OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# June 1906 City of London by-election

The June 1906 City of London by-election was held on 15 June 1906. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Edward Clarke. It was won by the Conservative candidate Frederick Banbury, who was unopposed.
# Afterpiece

An afterpiece is a short, usually humorous one-act playlet or musical work following the main attraction, the full-length play, and concluding the theatrical evening. This short comedy, farce, opera or pantomime was a popular theatrical form in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was presented to lighten the five-act tragedy that was commonly performed.
A similar piece preceding the main attraction is a curtain raiser.
An example is The Padlock by Charles Dibdin, first performed in London in 1768.
# Abid, Shush

Abid (Persian: عبيد, also Romanized as ‘Abīd) is a village in Chenaneh Rural District, Fath Olmobin District, Shush County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 527, in 80 families.
# Manora Fort, Thanjavur

The Manora Fort is situated 20 km (12 mi) away from Pattukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India and 60 km (37 mi) away from Thanjavur. The fort was built by Maratha ruler Serfoji II in 1814–1815 to commemorate the successful advance of the British over Napoléon Bonaparte. It is an eight-storeyed, hexagonal tower, which is 23 m high overlooking the Bay of Bengal. The fort derives its name Manora, from the word Minaret.
In December 2004, five monuments including the fort were damaged in the Indian Ocean tsunami. It was planned in 2007 by the State Tourism Department to renovate the structure and improve its infrastructure by building several additional facilities including upgrading the children's park and building a tourist's shed.

## History

The fort was built by Tanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II (1777-1832 CE) in 1814–1815 to commemorate the successful advance of the British over Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The fort acted as a residence for the royal family and also as a light-house.

## Architecture

The fort is located in 20 km (12 mi) away from Pattukkottai and 65 km (40 mi) away from Thanjavur in a place called Sarabendrarajanpattinam in shores of Bay of Bengal. The word Manora is believed to be derived from the word minar meaning tower. The fort is hexagonal structure and has eight storeys, raising to a height of 75 ft (23 m) tapering to its top. The tower is surrounded by a wall and a moat ant it resembles a fort. The monument looks like a pagoda, with arched windows, circular staircase and eaves separating one storey from the other.

## Renovation in modern times

The restoration and conservation of the monument was started in 2000 and completed in 2003. Tourists are allowed access up to the second level of the fort. A considerable part of the fort was damaged during the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. The Tamil Nadu state Tourism Development Corporation allocated ₹3,195,000 (US$37,000) for improving the infrastructure around the fort. The project was to develop children's park to have additional facilities, provide additional lighting, install display boards, plant saplings along the road, lay new road from Sethu Road to the fort and modify thatched umbrella roof structures on the beach. The fort is one of the most prominent tourist attractions in the district.
# Kaiki

Kaiki may refer to:
* Kaiki Nobuhide, sumo wrestler
* Caïque (Greek: Kaiki), a wooden fishing boat
* Kaiki (Ryukyu), a politician and diplomat of Ryukyu Kingdom
* Kaiki Bruno (born 2003), Brazilian football left back
# Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia

After pro-independence parties won a majority of seats in the Catalan election on 27 September 2015, the Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia (Catalan: Declaració d'inici del procés d'independència de Catalunya) was issued on 9 November 2015. The declaration declares the start of the process to create an independent Catalan state in the form of a republic and proclaims the start of a participative, open, integrating and active citizens' constituent process to lay the foundation for the future Catalan Constitution.
The declaration was passed with 72 votes in favor, 63 against and 0 abstentions in the Parliament of Catalonia.
On 9 June 2017, the Catalan government announced the date of the independence referendum. It was declared illegal on 6 September 2017 and suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain because it breached the Spanish Constitution of 1978. It was held on 1 October the same year, using a disputed voting process, resulting in a 90% majority of votes favouring independence with a turnout of 42.58%. Subsequently, the European Commission agreed that the referendum was illegal.
# BITNET Relay

BITNET Relay, also known as the Inter Chat Relay Network, was a chat network setup over BITNET nodes. It predated Internet Relay Chat and other online chat systems. The program that made the network possible was called "Relay" and was developed by Jeff Kell of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in 1985 using the REXX programming language.
This system drew its name from "relay race" which shares a comparable behavior, where messages travel hop-by-hop along the network of Relay servers until they reached their destination. Messages sent within the United States would take a few seconds to reach their destinations, but communication times varied in other countries or internationally. If one or more network links were down, BITNET would store and forward the messages when the network links recovered, minutes or even hours later.

## Background

Before BITNET Relay was implemented, any form of communication over BITNET required identifying the remote user and host.
Relay ran on a special ID using several BITNET hosts. To use it, a message was sent to a user ID called RELAY. The Relay program running on that user ID would then provide multi-user chat functions, primarily in the form of "channels" (chat rooms). The message could contain either a command for Relay (preceded by the popular "/" slash character command prefix, still in use today), or a message at the remote host (typically a mainframe computer).
Computers connected to BITNET were generally located at universities and government agencies, due to limited access to computer network bandwidth. It was not uncommon for a university's entire network connection to run over a single leased telephone line or even a 4800 baud dial-up connection. Thus using scarce computing and network resources for "frivolous" purposes, such as chat, was often discouraged.

## Popularity

One of the reasons Relay gained acceptance was that its system of peer servers decreased the network bandwidth consumed by group chat, due to no longer having to send multiple copies of the same message individually to each server. Because of this efficiency and the limited bandwidth at the time, users were often not allowed to use or develop alternate chat systems. Experimental chats like Galaxy Network and VM/Shell were asked to shut down before they achieved noteworthy success.
Bitnet Relay gained popularity in the late 1980s when Valdis Kletnieks at Virginia Tech created a Pascal version that consumed far less CPU time, and again in the early 1990s when Smart Relay improved handling of message delivery.
Though Jeff Kell himself had made observations about the possible demise of BITNET Relay, only TCP/IP and the Internet brought about the end of BITNET and Relay. Jarkko Oikarinen, the creator of Internet Relay Chat, says that he was inspired by BITNET Relay
# Virtual minefield

The Virtual Minefield is an art installation by conceptual artist Peter Zizka in collaboration with relief organisation Medico International, one of the participants in the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, to draw attention to the threat of land mines and unexploded ordnance in many countries.
Zizka created a floor-based art installation to show photographic images of land mines. Segments of the installation were available to purchase to raise money for Medico International's landmine victim fund. Proceeds went towards financing work to clear minefields, psychological and physical rehabilitation measures for land mine victims and education programmes Medico's project regions in Angola, Afghanistan, Cambodia and El Salvador.
The Virtual Minefield received the Gold Award from the jury of ADC Deutschland and ADC Europe.

## Notable exhibitions

* Kunsthal Rotterdam
* Schauspiel Frankfurt
* Kulturgeschichtliches Museum Osnabrück
* Deutsches Hygiene-Museum Dresden/Welcome Collection
# Lin Bing

Lin Bing (Thai: หลินปิง, Chinese: 林冰) (also called Lin Ping) is a female giant panda in Thailand. Born on 27 May 2009 at Chiang Mai Zoo in Chiang Mai, Thailand by Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) to Lin Hui and Chuang Chuang, she is the first giant panda born in Thailand. Her name, meaning the "Forest of Ice", was chosen after a nationwide name selection contest that attracted 22 million votes. "Bing" also sounds similar to the name of the Ping River, which flows through Northern Thailand, where the zoo is located.
Like her parents, Lin Bing is considered the property of China. Therefore, Lin Bing was scheduled to be sent to China after she turned two years old. The news of her birth and subsequent publicity attracted many more tourists to the zoo, influencing the organisation's decision to build a 60 million baht (approximately $1.5 million) dome for residing the cub. The care of the panda is undertaken by Thai scientists and veterinarians specially trained by China's giant panda specialists.
On July 8, 2017, Lin Bing was delivered two baby twin pandas, one male and one female.
Lin Bing's father Chuang Chuang died on September 16, 2019, in his enclosure at Chiang Mai Zoo at the age of 19.
Lin Bing's mother Lin Hui died on April 19, 2023, at Chiang Mai Zoo at 21.
# Cho Hŭiryong

Cho Hŭiryong (Korean: 조희룡; Hanja: 趙熙龍; 1789–1866) was a painter during the late Joseon Dynasty, born in Hanyang (today Seoul).
He grouped Byeokosisa in 1847, visiting Mount Kumgang by the order of King Heonjong in 1849 and later presented the poem. However, he was banished to Imja island in Sinan county from 1851 to 1853.
King Heonjong was highly interested in calligraphy and drawings, which affected his posture during his era. Kim Jeong-hui also acknowledged him as the most talented painter at the time. He became professional in writing Chusache (calligraphy) originated by Kim Jeong hui and also left several writings.
He enjoyed drawing flowers and scenery in great quality, and was said to be fond of painting apricot flowers. Aside from flowers, his painting also dealt with bamboos and pine trees which were one of the most popular and observed themes of Korean painting. His painting named "Mokjukdo" (The painting of Trees and Bamboo) is housed in the National museum of Korea.
# Eden Woon

Eden Woon is an American academic, former military officer, and businessman. Woon is president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong, beginning September 1, 2022.
Woon was formerly President of the Asian Institute of Technology, a graduate university located outside Bangkok, Thailand.
Woon was born in Shanghai in 1947, moving to Hong Kong in 1949. Woon served in the US Air Force, including a posting at the US Embassy in Beijing from 1983 to 1985, retiring as a Colonel in 1993. He was CEO of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce from 1997 to 2006, and later as Vice President of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
# 2016 Alderney general election

General elections were held in Alderney on 26 November 2016 to elect five members of the States of Alderney to serve until 2020. Prospective candidates were required to be formally nominated before 15 November.

## Results

| Candidate | Votes | % | Notes |
| James Dent | 624 | 66.38 | Elected |
| Louis Jean | 527 | 56.06 | Elected |
| Alex Snowdon | 480 | 51.06 | Elected |
| Mike Dean | 381 | 40.53 | Elected |
| Tony Barnes | 294 | 31.28 | Elected |
| Paul Clark | 266 | 28.30 | |
| Neil Harvey | 251 | 26.70 | |
| Tony Haywood | 242 | 25.74 | |
| Debbie Lewis | 222 | 23.62 | |
| Christopher Rowley | 195 | 20.74 | |
| Lin Maurice | 164 | 17.45 | |
| Francis Simonet | 146 | 15.53 | |
| Simon Wild | 117 | 12.45 | |
| Total | 3,909 | 100.00 | |
| Valid votes | 940 | 100.00 | |
| Invalid/blank votes | 0 | 0.00 | |
| Total votes | 940 | 100.00 | |
| Source: States of Alderney ||||
# Battle of Piacenza (217 BC)

The Battle of Piacenza, which took place in January 217 B.C. during the Second Punic War, represented a double clash of secondary importance between the army of the consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus and the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal. This occurred following Hannibal's victories at the Ticinus.

## Background

In December 218 B.C., approximately ten thousand Romans who survived the defeat at the Trebia retreated to the fortified city of Piacenza, They successfully defended the city against an attack by Hannibal's cavalry.

## Battle

After a brief wintering, Hannibal, unable to cross the Apennines due to harsh weather, returned to Piacenza, where Consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus had recently arrived. Hannibal deployed with twelve thousand infantry and five thousand cavalry. The consul left the city, initiating the battle. Initially, the Romans had the advantage, pushing the Carthaginians back into their camp and beginning a siege. Hannibal, leaving only a few troops in the entrenchment, regrouped the majority toward the center with orders not to move. Frustrated in their attempts to take the camp by force, the Romans eventually withdrew. Hannibal counterattacked with cavalry on both flanks and personally led his elite troops in the center. A bloody combat ensued, halted by nightfall.

## Aftermath

According to Livy, the losses were balanced, with 600 infantry and 300 cavalry casualties on each side. However, the Romans suffered the loss of several knights, five military tribunes, and three allied prefects. Following this inconclusive clash, both parties abandoned the Po Valley. Sempronius retreated to Lucca, while Hannibal headed to Liguria.
# Belle Puri

Belle Puri is a Canadian journalist.
During a career that has spanned more than three decades Puri has been a business reporter and a legislative reporter. On October 28, 2010, the office of British Columbia Premier Gordon Campbell announced he had appointed Puri his press secretary.
However, Campbell resigned five days later, before Puri took up this position.
Nevertheless, Puri had restrictions put on the kinds of reporting she could do—in particular she was removed from the legislative beat.
Charlie Smith, writing in the Georgia Straight, cited Puri as an instance of a CBC reporter who gave the appearance she might have ties with BC politicians that should preclude her from reporting on the legislature.
In 2005 Puri was recognized with British Columbia′s Jack Webster Award for outstanding journalism.
In 2022, she won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Local Journalist at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards.
Puri is the chair of the Royal Columbian Hospital Foundation.
# Naimatullah Khan

Naimatullah Khan (1 October 1930 – 25 February 2020) was a Pakistani politician who served as the City Nazim (Mayor) of Karachi from August 2001 to June 2005.

## Early life and career

He was born to Abdul Shakoor Khan on October 1st, 1930. He was an ethnic Muhajir of Pashtun descent, born into the Rohilla Branch of the Yusufzai tribe. He was also related to the Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad. He graduated from Punjab University with a Masters in Journalism and a Law Degree from Karachi University. He was a lawyer by profession. He has 9 children and grandfather to the famous Amna Mirza. He was the chairman of the biggest NGO of Pakistan, Alkhidmat Foundation. As Mayor of Karachi, in 2005, he was selected to be a contesting candidate in the Top-20 Mayors of the World list.

## Mayor of Karachi

He was the first Nāzim of Karachi after the devolution plan under President Pervez Musharraf regime in Pakistan. He belonged to Jamaat-e-Islami being inspired by the thoughts of Abul A'la Maududi and Naeem Siddiqui. Naimatullah Khan was elected City Nazim (Mayor) in 2001. Naimatullah Khan succeeded in getting an amount of Rs. 2900 Million for reconstruction of Karachi, city council approved various projects such as 18 flyovers over major roads, six underpasses, two signal-free roads and a huge water supply scheme for the people of Karachi. It was for the first time in the history of Karachi that all the stake holders in Karachi were incorporated for the developmental work in Karachi. The Karachi development plan comprised signal-free main roads, many fly overs, underpasses and the replacement of many water and sewerage lines. One of his projects, as the city mayor, was the Green Line Bus Project for Karachi where he imported buses from Sweden.
Another publicly well-admired idea that he introduced was to involve local boys from the villages situated near the Arabian Sea surrounding the 64 km coastal belt of Karachi. These local village boys, familiar with the sea, were good swimmers and were hired on a contract basis as lifeguards to help protect common beach visitors and picnickers when they attempted to swim in the sea for fun. In September 2017, Karachi beaches had to be sealed by authorities in the wake of 55 people drowning in the three months period.
Naimatullah Khan resigned from his office in June 2005, and was not re-elected in Pakistan's next 2005 local city elections.

## Death

He died on 25 February 2020 at the age of 89 in Karachi, Pakistan.
# Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration

The Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration (Nepali: सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रालय), (MoFAGA), is the ministry of Nepal that supervises activities undertaken by the local governments in Nepal. It also regulates and manages the civil service.
MoFAGA is the only ministry with direct linkage with the country's municipalities, rural municipalities and provinces. It also plays a direct role in implementing various eServices in the local governments.

## Background

* In 1972, Local Development Department (Nepali: स्थानीय विकास विभाग) under then Home affairs and Panchayat Ministry (Nepali: गृह एवं पञ्चायत मन्त्रालय) was established.
* In 1982, Local Development Department separately established as Local Development Ministry (Nepali: स्थानीय विकास मन्त्रालय).
* In 2008, Nepal abolished its monarchy and owned Federalism thus "Federal Affairs" added to "Local Development Ministry".

## Divisional Branches

Ministry has seven divisions, namely
* Federal Affairs Division
* General Administration Division
* Self Governance Division
* Monitoring and Evaluation Division
* Planning and Foreign Aid Co-ordination Division
* Municipality and Environment Management Division and
* Infrastructure Development Division.

## Objectives

The ministry is responsible for enhancing the access of socially and economically disadvantaged groups, region and community to government services. It is particularly responsible for empowering women, dalits, indigenous peoples, Madheshi, Muslims, disabled and ultra-poor people.
# Grease: The School Musical

Grease: The School Musical is a reality TV programme that appeared on British television at the end of August 2009 following on from the popular Hairspray: The School Musical. It was the result of a competition that started in 2008. The 1,000 schools were whittled down to 10 schools, then at this point filming started with the three judges (Zoe Tyler, Duncan James, and Stacey Haynes). There was then a competition and dance off with the final 3 schools (Shoeburyness High School, Great Barr School, and Wallasey School). Ray Quinn and Arlene Phillips appeared on the show as guests as well as Seth Rudeski.
In the end Wallasey school on the Wirral won.
The school went to London's West End to perform a shortened rehearsed version of Grease in the Novello theatre. They showed a series of one-hour shows and two added half-hour shows. The performance took place on 9 August 2009.
Many of the cast then went on to receive promotions to drama schools. The final show was viewed by 1 million people.
# Botanischer Garten der Universität Regensburg

The Botanischer Garten der Universität Regensburg is a botanical garden maintained by the University of Regensburg on campus at Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany. It comprises 4.5 hectares (11 acres). The garden is open daily except Saturday in the warmer months.
The garden was established in 1977 at the southern edge of the university campus. It consists of a number of different sections, including:
* Alpine plant garden
* Aquatic plants
* Endangered plants of Bavaria
* Floodplains and swamp collection
* Geographic collection (4000 m$^2$), containing about 800 species from the American continents, Asia, and Europe
* Medicinal plant garden
* Oak-birch forest
* Systematic collection
The garden maintains specialist collections of the following genera: Erythronium (18 species), Polygonatum (30), indigenous Rosa (25), indigenous Rubus (70), Sorbus (30), Tricyrtis (14), and Trollius (10). Some collections are open to the public. It also contains four greenhouses (total area 450 m$^2$) with collections of ferns, bromeliads and orchids; carnivorous plants and crops from temperate climates; rainforest plants and tropical crops; cactus and succulents.
The garden is linked with a herbarium established in 1790 by the Regensburg Botanical Society, which has been associated with the university since 1973. As of 2002 the herbarium contained 1,350 fascicles with 122,358 specimens.
# Luxury

Luxury may refer to:
* Luxury goods, an economic good or service for which demand increases more than proportionally as income rises
* Luxury tax, a tax on products not considered essential, such as speedboats or diamonds.
** Luxury tax (sports), a surcharge put on the aggregate payroll of a sports team to the extent to which it exceeds a predetermined guideline level set by the league
* Luxury car, an expensive automobiles
* Luxury train, an expensive tourist trains
* Luxury yacht, an expensive privately owned, professionally crewed yacht
* Luxury apartment, a type of property that is intended to provide its occupant with higher-than-average levels of comfort, quality and convenience
* Luxury hotel, a high-quality amenities, full-service accommodations and the highest level of personalized services
* Luxury resort, an exclusive vacation facilities
* Luxury box, term for a special seating section in arenas, stadiums and other sports venues
* Luxury magazine, magazines devoted to fine craft and luxury goods

## Music

* Luxury (Georgia band), a rock band from Toccoa, Georgia
* Luxury (Iowa band), a power pop rock music band from Des Moines, Iowa
* Luxury (Fantastic Plastic Machine album), 1998
* Luxury (The Nein album), 2007
* "Luxury", a song by Azealia Banks off the album Broke with Expensive Taste
* "Luxury", a song by The Rolling Stones off the album It's Only Rock 'n Roll
# National Highway 532 (India)

National Highway 532 (NH 532) is a National Highway in India. It connects Cuddalore and Chinnasalem in Tamil Nadu.