OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Coombe

Coombe is an alternate spelling of combe, a dry valley.
It may also refer to:

## Places
### Australia

* Coombe, South Australia, a locality in the Coorong District Council

### England

* Coombe, Buckinghamshire
* Coombe, Camborne, Cornwall
* Coombe, Gwennap, Cornwall (near Redruth)
* Coombe, Kea, Cornwall (near Truro)
* Coombe, Liskeard, Cornwall
** Coombe Junction Halt railway station
* Coombe, Morwenstow, Cornwall (near Bude)
* Coombe, St Stephen-in-Brannel, Cornwall (near St Austell)
* Coombe, East Devon, Devon (near Sidmouth)
* Coombe, Mid Devon, Devon (near Tiverton)
* Coombe, Teignmouth, Teignbridge, Devon
* Coombe, Dorset (in Whitchurch Canonicorum)
* Coombe, Gloucestershire
* Coombe, Hampshire
* Coombe, Kent
* Coombe, Croydon, London
* Coombe, Kingston upon Thames, London
* Coombe, Crewkerne, Somerset
* Coombe, Taunton, Somerset
* Coombe, Donhead St. Mary, Wiltshire
* Coombe, Enford, Wiltshire
* Coombe Bissett, Wiltshire
* Coombe Dingle, Bristol
* Combe Fields, Warwickshire
** Coombe Abbey, former country house, now a hotel
** Coombe Country Park, the former grounds of the house
* Coombe Hill Canal, Vale of Gloucester
* Coombe Keynes, Dorset

### Ireland

* The Coombe, Dublin, a historic street in Dublin

### United States

* Coombe Historic District, Felton, Kent County, Delaware

## People

* Dorothy Coombe (1896–1982), Australian trade unionist
* E. H. Coombe (1858–1917), South Australian newspaper editor and politician
* Robert Coombe, American chemist and educator
* Rosemary J. Coombe, Canadian anthropologist and lawyer
* Roy R. Coombe (1924-2016), American newspaper editor, businessman, and politician
* Thomas Coombe (1873–1959), Australian businessman

## Other uses

* Coombe Hall (1871–1932), Scottish footballer who played for Blackburn Rovers
* Coombe Cellars, a public house in south Devon, England
* Coombe Boys' School, a secondary school, New Malden, London, England
* Coombe Clipless Pedal, a type of bicycle pedal
* Coombe Dean School, a specialist secondary school in Plymouth, Devon, England
* Coombe Girls' School, an all-female secondary school in New Malden, South-West London, England
* Coombe Women's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
* Coombe Wood, a garden in the London Borough of Croydon, England
# William Barber

William Barber, Bill Barber or Billy Barber may refer to:

## Politicians

* William Barber (MP for Bedford), Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford
* William Barber (MP for Dunwich), MP for Dunwich
* William Barber (Ontario politician) (1808–1887), Canadian businessman and politician
* William Alonzo Barber (1843–1913), Wisconsin politician, soldier, businessman, banker and educator
* William Henry Peter Barber (1857–1943), New Zealand politician
* William P. Barber (1907–1984), justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court

## Sports

* William Barber (Hambledon cricketer) (1734–1805), English cricketer of the Hambledon Club in the 1760s and 1770s
* William Barber (Sheffield cricketer) (1797–?), English cricketer, played for Sheffield
* William Barber (Nottinghamshire cricketer) (1881–1971), English cricketer who played for Nottinghamshire
* William Barber (cricketer, born 1906) (1906–1981), English cricketer
* William Barber (cricketer, born 1919) (1919–1989), English cricketer
* Bill Barber (born 1952), Canadian ice hockey player
* Bill Barber (tennis) (born 1970), American tennis player
* Billy Barber (boxer) (1928–2004), Australian boxer

## Musicians

* Bill Barber (musician) (1920–2007), jazz musician (tuba)
* Billy Barber (musician), keyboardist and composer

## Others

* William Barber II (born 1963), minister and social activist
* William Barber (engraver) (1807–1879), Chief Engraver of the United States Mint
* Sir William Barber, 1st Baronet (1860–1927), English solicitor, property developer and philanthropist
* William E. Barber (1919–2002), United States Marine Corps colonel and Korean War recipient of the Medal of Honor
* William Swinden Barber (1832–1908), Gothic Revival and Arts and Crafts architect
# Progres

Progres may refer to:
* Progres, Kardzhali Province, a village in Momchilgrad Municipality, Kardzhali Province, Bulgaria
* El Progrés, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
* Toyota Progrès, a mid-sized Japanese luxury sedan
* FC Progrès Niederkorn (aka Progrès), Niederkorn, Luxembourg; a soccer team
* PROGRES (Programme of Research on the Service Economy)
* Le Progrès, a daily newspaper from Lyon, Rhone, France
* Le Progrès (Réunion), a political party
* 'Progres 2', a Czech rock band
# Clodronic acid

Clodronic acid (INN) or clodronate disodium (Na$_2$CH$_2$Cl$_2$O$_6$P$_2$) (USAN) is a first generation (non-nitrogenous) bisphosphonate. It is an anti-osteoporotic drug approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women and men to reduce vertebral fractures, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia in malignancy, multiple myeloma and fracture related pain because of its anti-inflammatory effects shown as a reduction in inflammatory markers like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.

## Medical uses

A study comparing the analgesic effect of clodronic acid versus acetaminophen in osteoporotic vertebral fractures showed that clodronic acid provided more analgesia than 3 grams/day of acetaminophen.
Clodronic acid is also used in experimental medicine to selectively deplete macrophages.
Clodronic acid is approved for human use in Canada and Australia, the United Kingdom, where it is marketed as Bonefos, Loron, Clodron and in Italy as Clasteon, Difosfonal, Osteostab and several generics. In other countries is prescribed as a bone resorption inhibitor and antihypercalcemic agent. It is not approved for use in the United States, because it has too many adverse effects.

## Veterinary uses

Clodronic acid is approved for use in horses under the trade name Osphos, for treatment of bone resorptive processes of navicular syndrome. It is given by intramuscular injection at one point in time, with the total dose divided into 2-3 sites on the horse. Clinical effects (e.g. improvement of lameness) after a single treatment can be seen up to 6 months post-treatment.

### Adverse effects

Clodronic acid has been shown to have several adverse effects. These include:
* Signs of discomfort, agitation, or colic, usually within 2 hours of treatment.
* Head shaking
* Lip licking
* Renal failure
# European route E31

European route E31 is an international Class-A road in Europe, part of the United Nations E-road network. It has a north–south reference, running from Rotterdam, Netherlands to Ludwigshafen, Germany.
Firstly, it leaves Rotterdam, where it links to the E19 and E25 roads. It heads roughly east through the Netherlands, passing through Gorinchem (where it connects to the E311), and Nijmegen before crossing the border into Germany.
It passes first through Goch and Krefeld in North Rhine-Westphalia and heads southwards before entering Cologne, where it links with four other E-roads: the E29, E35, E37, and E40. It then continues south, going through Koblenz (where it connects to the E44), and then on to Bingen am Rhein, where it makes its final connection, to the E42. It then reaches its final destination of Hockenheim, where the E31 connects with the E50.
Its total length is 538 km (334 mi).
The route from Parma to La Spezia in Italy, although identified as E33 in the E-network, is also signposted as E31.
# Flutter Island

Flutter Island is an irregular-shaped island, almost cut in two, lying in Prydz Bay between Trigwell Island and Breidnes Peninsula, near the Vestfold Hills of Antarctica. It was first mapped from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936–37) as two islands. It was remapped as a single island by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (1957–58) and named for Maxwell J. Flutter, officer in charge at Davis Station in 1958.
# Kaupanger

Kaupanger is a village situated along the northern shore of the Sognefjorden in the municipality of Sogndal in Vestland county, Norway. It sits along the Norwegian National Road 5, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southeast of the municipal centre of Sogndalsfjøra and about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northeast of the Sogndal Airport, Haukåsen. Kaupanger IL is a sports club located in Kaupanger.
The 1.1-square-kilometre (270-acre) village has a population (2019) of 1,012 and a population density of 920 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,400/sq mi).

## History

Kaupanger originated as a settlement during the Viking Age. Earlier, Kaupanger was known as Tingstad. Kaupang is an Old Norse term for a trading or market place so the village's name is composed of kaup- (buy) and angr (fjord, harbor), hence "buy harbor", similar to the literal translation of Copenhagen. The Kaupanger Stave Church is believed to have been built in the 12th century and it is still in existence in this village.
# Moka Range

The Moka Range is a mountain range in Mauritius. It contains two of Mauritius's three tallest peaks, Pieter Both and Le Pouce. It was formed from a basalt lava dome ten million years ago. The Moka Range forms a semicircle around the capital of Mauritius, Port Louis.
# Virginia Whitehill

Virginia Bulkley Whitehill (July 9, 1928 – September 15, 2018) was an American civil rights activist and women's rights advocate from Dallas, Texas, best known for her work in support of securing the legal right of women to control their reproduction. Whitehill was present at the U.S. Supreme Court during the Roe v. Wade court case that confirmed the legality of abortion.

## Personal history

Her mother, Myrtle Bales Bulkley, marched for women's suffrage as a young woman and remained a vocal supporter of women's rights until her death in 1990. A native of New York, Virginia Whitehill graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1950 with a bachelor's degree in history. She moved to Dallas in 1960.

## Advocacy for women's right to abortion

On January 13, 1970 Whitehill spoke at a meeting of the Women's Alliance of Dallas' First Unitarian Church. At the meeting she argued that recent cases on abortion that had gone before the US Supreme Court suggested that legislative change in the field would be easier to accomplish through the medium of the courts.
In an interview in 2005, Whitehill said "There's nothing more important to a woman than controlling her own fertility. The vote and birth control are the cornerstones of the emancipation of women."

## Links to organizations

In 1969, Virginia Whitehill founded the Dallas Committee to Study Abortion. She was also the Texas Citizens for Abortion Education (TCAE) state coordinator in 1974.
As a member of the Dallas Junior League, Whitehill also helped found Family Place, a refuge for women escaping domestic violence. Whitehill noted there was some resistance to the idea, however she argued "...it wasn't about women's rights. It was about fighting crime, and gosh, maybe it would be good to be safe from crime in your own home."
Whitehill was a co-founder of the Dallas Women's Coalition, Women's Issues Network, Dallas Women's Foundation, Women's Southwest Federal Credit Union, Dallas Women's Political Caucus, Veteran Feminist of America (Dallas) and the Women's Equality Action League. She promoted women's issues and was a supporter of The Women's Museum: An Institute for the Future.

## Awards

Whitehill was honored with such awards as Profiles in Leadership from Southern Methodist University Women’s Symposium, Planned Parenthood's Champion of Choice Award, the Women's Council of Dallas County Distinguished Service Award and the Women Helping Women Maura Award of the Women's Center of Dallas. She was named a Mount Holyoke College Distinguished Alumna and was awarded the Myrtle Bulkley Award for Outstanding Service from the League of Women Voters of Dallas, and the Texas Women of Courage Award from the Association of Women Journalists.
Whitehill was nominated for the 10th Annual Texas Trailblazer Award.

## Other

Whitehill is featured in the feminist history film She's Beautiful When She's Angry.
# Clube de Rugby de Arcos de Valdevez

Clube de Rugby de Arcos de Valdevez (CRAV) is a rugby union club located in Arcos de Valdevez, Portugal. The men's team plays at the Campeonato Nacional Honra/Super Bock, Portugal's top level rugby union championship. The club also features women, youth and veteran teams and a B team that plays in Campeonato Nacional de Rugby II Divisão, Portuguese third division.
The club organises the international rugby sevens tournament Arcos Sevens.

## History

The club was founded on 1981-07-09 by a group of former students of University of Porto and University of Coimbra, where they had also played. Shortly after, in 1983, the club became champion of the Portuguese Third Division. Also in that year, the club started to have youth teams.
On 1986-05-01 the Coutada sports field was inaugurated, created exclusively for practising rugby.
In the season of 1986–87, CRAV promoted to Portugal top rugby union level league, Campeonato Nacional de Rugby, and have stayed on that level most of the seasons since then. In 2005, CRAV eventually played, and lost, the championship finals to Dramático de Cascais.
In 2006, the municipal stadium of Arcos de Valdevez was inaugurated. In 2007, the juvenile team became national champion of Rugby of 8; also the women's team reached the top national level.
In 2012, CRAV returned to the Portuguese top division, after the Portuguese Rugby Federation increased the number of teams in the Campeonato Nacional Honra/Super Bock to 10.
# Le Fenouiller

Le Fenouiller (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.
# Kisaburō Suzuki

    Because Japanese names historically begin with the surname, the position of the names in these listings differ. Both persons however have the same surname.
Kisaburō Suzuki may refer to two persons:
* Suzuki Kisaburō (1867–1940), Japanese statesman
* Kisaburō Suzuki (musician) (1953— ), Japanese musician and songwriter
# Cliffside

Cliffside may refer to:
* Cliffside (Palisades, New York), a historic home
* Cliffside (Scottsville, Virginia), a historic home
* Cliffside, North Carolina, United States, an unincorporated community
* Cliffside, Texas, United States, an unincorporated community
* Cliffside, Toronto, Canada, a neighborhood
# Chronological list of Christian theologians in the 4th century

A list of 4th century Christian Theologians:
| Name | Birth | Birthplace | Death | Place of Death | Notes |
| Arius | c. AD 250 | Libya | c. AD 336 | Alexandria | Deacon in Alexandria, Declared Heretical at the First Council of Nicaea |
| Anthony the Great | c. AD 251 | Herakleopolis Magna | c. AD 356 | Mount Colzim | Father of Hermetic Monasticism |
| Eusebius of Caesarea | c. AD 263 | Caesarea Maritima | c. AD 339 | | Bishop of Caesarea, Church Historian |
| Pachomius | c. AD 292 | Thebes | c. AD 348 | | Founder of Christian Cenobitic Monasticism |
| Athanasius of Alexandria | c. AD 296 | Alexandria | 2 May AD 373 | | Bishop of Alexandria, Doctor of the Church |
| Hilary of Poitiers | c. AD 300 | Poitiers | c. AD 386 | | Bishop of Poitiers, Doctor of the Church, sometimes known as "Athanasius of the West" |
| Cyril of Jerusalem | c. AD 313 | Caesarea Maritima | c. AD 386 | Jerusalem | Bishop of Jerusalem, Doctor of Church |
| Didymus the Blind | c. AD 313 | | c. AD 398 | | Teacher of the Catechetical School of Alexandria |
| Basil of Caesarea | c. AD 329 | Caesarea Mazaca | 1 January AD 379 | Caesarea Mazaca | One of the three Cappadocian Fathers, Bishop of Caesarea Mazaca, Doctor of the Church, Brother of Gregory of Nyssa |
| Gregory of Nazianzus | c. AD 329 | Arianzus | 25 January c. AD 389 | Arianzus | One of the three Cappadocian Fathers, Doctor of the Church |
| Gregory of Nyssa | c. AD 335 | Caesarea Mazaca | c. AD 395 | Nyssa | One of the three Cappadocian Fathers, Bishop of Nyssa, Brother of Basil of Caesarea |
| Meletius of Antioch | | | c. AD 381 | Antioch | Bishop of Antioch |
| Augustine of Hippo | 13 November AD 354 | Thagaste | 28 August AD 430 | Hippo Regius | Bishop of Hippo Regius, Prolific Theologian |
# Kaupe

In Hawaiian mythology, Kaupe is a malevolent spirit that calls out to people at night to lure them to their deaths. According to legend, he used to rule Nu'uanu Valley.

## Mythology

During his reign, Kaupe ate people on Oahu, then Maui. When he went to the island of Hawaii, he kidnapped the son of a High chief and took him back to Oahu so he could be sacrificed. Following them to Oahu, the High chief went to a Kahuna who taught him incantations and a prayer which he could use against Kaupe. At the heiau at Lihue, the father rescued his son. When Kaupe chased them, the father said the prayer, causing him and his son to run faster. As Kaupe caught up, the father said the prayer again and he and his son found a big rock to hide behind. On Hawaii, the father and son killed Kaupe. The spirit of Kaupe lingers on Oahu.
According to mythology, Kaupe appears as an enormous man with a canine head and sharp claws. Kaupe has frequented two spots on the island of Oahu. Though he is said to originally been from Nuuanu Valley, he is more often encountered under Kipapa Bridge.
Kaupe is often considered a "calling ghost" because he calls to his victims rather than searching them out or coming across them by coincidence. His technique is to mimic the sound of numerous wounded or dying people. When his victim runs to the scene to help, Kaupe reveals himself to the victim, silently slipping from the shadows.

## Popular culture

In Legends of Tomorrow, the Kaupe is a hairy beast. One named Konane (portrayed by Darien Martin) is one of the magical fugitives that escaped from Mallus' realm where anyone who gets slashed by a Kaupe will become a Kaupe. He develops a relationship with a Time Bureau delivery girl named Mona Wu (portrayed by Ramona Young). During a struggle with the Time Bureau operatives, Mona is slashed in the stomach. When Konane is killed by a Time Bureau operative, Mona transforms into her Kaupe form (portrayed by Sisa Grey) for the first time and avenges Konane's death. The Legends of Tomorrow took her onto their team.
# Wallace High School

Wallace is a name for several high schools in the English-speaking world, including:
* Lew Wallace High School, Gary, Indiana
* Wallace High School (Idaho), Wallace, Idaho
* Wallace High School (Nebraska), Wallace, Nebraska
* Wallace High School, Lisburn, Northern Ireland
* Wallace High School, Stirling
# Cyclobutanone

Cyclobutanone is an organic compound with molecular formula (CH$_2$)$_3$CO. It is a four-membered cyclic ketone (cycloalkanone). It is a colorless volatile liquid at room temperature. Since cyclopropanone is highly sensitive, cyclobutanone is the smallest easily handled cyclic ketone.

## Preparation

The Russian chemist Nikolai Kischner first prepared cyclobutanone in a low yield from cyclobutanecarboxylic acid. Kischner's process, involving several steps, is cumbersome and inefficient; more efficient, high-yielding syntheses have since been developed.
One strategy involves degradation of five-carbon building blocks. For example, the oxidative decarboxylation of cyclobutanecarboxylic acid was improved by the use of other reagents and methods.
A newer, more efficient preparation of cyclobutanone was found by P. Lipp and R. Köster in which a solution of diazomethane in diethyl ether is reacted with ketene. This reaction is based on a ring expansion of the cyclopropanone intermediate initially formed, wherein molecular nitrogen is split off:
The reaction mechanism was confirmed by a reaction using $^{14}$C-labeled diazomethane.
Another synthesis of cyclobutanone involves lithium iodide catalyzed rearrangement of oxaspiropentane, which is formed by epoxidation of the easily accessible methylenecyclopropane:
Cyclobutanone can also be prepared in a two step procedure by dialkylation of 1,3-dithiane with 1-bromo-3-chloropropane followed by deprotection to the ketone with mercuric chloride (HgCl$_2$) and cadmium carbonate (CdCO$_3$).
Cyclobutanones are the intermediates of the homo-Favorskii rearrangement, and can be isolated when nucleophiles are absent, as in the synthesis of kelsoene:

## Reactions

At about 350 °C, cyclobutanone decomposes into ethylene and ketene. The activation energy for this [2+2] cycloelimination is 52 kcal/mol. The reverse reaction, the [2+2] cycloaddition of ketene and ethylene, has never been observed.
    Decomposition of cyclobutanone
# Virginia Willis

Virginia Willis (born December 29, 1966) is a James Beard Award-winning cookbook author, chef, and on-air personality who specializes in Southern American cooking.

## Early life and education

Virginia was born in Augusta, Georgia. As a child, she lived in Alexandria, Louisiana, where she was learned about Cajun and Creole cuisine. In middle school her family relocated back to Georgia.
After earning a B.A. from the University of Georgia she attended the L'Académie de Cuisine in Maryland (graduating 1994) and the École de Cuisine LaVarenne in Burgundy, France (Grande Diplome, 1995).

## Career

Willis apprenticed to Southern food authority Nathalie Dupree, and then worked as the test kitchen director on Dupree's PBS cooking series. She has also worked as an editorial assistant to French cooking authority Anne Willan and as a Kitchen Director for celebrity television hosts Martha Stewart and Bobby Flay.
She has produced and directed television shows as Epicurious (The Discovery Channel), and Home Plate (2003). Currently she produces culinary video through Culinary Media Training and Productions, co-founded with colleague Cynthia Graubart.

### Television appearances

Willis has appeared on Food Network Kitchen, CBS This Morning, Fox and Friends, Martha Stewart Living, Chopped (2007), Paula's Best Dishes (2008), and Throwdown! with Bobby Flay. She placed second on an episode of Food Network's Chopped (“Bird in the Pan”) that aired on November 27, 2012.

## Awards

* 2018: “25 Books all Georgians Should Read” for Secrets of the Southern Table; Georgia Center for the Book
* 2016: James Beard Foundation Award of Excellence
* 2016: Finalist International Association of Culinary Professionals Best American Cookbook
* 2009: “25 Books all Georgians Should Read” for Bon Appétit, Y’all; Georgia Center for the Book
* 2008: Finalist for the International Association of Culinary Professionals Best American Cookbook (Bon Appétit, Y’all
# Kalikatar

Kalikatar is a village development committee in the Kailash Rural Municipality of Makwanpur District in the Bagmati Province of Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3921 people living in 655 individual households.