OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles Gounter Nicoll

Sir Charles Gounter Nicoll KB (1704 – 24 November 1733), of Racton, Sussex, was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1729 to 1733.
Gounter Nicoll, born Gounter was baptised on 7 October 1704, the eldest son of George Gounter, MP of Racton, and his wife Judith Nicoll, daughter of Richard Nicoll of Norbiton Place, Surrey. His grandfather, Colonel George Gounter, helped Charles II to escape from England after the battle of Worcester. Gounter succeeded his father to Racton in 1718. He matriculated at New College, Oxford on 4 April 1722, aged 17. In 1726, he changed his name by an Act of Parliament, adopting the surname of Nicoll, according to the deed of settlement of William Nicoll. He married Elizabeth Blundell, daughter of William Blundell of Basingstoke, Hampshire, whose mother Alice Blunden was the alleged victim of a notorious premature burial.
Gounter Nicoll was returned as Member of Parliament for Peterborough at a by-election on 29 January 1729. He voted with the government and was knighted as Knight of the Order of the Bath on 30 June 1732.
Gounter Nicoll died on 24 November 1733, having had two daughters Elizabeth, and Frances Catherine and was buried in St Peter's Church in Racton. His widow prosecuted a journalist, soon after her husband's death, for defaming him for accepting KB. The cost of the prosecution was met from secret service funds. In 1735 she married Lord Lindsey, 3rd Duke of Ancaster with £70,000. Gounter Nicoll's daughter Frances Catherine married William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth with £100,000 in 1755.
Gounter Nicoll's last will and testament of 13 April 1731 names his mother as Judith Gounter, his sister Katharine as married to Sir Henry Maynard, nephew William Maynard, his Aunt Nicoll, and his Uncle William Wither and Wither's wife.
# Packing density

A packing density or packing fraction of a packing in some space is the fraction of the space filled by the figures making up the packing. In simplest terms, this is the ratio of the volume of bodies in a space to the volume of the space itself. In packing problems, the objective is usually to obtain a packing of the greatest possible density.

## In compact spaces

If K$_1$,...,K$_n$ are measurable subsets of a compact measure space X and their interiors pairwise do not intersect, then the collection [K$_i$] is a packing in X and its packing density is
    $\eta ={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mu (K_{i})}{\mu (X)}}$.

## In Euclidean space

If the space being packed is infinite in measure, such as Euclidean space, it is customary to define the density as the limit of densities exhibited in balls of larger and larger radii. If B$_t$ is the ball of radius t centered at the origin, then the density of a packing [K$_i$ : i∈$\mathbb {N}$] is
    $\eta =\lim _{t\to \infty }{\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }\mu (K_{i}\cap B_{t})}{\mu (B_{t})}}$.
Since this limit does not always exist, it is also useful to define the upper and lower densities as the limit superior and limit inferior of the above respectively. If the density exists, the upper and lower densities are equal. Provided that any ball of the Euclidean space intersects only finitely many elements of the packing and that the diameters of the elements are bounded from above, the (upper, lower) density does not depend on the choice of origin, and μ(K$_i$∩B$_t$) can be replaced by μ(K$_i$) for every element that intersects B$_t$. The ball may also be replaced by dilations of some other convex body, but in general the resulting densities are not equal.

## Optimal packing density

One is often interested in packings restricted to use elements of a certain supply collection. For example, the supply collection may be the set of all balls of a given radius. The optimal packing density or packing constant associated with a supply collection is the supremum of upper densities obtained by packings that are subcollections of the supply collection. If the supply collection consists of convex bodies of bounded diameter, there exists a packing whose packing density is equal to the packing constant, and this packing constant does not vary if the balls in the definition of density are replaced by dilations of some other convex body.
A particular supply collection of interest is all Euclidean motions of a fixed convex body K. In this case, we call the packing constant the packing constant of K. The Kepler conjecture is concerned with the packing constant of 3-balls. Ulam's packing conjecture states that 3-balls have the lowest packing constant of any convex solid. All translations of a fixed body is also a common supply collection of interest, and it defines the translative packing constant of that body.
# Pablo Aranda (writer)

Pablo Aranda Ruiz (26 April 1968 – 1 August 2020) was a Spanish writer.
He was born in Málaga and studied Spanish philology at university. A tireless traveller, he worked in a number of professions, including teaching at a juvenile correctional facility and teaching Spanish at the University of Oran in Algeria.
His first novel La otra ciudad was published in 2003. It won the Premio de la Crítica Andaluza for best first novel and was also nominated for the Premio Primavera. His other works include Desprendimiento de rutina (Arguval, 2003) which won the Premio Diario Sur para Novela Corta and Ucrania (Destino, 2006) which won the Premio Málaga.
In 2012, he made his first foray into children’s literature, with his book Fede quiere ser pirata (Anaya, 2012) which won the Premio de Literatura Infantil Ciudad de Málaga. He followed up with a sequel El colegio más raro del mundo (Anaya, 2014). His last work was the novel El protegido (Malpaso, 2015).

## Selected works

* El protegido
* Los soldados
* Ucrania
* El orden improbable
* La otra ciudad
* Desprendimiento de rutina
# Gangloffsömmern

Gangloffsömmern is a municipality in the Sömmerda district of Thuringia, Germany.

## People born in Gangloffsömmern

* Heinrich von Brühl, Polish-Saxon statesman
# Pajtás

Pajtás was a steam-powered passenger ship manufactured in 1918, by Schlick-Nicholson shipyard in Budapest. It was designed to carry passengers on the Danube, and its first name was "2nd boat." In 1945, during World War II she ran into an underwater mine in Budapest, and sank. After the end of the war, it was raised, and turned back to service.
Later it was commissioned to Lake Balaton with a lot of modifications (e.g. expanding capacity from 150 to 200), but without any official stability test or approval. At that time, she was given the name Pajtás (Hungarian for "mate").

## Disaster

On 30 May 1954 a lot of people were celebrating children's day. Pajtás was starting from Balatonfüred to Siófok with 178 passengers. Shortly after departure, the ship tilted to port then starboard. The captain tried to restore stability but the third tilt (again to port) was deadly, and the ship capsized. The steam was emergency released by the boiler room operator, which cost him his life but prevented more casualties by explosion of the boiler.
The exact number of casualties is still a matter of discussion. The official report by communist newspapers counted 12 people. The list made by survivors on the 45th anniversary of the sinking counted 23 names. One witness said, he counted 43 bodies after the accident.
After the accident, the ship was raised, turned into a motorship, and got the name Siófok. In 1957, she sailed back to the Danube, and she was given the name Dömsöd. The ship was finally withdrawn from service in 1987. Now she's laid up in the bay of Pilismarót.
# Botanischer Garten der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel

The Botanischer Garten der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (8 hectares), or less formally the Botanischer Garten Kiel, is a botanical garden and arboretum maintained by the University of Kiel. It is located at Am Botanischen Garten 1, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, and open daily.

## History

Kiel has had various botanical gardens since 1668, when professor Johann Daniel Major (1634-1693) established his horticus medicus within the garden of Kiel Castle. It is unclear whether this garden survived the Danish occupation of 1675-1676. Subsequent gardens were established the site of the former Franciscan monastery on the Falckstraße (from 1727) and the garden at the Prüne (from 1803). Kiel's Alter Botanischer Garten (Old Botanical Garden), which still exists, began in 1825 as a private park, was acquired by the University of Kiel in 1868, and from 1878-1884 was refashioned by botanist Adolf Engler as a botanical garden. It ultimately proved too small, and from 1975-1978 the university created a new botanical garden on its campus, which opened to the public in 1985.

## Collection

Today this newer garden contains 14,000 plant species in a variety of outdoor settings and greenhouses. Outdoor areas include an arboretum with tree collections from Asia, America, and Europe; heath and moor; dune habitat; systematic garden; rose garden; alpine garden; and a pond and southern landscape. Seven major exhibition greenhouses (total area 3,000 m²) contain plants from the tropics, subtropics, forests, Mediterranean, deserts of Africa and American, and tropical aquatic regions.
The garden maintains a focus on indigenous plants of Schleswig-Holstein within a broader representation of plants from around the world, including special collections of South African succulents and plants from the Atlantic islands, as well as Adromischus, Aizoaceae, Aristolochia, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Cuscuta, Passiflora, Plumbaginaceae, and Vitaceae. Its herbarium contains about 120,000 specimens of all plant families, with good collections of algae, lichens, fungi, slime mold, mosses, and ferns.
# Botanischer Garten der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

The Botanischer Garten der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (10 hectares), also known as the Botanischer Garten Mainz, is an arboretum and botanical garden maintained by the University of Mainz. It is located on the university campus at Franz von Bentzel-Weg 9, Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, and open daily.
The garden was created between 1946-1955 on land formerly used as farmland and a military training ground. Over 3500 individual plant beds were created in those years; in the mid-1950s an alpine garden was added, and in 1986 sections for steppe plants and Mainz regional flora were established. The first greenhouse was built in 1948 with two more added in 1952, which formed the basis for an extensive greenhouse complex.
Today the garden contains about 8,500 species. Its major sections include an arboretum (30,000 m$^2$), systematic garden, greenhouses, and alpine garden, with outdoor collections focusing on flowering plants and woody plants of the northern hemisphere temperate zone, and a greenhouse complex containing plants from Mediterranean climates and the Southern Hemisphere as well as tropical and subtropical crops.
# Garcinia echinocarpa

Garcinia echinocarpa is a species of small to medium tree in the family Clusiaceae.
# Pakistan Carrom Federation

The Pakistan Carrom Federation (PCF) was incepted in Karachi, Pakistan by some long time Carrom lovers. The federation received an official approval of International Carrom Federation (ICF). Pakistan Carrom Federation is run by an organizing committee approved by the International Carrom Federation. The Constitution of the Federation has also been formulated on international sporting constitutional standards and approved by the International Carrom Federation. The main federation is working for the promotion of the game of Carrom in Pakistan since its inception.
Pakistan Carrom Federation :
| Founded | 2004 |
| Headquarter | Karachi |
| Chairman | Muhammad Aslam |
| Secretary General | Murtaza Khan Zulfee |

## Executive committee

The structure of the Executive Committee is as following:
* Chairman – Muhammad Aslam
* Secretary General – Murtaza Khan Zulfee
* Joint Secretary – Khalid Rehman
* President – Sakhawat Ali
* Vice President – Estasham Saeed Qureshi
* Vice President – Aslam Pervez
* Vice President – Ismail Hassan
* Vice President – Muhammad Faisal Shaikh
* Treasurer – Ramzan Ali
* Director Media (Hon) Saad Bin Murtaza

## Activities

The federation has established Carrom clubs in different cities of Pakistan especially in Karachi and Quetta. A consortium of existing Carrom clubs was also formed to introduce international standards to replace the self-formed rules at each club. The federation in its ongoing campaign has been familiarizing international laws in of Carrom in different clubs of Pakistan.
PCF also distributed copies of International Carrom Laws translated and composed in Urdu language by the Secretary General of the Federation, Murtaza Khan Zulfee. These booklets are offered free of charge at the official PCF Club in Karachi. Tournaments arranged at different levels include college, zone, district, provincial and national level.
# PZInż 302

The PZInż 302, also known as Polski Fiat 508/518, was a Polish military truck and light artillery tractor. Designed and built by Państwowe Zakłady Inżynieryjne works (hence the PZInż 302 name), it used a large number of parts from both the Polski Fiat 508 all-terrain vehicle and Polski Fiat 518 car. It was produced in a variety of versions, including light truck/pick-up truck, radio vehicle and towing tractor for the Bofors 37 mm.
The truck's carrying capacity was 5 artillerymen and 80 rounds of ammunition for the Bofors. The 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland) and the Warsaw Armoured Motorized Brigade also used the 508/518 in an anti-aircraft role.
After the Invasion of Poland was over, a number of PZInż 302 vehicles fell into the hands of the Germans. Later, some of these vehicles were incorporated into the equipment of the Wehrmacht.
# Garibaldi Theatre (Piazza Armerina)

The Garibaldi Theatre is a theatre in Piazza Armerina, Sicily, southern Italy.
The theatre was built to the east of the town, close to the 14th century wall, opposite the church of St. Stephen. The exact date of construction is unknown, due to the destruction of pre-unification municipal records, but is thought to be about 1800. Following the collapse of the city walls in 1852 and the resulting damage to the theatre's façade, Giovanni Pastorelli rebuilt the façade in a Renaissance style in 1902. It can house a total of 320 spectators. It is also operated as a cinema. The theatre is now licensed as a venue for civil weddings.
# Page springsnail

The Page springsnail (Pyrgulopsis morrisoni) is a species of freshwater snail in the family Hydrobiidae, the mud snails. It is endemic to Arizona in the United States, where it is known only from the Upper Verde River drainage in Yavapai County.
This snail has an ovate to conical shell no more than 2.9 millimeters tall. The species is sexually dimorphic, with females generally larger than males.
This aquatic snail lives in a system of springs along a tributary of the Upper Verde River known as the Oak Creek Springs Complex. Many of the waterways in the area are known locally as cienegas. The snail occurs most often in waters with substrates of gravel and pebbles. It is most common around spring vents and in shallower parts of the springs.
The entire population of this snail occurs within a two-mile radius. It is known from six sites, a seventh having been recently extirpated. Loss of habitat occurred when a local fish hatchery was renovated and when ditches were dug nearby, changing water flow rates. Habitat degradation is an ongoing threat to all six remaining sites. The snail may also be threatened by the introduction of the predatory mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis).
# Pakistan national youth football team

Pakistan national youth football teams are several national youth football teams that represent the country in international youth football competitions.
* Pakistan national under-23 football team
* Pakistan national under-20 football team
* Pakistan national under-17 football team
# Borøya, Tvedestrand

Borøya or Borøy is an island in Tvedestrand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The 3.4-square-kilometre (1.3 sq mi) island lies along the Oksefjorden between the islands of Sandøya and Tverrdalsøya. Some of the villages on the island include Sandvika, Borøkilen, Utgårdstrand, and Snarsund. The island has about 240 residents (in 2015) and it has one bridge connecting it to the mainland.

## Name

Ancient written works often spell the name with an "e" (e.g. Berøy). The origin of the name could be derived from the Old Norse word beri, bjørn, or bær.
# Gary Blackford

Gary John Blackford (born 25 September 1968) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a defender for Barnet.
# Pabianka

Pabianka is a river of Poland, a tributary of the Dobrzynka in Pabianice.
* This article related to a river in Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Charlotte Salomon (opera)

Charlotte Salomon is an opera by Marc-André Dalbavie. The libretto is by Barbara Honigmann (portions translated into French by Johannes Honigmann) who based much of it on Charlotte Salomon's autobiographical and posthumous work Leben? Oder Theater? The opera was first performed at the Salzburg Festival on July 28, 2014.

## Composition

The nature of Leben? Oder Theater? is of an artist fashioning her own life into an artistic creation. Dalbavie said that the "intrinsically musical and even cinematic qualities of 'Leben? Oder Theater?'" combined with an attraction to real-life drama inspired him to compose an opera based on Charlotte Salomon. Since Salomon was aiming for a form of communication that combined various arts, Dalbalvie felt that her story needed music. He was quoted as saying "She recreated her life through a work of art." Just as Dalbavie's opera Gesualdo (based on the life of Carlo Gesualdo) incorporates portions of his subject's compositions, so too does Dalbavie incorporate existing music into his opera, such as the "Habañera" from Bizet's Carmen and "Wir winden dir den Jungfernkranz" from Weber's Der Freischütz.
The opera includes a character representing the author Charlotte Salomon (speaking role), and also her fictive creation, named Charlotte Kann (mezzo-soprano). While the opera (including the role of Charlotte Kann) is sung in French, the character named Charlotte Salomon comments on the action in German. By the end of the opera, the languages are reversed, representing the integration of the artist her subject.
Dalbavie's orchestrations derives from his analysis of the human voice's acoustic frequencies, a technique used in spectral music as well as alluding to a singing teacher's character in the opera. Dalbavie described the scoring of the opera—for 65 orchestral musicians (the size of the Salzburg Mozarteum Orchestra)—as one designed not as much for dramatic impact as for "maximum tonal richness."

## Premiere

Charlotte Salomon is in two acts and an epilogue. It was first performed at the Salzburg Festival on July 28, 2014, where it was directed by Luc Bondy. The production involved twenty projections of Salomon's artwork.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, July 28, 2014 Conductor: Marc-André Dalbavie |
| Charlotte Salomon | speaking role | Johanna Wokalek |
| Charlotte Kann | Mezzo-soprano | Marianne Crebassa |
| Frau Knarre, her grandmother | Mezzo-soprano | Cornelia Kallisch |
| Franziska Kann, her mother / A woman | Mezzo-soprano | Géraldine Chauvet |
| Paulinka Bimbam, a singer, her stepmother | Mezzo-soprano | Anaik Morel |
| Amadeus Daberlohn, a singing teacher | Tenor | Frédéric Antoun |
| Herr Knarre / Fourth Nazi | Bass-Baritone | Vincent LeTexier |
| Doktor Kann, a doctor, her father / First emigrant | Baritone | Jean Sébastien Bou |
| Professor Klingklang / An art student / Second Nazi / Policeman | Baritone | Michal Partyka |
| Art teacher / The Minister of Propaganda / First Nazi / A man / Second emigrant | Tenor | Éric Huchet |
| An art student from Tirol | Mezzo-soprano | Annika Schlicht |
| Third Nazi | Baritone | Wolfgang Resch |
# Pallaseopsis quadrispinosa

Pallaseopsis quadrispinosa is a species of crustacean belonging to the family Pallaseidae.
It is native to Northern Europe.
Synonym:
# Paklenica (disambiguation)

Paklenica is a protected area and a river in Zadar County, Croatia.
Paklenica may also refer to:
* Starigrad Paklenica, a village near the national park in Zadar County
* Paklenica, Sisak-Moslavina County, a village near Novska, Croatia
* Gornja Paklenica, a village near Doboj, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Donja Paklenica, a village near Doboj, Bosnia and Herzegovina
# Diving at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' 3m springboard

The Girls' 3m springboard competition was held on August 23 at 20:30. 13 competitors featured this event. Earlier that day there were preliminaries to determine the finalists (13:30 local time).

## Medalists

| Gold | Liu Jiao China | 511.35 |
| Silver | Pandelela Rinong Malaysia | 444.15 |
| Bronze | Viktoriya Potyekhina Ukraine | 433.55 |

## Results

| Rank | Diver | Preliminary | Preliminary | Final | Final |
| Rank | Diver | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| | Liu Jiao (CHN) | 505.35 | 1 | 511.35 | 1 |
| | Pandelela Rinong (MAS) | 439.25 | 2 | 444.15 | 2 |
| | Viktoriya Potyekhina (UKR) | 388.55 | 5 | 433.55 | 3 |
| 4 | Pamela Ware (CAN) | 411.45 | 3 | 431.55 | 4 |
| 5 | Hannah Thek (AUS) | 385.70 | 6 | 428.00 | 5 |
| 6 | Elena Bertocchi (ITA) | 404.85 | 4 | 411.50 | 6 |
| 7 | Kieu Duong (GER) | 341.70 | 11 | 387.70 | 7 |
| 8 | Annika Lenz (USA) | 341.45 | 12 | 380.70 | 8 |
| 9 | Fanny Bouvet (FRA) | 353.20 | 8 | 369.60 | 9 |
| 10 | Beannelys Velasquez (VEN) | 342.45 | 9 | 359.20 | 10 |
| 11 | Teresa Vallejo (MEX) | 360.35 | 7 | 348.90 | 11 |
| 12 | Pauline Ducruet (MON) | 341.75 | 10 | 326.45 | 12 |
| - | Chloe Chan (SIN) | 313.95 | 13 | - | - |
# Bothriomyrmex jannonei

Bothriomyrmex jannonei is a species of ant in the genus Bothriomyrmex. Described by Menozzi in 1936, the species is endemic to Greece.
# Bothriomyrmex kusnezovi

Bothriomyrmex kusnezovi is a species of ant in the genus Bothriomyrmex. Described by Emery in 1925, the species is endemic to China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
# Bothriomyrmex meridionalis

Bothriomyrmex meridionalis is a species of ant in the genus Bothriomyrmex. Described by Roger in 1863, the species is widespread in various European countries and also in Africa, including Algeria, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Georgia, Montenegro, Romania, Slovakia and Spain.
# Bothriomyrmex crosi

Bothriomyrmex crosi is a species of ant in the genus Bothriomyrmex. Described by Santschi in 1919, the species is found in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.
# Charlie Healy

Charlie Healy may refer to:
* Charlie Healy (footballer) (1899–1985), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne
* Charlie Healy (singer), English singer from The Risk on eighth British series of The X Factor
# Palomar (comics)

Palomar (subtitled The Heartbreak Soup Stories) is the title of a graphic novel written and drawn by Gilbert Hernandez and published in 2003 by Fantagraphics Books (ISBN 1-56097-539-3). It collects work previously published within the pages of Love and Rockets (volume one). Palomar is the fictional town in Latin America where all the stories presented are set. Palomar was included in Time magazine's Best Comics of 2003 list.

## Plot

Set in the titular fictional town in an unnamed Central American nation, Palomar follows Luba, a businesswoman who works at the town's movie theater in order to care for her seven illegitimate children. The comic has drawn praise for its portrayal of female characters and Latin American culture within the often-misogynistic comics industry. The comic notably defies stereotypes about Latin Americans, with the titular town and its residents rarely conforming to stereotypical perceptions and not being treated as "foreign."
# Gastric shield

A gastric shield is an organ in the digestive tract of bivalves, tusk shells, and some gastropods against which a crystalline style typically rotates, in an action resembling that of a mortar and pestle. The gastric shield is permeated by microcanals which transmit digestive enzymes from the stomach, and serves to protect the cells of the stomach lining from the abrasive effects of the style.