# Dwayne McDuffie

Dwayne Glenn McDuffie (February 20, 1962 – February 21, 2011) was an American writer of comic books and television. He was best known for co-founding the pioneering minority-owned-and-operated comic book company Milestone Media, which focused on underrepresented minorities in American comics, creating and co-creating characters such as Icon, Rocket, Static, and Hardware. McDuffie was also known as a writer and producer for animated series such as Static Shock (based on the Static character), Damage Control, Justice League Unlimited and the Ben 10 franchise.
McDuffie earned three Eisner Award nominations for his work in comics.

## Early life and education

McDuffie was born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Leroy McDuffie and Edna (Hawkins) McDuffie Gardner. He attended and graduated from the Roeper School, a school for gifted children in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, in 1980. Of African-American characters in comics, he later said:
   You only had two types of characters available for children. You had the stupid angry brute and the he's-smart-but-he's-black characters. And they were all colored either this Hershey-bar shade of brown, a sickly looking gray or purple. I've never seen anyone that's gray or purple before in my life. There was no diversity and almost no accuracy among the characters of color at all.
When Dwayne McDuffie attended high school, he wrote a film as a class project. " Hearing his classmates laugh appreciatively as they watched his Super-8 film was all the encouragement McDuffie needed to launch him on a career path that led first to film school, then to becoming one of the most prolific and inventive writers in the comic book industry." ref30(Pendergast et al., 2008) While Dwayne was in High School School "Dwayne wrote a film for a class assignment and learned the satisfaction of entertaining an audience. " ref 30 (Pendergast et al., 2008) In 1983, McDuffie graduated with a bachelor's degree in English from the University of Michigan, followed by a master's degree in physics. He then moved to New York to attend film school at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. While McDuffie was working as a copy editor at the business magazine Investment Dealers' Digest, a friend got him an interview for an assistant editor position at Marvel Comics.
After McDuffie's death, comedian Keegan-Michael Key discovered that he and McDuffie were biological half-brothers, having the same father.

## Career
### Marvel and Milestone

Going on staff at Marvel as editor Bob Budiansky's assistant on special projects, McDuffie helped develop the company's first superhero trading cards. He also scripted stories for Marvel. His first major work was Damage Control, a miniseries following a company that cleans collateral damage from battles. One of Dwayne's first introduction to comics was the character Black Panther in 1973 when Dwayne was 11. Dwayne described the character as "The Black Panther wasn’t anyone’s sidekick. He wasn’t an angry thug. He wasn’t a victim. He was his own hero, his own man. As Dwayne describes it, “In the space of 15 pages, black people moved from invisible to inevitable.” 29 (Yang, 2014)
After becoming an editor at Marvel, McDuffie submitted a spoof proposal for a comic entitled Teenage Negro Ninja Thrashers in response to Marvel's treatment of its black characters. Becoming a freelancer in 1990, McDuffie wrote for dozens of various comics titles for Marvel, DC Comics, and Archie Comics. In addition, he wrote Monster in My Pocket for Harvey Comics editor Sid Jacobson, whom he cites on his website as having taught him everything he knows. In early 1991, he divorced his first wife, Patricia D. Younger, in Seminole County, Florida.
In the early 1990s, wanting to express a multicultural sensibility that he felt was missing in comic books, McDuffie and three partners founded Milestone Media, which The Plain Dealer of Cleveland, Ohio, described in 2000 as "the industry's most successful minority-owned-and operated comic company". McDuffie explained:
   If you do a black character or a female character or an Asian character, then they aren't just that character. They represent that race or that sex, and they can't be interesting because everything they do has to represent an entire block of people. You know, Superman isn't all white people and neither is Lex Luthor. We knew we had to present a range of characters within each ethnic group, which means that we couldn't do just one book. We had to do a series of books and we had to present a view of the world that's wider than the world we've seen before.
Milestone, whose characters include the African-American Static, Icon, and Hardware; the Asian-American Xombi, and the multi-ethnic superhero group the Blood Syndicate, debuted its titles in 1993 through a distribution deal with DC Comics. Serving as editor-in-chief, McDuffie created or co-created many characters, including Static.

### Movies, television, and video games

After Milestone had ceased publishing new comics, Static was developed into an animated series Static Shock. McDuffie was hired to write and story-edit on the series, writing 11 episodes.
His other television writing credits included Teen Titans and What's New, Scooby-Doo?.
McDuffie was hired as a staff writer for the animated series Justice League and was promoted to story editor and producer as the series became Justice League Unlimited. During the series' run, McDuffie wrote, produced, or edited 69 of 91 episodes.
McDuffie also wrote the story for the video game Justice League Heroes.
McDuffie was also a writer, producer, and editor for the Ben 10 series Alien Force and Ultimate Alien. His final writing credit was the Omniverse pilot episode "The More Things Change", which released in 2012.
McDuffie wrote a number of direct-to-DVD animated films featuring DC Comics characters, including Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths and Justice League: Doom. He scripted the film adaptation of All-Star Superman, which released one day after his death. Justice League: Doom was released posthumously in 2012.

### Return to comics

After his work on Justice League and Justice League Unlimited, McDuffie returned to writing comic books. He wrote the Marvel miniseries Beyond!.
In 2007, McDuffie wrote several issues of Firestorm for DC Comics, starting in January through to its cancellation. Later that year, he became the regular writer on Fantastic Four, scripting issues #542–553 (cover-dated Dec. 2006 March 2008). Furthermore, he wrote Justice League of America vol. 2 from issues #13–34 (November 2007 – August 2009). He was fired from the series following a Lying in the Gutters compilation of his frank answers to fans about the creative process.
McDuffie married comic book and television writer Charlotte Fullerton in 2009.
McDuffie wrote Milestone Forever, a two-issue miniseries chronicling the final adventures of his Milestone characters before they are transported to the DC Universe.

## Death

On February 21, 2011, one day after his 49th birthday, McDuffie died at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California, of complications from emergency heart surgery.

### Tributes

The 2012 film Justice League: Doom is dedicated to Dwayne McDuffie, and the Blu-ray and 2-Disc DVD editions of the film include the documentary A Legion of One: The Dwayne McDuffie Story. That same year, a diner named "McDuffie's" was depicted in the Green Lantern: The Animated Series episode "The New Guy".
In 2012, the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Damage" was dedicated to McDuffie. Furthermore, Mac Porter, the CEO of Damage Control, is modeled after him.
The Ben 10: Ultimate Alien finale episode "The Ultimate Enemy" and the video game Ben 10: Galactic Racing are dedicated to McDuffie.
In the 2011 Static Shock comics series, Virgil Hawkins' high school is named after McDuffie.
In 2015, the Long Beach Comic Expo gave out the first Dwayne McDuffie Award for Diversity in Comics. It has since become an annual event for the expo.
The Dwayne McDuffie Award for Kids' Comics is given out each year at the Ann Arbor Comic Arts Festival.
DC Comics character Naomi McDuffie is named after McDuffie.

## Awards and nominations

* In 1995, McDuffie received Eisner Award nominees for Best Writer (for Icon), Best Editor (for Worlds Collide, Xombi, and Shadow Cabinet), and Best Continuing Series (with M.D. Bright for Icon)
* In 1996, McDuffie won the Golden Apple Award from his alma mater the Roeper School for the "use of popular art to promote and advance human worth and dignity".
* In 2003, McDuffie was awarded the Humanitas Prize in Children's Animation for the Static Shock episode "Jimmy", which explores the topic of gun violence.
* In 2003 and 2004, McDuffie was nominated, with other Static Shock creators, for daytime Emmy awards.
* In 2005, McDuffie was nominated for the Writers Guild of America award in animation, with Rich Fogel and John Ridley, for the Justice League episode "Starcrossed".
* In 2008, McDuffie was voted Favorite Breakout Talent in the Wizard Fan Awards in Wizard Magazine.
* In 2009, McDuffie won Comic Con International's Inkpot Award.
* In 2011, McDuffie was posthumously awarded the Animation Writers Caucus' annual Animation Writing Award by the Writers Guild of America, West.

## Screenwriting

* series head writer denoted in bold

### Television

* Static Shock (2000–2004): season 4 head writer
* What's New, Scooby-Doo? (2002)
* Justice League (2002–2004): season 2 head writer
* Teen Titans (2004)
* Justice League Unlimited (2004–2006)
* Ben 10: Alien Force (2008–2010)
* Ben 10: Ultimate Alien (2010–2012)
* Ben 10: Omniverse (2012)

### Films

* Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths (2010)
* All-Star Superman (2011)
* Justice League: Doom (2012)