OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mutarotation

In stereochemistry, mutarotation is the change in optical rotation of a chiral material in a solution due to a change in proportion of the two constituent anomers (i.e. the interconversion of their respective stereocenters) until equilibrium is reached. Cyclic sugars show mutarotation as α and β anomeric forms interconvert. The optical rotation of the solution depends on the optical rotation of each anomer and their ratio in the solution.
Mutarotation was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1844, when he noticed that the specific rotation of aqueous sugar solution changes with time.

## Measurement

The α and β anomers are diastereomers of each other and usually have different specific rotations. A solution or liquid sample of a pure α anomer will rotate plane polarised light by a different amount and/or in the opposite direction than the pure β anomer of that compound. The optical rotation of the solution depends on the optical rotation of each anomer and their ratio in the solution.
For example, if a solution of β-D-glucopyranose is dissolved in water, its specific optical rotation will be +18.7°. Over time, some of the β-D-glucopyranose will undergo mutarotation to become α-D-glucopyranose, which has an optical rotation of +112.2°. The rotation of the solution will increase from +18.7° to an equilibrium value of +52.7° as some of the β form is converted to the α form. The equilibrium mixture is about 64% of β-D-glucopyranose and about 36% of α-D-glucopyranose, though there are also traces of the other forms including furanoses and open chained form.
The observed rotation of the sample is the weighted sum of the optical rotation of each anomer weighted by the amount of that anomer present. Therefore, one can use a polarimeter to measure the rotation of a sample and then calculate the ratio of the two anomers present from the enantiomeric excess, as long as one knows the rotation of each pure anomer. One can monitor the mutarotation process over time or determine the equilibrium mixture by observing the optical rotation and how it changes.

## Reaction mechanism

    Reaction mechanism for the interconversion of α and β anomers
# Adam Hawley

Adam Hawley is a smooth jazz guitarist.

## Biography

Hawley was born and raised in Portland, Oregon. At a young age he developed a keen interest in music, taking up piano lessons at eight and guitar lessons a year later. He eventually attended the University of Southern California where he graduated with a PhD in Music.

## Discography
### Albums

| Year | Album | Chart positions | Chart positions | Label |
| Year | Album | US Jazz | US Con. Jazz | Label |
| 2016 | Just the Beginning | — | — | Kalimba Music |
| 2018 | Double Vision | 15 | 8 | Kalimba Music |
| 2020 | Escape | 23 | 4 | A-Train/MBF Entertainment |
| 2021 | Risin' Up | — | 8 | A-Train/MBF Entertainment |
| 2023 | What Christmas Means to Me | — | — | A-Train/MBF Entertainment |
| 2024 | Unstoppable | — | — | A-Train/MBF Entertainment |
| "—" denotes a release that did not chart. |||||

### Singles

| Year | Title | Chart positions | Album |
| Year | Title | Smooth Jazz Airplay | Album |
| 2016 | "35th Street" – (feat. Eric Darius) | 1 | Just the Beginning |
| 2017 | "Joy Ride" | 2 | Just the Beginning |
| 2017 | "I Don't Mind" – (feat. Euge Groove) | 1 | Just the Beginning |
| 2017 | "Backseat Drivers" – (Marcus Anderson feat. Adam Hawley) | 20 | Limited Edition – (Marcus Anderson) |
| 2018 | "Can You Feel It?" – (feat. Marcus Anderson) | 1 | Double Vision |
| 2018 | "Traveling Mood" – (feat. Julian Vaughan) | 1 | Double Vision |
| 2018 | "Take It Back" – (Lin Rountree feat. Adam Hawley) | 15 | Stronger Still – (Lin Rountree) |
| 2019 | "Just Dance" – (feat. Dave Koz) | 3 | Double Vision |
| 2019 | "Shuffle" – (feat. Darren Rahn) | 6 | Double Vision |
| 2020 | "To the Top" – (feat. Jeff Ryan) | 2 | Escape |
| 2020 | "Escape" – (feat. Rick Braun) | 1 | Escape |
| 2021 | "Tokyo Groove" | 3 | Escape |
| 2021 | "Risin' Up" | 1 | Risin' Up |
| 2021 | "New Day" – (Jeff Ryan feat. Adam Hawley) | 4 | Duality – (Jeff Ryan) |
| 2022 | "Gotta Get Up" | 2 | Risin' Up |
| 2022 | "Let's Get Down Tonight" – (feat. Vincent Ingala) | 1 | Risin' Up |
| 2023 | "Right On, Right On" – (feat. Julian Vaughan) | 7 | Risin' Up |
| 2023 | "Uptop" | 1 | Unstoppable |
| 2024 | "Unstoppable" | 3 | Unstoppable |
| 2024 | "Automatic" – (Dave Koz feat. Adam Hawley) | 1 | TBA – (Dave Koz) |
| 2024 | "Fly By" | 9 | Unstoppable |
# Diamond knot

The diamond knot (or knife lanyard knot) is a knot for forming a decorative loop on the end of a cord such as on a lanyard. A similar knot, also called the diamond knot, is a multistrand stopper knot, that is similar in appearance (although the footrope knot is really more similar, but it is simply an upside down diamond knot). Some people recommend calling this knot the knife lanyard knot in order to avoid confusion. This knot is a four strand diamond knot implemented in two strands. The knife lanyard knot and Chinese button knot are "tied alike, but they are worked differently." This knot is also used in Prayer ropes by Eastern Christians, who accredit the knot's creation to a legend relating to Saint Anthony the Great.
   The sailor's knife lanyard knot, also called marling-spike lanyard knot, single-strand diamond knot, two-strand diamond knot, and Bosun's whistle knot.

## Tying

The diamond knot begins as a Carrick bend with the ends exiting diagonally opposite each other. When the steps below are completed the knot is rearranged and tightened so that the ends emerge from the knot parallel and opposite their own standing part. A Chinese button knot is often tied in a very similar manner, but without leaving a loop at the end.
* Carrick bend start
* Working ends passed over each other's standing parts
* The ends are passed up through the center of the carrick bend from below.
# Chesbro Lake

Chesbro Reservoir is an artificial lake located three miles (5 km) west of Morgan Hill, California, in the United States. A 232-acre (94 ha) county park surrounds the reservoir and provides limited fishing ("catch-and-release"), picnicking, and hiking activities. Swimming and boating are not permitted in the reservoir.

## History

The reservoir was created in 1955 by the construction of the Elmer J. Chesbro Dam across Llagas Creek in the valley west of El Toro peak. The reservoir and dam were named after Elmer J. Chesbro, a local doctor who was president of the Santa Clara Valley Water Conservation District (now the Santa Clara Valley Water District) at the time.
# K0

K0 may refer to:
* Spectral class K0, a star spectral class
* the 1965 first model of the Honda CB450 motorbike
* the Grothendieck group in abstract algebra
* the Lateral earth pressure at rest
* the neutral kaon, a strange meson with no charge in nuclear physics
* K$_0$ may refer to Khinchin's constant
* K$_0$ the order-zero graph
# Battle of Frenkyazısı (1387)

The Battle of Frenkyazısı occurred in late 1386 or early 1387, between an Ottoman army under Murad I and a Karamanid force under Alaeddin Ali Bey. The engagement took place outside of Konya and resulted in a decisive Ottoman victory. In the aftermath the Karamanids had to accept Murad I's suzerainty and Ottoman supremacy over the western part of Anatolia was secured for the time being.
# Justo Nguema

Justo Nguema Nchama Ntutum (born 3 December 1987), also known as Papu, is an Equatorial Guinean football manager and former player who played as a midfielder for the Equatorial Guinea national team.

## Club career

Nguema plays for Sony de Elá Nguema in the Equatoguinean Premier League.

## Personal life

Nguema is a brother of late football manager and player Théodore Zué Nguema, who represented Gabon internationally.
# Koninek, Wągrowiec County

Koninek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wągrowiec, within Wągrowiec County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north-east of Wągrowiec and 59 km (37 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.
# Karolis Bauža

Karolis Bauža (born 24 April 1987) is a Lithuanian judoka from the city of Jurbarkas.

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Place | Weight class |
| 2007 | Universiade | 3rd | Middleweight (90 kg) |
| 2009 | European U23 Championships | 1st | (90 kg) |
| 2009 | European Championships | 3rd | (90 kg) |
| 2010 | European Championships | 5th | (90 kg) |
| 2012 | Olympic Games | 9T | (90 kg) |
| 2013 | European Championships | 3rd | (90 kg) |
# Emad Soliman

Emad Soliman (Arabic: عِمَاد سُلَيْمَان; born 23 July 1959) is an Egyptian former footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# Joseph Whitman House

Joseph Whitman House is a historic home located at West Hills in Suffolk County, New York. It was built about 1692 and is a 1+1⁄2-story, four-bay shingled residence with a 1+1⁄2-story two-bay south wing. Also on the property is the site of a stone fort and an early-19th-century barn and shed.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
# Nowiny-Osada

Nowiny-Osada is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Złotów, within Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.
For centuries, the area was part of the Kingdom of Poland and the Greater Poland region (often called the "cradle of Poland"), which beginning in the 10th-century formed the heart of the early Polish state. During the Partitions of Poland beginning in 1772, the area was annexed by Prussia. From 1871 to 1945 the area was part of Germany. In 1945, it rejoined Poland.
# Thoas (king of the Taurians)

In Greek mythology, Thoas (Ancient Greek: Θόας, lit. 'fleet, swift') was a king of the Taurians, a barbaric tribe in Crimea. He was king when Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia was taken to the land of the Taurians, and became a priestess of Artemis there. He was a character in Euripides' play Iphigenia among the Taurians. He is sometimes identified with the Thoas who was the king of Lemnos and the son of Dionysus and Ariadne, and the father of Hypsipyle.
According to the Greek grammarian Antoninus Liberalis, the 2nd-century BC poet Nicander said that Thoas was the son of Borysthenes, god of a major river to the far north of Greece (now the Dnieper).

## Euripides

In Euripides' play, Iphigenia among the Taurians, Iphigenia, after being rescued from her intended sacrifice at Aulis by Artemis, has been brought to the Taurians and their king Thoas, where she is forced to sacrifice any trespassing Greeks to Artemis.
As the play begins, Iphigenia's brother Orestes arrives, but he is captured and brought before Iphigenia to be sacrificed. But when the siblings discover each other's identity, they discuss ways to escape. Orestes wants to kill Thoas, but Iphigenia suggests that they trick him. Iphigenia meets with Thoas and claims that because of Orestes' sin of matricide he is polluted and needs to be purified by being washed in the sea. Thoas believes her and allows her to take Orestes to the sea, where they make their escape. A messenger relays this to Thoas and he immediately sends his men to pursue them. Athena intervenes and convinces him to let them go.

## Hyginus

Hyginus tells much the same story as Euripides, but he identifies the Taurian king Thoas with the Lemnian Thoas who was the father of Hypsipyle. Hyginus provides an ending to Thoas' story, saying that the king pursued Orestes and Iphigenia, to the island home of Chryses, the son of Agamemnon and his Trojan war-prize Chryseis. After Chryses discovered that he was the half brother of Orestes and Iphigenia, he killed Thoas.
# Konstantynowo, Chodzież County

Konstantynowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chodzież, within Chodzież County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) east of Chodzież and 69 km (43 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.
# Ann Kiyomura

Ann Kiyomura-Hayashi (born August 22, 1955) is a retired American professional tennis player. She is from San Mateo, California.

## Early years

Born in San Mateo, California, Kiyomura was the youngest of four children. Her father Harry was a tennis instructor, while her American born mother Hisayo had become Japan's number ranked player during her two year residency in Japan. At age nine, Kiyomura won the San Mateo County Recreation Department's tennis tournament. She continued to excel at tennis while attending Aragon High School in San Mateo.

## Tennis career

Kiyomura won a total of 17 national junior tennis titles, and in 1973, she won the Wimbledon junior singles title, beating Martina Navratilova.
Kiyomura played on the WTA Tour from 1973 to 1984. She played in 11 US Opens, reaching the fourth round in 1978. In 1975, she won the Wimbledon women's doubles title, playing with Kazuko Sawamatsu. She reached the final of the Australian Open women's doubles in 1980. Kiyomura was also a member of the winning team of the Wightman Cup competition in 1976 and 1979.
Kiyomura played in 1981 for the short-lived Oakland Breakers of World Team Tennis (WTT). Other WTT teams of hers included the San Francisco Golden Gaters (1975), Los Angeles Strings (1978 WTT Champions), Hawaii Leis (1974) and Indiana Loves (1976–1977). In 1976, she teamed with Ray Ruffels of the Loves to lead WTT in game-winning percentage in mixed doubles.

## Grand Slam finals
### Doubles (1 title, 1 runner-up)

| Result | Year | Championship | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| Win | 1975 | Wimbledon | Grass | Kazuko Sawamatsu | Françoise Dürr Betty Stöve | 7–5, 1–6, 7–5 |
| Loss | 1980 | Australian Open | Grass | Candy Reynolds | Betsy Nagelsen Martina Navratilova | 4–6, 4–6 |
# Kyushu Electric Power

Kyūshū Electric Power Co., Inc. (九州電力株式会社, Kyūshū Denryoku Kabushiki Gaisha) is a Japanese energy company that provides power to 7 prefectures (Fukuoka, Nagasaki, Ōita, Saga, Miyazaki, Kumamoto, Kagoshima), and recently, to some parts of Hiroshima Prefecture. Its shortened name of 九電 (Kyuu den) is sometimes used. In 2011 the company was criticised for attempting to manipulate public opinion in favor of reactivating two reactors at the Genkai Nuclear Power Plant.

## History

Kyushu Electric Power was founded on 1 May 1951. The company began supplying electricity to Hiroshima in November 2005 - the first provider in Japan to supply energy outside its area.
# Gulf of Vasto

The Gulf of Vasto is a large bay of the southern Adriatic Sea in Abruzzo, Italy. It takes its name from the city of Vasto, that faces the gulf. It is situated between Punta Penna and the border between Abruzzo and Molise.

## Description

The main commercial port of the city, the Port of Vasto, is in the area of the ancient port in the gulf, where lies the Tower of Punta Penna (16th century), that watched out against the Turkish Invasions in 1500. In the same area is located the Punta Penna Lighthouse, rebuilt after the bombardments in 1944. It is 70 meters (233 feet) high. Near the lighthouse is situated the little church of "Santa Maria di Pennaluce", surrounded by traditional houses, inhabited by workers of the harbour.
Another section of the Vastese gulf is the Marina, located in the lower part of the ancient city. In the 1960s the Marina had a large urban development thanks to summer tourism. The administration of the cultural events is affidated to the "Comunità Golfo D'Oro di Vasto" (in Italian: Community of the Golden Gulf of Vasto). Ships and ferries leave the harbour for a little trip in the area, around the shoreline, but also for the Tremiti Islands.
* This Abruzzo location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# King Salman International Airport

King Salman International Airport (IATA: none, ICAO: none) is an international airport in development, which would serve Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. It would be built around the current King Khalid International Airport. The airport is being designed by British architectural firm Foster + Partners.

## History

To improve socio-economic development and boost tourism in Saudi Arabia, the sector on which the Government of Saudi Arabia has laid a strong emphasis by realising its potential since the last decade, in December 2022, the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman, proposed the plan of building a new airport with the goal of boosting tourism in Saudi Arabia, by expanding the existing King Khalid International Airport, as part of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030. The airport’s vice president is Ersel Göral.

## Facilities

The airport includes six passenger terminals, an iconic terminal, private aviation terminal and six runways among other facilities and amenities. The airport covers an area of 57 km$^2$. (22 sq.mi.), and wants to handle 100 million passengers per year by 2030, and 185 million passengers per year by 2050. It also wants to handle 3.5 million tonnes of cargo per year by 2050. It is planned to use renewable energy, and hopes to get a LEED Platinum Certification. It is being designed by the British architectural firm, Foster + Partners and engineering consultancy, Jacobs, and is planned to have a single concourse area with a loop to connect other terminals, along with multiple entrances and exits. It is planned to also have a 4.2 sq.mi. area reserved for retail and office space. It wants to be among the world's largest airports.
# Excluded volume

The concept of excluded volume was introduced by Werner Kuhn in 1934 and applied to polymer molecules shortly thereafter by Paul Flory. Excluded volume gives rise to depletion forces.

## In liquid state theory

In liquid state theory, the 'excluded volume' of a molecule is the volume that is inaccessible to other molecules in the system as a result of the presence of the first molecule. The excluded volume of a hard sphere is eight times its volume—however, for a two-molecule system, this volume is distributed among the two particles, giving the conventional result of four times the volume; this is an important quantity in the Van der Waals equation of state. The calculation of the excluded volume for particles with non-spherical shapes is usually difficult, since it depends on the relative orientation of the particles. The distance of closest approach of hard ellipses and their excluded area has been recently considered.

## In polymer science

In polymer science, excluded volume refers to the idea that one part of a long chain molecule can not occupy space that is already occupied by another part of the same molecule. Excluded volume causes the ends of a polymer chain in a solution to be further apart (on average) than they would be were there no excluded volume (e.g. in case of ideal chain model). The recognition that excluded volume was an important factor in analyzing long-chain molecules in solutions provided an important conceptual breakthrough, and led to the explanation of several puzzling experimental results of the day. It also led to the concept of the theta point, the set of conditions at which an experiment can be conducted that causes the excluded volume effect to be neutralized. At the theta point, the chain reverts to ideal chain characteristics. The long-range interactions arising from excluded volume are eliminated, allowing the experimenter to more easily measure short-range features such as structural geometry, bond rotation potentials, and steric interactions between near-neighboring groups. Flory correctly identified that the chain dimension in polymer melts would have the size computed for a chain in ideal solution if excluded volume interactions were neutralized by experimenting at the theta point.
# Nowy Borków

Nowy Borków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żelazków, within Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.
# Nuphar advena

Nuphar advena (spatterdock or cow lily or yellow pond-lily) is a species of Nuphar native throughout the eastern United States and in some parts of Canada, such as Nova Scotia, as well as Mexico and Cuba. It is locally naturalized in Britain.

## Description
### Vegetative characteristics

Nuphar advena is a perennial, aquatic herb with 5–10 cm wide, spongy rhizomes. The leaves are emergent, floating, or submersed, but most leaves are emergent. The submerged leaves are 12–40 cm long, and 7–30 cm wide.

### Generative characteristics

The protogynous, fragrant, nectariferous, solitary, yellow-green, up to 4 cm wide flowers float on the water surface, or extend beyond it. The flowers have six sepals. The gynoecium consists of 9–23 carpels. The fleshy, ovoid to broadly obovate, ribbed, green, 2–5 cm long, and 2–5 cm wide fruit bears 186–353 3-6 mm long seeds.

## Taxonomy

It was first published as Nymphaea advena Aiton by William Aiton in 1789. It was placed into the genus Nuphar Sm. as Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T.Aiton published by William Townsend Aiton in 1811. It is placed in the section Nuphar sect. Astylus.

### Natural hybridisation

In the United Kingdom, it has hybridised with Nuphar lutea, resulting in the hybrid Nuphar × porphyranthera.

### Etymology

The specific epithet advena means immigrant, outsider, foreigner, or stranger.

## Cytology

The chromosome count is 2n = 34. The chloroplast genome is 160866 bp long.

## Distribution

It is native to Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Cuba. It has been introduced to the United Kingdom.

## Conservation

The NatureServe conservation status is T5 Secure.

## Ecology
### Habitat

It occurs in ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, marshes, and swamps.

### Herbivory

The seeds are eaten by turtles and waterfowl.

### Pollination

The flowers are pollinated by sweat bees, syrphid flies, and leaf beetles.

## Uses
### Horticulture

It is cultivated as an ornamental plant.

### Food

It is used as food. The seeds are eaten or ground to flour.
# Ibrahim Bahsoun

Ibrahim Ali Bahsoun (Arabic: إِبْرَاهِيم عَلِيّ بَحْسُون; born 1 January 1989) is a Lebanese footballer who plays as a forward.

## Club career

On 8 February 2013, Bahsoun joined Iraqi Premier League club Al-Zawraa. In January 2016, Bahsoun moved to Jordanian Pro League side Al-Baqa'a.
On 21 June 2021, Bahsoun moved to Persik Kediri in the Indonesian Liga 1. He made his debut on 27 August, as a starter in a 1–0 defeat to Bali United; he was subbed out in the 40th minute. Bahsoun's contract was ended on 2 November, after having played only two league games; the club cited family reasons behind the player's departure.
In November 2023, Bahsoun moved to PSDS Deli Serdang in the Liga 2.

## Honours

Nejmeh
* Lebanese Premier League: 2013–14
* Lebanese Elite Cup runner-up: 2013
Safa
* Lebanese Elite Cup runner-up: 2014
# Konstantynowo, Konin County

Konstantynowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ślesin, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Ślesin, 22 km (14 mi) north of Konin, and 96 km (60 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.