OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fraseria

Fraseria is a genus of passerine birds in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae that are found in Sub-Saharan Africa.

## Taxonomy

The genus Fraseria was introduced in 1854 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte to accommodate Fraser's forest flycatcher. The genus name was chosen to honour the English natural history dealer and collector Louis Fraser.
The genus formerly include just two species, Fraser's forest flycatcher and the white-browed forest flycatcher, but based on a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2023, the genus was broadened to include other species.
The genus contains the following eight species:
| Image | Common Name | Scientific Name | Distribution |
| - | White-browed forest flycatcher | Fraseria cinerascens | African tropical rainforest |
| | Fraser's forest flycatcher | Fraseria ocreata | African tropical rainforest |
| | Grey-throated tit flycatcher | Fraseria griseigularis | African tropical rainforest |
| | Grey flycatcher | Fraseria plumbea | Sub-Saharan Africa (rare in southern and East Africa) |
| - | Olivaceous flycatcher | Fraseria olivascens | African tropical rainforest |
| | Chapin's flycatcher | Fraseria lendu | Albertine Rift montane forests |
| - | Ashy flycatcher | Fraseria caerulescens | Sub-Saharan Africa (rare in southern Africa) |
| - | Tessmann's flycatcher | Fraseria tessmanni | sparsely present throughout African tropical rainforest |
* White-browed forest flycatcher, Fraseria cinerascens
* Fraser's forest flycatcher, Fraseria ocreata
* Grey-throated tit-flycatcher, Fraseria griseigularis (formerly placed in Myioparus)
* Grey tit-flycatcher, Fraseria plumbea (formerly placed in Myioparus)
* Olivaceous flycatcher, Fraseria olivascens (formerly placed in Muscicapa)
* Chapin's flycatcher, Fraseria lendu (formerly placed in Muscicapa)
* Ashy flycatcher, Fraseria caerulescens (formerly placed in Muscicapa)
* Tessmann's flycatcher, Fraseria tessmanni (formerly placed in Muscicapa)
# 1st Primetime Emmy Awards

The 1st Emmy Awards, retroactively known as the 1st Primetime Emmy Awards after the debut of the counterpart Daytime Emmy Awards, were presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club in Los Angeles on Tuesday, January 25, 1949. Only shows produced in Los Angeles County, California and aired in the Los Angeles media market were eligible to win. The awards were hosted by Walter O'Keefe who substituted for Rudy Vallée when he had to leave town at the last minute. A special award category was introduced and awarded to Louis McManus for designing the actual Emmy Award statuette.

## Winners and nominees

Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡).

### Programs

Programs :
| Most Popular Television Program Pantomime Quiz (KTLA)‡ Armchair Detective (KTLA) Don Lee Music Hall (KTSL) Felix De Cola Show (KTLA) Judy Splinters (KTLA) Mabel's Fables (KTLA) Masked Spooner (KTSL) Treasure of Literature (KFI-TV) Tuesday Varieties (KTLA) What's the Name of that Song (KTSL) | Best Film Made for Television The Necklace (Your Show Time Series)‡ Christopher Columbus Hollywood Brevities It Could Happen to You Tell Tale Heart Time Signal |

### Hosting

Hosting :
* Most Outstanding Television Personality
* Shirley Dinsdale‡
* Rita LeRoy
* Patricia Morison
* Mike Stokey
* Bill Welsh

#### Station Award

* KTLA for Outstanding Overall Performance in 1948

#### Special Award

* Louis McManus – for designing the Emmy Award statuette.
McManus was presented with a plaque as an award instead of a copy of the very statue which he was being honored for.

#### Technical Award

* Charles Mesak of Don Lee Television for the introduction of TV camera technology Phasefader
# Ad-Deirat

Ad-Deirat (Arabic: الديرات), is a village on the outskirts of Yatta in the Palestinian Hebron Governorate. It is part of the Khalet al-Maiyya village cluster, 11 km to the southeast of Hebron in the southern part of the West Bank. It was occupied in 1967.

## Geography and borders

It is bordered by:
* Bani Na'im village to the East.
* Ar Rifa'iyya village to the North.
* Umm Lasafa village in the West.
* Yatta Bedouin in Masafer Yatta in the South.

## Population

In 2007, the population of Ad-Deirat was estimated at 435 people according to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
# Nýřany

Nýřany (Czech pronunciation:; German: Nürschan) is a town in Plzeň-North District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 7,000 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Nýřany consists of three municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Nýřany (5,797)
* Doubrava (263)
* Kamenný Újezd (581)

## Etymology

The name Nýřany referred to the settlement of nyrs. The word nyr denoted a person living in a burrow, lair or den of an animal.

## Geography

Nýřany is located about 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Plzeň. It lies in the Plasy Uplands. The highest point is the flat hill Dobrák at 456 m (1,496 ft) above sea level. The stream of Vejprnický potok flows through the town.

## History

The first written mention of Nýřany is from 1272. The village was promoted to a town by Emperor Franz Joseph I on 29 January 1892.
The village of Kamenný Újezd was first mentioned in 1215 and Doubrava in 1556.
Around 1830, bituminous coal deposits were discovered. The start of mining meant the rapid development of the village, and new people arrived. The peak of mining was in 1880, when 9,300 people was employed in about 40 mines. The mining ended in 1995. Those mines sometimes yielded valuable well-preserved fossils of early amphibians.
During World War II, Nýřany was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of Reichsgau Sudetenland. Near the end of the war one transport of death was surprised by an airstrike and about hundred of prisoners managed to escape. They were chased by SS-Guards and local Germans and either killed on the spot or executed at the place called Humboldtka.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 3,176 | — |
| 1880 | 5,631 | +77.3% |
| 1890 | 6,622 | +17.6% |
| 1900 | 7,219 | +9.0% |
| 1910 | 7,230 | +0.2% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 7,457 | +3.1% |
| 1930 | 7,600 | +1.9% |
| 1950 | 5,424 | −28.6% |
| 1961 | 5,871 | +8.2% |
| 1970 | 6,191 | +5.5% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 6,419 | +3.7% |
| 1991 | 7,158 | +11.5% |
| 2001 | 6,913 | −3.4% |
| 2011 | 6,965 | +0.8% |
| 2021 | 6,641 | −4.7% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

The D5 motorway from Plzeň to the Czech-German border in Rozvadov passes through the southern part of the municipal territory.
Nýřany is located on the railway line Plzeň–Domažlice. Local railway line that leads to Heřmanova Huť starts here.

## Sights

The most important monument is the Church of Saint Procopius in the middle of the town square. It was built in the pseudo-Gothic style in 1903–1904.
The Neo-Renaissance town hall was built in 1885–1886. It was built before Nýřany became a town. Until the church was built, the building was also used for religious services. The Monument of Shot Miners stands in front of the town hall. It commemorates an incident when 13 miners were shot during the 1890 strike.
The Chapel of Saint Wenceslaus was built in the 18th century on the site of a former chapel from 1595.

## Notable people

* Anna Letenská (1904–1942), actress

## Twin towns – sister cities

Nýřany is twinned with:
* Zeulenroda-Triebes, Germany
# Assyrians in the State of Palestine

Assyrians in the State of Palestine (Arabic: آشُورِيُّون في إسرائيل وفلسطين) are Assyrians living in the State of Palestine, whose number is several thousands.

## History

The Assyrian presence in the modern State of Palestine mainly originated from those who fled the Assyrian genocide from Tur Abdin in 1915. Many found refuge in what was known as the "Syriac Quarter" in Bethlehem and the since destroyed "Syriac Quarter" in the Old City of Jerusalem, squeezed between the Armenian Quarter and the Jewish Quarter at the Old City's southern end.
After the Israel-Arab War of 1967, hundreds of Syriacs who had fled the Old City of Jerusalem during war returned to find their homes taken over by Israeli authorities and were scheduled to be handed over to Jewish settlers or else demolished to make way for housing built for Jews. It is estimated that 65% of Syriacs who inhabited the Holy Land at the beginning of 1967 left the region (mostly Jerusalem and Bethlehem) in the following years.
The Assyrians in the Holy Land today number about 5,000, mostly living in the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, including a small remnant of the Syriac Quarter of the Old City that contains the Syriac social club and St. Mark's Monastery.

## Religion

Assyrians are predominantly Christians of the East and West Syriac Rite. The majority of Assyrians in the Holy Land (Israel and Palestine) are adherents of the Syriac Orthodox Church, while a smaller community of Catholic Assyrians also exists.

### Orthodox Assyrians
#### Syriac Orthodox Church

The Syriac Orthodox Church is the largest Assyrian church, covered by the Archbishopric of Israel, Palestine and Jordan under the spiritual guidance and direction of Archbishop Gabriel Dahho.
The most notable monastery is the Monastery of Saint Mark in Jerusalem. The Syriac Orthodox Church also has sharing rights to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and minor rights to the Tomb of the Virgin Mary where they possess an altar on the western side of the holy site.

### Catholic Assyrians
#### Syriac Catholic Church

The Syriac Catholic Church has a Patriarchal Exarchate formed in 1892 and is based out of the Church of Saint Thomas in Jerusalem.

#### Chaldean Catholic Church

Since 1903, the Chaldean Catholic Church has been represented in Jerusalem by a non-resident patriarchal vicar. In 1997, the Chaldean Catholic Church established the Territory Dependent on the Patriarch which was previously governed as the Patriarchal Vicariate of Jerusalem within the Patriarch's own archeparchy.
# Behzad Gholampour

Behzad Gholampour (Persian: بهزاد غلامپور; born December 23, 1966) is a retired Iranian football and futsal goalkeeper. He was the goalkeeping trainer for Iran national football team from 2008 until late March 2009.

## Honours
### Pas Tehran

* Asian Club Championship: 1992–93

### Iran

* Asian Games: 1990
* Asian Games: 1998
# Million Dollar Legs (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |
Million Dollar Legs is the second album by the New Tony Williams Lifetime, released in 1976 on Columbia Records. The band was made up of jazz fusion drummer Tony Williams with guitarist Allan Holdsworth, keyboardist Alan Pasqua and bass guitarist Tony Newton.

## Track listing

* "Sweet Revenge" (Tony Williams) — 6:03
* "You Did It to Me Baby" (Williams, Al Cleveland) — 3:45
* "Million Dollar Legs" (Williams) — 6:38
* "Joy Filled Summer" (Tony Newton) — 5:50
* "Lady Jane" (Alan Pasqua) — 3:56
* "What You Do to Me" (Williams) — 6:38
* "Inspirations of Love" (Newton) — 9:48

## Personnel

* Allan Holdsworth – guitar
* Alan Pasqua – keyboards
* Tony Newton – bass, vocals
* Tony Williams – drums
* Jack Nitzsche – string and horn arrangements
# Andrew Silke

Andrew Silke holds a chair in Terrorism, Risk and Resilience at Cranfield University's Forensic Institute. Previously, he was the Head of Criminology and the Programme Director for Terrorism Studies at the University of East London.

## Works

* Silke, Andrew, ed. (2003). Terrorists, victims, and society: psychological perspectives on terrorism and its consequences. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-49461-4.
* Silke, Andrew, ed. (2014). Prisons, Terrorism and Extremism: Critical Issues in Management, Radicalisation and Reform. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-65782-5.
* Silke, Andrew (2014). Terrorism: All That Matters. John Murray Press. ISBN 978-1-4441-6333-9.
* Silke, Andrew, ed. (2018). Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-59270-9.
# Cho Myoung-gyon

Cho Myoung-gyon (Korean: 조명균; Hanja: 趙明均; born 17 November 1957) is a South Korean politician previously served as President Moon Jae-in's first Minister of Unification.
After passing the state exam in 1979, Cho spent most of his career at the Ministry of Unification. He actively participated in multiple projects and negotiations with Pyongyang which resulted in enhanced Inter-Korean relations during Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun administrations commended by then-Minister Jeong Se-hyun. He left public service upon the beginning of the new administration in 2008. Since then he completely distanced himself from politics before being appointed as Minister in 2017.
During his term as Minister, Inter-Korean relations dramatically improved which was deteriorated after Kim and Roh administrations.
He holds two degrees - a bachelor's in statistics from Sungkyunkwan University and a master's in administration from Seoul National University.
# Township 2, Harper County, Kansas

Township 2 is a township in Harper County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 144.

## History

The township was officially designated "Township Number 2" until late 2007, when "Number" was dropped.

## Geography

Township 2 covers an area of 140.6 square miles (364 km$^2$) and contains Waldron.
# 1916 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election

The 1916 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election was held on 16 August 1916. The by-election was held due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Liberal MP, Sir Edward Grey.
It was won by the Liberal candidate Sir Francis Blake. Blake was unopposed by Conservative or Labour candidates due to a war time electoral truce where the three main parties would not put up candidates against one another. This meant that Blake was sometimes referred to as a "Coalitionist". The unsuccessful candidate, Dr Arthur Turnbull, stood as an Independent, though one source has described him as an Independent Liberal.
1916 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election Electorate 9,454 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Francis Blake | 3,794 | 85.9 | +24.7 |
| | Independent | Arthur Turnbull | 621 | 14.1 | New |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 3,173 | 71.8 | +49.4 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 4,415 | 46.7 | −33.1 |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Swing | N/A | |
# Cystobranchus

Cystobranchus is a genus of leeches (Hirudinea) belonging to the family Piscicolidae. These leeches are associated with freshwater fishes, and closely related to the genus Piscicola. They are distributed in Europe and North America. They attach themselves on the external part of fish and feed on their blood, which could cause the fish to be more suspectable to stressors and diseases.
# Deep Chand Kaswan

Deep Chand Kaswan was an Indian politician and freedom fighter. He was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Sadulpur. He actively participated in the National movement in Bikaner state. His son Ram Singh Kaswan is Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Churu. His grandson Rahul Kaswan is Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Churu.

## Career

In 1945-46 Rajasthan witnessed another agrarian struggle at Kangar in Bikaner State. Deep Chand Kaswan played a significant role in the Kangar movement. As a freedom fighter and reformer, he took part in the peaceful demonstrations in Kangar village against the Jagirdars' harsh tax collection methods. Along with other leaders, Kaswan hoped that higher authorities would intervene and resolve the conflict rather than resorting to violence in reaction to the Jagirdars' threats against the farmers. By making this decision, the farmers avoided potential violence and showed their unwavering opposition to feudal control.
# Hugh W. Weir

Hugh W. Weir (1826 – February 8, 1893) was an American jurist who served as Chief Justice of the Idaho Territorial Supreme Court from 1888 to 1889.

## Early life and family

Weir was born in 1826 in Indiana, Pennsylvania, and he attended Blairsville Academy. He read law with Agustus Drum, and in 1852 he was admitted to practice law in Pennsylvania.
In 1849 Weir married Katherine A. Porter, and the marriage produced three children, Agnes Lenore (Baker), Edward Weir, and Hugh Weir.

## Career

Soon Weir and Drum formed a law partnership in Indiana, Weir later partnering with Robert M. Gibson in Pittsburgh in 1870 then with J.M. Garrison in 1884. A Democrat, Weir was active in local politics, and he ran unsuccessfully for Congress against John Covode in 1866.
President Cleveland nominated Weir to replace the late James B. Hays as Chief Justice of the Idaho Territorial Supreme Court on July 9, 1888, and the nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 19, 1888. Weir had been nominated as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Utah Territory, but that appointment went to Elliott Sandford.
In 1889 Judge Weir wrote an opinion upholding the Idaho Territorial Legislature in its partition of Alturas County. Weir's political opponents, led by W.R. Riley of Hailey, the county seat, demanded that Weir be removed from office. President Harrison replaced Weir with James H. Beatty, a judge from Hailey, in November 1889.

## Death

After his time as chief justice, Weir formed a partnership with J.R. Wester, Weir & Wester, and he continued his law practice in Boise until his death in 1893.
# Shadow toll

A shadow toll is a contractual payment made by a government per driver using a road to a private company that operates a road built or maintained using private finance initiative funding. Payments are based, at least in part, on the number of vehicles using a section of road, often over a 20- to 30-year period. The shadow tolls or per vehicle fees are paid directly to the company without intervention or direct payment from the users.
On more recent shadow toll schemes in the United Kingdom, payments reduce as the number of vehicles increases, to encourage availability of the road rather than the number of vehicles carried.

## History

First proposed by the UK Government in 1993, shadow tolls have been widely used in the UK and also to a more limited extent in other countries, including Belgium, Canada, Finland, Netherlands, Spain and the United States. Portugal introduced schemes in 1999 but replaced these with the public tolls in 2004.
The use of shadow tolls in the UK has reduced over time with PFI funded project payments being made based primarily on the availability of the road, and not on the number of vehicles using it. Beyond a certain number of vehicles, the 'toll' paid by the government in more recent schemes is zero.

## Criticism

The World Bank observes that transaction costs 'can be very high' due to the difficulties surrounding legal arrangements and the need for continuous vehicle counts and that use of shadow tolls has led to significant criticism in The Netherlands.
The Portuguese government removed shadow tolls in 2004 after finding that "payment obligations in connection with the shadow toll system were not compatible with the need to spend on improving and maintaining the other national motorways".

## List of shadow toll roads
### Europe
#### United Kingdom

* M1 Lofthouse to Bramham link road
* M40 Denham to Warwick
* M80 Stepps to Haggs
* A1 Darrington to Dishforth
* A1(M) Alconbury to Peterborough
* A13 Limehouse to Wennington (Greater London)
* A19 Dishforth to Tyne Tunnel
* A249 Stockbury (M2) to Sheerness
* A30 / A35 Exeter to Bere Regis
* A417 Gloucester to Cirencester
* A419 Swindon to Cirencester
* A50 Stoke to Derby link
* A55 Llanfairpwll to Holyhead
* A69 Carlisle to Newcastle

#### Belgium

* A605 / E25 Cointe Tunnel

#### Finland

* VT4 / E75 Järvenpää-Lahti

#### Netherlands

* A9 Wijkertunnel

#### Spain

* Madrid M-45 Road
* Rande Bridge

### Oceania
#### Australia

* Peninsula Link: Victoria, Australia

### Middle East
#### Israel

* Highway 431

### North America
#### Canada

* New Brunswick Highway 2 Fredericton to Moncton
# Sherilyn Peace Garnett

Sherilyn Peace Garnett (née Sherilyn Rosa Lee Peace, born 1969) is an American attorney who serves as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California. She served as a judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court from 2014 to 2022.

## Early life and education

Garnett was born on Grand Cayman. She received a Bachelor of Arts, with honors, from the University of California, Riverside, in 1991 and a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1995.

## Career

Garnett began her career as a litigation associate at Altheimer & Gray in Chicago from 1995 to 1998. She then served as a law clerk for Judge Barry Ted Moskowitz of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California from 1998 to 1999. From 1999 to 2000, Garnett was a litigation associate at Arnold & Porter in Los Angeles. From 2001 to 2014, she served as an Assistant United States attorney for the Central District of California in the Criminal Division. She served as chief of the general crimes section in 2014, deputy chief of the general crimes section from 2011 to 2014, and as the domestic terrorism coordinator for the Central District of California from 2008 to 2011. From 2014 to 2022, she served as a judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court after being appointed by Governor Jerry Brown.

### Federal judicial service

On December 15, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Garnett to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California. President Biden nominated Garnett to the seat vacated by Judge Manuel Real, who assumed senior status on November 4, 2018. On February 16, 2022, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. On March 10, 2022, her nomination was reported out of committee by a 17–5 vote. On April 27, 2022, the United States Senate invoked cloture on her nomination by a 64–34 vote. She was confirmed later that day by a 62–33 vote. She received her judicial commission on June 24, 2022.
# Sunshine Sykes

Sunshine Suzanne Sykes (born 1974) is an American lawyer serving as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California. She previously served as a judge of the California Superior Court for Riverside County from 2013 to 2022.

## Early life and education

Sykes was born on the Navajo Nation Reservation in Tuba City, Arizona, and was raised in Gallup, New Mexico. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford University in 1997 and a Juris Doctor from Stanford Law School in 2001.

## Career

From 2001 to 2003, Sykes worked as a staff attorney for California Indian Legal Services. From 2003 to 2005, she was a contract attorney for the Defense Panel at the Southwest Justice Center. She also worked for the California Department of Social Services. From 2005 to 2013, Sykes served as deputy county counsel for Riverside County, California. In 2013, she was nominated by then-Governor Jerry Brown to serve as a judge on the Riverside County Superior Court.

## Federal judicial service

On December 15, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Sykes to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California. Presiden Biden nominated Sykes to the seat vacated by Judge James V. Selna, who assumed senior status on March 3, 2020. On February 1, 2022, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. On March 10, 2022, her nomination was reported out of committee by a 12–10 vote. On May 17, 2022, the United States Senate invoked cloture on her nomination by a 51–45 vote. On May 18, 2022, her nomination was confirmed by a 51–45 vote. She received her judicial commission on June 14, 2022. Sykes became the fifth American Indian ever to serve on the federal bench.