OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Diosma

Diosma is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, native to Cape Provinces of South Africa. The genus was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

## Species

As of September 2021, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:
* Diosma acmaeophylla Eckl. & Zeyh.
* Diosma apetala (Dümmer) I.Williams
* Diosma arenicola I.Williams
* Diosma aristata I.Williams
* Diosma aspalathoides Lam.
* Diosma awilana I.Williams
* Diosma demissa I.Williams
* Diosma dichotoma P.J.Bergius
* Diosma echinulata I.Williams
* Diosma fallax I.Williams
* Diosma guthriei Glover
* Diosma haelkraalensis I.Williams
* Diosma hirsuta L.
* Diosma meyeriana Spreng.
* Diosma oppositifolia L.
* Diosma parvula I.Williams
* Diosma passerinoides Steud.
* Diosma pedicellata I.Williams
* Diosma pilosa I.Williams
* Diosma prama I.Williams
* Diosma ramosissima Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
* Diosma recurva Cham.
* Diosma rourkei I.Williams
* Diosma sabulosa I.Williams
* Diosma strumosa I.Williams
* Diosma subulata J.C.Wendl.
* Diosma tenella I.Williams
* Diosma thyrsophora Eckl. & Zeyh.
# Nikolay Petrunin

Nikolay Petrunin (Russian: Николай Юрьевич Петрунин; 27 February 1976 – 12 October 2022) was a Russian politician and a deputy of the 7th and 8th State Dumas. In 2005, he was granted a Candidate of Sciences in Economics degree.

## Biography

After graduating from the Vladimir State University, Petrunin worked in commercial organizations. From 1993 to 2015, Petrunin was the director of the Steklo-Gaz corporate group. On September 18, 2016, he was elected deputy of the 7th State Duma. In September 2021, he was re-elected for the 8th State Duma from the Tula Oblast constituency.
Petrunin died in October 2022, reportedly from complications of COVID-19. Some regard his death as suspicious.

### Sanctions

He was sanctioned by the UK government in 2022 in relation to the Russo-Ukrainian War.
He was one of the members of the State Duma sanctioned by the United States Treasury on 24 March 2022, in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

## Awards

* Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"
# Operation Safeguard (United Kingdom)

Operation Safeguard is a contingency plan to deal with prison overcrowding in the United Kingdom; it involves using cells at police stations as accommodation for prisoners when the number of cells in prisons becomes critically low. On 9 October 2006, the Home Secretary John Reid announced the implementation of Operation Safeguard as the prison population had reached 79,843 leaving only 125 spaces.
The policy is supported by the Association of Chief Police Officers, it outlined a list of criteria for prisoners who should not be held in police station cells under Safeguard, including among others: women, juveniles and those with mental health problems or those involved in a Crown Court trial.

## Alternatives to Operation Safeguard

The government has considered several alternatives to Safeguard, including repatriating foreign prisoners to their home country, with a financial incentive. Other ways of reducing the prison population include:
* Early executive release
* Deportation of foreign prisoners
* Use of a prison ship
Lord Phillips, the former Lord Chief Justice, also suggested a greater use of community sentences could reduce the pressure on prisons.
# Yoshikichi Furui

Yoshikichi Furui (古井 由吉, Furui Yoshikichi, 19 November 1937 – 18 February 2020) was a Japanese author and translator. He has won the Akutagawa Prize, the Tanizaki Prize, and the Yomiuri Prize, among other literary awards.

## Biography

Furui was born in Tokyo, Japan. He was educated at the University of Tokyo, where he majored in German literature, receiving a BA in 1960. His undergraduate thesis was on Franz Kafka. He remained at Tokyo University for graduate work for another two years, earning an MA in German literature in 1962. After graduating, he accepted a position at Kanazawa University where he taught German language and literature for three years. He subsequently moved to Rikkyo University in Tokyo where he remained as an assistant professor of German literature until the watershed year of 1970.
The early 1970s was a period of rapid economic growth and cultural efflorescence. In the literary sphere, a new group of authors was emerging. These authors differed notably from their predecessors because of their move away from the overt social and political commentary—particularity as directed against the system that supported Japan's involvement in World War II—then common both in recent works of literature, and as a measure by which literature was measured. Because this new group of authors turned their gaze from society to the individual, looking inward, engaging the fears and fantasies of an urban population beset by a crisis of identity in a time of rapid economic growth, they were called the introverted generation (内向の世代, Naikō no Sedai), and Furui was, perhaps, their exemplar.
In 1970 Furui resigned from Rikkyo University to become a full-time writer. In 1971 his novella Yōko was awarded the Akutagawa Prize, and he has subsequently won both the Tanizaki Prize and Kawabata Prize.
Furui has also translated Robert Musil and Hermann Broch.
On 18 February 2020, Furui died of hepatocellular carcinoma in his home in Tokyo. He was 82.

## Major prizes

* 1970 Akutagawa Prize – Yoko (杳子, Yōko)
* 1983 19th Tanizaki Prize – Asagao (槿, Morning Glory)
* 1987 14th Kawabata Prize – On Nakayama Hill (中山坂, Nakayama-saka)
* 1990 41st Yomiuri Prize – Accounts of Rebirth: A Provisional Draft (仮往生伝試文, Kariōjō Den Shibun)
* 1997 Mainichi Art Award – White-Haired Melody (白髪の唄, Hakuhatsu no Uta)

## Selected works in translation

* White-Haired Melody, trans. Meredith McKinney; University of Michigan Center for Japanese Studies, Michigan Monograph Series in Japanese Studies, No. 61, 2008; ISBN 978-1-929280-46-9.
* Child of Darkness: Yoko and Other Stories, trans. Donna George Storey; University of Michigan Center for Japanese Studies, Michigan Monograph Series in Japanese Studies, No. 18, 1997; ISBN 0-939512-79-3.
* Ravine and Other Stories, trans. Meredith McKinney; Stone Bridge Press, Rock Spring Collection of Japanese Literature, 1997; ISBN 1-880656-29-9.
* "Wedlock", trans. Howard Hibbett, in Contemporary Japanese Literature; Knopf, 1977; pp. 3–40; ISBN 0-394-49141-6.
# Korote Sahasram Maroti

Korote Sahasram Maroti (born 3 March 1970) is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. He is an MLA from Amgaon Assembly constituency which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community in Gondia District. He won the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election representing the Indian National Congress.

## Early life and education

Korote is from Amgaon, Gondia District, Maharashtra. He completed his B.A. in 2018 at Mumbai Hindi College.

## Career

Korote won from Amgaon Assembly constituency representing Indian National Congress in the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 88,265 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, Sanjay Hanmantrao Puram of Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 7,420 votes.
# Chaubara Tehsil

Chaubara (Urdu: چَوبارہ , Punjabi: تحصیل چوبارا) is a tehsil located in Layyah District, in Dera Ghazi Khan Division, Punjab, Pakistan. The market town of Chaubara is the administrative headquarters of the tehsil. Chaubara is the least populated tehsil in Punjab, with a total population of 252,200, according to the 2023 Pakistani census. Of this total population, 80.9% lives in rural areas and 19.1% in urban areas.
It is the largest tehsil in Layyah District, followed by the Layyah and Karor Lal Esan, all of which total a land area of 6,291 square kilometres.

## Union councils

Tehsil Chaubara consists of seven union councils i.e. Nawankot, Khaira wala, Jamal Choupre, Sher Garh, Rafique Abad, Aulaq Thal Kalan and Chaubara.

## Language

Saraiki and Punjabi are the main local languages in the region. However, Urdu and English are also spoken in this region. Later being rarely spoken. Furthermore, this region is further divided on cast based system with leading population consisting of Araien (chaudhry), Chheena (also known as Malik), Mangasi, Jutt, Kheera, Sandila, Sanpal, Chanar, bhuk, and many other.

## Occupations

The majority of residents are farmers by profession and raise domestic animals for milk and meat. Small ruminants are a basic source of income, and black and white grams are the most cultivated crops in this area. Wheat and cotton are also grown. This area has potential for forest cultivation since underground water provides favourable conditions.
The proposed Phase-II of the Greater Thal Canal is expected to irrigate a large area of land and improve the local production as well as the GDP of Pakistan.

## Weather

Weather is relatively hot but nights in the desert of Thal are relatively cold even in summer. Maximum temperature in summer can reach up to 48°C during the day and about 30°C at night. Winter always remains mild except from mid-December till mid-January.

## Desert

A part of Thal Desert falls in the region of Chaubara. The Thal Jeep desert rally and camel dance festival are annual events in the region. This region is least developed area interms of education, health, raods, electricity and clean water in entire Punjab. Over 99% people of Nawankot, Khaira wala and Sher Garh lives below poverty lines.
# 1950 Western Australian prohibition referendum

A referendum was held on 9 December 1950 in the Australian state of Western Australia on the topic of prohibition. It was the fourth referendum on the topic of liquor licensing, and the second put to voters with the same wording. The proposal that alcohol should be prohibited was rejected 73% of voters.

## Overview

The referendum was conducted pursuant to Section 87(e) of the Licensing Act 1911, which had been added by an amending act in 1922 and allowed for five-yearly referendums. However, none had been conducted since the 1925 poll.

## Referendum results

Question: Do you agree with the proposal that prohibition shall come into force in Western Australia?
| YES | NO |
| 27.0% (60,001 votes) | 73.0% (162,231 votes) |

## Aftermath

No further polls were held on the topic of liquor licensing, and Section 87 of the Licensing Act was repealed in 1959.
# Igor Zagoruyko

Igor Vladimirovich Zagoruiko is a Kazakhstan water polo player. He was a member of the Kazakhstan men's national water polo team, playing as a driver. He was a part of the team at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. On club level he played for Sintez Kazan in Russia.
# Emil Kheri Imsgard

Emil Kheri Imsgard (born 6 March 1998) is a Norwegian handball player for Danish second tier team HØJ Elite and the Norwegian national team.
He was chosen in the extended squad for the 2023 World Men's Handball Championship.
# Tuku Nature Reserve

The Tuku Nature Reserve is a nature reserve on Chatham Island, New Zealand, in the Tuku-a-tamatea (Tuku) River Valley in the south-west of the island. The 1238 hectares of land, largely covered with dense native forest, are owned by the New Zealand government and is managed by its Department of Conservation.
Before Crown ownership, the land was owned by Manuel and Evelyn Tuanui. The Tuanuis assisted ornithologist David Crockett in discovering the magenta petrel (Pterodroma magentae), or Chatham Island tāiko, on the land in 1978. This small burrow-nesting seabird had been considered extinct for over 100 years, and remains critically endangered. The Tuanuis donated the land that now forms the Reserve in 1983 for the conservation management of the tāiko, with adjacent land covenanted for the same purpose. The reserve is important for the conservation of the tāiko. As of 2004, 80% of tāiko breeding burrows are inside the reserve.

## Flora and fauna

The reserve comprises an area of forested, peat-covered tableland dissected by the Tuku River and its tributaries and dominated by tarahinau. The valley also contains kōpi, karamū, hoho and matipō, with abundant tree ferns. As well as the tāiko, the reserve is important for the conservation of other animals and plants endemic to the Chatham Islands, such as the parea or Chatham Islands pigeon.
# Takehiro Irokawa

Takehiro Irokawa (色川 武大, Irokawa Takehiro, March 28, 1929 – April 10, 1989) was a noted Japanese writer who published both serious literature and light fiction under a variety of pseudonyms including Asada Tetsuya (阿佐田哲也) and Budai Irokawa (色川武大). Many of his works were autobiographical in nature and concerned his life as a mahjong gambler.

## Biography

Irokawa was born in Shinjuku, Tokyo. His father was a retired navy captain who remained at home on a military pension, and with whom Irokawa had troubled relations. Irokawa began skipping school from an early age to see movies and vaudeville in the Asakusa entertainment district. In 1943 he was drafted to work in the factory labor mobilization, and at the end of the war, was expelled from school when it was discovered that he had been editing a mimeographed magazine deemed rebellious. As his father's pension lapsed, he took to small-time criminal activities and gambling, particularly mahjong.
In the early 1950s Irokawa began writing under pseudonyms. He first received literary recognition in 1961 for a short story, winning the Chuokoron Newcomers Prize and praise from Yukio Mishima and Taijun Takeda. He continued to publish copiously through the 1970s. Over the years, Irokawa won the 79th Naoki Prize (1978上), the 9th Kawabata Yasunari Literature Prize (1982), and the 40th Yomiuri Prize (1988) for Kyōjin nikki. He was briefly hospitalized in 1968 for visual and auditory hallucinations, perhaps related to narcolepsy; he died of a heart attack in 1989 at the age of 60. He was buried in Tokyo and enshrined at a temple in Kyoto where the New Japan Mahjong Federation holds a festival every year in his honor.

## Adaptations

In 1984 Makoto Wada directed a film adaptation of Irokawa's most famous novel, Mahjong Drifters Chronicles (麻雀放浪記) which was titled Mahjong hōrōki.
A video game adaptation named Mahjong Mahjong Wanderers Story CLASSIC was developed by Alpha Unit and published by Imagineer (Japanese company) on August 1, 1997, for the Nintendo 64.
The manga and anime The Legend of the Gambler: Tetsuya was inspired by Irokawa's novels and includes many of his characters.

## English translations

* "Sparrows" (Suzume) in Tokyo stories: a literary stroll, translated by Lawrence Rogers, University of California Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-520-21788-1.
# Valerii Klimenko

Valerii Klimenko (or Klimenco; born 20 September 1953) is a Russian-born Moldovan politician currently serving as a municipal councilor of Chișinău. He is the founder of the Ravnopravie Movement (now the Shor Party), and its honorary chairman.

## Biography and career

Born in the Sverdlovsk region of the Russian SFSR, he graduated from high school in the city of Poltava, Ukrainian SSR. In 1979, he became a correspondent for the newspaper Moldova Sovietica, and in 1980 he graduated from the Faculty of Journalism at the University of Lviv. In 1990, he obtained a doctorate in history from the same university.

## Political activity

In 1996, he founded the Russian Community of Chișinău, and since 1997, he has been president of the Congress of Russian Communities in the Republic of Moldova. In 1998, he founded the Ravnopravie Movement. In 2002–2003, he was a representative of the Congress of Russian Communities in the Republic of Moldova in the Council of Compatriots, under the State Duma of Russia. In 1999–2011, he was a councilor in the Chișinău Municipal Council, elected on the lists of the Ravnopravie Movement. In the fall of 2010, Ravnopravie entered the electoral race for the parliamentary elections in the Republic of Moldova with the slogan: For Moldova as part of Russia!. In 2016, he ceded the leadership of the party to Ilan Shor, changing its name to the Shor Party. Klimenko remained the honorary chairman of the party.

## Political views

Klimenko is known for his pro-Russian and anti-European stance. Some of his positions have been considered anti-Romanian. Klimenko opposes the idea of the unification of Moldova with Romania, arguing that it could create a civil war, in which Russia would also participate.

## Personal life

Klimenko speaks Russian and Ukrainian. He is married and has one child.
# Anton Friedrich Koch

Anton Friedrich Koch (born September 17, 1952, in Giessen) is a German philosopher and university lecturer.

## Life and work

Koch attended elementary school in Fronhausen (Lahn) and the Herderschule Giessen and studied philosophy and German language and literature at the Heidelberg University from 1971, where he received his doctorate in May 1980 and worked as a research assistant from 1979 to 1981. From 1982 to 1989, he was a research assistant at the Institute of Philosophy at the University of Munich. He also completed his habilitation there in January 1989 with a thesis on Subjektivität in Raum und Zeit. He then remained in Munich, now as a private lecturer and senior assistant, before moving to Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg from 1991 to 1993, where he was appointed to the Chair of History of Philosophy from 1993 to 1996. Between 1996 and 2009, he taught as Professor of Philosophy in University of Tübingen, where he became acquainted with the Tübingen school of Plato, among others. From 2009 until his retirement in October 2020, he taught in Heidelberg. In the spring semester of 2009, he held a visiting professorship at Emory University in Atlanta (Georgia) and in the winter quarter of 2016 a visiting professorship at the University of Chicago.
Koch has been a full member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities since 2008.

## Publications (books)

* Vernunft und Sinnlichkeit im praktischen Denken, Königshausen und Neumann: Würzburg 1980 (Dissertation), ISBN 3-88479-025-0
* Subjektivität in Raum und Zeit (= Philosophische Abhandlungen, Band 57), Klostermann: Frankfurt a. M. 1990 (Habilitationsschrift), ISBN 3-465-02254-8
* Subjekt und Natur. Zur Rolle des „Ich denke“ bei Descartes und Kant, Mentis: Paderborn 2004, ISBN 3-89785-389-2
* Versuch über Wahrheit und Zeit, Mentis: Paderborn 2006, ISBN 3-89785-561-5
* Wahrheit, Zeit und Freiheit. Einführung in eine philosophische Theorie, Mentis: Paderborn 2006, 2. Aufl. Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-89785-601-1
* Die Evolution des logischen Raumes. Aufsätze zu Hegels Nichtstandard-Metaphysik, Mohr Siebeck: Tübingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-16-153011-1
* Hermeneutischer Realismus, Mohr Siebeck: Tübingen 2016, ISBN 978-3-16-154377-7
* Philosophie und Religion, Kröner: Stuttgart 2020, ISBN 978-3-520-90004-3
# 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Economic Conference

The 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Economic Conference was an emergency Meeting of the Heads of Government of the British Commonwealth. It was called by the British government of Sir Winston Churchill and held in the United Kingdom in December 1952 as a follow-up to a Commonwealth Finance Minister's conference held in January 1952. The conference was held in the context of British economic and military decline and the United States' surging role in the world.
The principal topic of the conference was the convertibility and liquidity of Pound sterling into American dollars and British concerns that non-sterling Commonwealth countries were building up sterling balances for the purpose of conversion into American dollars, the future of the Pound sterling area, and the alleviation of Commonwealth trade restrictions and imperial preference, particularly in the light of the surging American economy and the desire of Commonwealth countries such as Australia for American investment in order for economic development to occur against British concerns that American economic dominance threatened Britain's economic position. This discussion was necessary as the Commonwealth, with the exception of Canada, had a common pool of gold and dollar reserves. Little was accomplished in the economic discussion with the final communique being described as an "agreement in platitudes".
British concerns at being excluded from the ANZUS military treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States were also a topic and were addressed by a communique issued by the prime ministers supporting Britain's demand for a voice in ANZUS.
In addition, Commonwealth prime ministers, after months of discussion on whether the newly ascended Queen Elizabeth II should have a uniform Royal Styles and Titles throughout the Commonwealth or whether realms should adopt their own styles and titles, it was agreed that each member of the Commonwealth "should use for its own purposes a form of the Royal Style and Titles which suits its own particular circumstances but retains a substantial element which is common to all" and agreed to pass appropriate legislation in their respective parliaments. The prime ministers also agreed to proclaim the new Queen, Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth in succession of her late father, George VI.

## Participants

| Nation | Name | Portfolio |
| United Kingdom | Winston Churchill | Prime Minister (Chairman) |
| Australia | Robert Menzies | Prime Minister |
| Ceylon | Dudley Senanayake | Prime Minister |
| India | Sir Chintaman Deshmukh | Finance Minister |
| New Zealand | Sidney Holland | Prime Minister |
| Pakistan | Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin | Prime Minister |
| Southern Rhodesia | Sir Godfrey Huggins | Prime Minister |
| South Africa | Nicolaas Havenga | Finance Minister |
# Hans Tröger

Hans Tröger (29 August 1896 – 21 January 1982) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several panzer divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, awarded by Nazi Germany to recognise successful military leadership.

## Biography

Born in 1896, Tröger entered the army of Imperial Germany in 1915 as a Fahnenjunker (officer cadet) and served as an engineer. After World War I, he remained in the military, serving in the Reichsheer. From 1935 he was in the Wehrmacht and was posted to the Office of Mobile Troops at the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Armed Forces High Command), commonly known as OKW, for two years from 1938. Following the outbreak of World War II, he commanded of the 64th Motorcycle Battalion and then the 103rd Rifle Regiment. On 11 November 1942, he was appointed commander of the 27th Panzer Division, which at the time engaged in fighting as it retreated from the Donets. In early 1943 he left the Eastern Front to take up an appointment as commander of the School for Panzer Troops, based in Germany.
He returned to divisional command when posted to the 25th Panzer Division on 20 November 1943. His new command was fighting on the Eastern Front around Kiev, in which it suffered heavy losses and further, significant, casualties were incurred in the retreat across Ukraine. In April 1944, it was transferred to Denmark for a refit and Tröger, promoted to generalleutnant earlier that month, took over command of the 13th Panzer Division. In September, the division took part in the fighting around Khisinev but found itself cut off. It had to break out and while some personnel made it to the German lines, Tröger led one element into Bulgaria and was captured by Bulgarian troops. After a period of internment, he was later handed over to the Soviet Union. He remained a prisoner of war until 1955.

## Awards and decorations

* Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class & 1st Class
* Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class & 1st Class
* German Cross in Gold (15 November 1941)
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 4 May 1944 as generalmajor and commander of 25th Panzer Division
# Bobková

Bobková is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Miriam Bobková (born 1979), Slovak sprint hurdler
* Radka Bobková (born 1973), Czech tennis player
* Hana Bobková (1929–2017), Czech gymnast