honours. A few months later, he resigned as a judge and concentrated on public affairs.
Smith was a member of the Victoria University College Council (1939–1945) and in 1945 became chancellor of the University of New Zealand. For his services to tertiary education, he received honorary doctorates from the University of Oxford (1948) and the University of New Zealand (1961).
He died in Wellington on 29 December 1982 and his ashes were buried at Karori Cemetery. His daughter, Shirley Smith, became a lawyer.
# O. B. Philp

Colonel Owen Bartley Philp, CM, DFC, CD (25 December 1923 – 15 April 1995) was a Canadian air force officer who was instrumental in the formation of the Golden Centennaires aerobatic team, commanded the Golden Centennaires, and was founder of the Snowbirds aerobatic team. Philp was made a Member of the Order of Canada in October 1992 and was inducted into the Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame in 2015.
# Calumia

Calumia is a genus of fishes in the family Eleotridae native to the marine waters of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.

## Species

The recognized species in this genus are:
* Calumia eilperinae G. R. Allen & Erdmann, 2010
* Calumia godeffroyi (Günther, 1877) (tailface sleeper)
* Calumia papuensis G. R. Allen & Erdmann, 2010
* Calumia profunda Larson & Hoese, 1980
# Calumma andringitraense

Calumma andringitraense is a species of chameleon endemic to Madagascar. It was originally considered a subspecies of Calumma gastrotaenia, the Perinet chameleon.

## Distribution and habitat

Calumma andringitraense has a geographic range of only 1,220 square kilometers (471 square miles) in southwestern Madagascar. It is known to inhabit Andohahela National Park, Andringitra National Park, and Kalambatritra Reserve; this fragmented distribution may be a result of the species' narrow preferences of habitat. For the most part, it is restricted to intact, relatively high-altitude humid forests.

## Conservation and threats

Due to its small and fragmented range and ongoing habitat loss, Calumma andringitraense is listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Perhaps as a result of its limited population and other factors, illegal trade in it is virtually nonexistent. The population of the species is decreasing.
# Calumma ambreense

Calumma ambreense is a species of chameleon found in Madagascar.
# Dave Rich

Dave Rich is Head of Policy at the Community Security Trust and is a leading expert on left-wing antisemitism, according to The Jewish Chronicle. He is an associate research fellow at the Pears Institute for the Study of Antisemitism, where he completed his PhD.
Rich's first book, published in 2016, The Left's Jewish Problem: Jeremy Corbyn, Israel and Anti‑Semitism, began as his doctoral dissertation.
He has since written Everyday Hate: How Antisemitism Is Built Into Our World – And How You Can Change It, published in 2023 to largely positive reception. Writing for The Guardian, Natasha Walter wrote that "Rich’s most precious contribution to the current debate is undoubtedly the line that he draws from historical antisemitism to the crazy conspiracy theories of today. These theories, which put Jewish bankers at the heart of an oppressive global elite, are not only threatening Jews – they are threatening everyone’s hope of making progress towards a more sustainable and equal world." A more critical review was written by Stephen Bush for the Financial Times.