OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Santa Cruz massacre (El Salvador)

The Santa Cruz massacre was an eight-day massacre in November 1981 that killed dozens of civilians at Victoria, in the Cabañas department of El Salvador. It took place during the Salvadoran Civil War.
During the massacre, the armed forced of El Salvador killed civilians as they deployed scorched earth tactics during an anti-guerilla military action.

## Background

People living in the Victoria municipality of the Cabañas Department of El Salvador lived under government oppression during the 1970s, prompting the formation of community associations. The associations became the target of abuse and murder by the El Salvadoran military. The repression accelerated support for the Fuerzas Armadas de la Resistencia Nacional and the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación guerrilla groups.

## March 1981

To combat the guerrilla movements, the government armed forces deployed scorched earth tactics, starting on March 15, 1981, allegedly killing civilians, destruction of housing, animals and crops. To escape the violence, communities hid in the forest or in caves, and some attempted to flee to Honduras by crossing the Lempa River. Many were shot by both Salvadoran and Honduran forces from aircraft as the swam across the river. The United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador attributed between 20 and 30 deaths to the river crossing, attributing some deaths to gunfire and some to drowning. A further 189 people disappeared.

## Massacre

On October 15, 1981, the Puente de Oro bridge over the Lempa River was destroyed with explosives by guerrillas and the military received intelligence that they planned to destroy a dam on the river. Responding to the intelligence, the armed forces launched attacks on six villages in the Victoria municipality: San Jerónimo, San Felipe, La Pinte, Peña Blanca, Santa Marta, Celaque y Jocotillo. 1,200 soldiers, led by Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez (1943–2023), according to witness Philippe Bourgois. The attacks began on November 11 and included gun and mortar fire combined with bombings, killing an unknown number of civilians, at least dozens, possibly one hundred.

## Aftermath

In March 2015, online magazine El Faro published findings from an investigation into the massacre. El Faro published their evidence of Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez's leadership of the massacre. Ochoa Pérez has not been found guilty of any crime and was permitted by the magazine to publish a reply to the report. His reply, according to an opinion piece by Joel Simon Executive Director of the Columbia Journalism Review "did not substantively challenge the facts".
On October 2, 2015, the University of Washington's Center for Human Rights launched litigation against the Central Intelligence Agency, accusing the agency of withholding information about the massacre. The centre had previously submitted a request for information, citing the United States Freedom of Information Act. A few days after the litigation filing, the offices of the centre were robbed and hard drives containing testimonies about the massacre were stolen.
# Hideo Murai

Hideo Murai (村井 秀夫 Murai Hideo, December 5, 1958 – April 23, 1995) was a member of the Aum Shinrikyo cult and one of the perpetrators responsible for the Sakamoto family murder. He also helped plan the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Murai held a doctorate in astrophysics. He was reportedly the number three person in the Aum leadership, after Shoko Asahara and Kiyohide Hayakawa. He headed Aum Shinrikyo's Ministry of Science and Technology.

## Death

Murai was mortally wounded when an ethnic Korean man named Hiroyuki Jo (徐裕行 Jo Hiroyuki), a member of the Yamaguchi-gumi (the largest organized crime yakuza group in Japan), stabbed Murai repeatedly, in the presence of 10 police officers and about a hundred reporters recording the events and broadcasting them live.
His attacker did not attempt to flee and was peacefully arrested on the spot. Murai died in an ambulance. Charges that Kenji Kamimine (上峯 憲司), a former leader of Hane-gumi, ordered Jo to kill Murai were dismissed by the Tokyo High Court. Jo had claimed Kenji had ordered him to kill any Aum Shinrikyo leaders that he could. It is believed that this was done out of fear of the yakuza's connections to the cult being made public.
Jo was sentenced to 12 years in prison for the murder.
# Aliona Moon

Aliona Munteanu (born 25 May 1989), better known as Aliona Moon, is a Moldovan singer. In 2012, she was a backing vocalist for Pasha Parfeny who represented Moldova at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012. Aliona was selected to represent her country in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö with the song "O Mie" composed by Pasha Parfeny. Aliona finished in fourth place in the first semi-final and 11th place in the Eurovision 2013 final. In 2014, she competed on The Voice of Romania where she finished in fourth place in the final.

## Biography

Ethnic Moldavian songs and lullabies sung by her mother developed Aliona's interest for music. Since her childhood Aliona was a member of several artistic collectives, where she performed both music and dances. Later she was involved in the talent show Fabrica de Staruri 2 (Star Academy) where she gained the third place and the title of the public's favourite.
With two of her ex-colleagues from Star Factory, Aliona formed the pop band Thumbs Up. The band existed for two years until the break-up in 2011. After that, Aliona took some trophies at international musical festivals as a solo artist, most notably at the Martisor Dorohoian and Dan Spătaru festivals, which were held in Romania.
In 2012 she participated on Eurovision in Baku, as a back-vocalist for Pasha Parfeny's song, which reached 11th place. Pasha returned to Eurovision in 2013, this time as a composer and record producer, and also backed Aliona on the piano, as he did at the national selection final. Despite being performed in English as "A Million" in the preselection, the Romanian version of the song, "O mie" (A thousand) was performed in the contest.
Aliona was originally selected to take part in Etapa națională 2024, the Moldovan national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2024, with the song "Obosit", written and performed with Milla Danilceac. However, the two withdrew shortly after the list of participants was released.
# Hippolais veterior

Hippolais veterior is an extinct species of Hippolais that inhabited Hungary during the Neogene period.

## Etymology

The specific epithet "veterior" is derived from the Latin word for "old".
# Radolin, Greater Poland Voivodeship

Radolin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzcianka, within Czarnków-Trzcianka County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Trzcianka, 12 km (7 mi) north of Czarnków, and 72 km (45 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.
# South Staffordshire coalfield

The South Staffordshire coalfield is one of several coalfields in the English Midlands. It stretches for 25 miles / 40 km from the Lickey Hills in the south to Rugeley in the north. The coalfield is around 10 miles (16 km) wide; its eastern and western margins are fault-bounded.

## Coal measures

Numerous coal seams are recognised within the coalfield - the following coal seams are recognised within the Cannock section of the coalfield - an area sometimes separately referred to as the Cannock coalfield or Cannock Chase coalfield:
* Middle Coal Measures
** Top Robins
** Bottom Robins
** Charles
** Brooch
** Benches
** Eight Feet
** Park
** Upper/Top Heathen
** Lower/Bottom Heathen
* Lower Coal Measures
** Yard
** Bass
** Cinder
** Shallow
** Deep
** Mealy Greys
Within the southern part of the coalfield, fewer seams are recognised due to the 'Benches', 'Eight Feet' and 'Park' seams combining as the 'Thick' whilst the two 'Heathen' seams combine, the 'Yard' and 'Bass' seams combine as the 'New Mine' and the 'Cinder', 'Shallow' and 'Deep' combine as the 'Bottom';
* Middle Coal Measures
** Brooch
** Thick
** Heathen
* Lower Coal Measures
** New Mine
** Bottom
** ?Mealy Greys

## Iron ore

In addition to coal the South Staffordshire coalfield has been mined for its iron ore. In 1855, William Truran in The Iron Manufacture of Great Britain reported South Staffordshire to have sixty-five sites, a total of 169 furnaces and an annual production of around 950,000 tons of crude iron; the third largest producing area in Great Britain after South Wales and Scotland.
# Battle of Zintan

The Battle of Zintan (Arabic: معركة زنتان), was a significant conflict that took place during the 2011 Libyan Civil War. Zintan, a town in northwestern Libya, was a stronghold of anti-Gaddafi forces. The battle primarily involved rebel fighters from Zintan and government loyalist forces. The rebels managed to capture the town and defend it against repeated attacks by Gaddafi's forces. The battle highlighted the determination of the rebels to resist Gaddafi's rule. Ultimately, the rebels were successful in maintaining control of Zintan, which played a role in the broader effort to overthrow Gaddafi's regime.

## Background

The Libyan Civil War began in February 2011 as part of the broader wave of protests against autocratic governments in the region. In Libya, these protests quickly escalated into a violent conflict between the regime of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and various opposition groups, including rebels, defected military personnel, and civilians who sought to overthrow his regime.
Zintan, a town located in the western part of Libya, became a focal point in the conflict due to its strategic location and its residents' opposition to Gaddafi's rule. The towns population was known for its resistance to the Gaddafi regime, and as the civil war unfolded, Zintan became an important hub for anti-government forces.

## Battle

The Battle of Zintan specifically refers to the clashes that occurred between pro Gaddafi forces and anti-government rebels in and around the town of Zintan. Pro-Gaddafi forces, including loyalist military units and mercenaries, attempted to regain control of the town and suppress the rebellion. However, the rebels, with the support of some defecting military personnel and international assistance, managed to hold their ground and defend Zintan against the pro-Gaddafi forces.
The battle was characterized by intense fighting, including urban combat and skirmishes in the surrounding areas. The anti-Gaddafi forces in Zintan were often outgunned and outnumbered, but their determination and local knowledge of the terrain allowed them to mount a successful defense.

## Outcome

The Battle of Zintan in the Libyan Civil War of 2011 was a pivotal victory for anti-Gaddafi forces, where they successfully defended the town against pro-Gaddafi troops. This triumph boosted rebel morale, demonstrated the potential to overcome odds, and drew international attention to the conflict. Zintan's strategic location near the Nafusa Mountains was crucial, and the battle highlighted the broader struggle against Gaddafi's rule. Despite its significance, the battle didn't end the conflict; Libya continued to face political challenges and violence after Gaddafi's fall. Zintan remains a symbol of resistance and resilience, embodying the determination of the Libyan people.
# Radyczyny-Kolonia

Radyczyny-Kolonia is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Przykona, within Turek County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.
# József Galamb

József Galamb (English: Joseph A. Galamb; 3 February 1881 – 4 December 1955) was a Hungarian mechanical engineer, most known as main-engineer for designing the Ford Model T.
Born in the town of Makó in 1881, Galamb finished his education at the Budapest Industrial Technology Engineering Course (the predecessor of the present-day Óbuda University Bánki Donát Politechnical College) in 1899. After receiving his diploma in mechanical engineering he worked at the Steel Engineering Factory in Diósgyőr as a draftsman. He next served one year in military service. He worked at the Hungarian Automobile Co., where he won a postgraduate scholarship to Germany. After the navy he went to see the world – Vienna, Dresden, Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen. In 1903, he worked in many German cities as a skilled worker, he got the best education at Adler in Frankfurt. He was hired to assemble automotive engines in a process in which each engine was built completely by one man. When he learned of the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, he used his savings to travel to America by ship in October 1903. After two months in New York, he found employment as a toolmaker at the Westinghouse Corporation in Pittsburgh. Although he planned to go back to Germany in 1904, instead he joined the Stearns Automobile Company in Cleveland as a carburetor maker.
Galamb applied for work at the Silent Northern plant, the reorganized Ford-Cadillac plant and the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant. All three offered him work within three hours. He joined the Ford Motor Company (twenty-four years old at that time) as a designer in December 1905. The Ford Motor Company had 300 employees at the time assembling the Ford Model A from purchased parts. Subsequent to redesigning the cooling system for the Model N, he became the chief designer of the company, and devised many of the parts of the famous Model T. From 1915, he worked on the Fordson tractor design. In 1921, he founded a scholarship for the poor students of his native town who wished to take up higher education at trade school. During World War I he was busy designing military hardware, e. g. anti-submarine detection systems. He visited Hungary many times, lecturing at the Association of Hungarian Engineers and Architects. During World War II on Ford's suggestion, he designed a small six-cylinder car, which was completed in 1942. On doctor's orders, he retired from active work in 1944.
His influence played a role in the Ford V8 and Eifel being assembled in Hungary from 1935. He died in 1955 in Detroit.
# Furtoug

Furtoug (Russian: Фуртоуг, Ingush: Фуртовг, romanized: Furtovg) is a rural locality (aul) in Dzheyrakhsky District of the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia. Furtoug is one of the 6 rural localities comprising Dzheyrakh rural settlement. Furtoug was a birthplace of two influential figures in Ingush history - one of the first Ingush scholars Chakh Akhriev and famous revolutionary Gapur Akhriev.

## History

Archaeological evidence suggests that the area has been inhabited since the 9th century, with a variety of Bronze Age artifacts, such as bracelets, mirrors, earrings, rings, and ceramics, having been discovered in the local necropolises.
In the 18th century, Furtoug was home to several famous builders of towers, cult, and burial structures, including Dugo Akhriev, Dyatsi Lyanov, and Khazbi Tsurov. The mausoleum of Dugo Akhriev is still standing today.
In the latter half of the 18th century, members of the Tsurov and Lyanov clans of Ossetians settled in Furtoug and assimilated with the local population. In 1880, Russian scientist D. I. Mendeleev visited the area as part of a geological expedition.
On May 15, 1981, a memorial museum was opened in the home of Gapur Akhriev in Furtoug. The museum showcases a variety of artifacts and cultural items, including antiquities, a traditional hearth, kitchen utensils, old photographs, and documents. The region is also home to several clans of Ingush taipas, including the Akhrievs and the Borovs.

## Geography

Furtoug is situated in the Dzheirakh Gorge, at the top of a spur of the Table Mountain, on the right bank of the Armkhi (Kistinka) River. The region is known for its landmarks, including the Furtougsky waterfall, which was named after D. I. Mendeleev.
The village is surrounded by a range of mountain landscapes, with the Dikduk and Myatlom mountains located to the north and northeast, and the Beryr-gala and Duhargisht mountains to the east. The southeast is dominated by the Dzheyrakh mountain range, while the Ezmi and Pkhamat mountains are located to the south.
In the west, the entrance arch to the Dzheyrakh region can be found, beyond which lies the Georgian military road and the village of Chmi.

## Infrastructure

The village has one street - Bodi-Khadzhi street. In 1981 а memorial museum dedicated to Gapur Akhriev has been opened in his home. The museum displays old way of life, documents and photographs associated with its famous owner.

## Gallery

* Furtoug in early XX century.
* Wedding in Furtoug. Early 1900's.
* Akhrievs from Fortoug. 1920s.
* Furtoug waterfall

## Notable people

* Chakh Akhriev – the first Ingush ethnographer, historian and lawyer.
* Gapur Akhirev – one of the leaders of revolutionary struggle for power in the North Caucasus.
* Rashid-bek Akhriev – the first North Caucasian pilot
* Khadzhi-Bekir Akhriev – sculptor, the first professional painter in Ingushetia
# Graham Brown

Graham Brown may refer to:
* Graham Brown (actor) (1924–2011), American actor
* Graham Brown (Australian cricketer) (born 1944)
* Graham Brown (English cricketer) (born 1966))
* Graham Brown (footballer, born 1944), English footballer
* Graham Brown (footballer, born 1950), English footballer
* Graham Brown (writer), American author of thrillers, particularly as co-author with Clive Cussler
* W. Graham Browne (1870–1937), Irish actor
* T. Graham Brown (Anthony Graham Brown), American country music singer
# Palestinian Family Planning and Protection Association

The Palestinian Family Planning and Protection Association is a Palestinian sexual and reproductive health NGO, founded in Jerusalem in 1964. The PFPPA is affiliated with the International Planned Parenthood Federation. In 2014 it provided services to more than 70,000 women. In 2019 it had eight clinics in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It also provides services through telemedicine.
Abortion is largely illegal in Palestine. The PFPPA does not provide abortion care at its clinics, but does provide referrals to doctors who are willing to do so. The PFPPA supports "the right of women to choose the number and time of safe pregnancies as well as a safe abortion for medical reasons." The group describes itself as taking a harm reduction approach to abortion care.
The PFPPA's clinic in Gaza was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike in October 2023. Thabat Salim, a doctor employed by the group, was killed in another airstrike (in the Nuseirat refugee camp) in January 2025.
# Bluenose Classic

The Bluenose Squash Classic was an annual squash tournament that took place in Halifax, Canada.
The event was part of the PSA World Tour. It was established in 2006, and was last held in 2015.

## Past Results

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score in final |
| 2015 | Ryan Cuskelly | Karim Abdel Gawad | 16-14, 11-8, 11-6 |
| 2014 | Peter Barker | Miguel Ángel Rodríguez | 11-6, 11-7, 11-8 |
| 2013 | Miguel Ángel Rodríguez | Daryl Selby | 4-11, 11-2, 11-2, 11-6 |
| 2012 | Thierry Lincou | Daryl Selby | 9-11, 11-8, 9-11, 11-5, 11-4 |
| 2011 | Mohd Azlan Iskandar | Hisham Mohd Ashour | 11-8, 8-11, 11-9, 11-7 |
| 2010 | Thierry Lincou | Daryl Selby | 11-2, 10-12, 11-8, 12-10 |
| 2009 | David Palmer | Peter Barker | 11-5, 11-5, 11-7 |
| 2008 | Laurens Jan Anjema | Borja Golán | 8-11, 12-10, 11-5, 4-11, 13-11 |
| 2007 | Shahier Razik | Borja Golán | 5-11, 11-9, 8-11, 11-5, 11-6 |
| 2006 | Shawn Delierre | Bernardo Samper | 12-10, 13-11, 3-11, 15-13 |
# Narthacium

38°56′55″N 22°30′23″E﻿ / ﻿38.94874°N 22.50641°E﻿ / 38.94874; 22.50641 Narthacium or Narthakion (Ancient Greek: Ναρθάκιον) was a city of Phthiotis in ancient Thessaly, in the neighbourhood of which Agesilaus, on his return from Asia in 394 BCE, gained a victory over the Thessalian cavalry. The Thessalians, after their defeat, took refuge on Mount Narthacium, between which and a place named Pras, Agesilaus set up a trophy. On the following day he crossed the mountains of the Achaean Phthiotis. Narthacium is mentioned by Ptolemy.
An inscription referring to Narthacium has been preserved, documented as IG (9) 2.89, dated to the year 140 BCE regarding a senatus consultum on a territorial dispute between Narthacium and Melitaea.
The site of Narthacium is at a place called Limogardi (Λιμογάρδι), in the municipality of Lamia.
# Svirkos Eldership

The Svirkos Eldership (Lithuanian: Svirkų seniūnija) is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Švenčionys District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 707.
# Bonini's paradox

Bonini's paradox, named after Stanford business professor Charles Bonini, explains the difficulty in constructing models or simulations that fully capture the workings of complex systems (such as the human brain).

## Statements

In modern discourse, the paradox was articulated by John M. Dutton and William H. Starbuck: "As a model of a complex system becomes more complete, it becomes less understandable. Alternatively, as a model grows more realistic, it also becomes just as difficult to understand as the real-world processes it represents."
This paradox may be used by researchers to explain why complete models of the human brain and thinking processes have not been created and will undoubtedly remain difficult for years to come.
This same paradox was observed earlier from a quote by philosopher-poet Paul Valéry (1871–1945): "Ce qui est simple est toujours faux. Ce qui ne l’est pas est inutilisable". ("If it's simple, it's always false. If it's not, it's unusable.")
Also, the same topic has been discussed by Richard Levins in his classic essay "The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology", in stating that complex models have 'too many parameters to measure, leading to analytically insoluble equations that would exceed the capacity of our computers, but the results would have no meaning for us even if they could be solved.

## Related issues

Bonini's paradox can be seen as a case of the map–territory relation: simpler maps are less accurate though more useful representations of the territory. An extreme form is given in the fictional stories Sylvie and Bruno Concluded and "On Exactitude in Science", which imagine a map of a scale of 1:1 (the same size as the territory), which is precise but unusable, illustrating one extreme of Bonini's paradox.
Isaac Asimov's fictional science of "Psychohistory" in his Foundation series also faces with this dilemma; Asimov even had one of his psychohistorians discuss the paradox.
# Chả rươi

Chả rươi (sand worm omelette) is a Vietnamese dish made from the polychaete worm Tylorrhynchus heterochetus; it is a delicacy of some provinces in Northern Vietnam. The dish is prepared from live sand worms, which are put in hot water to remove their tentacles, and then mixed with raw egg. Onions and various spices are added, and the mixture is then fried until it obtains a crispy brown surface.
Because sandworms can only be found in autumn, the dish is not available year-round; as such, is considered a specialty during the autumn. Some vendors use frozen sandworms to be able to serve the dish year-round, but the taste of the fresh sandworms is considered superior. The sand worms are caught from mangroves in Hai Phong.
# Karel Kuthan

Karel Kuthan (24 September 1900 – 22 December 1962) was a Czech architect. His work was part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Cascina (disambiguation)

Cascina is a comune in the Province of Pisa, Italy.
Cascina may also refer to:
* Cascina a corte, a type of rural building traditional of the Po Valley, Italy
* A.S.D. Cascina, an Italian association football club located in Cascina, Italy