OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cold River (Maine–New Hampshire)

The Cold River is a 16.7-mile-long (26.9 km) river in western Maine in the United States. It very briefly enters New Hampshire as well. It is part of the Saco River drainage basin.
The Cold River begins at the height of land in Evans Notch, a pass through the eastern White Mountains. Maine Highway 113, a narrow two-lane road, passes through the notch, following the Cold River on the south side and Evans Brook, a tributary of the Androscoggin River, on the north. The Cold River, flowing south, picks up the Mad River, a short stream with waterfalls that flows off the southern faces of East Royce and West Royce mountains, then reaches the southern base of Evans Notch at the junction of Basin Brook, coming out of a large glacial cirque to the west, where the Cold River Campground of the White Mountain National Forest is located.
South of Basin Brook, the Cold River briefly enters New Hampshire near the village of North Chatham, then veers back into Maine, flowing south-southeast in the town of Stow through an ever-widening valley. The Little Cold River enters from the west near the village of Stow. The Cold River ends at Charles Pond in the northern corner of Fryeburg. Water flows from Charles Pond via the short Charles River, entering the Old Course of the Saco River and eventually the Saco itself south of Kezar Pond.
# Hrachya Kochar

Hrachya Kochar (Armenian: Հրաչյա Քոչար; 19 January 1910 – 2 May 1965), born Hrachya Kochari Gabrielyan, was an Armenian writer and publicist. He won the first state prize of the Armenian SSR for his novella Patriarch (Nahapet), which was adapted into a film of the same name in 1977.

## Biography

Hrachya Gabrielian was born in 1910 in the Ottoman Empire, in the village of Kumlubucak (now located in the Taşlıçay district of the Ağrı Province of Turkey), historically located in the province of Bagrevand in Western Armenia. He lost both of his parents the Armenian genocide: his mother died during their flight to Eastern Armenia, while his father, Kochar, also known as Kocho, who fought in Andranik's army, died in 1918. Hrachya Kochar chose his pseudonym in honor of his father. Along with other people from his village, Hrachya managed to escape the massacres and reach Eastern Armenia. He worked as a shepherd and as a pitman in the mines of Alaverdi. He then moved to Yerevan and was accepted to the faculty of philology of Yerevan State University.
He published his first story, titled "Khaje", in 1931 in the monthly Nor Ughi (New Path). In 1934, he edited the Kurdish-language newspaper Ria Taza. He became a member of the Union of Soviet Writers in 1934 and of the Communist Party in 1939. In 1939, he was penalized by the Party and left unemployed, until Martiros Saryan found him work in the Committee for the Preservation of Historical Monuments. Kochar traveled around Armenian to investigate the state of Armenian monasteries and chapels, summarizing his findings in the Album-Guidebook of the Goris and Sisian Regions.
From 1941 to 1945, Kochar served as a newspaper correspondent in the Red Army and participated in World War II. Kochar's writings from the front were published in a series of collections, starting with The Birth of Heroes (Herosneri tsnunde) in 1942. One of his short stories written during the war, "The General's Sister", was published in Pravda in 1945 and later translated into 24 languages. In his last years, he published White Book, a collection of stories that included the novellas Patriarch (Nahapet), The Yearning and Euphrates Bridge.
From 1946 to 1951, he was the secretary of the Writers Union of Armenia and the editor of the monthly Sovetakan Grakanutyun (Soviet Literature). In 1954 he edited the satirical magazine Vozni. He worked on another novel, Children of the Great House, which was published in two volumes in 1959. An Armenian Sketchbook, Vasily Grossman's account of the two months he spent in Yerevan in late 1961, recounts his experience in helping to polish up the Russian translation of the novel. Throughout the book Grossman refers to Kochar as "Martirosyan," with whom he apparently had a difficult relationship.
Kochar wrote the script for the film Hyusisayin Tsiatsan (Northern Rainbow, Hayfilm, 1961). His works have been translated into Russian and other languages. He died in Yerevan in 1965.

## Prizes

* Order of the Red Star
* State Prize of Armenian SSR for Patriarch
# Christy Underwood Clark

Christy Underwood Clark is an American politician who has served as the mayor of Huntersville since December 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, Clark represented District 98 in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 2019 until 2021. She was an unsuccessful candidate for the same seat in the 2022 election.
In 2023, she was the successful candidate for the Mayor of Huntersville, NC.

## Political career

Clark was first elected to represent District 98 in the North Carolina House of Representatives in 2018, unseating Republican incumbent John Bradford in a very close race. She ran for re-election in 2020, but lost to Bradford in a rematch.
Clark previously was a member of the following committees:
* Agriculture
* Appropriations, Capital
* Environment
* Judiciary
* Judiciary Subcommittee on Criminal Matters
* Regulatory Reform
Clark was elected as Mayor of Huntersville, NC in 2023.

### Electoral history
#### 2023

Huntersville Mayoral election, 2023 :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Christy Clark | Christy Clark | 4,925 | 48.56% |
| Dan Boone | Dan Boone | 3,462 | 34.13% |
| Derek Partee | Derek Partee | 1,740 | 17.15% |
| Write-in | Write-in | 16 | 0.16% |
| Total votes | Total votes | 10,143 | 100% |

#### 2022

North Carolina House of Representatives 98th district general election, 2022 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | John Bradford (incumbent) | 18,080 | 50.93% |
| | Democratic | Christy Clark | 17,420 | 49.07% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 35,500 | 100% |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

#### 2020

North Carolina House of Representatives 98th district general election, 2020 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | John Bradford | 31,793 | 51.67% |
| | Democratic | Christy Clark (incumbent) | 29,743 | 48.33% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 61,536 | 100% |
| | Republican gain from Democratic | Republican gain from Democratic | Republican gain from Democratic | Republican gain from Democratic |

#### 2018

North Carolina House of Representatives 98th district Democratic primary election, 2018 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Christy Clark | 3,275 | 90.32% |
| | Democratic | Branden Rosenlieb | 351 | 9.68% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 3,626 | 100% |
North Carolina House of Representatives 98th district general election, 2018 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Christy Clark | 20,033 | 50.52% |
| | Republican | John Bradford (incumbent) | 19,618 | 49.48% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 39,651 | 100% |
| | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican |
# Nanotoxicology (journal)

Nanotoxicology is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal that focuses on environmental exposure, hazard, and risk of applied nanostructured materials. It publishes research that addresses the potentially toxic interactions between nanostructured materials and living matter. The journal publishes the results of studies that enhance safety during the production, use, and disposal of nanomaterials. The editor-in-chief is Håkan Wallin (National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Denmark).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2020 impact factor is 5.913.
# Dilshod Mansurov

Dilshod Mansurov (born December 12, 1983, in Tashkent) is a male freestyle wrestler from Uzbekistan. He participated in Men's freestyle 55 kg at 2008 Summer Olympics. He earned 4th place after losing the bronze medal fight with Besik Kudukhov.
Mansurov also participated in 2004 Summer Olympics where he was ranked 10th and the 2012 Summer Olympics where he was 14th.
He is a winner of 2003 and 2005 FILA Wrestling World Championships (Men's freestyle 55 kg).
Mansurov won gold medals at 2002 Asian Games and 2006 Asian Games and 2010 Asian Games.
# Mount Fisht

Mount Fisht (Russian: Фишт, IPA:; Adyghe: Фыщт) is a peak located in the western Caucasus Mountains, in the Republic of Adygea, southwestern Russia.

## Description

Fisht forms together with the peaks of Oshten and Pshekhu-Su the so-called Fisht-Oshten massif. The tops of the massif represent the first (advancing from west to east) in the Caucasus alpine-type peaks, that is, rising much higher than the upper boundary of the forest, having a wide belt of subalpine and alpine mountain meadows. In addition, Fisht is the westernmost peak of the Caucasus, which has glaciers on its slopes (Big and Small Fishtinsky glaciers) and considerable rock faults.
Structurally, Fisht is a blocky uplift composed of layers of reef-limestone. Powerful limestone strata contribute to the development of numerous and diverse karst forms (funnels, caves). Of the famous, on the slope of the mountain is a cave "Floating Bird". Since 1994, the cave system "White Star" is being researched in Fisht, which is one of the deepest in Russia.
On the Great Fishtinsky Glacier is the classic climbing route of the category of complexity 1B. There are also climbing routes with a complexity of up to 6 A.
It is believed that the mountain was once an island in the ancient Tethys Ocean, which explains its coral structure.
From the slopes of Fisht, the river Pshekh begins, at the tops of Fish and Oshtan there is the source of the Belaya River, downstream of the receiving water of the Pshekhi River, and flowing into the Kuban. Shah also originates in Fisht, but flows into the Black Sea. From the western wall of the mountain flows the Fisht Falls, about 200 m high.
The mountain is mentioned in the video "Russian alphabet", shown during the opening of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
In honor of the mountain was named the stadium in the city of Sochi. The Fisht Olympic Stadium is named after this mountain.
# Fairfield East

Fairfield East is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Fairfield East is located 27 kilometres (17 mi) west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Fairfield. Fairfield East is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. Fairfield East shares the postcode of 2165 with nearby suburbs of Fairfield, Fairfield Heights and Fairfield West.

## History

Fairfield East gets its name from its neighbour Fairfield which in turn was named after the family estate of Captain John Horsley, an early settler. Prior to colonisation, the Cabrogal clan of the Dharug people inhabited the area around what is now known as Fairfield East. British settlers moved into the area in the early 19th century and used the land for farming.
By the 1870s, the area now known as Fairfield East was part of two large properties: Orchardleigh in the north which extended towards Guildford and Mark Lodge in the south which also included Villawood, Carramar and parts of the Fairfield town centre.
In 1876, Orchardleigh was subdivided for housing and when Mark Lodge followed suit in 1885, the area completed its transformation from farmland to suburbia. The name Mark Lodge was still used in the area for some time after although by the 1950s it had officially become Fairfield East.

## Commercial area

One-fourth of the suburb comprises large industrial area. There a few shopfronts on Tangerine Street and a BP petrol station on The Horsley Drive.
Located in the adjacent suburb of Villawood, Bunnings Warehouse in Woodville Road, a gymnasium, a McDonald's outlet and an auto repair are proximate to the eastern part of Fairfield East.

## Transport

The Horsley Drive is one of the main arterial roads that runs through the western boundary of the suburb. Yennora railway station, the most proximate train station to large swathes of Fairfield East, is on the Old Main South. Trains run frequently from Yennora to Leppington, Richmond and the City Circle. Fairfield railway station is more immediate to the northwestern corner of the suburb. Fairfield East is also serviced by bus services operated by Transdev NSW.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, Fairfield East had a population of 5,198 people. 39.2% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were Vietnam 18.9%, Iraq 7.2%, Lebanon 3.0% and China 2.7%. 20.5% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Vietnamese 24.6%, Arabic 16.4%, Cantonese 4.3%, Mandarin 2.6% and Karen 2.3%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 20.3%, Islam 19.7%, Buddhism 19.1%, and No Religion 14.5%.
The most common occupations included professionals 16.9%, labourers 14.6%, machinery operators and drivers 14.5%, clerical and administrative workers 14.1% and technicians and trades workers 13.1%.
# Cold Spring River

The Cold Spring River is a 3.9-mile-long (6.3 km) mountain stream in Rockingham County in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is a tributary of the German River, the principal source of the North Fork Shenandoah River. Via the Shenandoah River, the Cold Spring River is part of the Potomac River watershed.
# LCI

LCI may refer to:

## Christian denominations

* Lutheran Church - International, a denomination of Evangelical Catholic churchmanship
* Lighthouse Chapel International, a church based in Ghana

## Organizations

* La Chaîne Info, a French television news channel
* LCI Communications, a defunct Canadian telecommunications company
* Lease Corporation International, an airliner lessor based in Dublin, Ireland
* London Clubs International, a British gambling company
* Lions Clubs International, an international service organization based in Chicago Illinois, United States

## Educational institutions

* LaSalle College International, in Jakarta and Surabaya, Indonesia
* Leibniz Center for Informatics, in Germany
* Lethbridge Collegiate Institute, in Alberta, Canada
* Liquid Crystal Institute, at Kent State University, Ohio, United States
* Lisgar Collegiate Institute, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
* Louisiana Culinary Institute, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States

## Other

* Laguna Copperplate Inscription, in the National Museum of the Philippines
* Landing Craft Infantry, a US Navy hull classification, in use from 1941 to 1949
* Life Cycle Impulse, in automobile manufacturing, a BMW term for facelift or update to existing series
* Life cycle inventory, part of a life cycle assessment
* Liga Comunista Internacionalista (Internationalist Communist League (Portugal)), former Trotskyist party in Portugal
* Liquid contact indicator, an indicator in the form of a sticker that changes color after contact with liquids
* Loaded chamber indicator, a firearm safety device
# Tom Finglass

Thomas Patrick Finglass (17 November 1879 – 31 May 1957) was an Irish blackface tenor who had a successful career in British music hall. He was sometimes billed as The Ideal Coon. He played the legendary blackface performer Eugene Stratton (1861–1918) in the 1940 film You Will Remember which tells the story of songwriter Leslie Stuart's (1863–1928) life.

## Biography

Finglass was born in Dublin. In 1930, he teamed up with songwriter Fred Godfrey to create a variety act featuring Godfrey's hit songs. Finglass would sing while Godfrey played the piano. The act was extremely successful and topped the bill at venues in the 1930s.
Finglass retired from regular performing in the late 1930s and subsequently made his living in London as a hairdresser. He appeared in the 1943 film Variety Jubilee, playing Eugene Stratton. The film depicts life in a London music hall from 1892 to the 1940s. He also came out of retirement briefly in 1950 to portray Stratton once more in a BBC tribute to that singer.
He died in Forest Hill, London, and was survived by his wife, Irene.
# Auditory event

Auditory events describe the subjective perception, when listening to a certain sound situation. This term was introduced by Jens Blauert (Ruhr-University Bochum) in 1966, in order to distinguish clearly between the physical sound field and the auditory perception of the sound.
Auditory events are the central objects of psychoacoustical investigations. Focus of these investigations is the relationship between the characteristics of a physical sound field and the corresponding perception of listeners. From this relationship conclusions can be drawn about the processing methods of the human auditory system.
Aspects of auditory event investigations can be:
* is there an auditory event? Is a certain sound noticeable? => Determination of perception thresholds like hearing threshold, auditory masking thresholds etc.
* Which characteristics has the auditory event? => Determination of loudness, pitch, sound, harshness etc.
* How is the spatial impression of the auditory event? => Determination of sound localization, lateralization, perceived direction etc.
* When can differences in auditory events be noticed? How big are the discrimination possibilities of the auditory system? => Determination of just noticeable differences

## Relationships between sound field and auditory events

The sound field is described by physical quantities, while auditory events are described by quantities of psychoacoustical perception. Below you can find a list with physical sound field quantities and the related psychoacoustical quantities of corresponding auditory events. Mostly there is no simple or proportional relationship between sound field characteristics and auditory events. For example, the auditory event property loudness depends not only on the physical quantity sound pressure but also on the spectral characteristics of the sound and on the sound history.
| sound field characteristics | auditory event |
| sound pressure level | loudness |
| frequency | pitch |
| spectrum | timbre |
| position of a sound source | sound localization |
# Mount Pangrango

Mount Pangrango is a dormant stratovolcano located in the Sunda Arc of West Java, Indonesia. The mountain is formed by a subduction zone on the southern coast of Java as part of the Sunda Plate facing the Australian Plate which contains the Indian Ocean. It is located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia.
It has a height of 3,019 m (9,905 ft). Its peak is called Mandalawangi. The mountain is located northwest of Mount Gede in the vicinity of Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park.

## Name

The origin of the name Pangrango is speculated to be from two ancient Sundanese words pang and rango which means "That which huffs and puffs", referring to the past volcanic activity of this mountain.

## Geography

The Mandalawangi peak of the mountain is a tripoint where the borders of Bogor, Cianjur, and Sukabumi Regencies meet. It is the second-highest mountain in West Java after Mount Cereme. Mount Pangrango ranked 26th of the Ribus of Indonesia with a topographic prominence of 2,426 m (7,959 ft). The mountain is seen from Bogor and Sukabumi, while it is slightly obscured by the neighboring Mount Gede if seen from Cianjur. On a very clear day, it can be seen from Jakarta.

## Hydrology

Mount Pangrango serves as the headwater area for four river basins that surround it, and all four of them converge around the mountain's peak. Three of these basins, namely the Cisadane River Basin, Ciliwung River Basin, and Citarum River Basin, flow northward towards Java, while the last one, the Cimandiri River Basin, flows southward towards Java.
# Göran Ryding

Per Göran Gustaf Ryding (17 September 1916 – 12 February 2007) was a Swedish diplomat. He was the ambassador of Sweden to Finland between 1971 and 1975 and to the Soviet Union and Mongolia between 1975 and 1979.

## Biography

Ryding was born in 1916. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1939. He worked as an attaché at the Swedish Embassy in Rome from 1940 and 1942 and at the Swedish Embassy in London from 1945 to 1948. Then he was named as the first secretary of the Swedish mission at the Organization for European Economic Cooperation in Paris in 1954 and was made the head of the mission in 1955 which he held until 1956. He was the councilor of the Swedish Embassy in Moscow between 1958 and 1961.
Ryding served as the deputy state secretary for foreign affairs from 1967 to 1971. He was appointed ambassador of Sweden to Finland in 1971 which he held until 1975. Next he was appointed ambassador of Sweden to the Soviet Union in 1975 and remained in office until 1979. During his tenure he was also Sweden's ambassador to Mongolia.

## Personal life

Ryding was married to Cecilia Wersäll. He died in Stockholm in March 2007.
# 1620 in science

The year 1620 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Astronomy

* The work of Copernicus (died 1543) is edited and released, as directed by the Congregation of the Index (reading forbidden in March 1616): nine sentences, which state the heliocentric system as certain, are either omitted or changed.

## Cartography

* The atlas Atlante geografico d'Italia, compiled by Giovanni Antonio Magini, is published posthumously.

## Chemistry

* The scientific method of reasoning is expounded by Francis Bacon in his Novum Organum.

## Earth sciences

* Francis Bacon notices the jigsaw fit of the opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean.

## Medicine

* Nicholas Habicot, surgeon to the Duke of Nemours, publishes a report of four successful "bronchotomies" which he has performed; these include the first recorded case of a tracheotomy for the removal of a thrombus and the first pediatric tracheotomy, to extract a foreign body from a 14-year-old's esophagus.

## Technology

* May 17 – The first carousel is seen at a fair (Philippapolis, Turkey).
* Cornelis Drebbel builds the first navigable submarine, in England.

## Births

* April? – William Brouncker, Anglo-Irish mathematician (died 1684)
* July 21 – Jean Picard, French astronomer (died 1682)
* September 25 – François Bernier, French physician and traveller (died 1688)
* December 23 - Johann Jakob Wepfer, Swiss pathologist and pharmacologist (died 1695)
* Ralph Bathurst, English theologian, physician and academic (died 1704)
* Bernard de Gomme, Dutch-born military engineer (died 1685)
* Edme Mariotte, French physicist and priest (died 1684)
* Robert Morison, Scottish botanist and taxonomist (died 1683)

## Deaths

* Simon Stevin, Flemish scientist (born c. 1548)