# 1976 Italian general election

The 1976 Italian general election was held in Italy on 20 June 1976. It was the first election after the voting age was lowered to 18.
Christian Democracy (DC) won roughly the same number of votes as it had four years ago. The Italian Communist Party performed well, winning seven percent more votes than the previous election, while minor parties lost votes to the Christian Democrats due to fears of communism. The historic Italian Liberal Party was nearly annihilated. Two new parties made their debut in this election: the liberal Radical Party, which had led a successful referendum on divorce, and the far-left Trotskyist Proletarian Democracy.

## Electoral system

The pure party-list proportional representation had traditionally become the electoral system for the Chamber of Deputies. Italian provinces were united in 32 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates. At constituency level, seats were divided between open lists using the largest remainder method with Imperiali quota. Remaining votes and seats were transferred at the national level, where they were divided using the Hare quota, and automatically distributed to best losers into the local lists.
For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were established. Candidates could be elected in such constituencies by winning a supermajority of votes. The only candidates elected this way were German minority candidates in South Tirol. All remaining votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where a D'Hondt method was used: on the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected.

## Historical background

Although the 1970s in Italy was marked by violence, it was also a time of great social and economic progress. Following the civil disturbances of the 1960s, Christian Democracy and its allies in government (including the Socialist Party) introduced a wide range of political, social, and economic reforms. Regional governments were introduced in the spring of 1970, with elected councils provided with the authority to legislate in areas like public works, town planning, social welfare, and health. Spending on the relatively poor South was significantly increased, while new laws relating to index-linked pay, public housing, and pension provision were also passed. In 1975, a law was passed entitling redundant workers to receive at least 80% of their previous salary for up to a year from a state insurance fund. Living standards also continued to rise, with wages going up by an average of about 25% a year from the early 1970s onwards, and between 1969 and 1978, average real wages rose by 72%. Various fringe benefits were raised to the extent that they amounted to an additional 50% to 60% on wages, the highest in any country in the Western world. In addition, working hours were reduced so that by the end of the decade they were lower than any other country apart from Belgium. Some categories of workers who were laid off received generous unemployment compensation which represented only a little less than full wages, often years beyond eligibility. Initially, these benefits were primarily enjoyed by industrial workers in northern Italy where the “Hot Autumn” had its greatest impact, but these benefits soon spread to other categories of workers in other areas. In 1975, the escalator clause was strengthened in wage contracts, providing a high proportion of workers with nearly 100% indexation, with quarterly revisions, thereby increasing wages nearly as fast as prices.
A statute of worker’s rights that was drafted and pushed into enactment in 1970 by the Socialist Labour minister Giacomo Brodolini, greatly strengthened the authority of the trade unions in the factories, outlawed dismissal without just cause, guaranteed freedom of assembly and speech on the shop floor, forbade employers to keep records of the union or political affiliations of their workers, and prohibited hiring except through the state employment office.
In 1973, the Italian Communist Party's General Secretary Enrico Berlinguer launched a proposal for a "democratic alliance" with the Christian Democracy, embraced by Aldo Moro. This alliance was inspired by the Allende Government in Chile, that was composed by a left-wing coalition Popular Unity and supported by the Christian Democratic Party. After the Chilean coup of the same year, there was an approach between PCI and DC, that became a political alliance in 1976. In this time, the Berlinguer's PCI attempted to distance his party from the USSR, with the launch of "Eurocommunism" along with the Spanish Communist Party and the French Communist Party.
In July 1975, a Christian leftist, Benigno Zaccagnini, became the new Secretary of Christian Democracy.

## Parties and leaders

| Party | Party | Ideology | Leader | Seats in 1972 | Seats in 1972 | Seats in 1972 |
| Party | Party | Ideology | Leader | C | S | Total |
| | Christian Democracy (DC) | Christian democracy | Benigno Zaccagnini | 266 | 135 | 401 |
| | Italian Communist Party (PCI) | Eurocommunism | Enrico Berlinguer | 179 | 94 | 273 |
| | Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | Democratic socialism | Francesco De Martino | 61 | 33 | 94 |
| | Italian Social Movement (MSI) | Neo-fascism | Giorgio Almirante | 56 | 26 | 82 |
| | Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) | Social democracy | Pier Luigi Romita | 29 | 11 | 40 |
| | Italian Liberal Party (PLI) | Conservative liberalism | Valerio Zanone | 21 | 8 | 29 |
| | Italian Republican Party (PRI) | Social liberalism | Oddo Biasini | 15 | 5 | 20 |
| | Radical Party (PR) | Radicalism | Marco Pannella | Did not run | Did not run | Did not run |
| | Proletarian Democracy (DP) | Trotskyism | Mario Capanna | New | New | New |

## Results

Faced with the rise of the PCI, many centrist politicians and businessmen began to think how to avoid the possibility of a Communist victory that could turn Italy into a Soviet-aligned State. The DC leadership thought to gradually involve the Communists in governmental policies so as to moderate their aims, as had been done with the Socialists previously. The man who was chosen to lead this attempt did not belong to the leftist wing of the DC, as had happened with the PSI moderation effort, but the moderate leader and former-PM Giulio Andreotti, so as to balance the situation and calm the markets. The first government reliant on support from the communists was thus formed, when the PCI decided to grant its external support. However this process, called National Solidarity, was dramatically ended by the terrorist attacks of the Red Brigades, which saw the kidnapping and murder of former-PM Aldo Moro. The country was shocked by these killings, and the Communists returned to full opposition. Giulio Andreotti's subsequent attempt to form a classic centre-left government with the Socialists failed, and a new general election was called for 1979.

### Chamber of Deputies

← Summary of the 20 June 1976 Chamber of Deputies election results → :
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | Christian Democracy (DC) | 14,209,519 | 38.71 | 262 | −4 |
| | Italian Communist Party (PCI) | 12,614,650 | 34.37 | 228 | +49 |
| | Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | 3,540,309 | 9.64 | 57 | −4 |
| | Italian Social Movement (MSI) | 2,238,339 | 6.10 | 35 | −21 |
| | Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) | 1,239,492 | 3.38 | 15 | −14 |
| | Italian Republican Party (PRI) | 1,135,546 | 3.09 | 14 | −1 |
| | Proletarian Democracy (DP) | 557,025 | 1.52 | 6 | New |
| | Italian Liberal Party (PLI) | 480,122 | 1.31 | 5 | −15 |
| | Radical Party (PR) | 394,439 | 1.07 | 4 | New |
| | South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | 184,375 | 0.50 | 3 | ±0 |
| | PCI – PSI – PdUP | 26,748 | 0.07 | 1 | ±0 |
| | Others | 87,014 | 0.24 | 0 | ±0 |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 1,045,512 | – | – | – |
| Total | Total | 37,755,090 | 100 | 630 | ±0 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 40,426,658 | 93.39 | – | – |
| Source: Ministry of the Interior ||||||
Popular vote
DC
38.71%
PCI
34.37%
PSI
9.64%
MSI-DN
6.10%
PSDI
3.38%
PRI
3.09%
DP
1.52%
PLI
1.31%
PR
1.07%
Others
0.81% :
Seats
DC
41.59%
PCI
36.19%
PSI
9.05%
MSI-DN
5.56%
PSDI
2.38%
PRI
2.22%
DP
0.95%
PLI
0.79%
PR
0.63%
Others
0.63% :

#### Results by constituency

| Constituency | Total seats | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won |
| Constituency | Total seats | DC | PCI | PSI | MSI-DN | PSDI | PRI | DP | PLI | PR | Others |
| Turin | 38 | 13 | 15 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Cuneo | 16 | 7 | 5 | 1 | | 1 | 1 | | 1 | | |
| Genoa | 22 | 8 | 9 | 2 | 1 | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Milan | 52 | 19 | 19 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Como | 19 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 1 | | 1 | 1 | | | |
| Brescia | 21 | 12 | 5 | 2 | 1 | | | 1 | | | |
| Mantua | 8 | 4 | 3 | 1 | | | | | | | |
| Trentino | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | | 3 |
| Verona | 28 | 16 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | |
| Venice | 16 | 8 | 5 | 2 | | 1 | | | | | |
| Udine | 13 | 6 | 4 | 2 | | 1 | | | | | |
| Bologna | 27 | 7 | 14 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | | | |
| Parma | 19 | 6 | 10 | 2 | | 1 | | | | | |
| Florence | 15 | 5 | 9 | 1 | | | | | | | |
| Pisa | 14 | 6 | 7 | 1 | | | | | | | |
| Siena | 9 | 3 | 5 | 1 | | | | | | | |
| Ancona | 16 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | |
| Perugia | 12 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | |
| Rome | 55 | 19 | 20 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| L'Aquila | 14 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | |
| Campobasso | 4 | 3 | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| Naples | 39 | 15 | 14 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | |
| Benevento | 18 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | | | | | |
| Bari | 23 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 1 | | | | | |
| Lecce | 18 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 2 | | | | | | |
| Potenza | 8 | 4 | 3 | 1 | | | | | | | |
| Catanzaro | 23 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 2 | | | | | | |
| Catania | 29 | 12 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | | 1 | | |
| Palermo | 25 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | | | | |
| Cagliari | 16 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | |
| Aosta Valley | 1 | | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| Trieste | 3 | 2 | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| Total | 630 | 262 | 228 | 57 | 35 | 15 | 14 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 |

### Senate of the Republic

← Summary of the 20 June 1976 Senate of the Republic election results → :
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | Christian Democracy (DC) | 12,227,353 | 38.88 | 135 | ±0 |
| | Italian Communist Party (PCI) | 10,637,772 | 33.83 | 116 | +22 |
| | Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | 3,208,164 | 10.20 | 29 | −4 |
| | Italian Social Movement (MSI) | 2,086,430 | 6.63 | 15 | −11 |
| | Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) | 974,940 | 3.10 | 6 | −5 |
| | Italian Republican Party (PRI) | 846,415 | 2.69 | 6 | +1 |
| | Italian Liberal Party (PLI) | 438,265 | 1.39 | 2 | −6 |
| | PLI – PRI – PSDI | 334,898 | 1.06 | 2 | ±0 |
| | Radical Party (PR) | 265,947 | 0.85 | 0 | New |
| | South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | 158,584 | 0.50 | 2 | ±0 |
| | Proletarian Democracy (DP) | 78,170 | 0.25 | 0 | New |
| | PCI – PSI | 52,922 | 0.17 | 1 | +1 |
| | PLI – PRI | 51,353 | 0.16 | 0 | ±0 |
| | DC – RV – UV – UVP – PRI | 22,917 | 0.07 | 1 | ±0 |
| | Others | 65,301 | 0.22 | 0 | ±0 |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 1,888,027 | – | – | – |
| Total | Total | 32,621,581 | 100 | 315 | ±0 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 34,928,214 | 93.4 | – | – |
| Source: Ministry of the Interior ||||||
Popular vote
DC
38.88%
PCI
33.83%
PSI
10.20%
MSI
6.63%
PSDI
3.10%
PRI
2.69%
PLI
1.39%
Others
3.28% :
Seats
DC
42.86%
PCI
36.83%
PSI
9.21%
MSI
4.76%
PSDI
1.90%
PRI
1.90%
PLI
0.63%
Others
1.90% :

#### Results by constituency

| Constituency | Total seats | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won | Seats won |
| Constituency | Total seats | DC | PCI | PSI | MSI | PSDI | PRI | PLI | Others |
| Piedmont | 25 | 10 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Aosta Valley | 1 | | | | | | | | 1 |
| Lombardy | 48 | 21 | 16 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Trentino-Alto Adige | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | | | | | 2 |
| Veneto | 23 | 14 | 6 | 2 | | 1 | | | |
| Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | | | | | |
| Liguria | 10 | 4 | 4 | 1 | | | | | 1 |
| Emilia-Romagna | 22 | 7 | 12 | 2 | | | 1 | | |
| Tuscany | 20 | 7 | 10 | 2 | | | | | 1 |
| Umbria | 7 | 2 | 4 | 1 | | | | | |
| Marche | 8 | 4 | 4 | | | | | | |
| Lazio | 27 | 10 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | | |
| Abruzzo | 7 | 4 | 3 | | | | | | |
| Molise | 2 | 1 | | | | | | | 1 |
| Campania | 29 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | | |
| Apulia | 20 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 2 | | | | |
| Basilicata | 7 | 3 | 3 | 1 | | | | | |
| Calabria | 11 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | | | | |
| Sicily | 26 | 11 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | | |
| Sardinia | 8 | 4 | 3 | 1 | | | | | |
| Total | 315 | 135 | 116 | 29 | 15 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 6 |

## Foreign involvement

The rise of the PCI sparked significant concerns among Italy's NATO allies about a communist government in Italy. Through the Information Research Department (IRD), the British Foreign Office took several measures to prevent a PCI victory, including sending journalists anti-communist lines to use in their articles and circulating forged RIA Novosti pamphlets to bolster claims that the Soviet Union was interfering in the election.