# Padmapadacharya

Part of a series on :
Hindu philosophy :
Orthodox :
Heterodox :
Sub-schools
Smartist
Advaita
Vaishnavite
Bhedabheda
Vishishtadvaita
Dvaita
Shuddhadvaita
Achintya Bheda Abheda
Svabhavika Bhedabheda
Mahanubhava
Ekasarana Dharma
Akshar Purushottam Darshan
Shaivite
Shaiva Siddhanta
Pratyabhijna
Panchartika
Pramanavada
Shakti Vishishtadvaita
Shiva Bhedabeda
Shiva Advaita
Neo-Vedanta
Integral yoga :
Teachers (Acharyas)
Nyaya
Akṣapāda Gotama
Jayanta Bhatta
Raghunatha Siromani
Mīmāṃsā
Jaimini
Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
Prabhākara
Advaita (Mayavada)
Gaudapada
Vāchaspati Misra
Adi Shankara
Vishishtadvaita
Ramanuja
Vedanta Desika
Dvaita (Tattvavada)
Madhvacharya
Jayatirtha
Vyasatirtha
Shuddhadvaita
Vallabha
Achintya Bheda Abheda
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
Svabhavika Bhedabheda
Nimbarka
Srinivasacharya
Purushottam
Keshav Kashmiri
Harivyas devacharya
Mahanubhava
Chakradhara
Ekasarana Dharma
Sankardev
Akshar Purushottam Darshan
Swaminarayan
TantraShakta
Abhinavagupta
Nigamananda Paramahansa
Ramprasad Sen
Bamakhepa
Kamalakanta Bhattacharya
Anandamayi Ma
Neo-Vedanta
Vivekananda
Aurobindo
Radhakrishnan
Others
Samkhya
Kapila
Yoga
Patanjali
Vaisheshika
Kaṇāda, Prashastapada
Secular
Valluvar :
Major texts
Śruti
Smṛti
Vedas
Rigveda
Yajurveda
Samaveda
Atharvaveda
Upanishads
Principal Upanishads
Minor Upanishads
Other scriptures
Bhagavad Gita
Agama (Hinduism)
Vachanamrut
Shastras and Sutras
Brahma Sutras
Samkhya Sutras
Mimamsa Sutras
Nyāya Sūtras
Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
Yoga Sutras
Pramana Sutras
Puranas
Dharmaśāstra
Arthashastra
Kama Sutra
Naalayira Divya Prabandham
Tirumurai
Shiva Samhita
Secular ethics
Kural :
Hinduism
Other Indian philosophies :
vte :
Padmapadacharya was an Indian philosopher, a follower of Adi Shankara.
Padmapāda's dates are unknown, but some modern scholarship places his life around the middle of the 8th century; similarly information about him comes mainly from hagiographies. What is known for certain is that he was a direct disciple of Shankara, of whom he was a younger contemporary. Padmapada was the first head of Puri Govardhana matha. He is believed to have founded a math by name Thekke Matham in Thrissur, Kerala. Keralites believe that he was a Nambuthiri belonging to Vemannillom, though according to textual sources he was from the Chola region in South India.
Padmapāda, together with Sureśvara, developed ideas that led to the founding of the Vivarana school of commentators. The only surviving work of Padmapāda known to be authentic is the Pañcapādikā. According to tradition, this was written in response to Shankara's request for a commentary on his own Brahmasūtrabhāsya, and once written was destroyed by a jealous uncle. The surviving text is supposed to be what Shankara could recall of the commentary; certainly, all that survives of the work is an extended gloss on the first four aphorisms.
Padmapadacharya's life exemplifies the Guru-Sishya relationship. For Padmapadacharya, the Guru is everything and the command of Guru is ultimate. Once when he was on the opposite bank of a river, Sankara who was on the other side called him, and Padmapadacharya, without even thinking that he might be drowned in a swollen river began walking and a lotus appeared on every step that he would take and hold his feet from drowning - and that is why he came to be known as Padma-Pada - Lotus - Feet. His devotion exemplifies the relationship of Guru and Shishya.

## Pañcapādikā

In this work Padmapāda develops a complete theory of knowledge on the basis of Shankara's notion of adhyāsa ("superimposition" — "the apparent presentation to consciousness of something as something else" [Grimes, p. 602]). In developing, expanding, analysing, and criticising this notion, Padmapāda paved the way for the epistemology of Advaita Vedanta.
Also important is Padmapāda's "critique of difference"; he argued that the relationship between the jīva (the empirical self) and the ātman (the underlying, spiritual self) was that of reflection to prototype. According to this theory of reflection (pratibimbavāda), the jīva is an appearance of absolute reality (brahman/ātman) as reflected in ignorance.
This theory has the effect of moving from the view of Padmapāda's predecessors that the self was to be rejected as not brahman to the view that enlightenment brings an understanding that everything is brahman: "Thus the jīva or 'face in the mirror' is none other than Ātman or the original face." (Grimes, p. 602) For Padmapāda, as for Shankara:
   "the ascertainment of the essential Self is not so much a matter of a 'mystical' experience occurring in time, BUT, as a matter of enquiry consisting of the careful and concentrated introspection of and reflection upon one's ordinary experience." (Comans, p. 213)

## Sources and further reading
### Primary texts

* The Pañcapādikā of Padmapāda, trans. D. Venkatramiah, Gaekwad's Oriental Series 107 (Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1948)
* The Pañcapādikā of Padmapāda, edd S. Srirama Sastri & S. R. Krishnamurthi Sastri (Madras: Madras Government Oriental Series 155, 1958)

### Secondary texts

* Michael Comans, "Later Vedānta" (in Brian Carr & Indira Mahalingam edd. Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy. London: Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-415-24038-7
* John Grimes, "Padmapāda" (in Robert L. Arrington [ed.]. A Companion to the Philosophers. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. ISBN 0-631-22967-1)
* J. N. Mohanty, "Can the Self Become an Object? (Thoughts on Śamkara's statement: nāyam ātmā ekāntena avisaya)", in his Essays on Indian Philosophy, ed. Puroshottama Bilimoria. New Delhi: Oxford University press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-565878-7