OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bisymmetric matrix

In mathematics, a bisymmetric matrix is a square matrix that is symmetric about both of its main diagonals. More precisely, an n × n matrix A is bisymmetric if it satisfies both A = A$^T$ (it is its own transpose), and AJ = JA, where J is the n × n exchange matrix.
For example, any matrix of the form
${\begin{bmatrix}a&b&c&d&e\\b&f&g&h&d\\c&g&i&g&c\\d&h&g&f&b\\e&d&c&b&a\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}&a_{14}&a_{15}\\a_{12}&a_{22}&a_{23}&a_{24}&a_{14}\\a_{13}&a_{23}&a_{33}&a_{23}&a_{13}\\a_{14}&a_{24}&a_{23}&a_{22}&a_{12}\\a_{15}&a_{14}&a_{13}&a_{12}&a_{11}\end{bmatrix}}$
is bisymmetric. The associated $5\times 5$ exchange matrix for this example is
$J_{5}={\begin{bmatrix}0&0&0&0&1\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}$

## Properties

* Bisymmetric matrices are both symmetric centrosymmetric and symmetric persymmetric.
* The product of two bisymmetric matrices is a centrosymmetric matrix.
* Real-valued bisymmetric matrices are precisely those symmetric matrices whose eigenvalues remain the same aside from possible sign changes following pre- or post-multiplication by the exchange matrix.
* If A is a real bisymmetric matrix with distinct eigenvalues, then the matrices that commute with A must be bisymmetric.
* The inverse of bisymmetric matrices can be represented by recurrence formulas.
# Biswell

Biswell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Andrew Biswell, British biographer
* George Biswell (1904–1981), British footballer
# Bill Strickland (American football)

William Strickland (September 14, 1898 – January 31, 1976) was an American football player. A native of Youngstown, Ohio, he played college football at Western Illinois State Teachers College (now known as Western Illinois University) and Lombard College in Galesburg, Illinois. Strickland played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) as a guard for the Milwaukee Badgers. He appeared in three NFL games, one as a starter, during the 1923 season. In 1924, he was hired as an assistant football coach at Western Illinois. He also served as a coach for many years at Winchester High School in Winchester, Illinois. He then served briefly as the head basketball and baseball coach at Carthage College from 1948 to 1949. In 1949, he became athletic director at Mendon High School near Quincy, Illinois.
# Onthophagus cavernicollis

Onthophagus cavernicollis is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
# Onthophagini

Onthophagini are a tribe of scarab beetles. Commonly placed in the true dung beetle subfamily (Scarabaeinae), it belongs to a group of subfamilies separated as subfamily Coprinae in some treatments.
Onthophagini often display sexual dimorphism, with the males having larger and more elaborate head and thorax ornaments, but not to the degree seen in the rhinoceros beetles of the scarab subfamily Dynastinae for example.

## Genera

* Alloscelus
* Amietina
* Anoctus
* Caccobius Thompson, 1859
* Cambefortius
* Cassolus
* Cleptocaccobius
* Cyobius
* Diastellopalpus
* Digitonthophagus
* Disphysema
* Dorbignyolus
* Euonthophagus Balthasar, 1959
* Eusaproecius
* Heteroclitopus
* Hyalonthophagus
* Krikkenius
* Megaponerophilus
* Milichus
* Mimonthophagus
* Neosaproecius
* Onthophagus Latreille, 1802
* Phalops
* Pinacopodius
* Pinacotarsus
* Proagoderus
* Pseudosaproecius
* Stiptocnemis
* Stiptopodius
* Stiptotarsus
* Strandius
* Sukelus
* Tomogonus
* Walterantus
* Phalops aurifrons
# Open Sources 2.0

Open Sources 2.0 is a book published by O'Reilly Media. Following on the popularity of Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, it is a second anthology of essays written by luminaries of the open source and free software movements. The essays explore open source's impact on the software industry and reveal how open-source concepts are infiltrating other areas of commerce and society.
The book was edited by Chris DiBona, Mark Stone and Danese Cooper. The essays contained were written by Alolita Sharma, Andrew Hessel, Ben Laurie, Boon-Lock Yeo, Bruno Souza, Chris DiBona, Danese Cooper, Doc Searls, Eugene Eric Kim, Gregorio Robles, Ian Murdock, Jeff Bates, Jeremy Allison, Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona, Kim Polese, Larry Sanger, Louisa Liu, Mark Stone, Matthew N. Asay, Michael Olson, Mitchell Baker, Pamela Jones, Robert Adkins, Russ Nelson, Sonali K. Shah, Stephen R. Walli, Steven Weber, Sunil Saxena, Tim O'Reilly, and Wendy Seltzer.
The first edition was published in October 2005.
The book was published under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 2.5 license.
# Open Space (TV programme)

Open Space is a programme produced by the BBC's Community Programme Unit. It was an evolution of the earlier Open Door series of programmes allowing minority points of view to make a television programme about issues of concern to them. The programmes were transmitted on BBC2 in a mid-evening slot, usually 8 pm, and would attract audiences between 500,000 and 1,500,000.
In a typical year there would be two or three groups of up to eight Open Space programmes each usually half an hour long. A producer, an assistant, and in 1990 a budget of up to £25,000, would be allocated to each programme.

## Format

Each episode of Open Space was created by members of the public, who were given access to professional production resources and guidance from BBC staff. This collaborative process resulted in a diverse range of programmes covering a wide array of subjects, from environmental concerns and social justice issues to local community projects and international affairs. The format of Open Space was groundbreaking in its commitment to democratising media production, empowering individuals and groups to tell their own stories in their own words.

## Impact and legacy

Open Space is remembered for its contribution to public service broadcasting and its role in challenging the conventions of television production. By providing a platform for underrepresented perspectives, the series not only enriched the public discourse but also anticipated the rise of user-generated content in the digital age. Its innovative approach has been recognised as a precursor to later participatory media initiatives and has inspired similar formats in other countries.
The programme's legacy continues to be felt in the ways it broadened the scope of topics covered by the mainstream media and in its demonstration of the potential for collaborative media production to foster greater inclusivity and diversity in broadcasting.

## Reception

Open Space was received positively by audiences and critics alike for its fresh and inclusive approach to television production. Viewers appreciated the opportunity to see programmes that reflected their own experiences and concerns, while critics lauded the series for its commitment to public service values and its role in pioneering new forms of participatory media.
Despite its eventual conclusion in the early 1990s, Open Space remains a noteworthy experiment in public broadcasting, and its influence can be seen in various participatory and community-based media projects that have emerged in the years since.
# Carl Wieland

Carl Wieland (born 1950) is an Australian young Earth creationist, author and speaker. He was the managing director of Creation Ministries International (formerly Answers in Genesis - Australia), a Creationist apologetics ministry. CMI are the distributors of Creation magazine and the Journal of Creation.

## Biography

Wieland is a medical doctor who graduated from the University of Adelaide in South Australia but he stopped practising medicine in 1986. This was due to an accident Wieland was in with "a fully laden fuel tanker at highway speeds." He endured five and a half months in hospital and has undergone more than fifty operations, as discussed in his book, Walking Through Shadows. He is a past president of the Christian Medical Fellowship of South Australia.
Wieland has said that during his time at university he was an atheist. In 1976 Wieland formed the Creation Science Association (CSA), a South Australian creationist organisation modelled after the Creation Research Society. In 1978 this organisation began publishing a magazine, Ex Nihilo (later called Creation Ex Nihilo), "to explain and promote special creation as a valid scientific explanation of origins." In 1980, CSA merged with a Queensland group to form the Creation Science Foundation, which subsequently became Answers in Genesis (AiG).
In 2005 AiG split as a result of long-standing disagreements between Carl Wieland, CEO of AiG-Australia and Ken Ham, CEO of AiG-US. Ham retained leadership of the AiG's United States and United Kingdom branches under the AiG name, while Wieland retained the Australian branch and affiliation with the Canadian, New Zealand and South African branches, under the name Creation Ministries International, and established CMI offices both the United States and the United Kingdom.
On 6 March 2015, Wieland retired from active creation ministry, and stepped down as CEO of CMI-Australia.

## Publications

* Wieland, Carl (October 1996). Stones and Bones: Powerful Evidence Against Evolution. Master Books. ISBN 0-89051-175-6.
* Wieland, Carl. (2002). 101 Signs of Design: Timeless Truths From Science. Green Forest, AR: Master Books. ISBN 0-89051-368-6.
* Wieland, Carl.; Ham, Ken. (2002). Walking Through Shadows: Finding Hope in a World of Pain. Green Forest, AR: Master Books. ISBN 0-89051-381-3.
* Wieland, Carl. (2004). The Genesis File. Green Forest, Ark.: Master Books. ISBN 0-89051-409-7.
# Black Krim

The Black Krim (Solanum lycopersicum) (also known as Black Crimea and Noire de Crimée) is an heirloom tomato originating from Crimea. The plant is open-pollinated, indeterminate, bearing 8 ounce flattened globe fruits with a diameter around 8-12 centimeters. The unique color of the berry are dark reddish-purple to black in sunny conditions with green/brown shoulders. The plant can grow up to 180 centimeters in height if it’s in a greenhouse and slightly less if outside. The berry is described tasting as “Intense, with a sweetness that is balanced out by the acidity”
The Black Krim is named after the Isle of Krim In 1990 it became the first "black" tomato to be commercially available in the United States and is popular on the west coast for its flavorful yet well balanced taste.
# Black-headed batis

Black-headed batis may refer to:
* Eastern black-headed batis (Batis minor), found in eastern Africa
* Western black-headed batis (Batis erlangeri), found in central Africa
# Bishopton Castle

Bishopton Castle was a medieval castle in Bishopton village, County Durham, England. The surviving motte is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

## Details

Bishopton Castle was built by Roger de Conyers in 1143, in the village of Bishopton, near to the town of Darlington. Constructed in a motte-and-bailey design, the castle had two baileys, rather than the usual one, and originally had two large enclosures beyond the baileys. In the 12th century it was surrounded by a low artificial lake, fed by the brook to the west, and could only be accessed by causeways.
De Conyers built the castle during a dispute with William Cumin, who laid claim to be the Bishop of Durham; de Conyers supported Cumin's rival, William of St. Barbara. Historian Lise Hull believes that the licence to crenellate given to de Conyers for his castle may be the first recorded instance of this in England, but Philip Davis rejects the licence on the grounds that the fortification was a matter of necessity rather than consent, and that the supposed licence contains no indicative wording.
In later years the castle became owned directly by the Bishop of Durham, a powerful regional landowner.
The mound was one of twenty investigated by the Round Mounds Project during 2015 and 2016, looking for possible pre-historic mounds that had been re-used as Norman mottes. A 10cm diameter core sample was taken, running from the top of the mound down to below the original ground level, with Radiocarbon dating of the buried material. The great majority of the mounds investigated confirmed a Norman construction, with no sign of a previous earthwork. This was the case at the Bishopton mound, where a Norman date was confirmed. It also identified that the raised causeway on the north side was a secondary feature, which had not been part of the original construction.
# Carlos Torres Vila

Carlos Torres Vila may refer to:
* Carlos Torres Vila (musician) (1946–2010), Argentinian folk singer
* Carlos Torres Vila (banker) (born 1966), Spanish banker
# François Curiel

François Curiel (born 1948) is a French citizen, auctioneer, jewellery specialist and Chairman of Christie's in Europe, based in Geneva, Switzerland.

## Early life

Growing up he studied philosophy and law as well as gemology in Paris, France. After completing a then compulsory year in the military, he was accepted at Christie's London for an internship during the summer of 1969. Joining the jewellery department, he was offered a permanent job at the end of his internship.

## Career

Curiel began his career as a jewellery specialist at Christie's in London in 1969, and held various management positions at Christie's Spain (1972-1974), Switzerland (1975-1975), USA (1976-1989), Switzerland (1990-1999), France (2000-2009) before going to head up Asia Pacific in Hong Kong (2010-2018). He returned to Europe in 2019 when he was appointed Chairman of Europe and a member of the company executive committee.
“During his 45 years with Christie’s, François has cultivated an extensive global network following his time living in all three regions and is one of the greatest ambassadors of our firm,” commented Guillaume Cerutti. “He leaves Asia having grown the business significantly by engaging a new generation of art collectors and encouraging Asian consignors and buyers to transact with Christie’s on a global scale.”
According to an interview in Haute Living, Curiel is "often described as one of the greatest auctioneers of our time".
From 2001 to 2009 he was a permanent member of the Fine Art Auction Authority, the regulatory body of auction houses in France and in 2004 he became a member of the British Royal Institute of Surveyors.
In 2009, he received France's most prestigious distinction when he was promoted Officer of the Legion of Honor. He went on to be elevated to the rank of Commander of the French Legion of Honor in 2016.
In a lunch interview with the Financial Times in 2010, they described him as being "Renowned for his auctioneering skills, particularly in his speciality, jewellery, Curiel is a Christie’s man through and through".
# Fratricide (disambiguation)

Fratricide is the act of killing one's brother.
Fratricide may also refer to:
* Fratricide (film), a 1922 German silent drama
* "A Fratricide", a short story by Franz Kafka
* Friendly fire, an unintentional military attack on forces of the same side
** Nuclear fratricide, the inadvertent destruction of nuclear weapon systems by other warheads in the same attack
** EW fratricide, electronic warfare operations that interfere with friendly military capabilities
# Caroline (1827)

Caroline was launched at Nursapore in 1827. Her early career as a country ship, trading east of the Cape of Good Hope, is currently obscure. From 1834 on she proceeded to make six voyages as a whaler in the southern whale fishery. She disappears from records available online in November 2023 after her return to Great Britain in 1859.

## Career

Caroline first appeared in Lloyd's Register in 1834. She then became a whaler in the British Southern Whale Fishery.
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source |
| 1834 | Meek | Wilson & Co. | London–South Seas | LR |
1st whaling voyage (1834–1838): Captain Meek cleared outward bound (in ballast) on 4 October 1834 for the South Seas. Meek was still her captain in November 1835. Caroline, G.Wheeler, master, returned from the Pacific on 26 May 1838 with 220 casks of whale oil.
2nd whaling voyage (1838–1843): Captain Drybugh (or Dryborough) sailed from England on 16 August 1834. On 16 June 1841 she put into Sydney leaky, having also lost her main mast, fore and main top masts, head, and four boats, and bowsprit sprung. She had encountered a hurricane on 4–5 June at 16°S 157°E﻿ / ﻿16°S 157°E﻿ / -16; 157. Caroline returned on 29 September 1843 with 280 casks (160 tons), of whale oil.
Caroline last appeared in LR in 1845, suggesting that she then changed her registry from Great Britain.
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source & notes |
| 1845 | Wilson | Wilson | London–South Seas | LR; small repairs 1838 & 1848 |
3rd whaling voyage (1844-1847): Captain Wilson sailed from England on 1 April 1844. She returned on 3 September 1847 with 229 casks of whale oil and 11 casks of train (bowhead whale) oil (143 tons).
4th whaling voyage (1848–1851): Captain G. W. Andrew (or Andrews) sailed from England on 7 March 1848. Caroline returned on 21 October 1851 with 220 casks.
5th whaling voyage (1852–1855): Captain J. Trulles (or Tresslles) sailed from England on 3 February 1852. Caroline returned on 25 September 1855 with 60 casks.
6th whaling voyage (1856–1859): Captain G. Benson sailed in 1856. Caroline returned to England on 19 October 1859 with 66 casks of sperm oil.
# Olivia Clemens

Olivia Clemens may refer to:
* Olivia Langdon Clemens (1845–1904), wife of Mark Twain
* Olivia Susan Clemens (1872–1896), usually known as Susy Clemens, daughter of Mark Twain
# Franz Kiwisch von Rotterau

Franz Kiwisch von Rotterau (30 April 1814 – 24 October 1852) was Professor of Obstetrics at the University of Würzburg and later at the University of Prague. He was one of Semmelweis's principal opponents. In Würzburg he was succeeded by Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels.
A native of Klattau in Bohemia, he earned his medical doctorate from Prague in 1837. Following the death of Josef Servas d'Outrepont (1775-1845) in 1845, he was appointed professor of OB/GYN at the University of Würzburg. In 1850 he succeeded Antonín Jan Jungmann (1775-1854) as professor of OB/GYN at the University of Prague. Not long afterwards he succumbed to the effects of tuberculosis, which resulted in his death at the age of 38.
His 1852 book, Klinische Vorträge (Clinical Lectures), was an influential scientific work in the field of gynaecology. Kiwisch was considered an excellent teacher by his students.

## Selected written works

* Conspectus morborum in clinico medico Pragensi primo semestri anni 1839 tractatorum; Doctoral dissertation (1837)
* Beiträge zur Geburtskunde; 2 booklets; (1846 and 1848)
* Klinische Vorträge über specielle Pathologie und Therapie der Krankheiten des weiblichen Geschlechtes (1852)
# Bitana

Bitana is a town in Sarpang District in southern Bhutan.
# Bitangent

In geometry, a bitangent to a curve C is a line L that touches C in two distinct points P and Q and that has the same direction as C at these points. That is, L is a tangent line at P and at Q.

## Bitangents of algebraic curves

In general, an algebraic curve will have infinitely many secant lines, but only finitely many bitangents.
Bézout's theorem implies that an algebraic plane curve with a bitangent must have degree at least 4. The case of the 28 bitangents of a quartic was a celebrated piece of geometry of the nineteenth century, a relationship being shown to the 27 lines on the cubic surface.

## Bitangents of polygons

The four bitangents of two disjoint convex polygons may be found efficiently by an algorithm based on binary search in which one maintains a binary search pointer into the lists of edges of each polygon and moves one of the pointers left or right at each steps depending on where the tangent lines to the edges at the two pointers cross each other. This bitangent calculation is a key subroutine in data structures for maintaining convex hulls dynamically (Overmars & van Leeuwen 1981). Pocchiola and Vegter (1996a, 1996b) describe an algorithm for efficiently listing all bitangent line segments that do not cross any of the other curves in a system of multiple disjoint convex curves, using a technique based on pseudotriangulation.
Bitangents may be used to speed up the visibility graph approach to solving the Euclidean shortest path problem: the shortest path among a collection of polygonal obstacles may only enter or leave the boundary of an obstacle along one of its bitangents, so the shortest path can be found by applying Dijkstra's algorithm to a subgraph of the visibility graph formed by the visibility edges that lie on bitangent lines (Rohnert 1986).

## Related concepts

A bitangent differs from a secant line in that a secant line may cross the curve at the two points it intersects it. One can also consider bitangents that are not lines; for instance, the symmetry set of a curve is the locus of centers of circles that are tangent to the curve in two points.
Bitangents to pairs of circles figure prominently in Jakob Steiner's 1826 construction of the Malfatti circles, in the belt problem of calculating the length of a belt connecting two pulleys, in Casey's theorem characterizing sets of four circles with a common tangent circle, and in Monge's theorem on the collinearity of intersection points of certain bitangents.
# Carmen Sammut

Sister Carmen Sammut is the former leader of the International Union of Superiors General (UISG) and the superior general of the Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa, known as the White Sisters. She is a Roman Catholic religious sister.

## Biography

In May 2013, Sammut was elected as the new president of the International Union of Superiors General (UISG).
Carmen Sammut is Maltese. She spent 28 years as a teacher in Algeria, Tunisia and Mauritania. Carmen studied at the Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies and speaks fluent Maltese, English, French and Arabic. In 2011, she became Superior General of her order.
# Delice (disambiguation)

Delice or Delices may refer to:

## Places

* Delice, a town and district in Kırıkkale province, Turkey
* Delice (İmranlı) a village in Sivas province, Turkey
* Delice, Mudurnu, a village in Bolu province, Turkey
* Delice River, a river in Turkey
* Delices, a village in Dominica
* Délices, a gold mine and village in French Guiana
* Les Délices, a former home of Voltaire

## People

* Patrick Delice, a retired athlete from Trinidad and Tobago

## Companies

* Groupe Délice [fr], a Tunisian dairy company

## Other uses

* Délice d'Argental, a double cream cheese
* Délice de Bourgogne, a type of cheese
* Delice Paloma, a 2007 film
# Opeoluwa Sotonwa

Opeoluwa Sotonwa (born in Ijebu-Ode) is a Deaf Nigerian American attorney, disability rights advocate and literary writer. In February 2021, Governor Charles Baker appointed Sotonwa as the Commissioner and agency head for the Massachusetts Commission for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Prior to his appointment as Commissioner, he was the executive director of Missouri Commission for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. and served previously as Vice President of the National Black Deaf Advocates, the official advocacy organization for thousands of Black Deaf and Hard of Hearing Americans between 2013 and 2015. He is listed among the most influential Deaf People in the United States Opeoluwa Sotonwa attended University of Ilorin Nigeria, where he read law and graduated with LLB degree in 2005. He later proceeded to Nigerian Law School for advanced legal training. He was called to the Nigerian Bar as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria in 2007. Opeoluwa worked as staff attorney with Nigerian Legal Aid Council. He later moved to United States to further his legal career and attended Howard University School of Law, where he graduated cum laude with a Master of Laws degree in 2009. Sotonwa earned his doctorate in Law and Policy from Northeastern University's College of Professional Studies in 2018.
Sotonwa is the author of The Victim of The Silent Void, published in The Deaf Way II Anthology by Gallaudet University Press and has been featured prominently in the media.