OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rudka, Czarnków-Trzcianka County

Rudka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzcianka, within Czarnków-Trzcianka County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Trzcianka, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Czarnków, and 72 km (45 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań.
# Macew

Macew (German 1939-1945 Weide) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gołuchów, within Pleszew County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.
# Kfar Hess

Kfar Hess (Hebrew: כְּפַר הֶס, lit. 'Hess Village') is a moshav in central Israel. Located in the Sharon plain to the south-east of Tel Mond and covering 3,800 dunams, it falls under the jurisdiction of Lev HaSharon Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 1,550.

## History

The village was founded in 1931 as part of the Settlement of the Thousand, and together with Herut, Ein Vered, Tel Mond and Kfar Ziv, it formed part of Gush Tel Mond (lit. Tel Mond Bloc). It was named after Moses Hess, a secular Jewish philosopher and one of the founders of socialism and Labour Zionist thought.
The founding group was organized under the Izrael organization, that was meant to establish a moshav on land bought from the village of Zarin in the outskirts of the Jezreel Valley, near Kfar Yehezkel. The idea for creating the new organization was conceived by the agricultural workers and Zionist pioneers, Nisan Boord and Mordechai Te'eni.
* Kfar Hess in 1937
* Kfar Hess (Kefar Hess) in 1942 (1:20,000)
* Kfar Hess (Kefar Hess) in 1945 (1:250,000)

## Notable residents

* Giora Eiland, retired general
* Ram Rothberg, retired admiral
# Merlon

A merlon is the solid, upright section of a battlement (a crenellated parapet) in medieval architecture or fortifications. Merlons are sometimes pierced by narrow, vertical embrasures, or tooth-like slits designed for observation and fire. The space between two merlons is called a crenel, and a succession of merlons and crenels is a crenellation. Crenels designed in later eras for use by cannons were also called embrasures.

## Etymology

The term merlon comes from French [1704], adapted from the Italian merlone, possibly a shortened form of mergola, perhaps connected to Latin mergae ("two-pronged pitchfork"), or from a diminutive moerulus, from murus or moerus (a wall). An alternative etymology suggests that the medieval Latin merulus (mentioned from the end of the 10th century) functioned as a diminutive of Latin merle, "blackbird", expressing an image of this bird sitting on a wall.

## As part of battlements

As an essential part of battlements, merlons were used in fortifications for millennia. The best-known examples appear on medieval buildings, where battlements, though defensive, could be attractively formed, thus having a secondary decorative purpose. Some (especially later) buildings have false "decorative battlements". The two most notable European variants in Middle Ages merlons shape were the Ghibelline and the Guelph merlon: the former ended in the upper part with a swallow-tailed form, while the latter term indicates the normal rectangular shape merlons (wimperg).
Other shapes include: three-pointed, quatrefoil, shielded, flower-like, rounded (typical of Islamic and African world), pyramidal, etc., depending either from the type of attacks expected or aesthetic considerations.
In Roman times, the merlons had a width sufficient to shelter a single man. As new weapons appeared in the Middle Ages (including crossbows and the first firearms), the merlons were enlarged and provided with loop-holes of various dimensions and shapes, varying from simply rounded to cruciform. From the 13th century, the merlons could also be used to pivot wooden shutters; these added further protection for the defenders when they were not firing, or were firing downwards near the base of the wall. The shutters, also known as mantlets, could be opened by hand, or by using a pulley.
* Usage of merlons, from Eugène Viollet-le-Duc's Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle
* Ghibelline merlons at Saint-Pierre Castle, Italy
* Guelphs merlons in the Castle of Montechino, Italy

## Later use

After falling out of favour when the invention of the cannon, forced fortifications to take a much lower profile, merlons re-emerged as mostly decorative features in buildings constructed in the Gothic Revival style of the 19th century.

## Gallery

* Cathedral of Évora, Portugal
* Walls of Ávila, Spain
* Torre de la Carrova, Amposta, Spain
* Moscow Kremlin Wall, Russia
* São Jorge Castle, Lisbon, Portugal
* Castle of Capdepera, Mallorca, Spain
* Carcassonne, France
# 2019 Ghotki riots

On September 15, 2019, in Ghotki city of Sindh province of Pakistan, a large number of extremist Muslims desecrated three Hindu temples, a private school and attacked shops and houses belonging to the Hindu community over the allegation of blasphemy against the Hindu principal of the Sindh Public School made by a school student. A delegation investigating the attack found that the attacks were pre-planned and had political support.

## Background

On 14 September, a student in the Sindh Public School in Ghotki complained to his father that the principal had allegedly made derogatory remarks against Prophet Muhammad. The student also made a video about this, which went viral. Following this, protesters filed an FIR against the principal on the night of 14 September.
On 15 September, thousands of supporters of Mian Mithoo held sit-ins on the main roads and marched towards the school. Mian Aslam was leading the mob. Mian Mitho, the brother of Mian Aslam, has allegedly been involved in the forced conversion of Hindu girls in the past. Mian Mitho denied his involvement in the attack.
The mob desecrated Hindu temples including the famous Sacho Satram Das temple, vandalised the school and attacked houses and shops belonging to the members of the Hindu community. The mobs also damaged sacred items inside the temple.

## Response

Cases against 218 people involved in the attack were registered in three separate cases.
Following the attack, many local Muslims in Ghotki held a rally to show solidarity with the Hindu community. Many Muslims spent the night in the temple to protect the Hindus, who were taking refuge inside it.
Bilawal Bhutto, Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) visited the Sacho Satram Dham temple which was desecrated and condemned the attack.
A delegation was formed by Ministry of Human Rights to investigate the attacks which found that the attacks on temples and riots were pre-planned and had political support. The delegation found that the principal accused of blasphemy actively supported a political party in the recent Ghotki by-elections and attacking him was politically motivated. The delegation also found that local police were reluctant to even register FIR against the rioters.

## Aftermath

In 2024, the principal in question was acquitted of the blasphemy charge against him after spending five years in jail.
# Eva Davies

Eva Davies (25 December 1924 – 2 December 2013) was a British fencer. She competed in the women's team foil event at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Rudki, Gniezno County

Rudki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzemeszno, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.
# Machcin, Greater Poland Voivodeship

Machcin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Śmigiel, within Kościan County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Śmigiel, 21 km (13 mi) south-west of Kościan, and 60 km (37 mi) south-west of the regional capital Poznań.
# Aleksander Fjeld Andersen

Aleksander Fjeld Andersen (born 15 April 1997) is a former Norwegian biathlete. He competed in the Biathlon World Cup since 2021. He is the older brother of fellow Norwegian biathlete Filip Fjeld Andersen. He retired in May 2023.
# John Howship

John Howship FRS (1781 – 22 January 1841) was an English surgeon remembered for describing the Howship–Romberg sign. He was an assistant surgeon at St. George's Infirmary, London and lecturer at St. George's Hospital Medical School. He was a member of the council of the Royal College of Surgeons at the time of his death from a lower leg abscess.
Howship was an associate of Robert Hooper, working on illustrations for Hooper's books. He also assisted John Heaviside with exhibits for his museum.
# Oberholzer murder

The Oberholzer murder occurred in Rhodesia on 4 July 1964, when members of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) attacked and killed Pieter Johan Andries Oberholzer, who worked as a foreman of the Silverstreams Wattle Company.
On 4 July 1964, ZANLA insurgents carried out an ambush that resulted in the killing of a white foreman from Silverstreams Wattle Company, Andrew Oberholzer, while he was travelling with his wife and family on a main road. After Mr Oberholzer's death, the attackers attempted to set his body and car alight. However, they were driven off by the arrival of another car on the scene. Police recovered two notes in which the killers threatened to "kill all whites if they don't want to give back our country".
The killing of Andrew Oberholzer had a lasting effect on Rhodesia's small, close-knit white community. The Smith Administration subsequently moved to detain the ZANU and ZAPU political leadership in August 1964. The major political leaders imprisoned were Ndabaningi Sithole, Leopold Takawira, Edgar Tekere, Enos Nkala and Maurice Nyagumbo. The remaining military leaders of the ZANLA Dare ReChimurenga were Josiah Tongogara and the highly-regarded barrister Herbert Chitepo. Operating from bases in Zambia and later from Mozambique, insurgents subsequently began launching attacks against Rhodesia.
# Joseph Knox Walker

Joseph Knox Walker (July 19, 1818 – August 21, 1863) was an American politician and officer in the Confederate Army.

## Early life

Walker was born on July 19, 1818, in Columbia, Tennessee. He was the son of James Walker, of Columbia, Tennessee, a nephew of President James K. Polk, and a brother of Lucius Marshall Walker. He graduated from Yale College in 1838.

## Career

In March 1845, he became Private Secretary of President Polk and the signer of land-warrants. In 1858, he was a member of the Tennessee Senate.
Soon after the beginning of the American Civil War, he entered the Confederate States Army and became colonel of the 2nd Tennessee Infantry Regiment. Exposure in camp at Columbus, Kentucky, and afterward in the vicinity of the Siege of Corinth and Battle of Shiloh, impaired his health so seriously that he resigned his command. The United States Army general commanding the department permitted him to return home to Memphis, Tennessee. There, his strength gradually declined until he died.

## Death

He died at the residence of his brother-in-law, Mr. Wm. S. Pickett, on August 21, 1863, aged about 45 years.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Yale Obituary Record.
# Rudki, Szamotuły County

Rudki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostroróg, within Szamotuły County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Ostroróg, 7 km (4 mi) west of Szamotuły, and 37 km (23 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań.
# Omegandra

Omegandra is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Amaranthaceae. The only species is Omegandra kanisii.
Its native range is Northern Australia.
# Karipey Rural District

Karipey Rural District (Persian: دهستان كارئ پي) is in Lalehabad District of Babol County, Mazandaran province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Zargar.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 31,761 in 8,094 households. There were 31,971 inhabitants in 9,506 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 27,828 in 9,206 households. The most populous of its 51 villages was Aminabad, with 1,952 people.
# 1983 Virginia Slims of Atlanta

The 1983 Virginia Slims of Atlanta was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States that was part of the 1983 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. The tournament was held from April 25 through May 2, 1983. Second-seeded Pam Shriver won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Pam Shriver defeated Kathy Jordan 6–2, 6–0
* It was Shriver's 1st singles title of the year and the 4th of her career.

### Doubles

Alycia Moulton / Sharon Walsh defeated Rosemary Casals / Wendy Turnbull 6–3, 7–6
* It was Moulton's 2nd title of the year and the 3rd of her career. It was Walsh's 3rd title of the year and the 14th of her career.
# 2012 Alderney general election

General elections were held in Alderney on 17 November 2012 in accordance with the rules governing elections in Alderney. Five of the ten seats in the States were up for election. There were 12 candidates.

## Results

| Candidate | Votes | % | Notes |
| Louis Jean | 613 | 74.9 | Elected |
| Neil Harvey | 532 | 65.0 | Elected |
| Francis Simonet | 440 | 53.8 | Elected |
| Robert McDowall | 319 | 39.0 | Elected |
| Christopher Rowley | 309 | 37.8 | Elected |
| Boyd Kelly | 254 | 31.0 | |
| Ken Hampton | 253 | 30.9 | |
| Lin Maurice | 221 | 27.0 | |
| Bill Walden | 195 | 23.8 | |
| Helen Martin | 109 | 13.3 | |
| Martin Hunt | 49 | 6.0 | |
| Caroline Ely | 48 | 5.9 | |
| Invalid/blank votes | 5 | - | |
| Total | 818 | - | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,209 | 73 | |
| Source: ||||
# Caracol, Añasco, Puerto Rico

Caracol is a barrio in the municipality of Añasco, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,869.

## History

Caracol was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the combined population of Caracol and Hatillo barrios was 1,030.

## Sectors

Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions) in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.
The following sectors are in Caracol barrio:
Carretera 402, Sector Agustín Matías, Sector Calzadera, Sector Caracol Abajo, Sector Caracol Arriba, Sector La Variante, Sector Pepe Pratts, and Sector Peyo Valentín.
# Rudna, Złotów County

Rudna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Złotów, within Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of Złotów and 105 km (65 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.
In the interbellum, a Polish school existed in the village. After the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, Poles were persecuted. The Germans arrested local Polish activists and the local Polish teacher Czesław Mikołajczyk, who were imprisoned and killed in the Flossenbürg and Sachsenhausen concentration camps.
# Središte Monastery

The Središte Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Средиште, romanized: Manastir Središte) is a Serb Orthodox monastery located in the Banat region, in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. The monastery is situated near the villages of Malo Središte and Veliko Središte, in the Vršac municipality. It was built in the late 15th century by Despot Jovan Brankovic.
# Double amphibrach

The double amphibrach is a variation of the double dactyl, similar to the McWhirtle but with stricter formal requirements. Meter and lineation are consistently amphibrachic (da DA da) rather than dactylic (DA da da), and the shortened fourth and eighth lines rhyme. In narrative sequences, the requirements that the first line be nonsense syllables and second line be a proper name are sometimes waived, but the sixth line requires a single diamphibrachic word (e.g. discriminatory, hallucinogenic, personification).
Jan D. Hodge in The Bard Double-Dactyled and Other Odd Pieces includes several pieces in this stanza form. His version of “Humpty Dumpty” begins:
    As Humpty was sitting
    upon a partition,
    he misplaced his balance
    and suffered a fall.
    A sodden, unsightly
    reorganization
    of yolk and albumen
    appeared by the wall.
Here is the seventh stanza of his rendering of Hamlet:
    Laertes returns to
    avenge his dead father
    and finds his dear sister
    half out of her mind,
    her life in all senses
    deteriorating:
    her father’s been killed and
    her lover’s unkind.
and his Taming of the Shrew concludes:
    The husbands’ last wager
    provides us a further
    and fitting reversal
    confirming this view;
    the contest makes clear the
    identification
    we’d always suspected—
    Bianca’s the shrew.
# Markus Kaya

Markus Kaya (born 20 October 1979) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

Kaya made his debut on the professional league level in the Bundesliga for FC Schalke 04 on 29 May 1999 when he came on as a substitute for Jiří Němec in the 63rd minute in a game against TSV 1860 München.
In May 2008 he scored the ARD's Goal of the Month.
# Tokyo University of Agriculture Botanical Garden

The Tokyo University of Agriculture Botanical Garden (東京農業大学植物園, Tōkyō Nōgyō Daigaku Shokubutsuen) is a botanical garden operated by the Tokyo University of Agriculture, and located at 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan.
The garden was established in 1967, and now cultivates about 1,500 species of useful plants, including collections of Cactaceae and other succulents (such as Agave, Euphorbia, Kalanchoe, Stapelia, Sansevieria), Iris, Lilium, Paeonia, Rosa, Syringa, as well as flora of Asia and the Far East, Kazakhstan, Europe, the Americas, and medicinal plants and conifers such as Podocarpus. In addition, 310 species of wild plants grow in the garden.
# Old Main (University of South Dakota)

Old Main, originally known as University Hall and Main Hall, is a historic university building at the University of South Dakota. Originally built in 1883, it is the oldest building on campus, despite having been rebuilt after an 1893 fire. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1973.

## Architecture and functions

The original University Hall was constructed by Sioux Falls architect Wallace L. Dow in a mixed architectural style, but with undoubtable Scandinavian influence. The new 1893 building has a marked Colonial Revival influence. It consists of a central three-story building, the main door facing south, with two-story wings on its east and west sides. It was constructed from pink quartzite taken from a quarry near Sioux Falls and sandstone trim along the windows, doors, and corners of the building. Friezes, box cornices, and brackets adorn the exterior of the building, mainly made out of stamped sheet metal. The building has four cupolas: two on the central building and one on each wing. An apse on the northern end of the central building houses Farber Hall, a small theatre that doubles as a lecture hall. The most noticeable feature of the building is the large spire atop the central building.
Besides still hosting classes, Old Main is home to Farber Hall, named for Dr. William O. Farber, where lectures and other events are held. The University Honors Program offices and the Oscar Howe Gallery are located on the ground floor.

## History

When the University of South Dakota (then simply the University of Dakota) began holding classes in 1883, it was operating out of rented space in a building in downtown Vermillion. University Hall was the first building in the former Dakota Territory to be specifically built for an institution of higher public education. Using $10,000 in bonds proceeds raised by Clay County, the west wing of University Hall was completed in 1883, and the university moved in. The central tower of the building was constructed between 1884 and 1885, and the final east wing was completed in 1887.
In 1893, University Hall caught fire. The interior was gutted but the exterior remained standing, and the hall began being rebuilt immediately. Over $42,500 was raised by the county and citizens of Vermillion for the repairs. Some materials used in the reconstruction included retired building materials from the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago. Among these repurposed materials were the metal friezes on the exterior front of the building, which can still be viewed today. These renovations were completed in August 1899.
Several other buildings have been constructed in the decades since the university was founded, but Old Main still sits at the center of campus. Major renovations were completed between 1993 and 1997.
# Ezekiel Baker

Ezekiel Baker (1758–1836) was a master gunsmith from Whitechapel, London, who became known for his design of the Baker rifle in 1800.
Baker was apprenticed to gunsmith Henry Nock and opened a gunshop of his own at 24 Whitechapel Road, London in 1775. He later wrote a book on his experiences when making and using rifles.

## The Baker rifle

The British Army had been experimenting with rifles since the American Revolutionary War, but had found all available rifle designs either too fragile, cumbersome or slow firing to be able to use in a generalised war. On 4 February 1800, a number of leading gun makers were invited to Woolwich to trial their rifle designs by the Board of Ordnance, who were responsible for the procurement of weaponry for the army. Baker's design was chosen, and he was given an initial order for 800 rifles. In the same year, an "Experimental Corps of Riflemen" was raised by Colonel Coote Manningham and Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. William Stewart. The corps was manned by volunteer officers and soldiers from a variety of British regiments and militias, and would soon be renamed and normalised into the army under the name the 95th Rifles Regiment of Foot.
By 1810, five British battalions, three of the 95th and two of the 60th Regiments, as well as several light companies of the King's German Legion were equipped with the Baker rifle. The rifle was renowned for its accuracy and range. It was used throughout the Napoleonic Wars and continued in service until the 1830s.

## Sources

* Baker, Ezekiel (2010) [1804]. Twenty-three Years Practice and Observations with Rifle Guns. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-166-27060-5.
* Henderson, Robert. Loading and Firing the British Army Baker Rifle, 1799 - 1815.
# Cincia

Cincia is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Arctiinae. Its only species, Cincia conspersa, is found on Jamaica. Both the genus and species were first described by Francis Walker in 1854.

## Former species

* Cincia pallida, now Amplicincia pallida (Butler, 1878)
# University of Rhode Island Botanical Gardens

41°29′23″N 71°31′33″W﻿ / ﻿41.489608°N 71.5257232°W﻿ / 41.489608; -71.5257232
The University of Rhode Island Botanical Gardens (4.5 acres) are botanical gardens located on the University of Rhode Island campus in Kingston, Rhode Island. The gardens are open to the public free of charge at all times.
The gardens were started as the Learning Landscape in 1992 as a donation of materials and labor from the Rhode Island Nursery and Landscape Association. The gardens were renamed the URI Botanical Gardens in 2003.
The URI Botanical Gardens showcase sustainable landscape plants and practices. The gardens feature a home garden and landscape, a Memorial White Garden, the Ericaceous Garden, the Annual Garden, the Formal Gardens and Graduation Stage, the Shade Garden, the Matthew J. Horridge Conservatory and the Chester Clayton Rose Garden.