OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Franz Betz

Franz Betz (19 March 1835 – 11 August 1900) was a German bass-baritone opera singer who sang at the Berlin State Opera from 1859 to 1897. He was particularly known for his performances in operas by Richard Wagner and created the role of Hans Sachs in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.

## Biography

Franz Betz was born in Mainz and trained as a singer in Karlsruhe. He made his debut in 1856 at the Court Theater of Hanover as The Herald in Wagner's Lohengrin, after which he sang as a guest performer in various other German opera houses. His 1859 success at the Berlin State Opera in the role of Don Carlo in Verdi's Ernani, led to a permanent contract with the company.
He became one of Wagner's most trusted singers, and sang the role of Hans Sachs in the world premiere of his Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (National Theatre Munich, 1868). Betz sang the role more than a hundred times and was closely identified with the character. He also sang Wotan in Das Rheingold and Die Walküre and The Wanderer in Siegfried for the first complete performance of Der Ring des Nibelungen (Bayreuth Festspielhaus, 1876). In May 1872, he was one of the four soloists in the performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony to mark the laying of the foundation stone for the Bayreuth Festspielhaus.
From 1882 to 1890, he served as the first president of the Genossenschaft Deutscher Bühnen-Angehöriger (the German trade union for stage artists, technicians and administrative staff). He never sang in operas in either the United States or the United Kingdom, although he sang in concerts in London in 1882 and 1889. His singing in the 1889 concert when he was in his mid-fifties was described as "still without flaw".
Upon his retirement from the stage in 1897, Betz was made a Kammersänger of the Berlin State Opera. Franz Betz died on 11 August 1900 in Berlin and is buried in the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtnis-Friedhof there. He was married to the coloratura soprano, Johanna Betz (1837–1906).
# Cirrhipathes

Cirrhipathes is a genus of black coral from the family Antipathidae. Coral species in this genus are commonly known as whip or wire corals because they often exhibit a twisted or coiled morphology. In addition to their colorful appearance, with colors ranging from yellow to red passing through blue and green, these species possess a dark skeleton that is characteristic to every black coral.

## Distribution

Commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas, these corals are part of the reefs in the Indian and Pacific oceans, sometimes as shallow as 15 metres (49 ft) but often at depths greater than 50 metres (160 ft). Long and unbranched, Cirrhipathes species are attached to coral reefs.

## Description

Like all corals, Cirrhipathes species are made of and covered by polyps. These polyps are responsible for providing defense and feeding mechanisms in the form of stinging structures known as nematocysts. These structures, which are present in their tentacles, are fired at preys or predators. The characteristic barbed-wire-like appearance of Cirrhipathes species is the result of their inability to completely retract their polyps. They can grow up to more than three meters in length.
Corals in this genus have different ways of obtaining nutrients. While some species obtain nutrients from their mutualistic interaction with photosynthetic zooxanthellae, others obtain their food by simply capturing small floating animals with their tentacles. When kept in aquariums, wire corals being carnivorous organisms should be fed on small, meaty items such as baby brine, rotifers, cyclop-eeze, fish eggs, and other zooplankton feeds.
From their interaction with the zooxanthellae, the Cirrhipathes obtain essential molecules and in return, protection and access to sunlight are provided to the zooxanthellae. Furthermore, important habitats that house numerous species of marine organisms are formed by these corals. It is even believed that the survival of two species of shrimp depends entirely on these corals.
# Kaşıkçı, Buldan

Kaşıkçı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Buldan, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 236 (2022).
# Bert Leavens

Bertram Elijah Leavens (March 2, 1886 – December 22, 1953) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He served as a CCF member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1943 to 1945 and 1948 to 1951. He represented the downtown Toronto riding of Woodbine.

## Background

The son of John Wesley Leavens and Elizabeth Haycroft, he was born in Owen Sound, Ontario.
Bertram married Myrtle May Leavens (nee Webb) on September 11, 1911 in Owen Sound, Ontario. They had 3 sons (William John (1912-1982), Bertram Elijah (1918-1918) and Charles Wesley (1920-1976)) and a daughter (Eva Lorraine (1914-1974)).

## Politics

Leavens ran unsuccessfully for the Greenwood seat in the Canadian House of Commons in 1935 and 1940 as a CCF candidate, losing both times to Denton Massey.
In the 1943 provincial election, he ran as a CCF candidate in the downtown Toronto riding of Woodbine.
# Dendrobium lobbii

Dendrobium lobbii, commonly known as the straggly rush orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is native to an area extending from Indochina to northern Australia. It has thin, wiry stems with stiff leaves and mostly white or cream-coloured flowers singly or in pairs in leaf axils. Its white labellum does not open widely and sometimes remains closed.

## Description

Dendrobium lobbii is a terrestrial, perennial, herb which forms small clumps. It has thin, wiry, erect or straggly stems 200–600 mm (8–20 in) long with narrow lance-shaped leaves 40–60 mm (1.6–2.4 in) long and about 6 mm (0.2 in) wide with a notched tip. The flowers are white, cream-coloured or greenish, 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long, 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide and are borne singly or in pairs in leaf axils. The sepals are 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, about 3 mm (0.12 in) wide and the petals are about the same length but narrower. The labellum is white, about 13 mm (0.5 in) long, 5 mm (0.2 in) wide and has three lobes. The side lobes are small and narrow while the middle lobe is egg-shaped, notched and warty. Flowering occurs from December to May but the labellum does not open widely, sometimes remaining closed so that the flower self-pollinates.

## Taxonomy and naming

Dendrobium lobbii was first formally described in 1853 by Johannes Elias Teijsmann and Simon Binnendijk from a specimen sent from Singapore and the description was published in Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië. The specific epithet (lobbii) honours Thomas Lobb who collected the type specimen.

## Distribution and habitat

The straggly rush orchid grows with rushes and sedges in swampy places and near streams. It is found in Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and northern Australia where it occurs in Arnhem Land and the Cape York Peninsula as far south as Cardwell.
# Eurypoda (beetle)

Eurypoda is a genus of long-horned beetles in the family Cerambycidae. It is represented by several species.

## Taxonomy

The following species are recognised in the genus Eurypoda:
* Eurypoda antennata Saunders, 1853
* Eurypoda (Neoprion) batesi Gahan, 1894
* Eurypoda (Eurypoda) unicolor Hayashi, 1956
# Diaphanos

Diaphanos is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. There are three recognised species in the Neotropics, and one undescribed subspecies of D. huberi.

## Species

* Diaphanos curvignathos Viloria, 1994
* Diaphanos fuscus Viloria, 1994
* Diaphanos huberi Adams & Bernard, 1981

## Taxonomy

The type species by original designation is Diaphanos huberi Adams & Bernard, 1981 from the Cordillera de Merida in Venezuela. It was originally considered to be a monobasic genus, but two additional species were described from separate mountaintops in the Venezuelan Andes.
# Beatriz Artolazabal

Beatriz Artolazabal is a Spanish politician affiliated with the Basque National Party. From 28 November 2016 to 8 September 2020, she served as Minister for Employment and Social Policies in the Second Urkullu Government. From 8 September 2020 to 14 February 2023, she served as Minister of Equality, Justice and Social Policies in the Third Urkullu Government led by Iñigo Urkullu.

## Early life and education

She was born in Vitoria-Gasteiz in 1970. She holds a degree in Economy and Business Administration from the University of the Basque Country, specialising in International Economy and Development.

## Career

She worked as administrative officer for various companies. From 1995 to 1996 she worked on computer and administrative tasks for Gizaker S.L., and in 1998 she realised an internship in Guascor I+D. She later worked as administrative officer and salesperson in Astilan, a company of Sormen Group, from 1998 to 1999. In 1999 she joined Logic Control S.A., where she was the sales manager until 2000.
In 2000, she became a councillor of the City Council of Vitoria-Gasteiz. She contested the 1999 election on the Basque National Party's ticket, but she failed to be elected. However, she was later elected to fill a vacancy of a fellow party member. She was elected again after the 2003 election, and she continued as a councillor from the opposition until 2007.
In 2008, she was named economic manager of Hospital Santiago in Vitoria-Gasteiz. She stepped down in 2011, and worked as organisation consultant from 2011 to 2013. From 2012 to 2013 she was a member of the Basque National Party's Executive Branch of Álava (ABB). In 2013, she became the Enonomic Manager of Osakidetza, the Basque Health Service.
She left Osakidetza in 2015, in order to serve as Deputy for Social Services in the Provincial Council of Álava. She resigned in 2016, upon being named Minister of Employment and Social Policies by lehendakari Iñigo Urkullu for his second government. After the 2020 Basque regional election, Artolazabal continued as Minister of Equality, Justice and Social Policies in the Third Urkullu Government.
In autumn 2022, media speculation grew regarding the Basque National Party's list of candidates to contest the May 2023 local and foral elections. Various outlets pointed to Artolazabal as a potential candidate to replace Gorka Urtaran for the Vitoria-Gasteiz mayoral contest. She was ultimately proposed to fill that post by the party's executive branch of Alava.

## Personal life

She lives in Mendibil, Arratzua-Ubarrundia. She is married and she has two children.

## Electoral history

Electoral history of Beatriz Artolazabal :
| Election | Party | Alliance | Constituency | No. | Result |
| 1999 local | Basque National Party (EAJ-PNV) | EAJ-PNV/EA | Vitoria-Gasteiz | 13 | Not elected |
| 2003 local | Basque National Party (EAJ-PNV) | EAJ-PNV/EA | Vitoria-Gasteiz | 5 | Elected |
| 2015 local | Basque National Party (EAJ-PNV) | | Arratzua-Ubarrundia | 7 | Not elected |
| ↑ In 2000, she was elected by her party to fill the vacancy of former councillor Pedro Ignacio Elosegi. ||||||||
# Las Casas (disambiguation)

Las Casas commonly referred to as Bartolomé de las Casas (1484–1566), Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar.
Las Casas may also refer to:

## People

* Alberto de las Casas (died 1544), Catholic church figure
* Arán de las Casas (born 1989), Venezuelan actor and singer
* Dianne de Las Casas (1970–2017), Philippine-born American author and storyteller
* Emmanuel de Las Cases (1766-1842), French noble and writer
* Francisco de las Casas (1461–1536), 16th-century Spanish conquistador
* José de Urrutia y de las Casas (1739–1803), Spanish captain general and military engineer
* Juan Bautista de las Casas (d. 1811), 18th-century Tejano revolutionary
* Julio Jesús de las Casas (born 1945), Venezuelan sports shooter
* Luis de Las Casas (1745–1800), Spanish Governor of Cuba
* Luis Felipe de Las Casas Grieve (1916–1988), Peruvian politician and engineer
* Mario de las Casas (1905–2002), Peruvian footballer

### Fictional characters

* Yunior de Las Casas, the subject of two short story collections by author Junot Diaz

## Places
### Chile

* Padre Las Casas, Chile, a city and commune located in Cautín Province

### Dominican Republic

* Padre Las Casas, Dominican Republic, a municipality of the Azua province

### Guatemala

* Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, a municipality in the department of Alta Verapaz

### Mexico

* San Cristóbal de las Casas, a town and municipality located in the state of Chiapas
** San Cristóbal de las Casas National Airport

### Philippines

* Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar, a beach resort and heritage destination in Bagac, Bataan

### Puerto Rico

* Las Casas (Santurce), a sector of Santurce, San Juan
** Camp Las Casas, a military installation established in Santurce in 1904
** Residencial Las Casas, a public housing project in San Juan

### Spain

* Las Casas del Conde, a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca

### United States

* Las Casas or Lascassas, Tennessee, an unincorporated community in Rutherford County
* Las Casas Occupational High School, a high school in Chicago, Illinois
# Decoding the Universe

Decoding the Universe: How the New Science of Information Is Explaining Everything in the Cosmos, from Our Brains to Black Holes is the third non-fiction book by American author and journalist Charles Seife. The book was initially published on January 30, 2007 by Viking.

## Synopsis

In this book Seife concentrates on the information theory, discussing various issues, such as decoherence and probability, relativity and quantum mechanics, works of Turing and Schrödinger, entropy and superposition, etc.

## Review

   The cosmos, as Seife depicts it, is a great big information swap meet. Objects enormous and minuscule are always encountering other objects and being affected by them in such a way that they “gather information” — not consciously, of course, but in the way that the mercury collected information about my boiling syrup. A pool ball that’s hit by another pool ball receives information about the speed and direction of the ball that hit it. Subatomic particles do the same. Of course, subatomic particles do a lot of things that are much more baffling than this, like existing in two different places at the same time until someone or something tries to locate them. But, as Seife argues, information still lies at the root of all this. “Decoding the Universe” offers a history of the development of information theory, too, beginning with the cryptographers of World War II.
—Salon

## Similar books on the information theory

* Leon Brillouin, Science and Information Theory, Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, [1956, 1962] 2004. ISBN 0-486-43918-6
* James Gleick, The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood, New York: Pantheon, 2011. ISBN 978-0-375-42372-7
* A. I. Khinchin, Mathematical Foundations of Information Theory, New York: Dover, 1957. ISBN 0-486-60434-9
* H. S. Leff and A. F. Rex, Editors, Maxwell's Demon: Entropy, Information, Computing, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey (1990). ISBN 0-691-08727-X
* Tom Siegfried, The Bit and the Pendulum, Wiley, 2000. ISBN 0-471-32174-5
* Jeremy Campbell, Grammatical Man, Touchstone/Simon & Schuster, 1982, ISBN 0-671-44062-4
* Henri Theil, Economics and Information Theory, Rand McNally & Company - Chicago, 1967.
* Escolano, Suau, Bonev, Information Theory in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Springer, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84882-296-2
* Seth Lloyd, Programming the Universe, Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.
# Gerry Murray

Gerry Murray (September 30, 1920 – August 9, 2019) was an American roller derby skater. She played for most of her career with the New York Chiefs, becoming a popular derby star known for her glamour as well as her on-track rivalry with Midge "Toughie" Brasuhn. Murray was one of the first American sportswomen to sign an endorsement deal and was inducted to the Roller Derby Hall of Fame in 1956.

## Early life

Geraldine Murray was born in Des Moines, Iowa, on September 30, 1920. Her parents were Raymond and Leila (Zika) Murray, but she was raised primarily by her grandmother, Grace Jones, after her parents' divorce when she was six years old. Murray played softball as a young child and was recruited for the Russell Sporting Goods team, which won a state championship.
She graduated from North High School in 1938.

## Skating career

In 1938, Murray tried out for the newly formed Roller Derby and was selected as a trainee, joining a team in Texas.
Along with stars like Billy Bogash and Midge "Toughie" Brasuhn, Murray became a well-known personality. Billy Bogash said of Murray, "That Gerry is the best skater in the business". Murray was one of the first American women to sign endorsement deals, with branded hair ties and bobby pins sold at department stores. She was one of the first people to become a part of the Roller Derby Hall of Fame; she was inducted in 1956.
Murray became Chicago's team captain in 1947. Murray was the women's captain of the New York Chiefs for many years, skating with the jersey number 22. She also ran the Chiefs' training school. Murray was famed for her scuffles with other skaters, especially "Toughie" Brasuhn, although the two were friends off the track. The rivalry between Murray and Brasuhn was highly promoted in the 1940s and 1950s, and they were both well-compensated as stars. A 2014 children's picture book, "Roller Derby Rivals" by Sue Macy, tells the story of the close relationship of Murray and Brasuhn.
She retired from skating in 1960, going on to own two bars and a cattle and horse ranch in California. She returned to the track in 1975, however, skating with her son and daughter-in-law on the New York Braves of the United Banked Track Skating Association. After that league collapsed, she joined the reconstituted New York Chiefs in the International Roller Skating League in 1977.
Murray died in Des Moines on August 9, 2019, at the age of 98.

## Personal life

Murray married two fellow roller derby skaters. The first was Paul Milane; in 1941 they had a son, Mike. After their divorce, Murray married her coach and teammate Gene Gammon, who adopted Mike. Mike Gammon grew up on the roller derby circuit and followed in his parents footsteps to become a derby star in his own right.
# Pleasant Street Congregational Church

The Pleasant Street Congregational Church is an historic Congregational church at 75 Pleasant Street in Arlington, Massachusetts. The church was built in 1844 for a congregation that split doctrinally from the First Parish Church, whose adherents chose to become Unitarian. The church is a fine example of pattern-book Greek Revival architecture. Its steeple was toppled in 1871, and was again damaged by the New England Hurricane of 1938, necessitating steel reinforcements. The interior was restyled in the late Victorian period, and lengthened in 1883 to accommodate increased attendance. The Colonial Revival front entrance dates to the a series of alterations and repairs made after the 1938 hurricane.
The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and included in an expansion of the Arlington Center Historic District in 1985.
In 2012 the church closed and the congregation was disbanded. The Boston Church of Christ subsequently purchased the church, substantially renovating the 1956 with the addition of a floor of the Pleasant Street facade. The interior of the sanctuary was also substantially altered with the removal of the curved wooden pews and twin pulpits. The Boston Church of Christ holds services there.
# Dayviews

Dayviews (formerly Bilddagboken, "picture diary") is a Swedish virtual community where users can upload photographs and present these to other members. The community has succeeded well on the virtual community market in Sweden, primarily because the site is aimed entirely at sharing images, while other communities in Sweden are mostly aimed at chatting. The page is, according to themselves, Sweden's largest and fastest growing website. (Statistics about Swedish commercial websites is available at Kiaindex)
The page has about 20,000 to 80,000 members logged in at any given time and about six million visitors (one million unique visitors) per week (July 2008).
On 15 October 2007 it was confirmed that Lunarstorm had bought 40% of Bilddagboken.
On 14 June 2008, the community surpassed more than 200 million uploaded images. It also reached 800,000 members in the same week.
In October 2008, Bilddagboken had more than 100,000 users logged in at the same time, setting a record for itself. This effectively overloaded the servers and caused slow surfing at their site. Recently, Bilddagboken has also created a new forum for all users.
As of 2008, Bilddagboken is available in 5 different languages (see below).
The Bilddagboken sister sites have been 'live' for almost 2 years and have failed to capture any presence within International markets.
Bilddagboken.se and Myphotodiary.com are the same site since November 2009, with a link to change language in the footer of the page, although only Swedish and English are available at this time. The other localizations are still separate sites.
# Delisea pulchra

Delisea pulchra is a red algae found in Southern Australia, New Zealand, the Subantarctic Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. It produces a range of secondary metabolites called halogenated furanones that have ecological roles as defenses against epiphytes and herbivores.

## Halogenated furanones in Delisea pulchra
### Localisation of furanones

Furanones are localised in the central vesicle of gland cells in D. pulchra. The presence of a series of conjugated double bonds in the structure of furanones cause these compounds to fluoresce when excited by the wavelength close to UV. Four main types of halogenated furanones were found in this species.
Prevention of biofilm on Delisea pulchra's surface
The halogenated furanones produced by D. pulchra are structurally similar to bacterial signalling molecules called acylated homoserine lactones (AHL). There is evidence that the halogenated furanones attach to the bacteria receptor proteins for AHLs disabling bacterial communication. In this way the seaweed can prevent biofilm accumulation on its surface.
# RASGEF1A

RasGEF domain family, member 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASGEF1A gene.
# Otter Lake Community Church

The Otter Lake Community Church, built in 1861 in Hawkinsville, New York, is now located on the east side of Route 28 in Otter Lake, Oneida County, New York. It was moved to this site in 1921.
This Gothic Revival-style church has the following architectural features: emphasis on verticality; board and batten siding; steeply pitched roof; and arched windows and door. The interior of the church contains the original pews, altar, and balcony. It is a rectangular, gable roofed Carpenter Gothic structure with board-and-batten siding. It features a massive four stage, square tower engaged in the front facade. Located on the south side of the church is the pastor's lodge, erected in 1924.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
The AARCH Award 2004 was awarded to the trustees of the Otter Lake Community Church for long-term stewardship.
# Fh8

Fh8 is a small protease produced by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. This parasite infects human and animals, and may lead to death. This protease is a very small one, 8 kDa, as is produced and secreted by the parasite during the infection process through liver. This protein has been tested and used as a fusion tag to improve the solubilization and expression of recombinant proteins, due to its biochemical characteristics.
# Graphium megaera

Graphium megaera is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to the Philippines.