OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constant proportion debt obligation

A Constant proportion debt obligation (CPDO) is a type of credit derivative sold to investors looking for exposure to credit risk. A CPDO is normally embedded in a note rated by a credit rating agency. CPDOs employ dynamic leveraging in a similar (but opposite) way to Credit CPPI trades.
CPDOs are formed first by creating a SPV that issues a debt note. The SPV invests in an index of debt securities, commonly credit default swap indices such as CDX and iTraxx (in theory, this could be deal-specific, such as a bespoke portfolio of sovereign debt), similar to a CDO. The structure allows for continual adjustment of leverage such that the asset and liability spreads stay matched. In general this involves increasing leverage as when losses are taken, similar to a doubling strategy, in which one doubles one's bet at each coin toss until a win occurs.
The investment index is periodically rolled, whereby the SPV must sell protection on the new index and buy back protection on the old index. In doing so, it incurs rollover risk, in that the leaving index may by priced much wider than the new index.

## Initial reaction

The first CPDO deal was issued in 2006 by ABN-AMRO and was rated AAA/Aaa. Many analysts were initially skeptical of the rating assigned, partly because the CPDO note paid interest of Libor plus 200bp but also since the deal contained a majority of market risk (spread risk) rather than credit risk - an exposure not normally rated by rating agencies. They also indicated that future deals would be highly unlikely to achieve the same rating with the same spread. Fitch Ratings in April 2007 released a report warning the market on the constant proportion debt obligations (CPDO) dangers.
Later CPDOs had more conservative structures and were offered at AAA/Aaa with a much lower spread.
Financial Times reported on May 21, 2008 that an investigation by FT has discovered that Moody's awarded incorrect triple-A ratings to billions of dollars' worth of a type of complex debt product due to a bug in its computer models. Internal Moody's documents seen by the FT show that some senior staff within the credit agency knew early in 2007 that products rated the previous year had received top-notch triple A ratings and that, after a computer coding error was corrected, their ratings should have been up to four notches lower.

## Credit crunch

The sudden widening of credit spreads that occurred in 2007 and 2008 as a result of the credit crunch caused considerable losses to the net asset value of many CPDOs. The rating agencies that had entered the CPDO rating business have downgraded many of them and some have already defaulted.
The failures of these highly rated notes has been used by critics in criticisms of the rating agencies, although not all agencies have rated them and some agencies had provided the market with early pre-crisis warnings.
# WWSN

WWSN may refer to:
* WWSN (FM), a radio station (92.5 FM) licensed to serve Newaygo, Michigan, United States
* WLAW-FM, a radio station (97.5 FM) licensed to serve Whitehall, Michigan, which held the call sign WWSN from 2010 to 2019
* WQGA, a radio station (103.3 FM) licensed to serve Waycross, Georgia, United States, which held the call sign WWSN from 1998 to 2010
* WLNK, a radio station (107.9 FM) licensed to serve Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WWSN from 1995 to 1997
* WKJK, a radio station (1080 AM) licensed to serve Louisville, Kentucky, United States, which held the call sign WWSN in 1993
* WMMX, a radio station (107.7 FM) licensed to serve Dayton, Ohio, United States, which held the call sign WWSN from 1985 to 1993
# Vexillum noduliferum

Vexillum noduliferum is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 18 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines
# Mihajlo Bučić

Mihajlo Bučić was a 16th-century Catholic priest who converted to Protestantism and became its propagandist.

## Career

The date and place of Bučić's birth and death are unknown. Bučić was a vicar in Belica and in Međimurje. Until 1565 he was a vicar in Stenjevac but had to move to estate of Juraj IV Zrinski in Nedelišće because of the conflict with Franjo Tahi. In 1574 Juraj Drašković, the bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb, strictly followed recommendations of the Council of Trent and expelled Bučić from Catholic church under accusations that his book was heretic propaganda of Protestantism. Drašković also ordered burning of Bučićs books and publishing of new books to dispute writings of Bučić. It is possible that Postilla authored by Antun Vramec is published in 1586 in Varaždin to follow the orders of Drašković.
Bučić significantly contributed to spreading of Protentantism in the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia. Because Bučić enjoyed protection of the lord of Međimurje, Juraj IV Zrinski, thanks to whom (and later to his sons) this area was the only significant stronghold of Protestantism in Croatia for 50 years.
# Murro

Murro is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Murro, mononym of Danish singer
* Christian Murro (born 1978), Italian cyclist
* John de Murro (died 1312), a.k.a. Giovanni Mincio da Morrovalle, Italian Franciscan
* Mark Murro (born 1949), American javelin thrower
* Moshe Murro (born 1888), Israeli artist
* Noam Murro (born 1961), director of the films Smart People, Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage and 300: Rise of an Empire
* Tom Murro, American journalist TV personality
# Constellation Prize

Constellation Prize may refer to:
* Constellation Prize (album), 2013 album by Carbon Leaf
* "Constellation Prize" (song), 2016 song by Swedish singer Robin Bengtsson
# Wakpala, South Dakota

Wakpala is an unincorporated community in Corson County, South Dakota, United States, on the west side of the Missouri River, north-northwest of Mobridge. Wakpala is within the boundaries of the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, and its name loosely translates to "creek" in the Lakota language, with Oak Creek running south on its eastern edge.
Chief Gall (Piji, Phizí) is buried at Saint Elizabeth Episcopal Cemetery here and Chief Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake) is possibly buried under a concrete bust bearing his name a few miles south of town in the Mobridge area. Sitting Bull was originally buried at Fort Yates, North Dakota, but an effort was made to exhume his bones and rebury him at the present site.
The annual Wakpala Wacipi (dance or powwow) is held on the last weekend in August.
# Waksman Institute of Microbiology

The Waksman Institute of Microbiology is a research facility on the Busch Campus of Rutgers University. It is named after Selman Waksman, a student and then faculty member at Rutgers who won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1952 for research which led to the discovery of streptomycin. The Nobel Prize is on display in the lobby of the institute. The institute conducts research on microbial molecular genetics, developmental molecular genetics, plant molecular genetics, and structural and computational biology.
In 2019, Dr. Kenneth D. Irvine was appointed as Interim Director of the Waksman Institute. Dr. Irvine has been a member of the Waksman Institute since 1995 and is currently a Distinguished Professor of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Director of the Rutgers Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology. He was selected by his peers after the untimely passing of the Institute's fourth director, Joachim Messing.

## History

A total of eighteen antibiotics were isolated in Waksman's laboratory at the New Jersey Agriculture Experimental Station at Rutgers University. Of these, streptomycin and neomycin, and actinomycin were commercialized. Streptomycin, in particular, was the first antibiotic to cure tuberculosis. Waksman used half of his personal royalties from patents for streptomycin to create the Foundation for Microbiology in 1951. The Foundation is a private organization that funds and supports microbiology research.
He requested money from the Foundation to create the Institute of Microbiology at Rutgers. The idea for an institute that focused on soil science first came from Waksman's mentor, Dr. Jacob Lipman, who taught Waksman when he was an undergraduate student and later became his colleague. The institute was founded in on June 7, 1954 with Waksman as its first director. He retired in 1958.
Directors of the Waksman Institute of Microbiology
Selman A. Waksman (founder, 1954 - 1958)
Jay Oliver Lampen (1958 - 1980)
David Pramer (1980 - 1988)
Joachim Messing (1988 - 2019)
# Veryovka

Veryovka may refer to:
# Wade Griffin

Wade Hampton Griffin Jr. (born August 7, 1954) is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Baltimore Colts as an undrafted free agent in 1977. He played college football at Mississippi.
* This biographical article relating to an American football offensive lineman born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Myanaung

Myanaung is a town in the Ayeyarwady Division of south-west Burma. It is the seat of the Myanaung Township in the Hinthada District. It has a population of 42,252.
# Constitution of 1982

Constitution of 1982 may refer to:
* Constitution Act, 1982, Canada
* 1982 Constitution of the People's Republic of China
* Turkish Constitution of 1982
# Wagons West

Wagons West is a 1952 American Cinecolor Western film directed by Ford Beebe and starring Rod Cameron, Noah Beery Jr., and Peggie Castle.

## Plot

Jeff Curtis has been hired as a wagonmaster to take a wagon train across the Wild West. He faces a jealous boyfriend of Ann Wilkins, a person suspected of bank robbery, secret gunrunners and Cheyenne on the warpath.

## Cast

* Rod Cameron as Jeff Curtis
* Noah Beery Jr. as Arch Lawrence
* Peggie Castle as Ann Wilkins
* Michael Chapin as Ben Wilkins
* Henry Brandon as Clay Cook
* Sara Haden as Mrs. Elizabeth Cook
* Frank Ferguson as Cyrus Cook
* John Parrish as Chief Black Kettle
* Anne Kimbell as Alice Lawrence
* Wheaton Chambers as Sam Wilkins
* Riley Hill as Gaylord Cook
* Effie Laird as Emma
* I. Stanford Jolley as Slocum
* Almira Sessions as Ada
* Harry Tyler as Old man
# KMG

KMG may refer to:

## Music

* KMG the Illustrator, member of the rap group Above the Law
* KMG Records (Killen Music Group), a Christian record label
* The KMG's (Krazy Mess Groovers), a Belgian musical group

## Companies

* Kantipur Media Group, Nepal
* KazMunayGas, the state-owned oil and gas company of Kazakhstan
* Kerr-McGee, an energy company involved in the exploration and production of oil and gas
* Klynveld Main Goerdeler (KMG), a predecessor of the professional services company KPMG
* KMG Company, a Dutch company manufacturing amusement rides
* KMG Group (Killarney Manufacturing Group), an Irish engineering company

## Other organisations

* KMG Ethiopia, an Ethiopian women's rights group

## Other uses

* Kâte language, ISO 639 language code
* Kunming Changshui International Airport, IATA code KMG, serving Kunming, China
* Kunming Wujiaba International Airport, former IATA code KMG, the old Kunming airport
* Kisari Mohan Ganguli, a translator of the Hindu epic Mahabharata
# Kaarel

Kaarel is an Estonian masculine given name. It is a cognate of the North Germanic names Karl and Carl and the French and English Charles.
Kaarel may refer to:
* Kaarel Eenpalu (1888–1942), Estonian journalist, politician and former Prime Minister of Estonia
* Kaarel Heinver (1886–1961), Estonian politician
* Kaarel Ird (1909–1986), Estonian actor and theatre director
* Kaarel Kais (born 1974), Estonian volleyball player
* Kaarel Kiidron (born 1990), Estonian football defender
* Kaarel Kilvet (1944–2005), Estonian actor, singer and director
* Kaarel Kübar (1907–2004), Estonian sport shooter
* Kaarel Kurismaa (born 1939), Estonian artist
* Kaarel Liidak (1889–1945), Estonian agronomist and politician
* Kaarel Liimand (1906–1941), Estonian painter
* Kaarel Lukk (1887–1970), Estonian racewalker
* Kaarel Nurmsalu (born 1991), Estonian ski jumper and combined skier
* Kaarel Orviku (1935–2021), Estonian marine geologist and nature photographer
* Kaarel Parts (1873–1940), Estonian lawyer, judge and politician
* Kaarel Pürg (born 1949), Estonian politician
* Kaarel Robert Pusta (1883-1964), Estonian politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Estonia
* Kaarel Tarand (born 1966), Estonian journalist and editor
* Kaarel Zilmer (born 1947), Estonian skier and coach
# Kadiatou

Kadiatou or Kadiatu is a female given name. It may refer to:

## People
### Given name

* Kadiatou Camara (born 1981), Malian sprinter
* Kadiatou Doumbia (born 1994), Malian footballer
* Kadiatou Kanouté (born 1978), Malian women's basketball player
* Kadiatou Konaté, Malian film director and screenwriter.
* Kadiatou Holm Keita, (born 2001), Swedish singer known by the mononym Kadiatou.
* Kadiatou Touré (born 1983), Malian women's basketball player

### Middle name

* Sy Kadiatou Sow (born 1955), Malian politician and minister
# Mutton Bird Island

Mutton Bird Island is an irregularly shaped unpopulated island located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. Situated some 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of where the mouth of Port Davey meets the Southern Ocean, the 44-hectare (110-acre) is the largest of the eight islands that comprise the Mutton Bird Islands Group. The Mutton Bird Island is part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.
The highest point of Mutton Bird Island is 40 metres (130 ft) above sea level.

## Fauna

The island is part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin (3,000 pairs), short-tailed shearwater, (530,000 pairs), fairy prion (2,500 pairs), Pacific gull, silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. Reptiles present are the metallic skink and Tasmanian tree skink.
# Coordinate (disambiguation)

Coordinate may refer to:
* An element of a coordinate system in geometry and related domains
** Coordinate space in mathematics
** Cartesian coordinate system
** Coordinate (vector space)
** Geographic coordinate system
* Coordinate structure in linguistics
* Coordinate covalent bond in chemistry
* Coordinate descent, an algorithm
# Vespamantoida

Vespamantoida is a genus of praying mantises in the family Mantoididae. The genus was erected in 2019 and the name was derived from the Latin word vespa which means wasp and Mantoida referring to the mantis. These mantis resemble and mimic the behavior of a wasp.

## Species

There are two species of mantises in this genus:
* Vespamantoida toulgoeti
* Vespamantoida wherleyi
# Vespa tropica

Vespa tropica, the greater banded hornet, is a tropical species of hornet found in Southern Asia, New Guinea and west Africa, and which has recently been discovered to be an invasive species on the Pacific island of Guam. It is a predator of paper wasps and possesses a potent sting, which can cause extreme pain and swelling.

## Description

The workers of Vespa tropica are about 24–26 millimetres (15⁄16–1 in) in length, while queens grow to 30 millimetres (1+1⁄4 in). The head is dark brown/red; the abdomen is black with a distinct yellow stripe which covers most of the second abdominal segment. However, there is some variation across its range and in Singapore and southeastern Asia, specimens are often completely black and larger in size, while in other regions such as Hong Kong, the head and flanks of the thorax are normally reddish. A third colour form is found in the Andamans and Nicobars, which has a reddish brown head and thorax and all the dorsal plates on each segment of the gastrum are orange except the first.

## Distribution

Vespa tropica is distributed throughout southern Asia from Afghanistan to the Philippines, south to New Guinea, New Britain and the Torres Strait Islands but it has not been recorded in mainland Australia.

### Invasive

In August 2016 Vespa tropica was found at two sites in Guam, and has since been deemed a permanent resident of the island's ecosystem, until a solution is found to exterminate them.

## Biology

Vespa tropica are raiders of the nests of other wasp species and take captured larvae back to their own nest to feed to their larvae. They have been observed to catch honeybees quite frequently, and even dragonflies have been noted as prey. A worker of V. tropica has been recorded as capturing and killing an individual of Vespa bicolor and also raiding nests of other polister wasps such as Ropalidia marginata. Vespa tropica is associated with forests in the lowlands, up to 2,100 metres (6,890 ft) altitude. The nests are usually within 3 metres (3 yd) above the ground in tree hollows or in subterranean cavities normally down to a depth of 20 centimetres (8 in) including a record of one found inside a dead log partly buried in the soil. In the vicinity of human habitations it will nest under roofs, in attics and sheds. The nest is normally rhomboid or bowl-shaped and has an open bottom, whereas most aerial hornets' nest are completely sealed. The outer shell of the nest consists of distinct, broad layers and the nest is quite brittle. Occasionally nests are built within the crown of trees. Nest temperature is maintained at 25–30 °C (77–86 °F) until about the middle of October, when it trends towards ambient​ as the nest begins to die. Predation by V. tropica is one of the foremost causes of colony failure in Polistes chinensis in Japan. V. tropica may play a significant role in controlling Asian polistine populations. It can be a secretive species, preferring to fly close to cover and often high among the crowns of trees. V. tropica, V. ducalis, and V. philippinensis together form the sub-genus V. tropica group.​
# Vespadelus

Vespadelus is a genus of Australian bats in the family Vespertilionidae.
The genus name was first published by Ellis Le Geyt Troughton and Tom Iredale in 1934, but without an adequate description; the type was cited as Scotophilus pumilus Gray, 1841. The 1934 review included taxa previously ascribed to other genera and placed these with the proposed arrangement, the type species was assigned to a new combination as Vespadelus pumilus. Troughton later provided a diagnosis for the genus in 1943, making this name available. Other circumscriptions have assigned these species to genera Pipistrellus and Eptesicus. Reëlevated to genus with new combinations. Also known as forest bats, cave bats, little brown bats.
An earlier treatment of populations had placed them as the sole species of Eptesicus (E. pumilus). The separation to this genus followed comparative studies that recognised its diversity and nominated new species (Kitchener, 1987; Queale.). Subsequent authors recognition of the arrangement published as Vespadelus by Troughton in 1943 saw the name of this genus reëstablished.
The following nine species are currently recognised.
* Vespadelus baverstocki (Kitchener et al, 1987). aka: Baverstock's or inland forest bat
* Vespadelus caurinus (Thomas, 1914). northern cave bat
* Vespadelus darlingtoni. (Allen, 1933). large forest bat
* Vespadelus douglasorum (Kitchener, 1976). yellow-lipped bat
* Vespadelus finlaysoni. (Kitchener et al, 1987). Finlayson's cave bat
* Vespadelus pumilus (Gray, 1841). eastern forest bat
* Vespadelus regulus (Thomas, 1906). southern forest bat
* Vespadelus troughtoni. eastern cave bat
* Vespadelus vulturnus. little forest bat
# Kaarle Knuutila

Kaarle Oskari Knuutila (7 December 1868, Vampula - 29 April 1949) was a Finnish farmer and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1907 to 1908 and again from 1910 to 1913, representing the Finnish Party.
# Music from Nashville, My Home Town

Music from Nashville, My Home Town is the thirtieth studio album by Chet Atkins. It was re-released on CD in 2006 combined with Chet. Both were originally released on the budget label, RCA Camden.
"Prancin' Filly" was written by Atkins' father, James A. Atkins.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Writing for Allmusic, critic Steve Leggett wrote of the reissue "Atkins was a master musician working in a genre all too often prone to caricature and posturing, and he did it all without wearing a big hat. If Atkins wasn't exactly perceived as a guitar god by the public, perhaps because everything he did seemed so smooth and effortless, other players certainly knew what he could do."

## Track listing
### Side one

* "Prancin' Filly" (James A. Atkins) – 1:50
* "Sidewalks of Nashville" (Lou Gottlieb) – 2:15
* "Solo Soul" (Cindy Walker) – 2:14
* "Summer Sunday" (Johnny Duncan) – 2:16
* "Around the World" (from the film Around the World in 80 Days) (Victor Young, Harold Adamson) – 3:40

### Side two

* "Ain't We Got Fun" (Raymond S. Egan, Gus Kahn, Richard Whiting) – 2:17
* "Yours" (Gonzalo Roig, Jack Sherr) – 2:30
* "Love Offering" (Jerry Reed) – 2:01
* "George's Theme" (Tommy Burk, George Gillis) – 2:07
* "Lonesome Road" (Gene Austin, Nathaniel Shilkret) – 2:46

## Personnel

* Chet Atkins – guitar
# Mike Erlandson

Michael Erlandson (born April 14, 1964) is an American businessman and former politician who is currently a principal at Aurora Strategic Advisors, a public affairs company based in Minneapolis, MN.
Prior to Aurora he was Vice President of Corporate Communications and Public Affairs and Vice President of Government Affairs for Supervalu Corporation, based in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. Prior to joining Supervalu, he served as chief of staff to U.S. Congressman Martin Olav Sabo from 1993 until Sabo retired in 2007. He also served as chair of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) from 1999 to 2005.
Erlandson ran for Sabo's 5th Congressional District seat in 2006, but finished second in a contested primary to Keith Ellison. Ellison went on to win in November.
In addition to leading Supervalu's Communications and Government Affairs Departments, Erlandson was their federal political action committee (ValuPAC) chairman. He served on and managed their foundation board and helped create their enterprise environmental steering committee.
Erlandson has appeared on national television and radio shows including: NBC's Today Show, Hardball, ABC's This Week with George Stephanopoulos, CNN, C-SPAN, and NPR. He was named one of Twin Cities next generation of business & community leaders by The Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal and was a member of the Bipartisan Policy Center's National Transportation Policy Project.
Erlandson grew up in the Twin Cities suburb of Fridley. He graduated from St. John's University in Collegeville in 1986 and from Harvard University's Kennedy School Senior Managers in Government Program in 1997. He is married, has two children and lives in Minneapolis.
During his leadership of the State Democratic Party (DFL) and prior to joining Supervalu, Erlandson hosted a radio show on Air American Minnesota called "The Mike Erlandson Show," and continues to be appear on local public affairs programs including regular appearances on KSTP TVs At Issue with Tom Hauser (Sunday's at 10am).

## Electoral history

* 2006 Race for U.S. House of Representatives - 5th District (Democratic Primary)
** Keith Ellison (DFL), 41%
** Mike Erlandson (DFL), 31%
** Ember Reichgott Junge (DFL), 21%
** Paul Ostrow (DFL), 5%