OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lyn Frazier

Lyn Frazier (born October 15, 1952, in Madison, Wisconsin) is an American experimental linguist, focusing on psycholinguistic research of adult sentence comprehension. She is professor emerita at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

## Education

Frazier received her PhD in 1978 from the University of Connecticut under the supervision of Janet Dean Fodor, on the subject of parsing strategies in syntax.
She is currently a Professor emerita in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

## Career and research

Frazier's work has examined how listeners approach the task of processing the incoming language stream. She has proposed and refined syntactic parsing models, including a two-tier parsing system (Frazier & Fodor 1978), the garden path model (Rayner & Frazier 1987, Clifton & Frazier 1989), and the Active Filler Hypothesis (Frazier & Clifton 1989). Her more recent work has focused on how listeners parse ellipsis (Clifton & Frazier 2010).

## Awards and honors

She was named the first Distinguished Graduate Mentor at University of Massachusetts and received an award from the University of Massachusetts system for Outstanding Accomplishments in Research and Creative Activity.
In 2014 she was elected a Fellow of the Linguistic Society of America. A festschrift in her honor was published in 2019 (Carlson et al. 2019).
She is co-editor of the book series Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics, published by Springer.

## Selected works

* (2010) Clifton, C., and Frazier, L. "Imperfect ellipsis: Antecedents beyond syntax?" Syntax 13(4), 279-297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9612.2010.00142.x
* (2002) Clifton, C., K. Carlson and L. Frazier. "Informative prosodic boundaries." Language and Speech 45(2), 87-114. https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309020450020101
* (1989) Clifton, C., Frazier, L. "Comprehending Sentences with Long-Distance Dependencies." In: Carlson, G.N., Tanenhaus, M.K. (eds) Linguistic Structure in Language Processing. Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics, vol 7. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2729-2_8
* (1989) Frazier, L. and Clifton, C., Jr. "Successive cyclicity in the grammar and the parser." Language and Cognitive Processes, 4(2), 93-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690968908406359
* (1987) Rayner, K. & Frazier, L. Parsing Temporarily Ambiguous Complements. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 39(4), 657–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748708401808
* (1978) Frazier, L. and Fodor, J.D. "The sausage machine: A new two-stage parsing model." Cognition 6, 291-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(78)90002-1
# James King (pioneer)

James King (1800 – 29 November 1857) was a Scottish-Australian who was important in the establishment of the wine industry in Australia.

## Biography

King left Scotland in 1826 as a free settler with financial capital who arrived in Sydney early in 1827 and went into business as a merchant. King set up a business in "King Street" Sydney, including glass and other merchandise that he had brought with him. He had previously been employed in a glass factory in Edinburgh.
In 1828 King received a grant of 2000 acres (8 km$^2$) of land on the Williams River in the Hunter Region north of Sydney, which became his estate of 'Irrawang'. He also worked as a merchant in Sydney where he engaged in whaling and shipping ventures.
In 1831 he discovered some sand near Sydney suitable for glass-making, samples of which were sent to England and found to be of fine quality. In January 1832 he asked that he might be rewarded for his discovery by a grant of 50 acres (200,000 m$^2$) of land near Sydney, part of the present site of the University. This was refused, but the English authorities suggested that he should be allowed the sum of £100 off the price of any land he might purchase from the state. King was much dissatisfied, and six years later was still endeavouring to have his claim better recognized. King had no success though he was able to mention that the Society of Arts in London had awarded him its silver medal, and that he had a fresh claim on account of his having established a pottery in the colony.

## Winemaking and later life

The site of pottery works established in Irrawang in 1832 was where he established a vineyard where he used Spanish, French and Portuguese grape varieties.
While in Australia, King had done much experimenting in vine growing and in making wine, and he continued to do this for many years, producing several varieties of wine of high quality. By 1836 King had established his vineyard and produced the first wine.
In 1850 he was awarded gold medals by the Horticultural Society of Sydney for a light sparkling wine and for a white wine, and at the Paris exhibition of 1855 his wines were highly commended and awarded a medal.
King left Australia in 1855 on a two years' visit to Europe and in 1857 published privately a pamphlet "Australia May Be an Extensive Wine-growing Country". King was by then in bad health, and died in London on 29 November 1857. He left a widow Eliza Elflida née Millner (1812–1887) who afterwards married William Roberts of Penrith, who by his will left £4000 to the University of Sydney for the foundation of scholarships in memory of King.
# Timothy Read

Timothy Read (fl. 1626–1647) was a comic actor of the Caroline era, and one of the most famous and popular performers of his generation.

## Biography

As with many other performers of his historical era, nothing is known of Read's early life. The first evidence of his career comes in 1626, when he played Cardona, a woman's role, in James Shirley's The Wedding with Queen Henrietta's Men. Read appears to have spent the early 1630s with the King's Revels Men, but returned to the Queen Henrietta's company after the bubonic plague epidemic of 1636–37, when personnel of the two troupes combined. With the Queen's company, Read played Buzzard in Richard Brome's The English Moor, perhaps in 1637.
He won his fame as a dancer. Performances in English Renaissance theatre, even tragedies, ended with a clown dancing a jig, and Read was one of a long line of comics, reaching from Richard Tarlton through John Shank, who earned a large and welcoming audience through this practice.
One of the best indices of Read's fame occurs in The Stage Player's Complaint, a pamphlet printed in 1641. The pamphlet presents the two leading comic actors of the day, Andrew Cane and Timothy Read, in a dialogue about the difficulties of the clowning life. (The summer of 1641 saw another theatre closure due to plague.) In the pamphlet, Cane, renowned for his clever repartee, is called Quick; Read, famous for his fast feet, is called Light. The text of the Complaint seems to indicate that Read was then a member of the King's Men, though scholars have disputed the point.
The Puritan authorities of London closed the theatres in 1642, at the start of the English Civil War; but the actors continued to perform, when and where they could. Read was among the players arrested on 6 October 1647, during a performance of Beaumont and Fletcher's A King and No King at the Salisbury Court Theatre.
Read's end is mysterious; but his continuing fame is demonstrated by allusions to him, in works from his own and the next generation. In the Praeludium of The Careless Shepherdess (published 1656), one speaker says,
       I never saw Reade peeping through the curtain,
       But ravishing joy entered my heart.
The burials of two Read children, a son and daughter, are recorded in the parish records of St. Giles, Cripplegate, in 1645 and 1646.
# Robert Cox (actor)

Robert Cox (died December 1655) was a seventeenth-century English actor, best known for creating and performing the "drolls" that were a permitted form of dramatic entertainment during the English Civil War and the Interregnum, when theatres were officially closed and standard plays were not allowed.
Gerard Langbaine called Cox an "excellent comedian." His origins and early history are obscure; he was with Beeston's Boys in 1639, but nothing else is known about his early life. "Cox probably was a strolling or country player..." through much of his career. Cox had one known connection with one of the theatre companies of the era: he was one of ten men who tried to re-organize the King's Men in December 1648, an attempt that, perhaps unsurprisingly, did not succeed.
Cox won his personal fame in writing and performing drolls – interludes or farces that usually consisted of comic scenes extracted and adapted from old dramas of English Renaissance theatre, by William Shakespeare (Bottom the Weaver was one droll), Ben Jonson, John Fletcher, and many others. Cox created at least eleven drolls, with titles like Simpleton the Smith, Bumpkin, Hobbinat, Simpkin, and John Swabber the Seaman. As a performer, Cox was said to have been "irresistible" in his role of Young Simpleton.
Cox performed most often at the Red Bull Theatre, long a center of popular entertainment. By some reports he bribed local officials into looking the other way when his drolls grew too much like plays. If so, he was not entirely successful in his corruption: Puritan authorities raided the Red Bull in June 1653 looking for unauthorized drama, and found Cox, playing Swabber. The gentry among the audience were required to pay five-shilling fines to exit.
A selection of Cox's drolls, including Simpleton, Oenone, and Acteon and Diana, was published by the bookseller Edward Archer in 1656. Francis Kirkman printed some of Cox's drolls in his famous collections The Wits, or Sport upon Sport (1662, 1672).
# Robert Shatterell

Robert Shatterell (baptized 10 November 1616 – 1684) was an English actor of the seventeenth century. He was one of the limited group of actors who began their careers in the final period of English Renaissance theatre, and resumed stage work in the Restoration, after the long theatre closure of the English Civil War and the Interregnum, 1642–1660. [See: Richard Baxter; Nicholas Burt; Walter Clun; Charles Hart; Michael Mohun; William Wintershall.]

## Biography

Robert Shatterell was baptised on 10 November 1616 in the parish of St. Botolph, Aldgate. He started as a boy player; he was with Beeston's Boys in 1639. During the Civil War, like fellow actors Hart and Burt, he served as an officer in the elite cavalry regiment commanded by Prince Rupert. Shatterell he may have seen combat in the battles of Naseby and Marston Moor, and perhaps at Edgehill as well.
Once the main combat of the Civil War had ended, Shatterell returned to the stage. He was one of the English actors who were active on the Continent, primarily in The Hague and Paris, in the mid-1640s.
After dramatic activity recommenced in England in 1660, Shatterell became one of the thirteen actors who were original sharers in the new-organized King's Company. During his ensuing career, he played mostly comic roles; he took the parts of Poins in Shakespeare's Henry IV plays, Voltore in Jonson's Volpone, and Maskal in Dryden's An Evening's Love, plus Bessus in A King and No King and Calianax in The Maid's Tragedy, both plays by Beaumont and Fletcher, and the Quack in Wycherly's The Country Wife.

## Family

Robert Shatterell's younger brother Edward Shatterell (1620 – c. 1664) was also an actor, though less successful and more obscure.
# William Robbins (actor)

William Robbins (died October 1645), also Robins, Robinson, or Robson, was a prominent comic actor in the Jacobean and Caroline eras. During the English Civil War he was a captain in the Royalist army and was killed during the siege of Basing House.

## Biography

Robbins career began by 1617, when he was with Queen Anne's Men; he remained with that company for the remainder of its existence. In 1625 Robbins joined the newly formed Queen Henrietta's Men, and worked with that company until 1636. His role as Rawbone in their production of James Shirley's The Wedding shows that he was a thin-man clown, what his own era called a "lean fool," like John Sinklo or John Shank. Robbins also played Carazie the eunuch in Philip Massinger's The Renegado, Clem in Thomas Heywood's The Fair Maid of the West, and the title character, the "changeling" Antonio, in Middleton and Rowley's The Changeling.
The Queen Henrietta's company was disrupted by a long theatre closure due to bubonic plague in 1636–37. Robbins may have been one of the members of the troupe who travelled to Ireland with James Shirley to work at the Werburgh Street Theatre in Dublin in the later 1630s.
Robbins finished his acting career with a couple of years with the King's Men. He was made a Groom of the Chamber in January 1641, along with five other actors in the troupe. After the theatres closed in 1642, Robbins, like some other actors (fellow King's Men Charles Hart and Nicholas Burt are good examples), fought on the Royalist side during the English Civil War. Robbins attained the rank of captain before dying during the siege of Basing House in October 1645. James Wright, in his Historia Histrionica (1699), maintains that Robbins was shot in the head after surrendering, by a soldier in the Commonwealth forces (the soldier reportedly was Thomas Harrison, who later became a general in the Commonwealth army.)

## Family

Robbins was married to Cicely Sands Brown Robbins, sister of King's Man James Sands and widow of actor Robert Browne.
# Filippo Galli (poet)

Filippo Galli (c. 1465, in Monticiano – 26 November 1503, in Monte San Savino), also known as Filenio Gallo, was an Italian poet, best remembered for his pastoral poetry in the vernacular, and for a poem dedicated to Catherine Cornaro. He was a member of the Order of Saint Augustine and was magister at Sant'Elena, Venice.
# Private members' club

Private members' clubs are organisations which provide social and other facilities to members who typically pay a membership fee for access and use. Most are owned and controlled by their members even to this day. Some were originally gentlemen's clubs to which members first had to be elected; others are more modern commercial establishments with no class or gender bar, typically offering food, drink, comfortable surroundings, venue hire and business facilities, in return for members paying subscription or membership fees.

## History

The first gentlemen's clubs, mostly established in the West End of London from the late 17th century onwards, were highly exclusive, offering aristocratic and wealthy men a refuge from work and family. The eligibility of potential members depended on their class and gender, with women banned from joining any of them. Early clubs also provided an environment for gambling, illegal outside of members-only establishments. Individuals needed to be formally proposed for membership, and candidates were subject to election by committees which scrutinised individuals' character and suitability.
Several private members' clubs for women were established in the late 19th century; among them the Alexandra Club, the Ladies' Institute, the Ladies' Athenaeum and the University Women's Club. Many of the traditional gentlemen's clubs now allow women as members, though a few, including - until May 2024 - the Garrick Club in London's Covent Garden, still refuse women membership.
More modern but otherwise similar private members' clubs have since been established. Most of these, however, are for-profit commercial enterprises neither owned nor controlled by members. London examples include the Groucho Club (established in 1985), Soho House (1995) and Home House (1998); similar clubs operate in other cities and countries: for example, the CORE Club was established in New York City in 2005. These typically offer memberships by subscription and are owned and run as commercial concerns. They offer similar facilities such as food, drink, comfortable surroundings, venue hire and in many cases accommodation. Mobile working (using phone and email) had put pressure on traditional London clubs, some of which discouraged use of mobiles and laptops, or discussion of business matters. By contrast, business-oriented private members' clubs combine the style, food and drink of a contemporary private members' club with the business facilities of a serviced office or coworking space.

## Examples

Notable examples of private members' clubs include:
* Annabel's, London
* Brook's, London
* Carlton Club, London
* Garrick Club, London
* Harvard Club, New York City
* Knickerbocker Club, New York City
* Pitt Club, Cambridge
* Reform Club, London
* White's, London
# Brit + Co

Brit + Co is a website and lifestyle brand targeted at women. The company was founded by Brit Morin in 2011.

## History

Brit + Co was founded in late 2011 by Brit Morin, who was CEO.
In January 2018, the company hired Jill Braff, a former general manager of Ellen Digital Ventures, as its new president. Jeff Jones, former Target CMO and Uber President, joined the company as an advisor in 2017.
In April 2019 it was announced that the company was laying off most of its staff as part of a reorganization. The company had exhausted all the capital it had raised, and as a result had to be restructured in bankruptcy.
In June 2020, Brit + Co launched women's business accelerator Selfmade to support women disproportionally impacted by the pandemic.

### Funding & acquisitions

By 2017, it was reported that Brit + Co had received $45 million in venture capital funding from investors like Verizon Ventures and Marissa Mayer.
The company raised $1.25 million in initial seed funding in April 2012. The following year, it closed funding rounds with $6.3 million in Series A funding, led by Oak Investment Partners.
Led by Intel Capital, the company received $20 million in Series B funding in 2015, allowing them to make their first acquisition of a DIY app called Snapguide.

## Experiential
### Re:Make

Launched in 2013, Re:Make was a conference and festival aimed at young women who want to be more creative in every aspect of their lives. More than 15,000 visitors attended Re:Make 2016.

### Holiday House

The Brit + Co Holiday House was an annual pop-up event held in San Francisco for several years, offering creative activity classes, artisan products, and DIY and gifting stations. The 2016 Holiday House was sponsored primarily by method.
# Empress Hui'an

Empress Hui'an (惠安皇后) (d. 866 CE) was the concubine of Emperor Yizong of Tang (Li Cui).

## Life

Her family background is unknown except for the fact that her surname is Wang (王). During Emperor Yizong's reign, she held the rank of Noble Consort (贵妃). She gave birth to a son, Li Xuan, eventually known as Xizong.
In the seventh year of Emperor Yizong's reign, she died.
When her son Li Xuan inherited the throne, he gave her the posthumous title of Empress Hui'an (惠安皇后)
# Lithoprocris methyalea

Lithoprocris methyalea is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in Bolivia.
# NRP Vouga (1920)

NRP Vouga was a Guadiana-class destroyer built for the Portuguese Navy in the 1910s and early 1920s.

## Design

The Portuguese Navy had struggled to secure funding for new ships after the 1890s, when a number of protected cruisers and smaller craft had been built. The navy nevertheless made repeated attempts for ambitious construction programs. After the toppling of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910, the navy submitted another large construction plan in 1912, which the new republican government passed (and then reduced in scope in 1913). The revised plan called for two new cruisers, six destroyers, and three submarines; the Guadiana class of four destroyers comprised a significant part of the program. The design for the new ships was prepared by Yarrow Shipbuilders.
The ships of the Guadiana class were 73.2 m (240 ft 2 in) long, with a beam of 7.2 m (23 ft 7 in) and a draft of 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in). They displaced 515 long tons (523 t) standard and up to 660 long tons (670 t) at full load. They had a crew of 80 officers and enlisted men. The ships were powered by two Parsons steam turbines, with steam provided by three Yarrow water-tube boilers that were vented through individual funnels. The engines were rated to produce 11,000 shaft horsepower (8,200 kW) for a top speed of 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph). At a more economical speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph), the ships could cruise for 1,600 nautical miles (3,000 km; 1,800 mi).
The ship carried an armament that consisted of a single 102 mm (4 in) gun and two 76 mm (3 in) guns, along with four 457 mm (18 in) torpedo tubes. The 102 mm gun was placed on the forecastle and the 76 mm guns were mounted on the centerline further aft, one between the first and second funnel and the other gun further aft. The torpedo tubes were in twin mounts, also on the centerline, one aft of the third funnel and the other at the stern.

## Service history

Vouga was built at the Lisbon Naval Base and was launched on 19 April 1920.
The ship sank accidentally on 1 May 1931.
# Japanese destroyer Hasu

The Japanese destroyer Hasu (蓮) was one of 21 Momi-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the late 1910s. After serving for 23 years and throughout the Pacific War, she was retired 12 October 1945 and scuttled as breakwater in Fukui in 1946.

## Design and description

The Momi class was designed with higher speed and better seakeeping than the preceding Enoki-class second-class destroyers. The ships had an overall length of 280 feet (85.3 m) and were 275 feet (83.8 m) between perpendiculars. They had a beam of 26 feet (7.9 m), and a mean draft of 8 feet (2.4 m). The Momi-class ships displaced 850 long tons (864 t) at standard load and 1,020 long tons (1,036 t) at deep load. Hasu was powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by three Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce 21,500 shaft horsepower (16,000 kW) to give the ships a speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph). The ships carried a maximum of 275 long tons (279 t) of fuel oil which gave them a range of 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). Their crew consisted of 110 officers and crewmen.
The main armament of the Momi-class ships consisted of three 12-centimeter (4.7 in) Type 3 guns in single mounts; one gun forward of the well deck, one between the two funnels, and the last gun atop the aft superstructure. The guns were numbered '1' to '3' from front to rear. The ships carried two above-water twin sets of 533-millimeter (21 in) torpedo tubes; one mount was in the well deck between the forward superstructure and the bow gun and the other between the aft funnel and aft superstructure.
In 1939–40, Hishi was converted into a patrol boat. Her torpedo tubes, minesweeping gear, and aft 12 cm gun were removed in exchange for two triple mounts for license-built 25 mm (1 in) Type 96 light AA guns and 60 depth charges. In addition one boiler was removed, which reduced her speed to 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) from 12,000 shp (8,900 kW). These changes made her top heavy and ballast had to be added which increased her displacement to 950 metric tons (935 long tons).

## Construction and career

Hasu, built at the Uraga Dock Company in Uraga, was launched on December 8, 1921, and completed on July 31, 1922. The ship served throughout the Sino-Japanese War and World War II. It was officially retired on October 12, 1945, and was scuttled as a breakwater in Fukui in 1946.