OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arrayed waveguide grating

Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) are commonly used as optical (de)multiplexers in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems. These devices are capable of multiplexing many wavelengths into a single optical fiber, thereby increasing the transmission capacity of optical networks considerably.
The devices are based on a fundamental principle of optics, which states that light waves of different wavelengths do not interfere linearly with each other. This means that, if each channel in an optical communication network makes use of light of a slightly different wavelength, then the light from many of these channels can be carried by a single optical fiber with negligible crosstalk between the channels. The AWGs are used to multiplex channels of several wavelengths onto a single optical fiber at the transmission end and are also used as demultiplexers to retrieve individual channels of different wavelengths at the receiving end of an optical communication network.

## Operation of AWG devices

Conventional silica-based AWGs, as illustrated in the figure above, are planar lightwave circuits fabricated by depositing layers of doped and undoped silica on a silicon substrate.
The AWGs consist of a number of input (1) and output (5) couplers, a free space propagation region (2) and (4) and the grating waveguides (3). The grating waveguides consists of many waveguides, each having a constant length increment (ΔL).
* Light is coupled into the device via an optical fiber (1) connected to the input port.
* Light diffracting out of the input waveguide at the coupler/slab interface propagates through the free-space region (2) and illuminates the grating with a Gaussian distribution.
* Each wavelength of light coupled to the grating waveguides (3) undergoes a constant change of phase attributed to the constant length increment in grating waveguides.
* The diffracted light from each waveguide within the grating undergoes constructive interference, resulting in a refocusing of the light at the output waveguides (5). The spatial position of the output channels is wavelength-dependent, determined by the array phase shift induced by the constant length increment in the grating waveguides.
# Arraye-et-Han

Arraye-et-Han is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in northeastern France.
It lies 27 km (17 mi) north of Nancy and 40 km (25 mi) south of Metz. The river Seille runs along the western side of the commune.
# Eleanor Phelps

Eleanor Phelps (September 8, 1907 – September 29, 2001) was an American theater, film, radio, and television actress. She appeared in 17 Broadway theater productions.
Before going off to Vassar for college, Phelps attended Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore along with future actresses Margaret Barker and Mildred Natwick. In college she was a student of Hallie Flanagan at the Vassar Experimental Theatre and aspired to become a Broadway performer. Her father opposed her desire to appear on stage but her mom assisted her by introducing her to actor George Arliss. She visited Arliss at his elegant Beekman Place (Manhattan) apartment and he also tried to discourage Phelps from acting.
She joined the University Players Guild for its first season of summer stock in West Falmouth on Cape Cod in 1928 along with Henry Fonda, Joshua Logan, Bretaigne Windust, Charles Leatherbee, Myron McCormick, Kent Smith, and others. On July 29, 1928, Broadway producer Winthrop Ames traveled from New York to Cape Cod specifically to see Phelps in the dress rehearsal for the University Players production of The Jest, a 1919 Broadway comedy by Sem Benelli. Perhaps his trip was occasioned at the suggestion of George Arliss who had starred as Shylock in Ames's Broadway production of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice during the Broadway season just ended. In any event, Ames offered Phelps the role of Jessica in the post-Broadway national tour of Merchant of Venice. At the end of the University Players 1928 summer season, Phelps left Cape Cod to join Arliss and company and never returned to Falmouth. She loved more than anything being in a play by Mister Shakespeare.
Phelps appeared in motion pictures in the early 1930s with roles in The Run Around (1932), The Count of Monte Cristo (1934), and Cleopatra (1934).
She believed that some of the best acting was in soap operas. On radio, Phelps starred in Life and Love of Dr. Susan on CBS beginning February 13, 1939. The story dealt with "the career of a young widow who decides to carry on her medical research after the death of her husband." Phelps participated in both soaps and made-for-television productions. Among these are Cinderella (1957), Hallmark Hall of Fame (1961), The Catholic Hour (1967), The Secret Storm (1954), Somerset (1975), Threesome (1984), and Kate & Allie (1989). She played a very rich lady, Grace Tyrrell, on The Secret Storm, from 1970 to 1973. She once did a commercial for Hershey in which she played an elegant lady getting in an elevator with a cow.
Among her passions was Latin America and wearing the bright colors and Aztec designs which reflected her interest.

## Personal life

Phelps married actor Alden Chase, but the marriage was annulled in October 1935.

## Death

Phelps died in September 2001 in New York City.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1934 | The Count of Monte Cristo | Haydee |
| 1934 | Cleopatra | Charmion |
| 1982 | A Stranger Is Watching | Glenda Perry |
# Eleanor Plantagenet

Eleanor Plantagenet may refer to:
* Eleanor of Lancaster (1318–1372), wife of John de Beaumont and Richard Fitz Alan
* Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany (c. 1141–1241), daughter of Duke Geoffrey II of Brittany
* Eleanor of Leicester (1215–1275), daughter of King John of England and wife of William Marshall and Simon de Montfort
# Filip Turek

Filip Turek may refer to:
* Filip Turek (ice hockey) (born 1972), Czech ice hockey player
* Filip Turek (racing driver) (born 1985), Czech racing driver and politician
# Cobbins Brook

Cobbins Brook is a minor tributary of the River Lea. It forms to the north of Epping, Essex and flows past Epping Upland, Waltham Abbey until it joins the River Lee Flood Relief Channel below the M25 near Rammey Marsh.

## Queen Boudica

A local legend claims Boudica's rebellion against the Romans ended in the Waltham Abbey neighbourhood when she poisoned herself with hemlock gathered from the banks of Cobbins Brook.
# Antonio Curò

Antonio Curò (21 June 1828, Bergamo – 10 May 1906) was an Italian engineer, mountaineer and entomologist.
He was a lepidopterist and published Saggio di un Catalogo dei Lepidotteri d’Italia between 1875 and 1889.
He was a founder and president of the Bergamo section of the Italian Alpine Club.
His collection is conserved in the Museo di Scienze Naturali Enrico Caffi.
* This article about an Italian biologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Max Kohnstamm

Max Kohnstamm OMRI (22 May 1914 – 20 October 2010) was a Dutch historian and diplomat.

## Early life

Max Kohnstamm was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, the son of Philip Kohnstamm, a physicist, philosopher and pedagogue of Jewish-German origin. His father was married to one of the daughters of Jean Baptiste August Kessler, who helped create the company now known as Royal Dutch Shell; one of his uncles was Geldolph Adriaan Kessler, who helped create the Dutch steel industry. During World War II, Kohnstamm and Kessler were both held hostage by the Germans along with other prominent Dutchmen at Beekvliet in Kamp Sint-Michielsgestel; they became quite close there despite the difference in age. He was one of the founding fathers of the European Union by playing a major part in the 1950s in developing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and then of the European Economic Community.

## Education

Kohnstamm was educated at Amsterdam University, where he studied Modern History, before taking up a fellowship at American University, Washington, D.C. During 1938 and 1939 he travelled through the United States as part of his studies. His correspondence with his father during this period discussed his impressions of the United States and his concerns with the looming war.

## Career

Kohnstamm was private secretary to Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands from 1945 to 1948, then served with the Netherlands Foreign Office from 1948 to 1952. During this time he was head of its German Bureau and Director of European Affairs. He was Vice President of the Netherlands' Schuman Plan delegation in 1950, serving as Secretary to the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community from 1952 to 1956. He was Vice President of the Action Committee for the United States of Europe from 1956. He was President of the European University Institute in Florence. He was Chairman of the Trilateral Commission in Europe.

## Accomplishments

He was a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.
He was the Founding European Chairman of the Trilateral Commission.
In 2004, Kohnstamm was awarded the 'Freedom from Fear' Four Freedoms Award by the Roosevelt Stichting.
Jacob Kohnstamm is his son.

## Death

He died in Amsterdam on 20 October 2010, aged 96.
# Erigeron lackschewitzii

Erigeron lackschewitzii is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Lackschewitz's fleabane. It is native to the Rocky Mountains in the Canadian province of Alberta and the US state of Montana.
Erigeron lackschewitzii is a small perennial herb rarely more than 8 centimeters (0.8 inches) tall, producing a woody taproot. The leaves are mostly crowded around the base of the stem. The plant generally produces only one flower head per stem, each head with up to 68 purple or lavender ray florets each measuring 8-11 millimeters (0.3-0.4 inches) long. These surround numerous yellow disc florets in the center.
The species is named for plant collector Klaus Heinrich Lackschewitz.
# Vilmorin (disambiguation)

Vilmorin may refer to:
* Vilmorin, French-based seed producer
* Philippe André de Vilmorin (1776-1862)
* Louis de Vilmorin (1816-1860)
* Philippe de Vilmorin (1872-1917)
* Louise de Vilmorin (1902-1969)
* Arboretum Vilmorin
# Parera (surname)

Parera is a Catalan surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Blas Parera (1777–1840), Spanish composer
* Manuel Parera (1907–1975), Spanish footballer
* Silvia Parera (born 1969), Spanish swimmer
* Valentín Parera (1895–1986), Spanish actor
# Parepisparis lutosaria

Parepisparis lutosaria, the bright twisted moth, is a species of moth of the family Geometridae. It was first described by Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875. It is known to be from the Australian states of Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.
# Electric Juices

Electric Juices is the second album by the American band Fuzzy, released in 1996.
The first single from the album was "Someday". Fuzzy promoted Electric Juices by touring with Velocity Girl and the Posies.

## Production

Recorded at Fort Apache Studios, the album was produced by Paul Q. Kolderie and Tim O’Heir. It contains a cover of the Beach Boys' "Girl Don't Tell Me", which was released as a single.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| Vancouver Sun | |
Trouser Press wrote: "Sweetly engaging and as freshly cut as a suburban lawn on Sunday afternoon, Electric Juices is Fuzzy perfection." The Washington Post called the songs "buoyantly tuneful in the manner of '60s Top-40 fare," writing that "Fuzzy's melodic gifts dwarf those of most of its peers." The Orlando Sentinel concluded that "the distorted guitars and heavy, post-punk rhythms make for an interesting contrast with the New Wave-y 'Drag', the power-poppy 'Sleeper' and the bouncy 'Girl Don't Tell Me'."
The Intelligencer Journal deemed the album "guitar pop of a high order," writing that "what makes Fuzzy special is the harmony singing of [Chris] Toppin and [Hilken] Mancini, whose voices blend beautifully." The Vancouver Sun opined: "Blasting open with zippy burst of harmonies and a driving beat, Fuzzy fills out more space than the cuddle-core movement and its diametric opposite: riot-grrl thrust." The New York Daily News thought that Mancini "boasts an appealingly impish sound, while her band specializes in dinky alternative-pop." The Boston Herald included Electric Juices on its list of the 10 best albums of 1996.
AllMusic wrote that "'Someday' and 'Christmas' are the only tracks that have the ambition to be more than just sunny mid-tempo rockers, but their impact is reduced by the sedated state of mindless comfort listeners are placed into over the course of the first nine songs."

## Personnel

* Winston Braman – bass
* Hilken Mancini – vocals, guitar
* David Ryan – drums
* Chris Toppin – vocals, guitar
# Art Chester

Art Chester (1899–1949) was an American barnstormer and air racer of the 1930s and 1940s. Chester was instrumental in the development of the Menasco Pirate and Buccaneer inverted inline engines. He was also the designer of the propeller spinner and engine front cowling for the North American North American P-51 fighter.

## Early life

In September 1930, Chester bought a Davis D-1-85 parasol, and flew it to victory in the National Air Races. He later developed a series of successful air racers named after Popeye cartoon and comic strip characters. His designs were the Chester Jeep, Chester Goon, and Chester Swee Pea. Chester's "Jeep" became a formidable racer.
He would tow his aircraft from race site to race site, driving a matching colored Auburn boat tailed speedster. Chester's "Jeep" and "Goon" were powered by Menasco Motors Company engines, which he tuned for maximum performance and reliability. Al Menasco took note of Chester's engine building and tuning skills. In 1939 Chester was hired by Menasco as an engine designer to help develop the Menasco Pirate and Buccaneer inverted inline aircraft engines.
During World War II, Chester went to work for North American Aviation as an engineer employing his racing experience on new designs.
Chester was the president of the Professional Race Pilots Association and early promoter of midget air racing, the forerunner to Formula One Air Racing. Chester died when his V-tailed racer Swee Pea II crashed in the slipstream of other racers at a San Diego meet. Chester had entered every National air race held since 1929 until his death.
# Arthur A. Cadwell

Arthur A. Cadwell (often credited as A.A. Caldwell) was an American cinematographer and race car driver who worked in Hollywood in the 1910s and 1920s.

## Biography

Arthur was born Indianapolis, Indiana, to Ethan Cadwell and Lida Haney. He married actress Florence Vincent; the pair had a son, Arthur Jr., who would become a child actor.
He began shooting films around 1913, working primarily with Thanhauser and then the California Motion Picture Company during those early years. During this decade, he was also known for racing cars in Southern California.
In 1925, he and writer/director Hamilton Smith banded together to launch the Asheville Motion Pictures Corporation with the intent of developing a film industry in North Carolina. Little seems to have come from this venture.

## Selected filmography

* The Inner Man (1922)
* Fine Feathers (1921)
* Clothes (1920)
* Madonnas and Men (1920)
* A Woman's Business (1920)
* Even as Eve (1920)
* A Scream in the Night (1919)
* Three Black Eyes (1919)
* The Lost Battalion (1919)
* As a Man Thinks (1919)
* Too Fat to Fight (1918)
* Laughing Bill Hyde (1918)
* A Wife by Proxy (1917)
* The Sunbeam (1916)
* The Dawn of Love (1916)
* The Child of Destiny (1916)
* The Kiss of Hate (1916)
* A Royal Family (1915)
* Salomy Jane (1914)
* Cymbeline (1913)
* Won at the Rodeo (1913)
* The Idol of the Hour (1913)
* An Honest Young Man (1913)
* Her Neighbor (1913)
* His Heroine (1913)
* The Way to a Man's Heart (1913)
* When Dreams Come True (1913)
* The Pretty Girl in Lower Five (1913)
* Some Fools There Were (1913)
# Nardana railway station

Nardana railway station is located near Nardana town of Dhule district, Maharashtra. Its code is NDN. It has three platforms. Passenger and Express trains halt here.

## Trains

The following trains halt at Nardana railway station in both directions:
* 19025/26 Surat–Amravati Express
* 19003/04 Khandesh Express
# Nardaran, Gobustan

Nardaran (also, Nardəran and Nardayan) is a village and the least populous municipality in the Gobustan Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 196.
# WOUC

WOUC may refer to:
* WOUC-FM, a radio station (89.1 FM) licensed to serve Cambridge, Ohio, United States
* WOUC-TV, a television station (channel 6, virtual 44) licensed to serve Cambridge, Ohio
# Nasra Ali

Nasra Ali (born 1988 in Hargeisa, Somalia) is a Swedish Social Democrat politician. She was the Chairman of Social Democratic Students of Sweden (SSF) between 2017 and 2019. Between 2013–2016 she held the post of International Leader of SSF. She was also a member of the bureau of Young European Socialists (2014–2016) and Board Member (2015–2017) of the Olof Palme International Center.
Nasra was raised in Härnösand and Örebro. Before she became Chairman of SSF, she lived in Malmö and studied Political Science in Lund University. She also worked as a political advisor (2015–2017) for the Swedish Social Democratic Party in parliament representing the Stockholm region.
# W. William Leaphart

W. William Leaphart (born December 3, 1946) was a justice of the Montana Supreme Court from 1995 to 2010. He was initially elected to the court in 1994, and reelected in 2002.
Born in Butte, Montana, Leaphart graduated from Helena High School in 1965, then attended Whitman College from 1965 to 1966, and then the University of Montana from 1966 to 1969, where he received a BA in Liberal Arts. He received his J.D. from the University of Montana Law School and in 1972. He engaged in the private practice of law for 21 years. Leaphart was elected to the Montana Supreme Court in 1994 and retired on December 31, 2010. He and his wife, Babs, have three daughters.
# W. Wood (Surrey cricketer)

W. Wood (full name and dates of birth and death unknown) was an English cricketer. Wood's batting and bowling styles are unknown. As a batsman, he occupied the final batting position at number eleven.
Wood made two first-class appearances for Surrey in 1883, against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge and Derbyshire at the County Ground, Derby. Against Nottinghamshire, Surrey were dismissed for 87 in their first-innings, with Wood being dismissed for a duck by Edwin Mills. In response, Nottinghamshire made 188, with Wood taking the wicket of Alfred Shaw to finish the innings with figures of 1/22 from 11 overs. Wood was dismissed for a duck by Shaw in Surrey's second-innings total of 43, which gave Nottinghamshire victory by an innings and 58 runs. Against Derbyshire, Surrey responded to Derbyshire's first-innings total of 88 by making 129, with Wood scoring a single run before he was dismissed by John Richardson. Derbyshire made 226 in their second-innings, with Wood bowling 16 wicketless overs. Surrey were set a victory target of 186, but could only manage to make 126, with Wood scoring 8 runs before he was dismissed by James Brelsford. His was the final wicket to fall.
# Parasocial (film)

Parasocial is a 2022 American comedy short film co-written, produced, and directed by Joseph Jeavons. It stars Joseph Jeavons as the protagonist alongside Sam Teague, Beckett Nichols, and Jordan Mook. The story sees an innocent and kindhearted college student, Ricky, becoming an accomplice to his roommate, Dylan's, illegal horse meat operation.
This film premiered at the North Andover Film Festival in North Andover, Massachusetts on August 13, 2022, followed by its screening at the Houston Comedy Film Festival that following November.

## Plot

Two police officers, Detective Calhoun, and Detective Charles Black, are on the verge of solving the case of "Masked Horse Meat Bandit," and they have narrowed their search down to a handful of suspects, one of which, is Ricky. Dylan, Ricky's roommate, is aware of the heat on the tail of his illegal meat operation and decides to lay low while convincing his idiotic roommate to do his bidding for him.
Detective Charles Black goes undercover to investigate the two roommates further and eventually infiltrates their apartment. Dylan meets with Ricky in his car and tricks him into tagging along to an alleyway where Dylan is supposed to deliver the horse meat. To their surprise, Detective Charles Black is there too, and the situation escalates into a shootout. Ricky is shot in the shoulder twice and experiences a dream-like sequence of events that are later revealed to have been a result of his blood loss. Dylan deserts Ricky and chases after Detective Black.

## Cast

* Joseph Jeavons as Ricky, an innocent, happy-go-lucky college student.
* Sam Teague as Dylan, an amateur criminal who doesn't value relationships.
* Beckett Nichols as Detective Charles Black, a perverted officer of the law.
* Jordan Mook as Detective Calhoun, a dedicated officer of the law.
* Bellavia Giannoni as The Reporter
* Cathal Mayfield as The L.A.R.P. Faction Leader

## Production

The film began development in May 2022, with a writing team composed of Jeavons, Owen Swift, and Bala Brown. Parasocial was awarded the Houston Comedy Film Festival Fall 2022's Best Student Film Award on November 12, 2022. In an interview with Mikel Fair, Director of Houston Comedy Film Festival, Fair stated that the judges looked past the inexperienced camera work and production quality, and instead saw a comedic script accompanied by a group of dedicated teens working hard and having fun putting together this passion project.

## Reception

Richard Propes of The Independent Critic wrote, "Jeavons shows quite a bit of promise with his storytelling and obviously is able to get his cast to have fun with this 17-minute comedy short film."
# Parque Central, Havana

The Parque Central, Havana is one of the best known and central sites of the city of Havana, Cuba. It is located between Prado, Neptuno, Zulueta and San José streets, and San Rafael Boulevard. Among the buildings surrounding the park are Gran Teatro de La Habana (The Great Theatre of Havana Alicia Alonso), the Hotel Inglaterra (England Hotel), the Hotel Telégrafo, el Hotel Parque Central (Central Park Hotel), la Manzana de Gómez, the Hotel Plaza and Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes.

## Gardens

The gardens surrounding the statue of Jose Marti by José Vilalta Saavedra have a series of paths that intersect. There are 28 royal palms that signify Martí's birth date, as well as 8 coffin-shaped stonework, representing medical students shot by the Spanish Government on the Island during the Ten Years' War November 27, 1871.

## Gallery

* Central Park with Isabel II statue - 1899
* Central Park with Hotel Inglaterra - 1899