OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Inc. v. Hydrolevel Corp.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers v. Hydrolevel Corporation, 456 U.S. 556 (1982), is a United States Supreme Court case where a non-profit association, for the first time, was held liable for treble damages under the Sherman Antitrust Act due to antitrust violations.
In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court held an association liable when its agents appeared to be acting under the authority of the association. Such action is called apparent authority. The court determined that a non-profit association is liable when it fails to prevent antitrust violation through the misuse of the association's reputation by its agents (including lower level staff and unpaid volunteers).

## Background

In 1982 the U.S. Supreme Court held that American Society of Mechanical Engineers (a nonprofit association) was responsible for treble damages under the Sherman Act. In 1971 the engineering firm of McDonnell and Miller requested an interpretation of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code from the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes Committee. McDonnell and Miller planned to use the response to show that one of their competitors (Hydrolevel Corp) was selling a device not in compliance with the ASME BPV Code.
Unknown to ASME's leadership the volunteer chairman of the ASME committee wrote a response to McDonnell and Miller's inquiry that was later used by a McDonnell and Miller salesmen as proof of Hydrolevel's noncompliance. Subsequently, according to Hydrolevel, it never acquired sufficient market penetration for sustaining business, and eventually went bankrupt.
Hydrolevel sued McDonnell and Miller, the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company and ASME arguing that two ASME subcommittee members acted not only in the self-interest of their companies, but also in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

## Opinion of the Court

The Supreme Court concluded that the association was liable even though the ASME leadership 1) was unaware of the action the volunteer chairman took, 2) had not approved the action, 3) and did not benefit from the action. Damages and legal fees paid by ASME were more than $6 million. An appellate court affirmed that ASME was liable because its agents had acted within the scope of their apparent authority.
# Zweikofel Formation

The Zweikofel Formation is a geologic formation in Austria. It preserves fossils dated to the Permian period.
# Jasem Al-Hail

Jasem Adel Al-Hail (Arabic:جاسم عادل الهيل) (born 29 January 1992) is a Qatari footballer. He currently plays for Al-Arabi.

## Honours
### Club
#### Al-Arabi

* Emir of Qatar Cup: 2023
# Clarkston High School (Georgia)

Clarkston High School is a public high school located at 618 North Indian Creek Drive in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States, with a Clarkston postal address in the central part of the county. As part of the DeKalb County School District, it is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
Clarkston High School has the most diverse student body of all DeKalb County public schools, with 1,421 high schoolers representing 54 different countries in 2021-22. Students were reported to speak 47 languages there in 2014. CHS has DeKalb School System's only program for hearing impaired high school students. Another school for deaf and hard-of-hearing students, Atlanta Area School for the Deaf, is also located in the city of Clarkston, about half a mile from CHS.
The freshman class of 2021-22 had 538 students, many more than in the later grades, which had 298, 271, and 314 students in 10th through 12th grades, respectively. Girls were outnumbered by boys, 46 to 54 percent. The majority ethnic or racial group was Black/African American students (59 percent), followed by Asian students (31 percent), with Hispanic, white, multiracial and American Indian/Alaska Native students making up the other 10 percent.
The school mascot is the Angora and the school colors are green and gold.

## Athletics

1989 Clarkston Football Team sent several players to NCAA Division 1 programs.
1988 Football Team was the first team in School History led my Coach Tommy Stringer to go 10-0 in the regular season and followed that up with another 10-0 season in 1989.
1986- 4 by 400m Team was the first Relay to Win a state championship with 3:20.6 winning time. This 4 by 400m team were also voted Track Men of the Year by the Atlanta Track Club.
In 2014, the CHS's boys cross-country team were led by Head Coach Wesley Etienne & staff surprising champions of the GHSA state title, and they won the state title again in 2015 and 2016. The team had student athletes from over forty countries, including many who arrived in the United States as refugees. In 2016, all eight of the top runners on the team were immigrants from African countries, including Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, and South Sudan.
# Race riots in Philadelphia during the 1919 Red Summer

There were a number of race riots in Philadelphia during the 1919 Red Summer.

## Background

As more and more African-Americans moved from the south to the industrial north, they started to move into predominantly white neighborhoods. In 1918, for four days starting July 25, there was a race riot in Chester and Philadelphia. When things finally settled down, 3 black and 2 white people had died from their injuries.

## May 1919

In Philadelphia, the black migration created very high tensions in the area surrounding Twenty-fifth and Pine streets. Making things worse, a local gang had been terrorizing the new black tenants. On May 9, a large mob of white people clashed with a large black group. The mob then broke open the door at 2535 Pine street and tried to eject George Grahm and his black family who had moved there a week earlier. A number of people were later arrested.

## July 1919

The New York Times wrote an article that described two riots during the Red Summer, one on July 7 and 31. Authors Rucker & Upton talk about during a carnival, a large group of whites fought a group of blacks. The violence was quickly suppressed when over 100 police showed up and made arrests.

## Aftermath

This uprising was one of several incidents of civil unrest that took place during the so-called Red Summer of 1919. The Summer consisted of terrorist attacks on black communities, and white oppression, in over three dozen cities and counties. In most cases, white mobs attacked African-American neighborhoods. In some cases, black community groups resisted the attacks, especially in Chicago and Washington, D.C. Most deaths occurred in rural areas during events like the Elaine Massacre in Arkansas, where an estimated 100 to 240 black people and 5 white people were killed. Also occurring in 1919 were the Chicago Race Riot and Washington D.C. race riot which killed 38 and 39 people respectively, with both events having many more non-fatal injuries and extensive property damage reaching millions of dollars.
# Hyatt M. Gibbs

Hyatt M. Gibbs (6 August 1938 – 3 September 2012) was a notable physicist and professor at the University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences. Well known for research in nonlinear optics and quantum optics, he authored a book on optical bistability, and was a recipient of the Humboldt Research Award and Michelson Medal.

## Education

Gibbs attended Mars Hill College and North Carolina State University in his home state, where he earned an A.A. degree in 1958 and a B.S. degree in 1960, respectively. In 1965, he earned a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California at Berkeley with his thesis on Total Spin-Exchange Cross-Sections for Alkali Atoms from Optical Pumping Experiments.

## Career

After earning his Ph.D., Gibbs remained at U.C. Berkeley as an Acting Assistant Professor until 1967. He then joined Bell Labs in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey where he worked until 1980. During his work there he collaborated on numerous experiments, including research on optical energy transfer in crystals with Samuel L. McCall and Steven Chu, a Nobel Prize winner and the United States Secretary of Energy. For one year during this period, 1975 to 1976, he was an exchange scientist at Philips in Eindhoven, Holland. He was also a visiting lecturer at Princeton University from 1978 to 1979.
In 1980 he moved to Tucson, Arizona to become a professor at the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. Here he founded the Optical Circuitry Cooperative in 1984, which conducted research relevant to optical processing, funded jointly by industry leaders in optics and optoelectronics. He remained its director until 1991 when the role was given to his collaborator, Dr. Nasser Peyghambarian. Gibbs was able to concentrate more fully on his research, particularly his work with Dr. Galina Khitrova (whom he married in 1986) and Dr. Stephan W. Koch on the quantum nano-optics of semiconductors. Gibbs became a professor emeritus in 2011, but continued his work until his death in 2012.

## Honors

* Humboldt Research Award, 1998
* Franklin Institute, Michelson Medal, 1984
* American Physical Society, Fellow
* Optical Society of America, Fellow
* Franklin Institute, Fellow
* IEEE, Senior Member
* American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fellow

## Asteroid Hyatt

The unusual main-belt asteroid 221628 Hyatt was named in his honor on 3 July 2012 (M.P.C. 79912), just two months before he died. The asteroid was discovered by his son Alex Gibbs of the Catalina Sky Survey, who proposed the name to the Minor Planet Center of the International Astronomical Union.

## Personal life

Gibbs' first marriage was to Lethia, with whom he had a son, Alex, and a daughter, Vanetta. His second marriage was to Galina Khitrova, with whom he collaborated professionally. On September 3, 2012, Hyatt M. Gibbs died in France at the age of 74 from mesothelioma complications.
# The Art of Worldly Wisdom

The Art of Worldly Wisdom (Spanish: Oráculo Manual y Arte de Prudencia) is a book written in 1647 by Baltasar Gracián y Morales, better known as Baltasar Gracian. It is a collection of 300 maxims, each with a commentary, on various topics giving advice and guidance on how to live fully, advance socially, and be a better person, that became popular throughout Europe.
It was translated by Joseph Jacobs (London and New York City, Macmillan and co., 1892. Other editions are also available from:
* Nayika Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-0-955-95831-1; edited with a light commentary/footnotes
* Shambhala Publications, 2004, ISBN 1-59030141-2
* Christopher Maurer (Doubleday) 1992
* Dover Publications, 2005, ISBN 0-48644034-6
* Google Books as a free digital edition via partnership with Princeton University Library
# Calm Down

Calm Down may refer to:
* Calm Down (EP), 2014 EP by Alison Wonderland
* "Calm Down" (Killing Heidi song), 2004
* "Calm Down" (Busta Rhymes song), 2014
* "Calm Down" (Rema song), 2022
* "Calm Down", a 2013 song by The Love Language from Ruby Red
* "Calm Down", a 2015 song by G-Eazy from When It's Dark Out
* "Calm Down", a 2023 song by All Time Low from Tell Me I'm Alive
* Calm Down, a character and episode from the animated series Stoppit and Tidyup
# Congaree River

The Congaree River is a short but wide river in South Carolina in the United States; It flows for approximately 53 miles (85 km). The river serves an important role as the final outlet channel for the entire Lower Saluda and Lower Broad watersheds, before merging with the Wateree River just north of Lake Marion to form the Santee River.
It is formed in Columbia by the confluence of the Saluda and Broad rivers near the Piedmont Fall Line. It serves as part of the boundary between Richland, Calhoun, and Lexington counties. The only cities near the river are Columbia on the east, and Cayce and West Columbia on the west.
Despite the vast bottomland swamp below Columbia, the Congaree is navigable along much of its length at high water by barge traffic. This travels upriver from the Port of Charleston (approximately 100 miles (167 km) away through the Santee-Cooper Lakes to within 5 miles (8 km) of the fall line.
The Congaree National Park, one of the main recreational attractions of the river, is located about halfway down the river's course. The 22,200-acre (90 km²) park contains some of the last remaining old growth bottomland hardwood forest in North America. Recreational opportunities include hiking, biking, bird watching, botanical interests, and canoeing.
The river was named for the Congaree Native Americans who used to live along it.

## Crossings

Below is a list of crossings from the river's origin in Columbia downstream to its confluence with the Wateree, where it forms the Santee River:
* Columbia/West Columbia/Cayce
** Jarvis Klapman Blvd (SC 12)
** Gervais Street Bridge (U.S. 1/U.S. 378)
** Blossom Street Bridge (U.S. 21/U.S. 321)
** Granby/Olympia Mills railroad trestles
** Interstate 77/Southeastern Beltway, Gills Creek forms near the I-77 Bridge
* Eastover
** Railroad trestle near confluence
** McCords Ferry Road (U.S. 601), connecting Eastover and Saint Matthews
# Shane Nelson (American football)

Shane Nelson (born May 25, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for six seasons for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Baylor Bears.

## Early life

Nelson attended Mathis High School, excelling as a 5'11, 180-pound running back. He had been courted by Texas Tech University before they decided to pass on offering him a scholarship because of his size. He then tried to compete for a scholarship at Blinn Junior College, earning one with him switching to linebacker. Two years later, Baylor University offered him a scholarship.
He is also a member of the NJCAA Hall of Fame.

## Pro career

At 220 pounds and 6'1, Nelson was left undefeated. He was discovered at an open trial held by the Dallas Cowboys. He was the only player, out of 1,800, to be offered an NFL contract. However, Nelson rejected Dallas' offer and signed for the Bills where he felt he had more of a chance of playing. He made the 1977 roster as a longshot and eventually was named a defensive captain.
In a seven year career, he was voted most valuable defensive player by fan groups three times. The arrival of Chuck Knox led to better days for the Bills. Alongside nose tackle Fred Smerlas and linebacker Jim Haslett, Nelson formed part of what was known for a time as the "Bermuda Triangle", which won 11 games in 1980. During a game against Cleveland in the 1981 season, he suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee. In the September 12 game of the 1982 season, Nelson tore that same ACL that would see him spend years in recovery. In February of 1985, he signed with the San Diego Chargers. He suffered a ruptured left Achilles tendon in the final preseason game that saw him miss the entire 1985 season. In training camp of the following preseason, he was cut on August 26. He retired soon after.
Nelson dealt with addictions to drugs during and after his career that saw him get sober in 1988. In 1990, he was diagnosed with testicular cancer and had his right testicle removed.
# Annabelle Thompson

Annabelle Thompson, later McFarlane (November 22, 1924 – August 10, 1983), was a pitcher who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League during the 1943 season. She batted and threw right handed.
Born in Edmonton, Alberta, Annie Thompson was one of the 68 players born in Canada to join the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in its twelve years history. She also became one of the sixty original players recruited by the league for its inaugural season.
Thompson was assigned to the Racine Belles, a team managed by former big leaguer Johnny Gottselig, as part of a pitching staff headed by Mary Nesbitt, Joanne Winter and Gloria Marks.
In her only season she posted a team second-best 11 wins and ranked among the top 10 pitchers of the league, ending eighth in innings pitched (223) and ninth in earned run average (3.51), while tying for seventh for the most wins to help Racine win the championship.
Thompson is part of Women in Baseball, a permanent display based at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York, which was unveiled in 1988 to honor the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She also gained honorary induction into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1998. She died in Edmonton in 1983.

## Career statistics

Pitching
| GP | W | L | W-L% | ERA | IP | H | RA | ER | BB | SO | WHIP |
| 32 | 11 | 15 | .423 | 3.51 | 223 | 237 | 159 | 86 | 64 | 23 | 1.35 |
Batting
| GP | AB | R | H | 2B | 3B | HR | RBI | SB | BB | SO | BA |
| 32 | 85 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 29 | .153 |
Fielding
| GP | PO | A | E | TC | FA |
| 32 | 11 | 78 | 10 | 99 | .900 |

## Sources

* ↑ "Annabelle Thompson Delays Wedding Plans For Tryout With Chicago Softball League". Edmonton Journal. May 5, 1943. p. 8. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
* ↑ All-American Girls Professional Baseball League website – Annebelle Thompson entry
* ↑ 1943 Racine Belles
* ↑ All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Record Book – W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Company, 2000. Format: Paperback, 294pp. Language: English. ISBN 0-7864-3747-2
* ↑ Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame – 1998 Inductees Archived 2012-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
* ↑ "Announcements". Edmonton Journal. August 11, 1983. p. D2. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
# 1962 South American Junior Championships in Athletics

The fourth South American Junior Championships in Athletics were held in Lima, Peru from September 21–24, 1962.

## Participation (unofficial)

Detailed result lists can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 91 athletes from about 5 countries: Argentina (19), Brazil (24), Chile (18), Ecuador (9), Peru (21).

## Medal summary

Medal winners are published. Complete results can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website.

### Men

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| 100 metres | Juan Byers (CHI) | 10.8 | Gerardo Di Tolla (PER) | 10.8 | Julio Véliz (ECU) | 11.0 |
| 200 metres | Juan Byers (CHI) | 21.2 | Miguel González (PER) | 21.7 | Gerardo Di Tolla (PER) | 22.0 |
| 400 metres | Gilberto de Jesus (BRA) | 49.9 | Juan Santiago Gordón (CHI) | 50.0 | José Holman (ARG) | 50.2 |
| 800 metres | Alejandro Arroyo (ECU) | 1:58.9 | Luis Cabrera (ARG) | 2:00.3 | Rodolfo Valdiviezo (CHI) | 2:00.7 |
| 1500 metres | Mario Cutropia (ARG) | 4:04.8 | Alejandro Arroyo (ECU) | 4:09.6 | Rodolfo Valdiviezo (CHI) | 4:12.8 |
| 3000 metres | Mario Cutropia (ARG) | 8:47.8 | Raúl Díaz (ARG) | 8:54.5 | Geraldo de Oliveira (BRA) | 9:08.3 |
| 110 metres hurdles | Hildemar Cimolini (ARG) | 15.7 | Alfredo Deza (PER) | 15.8 | Felipe Montero (CHI) | 15.8 |
| 400 metres hurdles | Juan Santiago Gordón (CHI) | 54.9 | | | | |
| 4 × 100 metres relay | Peru Gerardo di Tolla Miguel Carrasco Félix Garibaldi Miguel González | 42.1 | Chile Mario Baeza João Brito Juan Santiago Gordón Juan Byers | 43.2 | Ecuador Julio Véliz Fernando Haz Monteiro Luis Pescarello Rafael Lozano | 44.6 |
| 4 × 400 metres relay | Argentina Héctor Rivas Mario Loschiavo Carlos Gutman José Holman | 3:22.7 | Peru Jorge Canales Miguel González Humberto Reyes Gerardo di Tolla | 3:23.5 | Brazil Luís Pimenta João Cruz Oscar Prado Fernando Dias | 3:26.4 |
| High jump | Roberto Abugattás (PER) | 2.06 | Manuel César (BRA) | 1.95 | Cristián Errazuris (CHI) | 1.90 |
| Pole vault | Daniel Argoitía (ARG) | 3.70 | Eduardo Nakayama (BRA) | 3.50 | Alejandro Avalos (CHI) | 3.40 |
| Long jump | Julián Méndez (ARG) | 6.92 | João Brito (CHI) | 6.76 | Peter Junge (CHI) | 6.61 |
| Triple jump | Hugo dos Santos (BRA) | 13.96 | Carlos Reyes (PER) | 13.85 | Mario Medrán (ARG) | 13.83 |
| Shot put | Gustavo Fuentes (CHI) | 15.08 | Álvaro Zucchi (BRA) | 14.92 | José Jacques (BRA) | 14.82 |
| Discus throw | Julio Lagos (CHI) | 47.40 | Ubirajara Ramos (BRA) | 46.68 | Guillermo Arias (CHI) | 46.20 |
| Hammer throw | Guillermo Arias (CHI) | 48.79 | Paul Hurtado (PER) | 45.48 | Clovis da Silva (BRA) | 44.71 |
| Javelin throw | Patricio Etcheverry (CHI) | 58.99 | José Denis (PER) | 57.04 | Guillermo Reátegui (PER) | 56.15 |

## Medal table (unofficial)

* Host nation (Peru)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Chile (CHI) | 7 | 3 | 7 | 17 |
| 2 | Argentina (ARG) | 6 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
| 3 | Peru (PER)* | 2 | 7 | 2 | 11 |
| 4 | Brazil (BRA) | 2 | 4 | 4 | 10 |
| 5 | Ecuador (ECU) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| Totals (5 entries) | Totals (5 entries) | 18 | 17 | 17 | 52 |
# Political Theory (journal)

Political Theory is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering political science. Lawrie Balfour (University of Virginia) has served as editor-in-chief since 2016. From 2005 to 2012, the editor-in-chief was Mary G. Dietz (Northwestern University) held the position, followed by Jane Bennett (Johns Hopkins University). In 2021, Joshua Foa Dienstag (University of California, Los Angeles), Elisabeth Ellis (University of Otago), and Davide Panagia (University of California, Los Angeles) were appointed as editors. The journal was established in 1973 and is published by SAGE Publications.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 1.3.
# Jacques Maillet

Jacques Henri Marie Maillet (7 September 1926 – 30 January 2019) was a French rower. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London with the men's double sculls where they were eliminated in the semi-final.
# Wanda Bieler

Wanda Bieler (born 7 July 1959) is an Italian former alpine skier who competed internationally in the 1970s and 1980s including at two consecutive Winter Olympic Games.

## Career

Bieler qualified for the Slalom, giant slalom and Downhill events at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck. She finished in eight place in the slalom, which would be her best overall Olympic performance. She failed to finish her first giant slalom run and placed 20th in the downhill.
Four years later she qualified for the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. Although this time she only qualified for the giant slalom. Again, she was to experience disappointment in this event, failing to finish her first run.
Her final international competition would be the 1982 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships in Schladming where she finished in 15th place in the slalom.
# Branko Nešović

Branko Nešović (Serbian Cyrillic: Бранко Нешовић; 11 July 1930 – 23 November 2002) was a Serbian footballer and doctor.
He was the team doctor during Red Star Belgrade's famed 1991 European Cup win.

## Death

Nešović died on 23 November 2002.
# Cowboy Stadium

Cowboy Stadium is a 17,610-seat multi-purpose stadium in Lake Charles, Louisiana. It is home to the McNeese Cowboys football team, and is affectionately referred to as "The Hole". It was transformed for the 2008 season to artificial turf. The playing surface is named Louis Bonnette Field, in honor of McNeese's longtime sports information director. Louis' son, Matthew, succeeded him in the post and continues to hold it as of July 2016. The playing surface was replaced prior to the 2018 football season with Hellas Matrix turf. The $650,000 new surface as well as drainage improvements were funded by the same donor, Robert Noland, as for the 2008 installation.

## History

Jack V. Dolan Field House officially opened in September, 2011. The new state of the art $8.25 million field house (53,838 sq ft) more than doubled the size of the former field house (30,141 sq ft). It includes climate-controlled seating and a club room.

## Features

The field house includes the following:
* Weight room
* Conference rooms
* Enlarged ticket office
* Enlarged locker room
* Team meeting rooms
* Hall of fame room
* Coaches offices
* Outdoor seating deck
* Indoor club room
* Academic resource center