OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Political blackness

The notion of "political blackness" arose in the United Kingdom in the 1970s, advocating for "black" as an umbrella term to refer to all people in the UK who were likely to experience discrimination based on skin colour; i.e., anyone who was not white.

## History

Following increased immigration to the United Kingdom after the Second World War, most non-white immigrants were designated as "coloured". The notion of "political blackness" became a popular concept from the 1970s onwards, but began to fall out of favour by the early 1990s.
Although seen as an important frame of reference in Britain in linking prejudice against British Asian and Black British people (especially British African-Caribbean people), its applicability was criticised by some as an imposition not allowing for specific British Asian or Black British prides, or implying that the situation of Asian and Black African-Caribbean British people were the same.

## Responses

In 2016, students of the University of Kent criticised its student union for promoting UK Black History Month with images of Zayn Malik and Sadiq Khan, who are of Asian heritage. Similarly, Riz Ahmed – a British actor of Pakistani heritage – also used the term "black" to refer to "ethnic minorities, of all backgrounds" in a video for Operation Black Vote. The term is also used in this sense by the Black Female Professors Forum, a primarily-online informal network for highlighting both the presence and absence of senior women professors who are not white.
The Black Students' Campaign is a group that uses the term "black" to refer to all non-white students; in recent years, there have been calls to change the group's name because of this.
# Pelops (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Pelops (/ˈpiːlɒps, ˈpɛlɒps/; Greek: Πέλοψ "dark eyes" or "dark face", derived from pelios 'dark' and ops 'face, eye') may refer to the following three figures:
* Pelops, king of Pisa and son of Tantalus
* Pelops, son of Agamemnon
* Pelops, an Egyptian prince and one of the sons of Aegyptus. He married the Danaid Danais and was killed by her during their wedding night.
# Kopaszewo

Kopaszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzywiń, within Kościan County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Krzywiń, 14 km (9 mi) south-east of Kościan, and 46 km (29 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

## History

Kopaszewo was a private village of Polish nobility, administratively located in the Kościan County in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.
The local palace was visited several times by poet Adam Mickiewicz in 1831–1832, and by actress Helena Modjeska in 1868.
In the mid-19th century, the estate was purchased by Dezydery Chłapowski. Chłapowski established sections planted with trees for protection from the wind, and established a park with a variety of tree species, both typical for Poland, such as large-leaved lindens, maples and ash trees, as well as more exotic species, such as honey locusts, European smoketrees, chestnut trees and London planes. Other plants are also found in the area. Beekeeping soon developed, and Kopaszewo became a center for the production of various types of honey, now designated a local traditional food.

## Cuisine

The officially protected traditional food of Kopaszewo as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland, is the Kopaszewo Honey, which comes in several varieties, i.e. multi-flower honey, rapeseed honey, acacia honey and linden honey.
# Fred Lee (cricketer, born 1905)

Frederick George Lee (24 May 1905 – 19 November 1977) played first-class cricket in 10 matches for Somerset between 1925 and 1927. He was born at Chard, Somerset and died at Taunton, also in Somerset.
Fred Lee was the second cricketer of this name to play for Somerset: he was not related to the earlier Fred Lee, and nor was he related to Frank Lee and Jack Lee, the London-born brothers who were his near-contemporaries in the Somerset side.
Lee was a tail-end batsman and a bowler, though neither his batting nor his bowling style is recorded. He recorded his best bowling figures in his first match, with three wickets for 103 runs against Yorkshire in 1925, and his score of eight in Somerset's first innings was also the highest of his short career.
# Hay (Scottish Ploughman)

Hay was a Scottish ploughman and knight of the Clan Hay who was involved in the Battle of Luncarty in 980.

## Battle of Luncarty

In 980, Danish Vikings, under the command of Harald I landed on the coast of Angus and started devastating Scotland. They started a siege on Perth, and when Kenneth II was informed of this, he immediately ordered his men to advance from Stirling toward the enemy. The Danish army was camped on a hill at Redgorton. The Scots, outnumbered and anxious for victory, charged at the Danes. The Danes held their ground and attacked the Scots with volleys of arrows, darts, anything they had. The battle was bloody and it was unsure who would win. The Danes led a countercharge which caused confusion and disarray amongst the Scottish lines. Kenneth ordered his men to retreat. A farmer named Hay, with his 2 sons, was working. Hay saw the retreating Scots, grabbed the yoke from his oxen’s neck, blocked their path of retreat, and beat any Scot who tried retreating. Hay cried out: 'Would you flee and become the slaves of heathen kings?!” The Scots replied with disagreement. “No, no! Turn back, turn back, and die rather as free men!” Hay cried out. This gave the Scots a new encouragement and determination. Kenneth ordered his men to charge at the Danes once again. Hay and his sons joined the charge. The Danes, believing reinforcements for the Scots had arrived, retreated. Many of the retreating Danes drowned in the River Tay.

## After Luncarty

Hay was brought to Kenneth, and Kenneth praised him for his works. Kenneth asked him: What can I do for you? What can I give to you as a reward for your great services?" and he replied: "Give me, sire, as much land as a falcon will fly over without alighting." A falcon flew 6 miles non stop, and Hay was granted that land. He and his sons were knighted and given coat of arms.
* ↑ https://electricscotland.com/history/wars/04BattleOfLuncarty980.pdf
* ↑ https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=read&author=marshall&book=scotland&story=ploughman
* ↑ https://www.traditioninaction.org/religious/h221_Hay.htm
# Cyanoptila

Cyanoptila is a genus of passerine birds in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae.
Cyanoptila comes from Ancient Greek: "kuanos" meaning dark-blue; and "ptilon" – plumage.
It contains the following species:
* Blue-and-white flycatcher (Cyanoptila cyanomelana)
* Zappey's flycatcher (Cyanoptila cumatilis)
# Ludwig Kronfuß

Ludwig Kronfuß (born 16 July 1950) is an Austrian speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1976 Winter Olympics.
# Leitus

In Greek mythology, Leitus (/ˈliːɪtəs/; Ancient Greek: Λήϊτος Leϊtos) was a leader of the Boeotians and admiral of 12 ships which sailed against Troy.

## Family

Leitus was the son of Alector (Alectryon) and Polybule or of Lacritus and Cleobule. He was the brother of Clonius, and probably the half-sibling of other Boeotian leaders, Arcesilaus and Prothoenor.
In some accounts, Leitus was described as an earth-born and thus a son of Gaia (Earth).

## Mythology

Leitus also sailed with the Argonauts and afterwards, as one of the suitors of Helen, fought in the Trojan War, where he killed 20 enemies, including Phylacus.
Leitus was one of the seven Achaean leaders (others being Teucer, Thoas, Meriones, Antilochus, Peneleos and Deipyrus) in front of whom Poseidon appeared during the Trojans' attack on the Achaean ships, urging them to fight back instead of acting like cowards. He was wounded by Hector on the hand at the wrist, but in the end, he was the only Boeotian leader to safely return home after the Trojan War. He also brought back the remains of Arcesilaus, another Boeotian chieftain, and buried them near the city of Lebadea. His own tomb was at Plataeae.
# Gabriella Varga

Gabriella Varga (born 7 April 1982) is a Hungarian foil fencer. On top of being an individual European champion in 2003 and a team European champion in 2007, Varga competed in the women's foil events at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics.
# Beaver River (New York)

The Beaver River is a small mountain stream which flows from the Adirondack Mountains to the Black River at Naumburg, north of Lowville in northwestern New York. The Beaver flows through parts of Hamilton, Herkimer, and Lewis counties. Its source is Lake Lila in Long Lake.
Owing to its high gradient as it drops out of the mountains, the Beaver is a favorite destination for whitewater kayakers and canoeists. In September of each year, hundreds of whitewater paddlers descend on the Beaver from all parts of the US and eastern Canada.
Also because of its high gradient, there are several hydropower projects along the Beaver's course. These projects, created between 1905 and 1920 have fostered a series of highly productive fisheries in the reservoir chain. Popular among locals, the Soft Maple Reservoir is an excellent Smallmouth Bass fishery.
The hamlet of Beaver River at the east end of Stillwater Reservoir, in the town of Webb has a year-round population of three that increases during the summer as many people have camps in this wilderness area. No roads lead to the hamlet; it is accessible only by hiking, rail car or boat in the summer and by snowmobile, snowshoes or cross country skis in the winter.

## Fishing

The Beaver River is a true northern freshwater fishery, consisting of Northern Pike, Pickerel, Walleye, Smallmouth Bass, Bullhead, Catfish, Muskellenge, Carp, and Sunfish. Smallmouth Bass are a staple of the river, and it is not uncommon to catch a nice 20" bass anywhere is the upper reservoirs, particularly Effley and Soft Maple. Soft Maple Reservoir is the only place on the Beaver River that supports a population of Tiger Muskellenge, which are stocked on a periodic basis by the NYS DEC.
# Beaver River (Utah)

The Beaver River is a river in western Utah, 110 miles (180 km) long, that drains to Sevier Lake via the Sevier River.

## Description

The river starts in the Tushar Mountains, in eastern Beaver County near the town of Beaver, and flows for about 30 miles (48 km) west as a perennial stream, through the Beaver Valley to the Escalante Desert, where it turns north. The river then continues north for about 80 miles (130 km) as an ephemeral wash, past Milford (where its entire flow is diverted for irrigation) into Millard County. Once it reaches the Sevier Desert south of Delta it turns west, joining the Sevier River and emptying into the intermittent, endorheic Sevier Lake.
The Beaver River watershed drains about 2,466 square miles (6,390 km$^2$), most of it desert. The human population is about 3500, mostly concentrated in the town of Beaver. The river is dammed for irrigation in its upper reaches by Rocky Ford Dam, forming Minersville Reservoir. A total of 84,000 acres (34,000 ha) are farmed in the basin.
# Beaverhead River

The Beaverhead River is an approximately 69-mile-long (111 km) tributary of the Jefferson River in southwest Montana (east of the Continental Divide). It drains an area of roughly 4,778 square miles (12,370 km$^2$). The river's original headwaters, formed by the confluence of the Red Rock River and Horse Prairie Creek, are now flooded under Clark Canyon Reservoir, which also floods the first 6 miles (9.7 km) of the river. The Beaverhead then flows through a broad valley northward to join the Big Hole River and form the Jefferson River. With the Red Rock River included in its length, the river stretches another 70 miles (110 km), for a total length of 139 miles (224 km), one of the more significant drainages of south-western Montana.
The name of the Beaverhead originates from Beaverhead Rock on the middle river. This rock formation was recognized by Sacajawea when the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed the area in 1805. There were also many beavers in the area at the time, but the name does not originate from the animal. In 1805, Captain Meriwether Lewis traveled up the Jefferson and Beaverhead first, but when the rest of the expedition came, a sign Lewis had left at the confluence of the Beaverhead and Big Hole telling them to follow the Beaverhead had been cut down by a beaver, and the expedition traveled up the Big Hole instead. As a result, the swifter current of the Big Hole swamped two of their canoes before they could travel back down to the confluence.
Together with the Red Rock River, the Beaverhead forms the uppermost headwaters of the Missouri River, the longest tributary of the Mississippi River.
The river is a Class I water from the Clark Canyon Dam to its confluence with the Jefferson River for the purposes of public access for recreational purposes.
# Big Blue River (Indiana)

The Big Blue River is an 83.8-mile-long (134.9 km) tributary of the Driftwood River in east-central Indiana in the United States. Via the Driftwood, White, Wabash and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.

## Course

The Big Blue rises in northeastern Henry County and flows generally southwestwardly through Rush, Hancock, Shelby and Johnson counties, past the towns of New Castle, Knightstown, Carthage, Morristown, Shelbyville and Edinburgh. It joins Sugar Creek to form the Driftwood River 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Edinburgh. At Shelbyville, it collects the Little Blue River.
At the USGS station at Shelbyville, Indiana, the Big Blue River has an approximate discharge of 513 cubic feet per second.
# Battle of Al-Rahiba

The Battle of Al-Rahiba was a military engagement between the Senussi order led by Omar al-Mukhtar and the Italians. The Senussi won a resounding victory against the Italians.

## Battle

After the battles the Senussis had in Jabal al Akhdar led by Omar al-Mukhtar in January 1927, the Senussis then went to Jabal al Ubaid territories, as it provided a place for gatherings and reorganizing their forces in these fertile lands. To attack the Italians there, the Senussis had a force of only 350 men, according to Italian reports. The Italians feared that this force might encourage the tribes subjugated by the Italians, which would put them in a dangerous situation. This is when the Italians decided to strike.
An Italian force of 12 officers and 744 men led by Major Passi marched starting at 9:00 p.m. on March 27 towards Jardas al-ʽAbid , arriving at 6:00 a.m. the next day. They went for the thick forests, where they met resistance from the Senussis. As the march continued, more attacks increased until they arrived at Al-Rahiba Depression, where they fought with the Senussis. The Italians succeeded in capturing some high positions; however, the Senussis counter-attacked in front while also surrounding them.
The Italian leader saw that they could no longer achieve their goal and ordered a retreat. The Senussis chased them and exploited the disunity happening among the Italians, along with their knowledge of the territory, which allowed them to circle the Italians and separate them, which killed many of the Italians. Due to underestimating the Senussi numbers, the Italians lost 6 officers and 340 lives.
This defeat shook the center and prestige of the Italians and prompted Governor Attilio Teruzzi to initiate several military and political measures in an attempt to strike the resistance movement.
# Big Cove Creek

Big Cove Creek is a 19.9-mile-long (32.0km) tributary of Licking Creek in Fulton County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

## Background

Big Cove Creek rises on the west side of Cove Mountain, just outside the Buchanan State Forest. It flows southward in the valley between Cove Mountain and Little Scrub Ridge and Scrub Ridge, generally paralleling U.S. Route 522. About four miles south of its source, it passes through McConnellsburg, the only town of note along its course. About five miles to the south, the creek swings westward and cuts the gap along the south side of Strawberry Ridge, meeting Back Run. It now flows in a narrow valley between Scrub Ridge and the northern outliers of Dickeys Mountain, and is fed by Roaring Run and Spring Run. At the hamlet of Big Cove Tannery, Route 522 swings away to cross Scrub Ridge, and Pennsylvania Route 928 follows the creek south. Just below, Esther Run cuts a deep gap between Dickeys Mountain and Lowery Knob to enter it from the east. It passes through an outlying parcel of Buchanan State Forest, then hugs the west side of the valley while Route 928 climbs away on the east side. It finally joins Licking Creek north of the town of Dickeys Mountain.
In 2017, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission announced that a part of Big Cove Creek near Big Cove Tannery in Fulton County, had been selected as one of 14 Keystone Select Stocked Trout Waters to be stocked with 14- to 20-inch trout.

## Tributaries

* Esther Run
* Spring Run
* Roaring Run
* Back Run
* Kendall Run
# Big Darby Creek

Big Darby Creek is a scenic river located in northwestern central Ohio, and an important tributary to the Lower Scioto River. The river's major tributary is the Little Darby Creek.
The river runs 84 miles (135 km) from its source near the Champaign-Union county line, south-east through Union and Madison Counties. In Franklin County, the river runs through the 7,060 acres (2,860 ha) Battelle Darby Creek Metro Park, where it meets with the Little Darby Creek. Directly downstream from the park, the river empties into the Scioto River in Pickaway County at 39°36′50″N 82°57′47″W﻿ / ﻿39.613805°N 82.963108°W﻿ / 39.613805; -82.963108.
Big Darby Creek is one of the most biologically diverse aquatic systems in the Midwestern United States. It is the site of the only known population of the Scioto madtom, a fish which is now thought to be extinct. In addition, for its size the creek "has the greatest diversity of freshwater mussels in North America. Forty species have been reported from the system." During creek bird surveys from 1989-1991, Zoologist Dan Rice identified 86 species of riparian corridor bird species adjacent to Big Darby Creek Scenic River. Between 1984 and 1992 Rice conducted fish surveys and found 72 species of fish in Big Darby Creek.

## History

When The Columbus Dispatch published an article in 1967 revealing the City of Columbus' plans to purchase over 4,000 acres (16 km$^2$) along the river to build a reservoir, a political and legal battle ensued between the municipality and several environmental groups working with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. From 1974 to 1984, both sides exchanged victories and the legal battle continued into the Ohio Supreme Court, who ended the battle by ruling that the 'scenic river' designation was constitutional. On June 22, 1984, the Upper and Lower Darby Creeks were designated a state scenic river, and then added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System on March 10, 1994. In 2003, Big Darby and Little Darby Creeks were also given their own Historical Markers.
In 2008, the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium built a new exhibit focusing on the Big Darby Creek and its more than 38 rare species of fish and mussels, and in 2009, the City of Columbus, Franklin County Metro Parks, the Ohio Nature Conservancy and other companies spent more than $6 million on seven projects designed to restore sections of the river and its tributaries.
The highest recorded flood crest was 17.94 feet (5.47 m) on January 22, 1959.

## Gallery

* Historical Marker in Galloway
* Flood Gauge in Pickaway County
* Big Darby Creek downstream from meeting Little Darby creek
* Bridge crossing Big Darby Creek located on Scioto-Darby Road in Pickaway County
* Confluence of the Big (front) and Little (rear) Darby creeks
# Duša killings

The Duša killings refers to the shelling of the village of Duša, Gornji Vakuf by the Croatian Defence Council on 18 January 1993, in which 7 Bosniak civilians were killed. Bosniak homes were burnt down after the HVO took control of the village.

## Background

Gornji Vakuf is a town to the south of the Lašva Valley, which had a population of about 10,000 Croats and 14,000 Bosniaks. On 11 January 1993 the first clashes between the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) took place. There are conflicting reports as to how the fighting started and what caused it; a bomb placed in a Muslim owned hotel used as a headquarters or an all-out attack by ARBiH forces on HVO positions.
On 16 January 1993 the HVO demanded that the ARBiH in Gornji Vakuf subordinate its troops to the HVO, which was rejected. On 18 January the HVO attacked ARBiH positions in Gornji Vakuf.

## Attack on Duša

On 18 January the HVO attacked the ARBiH in the village of Duša, Gornji Vakuf. Civilians, including elderly people, women and children, took shelter in the house of Enver Šljivo during the combat. During the attack, the HVO artillery fired several shells from a nearby village, one of which hit the house of Enver Šviljo and killed 7 civilians, including three children, three women, and an older man who died as a result of his wounds. Many Bosniak houses were damaged from the shelling.
After the ARBiH surrendered, the women, children, elderly and handicapped people were sent to the nearby village of Paloč, where a doctor examined the wounded and sent the seriously injured to a hospital in Bugojno. Others remained in Paloč for several days until they were moved by the UNPROFOR. There is no evidence about the detention conditions in Paloč. After the takeover of the village, HVO soldiers set fire to an unknown number of houses. Bosniak men from Duša were transferred from Paloč to Trnovača and detained in a furniture factory. They were exchanged for prisoners taken by the ARBiH two weeks later.
# Munehisa Kuroiwa

Munehisa Kuroiwa (黒岩 宗久, Kuroiwa Munehisa, born 19 April 1966) is a Japanese speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1988 Winter Olympics.
# Yasushi Kuroiwa

Yasushi Kuroiwa (born 27 September 1965) is a Japanese speed skater. He competed in the men's 500 metres event at the 1988 Winter Olympics.
# Yoshiyuki Shimizu

Yoshiyuki Shimizu (清水 祥之, Shimizu Yoshiyuki, born 21 November 1969) is a Japanese speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1988 Winter Olympics.
# Big River (New Hampshire)

The Big River is a 14.9-mile-long (24.0 km) river located in central New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Suncook River, part of the Merrimack River (and therefore Gulf of Maine) watershed.
Headwaters of the Big River rise on high ground in the southern corners of Alton and New Durham, New Hampshire. The river flows southeast into Strafford, then, running up against the Blue Hills Range, the river reverses course, turning west into Barnstead, where it meets the Suncook River in the village of Center Barnstead.