OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Frederick Ludwig Hoffman

Frederick Ludwig Hoffman (May 2, 1865 – February 23, 1946) was an American statistician known for his work on public health issues. He is also notable for his promotion of scientific racism.

## Biography

Hoffman was born Friedrich Ludwig Hoffmann in Varel in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg on May 2, 1865 the son of the merchant Augustus Franziskus Hoffmann and his wife Antonette. His father died when Frederick was 11 years old. He was educated in the common and private schools in Germany. His school days, marked by failures, ended in 1880 without a degree. At the request of his single mother, who was now living in difficult financial circumstances, Frederick began a four-year commercial apprenticeship with various merchants in north-west Germany. The apprenticeship ended in 1884 also without a degree. Since Frederick saw no further professional and personal future for himself in Germany, he emigrated to the United States at the end of 1884. He became statistician for the Prudential Insurance Company of America in 1891. Hoffman was a racist against African Americans in his studies of incarceration. He was employed as statistician by many organizations and did research in ethnology and kindred subjects. He also served as President of the American Statistical Association in 1911.
Hoffman's first book, The Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro (1896), characterized African Americans as exceptionally disease-prone. The work was motivated by a concern about issues of race, and also the need of insurance companies to justify the higher life insurance premiums charged to African Americans. An 1897 critique of this work by Kelly Miller in occasional papers of the American Negro Academy of Washington, D.C., pointed out sampling problems with the 1890 census, which was the statistical basis of the work, and that there were insufficient adjustments for environmental factors. Hoffman found, contrary to common rhetoric at the time, that the population of African Americans was not increasing at a substantially more rapid pace than the White population. He found that while African Americans had a higher birth rate, they had an even higher mortality rate, which meant that the population of Whites increased at a higher pace than African Americans.
He married Ella G. Hay on July 15, 1891, and they had seven children.
He died in San Diego, California on February 23, 1946. He was buried at Greenwood Memorial Park.
A collection of his papers are held at the National Library of Medicine.

## Works

* The Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro (1896)
* Fatal Accidents in Coal Mining (1910)
* Mortality from Cancer Throughout the World (1915)
* Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in Dusty Trades (1917)
# Tone Kralj

Tone Kralj (23 August 1900 – 9 September 1975) was a Slovene sculptor and painter also known for his wall paintings and illustrations.
Kralj was born in Zagorica near Dobrepolje in Lower Carniola in 1900. He studied sculpture in Prague between 1920 and 1923 and then in Vienna, Paris, and Venice. Some of his best-known works are the wall paintings in various churches. His 1954 illustrations for Fran Levstik's Martin Krpan are also some of the most iconic images for the story. He won the Levstik Award in 1950 for his illustrations for Pravljica o carjeviču Jeruslanu (The Story of Prince Jeruslan). He died in Ljubljana in 1975.
In 1972 he received the Prešeren Award for his life's work.
# St John the Evangelist's Church, Newton Arlosh

St John the Evangelist's Church is in the village of Newton Arlosh, Cumbria, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Carlisle, the archdeaconry of Carlisle, and the diocese of Carlisle. It was built as a fortified church, one of a number of such buildings near the Scottish border. It was restored and extended in the 19th century. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.

## History

St John's was built in 1303 by the monks of nearby Holm Cultram Abbey in Abbeytown. It was granted a licence to crenellate on 11 April 1304. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century, the church remained in ruins until it was restored and extended by Sara Losh in 1844. The extension involved the building of a chancel at right angles to the north of the nave. In 1894 the church was further restored and refurnished.

## Architecture
### Exterior

The original church was built in large red sandstone blocks mixed with cobbles and the extension is in red sandstone; all the roofs are covered in sandstone slates, other than the lead on the roof of the tower. Its plan consists of a square fortified west tower with very thick walls, and a two-bay fortified nave. Extending to the north is a two-bay chancel with an apsidal vestry on its east wall. There is no external entrance to the tower; it is entered from the interior of the church at the level of the first floor. Its ground level is barrel vaulted. Inside the tower a stone spiral staircase leads to a chamber on the upper floor containing a fireplace. All the windows in the tower are arrow-slits, some of them original and some from the Victorian restoration. The upper part of the tower has been restored; it has a battlemented parapet and, on the south side a projecting turret on corbels. In the south wall of the nave is a narrow doorway and more arrow-slit windows. The chancel has a round-arched doorway and lancet windows; in the vestry are round-headed windows. Standing on the ridge of the nave roof towards its east end is a carved eagle by Sarah Losh.

### Interior

There is further work by Sarah Losh inside the church. On the east wall of the nave, flanking the position of the original altar are corbels in the shape of rams' heads. Also by her is the lectern with a base of bog oak, and another base in the form of a palm tree that was intended to form part of the pulpit. The oldest item of furniture is the font, brought from Holm Cultram Abbey. It dates from the 13th century and consists of an octagonal bowl with crocketed gables on a fragmentary stem.
# José Miguel Oviedo

José Miguel Oviedo (1934 – 19 December 2019) was a Peruvian writer and literary critic, born in Lima. He received his doctorate from the Pontificia Universidad Católica in 1961, afterwards teaching at the same institution. Coming to the US in 1975, he taught at State University of New York, Indiana University, and UCLA. In 1988 he was appointed Trustee Professor of Latin American Literature at the University of Pennsylvania and remained there until his retirement and move to Emeritus Professor in 2000. He was the recipient of important scholarships such as the Rockefeller grant and the Guggenheim fellowship(1972).

## Scholarly work

Oviedo was best known as a scholar of Peruvian and Latin American literature. His critical surveys covered writers such as Ricardo Palma, Mario Vargas Llosa, and José Martí. He also compiled various anthologies of Peruvian prose and poetry, Cuban short stories, 19th century Latin American short stories, etc. His lifelong friendship with Vargas Llosa led to her dedicating her work Who Killed Palomino Molero? to him in 1987.
His principal work was a two-volume history of Latin American literature: Historia de la literatura hispanoamericana. This work was published in four installments between 1995 and 2000; split into:
* De los orígenes a la Emancipación (1995)
* Del Romanticismo al Modernismo (1997)
* Postmodernismo, Vanguardia, Regionalismo
* De Borges al presente (2000).
He also published several short story collections:
* Soledad & Compañía (1987)
* La vida maravillosa (1988)
* Cuaderno imaginario (1996).

## Oviedo Prize

The University of Pennsylvania created the "José Miguel Oviedo Undergraduate Student Paper Award in Latin American and Latino Studies" in his honor.

## Death

Oviedo died in Philadelphia, United States, aged 85.
# Buffalo Creek (South Branch Potomac River tributary)

Buffalo Creek is a 4.1-mile-long (6.6 km) free-flowing tributary stream of the South Branch Potomac River, itself a tributary of the Potomac River, making it a part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Buffalo Creek is located in west-central Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Because the stream flows through several small farms, Buffalo Creek primarily serves agriculture purposes with segments used for livestock watering.

## History

Buffalo Creek and its eponymous hollow were named so during the eighteenth century due to the abundant populations of buffalo in their vicinity. In 1755 at the onset of the French and Indian War, Fort Forman was constructed by Captain William Forman near the banks of Buffalo Creek, and the stream served as the fort's source of water. A historical highway marker along West Virginia Route 28 marks the approximate location of the stockade fort.

## Headwaters and course

The stream's headwaters lie along the eastern flanks of South Branch Mountain southwest of Three Churches. From its source, Buffalo Creek meanders in a southwest direction along the forested foot of South Branch Mountain. The stream winds a northwesterly path through a gorge that leads it through the Buffalo Hollow in South Branch Mountain. It is through this hollow that Buffalo Creek parallels Buffalo Hollow Road (West Virginia Secondary State Route 28/1) until its intersection with West Virginia Route 28. Buffalo Creek flows beneath West Virginia Route 28 and the South Branch Valley Railroad at Vance before emptying into the South Branch Potomac River.
# Borborud-e Sharqi Rural District

Borborud-e Sharqi Rural District (Persian: دهستان بربرود شرقی) is in Borborud-e Sharqi District of Aligudarz County, Lorestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Duzan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Chaman Soltan, now a city.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 9,539 (as a part of the Central District) in 2,086 households. There were 8,715 inhabitants in 2,311 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 8,467 in 2,472 households, by which time the rural district had been separated from the district in the formation of Borborud-e Sharqi District. The most populous of its 22 villages was Chaman Soltan (now a city), with 2,091 people.
# Niemieczkowo

Niemieczkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oborniki, within Oborniki County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Oborniki and 32 km (20 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań.

## History

The oldest known mention of Niemieczkowo comes from 1361, when it was owned by local nobleman Jarota Niemieczkowski of Przosna coat of arms. Niemieczkowo was a private village of Polish nobility, administratively located in the Poznań County in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown. It was owned by the Niemieczkowski and Raczyński families. There is a historic manor house of local nobility in the village.
During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), inhabitants of Niemieczkowo were among Poles massacred by the Germans on November 9, 1939, in Mędzisko as part of the Intelligenzaktion.
# Gaspare Testone

Gaspare Testone (8 May 1704 – 1801) was an Italian painter and architect, active in Sicily. He painted sacred subjects, primarily in the Baroque style

## Biography

Testone was born to the daughter of the painter Michele Blasco in Sciacca. He began learning under Francesco Aversa, a pupil of Blasco. He then moved to train in Palermo. He painted a Death of St Joseph, and a St Benedict destroy the Idols and chases the Demons from Monte Cassino for Santa Maria dell'Itria. he also painted still lifes, genre scenes, and portraits. He also painted a Holy Family, a St Scolastica, and the Martyrdom of St Eufemia. He painted a San Biagio, a Presentation of the Virgin at the Temple, an Annunciation, and a Massacre of the Innocents. For the church of Santa Margherita, he painted an Adoration of the Magi and a Nativity (design by Sebastiano Conca). Also in Sciacca, he painted a St. Cataldo and painted for the Santuario di San Calogero a canvas depicting St Zosimo Administers the Eucharist to St Maria Egiziaca.
# Ion Bașa

Ion Bașa (born 4 June 1944) is a Romanian ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 Winter Olympics.
# Tihamér Lukács

Tihamér Lukács (born 18 July 1980) is a Romanian-born Hungarian football coach and a former player.

## Career

Tihamér started his career in little club Körmend, in 2000 signed with Szombathelyi Haladás. In June 2004 gone to Portugal and signed with União da Madeira. On next season played in Pécsi Mecsek FC and after that wear equipment of Zalaegerszegi TE. In January 2008 he signed with the Bulgarian club FC Vihren Sandanski.
# Zumbro, Mississippi

Zumbro is an unincorporated community located in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States, east of Renova.
Zumbro is named for the former Zumbro Plantation. The 5,000 acre plantation was founded in 1898 by Joseph L. Smith.

## Notable person

* Charley Patton, Delta blues musician. Lived for a time in Zumbro.
# Marian Drenceanu

Marian Drenceanu (born 1 March 1990) is a Romanian rugby union footballer. He plays the position of lock.

## Club career

He played for Timișoara Saracens between 2012 and 2018. At the start of 2019 he transferred to CSM București, in the SuperLiga. Following CSM's dissolution in 2019 he chose to represent Steaua București.

## International career

Drenceanu has six caps for Romania. He won his first cap in 2014 against Russian Medvedi.
# Marius Iftimiciuc

Marius Iftimiciuc (born 13 August 1997) is a Romanian rugby union football player. He plays as a lock for professional Fédérale 1 club CA Périgueux.

## Club career

Marius Iftimiciuc mostly played for SuperLiga club, Timișoara Saracens, with a brief move to Dinamo București during first half of 2018.

## International career

In November 2018, he was called for Romania's national team, the Oaks, being part of the 34 man squad assembled in preparation for a match against the Os Lobos held for the Relegation/Promotion Play-Off of the 2018 Rugby Europe Championship.
# Petrișor Toderașc

Petrişor Toderaşc (born 15 July 1980 in Iași) is a Romanian former rugby union footballer who played as a prop.
Toderaşc played in France for Oyonnax (2004/05), CA Brive (2005/10) and Stade Rochelais (2010/13).
He has 50 caps for Romania, with 8 tries and 40 points scored, since his first match, a 37-17 loss to Italy, at 18 November 2000. He represented Romania twice at the Rugby World Cup finals, playing four matches in 2003, where he scored a try in the 90-8 loss to Australia, and two in 2007. His most recent match for the "Oaks" was at the 42-0 loss to Scotland, at 18 September 2007, at the Rugby World Cup finals. Toderaşc was absent from his National Team until 28 November 2009, playing as a replacement in the 18-29 loss do Fiji, in a friendly match, in Bucharest.
# Mysore peta

The Mysuru peta is an opulent formal turban, originally worn by the Kings of Mysore. It consists of a long strip of cloth such as silk or cotton, that is wound around the head. It may be decorated with a border of gold or silver lace and with ornamental metal pendants.
Since India became independent in 1947, the traditional Mysuru peta has become a symbol of the region's cultural heritage, worn for formal occasions and awarded to distinguished people as a sign of honour, often with a shawl.

## Tradition

Wadiyar dynasty rulers wore richly jewelled turbans of silk and gold-threaded lace (jari) to match colourful royal dress. Kings wore the traditional Mysuru peta during meetings of the royal court (Durbar), for public events such as during the Dassara religious festival and at parades for visiting dignitaries.
The Mysuru peta was also worn by the King's senior officials, such as the Prime Minister (dewan). Men attending the King's court were expected to wear the Mysuru peta with a long black coat and white trousers.

## Present Day

Mysuru peta turbans are worn as formal attire for events such as weddings, religious gatherings and award ceremonies, particularly in Mysuru and Kodagu.
Students and faculty of universities in Karnataka are encouraged to wear a Mysuru peta for the convocation ceremony, rather than the mortarboard inherited from India's colonial past.
# Suiling County

Suileng County (simplified Chinese: 绥棱县; traditional Chinese: 綏稜縣; pinyin: Suílíng Xiàn) is a county of west-central Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Suihua, and contains its northernmost point.

## Administrative divisions

Suileng County is divided into 4 subdistricts, 6 towns and 5 townships.

### 4 subdistricts

* Chezhan (车站街道), Jianshe (建设街道), Xibei (西北街道), Dongnan (东南街道)

### 6 towns

* Suileng (绥棱镇), Shangji (上集镇), Sihaidian (四海店镇), Shuangchahe (双岔河镇), Geshan (阁山镇), Changshan (长山镇)

### 5 townships

* Kaoshan (靠山乡), Houtou (后头乡), Keyinhe (克音河乡), Suizhong (绥中乡), Ni'erhe (泥尔河乡)

## Demographics

The population of the district was 315,306 in 1999.

## Climate

Climate data for Suiling, elevation 203 m (666 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) | 4.1 (39.4) | 19.3 (66.7) | 28.6 (83.5) | 33.4 (92.1) | 37.7 (99.9) | 36.4 (97.5) | 35.0 (95.0) | 31.8 (89.2) | 24.7 (76.5) | 14.0 (57.2) | 3.2 (37.8) | 37.7 (99.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −15.6 (3.9) | −9.8 (14.4) | 0.5 (32.9) | 11.9 (53.4) | 20.4 (68.7) | 25.5 (77.9) | 27.0 (80.6) | 25.3 (77.5) | 20.2 (68.4) | 10.7 (51.3) | −2.6 (27.3) | −13.7 (7.3) | 8.3 (47.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −21.5 (−6.7) | −16.3 (2.7) | −5.4 (22.3) | 5.8 (42.4) | 14.0 (57.2) | 19.8 (67.6) | 22.2 (72.0) | 20.2 (68.4) | 13.9 (57.0) | 4.7 (40.5) | −7.7 (18.1) | −19.1 (−2.4) | 2.5 (36.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −27.3 (−17.1) | −23.1 (−9.6) | −11.5 (11.3) | −0.2 (31.6) | 7.4 (45.3) | 14.2 (57.6) | 17.6 (63.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 8.1 (46.6) | −0.6 (30.9) | −12.5 (9.5) | −24.2 (−11.6) | −3.1 (26.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −42.3 (−44.1) | −39.6 (−39.3) | −33.4 (−28.1) | −12.1 (10.2) | −4.9 (23.2) | 3.3 (37.9) | 9.1 (48.4) | 5.1 (41.2) | −4.7 (23.5) | −17.2 (1.0) | −31.7 (−25.1) | −40.1 (−40.2) | −42.3 (−44.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.8 (0.15) | 3.6 (0.14) | 11.3 (0.44) | 23.7 (0.93) | 48.8 (1.92) | 109.4 (4.31) | 153.9 (6.06) | 136.1 (5.36) | 66.5 (2.62) | 26.3 (1.04) | 9.4 (0.37) | 7.4 (0.29) | 600.2 (23.63) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.3 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 12.2 | 14.6 | 14.7 | 14.0 | 10.5 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 7.2 | 107.7 |
| Average snowy days | 7.5 | 6.2 | 7.0 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 | 6.9 | 9.6 | 42.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74 | 71 | 62 | 54 | 55 | 68 | 81 | 82 | 72 | 63 | 68 | 75 | 69 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 185.2 | 212.3 | 262.0 | 246.5 | 272.8 | 259.6 | 250.9 | 247.8 | 237.2 | 207.0 | 174.1 | 161.3 | 2,716.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 67 | 73 | 71 | 60 | 58 | 55 | 53 | 57 | 64 | 62 | 63 | 61 | 62 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
# May Meqa

The May Meqa is a river of the Nile basin. Rising in the mountains of Dogu’a Tembien in northern Ethiopia, it flows northward to empty finally in the Weri’i and Tekezé River.

## Characteristics

It is a confined ephemeral river, locally meandering in its narrow alluvial plain, with an average slope gradient of 40 metres per kilometre. The May Meqa changes names along is course: the upper part, in Miheno is called May Tsahli, the middle part in Addi Werho May Meqa, and the lower part, near the mouth May Mugda. The mouth is just 50 metres upstream from Tinsehe waterfall

## Flash floods and flood buffering

Runoff mostly happens in the form of high runoff discharge events that occur in a very short period (called flash floods). These are related to the steep topography, often little vegetation cover and intense convective rainfall. The peaks of such flash floods have often a 50 to 100 times larger discharge than the preceding baseflow. The magnitude of floods in this river has however been decreased due to interventions in the catchment. On other steep slopes, exclosures have been established; the dense vegetation largely contributes to enhanced infiltration, less flooding and better baseflow. Physical conservation structures such as stone bunds and check dams also intercept runoff. Efforts have been done to establish biological control measurements (tree plantation) in the river bed.

## Boulders and pebbles in the river bed

Boulders and pebbles encountered in the river bed can originate from any location higher up in the catchment. In the uppermost stretches of the river, only rock fragments of the upper lithological units will be present in the river bed, whereas more downstream one may find a more comprehensive mix of all lithologies crossed by the river. From upstream to downstream, the following lithological units occur in the catchment.
* Lower basalt
* Amba Aradam Formation
* Antalo Limestone
* Quaternary freshwater tufa

## Trekking along the river

Trekking routes have been established across and along this river. The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files. Trek 23 follows the river over most of its length.
# Cleaner (disambiguation)

A cleaner is an industrial or domestic worker who cleans.
Cleaner(s) or The Cleaner(s) may also refer to:

## Cleaning

* Cleaning agent, a substance used to remove dirt, stains, etc.
* Cleanser, a product used to cleanse, such as a facial cleanser
* Dry cleaning, a textile cleaning process

## People

* janitor, custodian, caretaker, cleaning lady
* laundress, laundryman
* Cleaner (crime), a person who cleans up evidence of a crime
* "The Cleaner", a nickname of Canadian wrestler Kenny Omega

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Fictional characters

* Victor, The Cleaner from La Femme Nikita, also featured in the remake Point of No Return (1993 film)
* Cleaners, a fictional group of contract killers in the video game Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne
* The Cleaner, an Afghan character in Hyena Road (2015)
* Winston Wolf, also known as The Cleaner, in the film Pulp Fiction (1994)
* Léon Montana refers to himself as a cleaner as a euphemism for hitman in Léon: The Professional (1994)

### Film

* Cleaner (2007 film), a thriller starring Samuel L. Jackson
* Code Name: The Cleaner, a 2007 film starring Cedric the Entertainer
* Cleaner (2025 film), an upcoming action-thriller film directed by Martin Campbell
* The Cleaner (2012 film), a 2012 Peruvian film
* The Cleaners (2018 film), a 2018 documentary film about social media moderation, that won 7 documentary film awards at film festivals
* Cleaners, a 2019 Philippine film
* The Cleaner (2021 film), with Lynda Carter

### Television

* Cleaners (TV series), a 2013 made-for-Crackle series starring Emily Osment
* Cleaners (Charmed), a type of fictional being in the TV series Charmed
* The Cleaner (Primeval), a fictional character in the TV series Primeval
* The Cleaner (The X-Files), a fictional character in the TV series The X-Files
* The Cleaner (American TV series), a 2008 series starring Benjamin Bratt
* The Cleaner (British TV series), a 2021 BBC comedy series starring Greg Davies
* Dark City: The Cleaner, a 2024 New Zealand crime drama show

### Other

* Cleaner (band), a German electronic music group
* The Cleaner (novel), a 2006 novel by Paul Cleave

## Other uses

* CCleaner, a utility used to clean potentially unwanted files and invalid Windows Registry entries from a computer
* Cleaner, a video-editing software package created by Media 100 and later sold to Autodesk
* Cleaner fish, fish that remove dead skin and parasites from other fish