OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Huesca Offensive

The Huesca Offensive was an operation carried out during the Spanish Civil War by the Republican Army in June 1937 in order to take the Aragonese city of Huesca, which since the start of the war in July 1936 had been under the control of the Nationalist forces.

## Background

In April 1937, the Nationalists started an offensive against the Republican-held Biscay Province, and by the end of May, the Navarrese troops had reached the eastern side of Bilbao's defenses. The Republican government then decided to launch two diversionary offensives on the Aragon and Madrid fronts in order to divert Nationalist troops.

## The Offensive

The Republican government decided to launch an attack against the Nationalist held city of Huesca. After the May Days, the Republican forces in the Aragon front had been reorganized and the Republican government established a new Army of the East. This force, under the command of General Pozas, was reinforced with the XII International Brigade, led by General Pavol Lukacs (an alias for Máté Zalka, the Brigade's Commander), and four brigades from the central front. The Republican forces outnumbered the Nationalist forces besieged in Huesca, but the Nationalist troops were well entrenched and the Republican troops had little artillery and armoured support.
The attack against Huesca started on 12 June, led by Lukács who also commanded the 45th Division of the Spanish Republican Army. The troops attacking across open ground were decimated by the machine-gun and artillery fire of the Nationalists. Furthermore, the same day, Lukács/Zalka was hit by a Nationalist shell and died. The offensive saw the Rakosi Battalion's first action (with 288 men). The battalion became trapped by machine-gun fire and lost a quarter of its men. Their commander, Ákos Hevesi, and political commissar, Imre Tarr, were both killed as they led from the front. On 16 June the Republican troops attacked the villages of Alerre and Chimillas but the assault was repelled by the Nationalist troops. On 19 June, the Nationalists entered Bilbao and the offensive was called off, after other two days of failed Republican assaults.

## Aftermath

The Republican troops had heavy casualties (according to Beevor, 9,000), mainly anarchist and POUM members. The failed offensive after the recent May Days in Barcelona, increased the defeatism and the suspicions among the Republican troops in Aragon.
# German–Latvian Non-Aggression Pact

The German–Latvian Non-Aggression Pact was signed in Berlin on June 7, 1939.
In light of the German advance in the east, the Soviet government demanded an Anglo-French guarantee of the independence of the Baltic states during the negotiations for an alliance with the Western Powers. The Latvian and Estonian governments, ever suspicious of Soviet intentions, decided to accept a mutual non-aggression pact with Germany. The German–Estonian and German–Latvian Non-aggression pacts were signed in Berlin on June 7, 1939, by Latvian Foreign Minister Vilhelms Munters and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. The next day, Adolf Hitler received the Estonian and Latvian envoys and, in the course of his interviews, stressed the maintaining and strengthening of commercial links between Germany and the Baltic states. Ratifications of the pact were exchanged in Berlin on July 24, 1939, and it became effective the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on August 24, 1939 and was intended for a period of ten years.
The pacts were intended to prevent western or Soviet powers from gaining influence in the Baltic states and thus encircling Germany. A non-aggression pact with Lithuania was concluded in March after the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania regarding the Klaipėda Region. The states were to provide a barrier against any Soviet intervention in a planned German–Polish war.
Germany offered to sign non-aggression pacts with Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden on April 28, 1939. Sweden, Norway and Finland rejected the proposal. The first drafts were prepared the first week of May, but the signing of the treaties was twice delayed by Latvia's requests for clarification.
# Chicco

Chicco (Italian pronunciation:) is an Italian manufacturer of children's clothing and toys with retail outlets worldwide, producing items in Italy and China. The company was founded in 1958 in Como, Italy. It is now owned by Artsana, and is present in more than 120 countries.

## History

Chicco was founded in 1958 in Como, Italy by Cavaliere del Lavoro Pietro Catelli, who wanted to celebrate the birth of his first son Enrico, dearly known as "Chicco". On the founder's death in 2006, the company passed to his three children, Enrico, Michele and Francesca, who would open new branches in India, Russia, Mexico and Poland. Since May 2013, the role of Managing Director has been held by Claudio De Conto.

## Products and research

Chicco is present in over 120 countries, with more than 150 shops in Italy and another 160 throughout the world. Chicco has a range of products, including maternity items for pregnancy and breastfeeding, first baby foods, hygiene and protection, out-and-about and travelling, relaxation and sleep, play, clothes, and booties and shoes.
The company's research and development area is the responsibility of the Baby Research Center dedicated to children aged 0 to 3 and all their psycho-physical, emotional and social needs. The centre makes use of information from the medical-scientific world, and continuous interaction with parents. Chicco has come up with Baby Moments Range of products with 0% Polyphenoxyethanol.

## Social commitment

Chicco's partnership with Ai. Bi. Associazione Amici dei Bambini dates back a number of years, to 2003.
In 2010, the Chicco di Felicità was born. Profits from sales of this charity go towards supporting the "Chicco di Felicità per bimbi speciali" project, promoting the adoption of children with special needs.
Since then, the Chicco di Felicità has won a legion of more than 300,000 fans who have chosen the charm for themselves or as a gift; it has been interpreted and customised in various ways by numerous brands and designers, each adding a new and original touch. It is available in all Chicco stores in Italy.
Chicco has been supporting the Mission Bambini Foundation at international level since 2013, with financial contributions to fund medical care and interventions for children suffering from heart conditions and to provide training for local doctors, through the project "Happiness goes from heart-to-heart". The Group management team takes part in a range of humanitarian missions.
# Battle of Lwów (1941)

The Battle of Lwów was a World War II battle for the control over the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) between the Red Army and the invading Wehrmacht and the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists.

## History

Protection of the city’s infrastructure was carried out by the 223rd regiment from the 13th division of the NKVD escort troops. On 24 June the 1st company of the regiment prevented the mass escape from Lvov Prison No. 1. Also, the soldiers of the regiment defended the city from the actions of looters, OUN members and Nazi saboteurs. From 29 to 30 June 1941 the regiment’s battalion covered the withdrawal of units of the 6th army from Lviv and then departed along the route Sykhov [be]-Bóbrka-Rohatyn-Kozova-Tarnopol under the direct influence of the Luftwaffe.
Immediately after the departure of the Red Army, NKVD troops and border guards, the massacre of Lviv professors and Lviv pogrom was organized, and then the ghetto and concentration camps began to form under the leadership of the German administration by the Ukrainian auxiliary police, formed from the OUN marching groups.
The city was liberated from the Nazis three years later, in the summer of 1944, during the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive.
# Abitar

Abitar (Persian: ابيتر, also Romanized as Ābītar) is a village in Seyyed Abbas, Shavur District, Shush County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,325, in 182 families.
# Arboretum Curie

44°43′48″N 3°35′20″E﻿ / ﻿44.73°N 3.589°E﻿ / 44.73; 3.589 The Arboretum Curie, also known as the Arboretum du Col des Trois Soeurs, is a small arboretum located at 1470 metres altitude in the Col des Trois Soeurs near La Panouse, Lozère, Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It was created circa 1975 to study conifers suitable for reforestation, and according to Arbez et al., now contains 77 taxa (primarily conifers).
# Khoro, Verkhnevilyuysky District, Sakha Republic

Khoro (Russian: Хоро́; Yakut: Хоро, Xoro) is a rural locality (a selo), the only inhabited locality, and the administrative center of Khorinsky Rural Okrug of Verkhnevilyuysky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) from Verkhnevilyuysk, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 1,221, up from 1,131 recorded during the 2002 Census.
# Macelj massacre

The Macelj massacre occurred in May and June 1945, at the end of World War II in Europe, in the forests near Macelj, a village in northern Croatia. At the site, a large number of soldiers, women, and children were shot during the Bleiburg repatriations.

## Events

In 1992, after Croatia became independent, 1,163 bodies were excavated from 23 mass graves in the region, leaving around 130 possible mass grave locations unexplored.
Among those executed in Macelj were 25 Catholic priests from the Franciscan monastery of Široki Brijeg, which were temporarily hidden in nearby Krapina. In 2008, the Croatian Ministry of the Interior launched an investigation into Stjepan Hršak's possible involvement in that event.
Reburial of the exhumed bodies in 2005 was followed by a public mass led by Cardinal Josip Bozanić, at the time Archbishop of Zagreb.
# Mihai-Lucian Grünberg

Mihai-Lucian Grünberg (born April 29, 1976) is a Romanian International Master in chess and the champion of Romania (2003).
He is the son of Sergiu-Henric Grünberg, a former Romanian chess champion. In 2005, Grünberg represented Romania at the Maccabiah Games.
# Ion Sburlea

Ion Sburlea (born 7 January 1971) is a Romanian former footballer who played as a midfielder and defender.

## Honours

Steaua București
* Divizia A: 1992–93
* Cupa României: 1991–92
FC Universitatea Craiova
* Cupa României runner-up: 1993–94
Național București
* Cupa României runner-up: 1996–97
# 14th Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Regiment (Ukraine)

The 14th Separate Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Regiment is a regiment of the Unmanned Systems Forces, which was originally established in 2023 as a separate regiment of the Ukrainian Ground Forces and has seen combat during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, including combat operations on Russian territory.

## History

The unit has been performing tasks during the Russian invasion of Ukraine since October 2022, at first as a combat unit of the 190th Training Center. On 22 August 2023, the unit was officially recognized as a separate regiment specialized in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
Units of the 14th Regiment are performing reconnaissance and striking operations along the entire front line and in numerous directions.
In November 2023, the regiment fought in the Zaporizhia Oblast as part of the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, and struck multiple Russian positions in Oleshky.
The regiment was involved in supporting combat operations in Robotyne and on November 3, 2023, a soldier of the regiment (Davidyuk Taras Dmytrovych) was killed near Robotyne. Then it was involved in the battle of Avdiivka with a soldier (Mykhailo Ughryniuk Mytnyk) being killed on 23 November 2023.
In February 2024, the regiment performed combat operations along with the 46th Aeromobile Brigade of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces.
In June 2024, aerial reconnaissance of the 14th Regiment in coordination with M142 HIMARS artillery destroyed the Russian high-valued Buk missile system in the Donetsk direction
On July 22, 2024, soon after the establishment of Unmanned Systems Forces, the regiment was transferred there.
In August 2024, units of the 14th Regiment participated in August 2024 Kursk Oblast incursion alongside other units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine providing combat support.
In December 2024, the regiment in coordination with 412th UAV regiment destroyed a 9A331M2 Russian Tor-M2 air defense system worth $27 million in the Zaporizhia Oblast.
In the late night of 28 January or the early morning of 29 January 2025, the 14th Separate Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Regiment launched a strike on a pumping station on the Druzhba pipeline along the Russian-Belarusian border in Bryansk Oblast reportedly using drones capable of dropping bombs on their targets. According to Defense Express, these drones carry a FAB-250 M-54 high-explosive bomb on their underbellies and feature an optical sighting system for precision strikes. On 31 January 2025, the Unmanned System Forces confirmed the use of drones carrying 250 kg (550 lb) aerial bombs. According to the USF Command, these drones are capable of "reaching up to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) with the possibility of return. This is a unique development that changes the rules of the game on the battlefield."

## Commanders

* Callsign "Charlie" (2023-)

## Structure

* 1st UAV Battalion
* 2nd UAV Battalion
* 3rd UAV Battalion
# Karnire

Karnire is a panchayat town located at Mangalore taluk in Dakshina Kannada district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is on the banks of Shambhavi River. It is next to the small village of Kavathar, Balkunje. Its nearest town is Palimar in Udupi District.

## Geography

It has an average elevation of 24 metres. It is in the Karavalli region of karnataka, where it is suitable for agriculture and building factories. It is next to the River Shambhavi, which originates from kudremukh and ends at mulki with the Arabian Sea.

## Agriculture

The major crops grown are paddy and sugar cane along with neighbouring villages like Balkunje and palimar.

## Transportation

The town is well connected by roads to Palimar, Padubidri, Bajpe, Kateel,Balkunje and Kinnigoli by district road. But due to aging structure of the bridge between Balkunje and Palimar, it is closed for heavy vehicles and private buses. Buses used to ply from Karnire to Palimar and Padubidri and Adve(kinnigolli-palimar or padubidri route). But due to bridge closing towards Palimar buses ply from Balkunje or either Karnire to towns like Kinnigoli and Kateel.
The nearest airport to this town is Mangalore International Airport, which is around 30 km from the village.
Although the nearest railway station is Nandikoor railway station, people prefer to go at Mulki railway station as it is the nearest station for people to go to various big cities like Mumbai, Murudeshwar, and Mangalore while Nandikur does not provide access to these cities.
# 1952 Irish presidential election

In the 1952 Irish presidential election the outgoing president Seán T. O'Kelly was re-elected without a contest.

## Procedure

Under Article 12 of the Constitution of Ireland, candidates could be nominated by:
* at least twenty of the 207 serving members of the Houses of the Oireachtas, or
* at least four of 31 councils of the administrative counties, including county boroughs, or
* themselves, in the case of a former or retiring president.
All Irish citizens on the Dáil electoral register were eligible to vote.

## Nomination process

On 25 April 1952, Minister for Local Government made an order under section 6 of the Presidential Elections Act 1937 opening nominations, with noon on 16 May as the deadline for nominations, and 10 June set as the date for a poll (if any).
President Seán T. O'Kelly nominated himself as a candidate, and when no other candidate was nominated, he was declared elected on 16 May. This was the first occasion on which a president nominated themselves for a second term.

## Result

1952 Irish presidential election :
| Candidate | Nominated by | Nominated by |
| Seán T. O'Kelly | | Self-nomination |
O'Kelly was inaugurated for his second term as President of Ireland on 25 June 1952.
# Gideon Orkar

Major Gideon Gwaza Orkar (October 4, 1952 – July 27, 1990) was a Nigerian military officer who staged an attempted violent coup against the government of General Ibrahim Babangida on April 22, 1990. Orkar and his conspirators seized the FRCN radio station, various military posts around Lagos and the Dodan Barracks, Lagos, the military headquarters and presidential Villa. Babangida was present when the barracks were attacked but managed to escape by a back route.
In his coup address, Orkar called for the excision of five northern states. However, the coup was crushed by the Babangida regime and Orkar including 41 other coconspirators were tried, convicted of treason and were executed.

## Background and education

Gideon Orkar was the 9th child born to the family of Levi Orkar Chi, a teacher of Tiv heritage in Apir village of Makurdi Local Government in Benue State. He attended primary schools at the village of Apir and Wadata. He also attended Boys Secondary School, Gindiri, Plateau State, and while taking Higher School Certificate classes, he responded to an army advertisement and joined the Nigerian Army in 1972 as cadet no 682. He started his officer cadet training at the Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna with the 12th Regular Combatant Course. He was commissioned in December 1974 in the rank of Second Lieutenant and posted to the Nigerian Army Armoured Corps School in Ibadan.

## Military career

Orkar was part of the peacekeeping contingent in Chad in 1978. He served in various units including the Reece at Kaduna, 82, Div, Enugu, and Armoured School, Bauchi. In 1986, he attended the senior Officers Course 9 at the Command and Staff College, Jaji. He also served as commander of Saki 22 Armoured Battalion in Oyo State. His last posting prior to the April 1990 coup was as a member of the Directing Staff of the Command and Staff College, Jaji.

## Death

Major Orkar and 41 other conspirators were convicted of treason and executed by firing squad on July 27, 1990 by the government of General Ibrahim Babangida.
# Jardin botanique Floralpina

The Jardin botanique Floralpina is a private botanical garden specializing in alpine plants. It is located at 59, Avenue du Mémorial des Fusillés, Arras, Pas de Calais, Nord-Pas de Calais, France. It is open on the last Sunday in May and by appointment.
The garden was established in 1953 by Jean-Michel Spas. Today it is one of the most extensive collections of alpine plants in France, containing about 4,100 alpine taxa (2,500 genera) representing 3,700 species and 400 cultivars, with 450 taxa of Saxifraga and many threatened species. It also contains fine tree specimens including Cedrus libani, Ginkgo biloba, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pinus cembra, Sequoiadendron, and Taxodium distichum.
# June 1959 Icelandic parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 28 June 1959. The Independence Party and the Progressive Party both won 13 seats in the Lower House of the Althing. Following the tie, electoral reforms were introduced and early elections were held in October.

## Electoral system

The elections were conducted under rural–urban proportional representation. Twenty-one members were elected in single-member constituencies via first-past-the-post voting, while the remainder were elected using D'Hondt method proportional representation: twelve members in two-member constituencies, eight members in Reykjavík, and eleven from a single national compensatory list. To earn national list seats, a party had to win at least one constituency seat. In constituencies electing two or more members, within the party list, voters had the option to re-rank the candidates and could also strike a candidate out. Allocation of seats to candidates was done using a system based on the Borda count.

## Results

| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | Seats | Seats | Seats |
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Lower House | +/– | Upper House | +/– |
| | Independence Party | 36,029 | 42.49 | 13 | 0 | 7 | +1 |
| | Progressive Party | 23,061 | 27.20 | 13 | +2 | 6 | 0 |
| | People's Alliance | 12,929 | 15.25 | 5 | 0 | 2 | –1 |
| | Social Democratic Party | 10,632 | 12.54 | 4 | –2 | 2 | 0 |
| | National Preservation Party | 2,137 | 2.52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 84,788 | 100.00 | 35 | 0 | 17 | 0 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 84,788 | 98.42 | | | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 1,359 | 1.58 | | | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 86,147 | 100.00 | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 95,050 | 90.63 | | | | |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver ||||||||
# Mukharbek Barakhoyev

Mukharbek Oybertovich Barakhoyev (Russian: Мухарбек Ойбертович Барахоев; born 4 January 1971) is a Russian politician serving as a senator from Ingushetia since 8 September 2019.

## Career

Mukharbek Barakhoyev was born on 4 January 1971 in Alkun, Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 2000, he graduated from the Ingush State University. From 1989 to 1991, he served in the Soviet Armed Forces. From 1993 to 1995, he worked as a teacher of physical education and labor in Alkun secondary school. From 2001 to 2018, he served as the head of the administration of Alkun. On 8 September 2019, he was appointed a senator from Ingushetia.

### Sanctions

Mukharbek Barakhoyev is under personal sanctions introduced by the European Union, the United Kingdom, the US, Canada, Switzerland, Australia, Ukraine, New Zealand, for ratifying the decisions of the "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the Russian Federation and the Donetsk People's Republic and between the Russian Federation and the Luhansk People's Republic" and providing political and economic support for Russia's annexation of Ukrainian territories.

## Awards

2023 - Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" II degree
2023 - Gratitude of the Government of the Russian Federation
# Jardin géo-botanique

The Jardin géo-botanique (1.3 hectares) is a municipal botanical garden located at 1, Place Mathias, Chalon-sur-Saône, Saône-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France. It is open daily without charge.
The garden was established in 1953 by the Society of Natural History and Mycology of Saône-et-Loire under the active direction of its president, Dr. Gilbert Durand, and has been maintained by the city since 1959. Today, the garden contains about 600 plant taxa set within eight areas of regional scenery, including water, limestone, granite, swamps, pine lands, Provence, aromatic and medicinal plants, and a perennial garden.