OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Viv Kendon

Vivien Mary Kendon is a British physicist who is Professor of Quantum Technology at the University of Strathclyde. Her research considers quantum computation and the properties of quantum walks. She is the director of the Computational Collaborative Project: Quantum Computing, which looks to develop useful applications of quantum computers.

## Early life and education

She lived on Station Road in Carlton. She gained 9 O-levels in 1974 at Carlton le Willows School, which was a grammar school until 1973.
Kendon was an undergraduate student at the University of Oxford. She moved to the University of Edinburgh for doctoral research, where she used numerical simulations to understand fluid dynamics. She then moved to the University of Strathclyde, where she shifted from soft condensed matter to quantum information theory. She joined Imperial College London in 2002, where she studied quantum walks on discrete lattices. Classical random walks underpin the design of classical algorithms, and it is believed that their quantum counterparts will support the implementation of efficient quantum algorithms. In 2004, she moved into industry to work in global electronic networking.

## Research and career

In 2014, Kendon joined Durham University as a member of the Quantum Light and Matter (QLM) research section and the Joint Quantum Centre. She held an EPSRC established career fellowship on Hybrid Quantum and Classical Computation from 2014 to 2019.
In 2020, Kendon launched the Computational Collaborative Project: Quantum Computing, which looks to develop the first useful applications of quantum computers. She moved to the University of Strathclyde in 2021.

## Selected publications

* Neil B. Lovett; Sally Cooper; Matthew Everitt; Matthew Trevers; Viv Kendon (30 April 2010). "Universal quantum computation using the discrete-time quantum walk". Physical Review A. 81 (4). arXiv:0910.1024. Bibcode:2010PhRvA..81d2330L. doi:10.1103/PHYSREVA.81.042330. ISSN 2469-9926. Wikidata Q62270007.
* VIV KENDON (23 November 2007). "Decoherence in quantum walks – a review". Mathematical Structures in Computer Science. 17 (06). arXiv:quant-ph/0606016. doi:10.1017/S0960129507006354. ISSN 0960-1295. Zbl 1130.81325. Wikidata Q62270030.
* W. Dür; R. Raussendorf; V. M. Kendon; H.-J. Briegel (22 November 2002). "Quantum walks in optical lattices". Physical Review A. 66 (5). arXiv:quant-ph/0207137. Bibcode:2002PhRvA..66e2319D. doi:10.1103/PHYSREVA.66.052319. ISSN 2469-9926. Wikidata Q62381999.
# Weinberg Center

The Weinberg Center is a 1,143-seat theater building located in Frederick, Maryland. It holds various showings of music, theater, films, studio screenings, conventions, weddings, business meetings, television and commercial location shoots and visual arts.

## History

The theatre was built as the Tivoli Theatre by the Stanley-Crandall Company and opened on December 23, 1926. It was the premiere movie theatre of Frederick for nearly fifty years but closed after considerable damage suffered in a 1976 flood. The Weinberg family, which then owned the old movie palace, chose to present it to the city as a gift rather than attempt to keep it open as a movie house. The theatre has been maintained in the splendid style of 1926. The theatre's organ, a two-manual, eight-rank Wurlitzer, is the only original theatre organ installation in the state. The Weinberg Center holds several dozen events every year, and has an annual budget of one million dollars.
# Convergent validity

Convergent validity in the behavioral sciences refers to the degree to which two measures that theoretically should be related, are in fact related. Convergent validity, along with discriminant validity, is a subtype of construct validity. Convergent validity can be established if two similar constructs correspond with one another, while discriminant validity applies to two dissimilar constructs that are easily differentiated.
Campbell and Fiske (1959) developed the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix to assess the construct validity of a set of measures in a study. The approach stresses the importance of using both discriminant and convergent validation techniques when assessing new tests. In other words, in order to establish construct validity, you have to demonstrate both convergence and discrimination.

## Evaluation / application

To assess the extent of convergent validity, a test of a construct is correlated with other tests designed to measure theoretically similar constructs. For instance, to assess the convergent validity of a test of mathematics skills, the scores on the test are correlated with scores on other tests that are also designed to measure basic mathematics ability. High correlations between the test scores would be evidence of convergent validity.
Convergent evidence is best interpreted in conjunction with discriminant evidence. That is, patterns of intercorrelations between two dissimilar measures should be low while correlations with similar measures should be substantially greater. This evidence can be organized as a multitrait-multimethod matrix. For example, in order to test the convergent validity of a measure of self-esteem, a researcher may want to show that measures of similar constructs, such as self-worth, confidence, social skills, and self-appraisal are also related to self-esteem, whereas non-overlapping factors, such as intelligence, should not relate.
# Bible Commonwealths

A Bible Commonwealth is a term used to describe colonies such as Massachusetts Bay and New Haven, during the majority of the early North American Colonial Period due to Christian Scripture's strong influence on policy and life. Locally, these communities would pass blue laws, which are laws which made citizens act in accord to the Bible. An example of a blue law might be the prohibition of consuming recreational alcohol on Sundays or a ban on organized sporting events taking place on Sundays. Scripture was the basis of authority for a substantial number of criminal statues in these colonies.
# Bruceanol

Bruceanols are quassinoids isolated from Brucea antidysenterica.

## Bruceanols

* Bruceanol A
* Bruceanol B
* Bruceanol C
* Bruceanol D
* Bruceanol E
* Bruceanol F
* Bruceanol G
* Bruceanol H
# Bakesdown

Bakesdown is a hamlet in northeast Cornwall, England, United Kingdom at grid reference SS 246 005.
Bakesdown is 5 miles (8 kilometres) southeast of Bude in the civil parish of Week St Mary.
# Parasynarcualis

Parasynarcualis is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived from the early to middle Eocene.
# Dactylostalix

Dactylostalix is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. At the present time (June 2014), there is only one known species, Dactylostalix ringens. It is native to Japan, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin Island.
# Basque trinquete

A trinquete (also trinquet) is a special court for various indoor versions of pelota and it is a modality of the pelota sport. In South America, especially in Argentina the trinquete is also known as close court, because the other open court is named for the fronton. It has some of the characteristic features of a real tennis court, probably because many real tennis courts were converted to trinquetes in the 19th century. For some sports, the players face the same wall and share the court, similar to squash. For other sports, a net is strung across the middle of the court and the players face each other, similar to tennis.

## Features of the court and the game

The trinquet has some basic aspects with the fronton.
* One front wall called frontis, which is the wall where the players must throw the ball in each play. The wall has some delimitations. At 80 cm height there is a metallic sheet called chapa". Another metal sheet is located 8,5 metres up the floor. The front wall normally is 10 metres in height and 10 metres in width. The space that is between the upper chapa and the finish of the frontis is normally padded, so that it is obvious (by sound and ball action) a fault has occurred when the ball hits this area. Below, there is also another paddled area from the floor to the below chapa.
* There is another wall parallelly collocated more or less 30 metres back the frontis called rebote. This wall is 5 or 4 metres lower than the other.
* A wall on the left side of the court joins the frontis and rebote. It is a little bit lower than the front wall and a bit higher than the back wall.
# Buddleja asiatica

Buddleja asiatica is a somewhat tender deciduous shrub native to a vast area of the East Indies, including India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Taiwan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, New Guinea, and the Philippines, growing in open woodland at elevations < 2,800 m either as understorey scrub, or as a small tree. First described by Loureiro in 1790, B. asiatica was introduced to the UK in 1874, and accorded the RHS Award of Garden Merit (record 675) in 1993. It is highly invasive in Hawaii, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
Given the huge range of the species, it has inevitably acquired a long list of synonyms.

## Description

Buddleja asiatica can grow < 7 m tall in the wild. The leaves are usually narrowly lanceolate to ovoid, < 30 cm long, attached by petioles 15 mm long, to branches round in section. The sweetly scented flowers are usually white, occasionally pale violet, and borne in late winter at the ends of the long, lax branches in slender panicles, the size of which can vary widely according to source. Ploidy: 2n = 38 (diploid).

## Cultivation

Buddleja asiatica is not completely hardy in the UK, but can be grown reliably against a south-facing wall in coastal areas of the south and west, where it tolerates temperatures down to around 0 °C (32 °F). A specimen is grown under glass by Longstock Park Nursery, near Stockbridge, Hampshire, one of the four NCCPG national collection holders. Hardiness: RHS H3, USDA zones 9–10. Owing to its wide ecological range, adaptation to disturbed areas, elevation and rainfall tolerance, it readily naturalizes in tropical regions and can become invasive.

## Uses

In Nepal leaves of B. asiatica are collected as fodder for domesticated animals, and the trunk is cut for firewood. During Thangmi wedding rituals, the female relatives of the groom wear necklaces made of the white flower.
# Buddleja agathosma

Buddleja agathosma is a deciduous shrub endemic to western Yunnan, China. Originally identified as B. agathosma by Ludwig Diels, it was sunk as Buddleja crispa by Leeuwenberg in 1979, and treated as such in the subsequent Flora of China published in 1996. However, the shrub remains widely known by its former epithet in horticulture.

## Description

Buddleja agathosma is a deciduous shrub of sparse habit which, left unpruned, grows to a large size. The deeply toothed leaves are initially white, owing to a dense coating of hairs, but ultimately appear greyish; the underside remains white and tomentose The heavily scented perfect flowers appear on the old wood before the leaves at the nodes of the previous year's growth, during April in the UK; the panicles are < 12 cm in length and pale lavender in colour.

## Cultivation

The shrub is hardy in southern Britain, although shoots are killed in severe winters. The plant is self-fertile, and can produce copious viable seed. Softwood cuttings can be struck in June. A specimen is grown as part of the NCCPG national collection of Buddleja at Longstock Park Nursery, near Stockbridge, Hampshire, England.
Hardiness: USDA zones 8–10.

## Etymology

'Agathosma', from the Greek words 'agathos', meaning pleasant, and 'osma', meaning smell.
# Parasynema

Parasynema is a genus of spiders in the family Thomisidae. It was first described in 1900 by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge. As of 2017, it contains 2 species.
# Elizabeth Benson

Elizabeth Benson may refer to:
* Elizabeth P. Benson (1924–2018), American art historian, curator and scholar
* Elizabeth Benson (sculptor) (1888–1976), South African sculptor
* Elizabeth English Benson (1904–1972), American educator for deaf students
* Liz Benson (born 1966), Nigerian actress and television personality
# Parrot, Kentucky

Parrot is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Kentucky, United States. Parrot is located at the junction of Kentucky Route 2002 and Kentucky Route 2003 4.85 miles (7.81 km) west of Annville. Parrot had a post office which opened on September 7, 1898, and closed on July 23, 1994. The community was named for a local family; it has also been called Letter Box, as before the post office opened residents used a letter box attached to a tree for mail service.
# Arthur Mannering Tyndall

Arthur Mannering Tyndall, CBE, FRS, LLD (18 September 1881 – 29 October 1961) was an English physicist from Bristol, England. His teaching activities included lecturing in atomic physics at the University of Bristol. Among his notable students was Paul Dirac, who he introduced to the laws of quantum theory. The university's other early staff included John Edward Lennard-Jones, Beryl May Dent, Herbert Wakefield Banks Skinner and William Sucksmith.
# Borsad

Borsad is a town and a municipality in Anand district in the state of Gujarat, India. It is located around 17 km from Anand. It is surrounded by the fertile Charotar region which largely produces tobacco, bananas, cotton, barley and other agricultural crops. Borsad was the seat of the Borsad satyagraha in 1922–23.
Dr. B.R.Ambedkar writes about a negative discriminatory experience of a young Bhangi boy in Borsad in his autobiographical book, Waiting for a Visa (chapter 3).

## History

According to a legend Borsad was established as a hamlet by the efforts of a monk in 2nd Century A.D. and remained an important place ever since. It was declared a municipality in 1888 and in 1925, Indian political leader Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and his allies uncovered evidence suggesting that the police were in league with local dacoits in the Borsad taluka even as the government prepared to levy a major tax for fighting dacoity in the area. More than 6,000 villagers assembled to hear Patel speak and supported the proposed agitation against the tax, which was deemed immoral and unnecessary. Patel organized hundreds of Congressmen, sent instructions and received information from across the district. Every village in the taluka resisted payment of the tax, and through cohesion, also prevented the seizure of property and lands. After a protracted struggle, the government withdrew the tax. Historians believe that one of Patel's key achievements was the building of cohesion and trust amongst the different castes and communities which were divided on socio-economic lines.

## Geography

Borsad is located at 22°25′N 72°54′E﻿ / ﻿22.42°N 72.9°E﻿ / 22.42; 72.9. It has an average elevation of 30 metres (98 feet).

## Places of interest

The Borsad Stepwell was built in 1497 by Vasu Soma and his family. It is seven story stepwell and has 13 arches. The water is reached by flight of steps.
Napa Wanto tank was built by Mahmud Begada which has a house in the middle of it. Mahakaleshwar Mahadev temple has enormous Shiva linga.

### List of Villages in Borsad Taluka

There are 64 villages in Borsad Taluka.
* Alarsa
* Amiyad
* Badalpur
* Banejda
* Bhadran
* Bhadraniya
* Bochasan
* Bodal
* Chuva
* Dabhasi
* Dahemi
* Dahewan
* Dali
* Davol
* Dedarda
* Dhanavasi
* Dhobihui
* Dhundakuva
* Divel
* Gajana
* Gorel
* Gorva
* Harkhapura
* Jantral
* Kalu
* Kanbha
* Kandhroti
* Kankapura
* Kasari
* Kasumbad
* Kathana
* Kathol
* Kavitha
* Khanpur
* Khedasa
* Kinkhlod
* Kothiya Khad
* Moti Sherdi
* Naman
* Nani Sherdi
* Napa Talpad
* Napa Vanto
* Nisaraya
* Pamol
* Pipli
* Ranoli
* Ras
* Rudel
* Saijpur
* Salol
* Santokpara
* Singlav
* Sisva
* Sur Kuva
* Umlav
* Uneli
* Vachhiyel
* Vadeli
* Vahera
* Valvod
* Vansa
* Vansa (These are different)
* Visad
* Zarola

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Borsad had a population of 63,377. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Borsad has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 75% and female literacy of 60%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## People

* Ashokpuri Goswami, a Gujarati writer is born here.
* Babar Deva, Gujarati dacoit
# Owain ap Hywel

Owain ap Hywel ("Owen son of Howell") may refer to:
* Owain ap Hywel (Glywysing) or Owain ap Hywel ap Rhys, a 9th- & 10th-century king of Glywysing
* Owain ap Hywel Dda or Owain ap Hywel ap Cadell, a 10th-century king of Deheubarth
# Game stalker

Defined narrowly, a game stalker is a sport hunter who approaches close to a timid quarry before making a kill. The practice is commonly associated with the moors of Scotland where the principal quarry is red deer. However, the skill is found worldwide and is of extremely long-standing. Many other predator animals such as cats and hyenas also stalk their prey.
Among hunter-gatherers, where their prey is typically timid, stalking is a way of livelihood in order that they may catch what they hunt. Nowadays, stalking is frequently done for purposes of photography or observation of animal behavior rather than for killing.
Whatever the means of killing, the hunter is required to get near the quarry in order to achieve it. Most animals are very sensitive to the presence of predators and will escape when perceiving threats within the flight zone. In many cases, the animal's sense of smell is highly developed and can detect anything with an unusual scent, therefore the stalker therefore needs to approach from downwind. Similarly, cryptic care needs to be taken to avoid being seen and heard.
The deerstalker is a type of hat associated with Sherlock Holmes and Elmer Fudd. Notable for its slight rain-brim to the front and back, with a camouflage checked twill pattern and fold-down earpieces for selective warmth or to raise when listening for deer.
# Game show (disambiguation)

A game show is a type of show in which contestants play a game, usually for money or prizes.
Game Show or Gameshow may also refer to:
* Gameshow (album), a 2016 album by Two Door Cinema Club
* "Game Show" (Dexter's Laboratory episode), a second-season episode of the American television series Dexter's Laboratory
# Disappearance of Shaun Ritchie

Shaun Ritchie was last seen in the Strichen area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on Friday 31 October 2014.

## Disappearance

Ritchie was 20 years old at the time of his disappearance. He was last seen running from a farmhouse near a woodland area outside Strichen, Aberdeenshire, between Strichen and the A98 Fraserburgh to Banff road, where he had travelled with seven friends for a party. Later that same night, two phone calls were made from the Greenburn area to the police – one call asking the police to come to a farm in the aforementioned area for help, and a second call canceling the request. Five days later, some of Shaun's clothing was found; a belt, trainers and a hooded top, but Shaun himself has remained missing to this day.
Ritchie's father, Mr. Charlie Reid, is critical of the investigation by Police Scotland and has stated his belief that Ritchie was killed over a debt. Mr. Reid is offering a £5,000 reward for anyone who can help him find his son. Likewise Shaun's mother, Carol-Ann, as well as Shaun's sister, Nicole, believes that Shaun was murdered.

## Aftermath

As of 31 October 2019, Ritchie's disappearance remains a missing person inquiry and police have stated: "there is no evidence to suggest that Shaun has been the victim of any crime". However, renowned forensic expert professor Dave Barclay, a forensic science lecturer at Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, has stated that he believes that the police are probably unofficially treating the case as a murder and that “The most likely option, considering all the effort they have put in to find the body, brings me to agree with Shaun’s dad. It could be an offence of violence where someone has deliberately concealed the body... The police seem to be treating it as a ‘no body murder’.”

## Documentary

On October 31, 2021, a documentary Missing From The Broch: The Disappearance of Shaun Ritchie was released by The Press and Journal and Evening Express. The 40-minute film sheds fresh light on Shaun's case regarding a disturbance at Kersiehill Farm the night he disappeared. The documentary interviews police officers and forensic scientists who helped lead the search for Shaun, and also speaks to his family about their seven year search for answers.
# Charles Holland

Charles Holland may refer to:
* Charles Holland (actor) (1733–1769), English actor
* Charles Holland (actor, 1768–1849), English actor
* Charles Holland (cyclist) (1908–1989), English road bicycle racer
* Charles Holland (physician) (1802–1876), English doctor
* Charles Holland (singer) (1909–1987), American tenor singer and actor
* Charles A. Holland (1872–1940), American local politician in Los Angeles
* Charles Hepworth Holland (born 1923), British geologist
* Charles R. Holland (born 1946), former Commander at United States Special Operations Command
* Charles Thurstan Holland (1863–1941), general practitioner in Liverpool
# Gary Biggs

Gary Biggs (born 1977) is a former hurler from Northern Ireland, who played as a left-wing forward at senior level for the Derry county team.
Biggs joined the panel during the 1997 championship and immediately became a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement after the 2006 Nicky Rackard Cup. During that time he won one Nicky Rackard Cup medal and two Ulster medals.
At club level Biggs is a one-time county club championship medalist with Banagher.