OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1934 Khamba rebellion

The 1934 Khamba rebellion was a rebellion in the western regions of Kham in Xikang against the Tibetan Government and the Sichuan Warlord Liu Wenhui. It consisted of Khamba tribesmen led by the Pandatsang family; two brothers of the family, Pandatsang Togbye and Pandatsang Rapga, led the revolt.

## Revolt

The Pandatsang were an extremely rich Khampa trading family with enormous influence in Kham. The family leader was Nyigyal. The family's servants often said "Sa spang mda' gnam spang mda'." "The earth is Pangda's, the sky is Pangda's." and "I am connected to Pangda, what are you going to do to me?". They were behind the rebellion against Lhasa in 1934 and the Tibet Improvement Party.
The mastermind of the rebellion was Pandastang Togbye of the rich and powerful Kham Pandatsang family.
Pandatsang Rapga was the brother of Pandatsang Togbye (also spelled Topgyay), who was a great friend of Thubten Kunphela who was from Nyemo county located between Shigatse and Lhasa, U-Tsang. Partly out of anger over Kunphela's fall from power after the death of the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, in 1934 Togbye organized a revolt against the Tibetan government in the areas they controlled in the western part of Kham. (that was about one third of the whole Kham region). His brother had military control while Rapga was more of a "scholar". They aimed to ultimately attack Lhasa, and had to take Chamdo first.
He did so in the belief that many monks from Kham originating in the large monasteries near Lhasa would support him in this. The Tibetan government knew that the rebellion originated from within Kham. The residence of his family in Lhasa was confiscated, but ultimately negotiations ensued. The reason was that the family was the main exporter of Tibetan wool abroad, and any further incident could affect government funds. As a result of the outcome of the negotiations, the members of the family did not persecute the rebellion further.
While the Kham rebels were escaping from the Tibetan government forces, they were forced into battle against both the Sichuan warlord Liu Wenhui and the Chinese Communist Party forces which were on the Long March.
Rapga fled from Kham to Kalimpong via Kanting and Nanking after the revolt failed.
Gray Tuttle, Leila Hadley Luce Professor of Modern Tibetan Studies, believes that it was possible that Rapga "was a devout believer in the political ideology of Sun Yat-sen and had translated some of Sun's more important writings into Tibetan" during this rebellion.
# Oyoko Methodist Senior High School

Oyoko Methodist Senior High School (abbreviated OMESS) is a high school located in Oyoko, Koforidua, Eastern Region of Ghana. It was established in 1989 as a successor of Oyoko Methodist Agricultural Secondary School (OMASS) and included to the public educational system in 1993.
The educational subjects are divided to 6 fields:
* Agricultural science
* Business
* General arts
* Pure science
* Home economics
* Visual arts
Students participate in various public activities including planting trees, in 2008 they planted about 1,500 seedlings of various tree species to mark the World Environment Day Celebration.
The school equipment is partly donated by various institutions and private donors, in November 2011 OMESS received 50 laptops from Ministry of Environment of Ghana.
In October 2013 OMESS won a quiz competition organized by Eastern Regional Directorate of National Health Insurance Authority in Koforidua.
# Valeriy Petrov

Valeriy Pavlovych Petrov (Ukrainian: Валерій Павлович Петров; 2 March 1955 – 8 March 2022) was a Soviet football player and Ukrainian coach.

## Biography

He played as a striker for SC Tavriya Simferopol.
Petrov died from complications of COVID-19 on 8 March 2022, at the age of 67.
# Colleen Lawless

Colleen Rae Lawless, née Schuster, (born 1983) is an American lawyer serving as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. She was associate judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit in Sangamon County, Illinois from 2019 to 2023.

## Education

Lawless earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Illinois Wesleyan University in 2005 and a Juris Doctor from the Northern Illinois University College of Law in 2009.

## Career

From 2009 to 2019, Lawless was a lawyer and shareholder at Londrigan, Potter & Randle P.C. in Springfield, Illinois. From 2019 to 2023, she served as an associate judge of the Illinois Circuit Court for the 7th district.
In 2011, Lawless represented Marvin Manns, an African American water maintenance worker who sued the city of Decatur for discrimination after he was terminated. Manns refused to sign an agreement that gave him a lower pay but allowed him to bypass civil service selection rules.

### Federal judicial service

On September 2, 2022, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Lawless to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. On September 6, 2022, her nomination was sent to the Senate. President Biden nominated Lawless to the seat to be vacated by Judge Sue E. Myerscough, who announced her intent to assume senior status upon confirmation of a successor. On November 15, 2022, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. On December 8, 2022, her nomination was reported out of committee by a 15–7 vote. On January 3, 2023, her nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate. She was renominated on January 23, 2023. On February 9, 2023, her nomination was reported out of committee by a 14–7 vote. On March 1, 2023, the Senate invoked cloture on her nomination by a 53–43 vote. On March 2, 2023, her nomination was confirmed by a 51–41 vote. She received her judicial commission on March 9, 2023.

#### Notable rulings

In July 2024, Lawless dismissed a federal lawsuit filed against the Springfield, Illinois, police department by the father of a deceased two-year-old girl. The man accused Springfield police officers of violating his constitutional rights and Illinois state law during a traffic stop where his daughter's ashes, contained in an urn, were tested for drugs.
# Serruria furcellata

Serruria furcellata, the Kraaifontein spiderhead, is a flower-bearing shrub that belongs to the genus Serruria and forms part of the fynbos. The plant is native to the Western Cape, specifically found in Brackenfell, Kraaifontein and Kuils River.

## Description

The shrub is erect and grows only 50 cm tall and bears flowers from August to October.
After a fire, the plant's roots can sprout again. Two months after flowering, the fruit falls off and ants disperse the seeds. They store the seeds in their nests. The plant is unisexual. Pollination takes place through the action of insects. The plant grows in sandy soil at elevations of 90 – 390 m.

## Habitat

The Kraaifontein Spiderhead, found in the fynbos biome on sandy flats with an elevational range of 0–100 m, is resilient to wildfires, resprouting from underground structures. Its reproductive strategy involves seed dispersal by ants, facilitating protection from predators and germination after fires. However, the species faces severe threats, with 86% of its habitat irreversibly modified due to urban and industrial development in the City of Cape Town. The remaining habitat is degraded by invasive species, over-burning, and disturbances, with the only known subpopulation confined to a severely degraded area smaller than one hectare in the northern Cape Flats.

## Conservation

This plant has previously been considered extinct. In 1985 it occurred in only two places, near Kraaifontein and close to Bottelary Heuwels, where in 1979 three plants were identified. After 1985, however, there was no sign of the plants at the two sites and it was assumed that the species became extinct. In 2004, however, two plants were discovered at North Pine, but one was soon destroyed by the municipality's bush cutting program.
However, Cape Town's Environmental Resource Management Division developed the 36-hectare Bracken Nature Reserve where native plants are preserved. Kraaifontein spiderhead specimens were transplanted after successful garden cultivation.
# Have You Ever Loved a Woman

"Have You Ever Loved a Woman" is a blues song written by Billy Myles and first recorded by American blues artist Freddie King in 1960. The song is performed as a slow 12-bar blues with King's vocal and guitar accompanied by a small combo of pianist Sonny Thompson, bassist Bill Willis, and drummer Phillip Paul.
When the song was released as a single by Federal Records in 1961, only the B-side, "You've Got to Love Her with a Feeling", reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song was included on King's first album, Freddy King Sings, also issued by Federal in 1961.

## Eric Clapton renditions

"Have You Ever Loved a Woman" later became a part of English guitarist-singer Eric Clapton's repertoire, with several recorded versions. The first was a live rendition in 1965 while he was a member of John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers (Primal Solos, released 1977); then a studio version with Derek and the Dominos (Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs, 1970); and later live recordings on In Concert (1970, released 1973); E. C. Was Here (1975), Just One Night (as a medley with "Ramblin' on My Mind", 1980), 24 Nights (1991), Live in Hyde Park (1997), One More Car, One More Rider (2002), and Crossroads Guitar Festival 2004.
# Imad ad-Din Zengi II

Abul Fatah Imad ad-Din al-Malik al-Adil Zengi Ibn Moudud (Arabic: أبو الفتح عماد الدين "الملك العادل" زنكي بن مودود; died 1197), better known as Imad ad-Din Zengi II, was an emir of the Sinjar-based Zengid dynasty and the first son of Qutb al-Din Mawdud. He ruled from 1171 to 1197 Sinjar and 1181–83 Aleppo.

## Life

His father died on September 6, 1170, disinheriting him and designating his second son Sayf al-Din Ghazi II as his successor. Imad ad-Din took refuge in Aleppo at the court of Nur al-Din. The latter quickly intervened against Mosul, seizing Sinjar and besieging Mosul, which surrendered on January 22, 1171. Contrary to Imad ad-Din's hopes, he maintained control of the city on his own, appointing a vizier there, Gumushtekin, and left the title of the emir of Mosul to Sayf al-Din. Imad ad-Din received Sinjar in compensation.
Sayf al-Din passed away on June 29, 1180, and appointed his brother Izz al-Din Mas'ud as his successor. He certainly had a son, but he was only twelve years old and the political situation demanded a strong man at the helm of the emirate. Saladin, the vizier of Egypt, refused Nur al-Din's tutelage and then took advantage of the latter's death to seize Damascus and, while seeking to unify the Muslims of Egypt and Syria under his rule, posed a threat to Mosul and Aleppo. On December 4, 1181, his cousin As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, son of Nur al-Din, died without having a son or brother and appointed Izz al-Din Mas'ud to succeed him, against the law. opinion of his advisors who proposed Imad ad-Din. Following the affirmations of his brother Izz ad-Din, he preferred to exchange Sinjar for Aleppo with Imad ad-Din.
In November 1182, Saladin, seeking to unify Muslim Syria under his rule, laid siege to Mosul, but the Muslim princes, concerned about Saladin's ambitions, formed a coalition that forced him to lift the siege. He then turned in May 1183 against Aleppo and besieged the city. The city is said to be impregnable, its inhabitants and defenders did not hesitate to raid Saladin's army and Imad ad-Din was able to call on his brother Izz ad-Din Mas'ud or the Franks to force Saladin to lift the siege, but he preferred to negotiate and concluded on June 12, 1183, the exchange of Aleppo for the cities of Sinjar, Nisibis, Al-Khabur, Ar-Raqqah, and Seruj. Imad ad-Din Zengi left the city to the boos of the Aleppo people, who had always been loyal to the Zengids and who were ashamed of their emir's resignation.
In June 1190, he responded with one of his nephews from Mosul to Saladin's call for jihad against the Crusaders besieging Acre. In 1193, taking advantage of Saladin's death, Imad ad-Din and his brother Izz ad-Din Mas'ud attempted to shake off Ayyubid tutelage, but Izz ad-Din Mas'ud's death soon after put an end to this attempt. Imad ad-Din died at Sinjar in the month of November or December 1197.

## Legacy

Imad al-Din had a son named Qutb ad-Din Muhammad (died 1219) from his unknown wife, who succeeded him.
# Dara Lindenbaum

Dara Lindenbaum is an American election lawyer serving as a commissioner of the Federal Election Commission (FEC). She was nominated in January 2022 and confirmed by the Senate in May 2022.

## Education

Lindenbaum earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in art history from Northeastern University and a Juris Doctor from the George Washington University Law School in 2011.

## Career

During the Iraq War, Lindenbaum was an activist with Code Pink. After graduating from law school, she worked as associate counsel in the Voting Rights Project at the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. She was also a development assistant at Americans United for Separation of Church and State. During the 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election, Lindenbaum worked as general counsel for Stacey Abrams's campaign. In 2020, Lindenbaum was legal counsel for Fair Fight Action. Prior to her governmental service Lindenbaum was a partner at Sandler Reiff Lamb Rosenstein & Birkenstock, P.C.

### FEC Nomination

On January 21, 2022, President Joe Biden nominated Lindenbaum to be a commissioner of the Federal Election Commission. Hearings were held before the Senate Rules Committee on the nomination on April 6, 2022. The committee favorably reported the nomination on May 3, 2022. She was confirmed by the full Senate on May 24, 2022 by a vote of 54–38, with 6 Republicans supporting her confirmation. She was sworn in on August 2, 2022. She was elected as FEC Chair for 2023.
# Diwan Singh Chachowalia

Diwan Singh Chachowalia was a Bhangi Sikh sardar and warlord who was the governor of Multan between 1772 and 1780 on the behalf of his half-brother Jhanda Singh.

## Biography

Diwan Singh was a son of Hari Singh Dhillon and half-brother of Jhanda Singh and Ganda Singh. Multan, which had been under Durrani rule since 1752, had been embroiled in a state of political unrest after Timur Shah Durrani deposed its governor Shuja Khan in April 1772 and appointed Haji Sharif Khan. However, due to his indolence he was deposed as well and Sharif Beg Taklu was appointed to Multan. Shuja Khan, who had previously retired to his newly built fort of Shujabad, besieged Multan with the assistance of Jafar Khan, the Nawab of Bahawalpur.
In exigency Sharif Beg called for the help from Bhangi Sardars. The siege had already gone on for eighteen days by the time they arrived; the forces of Bahawalpur were defeated and Shuja Khan fled to Shujabad. After capturing Multan, the Sikhs allowed Sharif Beg to retire with his family to Tulamba, while Diwan Singh was appointed Multan's governor in December 1772.
Diwan Singh besieged Shujabad thrice but was unsuccessful in conquering it. Meanwhile Shuja Khan died in 1776 and was succeeded by his son Muzaffar Khan. Muzaffar Khan asked for help from Timur Shah against him who invaded Punjab and captured Multan from Diwan Singh on February 18, 1780. However, he allowed Diwan Singh to depart safely with his family, and Muzaffar Khan was appointed the next governor of Multan.
# Ellen Beer

Ellen Judith Beer (12 March 1926 – 18 March 2004) was a Swiss art historian. She focused on Medieval art.

## Biography

Beer received her doctorate degree at the University of Zurich with her publication about the "Rose der Kathedrale von Lausanne", the rose window in the Lausanne Cathedral. In 1965, she became associate professor and 1971 full professor at the University of Bern. The Ellen-J.-Beer Foundation was created in her memory; it supports young researchers and medieval art history projects.

## Career

With her publications about the mysticism of light (1972) and gold-ground painting techniques (1982), she has published internationally received and still relevant reference books. She later published two volumes about Swiss stained glass from the 12th to the 15th century as well as books about illuminated manuscripts in Carolingian, Ottonian, and Gothic Gothic art. While her books focused mainly on style and iconography, her articles explored new methodologies: She addressed the function of objects, theological backgrounds, questions of motif and historical-political programs.

## Publications (selection)

* Beer, Ellen J., Die Rose der Kathedrale von Lausanne und der kosmologische Bilderkreis des Mittelalters Bern : Benteli, 1952
* Beer, Ellen J., Die Glasmalereien der Schweiz vom 12. bis zum Beginn des 14. Jahrhunderts. - Basel, 1956
* Beer, Ellen J., Beiträge zur oberrheinischen Buchmalerei in der ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Initialornamentik, Basel [u.a.] : Birkhäuser, 1959
* Beer, Ellen J. (Hg.), Festschrift Hans R. Hahnloser : zum 60. Geburtstag 1959, Basel [u.a.] : Birkhäuser, 1961
* Beer, Ellen J., Initial und Miniatur: Buchmalerei aus 9 Jahrhunderten in Handschriften der Badischen Landesbibliothek ; [Jubiläumsausstellung 1965], Basel : Feuermann, 1965
* Beer, Ellen J., Die Glasmalereien der Schweiz aus dem 14. und 15. Jahrhundert : ohne Königsfelden und Berner Münsterchor. Basel : Birkhäuser, 1965 (Corpus vitrearum medii aevi / Schweiz ; 3)
* Beer, Ellen J., Die Bibel von Moutier-Grandval : British Museum Add. Ms. 10546, Bern : Verein Schweizer. Lithographiebesitzer, 1971.
* Beer, Ellen J., Mystik des Lichts in der Kunst des Abendlandes, Bern [u.a.] : Lang, 1972.
* Beer, Ellen J. [Hg.], Berns grosse Zeit : das 15. Jahrhundert neu entdeckt. Bern : Berner Lehrmittel- und Medienverlag, 1999

## Literature

* Beer, Ellen J. [Gefeierte] Nobile claret opus : Festgabe für Ellen Judith Beer. Zürich : Schwegler, 1986 (Zeitschrift für schweizerische Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte ; 43.1986, 1)
* Becksmann, Rüdiger: Ellen Judith Beer (12. März 1926 - 18. März 2004), in: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Vereins für Kunstwissenschaft, 59/60.2005/06(2007), 319-321.
* Kurmann-Schwarz, Brigitte: Nachruf auf Ellen Judith Beer (12. März 1926 - 18. März 2004), in: Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 68.2005, 589-592.
# Le Fief-Sauvin

Le Fief-Sauvin (French pronunciation: ) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France.

## Geography

The river Èvre forms all of the commune's eastern border.

## History

On 15 December 2015, La Boissière-sur-Èvre, Chaudron-en-Mauges, La Chaussaire, Le Fief-Sauvin, Le Fuilet, Montrevault, Le Puiset-Doré, Saint-Pierre-Montlimart, Saint-Quentin-en-Mauges, Saint-Rémy-en-Mauges and La Salle-et-Chapelle-Aubry merged becoming one commune called Montrevault-sur-Èvre.
# Kristina Joder

Kristina Joder (born July 11, 1978) is an American cross-country skier. She competed in two events at the 2002 Winter Olympics.

## Cross-country skiing results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 10 km | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | Sprint | 4 × 5 km  relay |
| 2002 | 23 | — | — | — | — | 42 | — |

### World Cup
#### Season standings

| Season | Age |
| Season | Age | Overall | Sprint |
| 2001 | 22 | NC | NC |
# All India Port and Dock Workers Federation

All India Port and Dock Workers Federation (AIPDWF) , founded in 1949 is the largest trade union representing workers at India's 12 major government-owned ports. It is affiliated with the socialist trade union center Hind Mazdoor Sabha.
The union split in 1989 during a nationwide strike by port workers. The previous agreement between the port unions and the government had expired in January 1988. Frustrated with the lack f progress in negotiations, AIPDWF, as well as unions affiliated with INTUC and AITUC launched a strike in June 1989. After four days, a breakaway faction led by Shanti Patel, called off the strike and gained recognition from the government. AIPDWF ended its strike after another two days.
In recent times, AIPDWF has become a vocal opponent of the Indian government's plan to corporatize the various publicly owned ports, viewing the step as a give-away of public property to private firms.
# Inès Boubakri

Inès Boubakri (Arabic: إيناس بوبكري; born 28 December 1988) is a Tunisian foil fencer. She is a four-time Olympian, who won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and is a member of Association sportive de Bourg-la-Reine in France, under head coach Yann Detienne.

## Career

Boubakri represented Tunisia at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed in the women's individual foil event. She lost the first preliminary round match to Chinese-born Canadian fencer and former Olympic gold medalist Jujie Luan with a score of 9–13.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Boubakri qualified for the second time in the women's individual foil event. Unlike her previous Olympics, she excelled through the preliminary rounds by defeating United States' Nicole Ross, and France's Astrid Guyart. Boubakri reached the quarterfinal match of this event, where she was defeated by Italian fencer and three-time Olympic champion Valentina Vezzali, who scored a point during the "sudden death minute" leading to a final score of 7–8.
Four years later, at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, she became the first Tunisian as well as the first African and Arab woman to win an Olympic medal in fencing when she won the bronze, on her way to the medal she beat Noura Mohamed from Egypt, Japanese fencer Shiho Nishioka and then Canadian Eleanor Harvey before losing in the semi-finals to the reigning Olympic Champion from Italy Elisa Di Francisca, in the medal match she was up against the Russian Aida Shanayeva. She won 15-11 after being down by 4–7 in the first period.
She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in the women's individual foil.

## Family

In 2014 Boubakri married French fencer Erwann Le Péchoux, who also won a medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
# Ernst Buffa

Ernst Buffa (14 February 1893 – 19 September 1971) was a general in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany during World War II. Son of Franz Freiherr Buffa von Lilienberg und Castellalt, Baron of the Holy Roman Empire, he enlisted in the German army in 1912. He entered the Military Academy of Berlin in May 1916. During World War I he was sent to the Western Front. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. In 1947, he moved to Argentina where he wrote about his experiences during the war. He died in 1971 in the village of Traben-Trarbach.

## Awards and decorations

* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 5 September 1944 as Generalleutnant and commander of 12. Flak-Division (mot.)