OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Launching satellites

The expression 'launching satellites' (Chinese: 放卫星, Pinyin: 'fang weixing'), alternatively translated as "putting satellites into orbit", refers to a socialist construction campaign that began in 1958 during the "Great Leap Forward" and was anxious for success by 1959. During the Great Leap Forward, exaggeration was prevalent throughout China, with false reports exaggerating food production, and these false reports of "wheat satellites", "rice satellites", "grain satellites", "tobacco satellites", and other similar acts in various industries were unanimously called "Launching Satellites".
The term "launching satellites" was coined in honor of Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite launched by the USSR.
China successfully launched a sounding rocket in 1964 and the satellite Dong Fang Hong I in 1970.

## Background
### Land reform

At the beginning of 1950s, as CCP gained power over the KMT, the land reform campaign began. This campaign focuses on taking lands from landlords and handing them out to the peasants, this consolidated the power of CCP and set the stage for agricultural collectivization later on.

### Early stages of agricultural collectivization

Not long after, various forms of agriculture organization started to form, the most notably:
* Mutual Aid Teams
* Local Level Agriculture Producer Cooperatives
But currently the organizations are limited in size, members have individual choice and are quite efficient.

### More agricultural collectivization

In the later years of 1950s, higher level Local Level Agriculture Producer Cooperatives started to form, this organization contains thousands of peasants, and still allowed individual choices of the peasants to a certain degree.

### Full on agricultural collectivization

In 1958, People’s communes were formed, and started full agricultural collectivization, individual choices were not allowed anymore. This led to the lack of incentives to work from the peasants and the general decrease in production efficiency.

### The term “Launching satellites”

On 4 October 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first ever man made satellite to space, named “Sputnik 1”.
The success shocked the world, and also turned out to be a huge propaganda success.
As the Soviet Union was the most powerful communist country at the time, communist China under Mao was deeply impressed and wanted to replicate the success of such a magnitude.
Later this sentiment turned into a political obsession of the search for incredible feats under communism.

### Great Leap Forward

After the early success of agricultural collectivization, Mao was emboldened and launched a campaign “Great Leap Forward”, with the slogan “Exceeding the UK, catching the USA”.
With an unusual sense of optimism, the entire country started working tirelessly and communes started to compete with one another in terms of agricultural production.
# Frédéric Protat

Frédéric Protat (born 17 July 1966) is a French former professional motorcycle racer. He was the 1991 250cc French superbike champion.
Born in Bron, Protat began his career in Grand Prix motorcycle racing in the 1989 season riding an Aprilia in the 250cc class at the 1989 French motorcycle Grand Prix. He later participated with Aprilia again in 1991 in the 250 cc class. Between 1992 and 1994 he took part in championships sometimes with Honda, and sometimes with Aprilia.
1995 saw Protat move up to the 500cc class riding an ROC Yamaha. In 1996, he was the highest ranking privateer in the 500cc class, finishing the season in 15th place. Protat's final season in the 500cc class was in 1997 riding a Honda.
He scored 12 points in the 250cc Grand Prix class and 41 points in 500cc category. In 1998 and 1999 he participated in the World Superbike Championship for Ducati. In 1999 he was vice champion of France on a Ducati superbike. In 2000 and 2001 he won the French Superbike Championship on a Ducati Superbike. In 2002 he was vice champion of France on Ducati. In 2006, he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans motorcycle endurance race along with Olivier Four and Daniel Ribalta-Bosch riding a Honda CBR.

## Grand Prix results

| Year | Cat. | Bike | GP | Vict. | Podiums | Poles | Mtour | Pts | Position |
| 1989 | 250 cc | Aprilia | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | |
| 1991 | 250 cc | Honda | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 33 |
| 1992 | 250 cc | Aprilia | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | |
| 1993 | 250 cc | Aprilia | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 25 |
| 1994 | 250 cc | Honda | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | |
| 1995 | 500 cc | ROC Yamaha | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 25 |
| 1996 | 500 cc | ROC Yamaha | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 15 |
| 1997 | 500 cc | Honda | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | |
# Patrick Chapuis

Patrick Chapuis (3 September 1949 – 13 January 2021) was a French photographer.

## Biography

Chapuis spent his childhood living in Gabon. His father was an astronomic photographer. While attending secondary school in Toulouse, he became friends with Claude Nori, who would go on to found the photo gallery and publishing house Contrejour [fr]. Chapuis studied photography at the École technique de photo de Toulouse, where he was a student of Jean Dieuzaide, and at the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs. He made his debut as a reporter-photographer in Iraq in 1984. His reports on the Kurds were published exclusively in Paris Match.
Since 1987, Chapuis has published numerous reports on Ancient Egypt and became an official photographer for the Louvre museum and of the French mission of the Bubasteum.
Other photographic reports Chapuis has published have appeared in GEO, National Geographic, Le Figaro Magazine, Science & Vie, Stern, Science, and others.
Patrick Chapuis died in Paris on 13 January 2021 at the age of 71.

## Publications

* Les Tombeaux retrouvés de Sakkara (2003)
* Le Labyrinthe des pyramides (2011)
* Mastabas de l’Egypte ancienne (2012)
* Intenses cités (2016)
# Carabus saulcyi

Carabus saulcyi is a species of black coloured beetle from the family Carabidae, found in Lebanon and Syria.
# Charles Craig (tenor)

Charles James Craig (3 December 1919 – 23 January 1997) was an English operatic tenor. In the army during World War II, he joined the Entertainments Unit in India and performed operatic arias. He was encouraged by Thomas Beecham, and was included on his 1952 recording of A Mass of Life

## Biography

Craig was born in Shoreditch, London on 3 December 1919. His father was labourer James George Craig and his mother Ann Rosina Gardner. He was youngest of fifteen siblings. Although he had musical leanings in his youth, both his parents died by the time he was thirteen, and in 1940 he joined the army.
During World War II, he performed operatic arias and ballads as part of the Entertainments Unit in India. He married Dorothy Wilson on 11 September 1946 in Bradford and they had 2 children. In retirement, he lived at Whitfield, Northamptonshire and on 23 January 1997, he died as a result of a heart attack.

## Career

Craig received early encouragement from Sir Thomas Beecham, and sang in his 1952 recording of A Mass of Life by Frederick Delius. He was known as one of "the most Italianate of English operatic tenors" and took lessons with Dino Borgioli. From 1957 to 1980 he performed leading tenor roles at London's Royal Opera House and English National Opera. One of his most famous roles was Verdi's Otello, which he sang in Chicago, Vienna, Berlin, Naples, Munich, Venice, Salzburg, Turin, Lisbon, Düsseldorf.

## Recordings

* Charles Craig - Puccini Arias and Favorite Ballads. Label: Testament 1151.
* Charles Craig - Operatic Arias and Italian Songs. Label: Testament 1152.
* Joan Hammond and Charles Craig Sing Opera Arias and Duets. Label: Testament 1153.
* Verdi: Otello – Charles Craig (Otello), Rosalind Plowright (Desdemona), Neil Howlett (Iago), Shelagh Squires (Emilia), Bonaventura Bottone (Cassio); English National Opera Orchestra and Chorus; Mark Elder (conductor). Live recording, London 1983; remastered release 2001. Label: Chandos Records CD
Charles Craig also recorded Il trovatore, The Land of Smiles, Un ballo in maschera, and The Student Prince (highlights).
# Radoslav Vanko

Radoslav Vanko (born in 1983, in Žilina, Slovakia), is a Slovak model. Vanko graduated from the faculty of physical education and sport with a master's degree as a teacher and personal trainer.

## Career

Vanko has modeled for Valentino, Dolce and Gabbana, Giorgio Armani, Gucci, Pierre Cardin, Louis Vuitton and Prada. He has appeared on the cover of Men's Health and DNA.
# C9H7N

The molecular formula C$_9$H$_7$N (molar mass: 129.16 g/mol, exact mass: 129.0578 u) may refer to:
* Isoquinoline
* Quinoline
# Laval-le-Prieuré

Laval-le-Prieuré (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.
# Pepin Township, Wabasha County, Minnesota

Pepin Township is a township in Wabasha County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 471 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Maple Springs, Camp Lacupolis and Reads Landing are located within the township.
Pepin Township was organized in 1858, and named after Lake Pepin.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 21.6 square miles (55.8 km$^2$); 17.6 square miles (45.5 km$^2$) of it is land and 4.0 square miles (10.3 km$^2$) of it (18.51%) is water. The township contains three properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Precolumbian King Coulee Site, the 1870 Reads Landing School, and the 1940 Reads Landing Overlook.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 471 people, 170 households, and 131 families residing in the township. The population density was 26.8 inhabitants per square mile (10.3/km$^2$). There were 210 housing units at an average density of 11.9/sq mi (4.6/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 98.30% White, 0.42% Native American, 0.85% Asian, and 0.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.91% of the population.
There were 170 households, out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.2% were married couples living together, 3.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were non-families. 17.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.14.
In the township the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $46,563, and the median income for a family was $51,563. Males had a median income of $32,000 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,741. About 5.3% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 17.7% of those age 65 or over.
# Deformation index

The deformation index is a parameter that specifies the mode of control under which time-varying deformation or loading processes occur in a solid. It is useful for evaluating the interaction of elastic stiffness with viscoelastic or fatigue behavior.
If deformation is maintained constant while load is varied, the process is said to be deformation controlled. Similarly, if load is held constant while deformation is varied, the process is said to be load controlled. Between the extremes of deformation and load control, there is a spectrum of intermediate modes of control including energy control.
For example, between two rubber compounds with the same viscoelastic behavior but different stiffnesses, which compound is preferred for a given application? In a strain controlled application, the lower stiffness rubber would operate at smaller stress and therefore produce less viscous heating. But in a stress controlled application, the higher stiffness rubber would operate at small strains thereby producing less viscous heating. In an energy controlled application, the two compounds might give the same amount of viscous heating. The right selection for minimizing viscous heating therefore depends on the mode of control.

## Definition

Futamura's deformation index $n$ can be defined as follows. $p$ is the parameter whose value is controlled (ie held constant). $E$ is Young's modulus of linear elasticity. $\epsilon$ is the strain. $\sigma$ is the stress.
    $p=\epsilon E^{\frac {n}{2}}=\sigma E^{{\frac {n}{2}}-1}$
Particular choices of $n$ yield particular modes of control and determine the units of $p$. For $n=0$, we get strain control: $p=\epsilon =\sigma E^{-1}$. For $n=1$, we get energy control: $w={\frac {1}{2}}p^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\epsilon ^{2}E={\frac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{2}E^{-1}$. For $n=2$, we get stress control: $p=\epsilon E=\sigma$.

## History

The parameter was originally proposed by Shingo Futamura, who won the Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award in recognition of this development. Futamura was concerned with predicting how changes in viscoelastic dissipation were affected by changes to compound stiffness. Later, he extended applicability of the approach to simplify finite element calculations of the coupling of thermal and mechanical behavior in a tire. William Mars adapted Futamura's concept for application in fatigue analysis.

## Analogy to polytropic process

Given that the deformation index may be written in a similar algebraic form, it may be said that the deformation index is in a certain sense analogous to the polytropic index for a polytropic process.
# Frédéric Reech

Frédéric Reech (9 September 1805 – 6 May 1884) was a French mathematician, naval engineer and professor who made contributions to thermodynamics and hydraulics. He was among the first to examine the effect of scaling of models of ships, noting the proportionality with the speed of a fluid and the inverse of the square root of its length as a law of comparison in a little-known work in 1831 which is sometimes called the Reech-Froude number. He published a number of treatises in physics including Théorie des machines motrices (1869).
Reech was born in Lambertsloch and went to the Ecole polytechnique and after graduating in 1823 he went to study maritime engineering at Brest in 1825. He worked in the navy and worked at Cherbourg and Lorient. He taught at the maritime engineering school, dealing with mechanics, thermodynamics, and hydrodynamics. After serving at the school for thirty nine years he was transferred to Paris in 1854 and also taught at Sorbonne. He was made Commander of the Legion of Honour on 12 August 1857.
In the comparison of the models of ship hulls, he noted the constant of proportionality that is now more often associated with the work of Froude but also sometimes called the Reech-Froude number. He was once described as "probably the man in the whole world most profoundly conversant with the whole mathematics and mechanics of naval architecture".
He returned in 1870 and moved to Lorient due to the German occupation of home in Alsace. He died at Lorient but was buried in Soultz-sous-Forêts near his home.
# Carabus rugosus

Carabus rugosus is a species of either black or brown-coloured ground beetle in the Carabinae subfamily that can be found in France, Portugal, Spain, and Morocco.
# Diploplecta simplex

Diploplecta simplex is a species of Linyphiidae spider that is endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

This species was described in 1988 by Alfred Frank Millidge from female specimens. The holotype is stored in Otago Museum.

## Description

The female is recorded at 1.9mm in length. This species has a pale yellow carapace with a black markings dorsally and laterally. The legs are pale brown. The abdomen is whitish brown with black markings.

## Distribution

This species is only known from Auckland and Masterton in the North Island of New Zealand.

## Conservation status

Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, this species is listed as "Not Threatened".
# Exocoelactiidae

Exocoelactiidae is a family of sea anemones belonging to the order Actiniaria.
Genera:
# C9H8O

The molecular formula C$_9$H$_8$O may refer to:
* Acrylophenone, an organic compound
* Benzopyran, a polycyclic organic compound
* Cinnamaldehyde, an organic compound with the formula C$_6$H$_5$CH=CHCHO
* 1-Indanone, the organic compound with the formula C$_6$H$_4$(CH$_2$)$_2$CO
# 5 Deadly Venoms of Brooklyn

5 Deadly Venoms of Brooklyn is a mixtape created by five New York City DJs, P.F. Cuttin', Mister Cee, Tony Touch, DJ Premier and Evil Dee. The mixtape was recorded in 1997 and released by Tape Kingz on cassette tape. The name of the album is a reference to a well-known kung-fu movie Five Deadly Venoms.
The album consists of mixed tracks of Dr. Dre, B-Real, Busta Rhymes, KRS-One, Kool G Rap, Mobb Deep, Notorious B.I.G., Sunz Of Man, Jeru The Damaja and many more. 5 Deadly Venoms of Brooklyn is considered one of the greatest hip-hop mixtapes ever created. In the book Ego Trip's Big Books of Rap Lists, it was ranked on "Top 10 Greatest Mixtapes Ever" list.

## Track list

Mixed By The Lizard a.k.a. P.F. Cuttin':
* P.F. Cuttin' – "5 Deadly Venoms Of Brooklyn - Intro"
* Verbal Hoods – "I'll Be Damned"
* Dr. Dre & B-Real – "Puppet Master"
* Breez Evahflowin' – "Forsaken"
* Busta Rhymes & Q-Tip – "Wild Hot"
* Camp Lo – "Say Word"
* The Dutchmin – "Surrounded"
* Powerule – "Bright Lights, Big City"
Mixed By The Toad a.k.a. Mister Cee:
* Zhané – "Request Line (Mister Cee Blend)"
* KRS-One – "Raptures Delight"
* Yvette Michele – "Not Feelin' You (Mister Cee Blend)"
* The Veterans – "The Medicine"
* Notorious B.I.G. – "Hypnotize"
* Frankie Cutlass, Kool G Rap, Mobb Deep & M.O.P. – "Know The Game"
* Mobb Deep – "Young Luv"
Mixed By The Snake a.k.a. Tony Touch:
* Tony Touch – "Deadly Freestyle"
* Steele Kat One & Lil' Noc – "Freestyle"
* Freddie Foxxx – "Freestyle"
* Sunz Of Man & Makeeba – "Freestyle"
* Guru – "Freestyle"
* Channel Live & Benny Boom – "Freestyle"
* Jeru The Damaja & Lil' Dap – "Freestyle"
Mixed By The Scorpion a.k.a. DJ Premier:
* Grand Wizard Theodore & Kevie Kev Rockwell – "Military Cut"
* Busy Bee vs. Kool Moe Dee – "Live At The Harlem World"
* Double Trouble – "Live At The Amphitheater L.E.S."
* The Cold Crush Brothers – "It's Us"
* T La Rock – "It's Yours"
* LL Cool J – "I Need A Beat (Jazzy Mix 1984)"
* Malcolm McLaren & The World's Famous Supreme Team – "Buffalo Gals"
* MC Lyte – "I Cram To Understand"
* Divine Force Crew – "Holy War"
* DJ Premier – "Ending Interlude"
Mixed By The Centipede a.k.a. Evil Dee:
* Black Skavengers – "Poison Pill"
* Jeru the Damaja – "Me Or The Papes"
* M.O.P. – "Downtown Swinga"
* Krumb Snatcha – "Gettin' Closer To God"
* Shamus & Flu – "Tight Team"
* AK Skills – "East To West"
* Shadez Of Brooklyn – "Calm Under Pressure"
# Gialaia

Gialaia is a genus of crickets in family Gryllidae and tribe Gryllini. A discontinuous distribution of records, between Madagascar, Indo-China and New Guinea is almost certainly incomplete.

## Taxonomy

The genus contains the two subgenera:
* subgenus Eugialaia Gorochov, 2001 - New Guinea
** Gialaia calva Gorochov, 2001
** Gialaia dichroa Gorochov, 2001
** Gialaia monochroa Gorochov, 2001
** Gialaia strasbergi Hugel, 2014
* subgenus Gialaia Gorochov, 1994 - Madagascar, Indo-China
** Gialaia africana Gorochov & Kostia, 1999
** Gialaia khaoyai Gorochov, 2001
** Gialaia koncharangi Gorochov, 2001
** Gialaia microptera Gorochov, 1994
** Gialaia nhatrangi Gorochov, 2001
** Gialaia ottei Gorochov, 1994 - type species (locality Vietnam)
** Gialaia tamdao Gorochov, 2001
** Gialaia thai Gorochov, 2001
# Casagrande case

Casagrande v München (1974) Case 9/74 is an EU law case, concerning discrimination in the education system.
In 1974, the European Court of Justice ruled that the prohibitions against discrimination covered by the European Communities' treaties extended to persons in the education system. The Casagrande case (9/74) held that under Regulation 1612/68 (on the Freedom of movement for workers), Art. 12 must be interpreted as giving the children of migrant workers access to education (and provisions therefore) on the same basis as host country nationals. The court's interpretation included not only access, but also 'general measures intended to facilitate educational attendance' (para. 9).
# Law Dome

Law Dome is a large ice dome which rises to 1,395 metres (4,580 ft) directly south of Cape Poinsett, Antarctica. The feature was roughly mapped by the United States Geological Survey from aerial photographs taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and has been the subject of intensive glaciological and geophysical surveys by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions between 1962 and 1965. It was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for Phillip Law, Director of the Australian Antarctic Division from 1949 to 1966.
The dome is bounded by the Totten Glacier to the east and the Vanderford Glacier to the west. The dome itself is host to the Williamson Glacier and several other much smaller glaciers on its northern face.
# Paul-Aloïse De Bock

Paul-Aloïse De Bock (13 September 1898 in Schaerbeek - 28 April 1986 in Watermael-Boitsfort) was a French-speaking Belgian lawyer and writer.
De Bock won the Prix Victor-Rossel in 1953 for the collection of short stories Terres basses.

## Works

* Terres basses, 1953
* L'Antichambre, 1954
* L'Écume et le Soc, 1954
* Les Mains dans le vide, 1955
* Litanies pour des gisants, 1956
* Le Monologue conjugal, 1957
* Les Chemins de Rome, 1961
* Paul Delvaux, l'homme, le peintre, 1967
* Le Sucre filé, 1976
* Le Pénitent, 1981
# Out of the Grey (Out of the Grey album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Out of the Grey is the debut album by Out of the Grey, released in 1991. It was ranked 47th in the book CCM Presents: The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music.

## Track listing

All songs written by Christine and Scott Denté, except where noted.
* "Wishes" (Christine Denté, Scott Denté, Charlie Peacock) – 4:58
* "Write My Life" (Christine Denté, Scott Denté, Charlie Peacock) – 4:11
* "Remember This" (Christine Denté, Scott Denté, Charlie Peacock) – 4:31
* "The Dance" (Christine Denté, Scott Denté, Charlie Peacock) – 3:36
* "He Is Not Silent" – 4:00
* "Better Way to Fall" – 4:31
* "Time Will Tell" (Christine Denté, Scott Denté, Charlie Peacock) – 3:21
* "Perfect Circle" – 5:00
* "The Only Moment" (Christine Denté, Scott Denté, Charlie Peacock) – 3:15
* "The Deep" – 3:21

## Personnel

* Christine Denté – vocals
* Scott Denté – vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitars
* Jerry McPherson – electric guitars
* Charlie Peacock – keyboards, acoustic piano, programming, arrangements
* Craig Hansen – additional programming
* Blair Masters – sampling
* Tommy Sims – bass
* Steve Grossman – drums
* Chris McHugh – drums
* Eric Darken – percussion
* Rick Will – tambourine
* Vince Ebo – backing vocals
* Vicki Hampton – backing vocals
Production
* Charlie Peacock – producer
* Peter York – executive producer
* Craig Hansen – engineer, mixing (8, 10)
* Jonathan Beach – assistant engineer
* Buzz Leffler – assistant engineer
* Garrett Rockey – assistant engineer
* Kevin Twit – additional engineer
* Rick Will – mixing (1, 2, 4)
* Bill Deaton – mixing (3, 5, 6, 7, 9)
* Graham Lewis – mix assistant (3, 5, 6, 7, 9)
* Ken Love – mastering at MasterMix, Nashville, Tennessee
* Heather Horne – art direction, design
* Chris Carroll – photography
* Kaleidoscope Sound, Bellevue, Tennessee – recording location, mixing location
* Digital Recorders – mixing location
* Sixteenth Avenue Sound, Nashville, Tennessee – mixing location
# Exocoetus monocirrhus

Exocoetus monocirrhus is a species of fish in the family Exocoetidae.
# Kenyentulus ohyamai

Kenyentulus ohyamai is a species of proturan in the family Acerentomidae. It is found in Southern Asia.