OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Digraph realization problem

The digraph realization problem is a decision problem in graph theory. Given pairs of nonnegative integers $((a_{1},b_{1}),\ldots ,(a_{n},b_{n}))$, the problem asks whether there is a labeled simple directed graph such that each vertex $v_{i}$ has indegree $a_{i}$ and outdegree $b_{i}$.

## Solutions

The problem belongs to the complexity class P. Two algorithms are known to prove that. The first approach is given by the Kleitman–Wang algorithms constructing a special solution with the use of a recursive algorithm. The second one is a characterization by the Fulkerson–Chen–Anstee theorem, i.e. one has to validate the correctness of $n$ inequalities.

## Other Notations

The problem can also be stated in terms of zero-one matrices. The connection can be seen if one realizes that each directed graph has an adjacency matrix where the column sums and row sums correspond to $(a_{1},\cdots ,a_{n})$ and $(b_{1},\ldots ,b_{n})$. Note that the diagonal of the matrix only contains zeros. The problem is then often denoted by 0-1-matrices for given row and column sums. In the classical literature the problem was sometimes stated in the context of contingency tables by contingency tables with given marginals.

## Related problems

Similar problems describe the degree sequences of simple graphs, simple directed graphs with loops, and simple bipartite graphs. The first problem is the so-called graph realization problem. The second and third one are equivalent and are known as the bipartite realization problem. Chen (1966) gives a characterization for directed multigraphs with a bounded number of parallel arcs and loops to a given degree sequence. The additional constraint of the acyclicity of the directed graph is known as dag realization. Nichterlein & Hartung (2012) proved the NP-completeness of this problem. Berger & Müller-Hannemann (2011) showed that the class of opposed sequences is in P. The problem uniform sampling a directed graph to a fixed degree sequence is to construct a solution for the digraph realization problem with the additional constraint that such each solution comes with the same probability. This problem was shown to be in FPTAS for regular sequences by Catherine Greenhill (2011) The general problem is still unsolved.
# Toynbee School

Toynbee School is an 11-16 (no sixth form) secondary school in Chandler's Ford, Hampshire. The head teacher is Matthew Longden.

## History

Toynbee School was first formed in 1929 by W.Locke when it was called the 'Eastleigh Boys Senior School' and was based on Derby Road. In 1932 the school was moved to newer, more modern buildings on Leigh Road and became known as Toynbee Road Secondary Boys School. In 1964 the school moved again and became co-educational with the Chamberlayne Road Girls School. The school first became known as Toynbee School when it moved to the North End buildings on Leigh Road. Toynbee School became a comprehensive school after this move. Toynbee School moved to its present site on Bodycoats Road, Chandler's Ford in 1977.

## Curriculum

Toynbee School's curriculum is "broad and balanced" according to the school so as to provide the framework for pupils to have the "skills, knowledge, attitudes and values which will help them play a full and useful role in all aspects of adult society." Toynbee School has a school day shorter than the national average.
Some pupils with learning difficulties sometimes receive special educational support. The school also benefits from having the ‘Toynbee Resource for Pupils with Visual Impairment’. This department specialises in supporting visually impaired pupils whilst helping them to maintain their independence.

## Facilities

Toynbee School has science laboratories, language rooms, maths rooms, English rooms, two ICT suites with broadband internet access, design technology rooms, art rooms, a theatre and dance studio, music rooms with practice areas and a large sports hall with changing and storage facilities. There are also tennis courts, a sports field and hard court facilities. There is also a Learning Resource Centre staffed by a full-time librarian. Legend.
# Reinier Saxton

Reinier Saxton (born 10 February 1988) is a Dutch professional golfer.
Saxton was born in Amstelveen, the son of Jonas Saxton, who used to play on the Challenge Tour and who is now a coach at the Dutch Federation and one of the founders of The Dutch golf course.

## Amateur career

Saxton had a successful amateur career. At the age of 15, he won the National Championship Matchplay for the first of five times. He won The Amateur Championship at Turnberry in 2008, the second Dutchman to do so after Rolf Muntz in 1990 at Muirfield. He played the next Open Championship and the Masters Tournament, and won the Spanish Amateur in Sevilla in 2009.

## Professional career

Saxton turned professional in July 2009 and was allowed to play six tournaments on the Challenge Tour. He cashed his first prize money at the Scottish Hydro Challenge, finishing 21st. He also played a few events on the NGA Hooters Tour and went to the European Tour qualifying School.
In 2011, Saxton played the third-tier Pro Golf Tour, then known as the EPD Tour. He won three tournaments and got promoted to the Challenge Tour for 2012. He then earned a European Tour card at qualifying school.

## Amateur wins

* 2008 Amateur Championship
* 2009 Spanish International Amateur Championship

## Professional wins (5)
### Pro Golf Tour wins (5)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up |
| 1 | 24 Feb 2011 | Al Maaden Classic | −13 (65-67-71=203) | 2 strokes | Bernd Ritthammer |
| 2 | 15 Apr 2011 | Auto Hall Open | −9 (67-67-70=204) | 2 strokes | Marek Nový, Nicolas Sulzer |
| 3 | 30 Jun 2011 | Haus Bey Classic | −8 (66-68-71=205) | 1 stroke | Marcel Haremza |
| 4 | 14 Jan 2015 | Red Sea Egyptian Classic | −10 (67-71-68=206) | 3 strokes | Ross Cameron, Benjamin Rusch |
| 5 | 7 Jun 2015 | St. Pölten Pro Golf Tour | −14 (65-65-69=199) | 1 stroke | Philipp Mejow |

## Results in major championships

| Tournament | 2008 | 2009 |
| Masters Tournament | | CUT |
| The Open Championship | CUT | |
Note: Saxton never played in the U.S. Open or the PGA Championship.
CUT = missed the half-way cut

## Team appearances

Amateur
* European Boys' Team Championship (representing the Netherlands): 2003, 2004, 2005 (winners)
* Eisenhower Trophy (representing the Netherlands): 2008
* St Andrews Trophy (representing the Continent of Europe): 2008
* European Amateur Team Championship (representing the Netherlands): 2008, 2009
# 2022 Haiti floods

Between January 31 to February 1, heavy rains in Haiti caused floods. On February 1, five people were killed by the floods, with one more person missing.
On March 7, a storm hit the Puerto Plata province of the Dominican Republic and the Nord Department of Haiti, leaving 2 Haitians dead.
On September 1, a flood destroyed upwards of 350 homes and killed 3 in the Ouest Department.
# K2view

K2view is a data integration company specializing in enterprise services for real-time data integration, governance, and delivery.

## History

K2view was founded in 2009 by Achi Rotem and Rafi Cohen, both former executives of global telecommunications technology companies Amdocs, Sprint-Nextel, and TTI, and named after K2, the second-highest mountain on Earth and one of the hardest to climb on.
During the 2010s, K2view was the data migration platform for several global telecommunications M&A and transformation projects. These included the Telefónica Argentina transformation by Amdocs in 2012, AT&T's acquisitions of DIRECTV in 2014, Iusacell in 2015, and Nextel Mexico in 2015, the Kcell JSC transformation by Amdocs in 2015, the Liberty Global–Vodafone merger in 2016, and the Entel Chile transformation by Ericsson in 2017.
K2view was granted US patents for its Cloud Database Management System (CDBMS) in 2019, and for its Encryption Directed Database Management System and method in 2020.
In 2020, the company raised US$28M in first-round financing led by Forestay Capital and with the participation of Genesis Partners.
In 2020, it launched its Data Fabric product for real-time data integration, governance, and delivery and announced further operational enhancements in 2021. In 2022, it launched its cloud-based Data Product Platform.
In 2022, K2view was positioned as the Leader in the SPARK Matrix Data Integration Tools.
In 2023-2024, K2view was ranked a Visionary in the Gartner Magic Quadrant for Data Integration Tools, and a Leader in the SPARK Matrix for Data Masking Tools, and 1 of the 10 Best Data Integration Companies by CIOCoverage.
In 2023, the company released its AI-powered synthetic data generation service. Ronen Schwartz was appointed as its new CEO.
In 2024, K2view introduced its AI Data Fusion product, enhancing Generative AI frameworks by integrating structured enterprise data into Large Language Models like Microsoft Copilot and Google Gemini.

## Activities

K2view is a privately held company with offices in Yokneam and Raanana in Israel, Plano, TX in the US, Maastricht in the Netherlands, and Düsseldorf in Germany.
It operates in key areas of data integration, including synthetic data generation – at US and EU global enterprises, such as AT&T, Regions Bank, Hapag Lloyd, Sun Life, Verizon, Vodafone, and more.
K2view focuses on industries like banking, telecom, healthcare, insurance, retail, and logistics.
# 2018 Peru earthquake

An earthquake struck Peru at 04:18:45 PET (09:18:45 UTC) on 14 January 2018. It had a magnitude of M$_{ww}$ 7.1 with a maximum perceived intensity of VII (very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Two deaths have been reported, with a further 139 people injured. Widespread damage to adobe houses was reported with 443 homes being destroyed. An initial tsunami warning was later rescinded.

## Background

Earthquakes are common in Peru, especially in the Arequipa coastal area of Peru. This particular earthquake was a result of thrust faulting on the destructive boundary between the Nazca plate and the South American plate. As evidenced by the 2007 earthquake, many homes are not built to any type of standard making them prone to significant damage. Earthquakes can threaten industry as well as the population. Many of the copper mines are vulnerable to quakes, but there were no reports of damage to them.

## Earthquake

On Sunday, 14 January at 04:18 local time, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Peru. The earthquake was positioned in the Pacific Ocean near the coast at a depth of around 39 km (24 mi), about 38 km (24 mi) south-southwest of Acari. There was no danger of a tsunami to the coastal area. Residents of Lomas, a town on the cost, were evacuated after feeling an aftershock.
The earthquake left two dead, and over a hundred and twenty injured. The earthquake caused some homes and roads in remote areas to collapse. Damage to roads delayed the arrival of help to the affected rural zones. Several boroughs were without electricity.
A tsunami was observed with heights of 15 cm in San Juan.

## Aftermath

According to the Earthquake Impact Database :
| Deaths | Injured | Displaced | Houses/Buildings Damaged | Houses/Buildings Destroyed |
| 2 | 139 | 2000 | 1720 | 443 |
A 55-year-old man was fatally crushed by a rock in the city of Yauca located in the region of Arequipa. No information was released on the second victim except that they were in the same region as the first victim.
# Kralovice

Kralovice (Czech pronunciation:; German: Kralowitz) is a town in Plzeň-North District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,500 inhabitants. It is known for the former pilgrimage site of Mariánská Týnice.

## Administrative division

Kralovice consists of six municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Kralovice (3,080)
* Bukovina (65)
* Hradecko (137)
* Mariánský Týnec (31)
* Řemešín (22)
* Trojany (45)

## Geography

Kralovice is located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Plzeň. The southern part of the municipal territory with the town proper lies in the Plasy Uplands. The northern part lies in the Rakovník Uplands. The highest point is a hill at 573 m (1,880 ft) above sea level. The Kralovický Stream flows through the town. There are several small ponds around the town.

## History

The first written mention of Kralovice is from 1183, when Duke Frederick donated it to the Plasy Monastery. In 1547, Kralovice gained coat of arms and became a town.
Until 1918, the town was part of Austria-Hungary, head of the district of the same name, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 2,883 | — |
| 1880 | 2,773 | −3.8% |
| 1890 | 2,773 | +0.0% |
| 1900 | 2,873 | +3.6% |
| 1910 | 2,836 | −1.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 2,818 | −0.6% |
| 1930 | 3,154 | +11.9% |
| 1950 | 2,718 | −13.8% |
| 1961 | 2,778 | +2.2% |
| 1970 | 3,081 | +10.9% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 3,224 | +4.6% |
| 1991 | 3,340 | +3.6% |
| 2001 | 3,490 | +4.5% |
| 2011 | 3,453 | −1.1% |
| 2021 | 3,380 | −2.1% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

The I/27 road from Plzeň to Žatec passes through the town.
Kralovice is the final station of the railway line from Prague via Rakovník. Historic trains run on it and it is only in operation during the summer tourist season on weekends.

## Sights

The main landmark of Kralovice is the Church of Saints Peter and Paul. The originally Gothic church from the mid-14th century was rebuilt in the late Renaissance style in 1575–1581. Its chapel dates from 1868.
The village of Mariánský Týnec is known for the former pilgrimage site of Mariánská Týnice. It is a Baroque complex formed by a monastery and the Church of the Annunciation. Today the monastery houses the Museum and Gallery of the Northern Plzeň Region.

## Notable people

* Isa Grégrová (1878–1962), actress
* Marie Uchytilová (1924–1989), sculptor
# Mangwolsa station

Mangwolsa station is a metro station on Seoul Subway Line 1. Named after a Silla-era Buddhist temple in the mountains to the west, it is the first station for services leaving Seoul heading north, and lies in the city of Uijeongbu.

## Exits

* Exit 1: Jungnangcheon, Howon 1-dong Community Center
* Exit 2: Mangwolsa, Shinheung College, Hoam Elementary School, Howon-dong Community Center, Hoeryong Elementary School
* Exit 3: Shinheung College, Hoam Elementary School, Howon-dong Community Center
# 2009 Afghan avalanches

The 2009 Afghan avalanches occurred near Kabul, Afghanistan on 16 January 2009. At least ten people were killed and twelve vehicles and machinery used to clear the road of snow were swept away when the avalanche struck a highway. Forty people were rescued, eleven of whom were injured by the avalanches. The avalanches struck the southern part of the Salang tunnel, the main highway linking southern and northern Afghanistan in the middle of the Hindu Kush mountains, at an altitude of 4,450 metres (14,600 ft). Searchers spent the next two days and beyond locating the victims.
# Fondazione Cariparma

The Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Parma e Monte di Credito su Pegno di Busseto, known as Fondazione Cariparma, is an Italian banking foundation and former bank that spun off its banking activities in 1991. The foundation currently is a minority shareholder of Crédit Agricole Cariparma.

## History

Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Parma e Monte di Credito su Pegno di Busseto was formed in 1991 by the spin-off of the Cassa di Risparmio di Parma e Monte di Credito su Pegno di Busseto's banking activities as Cassa di Risparmio di Parma S.p.A. (Cariparma S.p.A.), in which the original legal person of the bank became the banking foundation instead. The bank, a società per azioni, merged with Cassa di Risparmio di Piacenza e Vigevano S.p.A. and then was acquired by Banca Intesa S.p.A.. The banking foundation also owned a small stake of Banca Intesa due to the acquisition. In 2007, the foundation parted away from Banca Intesa, after it was merged with Sanpaolo IMI on 1 January 2007 to become Intesa Sanpaolo. Intesa Sanpaolo also sold aforementioned Cariparma S.p.A. (as Cassa di Risparmio di Parma e Piacenza) to Intesa Sanpaolo's former shareholders Crédit Agricole and the banking foundation in the same year.
In 2015, Associazione di Fondazioni e di Casse di Risparmio S.p.A., a trade association of the former savings banks and now banking foundations, on behalf of its members, signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Ministry of Economy and Finance for the new regulation on the assets of the foundations. According to the MoU, the foundations had to decentralize their investment from the banks they are originated from. The foundation also invested in F2i First Fund$^{:113}$
In 2016 the foundation was invited to invest back to banking sector by joining the private equity fund Atlante$^{:114}$ that aiming to recapitalize the weak bank and purchase the securitizated non-performing loan. Atlante used most of the equity to bail out Banca Popolare di Vicenza as well as Veneto Banca, with the rest was invested in Atlante II fund, which was cooperated with the Italian government as part of the bail out of Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena (BMPS). Atlante II purchased the securitizated non-performing loan from BMPS. However, Banca Popolare di Vicenza and Veneto Banca faced second bail-out by the Italian government, but in the process the shareholders were bailed-in, wiping the investment of Atlante and in turn Fondazione Cariparma.
In 2018, Fondazione Cariparma sold part of the shares of Crédit Agricole Cariparma (formerly known as Cassa di Risparmio di Parma e Piacenza) they owned, to another former owner of the bank, the Fondazione di Piacenza e Vigevano. The latter also owned the Cassa di Risparmio di Piacenza e Vigevano S.p.A. in the past.

### Arts collection

Fondazione Cariparma had a museum in Palazzo Bossi Bocchi [it] for its art collection.
In January 2017 marquess Maria Gabriella Pigoli Pallavicino, widow of marquess Pierluigi Pallavicino (a member of Pallavicini family) donated Palazzo Pallavicino [it] to the foundation.
# 1977–78 Tyler Cup

The 1977–78 Tyler Cup was the inaugural edition of the Tyler Cup, an association football cup competition featuring teams from Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
Shamrock Rovers won the title, defeating Finn Harps 1–0 in the final.

## Results
### Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Cliftonville | 2–2 (5–6 p) | Drogheda United |
| Finn Harps | 5–5 (4–3 p) | Linfield |
| Glentoran | 4–1 | Bohemians |
| Shamrock Rovers | 1–0 | Glenavon |

### Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Glentoran | 0–1 | Finn Harps |
| Shamrock Rovers | 1–1 (4–2 p) | Drogheda United |
# Grafana

Grafana is a multi-platform open source analytics and interactive visualization web application. It can produce charts, graphs, and alerts for the web when connected to supported data sources.
There is also a licensed Grafana Enterprise version with additional capabilities, which is sold as a self-hosted installation or through an account on the Grafana Labs cloud service. It is expandable through a plug-in system. Complex monitoring dashboards can be built by end users, with the aid of interactive query builders. The product is divided into a front end and back end, written in TypeScript and Go, respectively.
As a visualization tool, Grafana can be used as a component in monitoring stacks, often in combination with time series databases such as InfluxDB, Prometheus and Graphite; monitoring platforms such as Sensu, Icinga, Checkmk, Zabbix, Netdata, and PRTG; SIEMs such as Elasticsearch, OpenSearch, and Splunk; and other data sources. The Grafana user interface was originally based on version 3 of Kibana.

## History

Grafana was first released in 2014 by Torkel Ödegaard as an offshoot of a project at Orbitz. It targeted time series databases such as InfluxDB, OpenTSDB, and Prometheus, but evolved to support relational databases such as MySQL/MariaDB, PostgreSQL and Microsoft SQL Server.
In 2019, Grafana Labs secured $24 million in Series A funding. In the 2020 Series B funding round it obtained $50 million. In the 2021 Labs Series C funding round, Grafana secured $220 million.
Grafana Labs acquired Kausal in 2018, k6 and Amixr in 2021, and Asserts.ai in 2023.

## Adoption

Grafana is used in Wikimedia's infrastructure. In 2017, Grafana had over 1000 paying customers, including Bloomberg, JP Morgan Chase, and eBay.

## Licensing

Previously, Grafana was licensed with an Apache License 2.0 license and used a CLA based on the Harmony Contributor Agreement.
Since 2021, Grafana has been licensed under an AGPLv3 license. Contributors to Grafana need to sign a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) that gives Grafana Labs the right to relicense Grafana in the future. The CLA is based on The Apache Software Foundation Individual Contributor License Agreement.

## Related projects

Grafana Labs launched a series of related open-source projects to complement Grafana:
* Grafana Loki - a log aggregation platform inspired by Prometheus first made available in 2019
* Grafana Mimir - a Prometheus-compatible, scalable metrics storage and analysis tool released in 2022 that replaced Cortex
* Grafana Tempo - a distributed tracing tool, released in 2021
* Grafana Pyroscope - a continuous profiling tool, released in 2023
# Babb Creek

Babb Creek is a 21.7-mile-long (34.9 km) tributary of Pine Creek in Pennsylvania in the United States.
The tributary Stony Fork Creek joins Babb Creek just upstream of the community of Blackwell, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) upstream of Pine Creek.
Babb Creek joins Pine Creek at the community of Blackwell in Tioga County.
# César Quintero (footballer)

César Alexander Quintero Jiménez (born November 29, 1988, in Medellín) is a Colombian football player who last played for Deportivo Pasto.

## Club statistics

| Club | Season | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Independiente |
| Independiente | 2008–09 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Independiente | Total | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Pápa |
| Pápa | 2009–10 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| Pápa | 2010–11 | 27 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 2 |
| Pápa | 2011–12 | 20 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 2 |
| Pápa | 2012–13 | 29 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 3 |
| Pápa | 2013–14 | 16 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 3 |
| Pápa | Total | 101 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 128 | 10 |
| Career Total | Career Total | 102 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 129 | 10 |
Updated to games played as of 8 December 2013.
# Atomic (TV series)

Atomic is an upcoming British action-adventure television series inspired by the non-fiction book Atomic Bazaar by William Langewiesche.

## Cast

* Alfie Allen
* Shazad Latif
* Samira Wiley
* Ouidad Elma

## Production

The five-part series is produced by Pulse Films, in association with Sky Studios. The series is directed by Shariff Korver and produced by Peter McAleese. It is written by Gregory Burke and inspired by the non-fiction book Atomic Bazaar by Vanity Fair journalist William Langewiesche. Executive producers are Jamie Hall and Judy Counihan for Pulse Films, Thomas Benski, Gregory Burke, and Sam Hoyle and Megan Spanjian for Sky Studios.
The cast is led by Alfie Allen, Shazad Latif, and Samira Wiley as well as Moroccan actress Ouidad Elma.
Filming took place Morocco in the summer of 2024.

## Broadcast

The series is expected to air on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom in 2025.