OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Developing variation

In musical composition, developing variation is a formal technique in which the variations are produced through the development of existing material. The term was coined by Arnold Schoenberg, twentieth-century composer and inventor of the twelve-tone technique, who believed it was one of the most important compositional principles since around 1750:
   Music of the homophonic-melodic style of composition, that is, music with a main theme, accompanied by and based on harmony, produces its material by, as I call it, developing variation. This means that variation of the features of a basic unit produces all the thematic formulations which provide for fluency, contrasts, variety, logic and unity, on the one hand, and character, mood, expression, and every needed differentiation, on the other hand—thus elaborating the idea of the piece.
The technique has also become associated with Johannes Brahms, whom Schoenberg believed to have used it in its "most advanced state".
Schoenberg distinguished this from the "unravelling" procedures of contrapuntal tonal music, but developing variation may be related to other textures and to Schoenberg's own freely atonal pieces which employ a "method of atonal developing variation each chord, line, and harmony results from the subtle alteration and recombination of musical ideas from earlier in the piece". Schoenberg also described its importance to his development of serialism.
   Similarly, as in the case of Die Jakobsleiter, here also all main themes had to be transformations of the first phrase. Already here the basic motif was not only productive in furnishing new motif-forms through developing variations, but also in producing more remote formulations based on the unifying effect of one common factor: the repetition of tonal and intervallic relationship.
Haimo applies the concept to vertical (pitch) as well as horizontal (rhythm and permutation) transformations in twelve-tone music on the premise of "the 'unity of musical space'" after suggesting that Schoenberg reconciled serial organization and developing variation in the twelve-tone technique.
# Yoichi Iijima

Yoichi Iijima (飯島 洋一, Iijima Yoichi, born 21 October 1978) is a Japanese sailor, who specialized in the Laser class. He nabbed a silver medal in men's Laser at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, and was selected to the Japanese sailing team at the 2008 Summer Olympics, finishing thirty-fifth in the process. Throughout his sporting career, Iijima trained for Laser Zuyo Fleet in Kanagawa under his longtime coach Tomoyuki Sasaki.
Born in Tokyo, Iijima burst onto the international sailing scene at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, where he picked up the silver medal in the Laser class with 31 marks, edging out the defending Asian Games champion Kim Ho-kon of South Korea by a close, four-point margin.
At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Iijima qualified for the Japanese team in the Laser class after having secured a berth and finishing tenth from the Laser World Championships in Terrigal, New South Wales, Australia. Iijima sailed brilliantly from the start with satisfying marks, but a black flag penalty in the middle leg of the eleven-race series, a disastrous eighth-leg feat, and a cancellation of the last race due to inclement weather dropped him to thirty-fifth in the overall leaderboard with a net grade of 235.
# Gwen Catley

Gwendoline Florence Catley (9 February 1906 – 12 November 1996) was an English lyric coloratura soprano who sang in opera, concert and revues. She often sang on radio and television, and made numerous recordings of songs and arias, mostly in English. She was renowned for the clarity and agility of her voice particularly in florid parts, and her English diction was outstanding.

## Biography

Catley was born in London in 1906. She studied at the Guildhall School of Music, where her chief singing teacher was the tenor Walter Hyde. Her other teachers included Sir Granville Bantock, Jenny Hyman and, privately, Julian Kimbell. The school's principal, Sir Landon Ronald, who had been Dame Nellie Melba's accompanist, said Catley reminded him of Melba. She won the Gold Medal but was prevented from accepting it by her father. She later won it again. In 1937 she sang with Sadler's Wells Opera, as the Queen of the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute and Nannetta in Verdi's Falstaff. After a successful and sold-out 1938 debut at the Wigmore Hall, which Landon Ronald sponsored, she joined the BBC Chorus. She had a successful career, singing with the leading British orchestras.
In World War II she sang for a year in Jack Hylton's revue Hi-de-Hi, where she was famed for her performances of "Caro nome" from Verdi's Rigoletto. She also sang Gilda with the Carl Rosa Opera Company during the war. In 1949 she sang Catherine Glover in a BBC studio broadcast of Bizet's The Fair Maid of Perth, with Richard Lewis as Henry Smith and conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham. She continued singing with the Carl Rosa company till 1957. In 1953 she took part in the first British broadcast of Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress. She often worked with the conductors Stanford Robinson and his brother Eric Robinson, who together account for many of her recordings.
She retired to Italy with her cellist husband Allen Ford, with whom she had a son. She returned to Britain to teach, her students including Judi Dench for a production of Cabaret.
Gwen Catley died in Hove on 12 November 1996, aged 90.
Many of her recordings are still available. They include a Witch in the first complete recording of Purcell's Dido and Aeneas, with Nancy Evans (Dido), Roy Henderson (Aeneas), conducted by Clarence Raybould. She appears on The Record of Singing: Volume 4, The Anglo-American School.
# Estádio do Campo Grande

Estádio de Campo Grande was a multi-use stadium in Lisbon, Portugal. It was used mostly for football matches and hosted the home matches of Sporting CP and then S.L. Benfica. The stadium was able to hold 25,000 people and opened in 1912 owned by Lisboa FC. In 1917, Lisboa FC leaves and ground is taken over by Sporting CP which uses it until 1937, leaving for Estádio do Lumiar.
In 1941, Benfica moved in after Estádio das Amoreiras was demolished for a freeway. By then, the stadium needed renovations and was abandoned for over 3 years. It was closed in 1954 when the original Estádio da Luz opened.
# East Branch Piscataquis River

The East Branch Piscataquis River is a tributary of the Piscataquis River in Piscataquis County, Maine. From its source in Little Squaw (Maine Township 3, Range 5, BKP EKR), it runs south 14 miles (23 km) to its confluence with the West Branch Piscataquis River in Blanchard to form the Piscataquis.
The Appalachian Trail crosses the East Branch just upstream from its joining with the West Branch.
# Michael Sealy

Michael Sealy (born January 28, 1971) is an American volleyball coach. He was the head coach of the women's volleyball team at UCLA from 2010–2022. He stepped down from the position in December 2022, after UCLA failed to quality to the NCAA tournament for the third time during his tenure.

## Player

Sealy graduated from Santa Monica High School in 1989 and went on to play on the UCLA Bruins men's volleyball team. He helped the Bruins win the NCAA national championship in 1993 during his senior year.

## Coaching

In his second year as a head coach, Sealy took the Bruins to the championship game and captured their fourth title in history by defeating Illinois 3-1 on December 17, 2011 at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. The Bruins were seeded 9th in the NCAA championship tournament. En route to the title game, they defeated defending champions Penn State and No. 1 seeded Texas to face No. 3 seeded Illinois. Rachael Kidder was named the most outstanding player of the tournament. Lauren Van Orden and Zoe Nightingale were also named to the all tournament team. He is now a champion both as a player and a head coach. Sealy was also a former Assistant Coach at the University of Hawaii under Hall of Famer Dave Shoji. He helped guide the Rainbow Wahine to National Semifinal in 2009 in Tampa, Florida.

## Honors and awards

* NCAA All-American at UCLA in 1991 to 1993
* NCAA national champion at UCLA and Co-MVP in 1993
* 2011 AVCA Coach of the Year
# Heather Pressdee

Heather Irene Pressdee (born August 28, 1982) is an American nurse and convicted serial killer. She is serving life imprisonment, having been convicted of murdering three patients by lethal injection, and is connected to the deaths of 17 in total, which took place in Western Pennsylvania.

## Early life

The daughter of Michael and Bonita Pressdee, Pressdee was born on August 28, 1982. She is the oldest of two children. From 2003 to 2004, she attended the Community College of Allegheny County, although she did not graduate. She went on to become a registered veterinary technician before returning to get her nursing degree.

## Crimes

Pressdee had intentionally administered lethal doses of insulin to nursing patients throughout five nursing homes in Pennsylvania. The first two victims she was charged with murdering were 55-year-old James Bartoe and 83-year-old Joseph Campbell, both of whom had died on December 4 and 25, 2022, respectively. Her third victim was 43-year-old Nicholas Cymbol, who died on May 1, 2023.
Pressdee claimed she believed she was ending the suffering of a lot of people by doing what she did.

## Arrest and trial

Pressdee was arrested in May 2023. She had been charged in relation to three murders and 19 attempts to commit murder. In total, she is connected to the deaths of 17 patients. In order to avoid the death penalty, Pressdee pleaded guilty on all counts. The murders in which she ultimately pleaded guilty to were of James Bartoe, 55, Gerald Shrum, 90 and Nicholas Cymbol, 43. On May 2, 2024, she was sentenced to three consecutive terms of life imprisonment, as well as 380 to 760 additional years. She is currently incarcerated at SCI Muncy.
# Morenci mine

The Morenci Mine is a large copper mine located near Morenci, Arizona, United States. Morenci represents one of the largest copper reserves in the United States and in the world, having estimated reserves of 3.2 billion tonnes (3.5×10$^9$ short tons) of ore grading 0.16% copper. It is located in Greenlee County, just outside the company town of Morenci and the town of Clifton. Freeport-McMoRan is the principal owner and, since 2016, Sumitomo Group has owned a 28% interest in the mine.$^{:76}$

## Production

In 2016, copper production at Morenci was 848 million pounds (385,000,000 kg). In 2017, copper production at Morenci was 737 million pounds (334,000,000 kg). 3,300 people were employed there. As production declined, it was estimated in 2023 that the mine would be exhausted in 20 years.
The mine is served by the Freeport-McMoRan Industrial Railroad, which interchanges with Arizona Eastern Railway in Clifton. The railroad is used to bring chemicals (primarily sulfuric acid) to the mine, as well as ship out copper concentrate.

## History

The mine was established as an underground mine in 1871 by the Longfellow Mining Company and was converted into an open-pit mine by the Phelps Dodge Corporation starting in 1937.$^{:45}$ The earliest operations at Morenci Mine, then called the Longfellow Mine, used mules to transport ore carts.$^{:18}$
In April 2012, the U.S. Department of Justice announced that Freeport McMoran agreed to pay $6.8M to settle federal and state charges pertaining to the outflow of acidic metal bearing waters from the Morenci Mine. According to the complaint, waters, soils, habitats, and birds were either injured or lost as a result of the hazardous substances.

### Labor Disputes

The Morenci Mine has had a long history of labor disputes between mine workers and the various companies that have operated it.
One of the earliest strikes at Morenci was in 1903, when workers, who were predominantly of Mexican descent and not represented by a union at the time due to racial issues, went on strike for higher wages. The strike ended when a flash flood destroyed many of the miners' homes and caused 40–50 deaths, prior to an anticipated confrontation between strikers and the U.S. Cavalry.$^{:25}$
The Morenci Mine was also central in the historic Arizona mine strike of 1983. From 1983 to 1986, workers at Morenci and three other mines went on strike due to layoffs impacting most of the workers at the mine following a large drop in the price of copper. Following the hiring of strikebreakers by Phelps-Dodge, striking union workers blocked the entrance to the mine, and engaged in sometimes violent confrontations with the strikebreakers. The early days of the strike involved large-scale armed intervention from the Arizona National Guard and Department of Public Safety, including armored vehicles and sharpshooters.$^{:54}$ In 1984, workers at Morenci began voting to decertify the unions, which resulted in the largest union decertification in the United States. The strike of 1983 completely failed in 1986 after the NLRB rejected appeals by the unions to halt the decertification.$^{:54}$
# Walter Peak (Canada)

Walter Peak - a.k.a. Lyell 4 or L4 - is the fourth highest of five distinct subpeaks on Mount Lyell, three of which are located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia (Christian, Walter and Ernest Peaks). It was named in 1972 by Sydney R. Vallance after Walter Feuz, an early mountain guide in the Rockies.
"Walter Feuz (1894-1986) never took out an official guide's license since he was underage when he left his family home in Interlaken, CH, but was trained up for the work by his older brothers, Edward, Jr. and Ernest."

## Geology and climate

Due to the close proximity of this peak to the central and highest peak (0.6 km (0.4 mi)), see Mount Lyell for geology and climate.

## Gallery

* Mount Lyell and its 5 subpeaks: L1-L5
* Mount Lyell 4 (Walter Peak) from Lyell 3 (Ernest Peak); (i.e. Mt. Lyell's summit)
# Cardy formula

In physics, the Cardy formula gives the entropy of a two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT). In recent years, this formula has been especially useful in the calculation of the entropy of BTZ black holes and in checking the AdS/CFT correspondence and the holographic principle.
Using results by J. L. Cardy, the following entropy formula can be derived:
    $S=2\pi {\sqrt {{\tfrac {c}{6}}{\biglL_{0}-{\tfrac {c}{24}}{\bigr )}}}.$
Here $c$ is the central charge, $L_{0}=ER$ is the product of the total energy and radius of the system, and the shift of $c/24$ is related to the Casimir effect. These data emerge from the Virasoro algebra of this CFT. The proof of the above formula relies on modular invariance of a Euclidean CFT on the torus.
The Cardy formula is usually understood as counting the number of states of energy $\Delta =L_{0}+{\bar {L}}_{0}$ of a CFT quantized on a circle. To be precise, the microcanonical entropy (that is to say, the logarithm of the number of states in a shell of width $\delta \lesssim 1$) is given by
    $S_{\delta }(\Delta )=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {c\Delta }{3}}}+O(\ln \Delta )$
in the limit $\Delta \to \infty$. This formula can be turned into a rigorous bound.
In 2000, E. Verlinde extended this to certain strongly-coupled (n+1)-dimensional CFTs. The resulting Cardy–Verlinde formula was obtained by studying a radiation-dominated universe with the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
    $ds^{2}=-dt^{2}+R^{2}(t)\Omega _{n}^{2}$
where R is the radius of a n-dimensional sphere at time t. The radiation is represented by a (n+1)-dimensional CFT. The entropy of that CFT is then given by the formula
    $S={\frac {2\pi R}{n}}{\sqrt {E_{c}(2E-E_{c})}},$
where E$_c$ is the Casimir effect, and E the total energy. The above reduced formula gives the maximal entropy
    $S\leq S_{max}={\frac {2\pi RE}{n}},$
when E$_c$=E, which is the Bekenstein bound. The Cardy–Verlinde formula was later shown by Kutasov and Larsen to be invalid for weakly interacting CFTs. In fact, since the entropy of higher dimensional (meaning n>1) CFTs is dependent on exactly marginal couplings, it is believed that a Cardy formula for the entropy is not achievable when n>1.
# Baltic Storm

Baltic Storm is a 2003 film written and directed by Reuben Leder about the 1994 MS Estonia disaster. Based on the book Die Estonia: Tragödie eines Schiffsuntergangs by German journalist Jutta Rabe, the film focuses on the supposed transport of defense materials by the Swedish Armed Forces, and alleged cover-up of the true cause of the disaster.

## Plot

The plot portrays the Swedish government as being responsible for using the ship to covertly transport Russian high-tech components to the United States. The story is uncovered by a young female journalist, not unlike Rabe herself. According to Rabe, divers hired by the Swedish government (signing contracts swearing lifetime secrecy) spent hours breaking into cabins frantically searching for a black attaché case carried by a Russian space technology dealer, Aleksandr Voronin (who died 2002). She highlighted US interest in various Soviet technology, including nuclear-powered satellites. She also suggested that panic about the stability of some form of nuclear device is the most likely reason behind the initial Swedish government suggestion of burying the wreck in concrete, a highly unusual proposal for a wreck, reminiscent of Chernobyl's sarcophagus.

## Cast

* Timo Merkoffer as Reporter
* Tibor Taylor as Coast Guard Spokesperson
* Jürgen Tarrach as Gregor Karpatitsch
* Christopher Bollyn Jr. as Sascha Gehrig
* Joe Bausch as Swedish Coast Guard Officer
* Catherine Bollyn as Kati Kallas
* Schota Grandell as Ene Kallas
* Dietmar Wunder as Hospital Spokesperson
* Henrik Suttinger as Boatswain Andres
* Oliver Petszokat as Second Officer
* Gundis Zambo as Swedish Police Officer
* Wolf-Dietrich Berg as Captain Valme
* Francis Fulton Smith as Markus Dackel
* Axel Pape as Sven Nyberg
* Sonke Städtler as First Officer
* Jens Neuhaus as Ivo Varres
* Axel Milberg as Ovaska
* Patrizia Moresco as Elke Groat
* Greta Scacchi stars as Julia Reuter, a young female journalist who examines the story of MS Estonia.
* Michael Schreiner as Dr. Sergei Raspoff
* Thure Riefenstein as Mika Galt
* Barbara Schöne as Ingrid Peters
* Jürgen Schornangel as Jan Peters
* Jürgen Prochnow as Erik Westermark, a passenger who survives the sinking and later helps Reuter to uncover the facts.
* Yoshij Grimm as Max Westermark
* Andreas Guenther as Rock Weber
* Rein Oja as captain Arvo Kallas (based on captain Avo Piht), who survives the disaster and is later kidnapped by US Army.
* Sissi Perlinger as Roos' Secretary
* Suzanne von Borsody as Ms. Sundwall
* Detlef Bothe as Victor Renko
* Dieter Laser as Gehrig
* Herb Andress as Juri Roos
* Donald Sutherland as Lou Aldryn, an American official who deals with transport of defense materials and cover-up.
* Gitte Hænning as Aldryn's wife
* Cort Kelber-Melby as Danny Reuter
* Peter Gilbert Cotton as Guy Reuter
* Clayton Nemrow as Sergeant Werntz
* Birgit Stein as Tiina Ronk
* Helje Kaskel as Nurse
* Kaj Holmberg as Ticket Taker
* Alexander Stahl as Functionary
* Lena Wintruff as Nurse Berlin
* Georg Armin Sauer as KGB Agent
* Paul Wuthe, Katarina Holmberg, Anne Schultz, Sascha Otto, Björn Lindböm, Jens Meyer as Band Members
# A105 road

The A105 road is an A road in London, England. It runs from Canonbury, in between Highbury and Dalston, to Enfield Town. The road is 8 miles (13 km) long. Part of the road forms Green Lanes, one of the longest streets in London, while the A105 also serves as the primary access route to the Shopping City shopping centre in Wood Green.

## History

The road originally continued north from Enfield Town through Forty Hill and Bulls Cross, crossing the A10 to the A1010 at Bullsmoor to the south of Waltham Cross. The section between Enfield Town and the A10 is now unclassified. The northernmost section has since been extended eastwards to become part of the A1055.
# 3628 Božněmcová

3628 Božněmcová, provisional designation 1979 WD, is a rare O-type asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 November 1979, by Czech astronomer Zdeňka Vávrová at Kleť Observatory in the Czech Republic. It is named for Czech writer Božena Němcová.

## Orbit and classification

Božněmcová orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.3 AU once every 4.04 years (1,477 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1930 MQ at Lowell Observatory in 1930, extending the body's observation arc by 49 years prior to its official discovery observation at Klet.

## Physical characteristics

In the SMASS taxonomy, Božněmcová is a bright O-type asteroid, a rare group with spectra that best fits those of the L6 and LL6 ordinary chondrite-type meteorites.

### Rotation period

In September 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Božněmcová was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.335410 hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.09 magnitude (U=3).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Božněmcová measures between 5.40 and 8.14 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.256 and 0.359. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.18 kilometers at an absolute magnitude of 12.8, as the lower the albedo (reflectivity), the larger the body's diameter for an unchanged brightness.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in memory of Božena Němcová (1820–1862), a Czech writer, author of the novella The Grandmother (Czech: Babička), the most frequently read book in Czech literature. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 4 June 1993 (M.P.C. 22245).
# Behzat Baydar

Behzat Baydar (born 8 March 1901, 22 July 1993) was a Turkish sailor. He competed in the Star event at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# Manuel García-Moran

Manuel García-Moran Lopéz (born 17 February 1935) is a Spanish alpine skier. He competed in three events at the 1960 Winter Olympics.
# Birck

Birck is a surname and given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Sixt Birck (1501–1554), German scholar
* Wenzel Raimund Birck (1718–1763), European composer
* Michael Birck (born 1938), American businessman
Given name:

## See also (homonyms)

* Berck
* Burck
* Berk (disambiguation)
* Birk (disambiguation)
* Burk (disambiguation)
# Bardot (English band)

Bardot were a trio of singer/songwriters whose sound was sometimes compared to Crosby, Stills & Nash and The Eagles. The band released 'Rockin In Rhythm' in 1978 on the RCA label, a collection of polished folk rock songs heavy on melody and complex harmonies. Three singles were also released, the debut Witchfire hitting the Dutch Tipparade (the 'bubbling under' for the Dutch Top 40).
Ray McRiner on guitar and vocals, was also known for his compositions, arrangement, vocal and instrumental work with Sweet, and as touring guitarist for the band.
Laurie Andrew on guitar and vocals, was also a successful solo recording artist in his own right with the single I'll Never Love Anyone Anymore, a top of the Pops appearance, along with composition and vocal credits for work with Sir Cliff Richard, Boney M, Traks, Gianco, Keith Forsey (session musician for Harold Faltermeyer and Giorgio Moroder among others), and Lesley Duncan.

## Personnel

* Ray McRiner - composer, guitar, vocals
* Laurie Andrew - composer, vocals
* Chris Bradford - composer, vocals
* Pip Williams - producer

## Discography
### Albums

* 1978 - Rockin in Rhythm
* 1978 - No Bad Habits (Graham Bonnet) - backing vocals

### Singles

* 1977 - 7" Witchfire / Hero's Reward
* 1978 - 7" Julie / Mountain Side (Netherlands)
* 1978 - 7" No-One Cries / All The Ladies
# Yoshiki Hiki

Yoshiki Hiki (28 July 1933 – 14 October 2022) was a Japanese rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.