OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1992 in archaeology

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
The year 1992 in archaeology involved some significant events.

## Events

* Pointe-à-Callière Museum founded in Old Montreal, Quebec.

## Excavations

* Tel Dan.
* Excavations begin at Kuşaklı (Sarissa).
* "Jules Verne" shipwrecks at Marseille.

## Finds

* June
** Villa Mendo Roman Villa at Rio Alto, Portugal.
** Longyou Caves in China.
* 19 August: The Hydraulis of Dion, an ancient Greek water pipe organ is unearthed in Dion, northern Greece.
* 28 September: Dover Bronze Age Boat, a substantially intact seagoing craft of 1575–1520 BCE, discovered by road construction workers on the south coast of England.
* 16 November: Hoxne Hoard discovered by metal detectorist Eric Lawes in Suffolk, England.
* El Fuerte de Samaipata near Samaipata, Bolivia excavated by Dr. Albert Meyers of the University of Bonn.
* Stone tools 2.6 million years old are first found at Gona in the Afar Depression of Ethiopia.
* First fragments of Ardipithecus ramidus found.

## Publications

* Donald B. Redford – Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times.
* Nils Ringstedt – Household Economy and Archaeology: some aspects of theory and applications.
* Lawrence Guy Straus – Iberia Before the Iberians: the Stone Age prehistory of Cantabrian Spain.
* Barrie Trinder (ed.) – The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Industrial Archaeology.

## Deaths

* 24 January: Ignacio Bernal, Mexican archaeologist (b. 1910)
* 22 February: Oscar Broneer, Swedish-American archaeologist of Ancient Greece (b. 1894)
* 30 March: Manolis Andronikos, Greek archaeologist (b. 1919)
* 21 April: Nigel Williams, English conservator (b. 1944)
# 1994 in archaeology

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
The year 1994 in archaeology involved some significant events.

## Excavations

* National Institute of Anthropology and History excavations at Maya site of Chacchoben begin
* Ruth Shady's work on the Norte Chico civilization site at Caral in Peru begins
* Martin Carver's excavations of an early medieval Pictish monastery at Portmahomack, Scotland, begin
* Jeffrey P. Brain begins work on the Popham Colony

## Publications

* Alan K. Bowman – Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People (British Museum).
* Marc Bermann – Lukurmata: Household Archaeology in Prehispanic Bolivia (Princeton University Press).
* Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza – The History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton University Press).
* Gillian Hutchinson – Medieval Ships and Shipping (Leicester University Press).
* Naomi F. Miller and Kathryn L. Gleason (ed.) – The Archaeology of Garden and Field (University of Pennsylvania Press).
* John Schofield and Alan Vince – Medieval Towns (Leicester University Press).

## Finds

* 26 June – British submarine HMS Vandal, lost on sea trials in 1943, is rediscovered in the Sound of Bute off the west coast of Scotland.
* Late – Marine archaeologists led by Jean-Yves Empereur find remains of the Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt.
* December
** Spotted horses and human hands, Pech Merle cave, Dordogne, France (painted c. 16000 BC).
** Wall painting with horses, rhinoceroses and aurochs, Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Ardèche Gorges, France (made c. 25,000–17,000 BC).
* Kafkania pebble.
* Moroccan gold coins and jewellery discovered at Salcombe Cannon Wreck site off the coast of south-west England.
* Diver Colin Martin discovers the wreck of the Hanover (built 1757) off the coast of Cornwall.
* Sannai-Maruyama Site discovered at Aomori, northern Honshu, Japan (mainly of Jōmon period).
* Recovery of Homo antecessor skeletal remains from the Trinchera Dolina at the archaeological site of Atapuerca in northern Spain begins; these are the oldest known hominid fossils found in western Europe (between 850,000 and 780,000 years old).
* 'Ardi', the fossilized skeletal remains of a female Ardipithecus ramidus, discovered at Aramis, Ethiopia, in the Afar Depression, the oldest known hominid fossil (4.4 million years old).
* First of the Schöningen spears.

## Other events

* 16 January – British archaeological television series Time Team first shown on Channel 4.
* 12 March – Kabul Museum building hit by rocket fire and destroyed.
* ASPRO chronology published.
* The British Library acquires the Kharosti scrolls, the oldest collection of Buddhist manuscripts in the world.

## Deaths

* 10 March – Rupert Bruce-Mitford, English archaeologist (b. 1914)
* 27 March – Elisabeth Schmid, German archaeologist and osteologist (b. 1912)
* 8 September – Margaret Guido, English archaeologist (b. 1912)
* 10 October – Richard J. C. Atkinson, English archaeologist and prehistorian (b. 1920)
# Snug Harbor

Snug Harbor can refer to:
* Snug Harbor (jazz club)
* Sailors' Snug Harbor, former home for seamen on Staten Island
* Sailors Snug Harbor of Boston, former home for seamen in Boston
* Snug Harbour, a community in Carling, Ontario
* Snug Harbour, a former community near Norman's Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador
* Snug Harbor 18, an American sailboat design
* Snug Harbor, a village within the town of South Kingstown, Rhode Island
* Snug Harbor, Michigan, an unincorporated community
# Bob Island

Bob Island is a rocky island 1 nautical mile (2 km) long and 145 metres (480 ft) high, lying 4 nautical miles (7 km) southeast of Cape Errera, on Wiencke Island in the Palmer Archipelago off the coast of Antarctica. An island in this vicinity was surveyed and photographed by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (BelgAE) under Gerlache in the year 1898. It was originally called "Ile Famine", but in the reports resulting from the expedition it was renamed "Ile Bob". In a survey of the area in 1955, the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) made a landing on this island. Although it differs somewhat in size and position from the BelgAE reports, the FIDS found it closely resembles the BelgAE photograph and consider it to be the island originally named.
# Didymocyrtis (fungus)

    Didymocyrtis is also a zoological genus of spumellarian Radiolaria.
Didymocyrtis is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio in 1921, with Didymocyrtis consimilis assigned as the type species.

## Species

* Didymocyrtis assimilis Vain. (1921)
* Didymocyrtis azorica Etayo & Pino-Bodas (2021)
* Didymocyrtis banksiae Crous & P.A.Barber (2017)
* Didymocyrtis brachylaenae Crous (2018)
* Didymocyrtis bryonthae (Arnold) Hafellner (2015)
* Didymocyrtis canariensis van den Boom & P.Clerc (2017)
* Didymocyrtis cladoniicola (Diederich, Kocourk. & Etayo) Ertz & Diederich (2015)
* Didymocyrtis consimilis Vain. (1921)
* Didymocyrtis epiphyscia Ertz & Diederich (2015)
* Didymocyrtis foliaceiphila (Diederich, Kocourk. & Etayo) Ertz & Diederich (2015)
* Didymocyrtis graphidacearum van den Boom & Ertz (2017)
* Didymocyrtis grumantiana (Zhurb. & Diederich) Zhurb. & Diederich (2018)
* Didymocyrtis infestans (Speg.) Hafellner (2015)
* Didymocyrtis kaernefeltii (S.Y.Kondr.) Hafellner (2015)
* Didymocyrtis melanelixiae (Brackel) Diederich, R.C.Harris & Etayo (2015)
* Didymocyrtis micropunctum Etayo (2017)
* Didymocyrtis microxanthoriae Poumarat, Delhoume, Diederich & Suija (2021)
* Didymocyrtis peltigerae (Fuckel) Hafellner (2019)
* Didymocyrtis physciae (Brackel) Hafellner (2015)
* Didymocyrtis pini P.Monteiro & M.Gonçalves (2021)
* Didymocyrtis pseudeverniae (Etayo & Diederich) Ertz & Diederich (2015)
* Didymocyrtis ramalinae (Roberge ex Desm.) Ertz, Diederich & Hafellner (2015)
* Didymocyrtis rhizoplacae Y.Joshi & K.Bisht (2018)
* Didymocyrtis septata K.Das, S.Y.Lee & H.Y.Jung (2020)
* Didymocyrtis slaptonensis (D.Hawksw.) Hafellner & Ertz (2015)
* Didymocyrtis thamnoliicola Y.Joshi, R.Bajpai & Upreti (2016)
* Didymocyrtis trassii Suija, Darmostuk & Khodos. (2018)
* Didymocyrtis xanthomendozae (Diederich & Freebury) Diederich & Freebury (2015)
# 2015 PTT Thailand Open

The 2015 PTT Thailand Open was a women's professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 24th and last edition of the PTT Thailand Open and part of the International category on the 2015 WTA Tour. It took place at the Dusit Thani Hotel in Pattaya, Thailand from 9 February until 15 February 2015. Unseeded Daniela Hantuchová won the singles title, her third at the event after 2011 and 2012, and earned $43,000 first-prize money.

## Finals
### Singles

* Daniela Hantuchová defeated Ajla Tomljanović, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4

### Doubles

* Chan Hao-ching / Chan Yung-jan defeated Shuko Aoyama / Tamarine Tanasugarn, 2–6, 6–4, [10–3]

## Points and prize money
### Point distribution

| Event | W | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 | Q | Q2 | Q1 |
| Singles | 280 | 180 | 110 | 60 | 30 | 1 | 18 | 12 | 1 |
| Doubles | 280 | 180 | 110 | 60 | 1 | — | — | — | — |

### Prize money

| Event | W | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32$^1$ | Q2 | Q1 |
| Singles | $43,000 | $21,400 | $11,500 | $6,200 | $3,420 | $2,200 | $1,285 | $750 |
| Doubles* | $12,300 | $6,400 | $3,435 | $1,820 | $960 | — | — | — |
$_{1QualifiersprizemoneyisalsotheRoundof32prizemoney.}$ $_{*perteam}$

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Ranking$^1$ | Seed |
| CHN | Peng Shuai | 21 | 1 |
| UKR | Elina Svitolina | 26 | 2 |
| KAZ | Zarina Diyas | 33 | 3 |
| JPN | Kurumi Nara | 44 | 4 |
| KAZ | Yaroslava Shvedova | 51 | 5 |
| AUS | Jarmila Gajdošová | 54 | 6 |
| PUR | Monica Puig | 60 | 7 |
| CHN | Zhang Shuai | 64 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings as of February 2, 2015.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the main draw:
* Nicha Lertpitaksinchai
* Tamarine Tanasugarn
* Vera Zvonareva
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Chan Yung-jan
* Misa Eguchi
* Elizaveta Kulichkova
* Xu Yifan
The following players received entry as lucky losers:
* Yuliya Beygelzimer
* Zhu Lin

### Withdrawals
#### Before the tournament

* Denisa Allertová → replaced by Evgeniya Rodina
* Yaroslava Shvedova → replaced by Zhu Lin
* Tereza Smitková → replaced by Duan Yingying
* Elina Svitolina → replaced by Yuliya Beygelzimer

### Retirements

* Zhu Lin (right shoulder injury)

## Doubles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| TPE | Chan Hao-ching | TPE | Chan Yung-jan | 60 | 1 |
| JPN | Kimiko Date-Krumm | RUS | Alexandra Panova | 80 | 2 |
| AUS | Jarmila Gajdošová | CRO | Ajla Tomljanović | 120 | 3 |
| TPE | Chan Chin-wei | CHN | Xu Yifan | 152 | 4 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of February 2, 2015.

### Other entrants

The following pair received wildcards into the main draw:
* Elizaveta Kulichkova / Evgeniya Rodina

### Withdrawals
#### During the tournament

* Anastasia Rodionova / Vera Zvonareva (unspecified reason)
# Tal Ben-Shahar

Tal Ben-Shahar (Hebrew: טל בן-שחר; born 1970), also known as Tal David Ben-Shachar, is an American and Israeli teacher, and writer in the areas of positive psychology and leadership. He has subsequently written several best-selling books and in 2011 co-founded Potentialife with Angus Ridgway, a company that provides leadership programs.

## Early life and education

Ben-Shahar has a bachelor's degree from Harvard in Philosophy and Psychology and received his PhD in Organizational Behavior from Harvard University in 2004 with his dissertation, "Restoring Self-Esteem's Self-Esteem: The Constructs of Dependent and Independent Competence and Worth."

## Career

Ben-Shahar consults and lectures internationally in topics including leadership, ethics, happiness, and mindfulness. In 2011, Ben-Shahar co-founded Potentialife to bring positive psychology to people's daily lives.
He is the author of the international best sellers Happier and Being Happy, which have been translated into 25 languages. He has also written two children's books in collaboration with Shirly Yuval-Yair in Hebrew; one about Helen Keller and the other about Thomas Edison. The books aim to teach children about happiness.
He is the narrator of the 2012 documentary Israel Inside: How a Small Nation Makes a Big Difference, produced by Raphael Shore.
Ben-Shahar taught at Harvard, where his classes on Positive Psychology and The Psychology of Leadership were among the most popular courses in the university's history.
Ben-Shahar is also the co-founder of the Happiness Studies Academy. Ben-Shahar has also helped establish the Master's Degree in Happiness Studies program at Centenary University.

## Publications

* Being Happy: You Don't Have to Be Perfect to Lead a Richer, Happier Life (2010) originally published in hardcover as The Pursuit of Perfect (2010)
* Happier: Learn the Secrets to Daily Joy and Lasting Fulfillment (2007)
* A Clash of Values: The Struggle for Universal Freedom (2002)
* Heaven Can Wait: Conversations With Bonny Hicks (1998)
# Explodera

"Explodera" is a song written and recorded by Staffan Hellstrand, acting as official fight song for the Sweden men's national team during the 2000 UEFA European Soccer Championship in Belgium and the Netherlands. The single peaked at number eight on the Swedish Singles Chart, and also appeared on the 2000 compilation album Staffan Hellstrands bästa.
The song also charted at Trackslistan for six weeks between 6 May-10 June 2000, peaking at number six. The song also received a Svensktoppen test on 27 May 2000, but failed to enter the chart.
In 2004, the song was recorded by Fässbergs IF.

## Contributors

* Staffan Hellstrand, vocals, keyboard
* Michael Sellers - guitar
* Christer Jansson, Conny Städe - drums
* Sweden men's national football team - vocals

## Charts

| Chart (2000) | Peak position |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 6 |
# Autoped

The Autoped was an early motor scooter or motorized scooter manufactured by the Autoped Company of Long Island City, New York from 1915 to 1922.
The driver stood on a platform with 10-inch tires and operated the machine using only the handlebars and steering column, pushing them forward to engage the clutch, using a lever on the handlebar to control the throttle, and pulling the handlebars and column back to disengage the clutch and apply the brake. After riding, the steering column would be folded onto the platform to store the scooter more easily. The engine was an air-cooled, 4-stroke, 155 cc engine over the front wheel. The bike came with a headlamp and tail lamp, a Klaxon horn, and a toolbox. It was quite efficient, but was not widely distributed.
A patent for the Autoped as a "self-propelled vehicle" was applied for in July 1913 and granted in July 1916. An early description of the Autoped described it as having a hollow steering column that acted as the fuel tank. However, the production version had a fuel tank above the front mudguard.
The Autoped went out of production in the United States in 1921, but was manufactured by Krupp in Germany from 1919 to 1922.
* Historical photo of an Autoped in use by a traffic cop in Newark, New Jersey, 1922
* Krupp licence-built Autoped with seat
* Lady Florence Norman, a suffragette, on her motor-scooter in 1916
# 1965 in philosophy

1965 in philosophy

## Events

* Richard Clyde Taylor coauthored the essay "Time, Truth, and Ability" with Steven Cahn, using the nom de plume of the obscure ancient Greek philosopher Diodorus Cronus.

## Publications

* Paul Ricœur, Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation (1965)
* Gordon E. Moore, Cramming more components onto integrated circuits (1965)

### Philosophical fiction

* Pierre Klossowski, The Baphomet (1965)
* Frank Herbert, Dune (1965)

## Deaths

* February 21 - Malcolm X (born 1925)
* June 13 - Martin Buber (born 1878)
* August 11 - Erich Rothacker (born 1888)
* September 4 - Albert Schweitzer (born 1875)
* October 22 - Paul Tillich (born 1886)
# Tiger Sugar

Tiger Sugar is a Taiwanese chain of bubble tea shops. Established in Taichung in November 2017, the chain has operated in Canada, China, Hong Kong, Korea, Macau, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and the United States.

## Menu

According to Tasting Table, the chain's bubble teas are known for their "creamy brown sugar flavor and unique tiger stripe pattern". The signature product is a black sugar milk tea with boba and cream mousse.

## Locations
### Asia

In Taiwan, there are multiple locations in Taipei.
Tiger Sugar has operated in Hong Kong since 2018, as well as Macau and Singapore.

### Europe

In the United Kingdom, the business operates in Leeds.

### North America

There were approximately two dozen shops in the United States, as of 2022. Shops opened in downtown Flushing and in Manhattan's Chinatown in 2019. On the West Coast, Tiger Sugar has operated in: Cuptertino; Los Angeles; Beaverton, Oregon; and Seattle. There are also shops in Arizona, Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Nevada.
In Canada, the business has operated in Toronto and Vancouver.

## Reception

Clara Wang included Tiger Sugar in Eat This, Not That's 2024 list of ten chains with the best bubble tea.
* Shop in Hong Kong, 2023
* Interior of Tiger Sugar, Seattle, 2024
* Black Sugar Boba Black Tea Latte with Cream Mousse
# Rick Allen (sportscaster)

Rick Allen Schwieger (born June 17, 1969) is an American former television personality, play-by-play announcer, and voice-over artist. He most recently served as the lead play-by-play commentator for NASCAR's Xfinity Series on NBC Sports, served on an interim basis for the International Motor Sports Association, and covered track & field for NBC Sports. He previously did play-by-play broadcasting for Fox Sports coverage of NASCAR's Camping World Truck Series.

## Biography

Allen was the second of two siblings. Allen grew up in Grand Island, Nebraska, and was a walk on for the University of Nebraska Track and Field team, where he was a letter winner all four seasons, a three-time All-American in the sport, winning two Big Eight Conference decathlon titles (1991–92). He received his bachelor's degree of communications from the university. After graduation, he worked as a public address announcer for the University of Nebraska athletic department, and later at local dirt oval racetracks including Eagle Raceway, where Fox Sports found him.
From 2003 to mid-2014, Allen worked for Fox Sports, where his main duty was calling the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series and ARCA Racing Series on SPEED and later Fox Sports 1. He occasionally covered Nationwide Series (now Xfinity Series) events.
On December 4, 2013, it was announced that Allen would become the lead announcer for NASCAR on NBC for the Sprint Cup Series and Nationwide Series starting in 2015.
During the Truck Series Eldora race on July 23, 2014, Allen announced that it would be his last race at Fox Sports, as he was now bound only to NBC.
It was announced in 2016 that Allen would be joining the IndyCar Series on NBC broadcast team for select Verizon IndyCar Series events beginning at Phoenix in 2016, filling in for regular IndyCar play-by-play announcer Leigh Diffey because Diffey worked with NBC's Formula One coverage.
In 2024, NBC Sports announced that Allen would be replaced by Diffey as NASCAR Cup Series play-by-play announcer, but would remain on Xfinity Series telecasts, which will relocate to The CW later that season ahead of full-season coverage of that series beginning in 2025.
# Ebenezer Alden

Ebenezer Alden (March 17, 1788 – January 26, 1881) was an American medical biographer, Army surgeon, and physician.

## Biography

Ebenezer Alden was born on March 17, 1788 in Randolph, Massachusetts. He was descended through both father (Dr. Ebenezer Alden) and mother (Sarah Bass) directly from John Alden of the Mayflower.
He graduated from Harvard College in 1808 and received his M. B. from Dartmouth Medical School in 1811 and M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1812, during his pupilage coming under the instruction of Nathan Smith, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Smith Barton, and Casper Wistar.
Following graduation, he was employed as a surgeon in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, and was stationed in Boston.
He returned to Randolph to practice medicine. In 1818 he married Anne Kimball, daughter of Capt. Edmund Kimball, of Newburyport; they had six children.
From 1837 to near the close of life he was a trustee of Phillips Academy and Andover Theological Seminary. He was also a trustee of Amherst College and was one of the original trustees of Thayer Academy of Braintree. He was elected as one of nine Counsellors for the newly-formed American Statistical Association in 1839. He was a dedicated member of the First Congregational Church, Randolph.
Alden was a bibliophile and built up a notable private library of rare books and pamphlets, especially those pertaining to the history of American medicine and the ecclesiastical and civil history of New England. Some of his books eventually were donated to the Medical Society of the County of Kings, Brooklyn, NY, and to Cornell University Library. He had a strong love for antiquarian and genealogical pursuits, joining the New England Historic Genealogical Society in 1846, the year after its organization. He was a lecturer on temperance, and was President of the Massachusetts Temperance Union. He also was a singer, and even at the age of eighty-one, he joined the chorus of the National Peace Jubilee in Boston, in 1869.
He was totally blind for the last five or six years of his life. Alden died at his home in Randolph, on January 26, 1881, aged ninety-three.

## Selected works

Some of his writings have been digitized, including:
* The Early History of the Medical Profession in the County of Norfolk, Boston, 1853
* Memoir of Bartholomew Brown, Esquire, Randolph, 1862
* Medical uses of alcohol, 1870?
* Memorial of the Descendants of the Hon. John Alden, 1867
* An address, delivered in Hanover, N.H., before the Dartmouth Medical Society, on their first anniversary, Dec. 28th, 1819
* Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 1839.
Burrage, W.L. "Alden, Ebenezer" . American Medical Biographies . pp. 10–11.