# Rio do Rasto Formation

The Rio do Rasto Formation is a Late Permian sedimentary geological formation in the South Region of Brazil. The official name is Rio do Rasto, although in some publications it appears as Rio do Rastro.
The strata were deposited between the Wordian and the Wuchiapingian, from about 266 to 254 million years ago. The geology, alongside its paleobiota, indicate that the locality was a freshwater environment. Some of the animals discovered in the formation include Tiarajudens, Parapytanga and Pampaphoneus.

## Description
### Geology

The Rio do Rasto Formation is found mainly in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina, Paraná, and Rio Grande do Sul. It was formed during the Late Permian and is divided into two members: the lower Serrinha Member and the upper Morro Pelado Member, spanning from the Wordian to Wuchiapingian stages of the Permian. The deposits of the Formation are mainly continental, having lacustrine, fluvial and aeolian sediment deposition.
Although there have been many interpretations of the Serrinha Member, most agree on it being a shallow lacustrine environment. Hypotheses about the Member's formation range from deposits in lacustrine and deltaic environments with large lakes influenced by storm waves to it being a deposit of shallow lakes occasionally influenced by fluvial incursions and storm waves. The member is 150–250 metres (490–820 ft) thick and it is composed chiefly of mudstone and fine-grained sandstone.
The Morro Pelado Member was deposited in smaller lakes, alluvial plains, fluvial meanders, delta systems and temporary bodies of water. The rock deposits of Morro Pelado were covered by aeolian stones, such as the dunes of the Pirambóia Formation. It is 250–300 metres (820–980 ft) thick and mainly composed of fine to medium-grained reddish sandstones, usually stratified, with fossils being found on its pelitic intercalations. Tetrapod fossils only occur in this Member.
The transition between the two Members occurs in the center-east portion of the Paraná Basin.

### Paleoecology

The rocks deposits of the Serrinha and Morro Pelado Members, as well as the abundant conchostracan fossils, indicate a freshwater environment, with Serrinha being composed of shallow lakes with occasional storms and Morro Pelado being composed of small lakes, alluvial planes, meanders and temporary bodies of water, which were later covered up by dunes. The increased occurrence of aeolian sandstone in Morro Pelado indicate a drier climate with greater aridity. Fossils of the Rio do Rasto Formation, and neighboring Permian formations, have revealed a flora composed of plants like glossopterids, sphenophytes and pteridophytes. The fauna is composed of Invertebrates, such as bivalves, gastropods and conchostracans, and vertebrates like palaeonisciform and elasmobranch fish such as Xenacanthus and Sphenacanthus. Tetrapods are only found in the upper Morro Pelado Member, and are represented by terrestrial herbivores like the dicynodonts Endothiodon and Rastodon, the pareiasaur Provelosaurus, a tapinocephalid and the saber-toothed Tiarajudens. Therapsid predators such as Pampaphoneus were also present, as well as another unidentified anteosaur, and a titanosuchid. Temnospondyls such as Australerpeton, Bageherpeton and Rastosuchus lurked in the abundant bodies of water. These giant amphibians filled the niche of aquatic predators much like the modern day crocodiles.
Coprolite remains have also been found, some of which likely belong to palaeonisciform and elasmobranch fish, and some of the coprolites contained pieces of bones and scales, demonstrating clear evidence of predation. Some of the scales preserved peg-and-socket structures, associated with palaeonisciform fish. In at least one coprolite it was possible to recognise a fish jaw with teeth.
Stromatolites have also been found in the formation, interpreted as having developed in waters that were shallow, clear and warm and in habitats that were inhospitable for competitors.

## Fossil content
### Flora

| Genus | Species | Description |
| Glossopteris | G. aff. angustifolia G. decipiens G. dorizonensis G. cf. formosa G. grafi G. cf. indica G. aff. longicaulis G. margiondulata G. riorastensis G. singenervis G. spathulato-emarginata G. aff. stricta G. cf. surangei G. cf. taeniopteroides G. sp. | A genus of seed fern. |
| Vertebraria | V. sp. | |
| Ilexoidephyllum | I. permicum | |
| Sphenophyllum | S. paranaense S. cf. thonii | A genus of fern. |
| Schizoneura | S. gondwanensis | |
| Paracalamites | P. sp. | |
| Dichophyllites | D. sp. | |
| Pecopteris | P. dolianitii P. esperancensis P. bracatingaensis P. cadeadensis P. sp. | A genus of fern. |
| Dizeugotheca | D. sp. D. bortoluzzii | |
| Sphenopteris | S. sp. | A genus of seed fern. |

### Bivalves

| Genus | Species |
| Leinzia | L. similis |
| Oliveiraia | O. pristina |
| Terraia | T. altissima |
| Cowperesia | C. emerita C. cf. Terraria sp. |
| Relogiicola | R. delicata. |
| Nothoterraria | N. acarinata |
| Palaeomutela | P. platinensis |

### Conchostraca

| Genus | Species |
| Monoleaia | M. unicostata micropolygonata M. unicostata timboensis |
| Paranaleaia | P. supina |
| Asmussia | A. regularis A. sp. |
| Cyzicus | C. sp. |
| Gabonestheria | G. sp. |
| Palaeolimnadiopsis | P. subalata |
| Palaeolimnadia | P. sp. |

### Gastropods

| Genus | Species | Occurrence | Description | Image |
| Dendropupa | D. sp. | Serrinha Member | A land snail. According to Rohn (1988), the specimens found in the formation rarely reach more than 5mm of height. | |
| Hydrobia | | | | |

### Fish

| Genus | Species | Occurrence | Description |
| Coelacanthidae indet. | | Serrinha Member | Coelacanth known from fossil scales. |
| Elonichthys | cf. E. gondwanus | Serrinha Member | A Palaeoniscid, fish known from fossil scales. |
| Acrolepis | | | A bony fish, known from fossil scales. |
| Sphenacanthus | S. riorastoensis | Serrinha Member | A sphenacanthid shark. |
| Paranaichthys | P. longianalis | Serrinha Member | A ray-finned fish |
| Xenacanthus | X. ragonhai | Serrinha Member | A xenacanthid shark, known from fossil teeth. |
| Triodus | T. richterae | Morro Pelado Member | A xenacanthid shark, known from fossil teeth. |
| Actinopterygii indet. | Species A, B and C | | Specimens cannot be ascribed to any species. |

### Amphibians

| Genus | Species | Occurrence | Description | Image |
| Australerpeton | A. cosgriffi | Morro Pelado Member | A temnospondyl | Australerpeton Bageherpeton Konzhukovia |
| Bageherpeton | B. longignathus | Morro Pelado Member | A temnospondyl | Australerpeton Bageherpeton Konzhukovia |
| Konzhukovia | K. sangabrielensis | Morro Pelado Member | A temnospondyl | Australerpeton Bageherpeton Konzhukovia |
| "Otacillus" | "O. aumondi" | Morro Pelado Member | A temnosponsyl. Only described in preprint. | Australerpeton Bageherpeton Konzhukovia |
| Rastosuchus | R. hammeri | Morro Pelado Member | A temnospondyl | Australerpeton Bageherpeton Konzhukovia |
| Parapytanga | P. catarinensis | Morro Pelado Member | A temnospondyl | Australerpeton Bageherpeton Konzhukovia |
| Temnospondyl indet. | | Morro Pelado Member | A temnospondyl. Due to the fragmentary nature of the fossil and the absence of a skull, identification was impossible. | Australerpeton Bageherpeton Konzhukovia |

### Parareptiles

| Genus | Species | Occurrence | Description | Image |
| Provelosaurus | P. americanus | Morro Pelado Member | A pareiasaur reptile | |

### Synapsids

| Genus | Species | Occurrence | Description |
| Rastodon | R. procurvidens | Morro Pelado Member | A dicynodont |
| Endothiodon | E. sp. | Morro Pelado Member | A dicynodont |
| Tapinocephalidae indet. | | Morro Pelado Member | A tapinocephalid |
| Tiarajudens | T. eccentricus | Morro Pelado Member | An anomocephaloid |
| Pampaphoneus | P. biccai | Morro Pelado Member | An anteosaur |
| Anteosaur indet. | | Morro Pelado Member | An anteosaur |
| Titanosuchid indet. | | Morro Pelado Member | A titanosuchid |