OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dombay-Ulgen

Dombai-Ulgen or Dombay-Ulgen (Georgian: დომბაი-ულგენი; Russian: Домбай-Ульген, Karachay-Balkar: Доммай ёлген) is a 4,046-metre-high (13,274 ft) mountain of the Greater Caucasus and the highest point of Abkhazia, a state with limited international recognition otherwise seen to be part of Georgia. It is located on the border with Karachay–Cherkessia, an autonomous republic of Russia. The mountain is composed of gneiss, crystalline schist, and granite. The top is covered by snow and glaciers at all times of the year.

## Photo Gallery

* View of the mountain from the gorge from the side of Dombay
* Dombai-Ulgen Gorge
# Associação Atlética República

Associação Atlética República, República da Aclimação or simply República is a football club based in Aclimação, São Paulo, Brazil. It disputed the APEA (Portuguese: Associação Paulista de Esportes Atléticos) championships since 1919, participating in the first division of the Campeonato Paulista in 1927, and for the FPF in 1933 and 1934.
República also participated in the first match with night lighting that is recorded in history, against SE Linhas e Cabos (São Paulo Light Company employees' club), at Rua do Glicério, where 20 electric tram headlights were used to illuminate the playing field, on June 23, 1923.
The club maintains its activities to these days, playing only as an amateur level.

## Honours

* Campeonato Paulista Série A3
** Winners (1): 1924 (APEA)
# 3C 380

3C 380 is a radio-loud quasar located in the constellation of Draco. First discovered in 1965 and identified with a starlike object, it is one of the luminous and powerful radio sources in Third Cambridge Catalogue, with a redshift of (z) 0.692 and a compact steep spectrum (CSS) source.

## Description

3C 380 contains a complex radio structure. Radio images produced by the very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) at 5 GHz, showed the source is mainly extended, containing several components including a compact radio core and a ridge of extended radio emission. In additional, the quasar also has a diffused halo with a spectral index of 1.0 ± 0.2 which represents a common feature of the radio lobes in Fanaroff-Riley class II quasars. An extended radio lobe was also discovered in 3C 380, having a low spectral index when compared to those at decimeter wavelengths. There are also two hotpots located in northwest direction.
The radio jet of 3C 380 on parsec-scales is known to be bent. Based on VLBI observations, it is shown to be resolved when travelling in a transverse direction, however it also shows signs of rapid brightness variations unlike other nuclear jets indicating phase effects play a role in causing these changes. Apart from that, the jet shows superluminal motion and a Faraday rotation gradient measuring 70-200 parsecs in width across it. Radio imaging Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) also finds the jet is extending in a northwest direction.
According to Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and VLBA, the jet has two knots. These knots are respectively named as knot 1, located 0.73 arcseconds from the core and knot 2 which is located 0.4 arcseconds away from the former. Together, these knots are found laid over lobelike emission which in turn, is stretched out in both east and northeast directions.
Multifrequency polarization have also been found in 3C 380. Based on observations, both the core and jet contains polarization by 6 percent, while the other component has 16 percent polarization. Enhanced flux density at 24 GHz from the object was also detected in September 2020.
# Galgani massacre

The Galgani massacre refers to a mass killing of civilians in the central Sudanese village of Galgani by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) on 15 August 2024, which killed at least 108 people, including at least 24 women and children.

## Background

In late-June 2024, RSF troops were able to capture Singa, the capital of Sennar State. From there, RSF troops were able to expand control into the eastern regions of the state. Based on reports from the International Organization for Migration, fighting led to the displacement of 725,000 people in Sennar, with Al Qadarif State taking in over 100,000 people.
Beginning in late-July, the Rapid Support Forces began to attack the village of Galgani located in the central Sudanese Sennar State. Sudan's Foreign Ministry stated that RSF soldiers “indiscriminately opened fire on the village’s unarmed residents” as a result of facing resistance from villagers against their efforts to "abduct and sexually assault" several women civilians and girls.
The Sennar Youth Gathering reported that the RSF targeted Galgani on August 11, firing indiscriminately at crowds of people as they invaded while ceasing the operations of medical and other service facilities, triggering further mass migrations into the Blue Nile State.

## Massacre

On 15 August 2024, hundreds of RSF troops on four-wheel drive vehicles launched a multiple hours long attack, storming Galgani while looting houses and other public properties, after which troops burnt them. The attack came after villagers launched a resistance against the RSF and successfully beat back a small RSF group, killing three militiamen. As a result of the attack, the village's medical center took in at least 80 deceased victims which included 24 women and minors. Among these were several students practicing at Koranic schools. At least 153 civilians were reported to have been injured in the attack. The attack left groups of bodies laying out on streets due to the presence of RSF troops preventing civilians from taking in the dead and burying them. Most of the village's 14,000 inhabitants subsequently fled to Blue Nile State.

## Aftermath

The Foreign Ministry of Sudan called on the international community to "condemn this terrorist crime and to take the necessary measures to treat the Dagalo militia as a terrorist organization, responsible for crimes against humanity". The statement was primarily targeted towards the United Nations.
# Allied Tribes of British Columbia

The Allied Tribes of British Columbia (ATBC) was an Indigenous rights organization formed following the First World War. There were 16 tribal groups involved, all focused on the issues of land claims and aboriginal title in British Columbia.
In 1916, the Indian Rights Association and the Interior Tribes of British Columbia united in opposition to the McKenna-McBride Royal Commission (which was tasked with reviewing the size of Indian reserves in the province with an aim to confirming, expanding, or, more typically, reducing them) and formed the Allied Tribes of British Columbia. Many of the nations had met the previous year in Spence's Bridge to support a Nisga'a petition for a treaty, with the support of James Teit. The McKenna-McBridge Royal Commission's report was approved in 1923.
In 1921, the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council sided with Nigerian Chief Oluwa in his claim for compensation for land around Apapa in Lagos, Nigeria. Inspired by this decision, the Allied Tribes attempted to bring their case for aboriginal title to the Privy Council in London. In 1926, three B.C. Chiefs (including William Pierrish of the Neskonlith Indian Band) travelled to London with a petition for aboriginal title. They were met there by the Canadian High Commission who promised to pass the documents along to King George, but did not.
A meeting was arranged in Ottawa in the spring of 1927 where the claim was dismissed by Duncan Campbell Scott, the Deputy Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs. The Indian Act was then amended to prohibit anyone (aboriginal or otherwise) from soliciting funds for Indian legal claims without a special license from the Superintendent-General. Scott claimed this was necessary to protect Indigenous peoples from lawyers and "agitators." Without any ability to raise funds for their work, the Allied Tribes of British Columbia was dissolved.
One of the leaders of the Allied Tribes of British Columbia was Squamish chief Andrew Paull. In 1931, after the collapse of the Allied Tribes, he organized the Native Brotherhood of British Columbia, which later became the North American Indian Brotherhood.
# Atlantis (2011 film)

Atlantis (also titled Atlantis: End of a World, Birth of a Legend) is a 2011 BBC docudrama which portrays events surrounding the volcanic eruption which destroyed the island of Thera, an incident portrayed as having inspired the parable of Atlantis. The hour-long programme featured Stephanie Leonidas and Reece Ritchie as individuals of the Bronze Age civilization. The film was narrated by Tom Conti, and made its debut on BBC One on Sunday 8 May 2011.

## Synopsis

With voiceover from Tom Conti, the film tells the story of Yishharu, an apprentice bull-leaper who has recently returned to Thera from Crete with his new wife, Pinaruti. They discover that Thera is beset by earthquakes and volcanic activity. Over the course of the story, the volcano erupts, throwing out ash and molten lava, and destroying the island with pyroclastic flows. Although the couple survive the first stages of the disaster they are separated after Yishharu is left behind when Pinaruti and other islanders escape by boat. The nearby island of Crete is then engulfed by a giant tsunami which was triggered by the eruption, and Pinaruti is washed up on the shore of a nearby island.

## Cast

* Narrator - Tom Conti
* Pinaruti - Stephanie Leonidas
* Yishharu - Reece Ritchie
* Rusa - Langley Kirkwood
* Bansabira - Isadora Verwey
* Ariad - Natalie Becker
* Yidini - Tony Caprari

## Reception

Reception from critics was generally negative, particularly for the hammy acting and silly dialogue.
Zoe Williams, writing for The Guardian said: "The heavy-handed doomsday lighting made it look like the build-up to a joke on a Pot Noodle ad. The dialogue sounded like Holby City...The more dramatic the narration tried to be, the more mundane it sounded...The truth, I think, is that someone somewhere was looking for the new Pompeii, because we've all heard that one, and decided this was it: the second-best ancient disaster status clung doggedly to the project. An equally unfavourable review in The Independent suggested: "The final explosion has been calculated to have been 40,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb, and it would have been a great mercy if it had occurred 50 minutes earlier in Atlantis. That would have given us the bull-jumping – which was rather excitingly filmed – and spared us the catastrophe that followed."
# Nicolae Simion

Nicolae Simion (born 17 May 1952) is a Romanian rower. He competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Pliniola

Pliniola is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Arctiinae described by Strand in 1912. Its single species, Pliniola gibba, was first described by Plötz in 1880. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo and Ghana.
# Mount Butak

Mount Butak is a stratovolcano in East Java province on Java island, Indonesia. It is a massive volcano, adjacent to Mount Kawi. There are no historical records of its eruptions.
# Emīls Birka

Emīls Birka (born 25 April 2000) is a Latvian football player who plays as a left-back for Valmiera and the Latvia national team.

## International career

Birka made his debut for the Latvia national team on 8 June 2024 in a 0–2 Baltic Cup loss against Lithuania at the Daugava Stadium. He substituted Andrejs Cigaņiks in the 62nd minute.
# East Branch Moose River (Maine)

The East Branch Moose River is a short tributary of the South Branch Moose River in Skinner (Maine Township 1, Range 7, WBKP), Maine. From its source (45°26′15″N 70°30′41″W﻿ / ﻿45.4376°N 70.5115°W﻿ / 45.4376; -70.5115﻿ (East Branch Moose River source)) on Kibby Mountain, the river runs 3.1 miles (5.0 km) northwest to its confluence with the Moose River's South Branch.
# Cetraria laevigata

Cetraria laevigata is a species of ground-dwelling, fruticose (bushy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was formally described as a new species by Russian lichenologist Kseniya Aleksandrovna Rassadina in 1943. In North America, it is commonly known as the striped Iceland lichen.

## Description

The thallus of Cetraria laevigata is pale brown, with an even paler underside. It comprises smooth and shiny, narrow lobes measuring 1–3 mm across. It has pseudocyphellae (tiny pores for gas exchange) on its margins. The major lichen products in Cetraria laevigata are fumarprotocetraric acid, protolichesterinic acid, and lichesterinic acids. The expected results of standard lichen spot tests on the medulla are PD+ (red), K−, KC−, and C−.

## Distribution

Cetraria laevigata has an amphiberingian distribution pattern (i.e., on both sides of the Bering Strait), and is found in North America, from Alaska through upper Canada, as well as in eastern Siberia. In the Himalayas, the lichen has been recorded growing at elevations of up to 3,950 m (12,960 ft).

## Species interactions

Perigrapha cetrariae is a lichenicolous fungus that grows on Cetraria laevigata. This fungus, described from specimens collected in Japan, does not visibly damage the host thallus or induce galls. Echinodiscus kozhevnikovii is a lichenicolous fungus that has been recorded growing on Cetraria laevigata in the Magadan Oblast region of the Russian Far East, while Lichenoconium erodens, Clypeococcum cetrariae, Lichenopeltella cetrariae, and Katherinomyces cetrariae have been recorded parasitising C. laevigata from Mongolia.
# The Opposite Direction

The Opposite Direction (Arabic: الاتجاه المعاكس, romanized: Al-Etjah Al-Mo'akis) is a qatari political debate TV show by Al Jazeera hosted by TV presenter Faisal al-Qassem. It streams weekly and addresses current events in the Middle East and the Arab world.
The first episode was released in 1996, and today the show is still active. The TV show is hosted by Al Jazeera's TV presenter Faisal al-Qassem. Two guests representing opinions of each side of a given topic being debated are invited to participate in the show.
The show has been called Al Jazeera's "most polemical" program.
In 2001, Al-Qassem was quoted as saying the following about the show's intensions:
   "Dialogue is something missing among the Arabs. It is missing in schools, as much as it is missing everywhere else in life of the Arabs. . . . Through programmes such as mine, we hope to implement new rules, those that educate the Arab human being to listen, not only to his own opinion, but to that of the other side as well. The debate-based media must enter in force and strongly in the political life of the Arabs, whether the Arab regimes like it or not."

## List of episodes
### 1996

* The 17th Summit of the Gulf Cooperation Council (Arabic: القمة السابعة عشر لمجلس التعاون الخليجي).

### 1999

* 09/11/1999 - The secret relationship between Mauritania and Israel (Arabic: العلاقة السرية بين موريتانيا وإسرائيل).

### 2022

* 2022/1/18 - Arab regimes and people's revolutions.. who won? (Arabic: الأنظمة العربية وثورات الشعوب.. من انتصر؟)
# Battle of Aizu

The Battle of Aizu (Japanese: 会津戦争, "War of Aizu") was fought in northern Japan from October to November in autumn 1868, and was part of the Boshin War.

## History

Aizu was known for its martial skill, and maintained at any given time a standing army of over 5000. It was often deployed to security operations on the northern fringes of the country, as far north as southern Sakhalin. Also, in the period immediately before, during, and after Commodore Perry's arrival, Aizu had a presence in security operations around Edo Bay.
During the tenure of the 9th generation lord Matsudaira Katamori, the domain deployed massive amounts of their troops to Kyoto, where Katamori served as Kyoto Shugoshoku. Earning the hatred of the Chōshū domain, and alienating his ally, the Satsuma domain, Katamori retreated with the shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu in 1868.
Though the Satchōdo controlled Imperial Court, following Yoshinobu's resignation, called for the punishment of Katamori and Aizu as "enemies of the Court," (朝敵) he took great pains to demonstrate Aizu's submission to the new Imperialist government, finally acquiescing to calls for war later in 1868, during the Boshin War. Though the Aizu forces fought as part of the greater efforts of the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei, they were eventually abandoned (after the loss at the Battle of Bonari Pass) by the forces of the former Bakufu under Ōtori Keisuke. Aizu, now fighting alone, had its forces besieged at Tsuruga Castle, the seat of the Aizu domain, on October 6, 1868. This was the start of a month-long siege.
A detached unit from the Byakkotai ("White Tiger Company") — young, predominantly teenage, samurai — are famous for having committed seppuku (a form of ritual suicide) on Mount Iimori, overlooking the castle. Because of the smoke from the burning castle town, which was in between them and the castle itself, they mistakenly assumed that the castle had fallen to the Satchōdo forces. Their story is known because of the only one among them whose suicide was unsuccessful: Iinuma Sadakichi.
A remnant of Shinsengumi, a special police force which Aizu had supervised while in Kyoto, was present at the battle, under the command of Saitō Hajime. In addition, survivors from the Shōgitai engaged in the fighting, as did the Tosa Jinshōtai and the Shin'itai, a regiment of Shintō priests performing the role of spiritual advisors to the attacking Imperial forces.
After a month under siege, on November 6, 1868, Aizu officials agreed to surrender, through the mediation of their neighbor, the Yonezawa Domain. Soon after, Matsudaira Katamori, his son Nobunori, and the senior retainers came before the imperial commanders in person, and offered their unconditional surrender. The samurai population was sent away to prisoner of war camps in the Tsugaru Peninsula, and the Aizu domain, as it had been since the mid-17th century, ceased to exist.

## Gallery

* The damaged Aizu-Wakamatsu castle right after the Battle of Aizu
* Reenactment of Aizu cannoneers during the Boshin war.
* Byakkotai warriors
* Reenactment of young Aizu warriors during the Boshin war.
* Aizu War Records by Adachi Ginko 1877
# 1873 in Argentina

Events in the year 1873 in Argentina.

## Incumbents

* President: Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
* Vice President: Adolfo Alsina

### Governors

* Buenos Aires Province: Mariano Acosta
* Cordoba: Juan Antonio Álvarez
* Mendoza Province: Arístides Villanueva (until 16 October); Francisco Civit (from 16 October)
* Santa Fe Province: Simón de Iriondo

### Vice Governors

* Buenos Aires Province: vacant

## Events

* September - The Argentine Chamber of Deputies approves the Secret Mutual Defense Treaty of 1873 and votes $6,000,000 towards the War of the Pacific.

## Births

* March 22 - Julieta Lanteri, Italian Argentine physician, freethinker, and women's rights activist (died 1932).
* May 17 - Julio Argentino Pascual Roca, politician and diplomat (died 1942)
* October 3 - Vicente Gallo, lawyer, academic and politician (died 1942)

## Deaths

* August 23 - Félix de la Peña, politician (born 1807 in Argentina, 1807)
# Gundars Upenieks

Gundars Upenieks (born 31 March 1971) is a Latvian biathlete. He competed at the 1992, 1994, 1998 and the 2002 Winter Olympics. From 2002 until 2006 Upenieks was the secretary general of the Latvian Biathlon federation. Since 2013 he is a vice president of Latvian Biathlon federation.
# Birdie & Bogey

Birdie & Bogey is a 2004 Christian drama film directed by Mike Norris and starring Janine Turner, Mike Norris, Sheree J. Wilson, Carey Scott and Amanda Alch. It was released on November 17, 2004, by EMI CMG Distribution. The DVD, which contains "The Making Of", "Trailers", and "Commentary" bonus features, is now available at national retailers from EMI CMG Distribution.

## Premise

Danny O'Connor chooses his daughter, Birdie, as his caddie. At first, the golfing association is shocked, but when Danny starts to win, the world takes notice. Danny has a chance to play in the PGA Tour. Just when his position on the Tour seems secure, Birdie's life is threatened with a deadly disease. Without his daughter's inspiration, Danny must find a way to compete alone, and fulfill his daughter's dying wish.

## Cast

* Janine Turner as Amy
* Mike Norris as Danny O'Connor
* Carey Scott as Lester Stillman
* Amanda Alch as Birdie O'Connor
* Sheree J. Wilson as Sheila
* Grant James as Dr. Carroll
* Bill Poague as Tony Templeman
* Kevin Downes as Zach Cornell
* Valerie Norris as Dr. Scott
* Alin Bijan as Sports Agent
* Demi Baumann as Party Girl
* Ken Baumann as Party Boy
* John R. Bennett II as Doctor
* Jack Elliott as Doctor (credited as John Elliott)
* Leona R. Bennett as Nurse
* Deborah Daulton-Morton as Nurse
* Deanne Moore as Birdie's Nurse (credited as DeAnne Bonneau)
* Cara Gayle Grippin as Paramedic
* Richard Wayne as Doctor #2 (uncredited)

## Production

Shooting of Birdie & Bogey began in 2003.
# Sony α7S III

The Sony α7S III (model ILCE-7SM3) is a 12.2-megapixel full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera made by Sony. It was publicly announced on July 28, 2020 (2020-07-28) online with a suggested retail price of US$3,495 (body only) at the time. The α7S III is offered as a body only.

## Features

* New 12 MP Exmor R BSI CMOS sensor
* 9.44 million-dot viewfinder (2048 × 1536 pixels) (3.15 MP) (QXGA)
* Can record FHD@240 fps, 4K@120 fps 10bit 4:2:2 and 4K@120 fps Raw over HDMI (up to 16-bit 4.2K (4264 x 2408) 60 fps)
* Dual Gain (ISO) modes for cleaner low-light recording
* 5-axis in body image stabilization
* LCD touchscreen (3 inch/7.5 cm) fully articulated
* Multi Interface Shoe (alongside k3m xlr adapter and new microphones using direct digital signal)
* 4th Revision body with improved cooling, weather sealing and better overall handling (one-layer disassembly for replacement of audio ports)
* Dual function memory card slots, for both SDXC UHS-II & high speed CFexpress type A

### Image features

The α7S III features a 35 mm (35.6 mm × 23.8 mm) full-frame Exmor CMOS sensor capable of capturing approximately 12.2 effective megapixels.

### Autofocus and metering

The camera's 759-point autofocus sensor uses mainly phase-detection but also 425 points contrast-detection AF to capture and record alongside subject tracking with high accuracy

### ISO

For still images, the α7S III's ISO is 100–102400 with expansion down to ISO 50 and up to ISO 409600 equivalent. For movies, the α7S III's ISO is 100-102400 equivalent with expansion down to ISO 100 and up to ISO 409600 equivalent. For still images or movies on auto setting, the camera's ISO is 100–12800 with selectable lower and upper limits. The cameras native ISO is 12800 for photos and non s-log video

### Shutter

The α7S III's shutter speed range is 30 s to 1/8,000 s for still images. For bulb movies, the shutter speed range is 1/4 s (1/3 s step) to 1/8,000 s.
The camera has an approximate maximum continuous shooting speed of 10.0 frames per second in Speedy Priority Continuous shooting drive and Continuous shooting drive mode.

### Ergonomics and functions

The α7S III has a TFT LCD screen with a size of 7.5 cm (3 inches) and resolution of 1,440,000 dots (800 × 600 pixels) (SVGA) with an adjustable tilt angle of 107 degrees up and 41 degrees down (approximate). The OLED electronic viewfinder has a resolution of 9,437,184 dots (2048 × 1536 pixels) (3.15 MP) (QXGA) and a .90x magnification.
The camera additionally has built-in Wi-Fi with NFC compatibility.

### Video

The camera can record 4K UHD (QFHD: 3840 x 2160) internally in full frame format at 120 FPS. The camera allows for movie image size to be set, as well as the frame rate per second, and compression method. The camera can shoot in HLG and S-log internally.

## Accessories

The α7S III camera body comes with the following:
* Battery Pack NP-FZ100 (rechargeable)
* Battery Charger BC-QZ1