OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zimbabwe Stock Exchange

The Zimbabwe Stock Exchange, or ZSE, is the official stock exchange of Zimbabwe. Its history dates back to 1896 but has only been open to foreign investment since 1993. The exchange has about a dozen members, and currently lists 63 equities. There are two primary indices, the ZSE All Share and the ZSE Top 10.

## History

The first stock exchange in Zimbabwe opened shortly after the arrival of the Pioneer Column in Bulawayo in 1896. However, it only operated for about six years. Other stock exchanges were established in Gwelo (Gweru) and Umtali (Mutare). The Mutare Exchange, also opened in 1896, thrived on the success of local mining, but with the realization that deposits in the area were not extensive, activity declined and it closed in 1924. After World War II, a new exchange was founded in Bulawayo by Alfred Mulock Bentley and dealing started in January 1946.
A second floor was opened in Salisbury (Harare) in December 1951 and trading between the two centers took place by telephone. Traders continued working by telephone until it was decided that legislation should be enacted to govern the rights and obligations of the members of the exchange and the general investing public.
The Rhodesia Stock Exchange Act reached the statute book in January 1974. The members of the exchange continued to trade as before and for legal reasons it became necessary to create a new exchange coincidental with the passing of the legislation. The exchange dates from the passing of the act in 1974, and is operated and regulated in accordance with the act and its amendments, including 1996's Zimbabwe Stock Exchange Act: Chapter 24:18.
On achieving independence from Britain in 1980, the exchange changed its name from the Rhodesia to the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange.
With the decline of the Zimbabwean economy, hyperinflation rendered the Zimbabwean dollar useless and the US-Dollar was adopted as the legal tender for trading on the exchange in February 2009.
As of March 2009, trade has been very thin, with very few foreign investors willing to risk trading on the market. Most stocks trade in the US-cent range, with at least 26 different stocks not trading at all.
On 26 June 2020, the Zimbabwean government announced that the stock exchange would suspend trading from 29 June in order to impose measures that were expected to address the RTGS dollar, which has been experiencing high inflation since its introduction. The exchange resumed operations on 3 August 2020.

## Victoria Falls Stock Exchange

Victoria Falls Stock Exchange is a stock exchange established in 2020 as a subsidiary of the ZSE to operate in the Victoria Falls special economic zone.
# Democratic transition

A democratic transition describes a phase in a country's political system as a result of an ongoing change from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one. The process is known as democratisation, political changes moving in a democratic direction. Democratization waves have been linked to sudden shifts in the distribution of power among the great powers, which created openings and incentives to introduce sweeping domestic reforms. Although transitional regimes experience more civil unrest, they may be considered stable in a transitional phase for decades at a time. Since the end of the Cold War transitional regimes have become the most common form of government. Scholarly analysis of the decorative nature of democratic institutions concludes that the opposite democratic backsliding (autocratization), a transition to authoritarianism is the most prevalent basis of modern hybrid regimes.

## Typology
### Autocratization

Democratic backsliding is a process of regime change toward autocracy in which the exercise of political power becomes more arbitrary and repressive. The process typically restricts the space for public contest and political participation in the process of government selection. Democratic decline involves the weakening of democratic institutions, such as the peaceful transition of power or free and fair elections, or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracies, especially freedom of expression. Democratic backsliding is the opposite of democratization.
Proposed causes of democratic backsliding include economic inequality, rampant culture wars, culturally conservative reactions to societal changes, populist or personalist politics, and external influence from great power politics. During crises, backsliding can occur when leaders impose autocratic rules during states of emergency that are either disproportionate to the severity of the crisis or remain in place after the situation has improved.

### Democratisation

Democratization, or democratisation, is the structural government transition from an authoritarian government to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.
Whether and to what extent democratization occurs can be influenced by various factors, including economic development, historical legacies, civil society, and international processes. Some accounts of democratization emphasize how elites drove democratization, whereas other accounts emphasize grassroots bottom-up processes. How democratization occurs has also been used to explain other political phenomena, such as whether a country goes to a war or whether its economy grows.

## Measurement

The democracy indices differ in whether they are categorical, such as classifying countries into democracies, hybrid regimes, and autocracies, or continuous values. The qualitative nature of democracy indices enables data analytical approaches for studying causal mechanisms of regime transformation processes.
# Lucerne Street Doggz

Lucerne Street Doggz are a street gang in the Lucerne Street area of Mattapan neighborhood in Boston. In 2006 Lucerne Street Gang was involved in 37 shootings in Boston counting for 10% of all shootings that year.
# Rising Star

Rising Star or Rising Stars may refer to:

## People and characters

* Rising Star, a pseudonym of the DJ Armin van Buuren
* Aurvandil, the Rising Star, or Morning Star; in Germanic mythology

## Books

* Rising Stars (comic), a comic book series by J. Michael Straczynski
* Rising Stars of Manga, an English-language comic anthology published by TOKYOPOP from 2002 to 2008
* Rising Star: The Making of Barack Obama, a 2017 biography of Barack Obama by David Garrow
* Rising Stars, a British educational publisher owned by Hodder Education

## Film and TV

* Rising Stars (film), a 2010 American teen musical film
* "Rising Star" (Babylon 5), a fourth-season episode of the science fiction television series Babylon 5
* Rising Star (franchise), an international music reality television series in a number of countries
** Rising Star (France), 2014 French reality show on M6
** Rising Star Indonesia
** Rising Star (American TV series), 2014 American reality show on ABC
** Rising Star (Indian TV series)
* Suraj: The Rising Star, an Indian animated TV series about cricket

## Music

* Rising Star (album), a 2009 album by Taegoon
* Brit Award for Rising Star, an award recognizing up and coming talent

## Places

* Rising Star, Texas, USA
* Rising Star Academy, an Islamic School in New Jersey, United States
* Rising Star Cave, an archaeological site in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa
* Rising Starr Middle School, a school in Fayette County, Georgia, United States

## Ships

* PS Rising Star, a paddle steamer warship launched in 1818
* Rising Star (ship, 1991), a tugboat operated by the United States Air Force

### Fictional ships

* Rising Star, a fictional starship featured in the original Battlestar Galactica episode "Murder on the Rising Star"

## Sport

* AFL Rising Star, an award given to the best young player in the Australian Football League
* AFL Women's Rising Star, an award given to the best young player in the AFL Women's
* Rising Stars F.C., a Nigerian football club
* Rising Stars Challenge, a basketball all-star game
* Rising Stars cricket team, a cricket team based in Zimbabwe

## Others

* Rising Star Casino Resort, a casino hotel in Indiana
* Rising Star Games, a video game publishing company
# 1986 Quaid-e-Azam International Cup

The 1986 Quaid-e-Azam International Cup was the fourth edition of the Quaid-e-Azam International Cup. The event was held at the Jinnah Sports Stadium in Islamabad, Pakistan.

## Venue

| Islamabad | Islamabad |
| Jinnah Sports Stadium | Islamabad |
| Capacity: 40,000 | Islamabad |

## Results

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Final result |
| 1 | China | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 19 | 1 | +18 | 9 | Champions |
| 2 | Pakistan Green | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 3 | +11 | 8 | |
| 3 | South Korea XI | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 2 | +12 | 7 | |
| 4 | Sri Lanka | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 12 | −7 | 3 | |
| 5 | Nepal | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 17 | −13 | 3 | |
| 6 | Pakistan White | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 23 | −21 | 0 | |
    NB Pakistan Green are the Pakistan national side; Pakistan White are the national B squad; China was the full national team; South Korea is the national B squad.
# 2024 Lincoln Challenger

The 2024 Lincoln Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 1st edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Lincoln, Nebraska, United States between August 5 and August 11, 2024.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| USA | Christopher Eubanks | 110 | 1 |
| MON | Valentin Vacherot | 111 | 2 |
| FRA | Harold Mayot | 114 | 3 |
| FRA | Luca Van Assche | 118 | 4 |
| CHN | Bu Yunchaokete | 136 | 5 |
| USA | Emilio Nava | 161 | 6 |
| KAZ | Denis Yevseyev | 166 | 7 |
| CRO | Borna Gojo | 176 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 29 July 2024.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Joshua Lapadat
* Anton Shepp
* Joan Torres Espinosa
The following players received entry into the singles main draw as alternates:
* Nishesh Basavareddy
* Aidan Mayo
* Ethan Quinn
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Stefan Kozlov
* Christian Langmo
* Ryuki Matsuda
* Jack Pinnington Jones
* Colton Smith
* Eliot Spizzirri
The following players received entry as lucky losers:
* Shintaro Mochizuki
* Yusuke Takahashi

## Champions
### Singles

* Jacob Fearnley def. Coleman Wong 6–4, 6–2.

### Doubles

* Robert Cash / JJ Tracy def. Ariel Behar / Luke Johnson 7–6$^{(8–6)}$, 6–3.
# Gabae

Gabae was the ancient name of:
* Isfahan, city of Iran
* Koktepe, Sogdian fortress
* Tel Shush, city in Galilee
# Gabai

Gabai may refer to:
* Gabai (surname)
* Gabbai, one who assists in the running of a synagogue
* Gabai River in Malaysia, which includes the Gabai Falls
* Gabae, name of three ancient cities
# Black Cypress Bayou

Black Cypress Bayou is a 23.3-mile-long (37.5 km) river in the U.S. state of Texas. It is a tributary of Big Cypress Bayou and is part of the Red River watershed.
# Court of Exchequer Chamber

The Court of Exchequer Chamber was an English appellate court for common law civil actions before the reforms of the Judicature Acts of 1873–1875. It originated in the fourteenth century, established in its final form by the Error From Queen's Bench Act 1584 (27 Eliz. 1. c. 8).
The court heard references from the King's Bench, the Court of Exchequer and, from 1830, directly rather than indirectly from the Court of Common Pleas. It was constituted of four judges belonging to the two courts that had been uninvolved at first instance. In cases of exceptional importance such as the Case of Mines (1568) and R v Hampden (1637) twelve common law judges, four from each division below, sitting in Exchequer Chamber, might be asked to determine a point of law, the matter being referred by the court hearing the case rather than the parties.
Though further appeal to the House of Lords was possible, this was rare before the nineteenth century. As a rule, a judgment of the Exchequer Chamber was considered the definitive statement of the law. Certain judgments like Hampden (the case of ship money) caused political controversy.
It was superseded by the Court of Appeal of England and Wales.
# Takashi Ono (judoka)

Takashi Ono (小野 卓志, Ono Takashi, born 25 June 1980) is a Japanese judoka and the 2005 Asian Judo Championships gold medalist in the −81 kg category.
Ono is from Ishige, Ibaraki, and has studied Judo alongside Keiji Suzuki since childhood. After graduating from Tsukuba University, he joined Ryotokuji Gakuen, of which Yusuke Kanamaru, Tomoo Torii, and former Asian champion Yuta Yazaki are also members. He won the all Japanese championships from 2008 to 2010 and, although the favorite at the Tokyo 2010 World Championships, was eliminated in the 3rd round by former Olympic champion Ilias Iliadis. Ono is renowned for his uchi mata (inner thigh throw). He is also well known for his Ōuchi gari (大内刈 major inside leg reap). In 2009–2010, Ono was regarded as one of the most exciting judoka in the world. Despite his popularity, he lost his place in the 2012 Olympics; Japan instead chose Masashi Nishiyama for ‍–‍90 kg.
# Olia Hercules

Olia Hercules (born 1984) is a London-based Ukrainian chef, food writer and food stylist. In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine she initiated a programme of fundraising, for individuals and for UNICEF.

## Early life

Olia Hercules was born in Southern Ukraine in 1984, and spent her early childhood in the town of Kakhovka. She is of Russian and Bessarabian (Moldovan) origin. Her father is an entrepreneur and her mother a hotel manager. She moved to Cyprus at the age of 12 where the climate was deemed better for her asthma and went to an English school. She settled in the United Kingdom at the age of 18 to study international relations and Italian at Warwick University before obtaining a master's degree in Russian language and culture. Beside her native Russian, she also speaks English, Italian and some Ukrainian.

## Work

Hercules began working as a film journalist but amidst the 2008 economic crisis decided to change careers. Olia Hercules began working as a chef after completing a course at Leith's School of Food and Wine in 2010. She was then a food stylist for various publications, after which she went on to work at London restaurant Ottolenghi's as a chef-de-partie (line cook).
Hercules has appeared on Saturday Kitchen, Sunday Brunch, and Christopher Kimball's Milk Street Television.

## Books

She has written the recipe book Mamushka which is a collection of Eastern European recipes. In 2017, Hercules' second book was published.
* Mamushka: Recipes From Ukraine & Beyond (Octopus Publishing, 2015)
* Kaukasis: The Cookbook – A Journey Through the Wild East (Octopus Publishing, 2017)
* Summer Kitchens Inside Ukraine's Hidden Places of Cooking and Sanctuary (Weldon Owen, July 14, 2020)
* Home Food (Bloomsbury Publishing, 7 July 2022)

## Activism

In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Hercules raised money to privately send bullet-proof vests to civilian volunteers in the Ukrainian army, including her brother. With her friend, the Russian chef Alissa Timoshkina, the duo established the #CookForUkraine social media initiative, encouraging businesses and individuals to raise money for UNICEF and Legacy of War Foundation by cooking Ukrainian cuisine.

## Awards

* The Observer Rising Star in Food 2015
* Winner of Fortnum & Mason's Debut Food Book Award 2016

## Personal life

She married a Greek-Cypriot man in her early twenties and kept his last name ‘Hercules’. She then had a son, born in 2012, with fellow chef Tom Catley, and is now married to British food photographer, Joe Woodhouse. The couple have two sons. They live in London. Shortly after his birth in 2020, Hercules' youngest son showed developmental and speech delays, which led to Hercules consulting medical professionals. Through genetic testing, Hercules, her father, and her youngest son were all diagnosed with the rare disease, Fragile X. In January 2025, she was named the Ambassador for Fragile X Society in the UK and speaks often to the public about the condition.
# Jane Vaughn

Jane Vaughn (married: Sullivan) (July 31, 1921 - March 25, 2016) was an American figure skater. She won the United States Figure Skating Championships in 1940 and 1941.
She was inducted into the U.S. Figure Skating Hall Of Fame in 1996. She was the older sister of Arthur Vaughn Jr.

## Results

| Event | 1938 | 1939 | 1940 | 1941 | 1942 |
| U.S. Championships | 4th | 4th | 3rd | 1st | 1st |
# Sudanese Ba'ath Party

Part of a series on :
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OrganizationsArab Ba'ath1940–1947Arab Ba'ath Movement1940–1947Ba'ath Party1947–1966Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)1968–2003Baath Party (pro-Syrian)1966–2024 :
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Fall of the Assad regime :
Regional organizationsAlgeriapro-Iraqpro-SyriaBahrainpro-Iraqpro-SyriaEgyptpro-Iraqpro-SyriaIraqpro-Iraqpro-SyriaJordanpro-Iraqpro-SyriaKuwaitpro-IraqLebanonpro-Iraqpro-SyriaLibyapro-IraqMauritaniapro-Iraqpro-SyriaPalestinepro-Iraqpro-SyriaSudanpro-Iraqpro-SyriaSyriapro-Iraqpro-SyriaTunisiapro-Iraqpro-SyriaYemenpro-Iraqpro-Syria :
Splinter groupsArab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party1960–1962/63Socialist Lebanon1965–1970Arab Revolutionary Workers Party1966–presentDemocratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party1970–presentSudanese Ba'ath Party2002–present :
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Sudanese Ba'ath Party (Arabic: حزب البعث السوداني, Ḥizb al-Ba‘th al-Sūdānī) is a political party in Sudan. It is said to be neutral to the Syria-Iraq split within Ba'athist politics.

## History

The party emerged from a split within the pro-Iraqi Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Country of Sudan in 2002. Another Sudanese faction, led by Kamal Bolad remained in the pan-Arab party.

## Prominent members

In 2010, Mohamed Ali Jadein was a prominent member of the Sudanese Ba'ath Party. In 2013, his group was viewed as having split from the "Ba'ath (Sudan Region) Party".
# Blackwater River (Maryland)

The Blackwater River is a 25.8-mile-long (41.5 km) saltwater river in Dorchester County, Maryland. It has many twists and bends and flows through Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge. It runs through Robbins, where there is a boat ramp called Shorter's Wharf and a bridge.
The river does not rise anywhere because the water is sea level from its mouth at Fishing Bay to its landward end at a large unnamed swamp in the Blackwater Refuge. The river can have freshwater species in spring and summer like catfish or bass. The river also has saltwater perch and other saltwater fish that prefer upper parts of rivers. In the winter the river is used for waterfowl hunting.
# Mikołajewo, Czarnków-Trzcianka County

Mikołajewo) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarnków, within Czarnków-Trzcianka County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Czarnków and 64 km (40 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań.
# Feliks Koneczny

Feliks Karol Koneczny (Polish pronunciation:; 1 November 1862 – 10 February 1949) was a Polish historian, theatrical critic, librarian, journalist and social philosopher. He founded the original system of the comparative science of civilizations.

## Biography

Koneczny was born in Kraków on 1 November 1862. His father was of Moravian origin. Koneczny's mother abandoned him at a young age while his father studied, although he had to work at a train station due to being expelled from the Jagiellonian University for partaking in the Kraków uprising.
Koneczny graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and began work at the Jagiellonian Library. After Poland regained its independence, he became an assistant professor in 1919. In June 1920, after he had qualified and received the degree of doctor habilitatus, he became a professor at Stefan Batory University in Wilno. After retiring in 1929, he moved back to Kraków.

## Writings

His interests ranged from purely historical research to the philosophy of history, religion and philosophy. His pioneering works deal with the history of Russia. Koneczny authored extensive monographs on Byzantine and Jewish civilizations, which he considered to be less developed than the Latin civilization of Catholic western Europe. In 1948, after sixty years of research work, Koneczny calculated that his written scholarly output encompassed 26 volumes, each of them being 300 to 400 pages long, not to mention more than 300 articles, brochures and reprints. His theory of civilizations might have inspired those of Anton Hilckman, Samuel P. Huntington and others.

## Theory of Civilizations

Koneczny’s theory on civilizations offered a diagnosis of a crisis of European culture and proposed a program of cultural revival. Koneczny developed a pluralistic theory that would serve as a structure for understanding human history as it is based on a presupposition that there exist many civilizations, which have complex forms of social organization. These civilizations are the primary structures of the history. All other forms of social organization (e.g., cultures, nations, institutions, social movements) are derivative or secondary.
Koneczny divided civilizations into about twenty types, of which seven types still exist. Four are ancient: "Brahmin," "Jewish," "Chinese," and "Turanian". Three are medieval: "Latin," "Byzantine," and "Arab." The differences between civilizations are based on their attitude to law and ethics.
Koneczny did not tie civilizational type to any particular race or nation. Hence, Poles could represent the Turanian type of civilization (as, according to Koneczny, did Józef Piłsudski's Poland) and Germans could represent the Jewish type. In his publication Hitleryzm zażydzony ('The Judaized Hitlerism') Koneczny even claimed that Adolf Hitler was an example of the Jewish civilization type. On the other hand, an ethnic Jew could represent the Latin type of civilization.
# Lipiny, Gmina Przedecz

Lipiny is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Przedecz, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.