OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sergey Medvedev

Sergey Konstantinovich Medvedev (Russian: Серге́й Константи́нович Медве́дев; June 2, 1958) is a Russian journalist and TV presenter who would later become the Press Secretary of Russian President Boris Yeltsin from 1995 to 1996. He has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation.

## Biography

Sergey Medvedev was born on June 2, 1958, in Kaliningrad. His interest in journalism started from an early age, his career beginning in a local paper. In 1981 he graduated from Moscow State University’s Faculty of Journalism, having also been trained at Gosplan economics courses.
From 1981 to 1991 he worked in the USSR State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting. Following the cessation of the Soviet news program Vremya as a result of the August 1991 coup, Medvedev worked as a presenter at Information Programs Studios of All-Union State Broadcasting Company Ostankino. In this capacity he served as a presenter for Vremya’s replacement program TV-Inform.
Between 1995 and 1996 he was the press secretary of the Russian President Boris Yeltsin. Following his resignation as press secretary, Medvedev returned to television and became the first deputy general director of ORT. In 2000, Medvedev took part in the elections to the State Duma from the Kaliningrad district number 84 as an independent candidate, but the results of voting placed him second.
Together with Alexey Pimanov [ru] he is the founder of one of the largest broadcasting companies of the country Ostankino, which creates the content for the first and other federal channels in Russia. Since 2003 Medvedev has been the Chairman of the Board of Directors.
He is a member of the Russian Union of Journalists and the Union of Cinematographers of Russia.
# Jack Gray-Spence

John Alfred Gray-Spence (1910–1992) was an Australian rugby league and rugby union player from the 1930s and 1940s.
Jack Grey-Spence was a brilliant winger for the Sydney University rugby league team. He played two seasons with them in 1933–1934, and Gray-Spence was the NSWRFL top try scorer in 1933. He moved to St George Dragons in 1935 before retiring from rugby league. Jack switched to rugby and played for St. George and Randwick rugby union clubs into the 1940s. He also represented New South Wales in Rugby.
Jack Grey-Spence died on 5 May 1992, aged 82.
# Nicholas Kalogeropoulos

Nicholas Kalogeropoulos (Greek: Νικόλαος Καλογερόπουλος; born 18 February 1945), also known as Nicky Kalo, is a retired Greek tennis player who won a bronze medal at the 1971 Mediterranean Games. In doubles, he finished runner-up at the 1968 Italian Open. He was ranked as best Greek player in 1962–74 and was a member of the Greek Davis Cup team in 1963–81.
Kalogeropoulos was born in Costa Rica to Greek parents, where he started training in tennis and spent many years of his life. In 1962, he won the junior Wimbledon and French Championships. In 1966, he married fellow tennis player Carol-Ann Prosen. He retired in 1978.

## Career finals
### Doubles (3 runner-ups)

| Result | W/L | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| Loss | 0–1 | May 1968 | Rome, Italy | Clay | Allan Stone | Tom Okker Marty Riessen | 3–6, 4–6, 2–6 |
| Loss | 0–2 | Jun 1972 | Eastbourne, England | Grass | Andrew Pattison | Juan Gisbert Sr. Manuel Orantes | 6–8, 3–6 |
| Loss | 0–3 | Feb 1974 | Birmingham, US | Hard | Iván Molina | Ian Fletcher Sandy Mayer | 6–4, 6–7, 1–6 |
# 1990 Detroit riot

The 1990 Detroit riot occurred on June 14, 1990, after the Detroit Pistons defeated the Portland Trail Blazers in the 1990 NBA Finals. The rioting resulted in 8 deaths and is one of the worst sports-related riots in American history.

## The riot

On June 14, 1990, the Detroit Pistons defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 92–90 in Game 5 of the 1990 NBA Finals. The game was played at the Memorial Coliseum in Portland, but over 21,000 Pistons fans watched the game on big screen TVs at The Palace of Auburn Hills, the Pistons' home court. The event at The Palace remained peaceful, with only one arrest occurring.
The game ended at 11:30 pm EDT and rioting quickly began afterward. Looting was reported throughout the city and at least 124 people were hospitalized for injuries, including 26 who had been shot, two had been stabbed, and over a dozen who were beaten in front of riot police. Eight people were killed as well – 10-year-old Keith Brown, 9-year-old Frederick Moore, 15-year-old Alisha Stanfield, and 21-year-old Sonny Deon Hogan were killed after being struck by a Ford Thunderbird in front of a convenience store where they were celebrating. 41-year-old Bruce Burdett Thomas of Warren was charged with four counts of second-degree murder in connection with the incident. Several witnesses described the crash as deliberate. 19-year-old Michael Wilkins was shot and killed after an argument occurred in a parking lot, a 21-year-old man fell off a roof to his death, and two other pedestrians, one of them a 4-year-old boy, were killed in other auto accidents. A total of 141 people were arrested in Detroit.
The rioting spread to suburban areas. In River Rouge, 28 youths were arrested after they smashed the windows of several stores and a police car. In Roseville, a police car was pelted with beer cans and bottles, though no one was arrested.
The Pistons had won the 1989 NBA Finals and little violence occurred, though violence occurred after the Detroit Tigers won the 1984 World Series. The rioting was the worst the city had experienced since the 1967 riot.
# Doug McKalip

Douglas J. McKalip is an American agricultural policy advisor who has served as chief agricultural negotiator in the Office of the United States Trade Representative since January 2023.

## Early life and education

McKalip is a native of Saegertown, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Saegertown High School. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the University of Pittsburgh and a Master of Public Policy from American University.

## Career

McKalip joined the United States Department of Agriculture in 1994. He served as confidential assistant to the secretary of agriculture and director of public and legislative affairs for the Natural Resources Conservation Service. He was also the director of the White House Rural Council. He served as senior advisor to the secretary of agriculture and acting chief of staff of the Department of Agriculture before joining the United States Domestic Policy Council as senior advisor for agriculture and rural affairs. McKalip also served in the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
In June 2022, President Joe Biden nominated McKalip to serve as chief agricultural negotiator in the Office of the United States Trade Representative. The United States Senate Committee on Finance held hearings on his nomination on July 28, 2022, and reported it favorably to the Senate floor on September 7, 2022. The United States Senate confirmed the nomination by voice vote on December 22, 2022. He was sworn in by U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai on January 9, 2023.
# William Perry Herring McFaddin

William Perry Herring McFaddin (1856–1935), known as Perry, was a rancher and early landowner in the early years of Beaumont, Texas. Under William McFaddin, the McFaddin Ranches of Beaumont reached their greatest extent. The Spindletop oil gusher was located on land leased from McFaddin. The site of Port Arthur, Texas, was purchased from McFaddin by Arthur Edward Stilwell. Former pieces of the McFaddin Ranches now make up Sea Rim State Park, the McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge, and the J.D. Murphree Wildlife Management Area. The McFaddin-Ward House was erected on his homestead and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
# Ameena Saiyid

Ameena Saiyid OBE is a former managing director of Oxford University Press (OUP) in Pakistan. She became the head of OUP Pakistan in 1988, becoming the first woman to ever head a multinational company in Pakistan. In 2005, she became the first Pakistani woman to be awarded the Order of the British Empire for her services to women’s rights, education, and intellectual property rights in Pakistan, and to Anglo-Pakistan relations. She is also the founder of the Karachi Literature Festival. In February 2013, she was conferred the prestigious French award of Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters for her work in promoting literary culture. She attended Karachi Grammar School.

## Career

Saiyid taught at Lahore American School before joining Oxford University Press in 1979. She joined OUP in Lahore and served in various capacities before leaving in 1986 to launch her own publishing house, Saiyid Books. In 1988, she rejoined as its chief executive. After 30 years with Oxford University Press (OUP) Pakistan, Ms Ameena Saiyid, OBE announced her retirement in December 2018.

### Other activities

In 2009, she became a member of the Federal Investigation Agency Advisory Committee on IPR Enforcement.
In April 2010, she became the first woman elected to be president of the 150-year-old Overseas Investors Chamber of Commerce and Industry (OICCI), after serving as its vice president in 2009–2010, which was also a first for a woman.
# Jack Turner (writer)

Jack Charles Turner (born 1968) is an Australian non-fiction writer and television documentary host. His work focuses on international studies, especially relating historical societies to modern ones.

## Background

Jack Charles Turner was born in 1968 in Sydney, Australia. He lives with his wife, Helena Fraser (a graduate of St Antony's College, Oxford, class of 1995), their son Oscar, and daughter Zoe, in Geneva. He has also lived in Oxford, Madrid, Tbilisi, and New York City.

## Education

Turner graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Classical Studies from The University of Melbourne, where he was a resident student at Trinity College. In 1992, he was elected as the "Australia at Large" Rhodes Scholar, and attended Oxford University. Graduate study allowed Turner to change his major area of research interest, and in 1994 he graduated from Magdalen College with a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in International Relations. His masters thesis entitled Soviet New Thinking and the Cambodian Conflict was completed in the Department of Politics and International Relations. Turner then went on to graduate with a Doctor of Philosophy degree (DPhil) in International Relations from Oxford, being awarded the MacArthur Junior Research Fellowship in International Relations at Exeter College.

## Writings

Two years after receiving his Fellowship, Turner took a break from academia and took a professional job in Madrid, Spain. After spending three months wearing a suit to work, he decided that writing was calling. He quit his job and moved with his wife to Tbilisi, Georgia to write his first book. Throughout his studies, Turner was fascinated by how many times various spices appeared in historical references. That, combined with an early interest in spices, partly enhanced by his mother's spicy cooking, resulted in his decision to pursue the subject of spices further. The result is a book entitled Spice: The History of a Temptation, which traces spices back through time, through history, myth, archeology, and literature.
In the summer of 2000, he stated that he planned to base his next book on his experiences living in Caucasus.

## Career

Turner is the host of the What the Ancients Knew documentary series on The Science Channel. In the series, he visited key places from world history, focusing on the scientific, anthropologic, economic, and mechanical issues of the ancient civilizations and how their works influence modern life. The original three episodes covered the Romans, the Egyptians, and the Chinese. Later episodes covered the Japanese, the Greeks, and India.
# Landing Kinteh

Landing Kinteh is a Gambian lawyer who has been the Inspector General of Police in the Gambia since 2017.

## Education

Kinteh has a bachelor's degree in law from Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria, and a master's degree in human rights and criminal law from the University of Essex, United Kingdom.

## Career

Kinteh is a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of the Gambia. He was the Commissioner of Prosecutions at the Gambian Police Force from 2007 to 2017. In this capacity, he has worked in Darfur, Sudan, for the United Nations (UN). He has also served on secondment as Director of the National Anti-Trafficking in Person (NAATIP) branch of the Ministry of Justice. He was appointed Inspector General of Police on 22 June 2017, replacing Yankuba Sonko.
# Ashby-de-la-Zouch Open Championships

The Ashby-de-la-Zouch Open Championships, informally called the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Open, was a men's and women's grass court tennis tournament first established in 1900. The championship was first held on courts at the Bath Grounds in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, England. The tournament ran until 1926 when it was suddenly discontinued. It was revived in 1930 and continued till 1939 when it was finally abolished.

## History

In 1900 Ashby-de-la-Zouch Open Championship was formally established. The tournament was originally organised by the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Lawn Tennis Association and Club and was played at the Bath Grounds in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, England.
In 1926 the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Lawn Tennis Association Club changed its name to the Ashby Castle Lawn Tennis Club. It was formally incorporated on land it had purchased at Ashby Park, which was part of Ashby de la Zouch Castle (owned by the Hastings family). After which the tournament moved there. The new venue consisted of three grass courts and two red shale clay courts, and a wooden pavilion, with veranda plus a separate changing hut.
In 1900, 1901, 1904 and 1909 this tournament was also valid as the Leicestershire Championships with players being awarded both titles. e.g. Ashby-de-la-Zouch Open Champion and Leicestershire Champion. On 18 November 1926 it was announced by the Leicestershire Lawn Tennis Association (f.1900), today called Tennis Leicestershire, that the tournament was to be dropped from its official schedule of events, citing financial constraints. In 1930, the championships were revived and continued to be held until 1939, when it was fully discontinued due to World War II.

## Finals
### Men's singles

(incomplete roll)
| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 1900 | Edward Roy Allen | Frederick William Payn | 6–2, 6–2. |
| 1901 | Edward Roy Allen (2) | C.M. Bartlett | 6–0, 6–2. |
| 1904 | A.P. Ford | L. West | 6–0, 6–2, 9–7. |
| 1909 | Edward Roy Allen (3) | Harry Alabaster Parker | 6–4, 6–4, 6–4. |
| 1920 | Louis Raymond | Cecil J. Tindell-Green | 6–0, 6–4. |
| 1921 | George S. Fletcher | H.J. Weston | 6–1, 6–3, 6-1. |

### Women's singles

(incomplete roll)
| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 1900 | Helen Cressy Green | Ida Cressy | walkover |
| 1901 | Helen Cressy Green (2) | Ida Cressy | walkover |
| 1902 | Maude Garfit | Miss Cressy | 6–2, 6–3 |
| 1904 | Maude Garfit (2) | Elizabeth Lunt Heatley | 6–7, retd. |
| 1906 | Winifred Longhurst | Elsie Lane | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 1908 | Elizabeth Lunt Heatley | C. Jones | divided prizes |
| 1909 | Winifred Longhurst (2) | Kathleen Clements | 6–2, 6–2 |
| 1915–18 | Not held due to World war I | Not held due to World war I | Not held due to World war I |
| 1920 | Doris Kate Craddock | Mrs J.B. Perrett | 8–6, 8–6 |
| 1921 | Mabel Davy Clayton | Mabel Squire Parton | 10–8, 6–2 |
| 1922 | Mabel Davy Clayton (2) | M.A. Wright | 6–2, 6–3 |
| 1923 | Elizabeth Ryan | Mary Hart McIlquham | 6–1, 6–3 |
| 1924 | Mary Hart McIlquham | Marie Hazel | 5–7, 6–3, 6–2 |
| 1926 | Mrs P. Whitley | Mrs Munro | 8–6, 7–5 |
# Lajos Bencze

Lajos Bencze (14 October 1918 – 28 July 1994) was a Hungarian wrestler. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Hel Peninsula

Hel Peninsula (Polish pronunciation: ; Polish: Mierzeja Helska, Półwysep Helski; Kashubian: Hélskô Sztremlëzna; German: Halbinsel Hela or Putziger Nehrung) is a 35-kilometre-long (22 mi) sand bar peninsula in northern Poland separating the Bay of Puck from the open Baltic Sea. It is located in Puck County of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

## Name

The name of the peninsula might come from either the Old Polish word hyl/hel, meaning "empty or exposed place", or the Germanic word heel, which is derived from the form of the peninsula and the fact that the area was first settled by the Goths, an East Germanic tribe.

## Geography

The width of the peninsula varies from approximately 300 metres (980 ft) near Jurata to 100 metres (330 ft) in the most narrow part to over 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) at the tip. Since the peninsula is formed entirely of sand, it is frequently turned into an island by winter storms. Until the 17th century, the peninsula was a chain of islands that formed a strip of land only in the summer.
A road and a railroad run along the peninsula from the mainland to the town at the furthest point, Hel, a popular tourist destination. Other towns, ports, and tourist resorts are Jurata, Jastarnia, Kuźnica, Chałupy, and Władysławowo.
Bus transport on the peninsula consists of only one route, the 669. The route was originally numbered 666, which played on the biblical number of the beast and the similarity of the name "Hel" to the English word "hell". This raised complaints from Catholic groups which found the numbering blasphemous. The number was changed in 2023.

## Military importance

The Hel Peninsula was part of Prussia and then Germany from 1772 to 1919, during which time it was known by its German name Hela. After the peninsula became part of the Second Polish Republic after World War I, it acquired considerable military significance as part of the Polish Corridor and was turned into a fortified region, with a garrison of about 3,000. In the course of the Battle of Hel in 1939, Polish forces dynamited the peninsula at one point and turned it into an island.
During the years of German occupation of Poland (1939–1945), Hel's defenses were further expanded, and a battery of three 40.6 cm SK C/34 gun was constructed, but the guns were soon moved to the Atlantic Wall in occupied France. Hel peninsula remained in German hands until the end of World War II, when the defending forces surrendered on 14 May 1945, six days after Germany capitulated.
After the war, when the peninsula again became part of Poland, it continued to have military significance, with much of its area reserved for military use. Additional gun batteries were built in the 1940s and the 1950s. Many of the fortifications and batteries are open to tourists today, but some areas of the peninsula still belong to the Polish Armed Forces.

## Gallery

* Hel
* Jastarnia
* Kuźnica
* Chalupy
# Abdul Rahman Orfalli

Abdul Rahman Orfalli was an anti-government organizer during the Syrian revolution, who played a principal role in organizing the original demonstrations in March 2011.
On 20 March 2012, he was reported to have been killed in heavy shelling by the Syrian army in an offensive on Homs.
The Homs Coordination Committee said heavy shelling killed Orfalli, 23.
He had been arrested twice and tortured during a five-month detainment before returning to Homs to lead anti-government violence, the group said.
# Quartz-dolerite

Quartz dolerite or quartz diabase is an intrusive rock similar to dolerite (also called diabase), but with an excess of quartz. Dolerite is similar in composition to basalt, which is volcanic, and gabbro, which is plutonic. The differing crystal sizes are due to the different rate of cooling, basalt cools quickly and has a very fine structure, while gabbro cools very slowly, at great depth, and large crystals develop. Dolerite is intermediate.
Quartz dolerite is very common in central Scotland, in intrusive formations, sills and dykes, and is widely quarried for roadstone. It was used with some success for making millstones at one time, the Millstone Grit part of the carboniferous strata not being present in Scotland, but it is no longer used for this purpose, and would probably be illegal now due to the formation of small quartz and other silicate particles, which could cause the serious respiratory disease silicosis.
In Scotland, quartz dolerite is commonly known as whin or whinstone.
Quartz dolerite contains many cooling fractures and weathers readily, becoming unstable. It is not uncommon for large boulders to break loose, and significant rockfalls are not uncommon. It is regarded as dangerous as far as climbing is concerned.
* This article related to petrology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This geochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Coronation Crown of George IV

The Coronation Crown of George IV was an elaborate coronation crown made specially for George IV, King of the United Kingdom, in 1821.

## Design

At 40 cm (16 in) tall and decorated with 12,314 diamonds, it was said to make him look like a "gorgeous bird of the east". The innovative gold and silver frame, created by Philip Liebart of Rundell, Bridge & Rundell, had been designed to be almost invisible underneath the diamonds. A plan to remove the traditional fleurs-de-lis and introduce the rose, thistle and shamrock, the floral emblems of England, Scotland and Ireland, was abandoned following objections by the College of Heralds. As a general rule, the maintenance caps in British crowns are made of crimson or purple velvet, but this crown differed in having a dark blue cap.

## Fate

Because of the postponement of George IV's coronation owing to the trial of his wife, Queen Caroline, the final bill for the hiring of the stones came to £24,425. After his coronation, the king was reluctant to part with his new crown, and lobbied the government to buy it outright so he could use it for the annual State Opening of Parliament, but it was too expensive and the crown was dismantled in 1823. George purchased a bronze life-sized model of his crown for £38, on which the inscription reads: "Cast of the Rich Imperial Diamond Crown with which His Most Sacred Majesty King George IV was crowned on 19 July 1821".
Emptied of its jewels and discarded by the royal family, the crown was loaned to the Museum of London by the Amherst family from 1933 until 1985. It was purchased by the jewellers Asprey in 1987. Jefri Bolkiah, Prince of Brunei, brother of the Sultan of Brunei, bought Asprey in November 1995 and presented the crown to the United Kingdom, along with the State Crown of George I, Crown of Queen Adelaide, and the Coronation Bible of George III. Earlier that year it had been valued at £376,000 for the purposes of an application to export the crown to the United States. The application was withdrawn during a review by the Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art. It is now part of the Royal Collection. It was on public display in the Martin Tower at the Tower of London from 1996 until 2023, and is now on display in the tower's Jewel House.