OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Moldavian–Polish War (1502–1510)

The Moldavian–Polish War of 1502–1510 was a conflict between the Kingdom of Poland and Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire supporting it. The war ended with a Polish victory under the Treaty of Kamieniec Podolski on January 22, 1510, in which Bogdan III the One-Eyed relinquished his claim to Pokuttia and his marriage plans to Elizabeth Jagiellon, and returned the marriage contract.

## War

The war was started by Stephen the Great in September 1502, who took advantage of internal unrest in the Kingdom of Poland, the Tatar invasion and the siege of Smolensk by Muscovite's army, to seize Polish Pokuttia once again, in which he was aided by the Orthodox population and part of the Ruthenian nobility. In 1504, after the hospodar's death, his son Bogdan III the One-Eyed ascended the Moldavian throne. He proposed to marry Elisabeth, the sister of King Alexander Jagiellon, and deceived by false promises from the Polish envoy, Grand Marshal of the Crown Stanislaw Chodecki, withdrew from Pokuttia in September 1505. A year later, having learned of the death of the Polish king and his disagreement with the marriage, Bogdan again occupied Pokuttia and invaded Podolia. This time, Mikolaj Kamieniecki, at the head of 3,000 soldiers, entered Pokuttia, drove out the enemy armies and invaded Moldavia, and after defeating a few thousand Moldavians, returned to Poland. Another Moldavian invasion took place in June 1509 on Red Ruthenia and Podolia, and on the way back Moldavians occupied Pokuttia again. The Poles, having gathered 20,000 troops (Levée en masse, defense troops, enlisted troops) under the command of Hetman Kamieniecki, recaptured Pokuttia and entered Moldavia with the intention of seizing its capital Suceava. After a three-week unsuccessful siege, they began a retreat, bypassing Bukovina from the east. While crossing the Dniester near Khotyn, the Moldavians led by Copaciu decided to engage in a battle.

## Battle of Khotyn (1509)

When part of the Levée en masse crossed the river, enlisted troops began to prepare for the crossing. At this point, the Moldavian army attacked with the support of Ottoman troops. The attack was conducted from the northwest, from the side of the Khotyn Fortress, down a steep slope. Despite this, the attacked Poles did not succumb to panic and quickly set up for battle. During the battle, the Polish mounted cavalry disengaged imperceptibly, went around the hill from which the Moldavians were attacking from the west and hit them from behind. This caused a retreat of their troops, turned into a flight. During the chase, many of the hospodar's dignitaries were taken prisoner. Fifty of them were beheaded.

## Aftermath

On January 22, 1510, a peace treaty was signed in Kamieniec Podolski, in which Bogdan definitively relinquished his claim to Pokuttia and his marriage plans with Elizabeth Jagiellon, and returned the marriage contract.
# Branch River (Wisconsin)

The Branch River is a 36.9-mile-long (59.4 km) river in eastern Wisconsin in the United States. It is a tributary of the Manitowoc River, which flows to Lake Michigan.
The Branch River rises in Brown County about 10 miles (16 km) south of Green Bay, and flows generally southeastwardly into Manitowoc County. It joins the Manitowoc River about 6 miles (10 km) west of the city of Manitowoc.
According to the Geographic Names Information System, the river has also been known as the "Center River" and as the "Centre River". The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on "Branch River" as the stream's official name in 1912.
# Breakneck Creek

Breakneck Creek is a tributary of Connoquenessing Creek that flows in a northwardly direction in Western Pennsylvania. It forms in the village of Bakerstown in Allegheny County then flows northwest through the borough of Valencia in Butler County.
From there, it continues northwest through the boroughs of Mars, Callery, and Evans City. Breakneck flows a few more miles until it reaches the village of Eidenau where it flows into Connoquenessing Creek.

## History

The only known train station to span a waterway was located in Evans City. The Evans City Station was constructed on a platform above Breakneck in downtown. This structure was included in the Ripley's Believe It or Not! archive. The building is no longer standing.
# Marvin Pfründer

Marvin Pfründer (born 28 January 1994) is a Swiss footballer who most recently played for FC Köniz.

## Career

Pfründer returned to FC Köniz in the summer 2018 for the second time. He left the club at the end of the season again.

## Honours
### FC Vaduz

* Liechtenstein Football Cup: 2016-17
# Browns River (New Hampshire)

The Browns River is a 2.9-mile-long (4.7 km) river, primarily tidal, in southeastern New Hampshire in the United States. It is part of the largest salt marsh in New Hampshire, covering over 3,800 acres (15 km$^2$).
The river rises in the town of Seabrook just east of U.S. Route 1 and quickly enters the salt marsh and tidewater. For most of its length, the river forms the boundary between Seabrook and Hampton Falls. The river runs along the north side of Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, then ends in Hampton Harbor, where it joins the Hampton River.
# Albert Osborn

Albert Osborn may refer to:
* Albert L. Osborn (1858–1940), member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
* Albert S. Osborn (1858–1946), considered the father of the science of questioned document examination in North America
# Duke George

Duke George may refer to:
* Grand Duke George of Russia (disambiguation), multiple people
* George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence (1449–1478), brother of Edward IV and Richard III
* George, Duke of Saxony (1471–1539)
* Duke George of Oldenburg (1471–1539)
* George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford (1477–1479), son of Edward IV
* George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628), English noble
* George FitzRoy, Duke of Northumberland (1665–1716), illegitimate son of Charles II
* Duke George Augustus of Mecklenburg (1748–1785)
* Georg Alexander, Duke of Mecklenburg (1899–1963)
* Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1826–1914)
# Sebastián Villa (footballer)

Sebastián Villa Cano (born 19 May 1996) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Independiente Rivadavia.

## Club career

Villa had previously played for Deportes Tolima, with whom he won the 2018 Categoría Primera A (Torneo Apertura), before joining Boca Juniors in the summer of the same year.
Villa made his debut in the Argentine Primera División on 12 August 2018 against Talleres de Córdoba. He scored his first goal for Boca in only his fourth appearance, a 3–0 home victory against Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield on 3 September 2018. On 7 March 2021, Villa scored a brace in a 7–1 victory over Vélez Sarsfield.
Shortly after Boca's elimination from the Copa Libertadores round of 16 in July 2021, Villa tried to force an exit from the club, stopped showing up to training in late July, and left to Colombia that month. Boca received offers from Benfica and Club Brugge in the summer, all of which were rejected. Eventually Villa was convinced by Juan Román Riquelme to stay at the club, and he returned to Buenos Aires in late August. Villa resumed training the following week and publicly apologized. He also received a sanction of fifteen days away from the field without pay, due to end at the beginning of October. However, Villa did not play again until 29 October, but playing with the reserve team, where he scored a goal.
In June 2023, shortly after Villa was handed a suspended sentence, he flew to Colombia, but Boca insisted that he still trained despite he was not able to play any matches.
In November 2023, Villa was announced as a new signing for Bulgarian top division side Beroe Stara Zagora.

## International career

Villa was called up to the Colombia national football team on 29 August 2018. He made his debut against Venezuela on 8 September 2018.

## Legal issues

At the end of April 2020, a complaint was filed by the player's girlfriend, Daniela Cortés, who accused him of physical and psychological abuse, which she verified through photos. In June 2023 Villa was found guilty of aggravated assault and coercive behaviour. Villa was given a suspended sentence of two years, and Boca announced that he would no longer be part of the club's activities.

## Honours

Deportes Tolima
* Copa Colombia: 2014
* Primera A: 2018 Apertura
Boca Juniors
* Primera División: 2019–20, 2022
* Copa Argentina: 2019–20
* Copa de la Liga Profesional: 2020, 2022
* Supercopa Argentina: 2018, 2022
# Osama Abdel Khalek

Osama Mahmoud Abdel Khalek Mahmoud (born 27 January 1966) is an Egyptian diplomat and the current Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations since 2021. He also served as Permanent Representative to the African Union in 2018 and the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) in 2021.

## Biography

Mahmoud was born on 27 January 1966. He obtained a bachelor's degree in engineering from Cairo University in 1988.
In July 2016, he assumed the role of deputy minister for Foreign Affairs, focusing on African affairs until October 2018. Prior to this appointment, he served as the deputy permanent representative to the United Nations in New York from July 2011 to July 2016. He began his career in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs as a counselor in the Nazif Cabinet, 2009.
Mahmoud served as the Deputy Permanent Representative to the African Union in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 2005 to 2009. Prior to that, he was the third secretary at the Permanent Mission to the League of Arab States from 1998 to 2000.
# Queen Mary's Peak

Queen Mary's Peak is the summit of the island of Tristan da Cunha, in the South Atlantic Ocean. It has an elevation of 2,062 metres (6,765 ft) above sea level. It is named after Mary of Teck, the Queen consort of King George V. It is the highest point of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, and the highest point of any British territory with a permanent population. Queen Mary's Peak is ranked 17th by topographic isolation.

## Outline

The mountain is the peak of the massive shield volcano which forms the island. A 300 m (1,000 ft) wide summit crater caps the peak, and it contains a heart-shaped crater lake. This lake is normally frozen during the winter, and the upper slopes of the volcano are covered in snow.
The first observed eruption began on 10 October 1961 from a vent on the north shore of the island and continued into March 1962. The entire population of the island (264) had to be evacuated and did not return until 1963. There was an eruption during the early 18th century on the main peak on Tristan da Cunha when the island was not inhabited; islanders were unaware about previous volcanic activity before the 1961 eruption, as they could not find any evidence of previous eruptions. There was also a 2004 eruption which happened underwater, as there was an earthquake on Tristan da Cunha, as well as pumice that was picked up by fishermen, suggesting that the volcano is still active.
Queen Mary's Peak was used by sailors on the route from Europe to the Indian Ocean and beyond as a navigational aid. In the 17th century, the East India Company instructed captains to sail via Tristan. In 2004, Ellen MacArthur sighted the Peak on her record-breaking circumnavigation of the world.

## Climbing the peak

The first known attempt to climb the peak was in 1793 by the French naturalist Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars, but this was without success. However, from this expedition, hundreds of plants were collected and catalogued. In January 1817, the first successful climb was made to the peak. Queen Mary's Peak is a steep climb and can take 5 to 10 hours, depending on the capability of the walker. The walk and climb is allowed only when accompanied by a local guide.
Queen Mary's Peak is the brand name for Tristan da Cunha island knitwear, which is exported to New Zealand.
# Daxue Mountain

Daxue Mountain (大雪山, Daxue Shan) is a high mountain in Yongde County, Yunnan, China. It is located west of China National Highway 323, about 50 km to the northwest of Lincang.
With a height of 3,510 m and a prominence of 2,051 m, the Daxue Shan is the most prominent peak of the Indo-Malayan System in Southeast Asia.
This mountain should not be confused with another mountain by the same name in Qinghai.
# Pidurutalagala

Pidurutalagala (Sinhala: පිදුරුතලාගල, pronounced, Straw Plateau Rock), or previously Mount Pedro in English, is the highest mountain in Sri Lanka, at 2,524 m (8,281 ft). It is situated North-North-East from the town of Nuwara Eliya and is easily visible from most areas of the Central Province. Its summit is home to the central communications array of the Government of Sri Lanka and armed forces and serves as an important point in the country's radar system. The peak is currently designated as an "ultra-high security zone", and protected by a large military base; the peak is strictly off-limits to the general public.
On 1 March 2010, a small wildfire broke out over the mountain's forest cover. The fire destroyed 1.2 hectares (3 acres) of forest, before being doused by the Sri Lanka Air Force and nearly 300 local residents.
# Pica d'Estats

Pica d'Estats (or The States Peak) (Catalan: Pica d'Estats, French: Pique d'Estats) is a 3,143-metre-high (10,312 ft) mountain in the Montcalm Massif, Pyrenees. on the Spanish–French border, and is the highest mountain in Catalonia.
This mountain is included in the Parc Natural de l'Alt Pirineu.

## Summits

The summit is located between the Catalan municipality of Alins in Pallars Sobirà and the French district of Ariège. It comprises three peaks, all lying close to each other:
* Central peak (3,143 m)
* Western peak, or Pic de Verdaguer, (3,131 m)
* Eastern peak, or Punta Gabarró, (3,115 m)
This eastern peak is the geodesic vertex. The ridge runs north-northwest to southeast along the Spanish–French border.
# Mount Nuang

Mount Nuang (Malay: Gunung Nuang) is located in Malaysia with the height of 1,493 metres (4,898 ft). Its peak borders Pahang and Selangor state and is close to the Pahang-Selangor-Negeri Sembilan border tripoint. The mountain itself is the third highest point in Selangor after Mts. Semangkok and Ulu Kali, and is part of the Titiwangsa Mountains.
There are three hiking routes to the peak and all of them were built by Malaysian Department of Wildlife and National Parks. Two of them start in Selangor; one at Kuala Pangsoon in Hulu Langat and another at Kampung Kemensah in Gombak. The third path originates from Bukit Tinggi in Bentong, Pahang. Genting Highlands is visible at night from the peak. On the Kuala Pangsoon rout, the climb involves a two-hour hike on a very steep road, then an optional stop at "Camp Lolo", and after that there is a six-hour push to the peak, and a four-hour trek to the ground.

## Gallery

* Border stone in Mount Nuang hiking track. Marks the boundary between Selangor and Pahang.
* View just before reaching Mount Nuang's peak.
# Mount Poroshiri

Mount Poroshiri (幌尻岳, Poroshiri-dake) or sometimes Mount Horoshiri is located in the Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaidō, Japan. Its name was derived from a phonetic kanji transcription of the Ainu words for "great mountain", poro-shiri. It is the highest mountain in the Hidaka range, and is one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan.

## Climbing route
### Nukabira course

The Nukabira course (額平コ－ス) course is a two-day course.
On the first day, drive 35 km from Furenai (振内) to the Rindō Gate (林道ゲート). From the gate it is a 5 km (2 hours) hike to the Shusui Dam (取水ダーム) on the Nukabira River (額平川). From the dam it is another 4 km (3 hours) to the Poroshiri Mountain Cottage (幌尻山荘, poroshiri-dake san-sou). The cottage is maintained by the Biratori Alpine Club and sits 950 m above sea level.
For the second day, the route climbs 1.5 km (2 hours) from the mountain cottage to　the Spring of Life (命の泉, inochi no izumi). The route continues another 2.5 km (2 hours) along the field of alpine flowers past the North Cirque (北カール, kita kāru) to the summit. The route then turns north and runs 3 km (2 hours) along the Seven Pond Cirque (七つ沼カール, nanatsu-numa-kāru) to the summit of Mount Tottabetsu (1959m). From there it is a 1 km (30 minute) walk to Mount Naka Tottabetsu. The route then descends 3 km (2 hours) to the Mount Poroshiri Mountain Cottage.

### Niikappu River course

The Niikappu River course starts at Okuniikappu Hatsudensho gate (奥新冠発電所ゲート). From there the trail proceeds to Okuniikappu Dam (奥新冠ダーム), which forms Lake Poroshiri. From the dam the trail goes to a survey cabin along the Poroshiri River and then onto the mountain ridge before ascending to the summit.
# Mount Tukosmera

Mount Tukosmera is the tallest mountain on Tanna, Vanuatu. It is located in the southern part of the island. It was a volcano in the Pleistocene, but is no longer active, unlike Mount Yasur. The mountain has special religious significance for the adherents of the John Frum movement, as a place from which gods come.

## Important Bird Area

A 6,000-hectare (15,000-acre) tract of the upper slopes of the mountain has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it contains a breeding site for a population of collared petrels.
# Mount Haddington

Mount Haddington is a massive 1,630 m (5,350 ft) high shield volcano comprising much of James Ross Island in Graham Land, Antarctica. It is 60 km (37 mi) wide and has had numerous subglacial eruptions throughout its history, forming many tuyas. Some of its single eruptions were bigger in volume than a whole normal-sized volcano. Old eruption shorelines are widespread on the volcano's deeply eroded flanks.
Haddington formed along the Larsen Rift dominantly during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs but more recent eruptions have produced tuff cones on its slopes. The youngest tuff cones and pyroclastic cones on the eastern slope are situated below the summit icecap and may have formed in the last few thousand years. Effusive eruptions have created large deltas composed of hyaloclastite breccia and lava flows.
Mount Haddington was discovered on December 31, 1842 by the Ross expedition, a voyage of scientific exploration of the Antarctic from 1839 to 1843 led by James Clark Ross. Ross named the mountain after the Earl of Haddington, then First Lord of the Admiralty.
# Mount Nasu

Mount Nasu (那須岳, Nasu-dake) is a group of complex volcanoes located in the northeast part of Nikkō National Park, Japan. The tallest peak is Sanbonyari Peak at a height of 1,916.9 m (6,289 ft). Mount Nasu is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains.

## Major peaks

Mount Nasu has the following major peaks:
* Sanbonyari Peak – 1916.9 m
* Chausu Peak – 1915 m
* Asahi Peak – 1896 m
* Minamigatsusan – 1776 m
* Kuro-oya Peak – 1589 m
These peaks are known collectively as Nasu Five Peaks (那須5岳, Nasu-Go-Take).

## Climate

Climate data for Mount Nasu (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1976−present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) | 16.8 (62.2) | 21.1 (70.0) | 26.8 (80.2) | 29.6 (85.3) | 30.3 (86.5) | 31.8 (89.2) | 32.2 (90.0) | 29.5 (85.1) | 24.6 (76.3) | 20.0 (68.0) | 17.4 (63.3) | 32.2 (90.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) | 2.7 (36.9) | 6.8 (44.2) | 13.0 (55.4) | 18.2 (64.8) | 20.7 (69.3) | 24.3 (75.7) | 25.4 (77.7) | 21.4 (70.5) | 16.1 (61.0) | 10.9 (51.6) | 5.1 (41.2) | 13.9 (57.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.7 (28.9) | −1.3 (29.7) | 2.0 (35.6) | 7.8 (46.0) | 13.0 (55.4) | 16.4 (61.5) | 20.2 (68.4) | 21.0 (69.8) | 17.3 (63.1) | 11.8 (53.2) | 6.4 (43.5) | 1.1 (34.0) | 9.5 (49.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.3 (22.5) | −5.3 (22.5) | −2.4 (27.7) | 2.6 (36.7) | 7.7 (45.9) | 12.3 (54.1) | 16.7 (62.1) | 17.5 (63.5) | 13.8 (56.8) | 7.7 (45.9) | 2.0 (35.6) | −2.6 (27.3) | 5.4 (41.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.7 (10.9) | −12.1 (10.2) | −10.4 (13.3) | −6.0 (21.2) | −2.3 (27.9) | 3.6 (38.5) | 8.7 (47.7) | 8.9 (48.0) | 3.2 (37.8) | −1.2 (29.8) | −6.1 (21.0) | −10.2 (13.6) | −12.1 (10.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 52.6 (2.07) | 42.8 (1.69) | 101.6 (4.00) | 139.6 (5.50) | 180.8 (7.12) | 220.5 (8.68) | 305.7 (12.04) | 303.9 (11.96) | 305.3 (12.02) | 212.6 (8.37) | 89.2 (3.51) | 60.1 (2.37) | 2,014.7 (79.33) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 103 (41) | 79 (31) | 45 (18) | 7 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.6) | 55 (22) | 293 (116.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.1 | 8.3 | 10.4 | 11.3 | 12.1 | 15.9 | 18.3 | 17.0 | 14.8 | 11.5 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 146.1 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 1 cm) | 11.5 | 8.8 | 5.5 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 5.9 | 32.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 131.0 | 129.0 | 156.4 | 170.4 | 169.1 | 108.8 | 98.7 | 115.3 | 98.9 | 115.1 | 130.1 | 132.6 | 1,555.2 |
| Source 1: JMA ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: JMA ||||||||||||||

## Eruption

It is estimated that Mount Nasu started erupting 600 thousand years ago. The eruption started from the north end of the mountain range, at Kashi-Asahi Peak. Only Chausu Peak is active today.

## Access

* Nasu Sancho Station of Nasu Ropeway
* Sandogoya Onsen Bus Stop of Kanto Transportation

## Gallery

* Chausu lava dome and Asahi Peak
* Chausu lava dome and fumes
* Asahi Peak
* West view from Sanbonyari Peak
* Sanbonyari Peak and snow in summer
* At the Sanbonyari Peak
* Topographic map
* To Asahi Peak
# Mount Jerai

Mount Jerai (Malay: Gunung Jerai), formerly Kedah Peak, is a mountain in Kedah, Malaysia with the height of 3,993 feet (1,217 m). Within Kedah itself, the mountain stands at the border of Kuala Muda and Yan districts.
Mount Jerai is known as the Hausberg of the town of Sungai Petani, the district capital of Kuala Muda.

## Geology

Mount Jerai is a 1,217- metre tall inselberg located near the coast of the Strait of Malacca, and is part of an eponymous geological formation that correlates with the Matchinchang Formation in the island of Langkawi. The Jerai Formation is originally a sedimentary formation composed of fully metamorphosed sandstone and shale, and it consists of argillite, arenite and porphyry facies.

### Insular origins

There is an information board on top of the mountain stating that it used to be an island called Pulai Serai before the sea levels receded letting it form a mountain. This is probably supported by I Ching's record of Pu Lou Shi (Pulau Sri), a country located west of Sribogha.

## Tourism

The summit of Jerai has been developed into a hill resort, and from there tourists can get to enjoy a wide angle view of the surrounding areas, including Penang Island and the rice fields of Yan District.

## Gallery

* Mount Jerai towers over a paddy field.
* East face of Jerai, viewed from Gurun.
* Mount Jerai, seen from Guar Chempedak.
* The mountain as seen from George Town, Penang, 42 km (25 mi) southwest.
* Aerial view of Jerai and Tanjung Dawai, seen from a commercial flight.
# Fuss Peak

Fuss Peak (Russian: Вулкан Фусса; Japanese: 後鏃岳; Shiriyajiri-dake) is an active stratovolcano located on the southwest coast of Paramushir Island, Kuril Islands, Russia.

## History

The volcano was discovered in 1805 during the first Russian circumnavigation of the Earth and named in honor of a Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fuss, who served as the permanent secretary to the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Only one unambiguous eruption, in 1854, is known. Fuss Peak is still active.
# Doi Luang (Phi Pan Nam Range)

Doi Luang (Thai: ดอยหลวง) is a 1,694 m high mountain in Thailand, part of the Phi Pan Nam Range.
The mountain rises at the western end of Ban Tun Subdistrict, Mueang Phayao District, Phayao Province, near the point where the limit of this province meets with Lampang Province. With a height of 1,694 metres it is the highest point of the Phi Pan Nam Range. There are a number of lesser mountains with the name "Doi Luang" throughout the same range.
Its summit is in Doi Luang National Park, less than seven km to the north of Route 120 between Wang Nuea and the AH2 Highway.