# Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)

The Social Democratic Party (SDP) is a political party in the United Kingdom, established in 1990. The current party traces its origin to the Social Democratic Party, which was formed in 1981 by a group of dissident Labour Party Members of Parliament (MPs) and former Cabinet members Roy Jenkins, David Owen, Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams, who became known as the Gang of Four. The original SDP merged with the Liberal Party in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats, but Owen, two other MPs and a minority of party activists formed a breakaway group also called the Social Democratic Party immediately afterwards. That continuing party dissolved itself in the aftermath of a by-election in Bootle, in which the party's candidate received fewer votes than Screaming Lord Sutch's Official Monster Raving Loony Party. However, some SDP activists met and voted to continue the party in defiance of its National Executive, leading to the creation in 1990 of the current Social Democratic Party under the leadership of the candidate who lost that by-election. The party has been led since 2018 by William Clouston.
Ideologically, the party blends social democratic economic policies with cultural conservatism. The party advocates a mixed, social market economy. The party supports a broad welfare state, public ownership of railways and utilities, lower economic inequality, and raising defence spending to 2.5% of GDP. The SDP supports the reintroduction of grammar schools, a more selective education system, abolition of the BBC licence fee, stronger criminal sentencing, and the establishment of a National Care Service to organise and fund social care. It advocates for civic nationalism, an end to mass immigration, withdrawal from the European Court of Human Rights, the Council of Europe, and the 1951 United Nations refugee convention. The SDP campaigned in favour of Brexit in 2016.
In November 2018, the current SDP gained its first and only European parliamentarian when Patrick O'Flynn, Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for East of England, defected from the UK Independence Party. He served in the European Parliament until 1 July 2019. The party's membership includes the journalist Rod Liddle. The SDP control all three council seats in the Middleton Park ward of Leeds after winning the third seat in 2024. In the 2024 South Yorkshire Mayoral election the party's candidate David Bettney received 20,835 votes (7.6%), a 3.7% increase on the previous election.
The party contested the 2024 London mayoral election with candidate Amy Gallagher. The party stood candidates in 122 constituencies in the 2024 United Kingdom general election, where it had an electoral pact with Reform UK in some constituencies. The party campaigned on a manifesto titled 'Homecoming' which pledged to protect "family, neighbourhood and nation".

## History
### Formation

The second incarnation of the Social Democratic Party, often referred to as "the continuing SDP", decided to dissolve itself after a disastrous result in the May 1990 Bootle by-election. However, a number of SDP activists met and voted to continue the party in defiance of the National Executive. The continuing group was led by Jack Holmes, who by polling fewer votes than the Official Monster Raving Loony Party at the Bootle by-election had caused the party's end. The much-reduced SDP decided to fight the 1991 Neath by-election. With Holmes serving as the party's election agent, the SDP candidate received 5.3% of the vote—only 174 votes behind the fourth-placed Liberal Democrats, although the SDP candidate joined the Lib Dems shortly after. The party subsequently won just three seats on the Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council during the next eight years.

### Early years (1992–2008)

In 1992, the SDP had concentrated on campaigning at local level, holding a few council seats in Yorkshire and South Wales. Bridlington Central and Old Town ward on East Riding of Yorkshire Council remained a hotspot of SDP activity, with Ray Allerston holding a council seat there from 1987. From 2003 to 2007, he was joined by his wife Christine Allerston. Meanwhile, Tony Pelton and Brian Smith were elected in 1999 in Tunstall Ward in Richmondshire. A third hotspot consisted of SDP councillors Jeff Dinham, John Sullivan and Anthony Taylor in Aberavon Ward, Neath Port Talbot.
In the 2003 elections, Tony Pelton was re-elected, but Brian Smith was not. In 2005, Christine Allerston became Mayor of Bridlington for a year; however, she stood down before the 2007 local elections in which her husband Ray Allerston was re-elected and made Mayor and David Metcalf picked up the vacant seat. All three Aberavon councillors remained in place, with Anthony Taylor becoming local mayor. However, Tony Pelton in Tunstall stood down before the 2007 locals, ending SDP representation there. Jackie Foster was elected to Bridlington town council in 2008.

### Subsequent years (2009–2017)

In 2012, Councillors Dinham and Sullivan lost their seats in Aberavon, leaving only Anthony Taylor in position. David Metcalf stepped down in early 2014, owing to ill-health. He died soon afterward. This left just Allerston, Foster and Taylor in post. Ray Allerston died on 16 September 2014. A by-election was held in his ward on 27 November which was won by the UK Independence Party (UKIP).
The SDP fielded two candidates in the 2015 general election. Jackie Foster remained an SDP councillor on Bridlington Town Council after the 2015 local elections, but as of 2016 was listed as a Labour councillor. Until May 2017, Anthony Taylor sat on Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council as an independent democrat, but remained listed on the party website as an SDP councillor.
Solihull's Green Party councillor Mike Sheriden defected to the SDP in August 2015. However, when he stood for re-election as an SDP candidate in May 2016, he lost, receiving only 17 votes.
Six SDP candidates stood in the 2017 general election: one in Glasgow East and five in Sheffield constituencies. The SDP candidates received a total of 469 votes and came last in every constituency. According to accounts filed with the Electoral Commission, in 2017 the party—before its present financial growth—had a total income of £2,095.

### Growth, new leadership and new declaration (2018–present)

In January 2018, Kevin Hickson, former leader of Crewe Town Council, joined the SDP. In an article published in the Crewe Chronicle, Hickson, who represented Crewe East on the town council, stated that he left Labour because of growing unease with that party's "almost daily changes" on Brexit policy. He went on to say that the SDP "combines centre left policies on the economy and the welfare state with a firm commitment to implement the will of the people on Brexit, reclaiming sovereignty over money, laws, borders and trade". Hickson is a senior lecturer in Politics at the University of Liverpool and a former Labour parliamentary candidate. He became the party chairman, until being replaced by Paula Watson in January 2020.
William Clouston became leader of the SDP in 2018, and was re-elected by 89% of ballots returned by members in March 2020. He was a member of the original party in the 1980s and remained with the "continuing" SDP after the merger with the Liberal Party. He was a Conservative councillor on Tynedale District Council from 1999 to 2003 and is chairman of Corbridge Parish Council.
Patrick O'Flynn, Member of the European Parliament for East of England, defected from the UK Independence Party (UKIP) to join the SDP in November 2018. He cited UKIP leader Gerard Batten's appointment of Tommy Robinson as an adviser as a key reason for his departure from the party. In April 2019, O'Flynn stated that the SDP would not be standing in the 2019 European Parliament election.
In March 2019, the political journalist, Rod Liddle announced he had joined the party.
The SDP won a non-parish council seat at election for the first time since 2003 when Wayne Dixon was elected in the 2022 Leeds City Council election. Dixon was elected to Leeds City Council for Middleton Park and has a majority of 14%. The party gained a second non-parish council seat later that year in October 2022, when Richard Bright, a Conservative Party councillor for Derbyshire Dales District Council, defected to the party.
On 22 October 2022, the Social Democratic Party announced a general election pact with the right-wing Reform UK. The deal includes both parties standing aside for each other in certain constituencies and both parties standing under a joint branding of "Reform UK & The Social Democratic Party (SDP)" in over a dozen seats in South Yorkshire for the 2024 United Kingdom general election.

#### 2023 local elections

At the 2023 local elections, SDP councillor Richard Bright lost his seat to the Conservative Party candidate at the Derbyshire Dales Elections, placing third with 19% of the vote in Hulland. The SDP won a second council seat on Leeds City Council at the Leeds elections, with Emma Pogson-Golden gaining Middleton Park with 1,985 votes.

#### 2024

The party contested the 2024 London mayoral election with candidate Amy Gallagher, an NHS nurse who took legal action against the Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust. Policies the party campaigned on included opposition to "woke ideology" by pledging to "defund woke projects" in order to increase spending on policing and transport, abolishing ULEZ, and tackling violent crime. Gallagher won 34,449 votes, coming seventh with a 1.4% share of the total.
The SDP won a third seat on Leeds City Council, with Rob Chesterfield gaining 1,882 votes in Middleton Park ward and defeating sitting Labour councillor Sharon Burke.
SDP candidate David Bettney gained 20,835 votes in the South Yorkshire mayoral election, coming last with 7.6% of the total. A former soldier who served in Bosnia, Iraq and Afghanistan, Bettney campaigned on tackling homelessness, boosting manufacturing in the region, reopening Doncaster airport and working with disadvantaged teenagers to reduce crime.
The SDP stood in 122 constituencies in the 2024 United Kingdom general election including the journalist Rod Liddle. The party campaigned on a manifesto titled 'Homecoming' which pledged to put "family, neighbourhood and nation" front and centre. According to BBC News, "major themes of the launch and the manifesto included reindustrialisation and renationalisation." As part of the electoral pact with Reform UK (announced in 2022), the two parties stood aside for each other in six constituencies and over a dozen candidates stood under a joint Reform-SDP banner. The SDP candidates received a total of 33,811 votes. Two candidates, Daniel Whetstone in Leeds South and Dave Bettney in Doncaster North, retained their deposits. Bettney was the best performing candidate, coming in third place and receiving 6.9% of the vote share.

## Funding

The SDP's 2022 accounts show income of £52,208, of which 51% was from donations, 38% from membership, and 11% from income associated with a party conference.
As of July 2024, all of the party's recent declared donations have been from Kathy Bushell (£35,000 in 2024 and £20,000 in 2022), a candidate for the party in the 2022 local elections and the 2024 general election.

## Policies

The SDP's leader, William Clouston has described it as a party of the "conservative left". The party formally declared its principles in its "New Declaration" of October 2018. The party has been variously characterised as a combination of "a left-leaning economic programme with moderate cultural conservatism", "cultural conservatism with a left-wing economic agenda", "economically left" and "culturally traditional", or as representing those with "economically left-wing but culturally right-wing" views.

### Energy

The SDP opposes net-zero emissions, supports gas fracking, wants to encourage exploration in North Sea oil and gas, and accelerate new permits for oil and gas exploration.

### Europe

The SDP's orientation is Eurosceptic, supporting Brexit. While the founders of the original SDP in 1981 were pro-EEC, the continuing SDP voted against the concept of a United States of Europe at its conference at Scarborough in 1989 and the 1990 party's Eurosceptic position developed from there. In March 2019, the party advocated the UK leaving the European Union on WTO terms in the absence of a better deal on offer. As of November 2019, the party supported the latest iteration of the withdrawal agreement.

### Economy and welfare

The SDP's stance on the economy is centre-left, advocating a social market economy. It balances a commitment to enterprise and the market with support for greater progressivity in the tax code, substantial increases in the council housing stock, protection of legal aid, changes to the roll out of Universal Credit and renationalising utilities and the railways.
On housing, the SDP wants to build 100,000 social homes per year under a "British Housing Corporation", with subsidiary "County Housing Corporations". These "CHCs" would have substantial powers, being able to issue Compulsory Purchase Orders and having the ability to grant themselves planning permission. They would also take on all existing social housing from their respective local authorities.
The party would also introduce "a moratorium on buy-to-let mortgages" in order to re-balance the housing market in favour of young first-time buyers. To combat negligence in the rented sector, the SDP would introduce a "Conditions Certificate", likened to a "housing MOT", without which rent collection on the uncertified property would be illegal.

### Foreign affairs and defence

The SDP supports marginal reductions in aid spending, in its view made possible by more effective use of the aid budget. It proposes that the Department for International Development be absorbed into a new Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade which would ensure a greater alignment of aid and UK foreign policy interests. The SDP has criticised past UK efforts to "impose liberal democracy on complex societies in the Middle East".
The SDP supports NATO and maintaining a minimum of 2% of GDP on defence. It would maintain and update Britain's nuclear deterrent and increase the size of the UK armed forces. It would complete the aircraft carrier programme and related air and naval investment to make and keep HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales fully operational. It supports increased spending on Intelligence to combat terrorism and cyber-warfare as a proportion of the overall defence budget. For veterans, it would increase their housing priority and create tax incentives for business to employ veterans.

### Social issues and immigration

The SDP believes the tax and benefits system should offer "greater protection and support for family life". Couples raising children together (comprising a basic rate tax payer and a non tax payer) would benefit from full sharing of tax allowances under the party's proposals. Moreover, government policy in all domains would be subject to a basic test as to "whether it is supportive of the family as the fundamental foundation of society". The party also supports giving a preference to "married families" in regards to council housing and social housing.
The party has a strong stance on reducing immigration, stating that "A return to moderate, controlled migration for a sustained period [...] would be beneficial. It would result in a less divided, more socially harmonious and more prosperous Britain."
The party advocates a points-based immigration system which is "skills-based, needs-based, legal and subject to democratic control" and wants to contain net immigration to fewer than 50,000 per year. They outline a zero-tolerance policy for illegal immigration, with asylum seekers who use illegal routes being repatriated immediately, or detained offshore for later repatriation. On "genuine refugees", their policy is to allow 20,000 visas per year for "carefully vetted families with children in UN refugee camps or near major conflict zones".

### Transgender rights

The SDP's policy on transgender rights allows for a person to change their legal sex, subject to "medical gatekeeping". They oppose changes of legal gender by self-identification alone. The party supports biological sex-based segregation in sport, women's refuges and prisons.
The SDP supports healthcare spending for treatment of gender dysphoria, in both psychological and physiological forms, but stipulates that no physical treatments, including hormones, should be allowed for under-18s.

## Leaders

* Jack Holmes (1990–1991)
* John Bates (1991–2008)
* Peter Johnson (2008–2018)
* William Clouston (2018–present)

## Electoral performance
### Westminster general elections

| Election | Seats | Candidates | Total votes | % | Votes per candidate | Government |
| 1992 | 0 / 651 | 8 | 6,649 | 0.1% | 831 | No seats |
| 1997 | 0 / 659 | 2 | 1,246 | 0.0% | 623 | No seats |
| 2010 | 0 / 650 | 2 | 1,551 | 0.0% | 776 | No seats |
| 2015 | 0 / 650 | 2 | 125 | 0.0% | 63 | No seats |
| 2017 | 0 / 650 | 6 | 469 | 0.0% | 78 | No seats |
| 2019 | 0 / 650 | 20 | 3,295 | 0.0% | 165 | No seats |
| 2024 | 0 / 650 | 122 | 33,811 | 0.1% | 277 | No seats |

### Scottish Parliament elections

| Year | Regional vote | Regional vote | Regional vote | Constituency vote | Constituency vote | Constituency vote | Overall seats | Change |
| 2021 | 405 votes | 0.0% | 0 / 56 | – | – | 0 / 73 | 0 / 129 | First time standing |

### London Assembly elections

| Year | Regional vote | Regional vote | Regional vote | Constituency vote | Constituency vote | Constituency vote | Overall seats | Change |
| 2021 | 7,782 votes | 0.3% | 0 / 11 | – | – | 0 / 14 | 0 / 25 | First time standing |
| 2024 | 23,021 votes | 0.9% | 0 / 11 | – | – | 0 / 14 | 0 / 25 | |