OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Achanarella

Achanarella is a genus of extinct jawless fish from the Achanarras Quarry in Scotland, of which the name is derived, dating to the Middle Devonian. The only known species in the genus is Achanarella trewini.

## History of research

Achanarella was first referenced in 1978 by Jack Saxon, but was only briefly described. The name was used again in a paper from 1986, but it was in reference to poorly preserved specimens that could not be used for formal diagnosis. Achanarella trewini was finally described as a new genus and species in 2002 by Michael J. Newman based on new and better preserved fossils.
It was proposed in 1996 that the known Achanarella specimens may actually be heavily decayed acanthodians. This idea was later argued against on the basis that Achanarella fossils do not follow decay patterns that acanthodians, like the contemporary Mesacanthus, displayed in their fossils. This was further supported due to the fact that its branchial openings were small and uniform in size compared to the larger, more irregular holes found in decayed fish.

## Description

Achanarella was a small, slender jawless fish. It ranged from 20–90mm long. Overall, its form was similar to a lamprey. It had a caudal fin, anal fin, and possibly a small dorsal fin. Its eyes were large and it had a rimmed, circular mouth on the end of its head. It had a branchial basket, though it is hard to define exactly in the fossil. Thirteen branchial openings, and possibly associated branchial arches, are discernible, but there may be over twenty.

## Taxonomy

Achanarella is able to be placed under Chordata with reasonable confidence due to its apparent bilateral symmetry and paired gill openings. Though a notochord is not present, epichordal fin supports are, which are also seen in vertebrates Endeiolepis and Cornovicthys. The overall morphology of Achnarella is also comparable to other early vertebrates like Jamoytius, so it is justified to assume that Achanarella was also a vertebrate.
The presence of an unidentifiable tube, leading from the branchial openings to the head, may suggest a piston cartilage as in Mayomyzon. This would suggest Achanarella is a close relative of lampreys, though the true function of the tube structure is not for certain. Instead, Euphaneropidae most closely resembles Achanarella, though the body proportions are different between them. Achanarella was placed within its own family Achanarellidae, which is under Jamoytiiformes.
# August 2023 Turkish airstrikes in Iraq

On August 24 2023, two Turkish drone strikes in Iraqi Kurdistan killed seven PKK insurgents, this came at a time of political manoeuvres, when the Turkish foreign minister met with top Kurdish officials in Erbil.
This coincided with a political offensive by Turkey, who urged Iraq to recognise the PKK as a terrorist organisation.

## Background

The Sidekan subdistrict is home to PKK based, from where the PKK insurgents coordinate and carry out ambushes on Turkish troops, some of which have dealt the Turkish armed forces somewhat considerable casualties.
As a response, the Turkish army have been conducting air strikes, mainly with drones in Iraq to eliminate PKK pockets, which Iraq condemns.
The Kurdish and Iraqi authorities have been continuously accused of not doing enough to curb the PKK insurgency, leading to Turkish cross-border action.

## Attacks

Two drone attacks were carried out, with the first one striking a vehicle killing a PKK official and two other insurgents. Kurdish counterterrorism forces confirmed this.
Just a few hours later, another drone strike killed another 4 insurgents, including two medical personnel. There were no reports of Turkish casualties.

## Aftermath

The Turkish foreign minister, Hakan Fidan, had met and urged both Iraqi and Kurdish officials to recognise the Kurdistan Workers' Party as a terrorist organisation.
When meeting with the prime minister of the Iraqi Kurdistan region, Masrour Barzani, he stated "We have settled this question in Turkey once and for all. Now the PKK is hiding in Iraqi territory. We are working with Baghdad and Arbil to protect Iraq from the PKK.”
# Chelaethiops elongatus

Chelaethiops elongatus is an African species of freshwater fish in the family Danionidae. It is found in the Congo River basin.
# Laboratories of democracy

Laboratories of democracy is a phrase popularized by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis in New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann to describe how "a single courageous State may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country." Brandeis was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939.
This concept explains how within the federal framework, there exists a system of state autonomy where state and local governments act as social laboratories, where laws and policies are created and tested at the state level of the democratic system, in a manner similar (in theory, at least) to the scientific method. An example today would be the legalization of marijuana in Colorado despite the fact that it is illegal federally.
The Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that "all powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." This is a basis for the laboratories of democracy concept, because the Tenth Amendment assigns most day-to-day governance responsibilities, including general police power, to the state and local governments. Because there are 50 semi-autonomous states, different policies can be enacted and tested at the state level without directly affecting the entire country.
As a result, a diverse patchwork of state-level government practices is created. If any one or more of those policies are successful, they can be expanded to the national level by acts of Congress. For example, the Massachusetts legislature established a health care reform law in 2006 that became the model for the subsequent Affordable Care Act at the national level in 2010, or the various concealed carry state reciprocity agreements that motivated the subsequent proposed federal Concealed Carry Reciprocity Act of 2017.
# 1627 Ivar

1627 Ivar (provisional designation 1929 SH) is an elongated stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 15×6×6 km. It was discovered on 25 September 1929, by Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was named after Ivar Hertzsprung, brother of the discoverer. 1627 Ivar was the first asteroid to be imaged by radar, in July 1985 by the Arecibo Observatory.

## Classification and orbit

Ivar orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1–2.6 AU once every 2 years and 6 months (929 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.40 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. Ivar's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1929, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.
It has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.1117 AU (16,700,000 km) which corresponds to 43.5 lunar distances. The eccentric Amor asteroid is also a Mars-crosser. In August 2074, it will pass Earth at 0.141 AU, closer than it actually approached Mars in July 1975 (0.150 AU).

## Physical characteristics

In the SMASS and Tholen taxonomic scheme, Ivar is characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid.

### Rotation period

A large number of rotational lightcurves of Ivar have been obtained from photometric observations since 1985 (see infobox). They give a well-defined rotation period between 4.795 and 4.80 hours with a brightness variation between 0.27 and 1.40 magnitude, indicative of its non-spheroidal shape (also see 3D-model image). New radar and visual observations refined the period to 4.7951689 ± 0.0000026 hours. Future photometric observations will show whether the YORP effect will slowly change the body's spin rate (as seen with 1862 Apollo).
In 1985, the body was observed with radar from the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico at a distance of 0.20 AU. The measured radar cross-section was 7.5 square kilometers. It was the first asteroid to be imaged by radar. Radar observations have been performed again in June & July 2013 and July 2018.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the EXPLORENEOs survey carried out by the Spitzer Space Telescope, thermal infrared observations by the Keck Observatory, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, and thermal modeling by Alan Harris, Ivar measures between 8.37 and 10.2 kilometers in diameter, and it surface has an albedo between 0.09 and 0.15. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.151 and a diameter of 9.12 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.87. According to model based on radar and photometric observations Ivar is an elongated asteroid with maximum extensions along the three body-fixed coordinates being 15.15 × 6.25 × 5.66 km ± 10%.

## Naming

This minor planet was named by the discoverer in honor of his late brother Ivar Hertzsprung. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in February 1959 (M.P.C. 1860).
# Yekaterina Larionova

Yekaterina Larionova (born 23 January 1994) is a freestyle wrestler from Kazakhstan. She won the bronze medal in the 63 kg division at the 2013 World Wrestling Championships.
# Raff Law

Rafferty "Raff" Jellicoe Frost Law (born 6 October 1996) is an English actor.

## Early life

Law attended Bedales School in Hampshire. He appeared in his first play aged five or six in a school production of Pinocchio. He also played Long John Silver in a production of Treasure Island.

## Career
### Music

Law was in the band Outer Stella Overdrive with Kelvin Bueno, who was introduced to him by his sister Iris as “they had such similar taste in music”. The band expanded to include keyboardist Amin El Makkawi, and drummer Ruby Albarn, nephew of Damon Albarn. The band released their debut single State Your Name, in 2018. Law and Bueno would share lyric writing duties. The band The released their debut EP Clout & Self Doubt in 2021.

### Model

Law walked for DKNY in 2014 whilst still a teenager. His first magazine cover was in 2016 for L’Officiel Hommes Netherlands. Law walked for Dolce and Gabbana during Milan Fashion Week. He has also worked with the likes of Missoma, Valentino, Mulberry and Brioni.

### Acting

Law appears in The Hat, a 2020 short film with his father Jude Law, which was shot on an iPhone during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. It has a musical score by Pete Townshend and raised money for the Teenage Cancer Trust and Teen Cancer America. The short won the Spirit of The Festival Award at the Raindance Film Festival in November 2020. It was the first time Law and his father had appeared on film together.
Law appeared as Oliver Twist in the 2021 film Twist, a modern re-telling of the Dickens tale, with Michael Caine and Rita Ora. In April 2021, he was cast as Sgt. Ken Lemmons in the Apple TV+ series Masters of the Air as part of an ensemble cast including Austin Butler.

## Personal life

He is the son of English actors Jude Law and Sadie Frost. He has a sister called Iris and a brother called Rudy.

## Filmography
### Film

Key :
| † | Denotes works that have not yet been released |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2021 | Twist | Oliver Twist | As Rafferty Law |
| TBA | Huntington † | | Filming |

### Television

Key :
| † | Denotes works that have not yet been released |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2024 | Masters of the Air | Sgt. Ken Lemmons | Miniseries, 7 episodes |
# Hugh of Châteauneuf

Hugh of Châteauneuf (French: Hugues de Châteauneuf, 1053 – 1 April 1132), also called Hugh of Grenoble, was the Bishop of Grenoble from 1080 to his death. He was a partisan of the Gregorian reform and opposed to the Archbishop of Vienne, later Pope Callixtus II.

## Biography

Born at Châteauneuf-sur-Isère, County of Albon to Odilo of Valence, Hugh showed piety and theological facility from a young age. While still a layman, Hugh was made a canon of Valence. His piety was such that it was said of him that he only knew one woman by sight.
At the Council of Avignon in 1080, he was elected bishop of Grenoble, though he was not yet ordained. The See of Grenoble had fallen into a very poor state and Hugh was selected to be its Gregorian renovator. Conducted by a papal legate to Rome, Hugh was ordained by Pope Gregory VII himself. Upon his return, he immediately set to the task of reforming the abuses in his new diocese. When he had succeeded in countering abuse and fostering devotion after two years, he tried to resign his bishopric and enter the Benedictine monastery at Cluny. However, the Pope ordered him to continue his episcopal work.
For the rest of the 11th century, his episcopate was marked by strife with Count Guigues III of Albon over the possession of ecclesiastic lands in the Grésivaudan, a valley in the French Alps. Hugh alleged that the Count had usurped the lands from the bishopric of Grenoble with the help of Bishop Mallen of Grenoble. An accord was finally reached between Hugh and Count Guigues only in 1099. The Count agreed to cede the disputed territories while Hugh acceded to the Count's temporal authority within the vicinity of Grenoble.
Hugh was also instrumental in the foundation of the Carthusian Order. He received Bruno of Cologne, perhaps his own teacher, and six of his companions in 1084, after seeing them under a banner of seven stars in a dream. Hugh installed the seven in a snowy and rocky Alpine location called Chartreuse. They founded a monastery and devoted their lives to prayer and study, being oft visited by Hugh, who was reported to have adopted much of their way of life. Hugh also founded the nearby Monastère de Chalais, which grew into an independent order.

## Legacy

Hugh was canonised on 22 April 1134 by Pope Innocent II, only two years after his death. His feast day is on 1 April in the Catholic Church. During the French Wars of Religion (between Catholics and Protestants inspired by John Calvin, called "Huguenots"), the Huguenots burned his body.
Sant'Ugo, a Roman titular church, was dedicated to him in 1991. He also gives his name to a church in Greenbelt, Maryland, United States.
# Navarro Partido

Navarro is a partido in the northeast of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina.
The provincial subdivision has a population of about 16,000 inhabitants in an area of 1,630 km$^2$ (630 sq mi), and its capital city is Navarro, which is around 100 km (62 mi) from Buenos Aires.

## Settlements

* José J. Almeyra
* Las Marianas
* Navarro
* Villa Moll
* Jose Juan Almeyra
# Erik Hansen (general)

Erik Oskar Hansen (27 May 1889 – 18 March 1967) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

## Biography

Born in Hamburg, Hansen entered the army of Imperial Germany in 1907 as a Fahnenjunker (officer cadet) in the 9th Dragoons. He was given command of the 4th Infantry Division in 1938. Promoted to generalleutnant in August 1939, he led the division through the invasion of Poland and the French Campaign before it was withdrawn from the front in August 1940 for conversion to armour. Now designated the 14th Panzer Division, Hansen oversaw its initial training in armoured warfare.
Hansen was promoted to General der Kavallerie (General of the Cavalry) before taking command of LIV Army Corps in 1941, operating on the Eastern Front. Soon afterwards, on 4 September 1941, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. In 1943, he commanded the German Military Mission in Romania in addition to being Military Commander, Romania.
On 25 August 1944, after King Michael's Coup, he was arrested by Romanian troops and held at the German Legation [ro] in Bucharest. He was taken by Soviet troops on 2 September 1944 together with the other captured German generals. He was held in the Soviet Union until 1955. On his return to Germany, he lived in Hamburg.
# Christian Hansen (general)

Christian Hansen (10 April 1885 – 7 August 1972) was a German general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II who commanded the 16th Army. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Hansen retired from the Wehrmacht on 31 December 1944 on medical grounds. He died in 1972.

## Awards

* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 3 August 1941 as General der Artillerie and commander of X. Armeekorps.
# 2016 Okinawa prefectural election

Prefectural Assembly elections were held in Okinawa Prefecture on 5 June 2016. The election resulted in victory to the camp supporting Governor Takeshi Onaga who won 27 seats, up from 24 seats before the election. 53.31% turned out in the election, an increase of 0.82% from the historic low turnout in 2012.

## Campaign

This election is viewed as crucial to Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's government plan to relocate the Futenma Air Base in Ginowan to Henoko. Governor Takeshi Onaga's camp, which opposes the relocation plan, had 24 seats going into the election.

## Results

| Party or alliance | Party or alliance | Party or alliance | Party or alliance | Seats | +/– |
| | Pro-Onaga | | Social Democratic Party | 6 | +1 |
| | Pro-Onaga | | Japanese Communist Party | 6 | +1 |
| | Pro-Onaga | | Okinawa Social Mass Party | 3 | +1 |
| | Pro-Onaga | | Yui no Kai | 3 | +1 |
| | Pro-Onaga | | Independents | 9 | –1 |
| | Pro-Onaga | Total | Total | 27 | +3 |
| | Opposition | | Liberal Democratic Party | 14 | +1 |
| | Opposition | | Independents | 1 | 0 |
| | Opposition | Total | Total | 15 | +1 |
| | Neutral | | Komeito | 4 | 0 |
| | Neutral | | Initiatives from Osaka | 2 | 0 |
| | Neutral | | Independents | 0 | –2 |
| | Neutral | Total | Total | 6 | –2 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 48 | 0 |
| Source: NHK ||||||

## Aftermath

The results is interpreted as a sign of growing opposition against the Henoko move, especially after the murder case involving a US base worker several weeks before the election. There is a renewed push to review the Status of Forces Agreement between the Japanese and American governments, in place since 1960.
The battle for the Okinawa seat in the House of Councillors election in July will be closely watched. The incumbent, Minister for Okinawa Affairs Aiko Shimajiri is expected to face a tough fight against the former mayor of Ginowan Yoichi Iha. The large anti-base rally planned on 19 June can become an indicator of the local voters mood going into 10 July.
# Dukhtaran-e-Millat

Dukhtaran-e-Millat (transl. Daughters of the Nation; abbreviated as DeM) is an all-women outfit that advocates for jihad to establish Islamic law in Kashmir and for the secession of Jammu and Kashmir from India. It is a front organisation of the Hizbul Mujahideen, a jihadist militant group.
The group was founded in 1987, and is headed by Asiya Andrabi, an "Islamic feminist". During the Kashmir militancy in the early 1990s, the group issued threats to women not wearing a face veil and burqa, some of whom became victims of acid attacks.
The Government of India designated it a terrorist organisation and banned it in 2018.
# Silke Smulders

Silke Smulders (born 1 April 2001) is a Dutch professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's WorldTeam Liv AlUla Jayco.

## Career

Smulders competed at the 2020 European Road Championships in the women's under-23 road race where she was the lead-out rider for Lonneke Uneken, who won the silver medal, while Smulders placed 9th. Due to this performance and her result at the 2020 Trophée des Grimpeuses, she earned a professional contract in 2021 with Lotto–Soudal Ladies. That season, she finished 5th in the youth classification of the 2021 Giro Rosa. Smulders moved in 2022 to a Liv Racing–Xstra. She competed at the 2022 Tour de France Femmes. After the team folded at the end of 2023, she signed with Liv AlUla Jayco in 2024.

## Major results
### 2018

    6th Overall Watersley Ladies Challenge

### 2019

    9th Overall EPZ Omloop van Borsele
    9th Overall Watersley Ladies Challenge

### 2020

    8th Road race, European Under-23 Road Championships

### 2024

    2nd Overall Vuelta Ciclista Andalucía Elite Women [de]
       1st Stage 1
    7th Overall Simac Ladies Tour
    9th GP Oetingen

### 2025

    2nd Overall Women's Tour Down Under
    5th Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race
# Indiplon

Indiplon (INN and USAN) is a unmarketed nonbenzodiazepine, hypnotic sedative that was developed in two formulations—an immediate-release formulation for sleep onset, and a modified-release (also called controlled-release or extended-release) version for sleep maintenance.

## Pharmacology
### Pharmacodynamics

Indiplon works by enhancing the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, like most other nonbenzodiazepine sedatives. It primarily binds to the α$_1$ subunits of the GABA$_A$ receptors in the brain.

### Pharmacokinetics

Indiplon has a short elimination half-life of 1.5 to 1.8 hours in young and elderly subjects, respectively.

## Chemistry

Indiplon is a pyrazolopyramidine related to the nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic zaleplon.

## History

Indiplon was discovered at Lederle Laboratories (which was later acquired by Wyeth) in the 1980s and was called CL 285,489.$^{:454}$ In 1998 Lederle licensed it, along with other early stage drug candidates, to DOV Pharmaceutical, a startup formed by former Lederle employees, and Dov exclusively sublicensed its rights in the drug to Neurocrine Biosciences in that same year. In 2002, Neurocrine entered into an agreement with Pfizer to develop the drug.
Indiplon was originally scheduled for release in 2007, when Sanofi-Aventis' popular hypnotic zolpidem lost its patent rights in the United States and thus became available as a much less expensive generic. In 2002, Neurocrine Biosciences had entered into an agreement with Pfizer to co-market indiplon in the US, in a deal worth a potential $400mn. However, following the issuing of a non-approvable letter for the modified-release 15 mg formulation and an approvable letter with stipulations for the 5 mg and 10 mg immediate-release version by the FDA in May 2006, Pfizer ended its relationship with Neurocrine. Neurocrine's stock price dropped 60% on the news.
Following a resubmission, the FDA in December 2007 deemed Neurocrine's new drug application (NDA) 'approvable' in the 5 and 10 mg formulations, but requested new studies as a prerequisite to approval, including a clinical trial in the elderly, a safety study comparing adverse effects to those of similarly marketed drugs, and a preclinical study examining indiplon's safety in the third trimester of pregnancy.
Following the 2007 FDA letter, Neurocrine decided to discontinue all clinical and marketing development of Indiplon in the United States.
# Paul Hoenscher

Paul Hoenscher (25 March 1887 in Klein Neudorf, Grottkau district [de] – 16 February 1937) was a German politician of the National Socialist German Worker's Party (NSDAP). He was seated in the Reichstag from March 1933 to his death in February 1937.

## Biography

Hoenscher was the son of an independent farmer. He attended a Volksschule between 1884 and 1887 and a Gymnasium between 1887 and 1900. Then he had a vocational training in several agricultural businesses until 1908. He also attended complementary course at an agricultural winter school [de]. After serving in the 22nd Infantry Regiment between 1908 and 1910, he became an independent farmer.
As a member of the 51st Reserve Infantry Regiment, Hoenscher fought in World War I from 1914 to 1918 and was awarded the 2nd-class Iron Cross and the Silesian Eagle.
In the 1920s, he joined the NSDAP. He assumed several functions within the party; he was a District Peasant Leader (Kreisbauernführer) among others. In the March 1933 parliamentary election, he was elected to the Reichstag in the 9th constituency (Oppeln) for the NSDAP. He was re-elected in November 1933 and in 1936 and retained his seat until his death in February 1937.