OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pomponio Algerio

Pomponio Algerio (1531 – 19 August 1556) was an Italian student who was executed for his Anabaptist beliefs.

## Biography

Algerio was born in Nola, and was a civil law student at the University of Padua, where his Anabaptist theological beliefs attracted the attention of the Roman Inquisition. At his trial, he wore his academic hat and gown to remind the tribunal that, as a student, he had the right to freely express his ideas. From the transcript of Pomponio Algerio at his trial:
    "I say that the Church deviates from the truth in so far as it says that a man could do anything in any way good on his own, since nothing praiseworthy can proceed from our corrupt infected nature except to the extent that the lord God gives us his grace... the Roman Catholic Church is a particular Church and no Christian should restrict himself to any particular Church. This Church deviates in many things from truth."
After refusing to conform to Church doctrine, he was sentenced to prison and commanded to reconsider his Lutheran beliefs. After a year behind bars, he still refused to reconsider. Because Venetian authorities would not consent to an execution, Pope Paul IV sent officials to extradite Pomponio to Rome. In Rome, on 21 August 1555, a monk from the brotherhood of St John the Beheaded visited Pomponio in his cell urging him to repent. If he repented, he would be strangled before burning. The 24-year-old student refused.
One year later, on 19 August 1556, he was executed by civil authorities in the Piazza Navona, Rome. Maintaining his composure while he was boiled in oil, he stayed alive for 15 minutes before dying.

## Awards and honours

On 28 February 2008, the University of Padua organized the first conference in memory of the execution of Pomponio Algerio, and affixed a commemorative plaque in the atrium of its "Cortile Nuovo" ("New Courtyard") in memory of the sacrifice made by its student in the name of religious freedom.
# Wiscoy Creek

Wiscoy Creek is a stream, approximately 15 miles (24 km) long, in western New York in the United States. It is a tributary of the Genesee River. The creek was known to Native Americans as O-wa-is-ki, meaning "under the banks".

## Course

The Wiscoy rises in the Town of Eagle in Wyoming County. In the hamlet of Bliss the creek is joined by its North Branch, which flows south from its source in the Town of Wethersfield. From there, the creek flows southeast through the village of Pike, and is joined by East Koy Creek shortly before joining the Genesee River in the town of Hume in northern Allegany County.

## Trout fishing

Nursed by cold springs, the water temperature in this stream rarely exceeds 70 °F (21 °C), enabling the Wiscoy to provide good trout fishing all season long. The stream is managed almost exclusively as a wild trout fishery; the only stretch that is stocked is a one-mile (1.6 km) section in Allegany County.
A 2006 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation survey estimated 1,600 adult wild brown trout per stream mile in the Wyoming County section of Wiscoy Creek. The stream typically does not produce large trout due to the high number of fish overall, however a 19-inch (48 cm) fish was reported during the survey. Angler access to the stream is facilitated by 12.5 miles (20.1 km) of public fishing easements, 12 angler footpaths and three angler parking areas. Other areas are open by landowner permission.
# Witcher Creek

Witcher Creek is a tributary of the Kanawha River, 6.8 miles (10.9 km) long, in West Virginia in the United States. Via the Kanawha and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 20.8 square miles (54 km$^2$) on the unglaciated portion of the Allegheny Plateau.
Witcher Creek flows for its entire length in eastern Kanawha County. It rises approximately 1.7 miles (2.7 km) west-northwest of Mammoth and flows southwestward through the unincorporated community of Witcher. It flows into the Kanawha River approximately 0.7 miles (1.1 km) southwest of Witcher, between the town of Belle and the unincorporated community of Diamond. The creek is paralleled by a county road for much of its course.
According to the Geographic Names Information System, Witcher Creek has also been known historically by the variant name “Witchers Creek.”
# Benoît Rayski

Benoît Rayski (19 February 1938 – 20 March 2024) was a French journalist and essayist.

## Biography

Born in Paris on 19 February 1938, Benoît Rayski was the son of Adam Rayski, leader of the Jewish section of the FTP-MOI, a clandestine movement of the French Communist Party within the French Resistance. Benoît published approximately a dozen essays on the history of communism in the Resistance, notably L'Enfant juif et l’enfant ukrainien : réflexions sur une imposture and Le cadavre était trop grand. L'Affiche rouge, the latter of which discussed the Affiche Rouge and those who were sentenced to death for their participation.
In his earlier career, Rayski worked for France-Soir, L'Événement du jeudi, Le Matin de Paris, and Globe Hebdo. However, he later began writing for right-wing sources, such as Boulevard Voltaire [fr] and Riposte laïque [fr], as well as others such as Atlantico and Causeur.
In October 2015, Rayski published an article in Atlantico discussing the reissue of Mein Kampf, which he claimed was a "bestseller in the Arab-Muslim world". The following month, Acrimed [fr] included him in an article dedicated to "hawkish editorialists", mentioning his claims to be a "left-wing Islamophobe" and a "right-wing Islamophobe". In 2016, he published a racially-charged article in Atlantico attacking Sihame Assbague [fr], with a portion of his article stating: "I don't want to be mixed with thousands of Sihame Assbagues who spit on me. Me being happy in my garden. Lounging in my hammock. Me smoking cigar. Me reading Tintin in the Congo. Me dreaming of being in a palanquin carried by black people." In 2017, he commented on the erotic essays and novels of Marlene Schiappa, whom he called the "queen of sluts", provoking reactions from internet users. Two days later, Atlantico issued an apology letter from Rayski to Schiappa. The website's publishing director, Jean-Sébastien Ferjou [fr], declared the comments "unjustifiable and inappropriate".
Benoît Rayski died on 20 March 2024, at the age of 86.

## Publications

* L'Enfant juif et l’enfant ukrainien (2001)
* Un livre rouge (2002)
* Ces étoiles qui brûlent en moi (2003)
* Jours tranquilles à Créteil : Voyage au bout d'une haine ordinaire (2004)
* Là où vont les cigognes : récit (2007)
* Le cadavre était trop grand : Guy Môquet piétiné par le conformisme de gauche (2008)
* L’Affiche rouge – 21 février 1944 (2009)
* L’homme que vous aimez haïr (2010)
* J'ai pour la France une étrange passion : Itinéraire amoureux (2012)
* L'antisémitisme peut-il être de gauche (2013)
* Le Gauchisme, maladie sénile du communisme (2013)
* Stèle pour le sous-lieutenant Grunberg : Lycéen et résistant guillotiné par Pétain (2014)
* Comment je suis devenu un sale Français : bref itinéraire d'un Juif polonais né en France (2015)
* Fils d'Adam, Nostalgies communistes (2017)
* Les bâtards de Sartre (2018)
* Les effacés de la terre : quelques jours dans la vie de Julie (2019)
# Wolf Creek (Texas and Oklahoma)

Wolf Creek is a tributary of the North Canadian River in Texas and Oklahoma in the United States. It begins in Ochiltree County, Texas, and flows generally westward and northwestward through Lipscomb and Ellis counties into Woodward County, Oklahoma, where it joins the Beaver River to form the North Canadian River. The creek drains an area of 1,922.6 square miles (4,980 km$^2$).
The creek is dammed in Woodward County to form Fort Supply Lake.
# Worthington Creek

Worthington Creek is a tributary of the Little Kanawha River, 15.4 miles (24.8 km) long, in western West Virginia in the United States. Via the Little Kanawha and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 35 square miles (91 km$^2$) in the city of Parkersburg and its vicinity.
Worthington Creek flows for its entire length in northern Wood County. It rises approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Waverly and flows generally southwestward to Parkersburg, where it flows into the Little Kanawha River from the north, approximately 1.9 miles (3.1 km) upstream of the Little Kanawha River's mouth.
According to the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, approximately 68% of the Worthington Creek watershed is forested, mostly deciduous. Approximately 23% is used for pasture and agriculture, and approximately 9% is developed.
According to the Geographic Names Information System, Worthington Creek has also been known by the name "Worthingtons Creek."
# Wynants Kill

The Wynants Kill is a 15.8-mile-long (25.4 km) stream which has its source at Glass Lake near Averill Park, New York, and terminates at the Hudson River at Troy, New York.
The stream is named after Wijnant Gerritsen van der Poel (1617–1699), a Dutch cabinet maker from Meppel who owned a sawmill on it in the 1650s, while kill is from an archaic Dutch word for "stream".

## Tributaries

* Horse Heaven Brook
* Glass Lake
** Crooked Lake
* Crystal Lake
* Burden Lake
# Baker Abdel Munem

Baker Abdel Munem (Arabic: بكر عبد المنعم; 1942 – 9 April 2023) was the Palestinian National Authority's official ambassador to Canada.
Baker Abdel Munem was born in 1942 in Ramla, Palestine. Only six years later, when the 1948 mass deportation of Palestinians occurred simultaneously with the implementation of the Balfour Declaration, he and his family took refuge in Amman, Jordan. He attended Cairo University in 1966, graduating with a BSc in mechanical engineering and served as head of the main electric power station in Jordan for seven years. He returned to Cairo University to continue his studies and obtained his MSc in mechanical engineering in 1975. Abdel Munem served as the vice-president of the International Union of Students from 1978 to 1983 when he obtained his PhD in mechanical engineering from Czechoslovakia. In 1979, he became a member of the Palestine National Council (PNC), and an elected member the Fatah-Revolutionary Council in 1989. In 1985, he earned a PhD in economics from Germany and a PhD in political science from the United States in 1988.
Abdel Munem's first diplomatic post was the Palestine Liberation Organization's ambassador to Japan from 1983 to 1995. On 23 July 1995, he was assigned by the PLO to head the newly established Palestine General Delegation to Canada.
Abdel Munem was married to Ghada Abu Laban, has two daughters, Madiha and Kenana and one son, Abdel Munem. He died on 9 April 2023, at the age of 80.
# Caulanthus barnebyi

Caulanthus barnebyi, the Black Rock wild cabbage, is a plant species endemic to a small region in the US State of Nevada. It is known only from the Black Rock Mountains in Humboldt and Pershing Counties in the northwestern part of the state. It grows on dry, rocky slopes and outcrops at elevations of 4,300–4,900 feet (1,300–1,500 m).
Caulanthus barnebyi is a glabrous, perennial herb up to 43 inches (110 cm) tall. It has basal leaves up to 6.3 inches (16 cm) long, plus smaller leaves higher up the stem. Flowers are in a dense raceme, with purple sepals and white petals.
# Kane Brewing

Kane Brewing is a craft brewery in Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey. It was started in 2011. It is New Jersey's third-largest craft brewery, after Flying Fish Brewery and River Horse Brewery.

## History

Kane Brewing was founded by Michael Kane. He started homebrewing at age 22 in order to recreate a German/Belgian style beer he tasted while on a trip in College. After he won gold and silver medals at the 2009 National Homebrew Competition, he took his hobby more seriously and researched opening a brewery. He took a job at a Wall Street mergers and acquisitions firm, but after four years, he quit to open his own brewery in 2011 in a former casket shop. The following year, New Jersey beer laws were harmonized with those of surrounding states, allowing production limits to increase and giving Kane an opportunity to grow quickly into one of New jersey's biggest breweries.
# Young Creek

Young Creek is an east tributary of Nizina River in the U.S. state of Alaska. The stream, which serves as the main drainage on the north side of MacColl Ridge, flows through the Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve.

## Geography

The stream is about 25 miles (40 km) long and heads in the mountain mass dominated by Pyramid Peak, from which Chititu Creek, Dan Creek, and Canyon Creek receive much of their waters. The water of Young Creek is derived in part from melting snow and glacier ice, and during the warm summer days is discolored with glacial silt. Young Creek occupies a typical glacial valley of broad U-shaped cross section. The upper part of the stream, formed by the union of two short forks, each a little more than 4 miles (6.4 km) long, flows over a flood plain between low brush-covered gravel benches. Below the big bend, where the stream turns to the west at a right angle to its upper course, Young Creek has intrenched itself in the valley floor and has cut a rather wide canyon that grows deeper and deeper downstream until, 4 miles (6.4 km) below Calamity Gulch, it attains a depth of about 500 feet (150 m). From this point westward, the canyon becomes broader and shallower till the creek reaches the bars of Nizina River.
The Nizina gold field includes the drainage basins of three southeast tributaries of the upper Nizina River—Young Creek, Chititu Creek, and Dan Creek. Young Creek is the largest of the three streams, and its crescent-shaped basin surrounds that of Chititu Creek on the east, south, and west. Calamity Gulch and Gold Run are among the tributaries of Young Creek most frequently mentioned. These flow south from the ridge whose north slope is drained by branches of White Gulch, one of the forks of Chititu Creek.

## Geology

The dominant bedrock of the Young Creek valley is black shale, which is cut by many dikes and sills of light-colored granitic rock and is capped in the high mountains on both sides of the valley by conglomerate and sandstone. There are also a few beds of limestone and many limestone concretions. Except for a small area of sandstone near the big bend the numerous bedrock exposures along the creek are shale or the intruded dikes. The gravel deposits of Young Creek are of three classes—highbench gravels, which lie well above the stream levels and form in part the canyon wall; low-bench gravels, which adjoin the creek channel within the canyon; and flood-plain gravels, over which the stream flows in times of high water. In addition to these deposits, which were transported and deposited chiefly by running water, or by water and ice, there is a thin veneer of morainal debris that is found throughout the valley, and even on the mountain tops. This deposit is made up of material that is in large part foreign to Young Creek and that has been transported a long distance, much of it from the upper Chitina Valley.
# Youngs Creek (Johnson County, Indiana)

Youngs Creek is a stream in Johnson County, Indiana, in the United States.
It was named for Joseph Young, who owned land in the area in the 1820s.
# 1978 National Society of Film Critics Awards

13th NSFC Awards
January 4, 1979
Best Film:
Get Out Your Handkerchiefs
The 13th National Society of Film Critics Awards, given on 4 January 1979, honored the best filmmaking of 1978.

## Winners
### Best Picture

1. Get Out Your Handkerchiefs (Préparez vos mouchoirs) 2. The Deer Hunter 2. An Unmarried Woman 4. Days of Heaven

### Best Director

1. Terrence Malick – Days of Heaven 2. Bertrand Blier – Get Out Your Handkerchiefs (Préparez vos mouchoirs) 3. Michael Cimino – The Deer Hunter

### Best Actor

1. Gary Busey – The Buddy Holly Story 2. Jon Voight – Coming Home 3. Nick Nolte – Who'll Stop the Rain 4. Michael Caine – California Suite 5. Robert De Niro – The Deer Hunter

### Best Actress

1. Ingrid Bergman – Autumn Sonata (Höstsonaten) 2. Jane Fonda – Coming Home, Comes a Horseman and California Suite 3. Jill Clayburgh – An Unmarried Woman 4. Maggie Smith – California Suite

### Best Supporting Actor

1. Richard Farnsworth – Comes a Horseman 1. Robert Morley – Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? 3. Christopher Walken – The Deer Hunter 4. Barry Bostwick – Movie Movie

### Best Supporting Actress

1. Meryl Streep – The Deer Hunter 2. Maureen Stapleton – Interiors 3. Maggie Smith – California Suite

### Best Screenplay

1. Paul Mazursky – An Unmarried Woman 2. Bertrand Blier – Get Out Your Handkerchiefs (Préparez vos mouchoirs) 3. Larry Gelbart and Sheldon Keller – Movie Movie 4. W.D. Richter – Invasion of the Body Snatchers 5. Woody Allen – Interiors

### Best Cinematography

* Néstor Almendros – Days of Heaven

### Special Citation

* The Battle of Chile (La batalla de Chile)
# Tractorcade

Tractorcade was a 1978 and 1979 protest in Washington, D.C. by the American Agriculture Movement.

## Events

In January 1979, nearly 3,000 farmers drove their tractors to Washington, D.C., many of them from thousands of miles away. The Jimmy Carter administration agreed that the Farmers Home Administration would stop all foreclosures. Soon after the rally was over, the Home Administration resumed foreclosures of farms with past due loans.
On February 5, 1979, farmers arrived in Washington, D.C.; 17 tractors had been impounded. Police confined the tractors to the National Mall.
They blocked traffic, creating significant tie-ups. A blizzard hit while they were in town, and then the tractors became useful as they were the only vehicles that could reliably travel through the snow, often delivering doctors and nurses to hospitals.
A group of Maryland farmers attempted to repair the damage to the Mall, by sowing grass seed.
Concern that traffic would be hopelessly tangled led DC area commuters to head to transit in record numbers. An estimated 277,000 trips were taken on February 5, breaking the single-day record set in early January and topping 250,000 trips for the first time ever. The record would last until the summer when the oil crisis caused an uptick in metro use.
# Said Hammami

Said Hammami (Arabic: سعيد حمّامي; 1941 – 4 January 1978) was a Palestinian politician, diplomat and journalist, and the London representative of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1972 until his assassination in 1978.
Born in Jaffa in 1941, Said Hammami fled the British Mandate of Palestine with his family upon the breakout of hostilities which preceded the creation of the State of Israel in 1948.
After a brief stop at a refugee camp in Egypt, his family moved to Lebanon and then settled in Jordan, where his father re-established himself as a fruit and vegetable trader. After attending high school in Jordan, Said Hamami moved to Syria for university education. It was in Damascus that his interest in politics took shape, as he joined the Arab Ba'th Party while still at college studying English Literature. After his graduation from university, he worked as a journalist in Damascus and then traveled to Saudi Arabia where he found a job as a school teacher. His stay there was not to last long, as his devotion to the Palestinian cause took him back to Syria, where he soon quit the Ba'th Party to join the Palestine Liberation Organization, soon after its establishment in May 1964. He quickly climbed the ranks of the organization and become a member of the Palestinian National Council at the young age of 30.
Hammami was appointed by Yasser Arafat to be the first diplomatic delegate of the PLO to the UK in 1973, heading their Office in London. There, he began to promote co-existence between the Palestinians and Israelis, calling for a two-state solution to the Question of Palestine. In 1974 and 1975, Said Hammami, in interviews to journalists and newspaper opinion pieces, articulated what has sometimes been considered the first indication of PLO acceptance of a two-state solution. A 1974 interview with Joseph Finklestone in The Jewish Chronicle was controversial among Israelis, because much of the Israeli populace of that period (including Golda Meir), held that "Palestinians" were not "a distinct entity" with a legitimate identity.
In London, he also established contacts with British politicians and journalists, as well as building relations with Israeli peace activists, most notably Uri Avnery, who wrote a book about him after his assassination, which he entitled My Friend the Enemy.

## Assassination

Hammami was assassinated in his office in London on 4 January 1978, where he was serving as the representative of the PLO to the United Kingdom. The perpetrator was allegedly Abu Nidal's breakaway faction of the PLO. Hamami's funeral service was held in Beirut with the attendances of the PLO leaders on 8 January.
# Edgar Felix Bikeway

The Edgar Felix Bikeway is a 5.4 miles (8.7 km) rail trail in New Jersey between Manasquan and Allaire State Park. The trail was constructed on a former roadbed of the Farmingdale and Squan Village Railroad and the Freehold and Jamesburg Agricultural Railroad.
The original trail opened in 1971, and has been expanded several times. The Edgar Felix was the first cycling trail created in the state of New Jersey.

## Trail heads

* Allaire State Park - The western trail head contains the restored Allaire bog iron village and the Pine Creek Railroad. The Allaire mountain biking trails can be accessed from the Edgar Felix Bikeway where it crosses Hospital Road a mile from the park.
* Route 18 Bikeway Spur - The northern trail head, completed in 2005, extends 1.75 miles (2.82 km) to the Wall Township municipal recreational complex along the abandoned Route 18 right-of-way. Unlike the original section, the Route 18 spur was not built on a former rail bed but rather an undeveloped limited access highway right-of-way; as result, the trail is subject to rapid changes in its grade and pathway. The Route 18 spur has electronic crosswalk warning signals at most road crossings; these crossing lights augment the standard Zebra crossing and signage found on typical trail crossings. Unlike a HAWK beacon, these lights are only amber caution flashers that do not require a motorist to stop.
* Manasquan (North Main Street) - eastern trail head

## History

The Freehold & Jamesburg Agricultural Railroad operated under the auspices of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), which abandoned the Manasquan-Farmingdale segment in 1966. Cycling enthusiast and retired radio researcher Edgar Felix lobbied the borough of Manasquan to obtain the abandoned roadbed that same year. The following year the path was extended through the Allenwood section of Wall Township, terminating at Hospital Road in Wall Township. In 2005, the trail was extended west from Hospital Road across state park land to the public access area of Allaire State Park and north along the abandoned Route 18 right-of-way to the Wall Township Municipal Complex.
As of September 2011, Wall Township was seeking a $180,000 matching grant from Monmouth County to add a spur trail that would extend the Edgar Felix trail 0.8 miles (1.3 km) along Hospital Road to meet with the Allaire mountain biking trails. This new spur would begin where the current trail crosses Hospital road on its way to the main entrance of Allaire State Park. There is also a proposal to continue this new spur to the Howell Township border at a future date.
The unimproved right-of-way for the Freehold & Jamesburg Agricultural Railroad continues west through Allaire State Park until it is severed by Interstate 195.
# Hosh (architecture)

A hosh (Arabic: حوش, romanized: ḥūš), or hawsh, is a courtyard in some traditional residential complexes in the Arab world. It represents the center of the housing structure.