OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Siege of Paris (1590)

The siege of Paris (7 May – 30 August 1590) took place during the French Wars of Religion when the French Royal Army under Henry of Navarre, and supported by the Huguenots, failed to capture the city of Paris from the Catholic League. Paris was finally relieved from the siege by an international Catholic-Spanish army under the command of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.

## Background

After his victory over the Catholic forces commanded by Charles, Duke of Mayenne and Charles of Guise, Duke of Aumale at the Battle of Ivry on 14 March, Henry of Navarre advanced with his troops on his main objective of Paris, possession of which would allow him to confirm his contested claim to the French throne. Paris at the time was a large walled city of around 200,000–220,000 people.

## Siege

On 7 May, Henry's army surrounded the city, imposing a blockade and burnt windmills to prevent food from reaching Paris. Henry had at this point only around 12,000–13,000 troops, facing defenders estimated at 30,000, mostly militia. Owing to the limited amount of heavy siege artillery that Henry had brought, it was thought that the Catholic city could only be compelled to surrender through starvation. The city's defence was placed in the hands of the young Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Nemours.
Henry set up his artillery on the hills of Montmartre, and bombarded the city from there. In July his force was swelled by reinforcements to 25,000 and by August he had overrun all the suburbs outside the city walls. Henry tried to negotiate the surrender of Paris, but his terms were rejected and the siege continued.
On 30 August, news reached the city that a Spanish–Catholic relief army under general the Duke of Parma was on its way. The Duke of Parma's army was able to break the siege and send food supplies into the city. After a final attack on the city's ramparts failed, Henry broke off his siege and retreated on 9 September. An estimated 40,000–50,000 of the population died during the siege, most of starvation. Some resorted to cannibalism after all animals had been consumed.

## Aftermath

After repeated failures to take the capital of Paris, Henry IV converted to Catholicism in 1593, reportedly declaring that "Paris is well worth a mass". The war-weary Parisians turned on the Catholic League's hardliners, who continued the conflict even after Henry had converted. Paris jubilantly welcomed the formerly Protestant Henry in 1594, and he was crowned King of France that year. Four years later he issued the Edict of Nantes in an attempt to end the religious strife that had torn the country apart.
# Nordic Sámi Institute

The Nordic Sami Institute is a research institution located at Guovdageaidnu (Kautokeino) in Norway. It is affiliated to Sámi University College. The mission of the institute is to strengthen and develop Sami languages, culture and social life. The institute is funded the Nordic Council of Ministers (a collaborative body of the Nordic governments), The Ministry of Education and Research (Norway), The Ministry of Education Research and Culture (Sweden), and The Ministry of Education (Finland).
# 1982 Divis Flats bombing

On Thursday 16 September 1982, the Irish Republican and Revolutionary Socialist paramilitary organization the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) exploded a bomb hidden in a drainpipe along a balcony in Cullingtree Walk, Divis Tower, Belfast. The explosive device was detonated as a British Army patrol was attacked by a "stone-throwing mob" as they walked along a balcony at Cullingtree Walk. The blast killed three people, a British Army soldier named Kevin Waller (20), and two Catholic civilian passers-by, both of whom were children, they were Stephen Bennet (14) and Kevin Valliday (12). Four other people were injured in the explosion, including another British soldier and three civilians. An INLA member detonated the bomb using a remote control from ground level, where they couldn't see who was on the balcony. There was anger from the Irish Nationalist community directed towards the INLA over the deaths of the two young civilians. 1982 was the INLA's most active year of The Troubles and they killed more British security forces in 1982 than in any other year of the conflict. In December 1982 they carried out the Droppin Well bombing which killed 17 people including 11 off-duty British soldiers, making it the group's deadliest attack against the British Army. INLA Volunteer Martin McElkerney was sentenced to life for the Divis bombing in 1987, but he was released in 1999 under the Good Friday Agreement. In May 2019 McElkerney was found shot, with a handgun nearby, after making a number of concerning phone calls. He later died in hospital.
# Torwai Sethsothorn

Torwai Sethsothorn (Thai: ต่อวัย เสฏฐโสธร; born February 14, 1982, in Bangkok) is a Thai former swimmer, who specialized in long-distance freestyle but also competed in backstroke and individual medley. He is a single-time Olympian (2000), and a multiple-time SEA Games gold medalist. Sethsothorn is also the brother of 1998 Asian Games champion Torlarp Sethsothorn.
Before his Olympic debut, Sethsothorn left his native country Thailand for a two-year residency in the United States. He lived with his uncle in Cypress, California, and later studied at the Mission Viejo High School in Mission Viejo, California. He also trained, along with two other swimmers Juan Veloz of Mexico and Carlo Piccio of the Philippines, for Davie Nadadores Club under head coach Terry Stoddard. While swimming for his respective club, Sethsothorn had earned numerous high school titles including his first triumph from the Mission Viejo Invitational in 2000.
Sethsothorn competed in four individual events, as an 18-year-old, at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He posted a FINA A-standard of 4:22.61 (400 m individual medley) from the U.S. National Championships in Federal Way, Washington. In the 400 m freestyle, held on the first day of the Games, Sethsothorn posted a lifetime best of 3:56.68 to lead the third heat, finishing twenty-fourth from the prelims. The following day, in the 400 m individual medley, Sethsothorn placed thirty-second in a time of 4:28.42, almost six seconds off his entry time. Three days later, in the 200 m backstroke, Sethsothorn placed thirty-fifth on the morning prelims. Swimming in heat two, he picked up a fourth spot by one hundredth of a second (0.01) behind Argentina's Eduardo Germán Otero in 2:05.52. In his final event, 1500 m freestyle, Sethsothorn challenged seven other swimmers in heat three, including top favorites Ricardo Monasterio of Venezuela and Spyridon Gianniotis of Greece. He raced to fourth place and twenty-eighth overall by almost ten seconds behind Gianniotis in 15:39.60.
At the 2001 Southeast Asian Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Sethsothorn won a total of three gold medals each in the 400 m individual medley (4:29.43), 400 m freestyle (3:58.18), and 1500 m freestyle (15:49.72).
# Dagoberto Campos Salas

Dagoberto Campos Salas is a Costa Rican prelate of the Catholic Church who works in the diplomatic service of the Holy See. He has served as the Apostolic Nuncio to Panama since 2022. He is the first native of Costa Rica to hold the title of apostolic nuncio.

## Biography

Salas was born on 14 March 1966 to Dimas Campos and Benilda Salas in Puntarenas, Costa Rica, and after the age of ten lived in Abangares and Poás as well. He was ordained a priest on 22 May 1994 for the Diocese of Tilarán-Liberia and spent the next year as chaplain in the presidential palace during the administration of President José María Figueres.
He earned a degree in canon law and studied at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy from 1995 to 1999.

## Diplomatic career

He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 1 July 1999, filling assignments in the nunciatures in Sudan (1999-2003), Chile (2003-2006), Switzerland, Turkey and Mexico.
On 28 July 2018, Pope Francis appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Liberia and Titular Archbishop of Forontoniana. Salas was ordained a bishop by Cardinal Pietro Parolin at St. Peter's Basilica on 29 September 2018. He was given additional responsibilities as Nuncio to the Gambia on 17 August 2018 and to Sierra Leone on 17 November 2018.
In Liberia, he received a complaint of abuse on the part of two bishops from a former priest; with the head of the Liberian Bishops Conference, he visited the Vatican in June 2019 to discuss the accusations and the bishops' denials.
On 14 May 2022, Pope Francis named him Apostolic Nuncio to Panama.
# Adrien Albert

Adrien Albert AO (19 November 1907 – 29 December 1989) was a leading authority in the development of medicinal chemistry in Australia. Albert also authored many important books on chemistry, including one on selective toxicity.
His father, Jacques Albert, was a businessman in the music industry, and took a bride many years his junior; Mary Eliza Blanche. Albert had two much older half brothers, stemming from his father's previous marriage. After a few years, Jacques died, and so, Adrien Albert was raised by his mother and another relative. Albert attended schools in Randwick and Coogee, but soon settled into the Scots College in Sydney where he excelled in both music and science. He graduated in 1924.

## Education and appointments

He was awarded BSc with first class honours and the University Medal in 1932 at the University of Sydney. He gained a PhD in 1937 and a DSc in 1947 from the University of London. His appointments included Lecturer at the University of Sydney (1938–1947), advisor to the Medical Directorate of the Australian Army (1942–1947), research at the Wellcome Research Institute in London (1947–1948) and in 1948 the Foundation Chair of Medical Chemistry in the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University in Canberra where he established the Department of Medical Chemistry. He was a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. In 1939 he was a foundation member of the Drugs sub-committee of the Australian Association of Scientific Workers.

## Scholarship

Albert was a scholar of heterocyclic chemistry. He authored Selective Toxicity: The Physico-Chemical Basis of Therapy, first published by Chapman and Hall in 1951.

## Honors and legacy

Albert was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 1989 Australia Day Honours for "services to medical chemistry, particularly in the fields of teaching and research".
The Adrien Albert Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry at the University of Sydney was established in his honour in 1989. His bequest funds the Adrien Albert Lectureship, awarded every two years by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The Royal Australian Chemical Institute established the Adrien Albert award (Archived 19 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine) in his honour.
# 1937 Cal Aggies football team

The 1937 Cal Aggies football team represented the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture—now known as the University of California, Davis—as a member of the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1937 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Vern Hickey, the Aggies compiled an overall record of 4–4 with a mark of 2–2 in conference play, placing third in the FWC. The team was outscored by its opponents 87 to 63 for the season. The Cal Aggies played home games at A Street field on campus in Davis, California.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 24 | | at San Francisco State* | Roberts FieldSan Francisco, CA | W 13–7 | |
| October 1 | 8:00 p.m. | at Sacramento* | Sacramento StadiumSacramento, CA | W 6–0 | |
| October 9 | | at BYU* | Cougar StadiumProvo, UT | L 0–34 | 3,000 |
| October 16 | | at California* | California Memorial StadiumBerkeley, CA | L 0–14 | 20,000 |
| October 22 | | Fresno State | A Street fieldDavis, CA | L 0–19 | 3,500 |
| October 30 | | at Nevada | Mackay StadiumReno, NV | W 12–0 | |
| November 6 | | Chico State | A Street fieldDavis, CA | W 26–0 | |
| November 13 | | Pacific (CA) | A Street fieldDavis, CA | L 6–13 | |
| *Non-conference gameAll times are in Pacific time |||||||
# Boun Oum

Prince Boun Oum (also Prince Boun Oum Na Champassak; Lao: ບຸນອຸ້ມ ນະ ຈຳປາສັກ; Thai: บุญอุ้ม ณ จัมปาศักดิ์; RTGS: Bun-um Na Champasak; 2 December 1911 – 17 March 1980) was the son of King Ratsadanay, and was the hereditary prince of Champassak and also Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Laos from March 1949 to February 1950 and again from December 1960 to June 1962.

## Early life

He was born in Don Talad in 1911, the eldest son of Prince Ratsadanay, Prince of Champassak by his fourth wife, Princess Sudhi Saramuni. He was educated at Wat Liep Monastery Sch. and l'École de Droit, Vientiane. He met Mom Bouaphanh Soumpholphakdy of Kengkok and married in 1943. The couple had six sons and three daughters: Prince Keo Champhonesak na Champassak, Prince Saysanasak na Champassak, Prince Keo Halusak na Champassak, Prince Simoungkhounsak na Champassak, Prince Vannahsak na Champassak, Prince Vongdasak na Champassak, Princess Ninhdasak na Champassak, Princess Keosondarasak na Champassak and Princess Keomanisak na Champassak. He had 11 grandchildren. He succeeded on the death of his father as Head of the Princely House of Champassak, June 1946. At the same time, he renounced his rights in order to establish a unified kingdom, the Kingdom of Laos, on 27 August 1946. He was appointed the President of the Royal Council in 1947. In 1949, he was appointed as Inspector-General of the Kingdom.

## Prime Minister of Laos

Sympathetic to the French in Laos, he commanded a force of 15,000 that fought Japanese troops and the Lao Issara in the south of Laos. Titular leader of the royalist faction (and one of the Three Princes of the Kingdom of Laos), he served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Laos from March 1949 to February 1950 and again from December 1960 to June 1962 when The National Assembly installed him by unanimous vote.
He retired from politics to pursue business interests from his base in Pakse and Champassak but continued to be a major power broker until his exile in 1975, the year the communist Pathet Lao came to power. In 1975 he went to France for medical treatment and never returned to Laos. He died in Boulogne-Billancourt, France in 1980 and his ashes are buried at the Cimetiere de Trivaux in Meudon France, next to his wife Princess Bouaphanh na Champassak (1920–2013).

## Honours
### National honours

* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol.
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Laos.
* Commander of the Order of Civic Merit of Laos.

### Foreign honours

* Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Elephant, Thailand [special class].
* Grand Officer of the Royal Order of Cambodia.
* Commander of the Legion of Honour.
* Combatant's Cross (1940).
* Croix de Guerre [with palm and star] (1941).
* Medal of French Gratitude [1st class] (1946).
* Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (1946).
* Indochina Campaign commemorative medal (1954).
* Resistance Medal [2nd class] (1945).

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Boun Oum :
# Canarium album

Canarium album is a tree species in the genus Canarium and the family Burseraceae, found in Indo-China; the Catalogue of Life does not record any sub-species.
Canarium album produces a fruit commonly called Chinese olive or white olive, though it has no relation to Olea; it is consumed in Vietnam (Vietnamese: trám trắng, fruit quả trám), Thailand (where it is known as samo chin (Thai: สมอจีน) or kana (Thai: กาน้า)) and in China (simplified Chinese: 橄榄; traditional Chinese: 橄欖; pinyin: gǎnlǎn).
The pulp of the tree's fruit and its seeds are edible, with a strong resinous flavor when they are fresh. Culinary oil can be extracted from the seed. Preserves can be made with the fruit, both sweet like jam or pickled preserves. In China, a pickle called olive vegetable (simplified Chinese: 橄榄菜; traditional Chinese: 橄欖菜; pinyin: gǎnlǎn cài), made from a mix of Canarium album fruit and mustard greens, is commonly used as a flavoring for congee and fried rice, with Teochew people specifically being very fond of the pickle.
Mostly cultivated in Thailand, cultivation has been introduced on a smaller scale to Fiji and northern Queensland in Australia. Its fruit, resin and seed are exported to Europe where they are used in the manufacture of varnish and soap.

## Cultures
### Teochew

When celebrating Chinese New Year (CNY), it is a custom for Teochew people to keep green olives in one of the compartments of a Chinese candy box. In CNY, olives are also called diêng1 guê2 (珍果, literally precious nut) or betel nuts (檳榔). Though green olives may referred to as betel nuts in Teochew, they should not be confused with the betel nuts, fruits of the areca palm, consumed in Taiwan, Southeast Asia and Fujian. It was said that Teochew people used to have the practice of betel nut chewing like the people in the neighbouring regions. But by late Qing dynasty or early Republican period, they gave up on the addictive betel nuts and took up green olives as a substitute. From then on, eating olives, both green and black, become a custom in Teochew.

## Gallery

* Khao phat nam liap dish (with rice) from Thailand
* Hunanese stir-fry of green beans with olive vegetable
# Agnes Meyer

Agnes Meyer may refer to:
* Agnes Meyer-Brandis (born 1973), German artist
* Agnes Meyer Driscoll (1889–1971), American cryptanalyst
* Agnes E. Meyer (1887–1970), American journalist, wife of financier Eugene Meyer, mother of publisher Katharine Graham
# Nepalese Australians

Nepalese Australians (Nepali: नेपाली अष्ट्रेलियन) are Australias whose ethnic origins lie fully or partially in any part of Nepal. People from Nepal started to settle in Australia from the 1960s, but the vast majority of Nepali Australians arrived after 2006.
Australian residents of Nepali origin have significantly increased in recent years: in the 2021 census, 138,463 people reported Nepali ancestry, 0.54% of the total population. Just five years before, in the 2016 census, there were only 62,806 people with Nepali ancestry. This follows after the population of this community quardrupled in the 5 years to 2011, and doubled again in the 5 years in 2016.

## Lhotshampa refugees

About 5,000 Lhotshampas or Bhutanese refugees who are living in various refugee camps of Nepal are being resettled in Australia. They share common language and culture with the mainstream Nepali.
Since 1990, ethnic Nepalis in more than 110,000 in numbers, who were forced out of Bhutan have temporarily settled in refugee camps in eastern part of Nepal. After the 15 years of exile they are now being resettled in Australia, US and Europe. By the end of the resettlement program it is estimated that around 5,000 of Bhutanese will be in Australia.

## International students

The number of Nepali students seeking admission to universities in Australia is increasing. The instability caused by the Maoist insurgency and Gorkha earthquake of 2015, has led Nepali students to turn to Australia for academic pursuits. The figures from the federal Government’s Australian Education International (AEI) in 2007 show that in the 12 months to September, commencements by students from Nepal increased by 504 per cent, or 2884 students.

## Notable Nepali Australians

* Dichen Lachman, actress
* Payal Shakya, former Miss Nepal
* Sarun Tamrakar, Nepali Singer
* Sanu Sharma, writer
* Shesh Ghale, businessman
* Jamuna Gurung, entrepreneur
* Alex Karki, first Nepali Labor NSW State Election Candidate for Kellyville 2023, https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2023/guide/kell
# Killing of Anastasia-Patricia Rubinska

The killing of Anastasia-Patricia Rubinska involved the death of a 27-year-old female hotel worker from Poland, whose body was discovered naked and wrapped in a plastic bag on the Greek island of Kos. Rubinska had been reported missing since 12 June 2023, until her remains were found on 18 June 2023, in a salt marsh near the residence of the suspect. The incident attracted significant attention both locally and internationally.

## Details

Anastasia-Patricia Rubinska was a 27-year-old Polish woman from Wrocław who worked in a five-star hotel in the tourist town of Marmari with her Polish boyfriend. She went missing on 12 June 2023.
Surveillance footage revealed that the last person seen with her was a 32-year-old Bangladeshi man named Salahuddin S. Rubinska's body was discovered 1 kilometre from the suspect's residence. Proto Thema reported that Rubinska's DNA and hair had been found in the suspect's room. Moreover, the man had scratch marks on his face and hands, and signs of a struggle on his hands. According to the autopsy report, she was strangled, with additional reports citing police sources indicating that she was subjected to torture before her death.
On 6 December 2024, a court found Salahuddin S guilty of kidnapping and "manslaughter with intent." He was sentenced to life in prison.

## Reactions

Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki suggested that the suspected killer should be extradited to Poland and be tried there.
# Gustav Regler

Gustav Regler (25 May 1898 – 14 January 1963) was a German writer and journalist.

## Background

Gustav Regler was born on 25 May 1898 in Merzig, in the Prussian Rhine Province (now Saarland).

## Career

Regler served in the German Infantry during the First World War and was seriously injured. He joined the Communist Party and spent time in the USSR. He later served as political commissar of the XII International Brigade during the Spanish Civil War. Whilst in Spain he befriended Ernest Hemingway and was wounded at the Battle of Guadalajara.
As a Communist, he was long-time friend of Arthur Koestler, first in Berlin, then Paris and during the Spanish Civil War. Regler's books were banned in the Third Reich. While in Spain, he wrote articles as a special correspondent for the Deutsche Zentral Zeitung. He accompanied Lillian Hellman on a visit to a Benicàssim hospital in October 1937.

## Works

Regler wrote about his Spanish experiences in his novel Das große Beispiel [The great example], translated as The Great Crusade (New York, 1940), introduced by Ernest Hemingway, translated by Whittaker Chambers.
His memoirs were published as The Owl of Minerva in London in 1959. Time magazine called him the German "Malraux."

## Personal life and death

Regler eventually broke with the Soviet Communist Party and took refuge in Mexico where he lived the last years of his life in Tepoztlán with his second wife Margaret (Peggy). He died while traveling in India to receive a prize at age 69 and his body was burned on the ghats of the Benares river.
# Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary

Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in Uttarakhand, India that was created in 2012. It is located in the Terai Arc Landscape, a forest zone that stretches from Uttarakhand in India and extends into Nepal.

## Location

Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary lies between the Gola and Sharda Rivers in the Haldwani forest division and links the forests of Ramnagar and Terai central forest division with Shuklaphanta National Park in Nepal. It extends over an area of 269.96 km$^2$ (104.23 sq mi). Since 2002, Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary has been a part of the Shivalik Elephant Reserve. The Wildlife Institute of India in 2004 recognised Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary as one of three viable habitats key to the long-term future of the tiger.

## Wildlife
### Flora

Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary is primarily a sal forest with more than 100 species of trees including shisham, bamboo, teak and chir pine. Over 30 species of shrubs and about 35 species of climbers and grasses were recorded.

### Fauna

Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary hosts about 25 species of mammals, 250 species of birds, 15 species of reptiles and 20 species of fishes. The major mammalian species include Asian elephant, leopard, tiger and sloth bear.

## Threats

Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary is threatened by illegal logging and boulder mining, poaching and the diversion of forest land for non-forestry related developmental activities.