OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stephen D. Mull

Stephen D. Mull (born April 30, 1958) is a Senior Foreign Service officer who was most recently the Acting Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs. He previously served as United States Ambassador to Poland, Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs and United States Ambassador to Lithuania.
Ambassador Mull holds the rank of Career Ambassador, the highest diplomatic rank in the United States Foreign Service.
On September 18, 2015, Mull was appointed as the United States Lead Coordinator for Iran Nuclear Implementation, tasked with carrying out the terms of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action by United States Secretary of State John Kerry.
In 2024, Secretary of State Antony Blinken appointed him to coordinate the peaceful transfer of power with the Trump Presidential Transition Team.

## Biography

Mull was born in Reading, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Georgetown University with a Bachelor of Science degree in International Politics in 1980.
Mull is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service in the class of Career Ambassador. He previously served as the Deputy Chief of Mission in Jakarta, Indonesia, and has served as a Consular or Political Officer for the U.S. Missions in Poland, the Bahamas, and South Africa since the beginning of his career in the Foreign Service in 1982.
Prior to his assignment in Jakarta, Mull worked as Deputy Director of the State Department Operations Center, as Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Warsaw, Poland, as Director of the Office of Southern European Affairs in the Bureau of European Affairs, and as Deputy Executive Secretary in the Office of the Secretary of State.
On March 10, 2003, then-U.S. President George W. Bush nominated Mull as the U.S. Ambassador to Lithuania. After being confirmed by the Senate, he assumed his position on August 26, 2003. He completed his tour of duty on July 18, 2006.
On April 30, 2009, Mull testified before the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee on international efforts to combat piracy off the coast of Somalia.
Mull is married to Cheri Stephan. The Mulls have one child, Ryan.

## Ambassador to Poland

Stephen Mull was appointed the United States Ambassador to Poland on October 24, 2012. He speaks Polish fluently.

## Awards

* Director General's Award for Political Reporting, 1988
* Superior Honor Award (four times)
* Balker-Wilkins Award
* Presidential Meritorious Service Award, 2003
* Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (5th Class), 1997
* Order for Merits to Lithuania (3rd Class), 2006
* Order of Polonia Restituta (2nd Class), 2015
# In the Well

In the Well (Czech: V studni) is an 1867 Czech-language comic opera in one act by Vilém Blodek to a libretto by Karel Sabina, author of The Bartered Bride.

## Roles

Roles, voice types, premiere cast :
| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 17 November 1867 Conductor: Adolf Čech |
| Janek, a peasant, an old widower | bass | Josef Paleček [cs ] |
| Vojtech, a peasant son | tenor | Jindřich Polák |
| Lidunka, a peasant girl | soprano | Terezie Rückaufová |
| Veruna, an old woman | contralto | Ema Sáková |

## Plot

Following a folk tradition that a girl looking in the village well on Midsummer Eve will see the face of her true bridegroom reflected, Lidunka hopes to see the face of her beloved Vojtech, and not old Janek the wealthy preference of her mother, and consults the village sorceress, Veruna. Both suitors climb a tree to ensure that she sees their reflection, but Janek falls in the well just before she arrives, and his face comes out of the water. Eventually all is resolved and Lidunka marries Vojtech.

## Music

John Warrack, reviewing in Gramophone the recording conducted by Jan Štych, commented: "The music is agreeable and well made, and the work could certainly qualify for a 'What next?' suggestion attached to The Bartered Bride. However, it is by some way less tuneful, and some of it – for instance, a very attractive moonlight interlude – seems closer to the world of early nineteenth-century German opera than to anything specifically Czech."

## Recordings

* 1959: Milada Šubrtová, Štěpánka Štěpánová, Ivo Žídek, and Zdeněk Kroupa. The chorus and orchestra of the Prague National Theatre, conducted by František Škvor [cs; de]. Recorded on tape in stereo in 1959 [71'19]. Excerpts were released in monophonic sound on LP in the early 1960s. Stereo CDs: ADD Supraphon, c. 1996.
* 1981: Karel Berman, Vojtech Kocián, Libuse Márová, Daniela Sounová-Brouková, Prague National Theatre Orchestra, Kühn Chorus, Kühn Children's Chorus, conducted by Jan Štych [66'] Supraphon Original booklet includes libretto and translations. Recorded 24–27 June 1981, Czechoslovak Television.
# Capparis lucida

Capparis lucida, commonly referred to as the coast caper, is a versatile plant that often grows as a small tree or a shrub, usually reaching heights of 3 to 4 meters. While it may sometimes climb, it typically produces flowers and fruits as a shrub. The leaves are glossy and range from 3 to 10 cm long and 2 to 5 cm wide, with a noticeable central vein and smaller veins forming loops near the edges. Both the petioles (the stalk attaching the leaf to the stem) and twigs are covered in fine, soft hairs.
The flowers of the coast caper are quite distinct, featuring sepals (the outer parts of the flower) that are 9 to 13 mm long. The outer sepals are fused into a cap-like structure that splits open unevenly, while the inner sepals remain separate. The petals are white or pale, about 15 to 20 mm long, and there are a striking number of stamens (the pollen-producing parts) — anywhere from 50 to 85. The long stalk that supports the ovary, called the gynophore, can be 25 to 65 mm long and is hairy at the base.
The fruit is a round, smooth-skinned berry, about 2.5 to 5 cm in diameter, containing many seeds. Each seed is around 6 mm long and has a unique spiraled embryo with folded cotyledons (the first leaves of the seedling).
Although this plant can host caper whites (Belenois java teutonia) and chalk whites (Elodina parthia) successfully, it is not their preferred host plant. Caper gulls (Cepora perimale scyllara) have been recorded to lay on this plant.

## Seedlings

The young seedlings have lance-shaped cotyledons that are 22 to 30 mm long and 11 to 15 mm wide, with a pointed tip and a rounded base. By the tenth leaf stage, the leaves become more oval, and the plant develops straight, spiny stipules (small leaf-like structures) about 4 to 7 mm long. The stem is covered with tiny, translucent white hairs that are hooked at the tips. Seeds of the Coast Caper typically germinate within 19 to 32 days.

## Distribution and habitat

The coast caper is found in several regions across Australia, including Western Australia, Cape York Peninsula, Northeast Queensland, and Central East Queensland. Its range extends as far south as southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales. The plant prefers low elevations, usually close to sea level, and is commonly seen in coastal forests, vine thickets, and monsoon forests. It's also found in Malesia, a region encompassing Malaysia, Indonesia, and surrounding islands.

## Synonyms

Capparis lucida has been known by several other names:
* Capparis lucida (DC.) Benth. f. lucida
* Thilachium lucidum DC.
* Busbeckea corymbiflora F.Muell.
# Michael P. Pelletier

Michael Peter Pelletier is an American diplomat who served as the United States ambassador to Madagascar and the Comoros from 2019 to 2021.

## Early life and education

Pelletier was raised in Maine. He earned a B.S.F.S. from Georgetown University, a Certificat d’Etudes Politiques from Institut d’Etudes Politiques, Paris, France, and a Master of International Affairs from Columbia University.

## Career

Pelletier, a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, class of Minister-Counselor, has served as an American diplomat since 1987. He has served at eight United States Missions overseas and in senior leadership positions at the United States Department of State, including as Deputy Chief of Mission at the United States embassy in New Delhi, India, and Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Bureau of African Affairs.
From 2016 to 2019, he was the Dean of the School of Professional and Area Studies at the Foreign Service Institute.
He is the recipient of thirteen senior State Department awards, including a Presidential Meritorious Service Award and the Linguist of the Year.
On August 13, 2018, President Donald Trump announced his intent to nominate Pelletier to be the next ambassador to Madagascar and Comoros. On January 2, 2019, his nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate. He presented his credentials to President Andry Rajoelina on March 5, 2019 and to President Azali Assoumani on June 24, 2019.
In 2021 Pelletier was appointed as the Executive Director of the Institute for Global Engagement at the University of Houston.
# Christodoulos Pablekis

Christodoulos Pablekis (Greek: Χριστόδουλος Παμπλέκης, 1733–1793) was a Greek scholar of the 18th century, one of the most radical scholars in the Modern Greek Enlightenment movement.

## Life

Christodoulos Efstathiou Pablekis was born in the village of Babini in Aetolia. At a young age he lost his left eye to illness and his father. He studied in the Athonite Academy under Eugenios Voulgaris and became a monk.
In 1759 he went to Vienna, where he worked as a scholar for the Greek community. He later found himself in Leipzig and in 1781 he published in Venice the "Real Politic", where he expresses his theses on governance and religion. In 1786 in Vienna he published his work "about Philosophy, Physics, Metaphysics, Spiritual and God" (Περί φιλοσόφου, φιλοσοφίας, φυσικών, μεταφυσικών, πνευματικών και Θείων) which was influenced by Newton, Diderot, d’Alembert, D’Holbach, Rousseau, Bacon and Cartesius. He criticized the orthodox clergy and condemned aspects of the Christian religion.
In 1791, influenced by Voltaire, he published "Tropaeon of Orthodoxy", and expressed deist sentiments. He died in 1793 in Leipzig.
In 1793, after his death and in response to his critics, his students published his unfinished work "about Theocracy" (Περί Θεοκρατίας) or "Apantisis", in which he criticized the Church and favored separation of church and state. For this work the orthodox Holy Synod in Fanari excommunicated Pablekis, post mortem, his students, the readers of the book and anyone who spread such ideas.

## Sources

* Panagiotis Kondylis, «Ο Ψαλίδας, ο Παμπλέκης και η θεία Αποκάλυψη», Ηπειρωτικά Χρονικά, 24 (1982), σελ. 249–266.
* Χριστόδουλος Παμπλέκης
* This article about a Greek writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Edward D. Re

Edward Domenic Re (October 14, 1920 – September 17, 2006) was a judge of the United States Court of International Trade.

## Education and career

Born on October 14, 1920, in Santa Marina Salina, Italy, Re received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1941 from the School of Commerce at St. John's University in New York City, New York and a Bachelor of Laws in 1943 from St. John's University School of Law. He served as a United States Air Force lieutenant from 1943 to 1947. In 1950, he received a Doctor of Juridical Science from New York University School of Law. He was a faculty member at St. John's University School of Law from 1947 to 2004, as a professor of law from 1947 to 1969, as an adjunct professor of law from 1969 to 1980, and again as a professor of law from 1980 to 2004. He was a professor of law at Pratt Institute from 1947 to 1948. He was a hearing officer with the United States Department of Justice from 1958 to 1969. He was a member of the New York City Board of Higher Education (now City University of New York) from 1958 to 1969. He was Chairman of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission at the United States Department of Justice from 1961 to 1968. He was a Visiting Professor of Law at Georgetown University from 1962 to 1967. He was the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs at the United States Department of State from 1968 to 1969. He was an adjunct and visiting professor of law at New York Law School from 1972 to 1990.

## Federal judicial service

Re was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 12, 1968, to a seat on the United States Customs Court vacated by Lindley Beckworth. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 2, 1968, and received his commission on October 4, 1968. He served as Chief Judge from 1977 to 1980. He was reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of International Trade on November 1, 1980, to a new seat authorized by 94 Stat. 1727. He served as Chief Judge from 1980 to 1991.
Re was a fierce critic of Richard Serra's sculpture, Tilted Arc, which had been installed on Foley Square outside his courthouse, and advocated for its removal. Re was a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1990 to 1991. Judge Re's service terminated on April 30, 1991, due to his retirement. He died on September 17, 2006, in New York City.
# John Richardson Jr.

John Richardson Jr. (February 4, 1921 – December 26, 2014) was United States Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs from 1969 to 1977.

## Biography

John Richardson Jr. was born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts and educated at Harvard University. His parents were John Richardson, an attorney and Republican political figure and Hope Hemenway Richardson, the daughter of Augustus and Harriet Hemenway.
During World War II, Richardson served in the United States Army as a paratrooper. After the war, he became a lawyer at the Wall Street law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell. In 1955, he became an investment banker at Paine Webber. He joined the International Rescue Committee later in 1955, staying there until 1961. From 1961 to 1968, he was president of the National Committee for a Free Europe.
In 1969, President of the United States Richard Nixon nominated Richardson to be Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs and, after Senate confirmation, Richardson held that office from July 15, 1969, until March 7, 1977.
Upon leaving the United States Department of State in 1977, Richardon initially took a position with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, then served as president of Youth For Understanding from 1977 to 1986. In 1986, he became president of the United States Institute of Peace, holding that position until his retirement in 1989.

## Death

On December 26, 2014, Richardson died at the age of 93 in Bethesda, Maryland. His wife, Thelma, had died less than a month prior. He was survived by his daughters, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren.
# Malnaș

Malnaș (Hungarian: Málnás, Hungarian pronunciation:) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania Romania composed of three villages: Malnaș, Malnaș-Băi (Málnásfürdő), and Valea Zălanului (Zalánpatak). In 2004, Bixad and Micfalău split from Malnaș and formed independent communes.

## Geography

The commune is located in the northern part of Covasna County, 18 km (11 mi) north of the county seat, Sfântu Gheorghe, on the banks of the Olt River. It is situated northeast of the Baraolt Mountains, in the western foothills of the Bodoc Mountains [ro], at an altitude of 572 m (1,877 ft); Murgul Mare is a nearby volcanic mountain.
Malnaș is crossed by national road DN12 [ro], which starts in Chichiș and ends in Toplița. The train stations in Malnaș and Malnaș-Băi serve the CFR Main Line 400, which connects Brașov with Satu Mare.

## Demographics

The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2002 census, the commune as constituted then had a population of 4,877, of which 96.49% were Hungarians (the population within present boundaries was 1,202). At the 2011 census, it had 1,087 inhabitants, of which 92.36% were Hungarians and 5.89% Romanians. At the 2021 census, Malnaș had a population of 1,024, of which 88.28% were Hungarians, 5.47% Romanians, and 1.17% Roma.

## Valea Zălanului

Valea Zălanului village, with a population of 149 in 2002, was first settled in the 16th century. In 2008, Charles, Prince of Wales bought a house in the village, which was probably founded by one of the Prince's Transylvanian ancestors. By 2013, when he made another purchase, he had four houses there.
# Walter K. Scott

Walter K. Scott (June 2, 1915 – June 1977) was an Assistant Secretary of State for Administration from March 21, 1958, until July 22, 1959.

## Biography

Scott was born in Landover, Maryland and graduated from the University of Maryland. He enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II and received commendations from France, Britain, Belgium and the United States for his service. From 1950 to 1955, he served as deputy assistant secretary of State followed by a 2-year stint as deputy director of management with the International Cooperation Administration. He was appointed and served as assistant secretary of State for administration in 1958 and 1959, and then consul general in Munich. From 1963 to 1965, he was minister-counselor in Lagos, Nigeria.
Mr Scott served as executive director of Radio Liberty in Munich, West Germany in 1965, retiring in 1973. Returning to Munich in 1975 to aid in the merger of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, he died after suffering a heart attack at a nearby alpine resort in Lake Chiemsee a month before taking a planned second retirement.
# Eric Stromayer

Eric William Stromayer (born 1960) is an American diplomat who served as the United States ambassador to Togo from 2019 until 2022 and he had served the Chargé d'Affaires ad interim to Haiti.

## Education

Stromayer earned a Bachelor of Arts from Northwestern University and a Master of Arts from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.

## Career

Stromayer is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, class of Minister-Counselor. He has served as an American diplomat since 1989. He has served six tours at U.S. Missions overseas and in senior leadership positions at the United States Department of State, including as Chargé d'Affaires and Deputy Chief of Mission in Madagascar, Executive Director of the Bureau of African Affairs, Desk Officer at the Office of West African Affairs in the Bureau of African Affairs, and as General Services Officer at the U.S. Embassy in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Recently he served as Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for East Africa and the Sudans in the Bureau of African Affairs at the Department of State.
On August 16, 2018, President Donald Trump announced his intent to nominate Stromayer as the next United States Ambassador to Togo. On August 21, 2018, his nomination was sent to the United States Senate. On January 2, 2019, his nomination was confirmed in the United States Senate by voice vote. On April 11, 2019, he presented his credentials to President Faure Gnassingbé. He left the country on March 9, 2022. Stromayer has been Chargé d'Affaires to Haiti since July 3, 2022. On January 29, 2024, Haitian-American rapper Wyclef Jean sampled remarks from Stromayer in a song titled "Kreyòl Pale, Kreyòl Konprann."

## Personal life

Stromayer speaks French, Italian, Hungarian, Wolof, Haitian Creole, and some Spanish.
# William R. Tyler

William Royall Tyler (October 17, 1910 – November 16, 2003) was a United States diplomat. He served as the United States Ambassador to the Netherlands from 1965 to 1969.

## Biography

William Royall Tyler was born in Paris in 1910. His father Royall Tyler (1884–1953) was an American and a descendant of Royall Tyler (1757–1826). His mother was an Italian, Countess Elisina de Castelvecchio. His mother was the great-great-granddaughter of Louis Bonaparte, descending from Louis Bonaparte's illegitimate son François de Castelvecchio (1826–1869). Tyler was educated at Balliol College, Oxford.
After college, Tyler spent five years working as an international banker in England and the United States. He then enrolled in Harvard University, receiving a Master of Fine Arts During World War II, Tyler worked in the United States Office of War Information, first in Algeria, and then as director of the Office of War Information in France.
After the war, Tyler joined the United States Foreign Service, becoming a career diplomat. As a Foreign Service Officer, he was stationed in Paris, Bonn, and The Hague. In 1962, President of the United States John F. Kennedy nominated Tyler as Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs, and, after Senate confirmation, Tyler held this office from September 2, 1962 until May 18, 1965. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson named Tyler United States Ambassador to the Netherlands; Tyler held this post from June 23, 1965 through June 20, 1969.
Tyler left government service in 1969, becoming director of the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, one of the world's foremost research libraries in the field of Byzantine studies. He retired from this position in 1977.
In retirement, Tyler continued to live in Washington, D.C. until 2003, when he moved to Vermont. He was a long-time member of the Cosmos Club. He died at a nursing facility in Bristol, Vermont on November 16, 2003, after suffering from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. He was 93 years old.
# Bull boat

A bull boat is a useful small boat, usually made by the Nueta and frontiersmen, made by covering a skeletal wooden frame with a buffalo hide. It was used for traveling and fishing.

## History

When the traders of Hudson's Bay Company first visited the Nueta in 1790 they found that tribe possessed tublike boats with a framework of willow poles, covered with raw buffalo hides. Later, frontiersmen who ascended the Missouri River noted this light, convenient craft. From 1810 to 1830, American fur traders on the tributaries of the Missouri regularly built boats eighteen to thirty feet long, using the methods of construction employed by the Native Americans in making their circular boats. These elongated bull boats were capable of transporting two tons of fur down the shallow waters of the Platte River. These larger boats required joining the buffalo hides with waterproof seams, a technique not used by the American Indians.

## Construction

A bull boat's framework was made of willow branches bent in a huge bowl shape about four feet across the top and eighteen inches deep. A bull buffalo hide (thus the bull phrase) was then stretched around this framework. The entire boat weighed about 30 pounds. The hair was left on the hide because it prevented the craft from spinning and aided in keeping the water out. The tails were also kept intact and used to tie numerous bull boats together. Once in the water, it was not very steady because it bobbed around like a cork, but it was serviceable for short trips.
William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition described them thus:
   Two sticks of 1-1/4 inch diameter are tied together so as to form a round hoop of the size you wish the canoe to be, or as large as the skin will cover. Two of those hoops are made, one for the top or brim, and the other for the bottom. Then sticks of the same diameter are crossed at right angles and fastened with a thongs to each hoop, and also where each stick crosses the other. Then the skin, when green [fresh, that is, not tanned] is drawn tight over the frame and fastened with thongs to the brim, or outer hoop, so as to form a perfect basin. Pryor's two canoes were nearly the same size, 7 feet 3 inches in diameter and 16 inches deep, with 15 ribs or cross sticks in each.

## Similar vessels

A bull boat closely resembles a Welsh coracle, an Irish/Scottish currach, and an Iraqi/Mesopotamian quffa. This similarity was used to support a theory that a Welsh party colonized the New World in the 12th century. However, circular boats of similar design and construction appear in many different regions and do not share a common origin. In fact, these boats are similar solutions to common transportation needs on rivers: ferrying passengers and freight and serving as lighters and fishing boats. Their common design is so widespread because it is easy to make using materials readily available since the Stone Age—wood, animal hide, etc.—and very sturdy and effective.