# Mass media in the Philippines

Mass media in the Philippines consists of several types of media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines, cinema, and websites.
In 2004, the Philippines had 225 television stations, 369 AM radio broadcast stations, 583 FM radio broadcast stations, 10 internet radio stations, 5 shortwave stations and 7 million newspapers in circulation.
Media outlets, such as PTV/RPN/IBC (television) and the Presidential Broadcast Service (radio), are government-run, while most outlets are privately owned.
The most trusted newspapers in the Philippines are the Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin, and The Philippine Star.

## Newspapers

Newspapers in the Philippines include broadsheets Manila Bulletin, Philippine Daily Inquirer, and the Philippine Star, and tabloids Pilipino Star Ngayon, Bulgar, Abante, Balita, and Superbalita Cebu.

## Radio

Radio is introduced to the Philippines under the American colonial era. Radio broadcasting is regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC), on content, frequency and licensing matters. There are about 1,000 radio stations in the Philippines, both on the AM and FM bands.
Broadcast radio stations in the Philippines are assigned four-letter callsigns, containing the two-letter prefixes DW, DX, DY and DZ. The suffix usually indicates the island group the station is in (DW and DZ used for Luzon, DX for Mindanao and DY for the Visayas). The Philippines is one of the few Asian countries that use callsigns for broadcast radio stations (the others being Indonesia, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan).
Radio networks are primarily owned by private broadcasters, some of the largest being the MBC Media Group, Radio Mindanao Network and GMA Network. The remainder fall under government broadcasters such as the Presidential Broadcast Service (PBS) and religious broadcasters such as the Catholic Media Network (CMN) and the Far East Broadcasting Company (FEBC). AM stations usually broadcast in news and talk formats; FM stations usually broadcast both local and foreign popular music, but has also seen usage by news/talk and community radio broadcasters especially in the provinces. Most radio stations broadcast in Tagalog and regional languages, and the rest in English.
Government-owned radio broadcasting is primarily under the Presidential Broadcast Service (PBS), which operates a network of owned-and-operated news and talk stations in the AM and shortwave bands under the Radyo Pilipinas banner, as well as smaller community and information radio stations on both AM and FM bands, either as O&Os or through affiliates. Since 2017, PBS has also ventured into music broadcasting, with the top 40-formatted Republika FM1 and the adult contemporary-formatted Capital FM2, both located in Metro Manila. Other government agencies as well as local governments also operate their own radio stations.
The Philippines has not yet adopted a digital radio standard, but some stations in the larger cities have adopted North American HD Radio technology for digital broadcasting. Internet radio, in the form of live online audio streams of terrestrial radio stations and online-only stations, also has a presence, primarily aimed toward niche audiences and overseas Filipinos.

## Television

Television is introduced to the Philippines in the 1950s, becoming the first Southeast Asian nation to do so. As like with radio, television broadcasting is also regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC). The majority of free-to-air TV networks are operated by private broadcasters, the largest by viewer share being A2Z, GMA Network and TV5. There is no public television network, but there are multiple government-owned networks, such as the Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC), People's Television Network (PTV) and Radio Philippines Network (RPN).
Digital TV broadcasting in the Philippines was introduced in 2010, using the Japanese ISDB-T standard. Shutdown of analog TV transmissions is planned by the end of 2027.

## Media culture

Much media ownership is concentrated in the hands of prominent families and businesses. Consequently, some reports tend to be one-sided presentations favoring special interests. The privately owned press also tends toward sensationalism at times. State-owned media, according to media scholars, have been used for state propaganda and for discrediting dissenting voices, and exist alongside state-sponsored trolls tasked to amplify state propaganda.
While the media companies are predominantly owned by moneyed and influential tycoons, the Filipino readers are given the option with the advent of the new media and this has leveled the playing field. Reputable online news publications or news portals, blog sites, and other online available resources has disrupted the readership of other giant news media companies.
Some giant media companies in the broadcasting industry have adapted also in the online news portal this include GMA Network, ABS-CBN Corporation, TV5 Network, and government owned television network PTV4. This strategy was strongly considered due to the growing number of Filipinos who use social media instead of television in watching the news through snippets or short video clips.
Alternative media outlets present in the Philippines include Tudla Productions, Southern Tagalog Exposure, Mayday Multimedia, Altermidya, and Bulatlat.

## Freedom of the press

Freedom of speech and freedom of the press are enshrined in the 1987 Constitution. According to the Constitution, under Article XVI, Section 10, the State is obligated to "provide the policy environment for … the balanced flow of information into, out of, and across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of speech and of the press." The Constitution also guarantees freedom of the press under Article III, Section 4. The Office of the President is responsible for managing the government's policy toward the press.
The Philippines is also a signatory to the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which aims to protect freedom of expression and the freedom of the press.
Although independent observers credit the government with respecting freedom of the press in general, the government has been criticized for failing to investigate thoroughly summary killings of journalists and for subjecting journalists to harassment, red-tagging, and surveillance. In addition to killings, journalists in the Philippines have been victims of various forms of threats and attacks, including verbal assault and intimidation, physical assault, libel charges, arrests, and detentions. Journalists have also been blacklisted from covering public events. Attacks and threats may be carried out by state agents or private individuals. From July 2022 to April 2024, of these attacks, 50 were carried out by military, police, or other state agents, 28 by private individuals, and 27 by political figures.

### Source protection

In August 2019, President Rodrigo Duterte signed a law expanding the Shield Law or Sotto Law; the new law expanded protection of journalists to include broadcast and online journalists from disclosing confidential sources of "any news item, report or information appearing or being reported or disseminated" unless the court or Congress "finds that such revelation is demanded by the security of the State".

### Violence against journalists

The Philippines is among the most dangerous countries in the world according to various media watchdogs. The fifth annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index released by the international press freedom watchdog Reporters Without Borders (RSF) has placed the Philippines among the worst-ranked countries for 2006 at 142nd place. It indicated the continuing murders of journalists and increased legal harassment in the form of libel suits as part of the problem in the Philippines. Between 1986 and 2005, 52 journalists have been murdered and most of their killers go unpunished.
The Committee to Protect Journalists ranked the Philippines among the deadliest and most dangerous places for journalists. The Philippines was also ranked as the most dangerous country in Asia for journalists in 2018 according to the Philippine Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, which tallied 85 attacks on the media in 2018 under President Rodrigo Duterte. In the first year of the Bongbong Marcos presidency, the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP) reported that 3 journalists were killed, 2 were physically assaulted, and 21 were subject to harassment.
United Nations Special Rapporteur on freedom of opinion and expression Irene Khan in 2024 urged the government to do more to stop the killing of journalists in the Philippines. Khan described the killings as "most egregious form of censorship".

### Libel and cyber libel

Libel and online libel are criminal offenses in the Philippines. Penalties for online libel include imprisonment for a maximum of 12 years and a fine of a maximum of ₱1,000,000. Since the American colonial period in the Philippines, libel laws have been used to stifle dissent. Media organizations contend that libel has been "used by people in power to harass journalists and muzzle critical reportage".
In 2006, International Federation of Journalists protested the "outrageous" number of libel suits Jose Miguel Arroyo, husband of President Gloria Arroyo, filed against 45 journalists, such as Malaya columnist Ellen Tordesillas and Newsbreak magazine editor-in-chief Marites Vitug. Jose Miguel Arroyo sued for libel after the journalists published investigative reports about his undeclared properties in the United States.
In 2007, police detained Newsbreak online editor Gemma Bagayaua after Ilocos Sur Governor Chavit Singson filed a libel suit against Bagayaua, after Newsbreak came out with a story on Singson's assets as well as his influence on the administration of President Gloria Arroyo. Arrest warrants were also served to four other Newsbreak journalists: Vitug, Maan Hontiveros, Lala Rimando, and Aries Rufo. Members of the NUJP lit candles to protest Bagayaua's arrest, while the Committee to Protect Journalists described the libel suit as a "battering ram against press freedom".
From July 2016 to April 2021, there were 37 cases of libel and oral defamation recorded. Eighteen of these were online libel, while 8 of the 37 cases also led to arrests of journalists. There was a rise in libel and cyber libel cases in the country in 2020, according to the NUJP. Rappler CEO Maria Ressa was among those convicted of cyber libel in a 2020 case involving the retroactive application of a then new cybercrime law to an article that had been published years before.

#### Proposed decriminalization of libel

In the 14th, 15th, and 18th Congress, Rep. Satur Ocampo filed bills seeking to decriminalize libel. In the 19th Congress, Rep. France Castro of the Alliance of Concerned Teachers party list filed House Bill 569, which aimed to decriminalize libel. Castro said the criminalization of libel has "caused the gagging of media practitioners, the concealment of the truth from public knowledge, prior restraint and chilling effect, and the resulting incapacitation of the people from gaining a meaningful understanding of the various public issues that are of paramount concern". In the Philippine Senate, Senator Risa Hontiveros filed Senate Bill 1593 or the Decriminalization of Libel Act, stating that "Our libel laws have been weaponized to stifle very basic fundamental rights." She also said the large number of libel cases have led to the congestion of court dockets.
The Philippine Commission on Human Rights supports the decriminalization of libel, citing concerns on libel laws being used to suppress freedom of the press. Media watchdogs have called on Congress to decriminalize libel and cyber libel, with the NUJP noting how these are "commonly used weapons against independent journalism." Makabayan lawmakers and United Nations Special Rapporteur Irene Khan have also called for the decriminalization of libel. Former Congress Representative Walden Bello filed a petition asking the Supreme Court to decriminalize libel.

### Red-tagging

Journalists have been subjected to red-tagging and other forms of harassment, such as surveillance, doxing, and extortion. Red-tagging endangers journalists and makes them vulnerable to violence and to being jailed on trumped up charges, such as illegal possession of firearms. Media organizations and journalists have also been subjected to vilification and various forms of intimidation.
Government agencies, such as the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict chaired by the President of the Philippines, have used red-tagging against journalists. From June 2016 to April 2021, there have been 51 cases of intimidation of journalists, including 30 cases of red-tagging. From July 2022 of July 2023, in the first year of the Bongbong Marcos presidency, the NUJP recorded 17 cases of red-tagging against journalists in the Philippines.

### Various forms of judicial harassment

The Department of Justice filed five cases in Philippine courts against Rappler, which publishes articles critical of the Philippine government. The filing of cases has been seen as part of efforts to intimidate, threaten, and ultimately shut down the website. Then-President Rodrigo Duterte also threatened to shut down over alleged tax liabilities the Philippine Daily Inquirer, which published reports critical of the Philippine government's war on drugs.
In 2020, Tacloban-based journalist Frenchie Mae Cumpio was arrested and detained on charges of terrorism financing and illegal possession of firearms. United Nations Special Rapporteur Irene Khan stated in 2024 that the charges against Cumpio came after months of red-tagging, surveillance, intimidation, and harassment, and appears to have been done in retaliation to her coverage of alleged human rights abuses by the police and the military. Community journalists Anne Krueger from Bacolod and Lady Ann Salem from Metro Manila were arrested in 2019 and 2020 respectively under similar circumstances.

### Shutdown of media outlets

Media watchdogs such as Reporters Without Borders, the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, Amnesty International, the Photojournalists' Center of the Philippines (PCP), Foreign Correspondents Association of the Philippines (FOCAP), and the Consortium on Democracy and Disinformation (D&D) have noted that various forms of attacks against the press have increased since the Duterte administration came to power in 2016 – with the Philippine Daily Inquirer, news website Rappler, nonprofit media organizations like Vera Files and the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, and ABS-CBN being particular targets because of coverage critical of the administration.
Many of these media watchdogs have issued statements placing the ABS-CBN broadcast stoppage in the context of systemic attacks against press freedom in the Philippines. Media groups and people's organizations denounced the shutdown order for being a loss of democracy, freedom of expression, and freedom of the press.

### Suppression of press freedom during the Marcos dictatorship (1972-1986)

Before the declaration of martial law in September 1972, mass media in the Philippines functioned as a government watchdog and source of information for citizens. Marcos exerted considerable effort to stifle the free press, which is considered a key feature of a functioning democracy. He shut down media outlets and set up print and broadcast outlets that he controlled through his cronies. In doing so, he silenced public criticism and opposition by controlling information that the people had access to. This allowed him to have the final say on what passed as truth.
By controlling the press, the dictatorship was able to suppress negative news and create an exaggerated perception of progress.