# Red Garland

William McKinley "Red" Garland Jr. (May 13, 1923 – April 23, 1984) was an American modern jazz pianist. Known for his work as a bandleader and during the 1950s with Miles Davis, Garland helped popularize the block chord style of playing in jazz piano.

## Early life and education

William "Red" Garland was born in 1923 in Dallas, Texas. He began his musical studies on the clarinet and alto saxophone, having studied with saxophonist Buster "Prof" Smith, who had been an early mentor of alto saxophonist Charlie Parker in Kansas City.
He joined the United States Army in 1941 and was stationed in Fort Huachuca, Arizona. While there, Garland began to learn the piano with Army pianists John Lewis (not to be confused with John Lewis of the Modern Jazz Quartet) and Lee Barnes. At this time, he was also an amateur boxer, having fought Sugar Ray Robinson but losing the match.
After being discharged from the military in 1944, Garland played locally around Texas until 1946 when he joined the trumpet player Hot Lips Page's band, playing with him until a tour ended in New York in March 1946. Garland decided to stay in New York and soon found work there and also in Philadelphia. While in New York, Garland was recommended to singer Billy Eckstine, who hired him for several weeks.

## Musical career
### 1955–1958: the first great Miles Davis Quintet

Garland found success in 1955 when he joined the Miles Davis Quintet, featuring John Coltrane, Philly Joe Jones, and Paul Chambers. Davis was a fan of boxing and was impressed that Garland had boxed earlier in his life. Together, the group recorded their famous Prestige albums, Miles: The New Miles Davis Quintet (1956), Workin, Steamin', Cookin', and Relaxin'. Garland's style is prominent in these seminal recordings—evident in his distinctive chord voicings, his sophisticated accompaniment, and his musical references to Ahmad Jamal's style. Some observers dismissed Garland as a "cocktail" pianist, but Miles was pleased with his style, having urged Garland to absorb some of Jamal's lightness of touch and harmonics within his own approach.
Garland played on the first of Davis's many Columbia recordings, 'Round About Midnight (1957). Their relationship was already beginning to deteriorate, but he continued playing with Miles. By 1958, Garland and Jones had started to become more erratic in turning up for recordings and shows. He was eventually fired by Miles but later returned to play on another jazz classic, Milestones. Davis was displeased when Garland quoted Davis's much earlier, and by then famous, solo from "Now's The Time" in block chords during the slower take of "Straight, No Chaser". Garland walked out of one of the sessions for Milestones; on the track "Sid's Ahead", Davis comped behind the saxophone solos in his absence.

### 1958–1984: Red Garland Trio and later life

In 1958, Garland formed his own trio. Among the musicians the trio recorded with are Pepper Adams, Nat Adderley, Ray Barretto, Kenny Burrell, Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Jimmy Heath, Harold Land, Philly Joe Jones, Blue Mitchell, Ira Sullivan, and Leroy Vinnegar. The trio also recorded as a quintet with John Coltrane and Donald Byrd. Altogether, Garland released 25 albums on Prestige Records and its subsidiary Moodsville, which were recorded between 1956 and 1962. He also recorded several albums for the Riverside Records subsidiary Jazzland in the early 1960s.
In the mid-to-late 1960s, Garland's career suffered when rock music caused a substantial drop in the popularity of jazz, and his record sales plunged. During this period, he returned to his Dallas, Texas to care for his mother. After her death in 1968, he left music for a number of years.
Garland resumed his recording career in 1971 with two albums for the German MPS Records label, and later in the decade recorded for Galaxy Records, Muse Records, Xanadu Records, and other jazz labels. In 1977, his Crossings album reunited him with Philly Joe Jones, with whom he also played club performances that same year. Garland continued recording until his death from a heart attack on April 23, 1984, at the age of 60.

## Discography
### As leader

| Recording date | Title | Label | Year released | Personnel/Notes |
| 1956-08 | A Garland of Red | Prestige | 1957 | Trio, with Paul Chambers (bass), Art Taylor (drums) |
| 1956-12, 1957-03 | Red Garland's Piano | Prestige | 1957 | Trio, with Paul Chambers (bass), Art Taylor (drums) |
| 1957-05 | Red Garland Revisited! | Prestige | 1969 | Most tracks trio, with Paul Chambers (bass), Art Taylor (drums); some tracks quartet, with Kenny Burrell (guitar) added |
| 1956-05, 1957-03, 1957-08 | The P.C. Blues | Prestige | 1970 | Most tracks trio with Paul Chambers (bass), Art Taylor (drums); one track trio with Chambers (bass), Philly Joe Jones (drums) |
| 1956-12, 1957-05, 1957-08 | Groovy | Prestige | 1957 | Trio with Paul Chambers (bass), Art Taylor (drums) |
| 1957-11 | All Mornin' Long | Prestige | 1958 | Quintet, with John Coltrane (tenor sax), Donald Byrd (trumpet), George Joyner (bass), Art Taylor (drums) |
| 1957-11 | Soul Junction | Prestige | 1960 | Quintet, with John Coltrane (tenor sax), Donald Byrd (trumpet), George Joyner (bass), Art Taylor (drums) |
| 1957-11, 1957-12 | High Pressure | Prestige | 1961 | Quintet, with John Coltrane (tenor sax), Donald Byrd (trumpet), George Joyner (bass), Art Taylor (drums) |
| 1957-03, 1957-12, 1958-02 | Dig It! | Prestige | 1962 | One track trio, with Paul Chambers (bass), Art Taylor (drums); two tracks quintet, with John Coltrane (tenor sax), Donald Byrd (trumpet), George Joyner (bass), Taylor (drums); one track quartet, without Byrd |
| 1958-02 | It's a Blue World | Prestige | 1970 | Trio, with Paul Chambers (bass), Art Taylor (drums) |
| 1958-04 | Manteca | Prestige | 1958 | Quartet, with Paul Chambers (bass), Art Taylor (drums), Ray Barretto (congas) |
| 1958-06 | Can't See for Lookin' | Prestige | 1963 | Trio, with Paul Chambers (bass), Art Taylor (drums) |
| 1958-08 | Rojo | Prestige | 1961 | Quartet, with George Joyner (bass), Charlie Persip (drums), Ray Barretto (congas) |
| 1958-11 | The Red Garland Trio | Moodsville | 1960 | Trio, with Paul Chambers (bass), Art Taylor (drums) |
| 1958-11 | All Kinds of Weather | Prestige | 1959 | Trio, with Paul Chambers (bass), Art Taylor (drums) |
| 1959-04 | Red in Blues-ville | Prestige | 1959 | Trio, with Sam Jones (bass), Art Taylor (drums) |
| 1959-08, 1959-10 | Satin Doll | Prestige | 1971 | Most tracks trio with Doug Watkins (bass), Charles "Specs" Wright (drums); some tracks trio with Jimmy Rowser (bass), Taylor (drums) |
| 1959-10 | Red Garland at the Prelude | Prestige | 1971 | Trio, with Jimmy Rowser (bass), Charles "Specs" Wright (drums); in concert |
| 1959-10 | Lil' Darlin' | Status/Prestige | 1965 | Trio, with Jimmy Rowser (bass), Charles "Specs" Wright (drums); in concert |
| 1959-10 | Red Garland Live! | New Jazz/Prestige | 1965 | Trio, with Jimmy Rowser (bass), Charles "Specs" Wright (drums); in concert |
| 1959-12 | The Red Garland Trio + Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis | Moodsville | 1960 | Most tracks trio, with Sam Jones (bass), Art Taylor (drums); some tracks quartet, with Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis (tenor sax) added |
| 1960-04 | Red Alone | Moodsville | 1960 | Solo piano |
| 1960-04 | Alone with the Blues | Moodsville | 1960 | Solo piano |
| 1960-07 | Halleloo-Y'-All | Prestige | 1964 | Trio, with Sam Jones (bass), Art Taylor (drums); Garland plays organ on one track |
| 1960-07, 1961-03 | Soul Burnin' | Prestige | 1964 | Three tracks trio, with Sam Jones (bass), Art Taylor (drums); two tracks quintet, with Oliver Nelson (tenor sax, alto sax), Richard Williams (trumpet), Peck Morrison (bass), Charlie Persip (drums) |
| 1961-07 | Bright and Breezy | Jazzland | 1961 | Trio, with Sam Jones (bass), Charlie Persip (drums) |
| 1961-11 | The Nearness of You | Jazzland | 1962 | One track solo piano; most tracks trio, with Larry Ridley (bass), Frank Gant (drums) |
| 1962-01 | Solar | Jazzland | 1962 | Most tracks trio, with Sam Jones (bass), Frank Gant (drums); some tracks quartet, with Les Spann (guitar, flute) added |
| 1962-03 | Red's Good Groove | Jazzland | 1962 | Quintet, with Blue Mitchell (trumpet), Pepper Adams (baritone sax), Sam Jones (bass), Philly Joe Jones (drums) |
| 1962-10 | When There Are Grey Skies | Prestige | 1963 | Trio, with Wendell Marshall (bass), Charlie Persip (drums) |
| 1971-05 | The Quota | MPS | 1973 | Quartet, with Jimmy Heath (tenor sax, soprano sax), Peck Morrison (bass), Lenny McBrowne (drums) |
| 1971-05 | Auf Wiedersehen | MPS | 1975 | Trio, with Sam Jones (bass), Roy Brooks (drums) |
| 1974-03 | Groovin' Live | Alfa Jazz | 1991 | [2CD] Trio, with James Leary (bass), Eddie Marshall (drums); in concert |
| 1974-03 | Groovin' Live II | Alfa Jazz | 1991 | Trio, with James Leary (bass), Eddie Marshall (drums); in concert |
| 1977-05 | Keystones! | Xanadu | 1977 | Trio, with Leroy Vinnegar (bass), Philly Joe Jones (drums); in concert |
| 1977-05 | Groovin' Red | Keystone | 1995? | Trio, with Leroy Vinnegar (bass), Philly Joe Jones (drums); in concert |
| 1977-12 | Red Alert | Galaxy | 1978 | Some tracks trio, with Ron Carter (bass), Frank Butler (drums); one track quartet, with Nat Adderley (cornet) added; two tracks sextet, with Harold Land and Ira Sullivan (tenor sax) added; one track quartet, with Sullivan, Carter, Butler |
| 1977-12 | Crossings | Galaxy | 1978 | Trio, with Ron Carter (bass), Philly Joe Jones (drums) |
| 1978-05 | Feelin' Red | Muse | 1979 | Trio, with Sam Jones (bass), Al Foster (drums) |
| 1978-05 | I Left My Heart... | Muse | 1985 | Some tracks trio, with Chris Amberger (bass), Eddie Moore (drums); some tracks quartet, with Leo Wright (alto sax) added; in concert |
| 1978-08 | Equinox | Galaxy | 1979 | Trio, with Richard Davis (bass), Roy Haynes (drums) |
| 1979-07 | Stepping Out | Galaxy | 1981 | Some tracks trio, with Ron Carter (bass), Ben Riley (drums); some tracks quartet, with Kenny Burrell (guitar) added |
| 1979-07 | So Long Blues | Galaxy | 1984 | Some tracks trio, with Ron Carter (bass), Ben Riley (drums); two tracks quartet, with Kenny Burrell (guitar) added; some tracks quintet, with Julian Priester (trombone), George Coleman (tenor sax) added |
| 1979-07 | Strike Up the Band | Galaxy | 1982 | One track quartet with Julian Priester (trombone), Ron Carter (bass), Ben Riley (drums); one track quartet with George Coleman (tenor sax), Carter (bass), Riley (drums); three tracks quintet, with all listed |
| 1982-04 | Misty Red | Sony Music Entertainment | 1982 | Trio, with Jamil Nasser (bass), Frank Gant (drums) |
Compilations
* Rediscovered Masters (Prestige, 1977) – rec. 1958–61
* At the Prelude, Vol. 1 (Prestige, 1994) – rec. 1959. compilation of Red Garland at the Prelude + Red Garland Live!.
* Blues in the Night (Prestige, 1997) – rec. 1960. compilation of Halleloo-Y'-All + Soul Burnin'.
* Red's Blues (Prestige, 1998) – rec. 1956–62.
* Stretching Out (Prestige, 2002) – rec. 1959. compilation of Satin Doll + Lil' Darlin'.
* The Best of the Red Garland Quintets (Prestige, 2004)
* The Best of the Red Garland Trios (Prestige, 2004)