# List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars

The following is a list of Iranian scientists, engineers, and scholars who lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age.
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z

## A

* Abdul Qadir Gilani (12th century) theologian and philosopher
* Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i (10th century) physician
* Abu Dawood (c. 817–889), Islamic scholar
* Abu Hanifa (699–767), Islamic scholar
* Abu Said Gorgani (10th century)
* 'Adud al-Dawla (936–983), scientific patron
* Ahmad ibn Farrokh (12th century), physician
* Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din (11th century), physician and chemist
* Alavi Shirazi (1670–1747), royal physician in Mughal India
* Amuli, Muhammad ibn Mahmud (c. 1300–1352), physician
* Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900–971), mathematician and astronomer
* Ansari, Khwaja Abdullah (1006–1088), Islamic scholar
* Aqa-Kermani (18th century), physician
* Aqsara'i (?–1379), physician
* Abu Hafsa Yazid, physician
* Arzani, Muqim (18th century), physician
* Astarabadi (15th century), physician
* Aufi, Muhammad (1171–1242), scientist and historian
* Albubather, physician and astrologer
* Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath, physician
* Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, theologian and philosopher
* Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi, mathematician and astronomer

## B

* Brethren of Purity
* Bahmanyār, philosopher
* Al-Baghawi (c. 1041–1122), Islamic scholar
* Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī (1547–1621), poet, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer
* Baha Al-Dowleh Razi (died c. 915), physician
* Al-Baladhuri (?–892), historian
* Abu Ali Bal'ami (10th century), historian
* Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886), known in Latin as Albumasar, astrologer
* Abu Zayd al-Balkhi (850–934), geographer and mathematician
* Banū Mūsā brothers (9th century)
* Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, historian
* Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi, historian and Islamic scholar
* Al-Bayhaqi, faqih and muhadith
* Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (1706–1791), theologian
* Bubares (died after 480 BC), engineer
* Ibn Bibi (13th century), historian of the Seljuks of Rum
* Biruni (973–1048), astronomer and mathematician
* Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870), Islamic scholar
* Sahl ibn Bishr (c. 786–845 ?), astrologer, mathematician
* Bukhtishu (8th century?), Persian Christian physician of Academy of Gundishapur
* Bukhtishu, Abdollah ibn (c. 940–1058), Christian physician in Persia
* Jabril ibn Bukhtishu (9th century), Christian physician
* Bukhtishu, Yuhanna (9th century), Christian physician
* Borzuya (6th century), a.k.a. Borzouyeh-i Tabib, physician of Academy of Gundishapur
* Birjandi (?–1528), astronomer and mathematician
* Muhammad Bal'ami, historian
* Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari, physician
* Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami

## D

* Abu Hanifa Dinawari (815–896), astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian
* Ibn Durustawayh (872–958), grammarian, lexicographer and student of the Quran and hadith
* Ibn Qutaybah Dinwari (828–885), historian and theologian

## E

* Abubakr Esfarayeni (13th century?), physician

## F

* Al-Farghani (d. 880), astronomer, known in Latin as Alfraganus
* Al-Farabi (872–950) (Al-Farabi, Pharabius), philosopher
* Fazari, Ibrahim (?–777), mathematician and astronomer
* Fazari, Mohammad (?–796), mathematician and astronomer
* Feyz Kashani, Mohsen (?–1680), theologian
* Firishta (1560–1620), historian
* Ibn al-Faqih, historian and geographer
* Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi (d. 1278/1279), astronomer
* Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani (1455–1521), religious scholar, historian and political writer

## G

* Gardizi (?–1061), geographer and historian
* Ghazali (Algazel, 1058–1111), philosopher
* Gilani, Hakim (?–1609), royal physician
* Kushyar Gilani (971–1029), mathematician, geographer, astronomer
* Zayn al-Din Gorgani (1041–1136), royal physician
* Rostam Gorgani (16th century), physician
* Al-Masihi (?–999), Avicenn'a master

## H

* Hakim Ghulam Imam, physician
* Hakim Muhammad Mehdi Naqi (18th century), physician
* Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan (18th century), physician
* Hakim Nishaburi (933–1012), Islamic scholar
* Hallaj (858–922), mystic-philosopher
* Hamadani, Mir Sayyid Ali (1314–1384), poet and philosopher
* Harawi, Abolfadl (10th century), astronomer of Buyid dynasty
* Harawi, Muwaffak (10th century), pharmacologist
* Harawi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf (d. 1542), physician
* Hasani, Qavameddin (17th century), physician
* Ibn Hindu (1019–1032), man of letters, physician
* Haji Bektash Veli, mystic
* Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, jurisconsult, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician
* Haseb Tabari, astronomer
* Hammam ibn Munabbih, Islamic scholar
* Hamza al-Isfahani (ca. 893–after 961), philologist and historian
* Abu Ja'far ibn Habash

## I

* Ibn Abi Sadiq (11th century), "The Second Hippocrates", Avicenna's disciple
* Ibn Isfandiyar (13th-century), historian
* Ibn Khordadbeh (c. 820–912), geographer
* Ibn Rustah (9th century), explorer and geographer
* Ilaqi, Yusef (11th century), Avicenna's pupil
* Mansur ibn Ilyas (14th century), physician
* Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037), philosopher and physician
* Isfahani, Imad al-Din (1125–1201) historian and rhetorician
* Isfahani, Jalaleddin (19th century), physician
* Isfahani, Husayn (15th century), physician
* Istakhri (?–957), geographer, gives the earliest known account of windmills
* Iranshahri (9th century), philosopher, teacher of Abu Bakr al-Razi
* Al-Isfizari (11th–12th century), mathematician and astronomer

## J

* Jabir ibn Hayyan (9th century), alchemist, pharmacist, philosopher, physicist, astronomer
* Jaghmini (14th century), physician
* Juwayni (1028–1085), philosopher, theologian
* Juzjani, Abu Ubaid (?–1070), physician
* Jamal ad-Din Bukhari (13th century), astronomer
* Jamasp, sage and philosopher
* Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī (800–860), geometer

## K

* Karaji (953–1029), mathematician
* Jamshid-i Kashani (c. 1380–1429), astronomer and mathematician
* Kashfi, Jafar (1775/6–1850/1), theologian
* Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni (14th century), physician
* Kermani, Iwad (15th century), physician
* Kermani, Shams-ud-Din, Islamic scholar
* Al-Khazini (c. 1130), physicist
* Khayyam, Omar (1048–1131), poet, mathematician, and astronomer
* Khorasani, Sultan Ali (16th century), physician
* Al-Kharaqī, astronomer and mathematician
* Khujandi (c. 940–c. 1000), mathematician and astronomer
* Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (a.k.a. Al-Khwarazmi, c. 780–c. 850), creator of algorithm and algebra, mathematician and astronomer
* Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī, logician and philosopher
* Shams al-Din al-Khafri, astrologer
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, mathematician and astronomer
* Kubra, Najmeddin (1145–1220)
* Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani (d. after 1481), mathematician, astronomer
* Abu Zayn Kahhal, physician

## M

* Al-Mada'ini (752/753–843), historian
* Mahani (9th century), mathematician and astronomer
* Majusi, Ibn Abbas (?–c. 890), physician
* Marvazi, Abu Taher (12th century), philosopher
* Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, mathematician, astronomer, geographer
* Masawaiyh (777–857), or Masuya
* Mashallah ibn Athari (740–815), of Jewish origins, from Khorasan who designed the city of Baghdad based on Firouzabad
* Miskawayh (932–1030), philosopher
* Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi, physician
* Hamdallah Mustawfi (1281–1349), geographer
* Mulla Sadra (1572–1640), philosopher
* Ibn al-Muqaffa' (?–756), founder of Arabic prose along with Abdol-Hamid
* bin Musa, Hasan (9th century), astronomer, mathematician
* bin Musa, Ahmad (9th century), astronomer, inventor
* bin Musa, Muhammad (9th century), astronomer, mathematician
* Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi (13th century), philosopher
* Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, Islamic scholar
* Muqatil ibn Sulayman, mufassir of Quran
* Ibn Manda, Hadith scholar
* Abu Ahmad Monajjem (241/855-56–in 13 Rabi' I 300/29 October 912), music theorist, literary historian
* Masarjawaih (7th century), physician
* Muhammad Abdolrahman, physician

## N

* Nagawri (14th century), physician
* Nahavandi, Benjamin, Jewish scholar
* Nahavandi, Ahmad (9th century), astronomer
* Nakhshabi (14th century), physician
* Narshakhi (899–959), historian
* Nasir Khusraw (1004–1088), scientist, Ismaili scholar, mathematician, philosopher, traveler and poet
* Natili Tabari (10th century), physician
* Naubakht (9th century), designer of the city of Baghdad
* Naubakht, Fadhl ibn (8th century), astronomer
* Nawbakhty (4th Hijri century), Islamic scholar, philosopher
* Nizam al-Din Nishapuri, mathematician, astronomer, jurist, exegete, and poet
* Nawbakhti, Ruh (10th century), Islamic scholar
* Nayrizi (865–922), mathematician and astronomer
* Naqshband, Baha ud-Din (1318–1389), philosopher
* Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri (18th century), physician
* Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (c. 815–875), Islamic scholar
* Nurbakhshi (16th century), physician
* Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi, theologian, mufassir, muhaddith and historian
* Al-Nasa'i, hadith collector
* Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, historian and biographer
* Abu Nu`aym, Islamic scholar

## O

* Ostanes, ancient Persian alchemist

## P

* Paul the Persian (6th century), philosopher

## Q

* Qazwini, Zakariya (1203–1283), physician
* Qumi, Qazi Sa’id (1633–1692), theologian
* Qumri (10th century), physician
* Ali Qushji (1403–16 December 1474), mathematician, astronomer and physician
* Ali al-Qari, Islamic scholar
* Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi, jurist and Shia scholar
* Al-Quda'i (d. 1062), judge, preacher and historian in Fatimid Egypt

## R

* Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1150-1210), islamic theologian, physician, astronomer
* Razi, Amin (16th century), geographer
* Razi, Zakariya (Rhazes) (c. 865–925), chemist, physician, and philosopher
* Razi, Najmeddin (1177–1256), mystic
* Rumi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad (1207–1273), Muslim poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic
* Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318), historian, physician and politician
* Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi, Ismaili philosopher
* Rudaki (858–941), Persian poet

## S

* Sabzevari, Mulla Hadi (1797–1873), poet and philosopher
* Saghani Ostorlabi (?–990), astronomer
* Sahl, Fadl ibn (?–818), astronomer
* Sahl, Shapur ibn (?–869), physician
* Samarqandi, Najibeddin (13th century), physician
* Samarqandi, Ashraf (c. 1250–c. 1310), mathematician, astronomer
* Samarqandi, Dawlatshah (1438–1495/1507) biographer
* Sarakhsi, Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib (9th century) historian and philosopher
* Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (?–1096), Islamic scholar
* Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi, historian, traveller
* Shahrastani (1086–1153), historian of religions
* Shahrazuri (13th century), philosopher and physician
* Shahrazuri, Ibn al-Salah (1181–1245), Islamic scholar
* Shaykh Tusi (996–1067), Islamic scholar
* Ibn Babawayh (923–991), theologian
* Ibn Sahl, mathematician, physicist
* Abu ul-Ala Shirazi (d. 1001 CE), physician
* Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb, physician
* Shirazi, Imad al-Din Mas'ud (16th century), physician
* Shirazi, Muhammad Hadi Khorasani (18th century), physician
* Shirazi, Qutbeddin (1236–1311), astronomer
* Shirazi, Mahmud ibn Ilyas (18th century), physician
* Shirazi, Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas (?–1330), physician
* Shirazi, Qurayshi (17th century), physician
* Shirazi, Sultan Waezin (1894–1971), theologian
* Sibawayh, linguist and grammarian
* Sijzi (c. 945–c. 1020), mathematician and astronomer
* Sijzi, Mas'ud (14th century), physician
* Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (903–986), astronomer from Ray who invented the meridian ring
* Mūsā ibn Shākir, astronomer
* Suhrawardi, Shahab al-Din (1155–1191), philosopher
* Abu Sulayman Sijistani, philosopher
* ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani, Islamic scholar
* Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji, philosopher and logician
* Zeynalabdin Shirvani, geographer, philosopher and poet
* Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani, Ismaili philosopher
* Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari, astrologer

## T

* Tabarani, Abu al-Qasim (873–970), Islamic scholar
* Tabari Amoli (839–923), historian
* Tabari, ibn Farrukhan (?–815), astrologer and architect
* Tabari, Abul Hasan (10th century), physician
* Tabari, Ibn Sahl (c. 783–c. 858), Jewish convert physician, master of Rhazes
* Tabrizi, Maqsud Ali (17th century), physician
* Taftazani (1322–1390), theologian, linguist
* Tayfur, Ibn Abi Tahir (819–893), linguist
* Tirmidhi (824–892), Islamic scholar
* Tunakabuni (17th century), physician
* Tughra'i (c. 1061–1122), physician
* Tusi, Nizam ol-Molk (1018–1092), Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire
* Tusi, Nasireddin (1201–1274), Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian
* Tusi, Sharafeddin (?–1213/4), mathematician
* Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi, Islamic scholar
* 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk, Persian or Turkish mathematician

## U

* Safi al-Din al-Urmawi (c. 1216–1294), musician
* Abu al‐Uqul al‐Tabari (14th century), Yemenite astronomer of Iranian origin

## V

* Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat (13th century), scholar and physician

## W

* Waqidi (748–822), historian
* Wassaf, historian
* Al-Wabkanawi, astronomer

## Y

* Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq (?–796), mathematician and astronomer
* Yunus ibn Habib, linguist
* Yahya ibn Ma'in, Islamic scholar
* Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni, musician
* Yahya ibn Abi Mansur (d. 830 CE), astronomer

## Z

* Dawud al-Zahiri (815–834) theologian and historian
* Zamakhshari (1074/5–1143/4), scholar and geographer
* Muhammad Zarrindast (11th century), oculist
* Zayn-e-Attar (?–c. 1403), physician
* Zarir Jurjani (9th century), mathematician and astronomer
* Zakariya al-Qazwini (1203–1283) physician, astronomer, geographer, and proto-science fiction writer