# Book of Wei

The Book of Wei, also known by its Chinese name as the Wei Shu, is a classic Chinese historical text compiled by Wei Shou from 551 to 554, and is an important text describing the history of the Northern Wei and Eastern Wei from 386 to 550. Widely regarded as the official and authoritative source historical text for that period, it is one of the Twenty-Four Histories.

## Origin and reception

The Northern Wei dynasty was established in 386 by the Tuoba clan. The greatest accomplishment of the Northern Wei dynasty was the unification of Northern China in 439. An internal struggle resulted in a split which introduced the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei. The Eastern Wei dynasty was short-lived. Established in 534, several military campaigns were fought to try and reunite east and west but each failed. In 550, the area was taken over by Gao Yang who founded his own dynasty which he names the Northern Qi. It is the history of these two dynasties that Wei Shou attempted to record.
In compiling the work, Wei Shou managed to withstand pressure, with the help of the Northern Qi emperor, from powerful elites who wanted him to glorify their otherwise disputed ancestral origins. Detractors of the work referred to the book as Hui Shu (穢書), nearly pronounced as 'Wei Shu', but meaning "Book of Filth". From a modern reader's perspective, the book had problems characteristic of other works in Twenty-Four Histories, as it praised the subject dynasty of interest (in this case the Northern Wei). It likely overstated the power of her predecessor state Dai, which was a vassal of Western Jin, Later Zhao, Former Yan, and Former Qin. Further, it retroactively used the sinicized surnames introduced by Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei in 496 to apply to events long before, making it difficult for readers to know what the actual names of historical personages were. In addition, Wei Shou was criticized in that, as an official of the Eastern Wei and its successor state Northern Qi, he included the sole emperor of Eastern Wei, Emperor Xiaojing, among his imperial lists while intentionally omitting the three emperors from the rival state Western Wei after the division of the Northern Wei in 534. However, he was credited with harmonizing highly confusing and fragmented accounts of historical events from the state of Dai to the early period of Northern Wei and creating coherent accounts of events.

## Content

The content of the Book of Wei follows the format of previous standard histories. The first fifteen chapters are annals (紀) describing the lives and events of the emperors, with the first being a preface.

### Annals (帝紀)

| # | Title | Translation |
| Chapter 1 | 帝紀第1 序紀 | (Preface) |
| Chapter 2 | 帝紀第2 太祖道武帝 | Emperor Daowu |
| Chapter 3 | 帝紀第3 太宗明元帝 | Emperor Mingyuan |
| Chapter 4 Part 1 | 帝紀第4 世祖太武帝 | Emperor Taiwu |
| Chapter 4 Part 2 | 帝紀第4 世祖太武帝 恭宗景穆帝 | Emperor Taiwu, Emperor Jingmu |
| Chapter 5 | 帝紀第5 高宗文成帝 | Emperor Wencheng |
| Chapter 6 | 帝紀第6 显祖献文帝 | Emperor Xianwen |
| Chapter 7 Part 1 | 帝紀第7 高祖孝文帝 | Emperor Xiaowen |
| Chapter 7 Part 2 | 帝紀第7 高祖孝文帝 | Emperor Xiaowen |
| Chapter 8 | 帝紀第8 世宗宣武帝 | Emperor Xuanwu |
| Chapter 9 | 帝紀第9 肅宗孝明帝 | Emperor Xiaoming |
| Chapter 10 | 帝紀第10 敬宗孝莊帝 | Emperor Xiaozhuang |
| Chapter 11 | 帝紀第11 前廢帝・後廢帝・出帝 | Emperor Jiemin (Qianfei), Prince of Anding (Emperor Houfei), Emperor Xiaowu (Chu) |
| Chapter 12 | 帝紀第12 孝静帝 | Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei |
Chapter 13 through 104 are biographies beginning with Chapter 13: Biographies of Empresses (皇后列傳) and ending with Chapter 104: Author's Preface (自序). In his preface Wei Shou harmonizes the Xianbei cultural heritage with Han Chinese cultural heritage, arguing that the rise of the Northern Wei was mandated by Heaven and that the Xianbei people were descended from the Yellow Emperor. Descriptions of figures from the historic Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and also Khitan and many other historic nationalities are included in chapters 95 through 103.
Wei Shou also includeds postitve descriptions of the dialog between Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. For example, in Chapter 69 where the court official Pei Yanjun (裴延隽; d. 528) describes a knowledge of both Buddhism and Confucianism as being beneficial to social administration. The whole of Chapter 114, "Treatise on Buddhism and Daoism" (釋老志), of the Book of Wei is also related to this topic. Chapters 105 through 114 are treatises (志).
The book originally contains 114 chapters, but by the Song dynasty some chapters were already missing. Later editors reconstructed those chapters by taking material from the History of the Northern Dynasties dated to the 7th century.

## Translations

Dien translates parts of volume 59, which describes the dispute between the Northern Wei and Liu Song at Pengcheng. Lee translates part of volume 111 describing the case of Liu Hui (劉輝), who committed adultery while married to Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主).