OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jutta Pallos-Schönauer

Jutta Pallos-Schönauer (January 12, 1925 – December 4, 2020) was a German-Romanian painter and graphic artist.

## Biography

Pallos-Schönauer studied from 1948 to 1954 at the Academy of Visual Arts "Ioan Andreescu" in Cluj-Napoca under Gabor Miklossy and Imre Nagy. After graduating with distinction, she worked as a lecturer at the Folk Art College of Cluj-Napoca from 1954 to 1956. She then worked as a freelance painter and graphic artist. Jutta Pallos-Schönauer also worked as a book illustrator in Romania.

### Later life

In 1986 she moved to West Germany and initially lived in Karlsruhe. After the death of her husband, she moved to Stuttgart, where her daughter lives.

## Artistic style and legacy

Pallos-Schönauer used a variety of painting techniques in her painting work, which include watercolours, graphic black-and-white techniques, coloured pastel works and oil painting on canvas.
In her works, she reflects on people, landscapes, the architecture and culture of her Transylvanian homeland, reflecting the legacy of a lost cultural landscape. The motifs that appear in her work include an artistic examination of almost all important events in Romanian history and their impact on the culture of the German minority in Romania. From these historical experiences grows a deep connection to her homeland, traditions, and customs, which are expressed through the works of Pallos-Schönauer in expression, color and rhythm. Pallos-Schönauer's work focuses on themes of vulnerability, displacement, and the loss of home and identity, for which there is a sense of hope and solace in her works. Her works range from figurative compositions to architectural paintings. Of particular importance for her artistic work are her drawings and pictures of the cityscapes of Cluj-Napoca, Sighisoara and Sibiu, in which she embarks on a nostalgic search for her homeland in the depiction of old buildings, churches, fortified churches and idyllic alleys. Her pictures, however, are not uncritical reflections, but always pose the "quiet and drilling" question of identity and origin. Jutta Pallos-Schönauer's paintings, viewed as a whole, remain attached to the traditional, realistic style. In them, however, Jutta Pallos-Schönauer created a sustainable synthesis of the subject and technique, without resorting to possible elements of Cubism or Expressionism in terms of composition.
The works of Jutta Pallos-Schönauer have been shown in numerous solo and group exhibitions in Romania, Austria, Hungary, Sweden, Italy, Canada and the USA, among other countries.
In Germany, regional and national retrospective exhibitions of her works took place in Karlsruhe in 1990, in Düsseldorf and Esslingen am Neckar in 2005, and in Stuttgart in 2008, 2015 and 2020.
# Erkki Johansson

Erkki Johansson (27 July 1917 – 7 October 1984) was a Finnish wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle bantamweight at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Three Roads to Quantum Gravity

Three Roads to Quantum Gravity: A New Understanding of Space, Time and the Universe is a non-fiction book by American theoretical physicist Lee Smolin. The book was initially published on May 30, 2001 by Basic Books as a part of the Science Masters series.

## Overview

Smolin discusses three potential approaches by which a unified theory of quantum gravity, arguably the foremost issue in theoretical physics, may be realized. Approaches discussed include string theory, M-theory, and Smolin's preferred approach, loop quantum gravity. Smolin suggests that these approaches may be approximations of a single, underlying theory.

## Reception

   Divide an inch in two. Now divide each half again, and then repeat the division, over and over. Can you go on for ever, or do the laws of physics eventually get in the way? Is the fabric of space infinitely divisible, or is it ultimately made up of "atoms"—tiny chunks of space that can never be split? This question may seem almost unanswerable. But as physicist Lee Smolin writes in Three Roads to Quantum Gravity, some of the newest ideas in physics are pointing to a surprising answer: space and time do indeed appear to be made out of such atoms. In explaining why, he offers a tour by a skilled teacher through some of the boldest and most beautiful ideas of modern science. Smolin has been one of the leading figures in recent efforts to bring together two of the most far-reaching scientific theories of our age.
—The Guardian
# James Fujimoto

James G. Fujimoto is Elihu Thomson Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and a visiting professor of ophthalmology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from MIT in 1981 and 1984 respectively. He has been part of the MIT faculty since 1985 and is currently Elihu Thomson Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT and Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology at Tufts University School of Medicine. He contributed to the invention of optical coherence tomography. In addition to his work on OCT he has also contributed to the development of femtosecond lasers.
Professor Fujimoto was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2001. He is also a fellow of the American Physical Society, the National Academy of Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has published over 400 journal articles.

## Awards and honors

* 2001 Member of the National Academy of Engineering
* 2001 Fellow of the American Physical Society
* 2001 Rank Prize in Optoelectronics [ru]
* 2011 Zeiss Research Award [de]
* 2012 Champalimaud Vision Award
* 2013 SPIE Britton Chance Biomedical Optics Award
* 2014 IEEE Photonics Award
* 2015 Frederic Ives Medal
* 2017 Russ Prize
* 2023 Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
* 2023 National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2023)
* 2024 Honda Prize
# Jeffrey Cummings

Jeffrey Irvine Cummings (born 1962) is an American lawyer from Illinois, who has served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois since 2023. He previously served as a United States magistrate judge of the same court from 2019 to 2023.

## Education

Cummings received a Bachelor of Arts, with high honors, from Michigan State University in 1984. He then received a Juris Doctor from Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, cum laude, in 1987, and was inducted into the Order of the Coif.

## Career

Cummings served as a law clerk for Judge Ann Claire Williams of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois from 1987 to 1989. From 1989 to 2019, he was an associate and ultimately a co-managing partner at Miner, Barnhill & Galland, P.C. in Chicago, Illinois. Cummings served as counsel to Barack Obama from 1996 to his senate election in 2004.
Cummings was sworn in as a magistrate judge on January 29, 2019. He assumed office on February 1, 2019. Cummings is a former board member of Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law.

### Notable cases

In 1995, Cummings, alongside Barack Obama, represented ACORN, a voter registration organization that advocates for low- and moderate-income families in suing the State of Illinois in seeking to have it comply with the National Voter Registration Act of 1993.
In 2009, Cummings secured a $630,000 settlement for a class of black workers with Area Erectors, Inc., who alleged termination based on race.

### Notable rulings

As a magistrate judge in 2020, Cummings ruled that Illinois Governor J. B. Pritzker would not be required to sit for a deposition as part of a discrimination case against his 2018 campaign.
In 2021, Cummings ordered the pretrial release of Jim Bob Elliott, a member of the group the Proud Boys, who was arrested for his participation of the January 6 United States Capitol attack.

### Federal judicial service

In December 2021, Cummings was recommended to the president by Illinois Senators Dick Durbin and Tammy Duckworth. On January 18, 2023, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Cummings to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. On January 31, 2023, his nomination was sent to the Senate. President Biden nominated Cummings to a new seat. On February 15, 2023, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. On April 20, 2023, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 12–9 vote. On September 12, 2023, the United States Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a 51–44 vote. Later that day, his nomination was confirmed by a 50–45 vote. He received his judicial commission on October 10, 2023. He was sworn in on October 26, 2023.
# Jill Hruby

Jill M. Hruby is an American mechanical engineer and government official. From 2021 to 2025, Hruby served as Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security and Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration, a post subject to Senate confirmation. Jill Hruby made history as the first woman to ever head a U.S. nuclear weapons lab, serving as director of Sandia National Laboratories from 2015 to 2017.

## Early life and education

Jill M. Hruby was born in 1959 in Defiance, Ohio. She is a native of Ann Arbor, Michigan. Hruby earned her bachelor's degree from Purdue University College of Engineering and her master's degree from the UC Berkeley College of Engineering, both in mechanical engineering.

## Career

Hruby joined Sandia National Laboratories as a member of the technical staff in 1983 and retired as the director in 2017. At Sandia, Hruby held roles of increasing management responsibilities with experiences in nuclear weapons systems and component design, nuclear non-proliferation, defense and homeland security technologies and systems, renewable energy, materials science, engineering sciences, and microsystems technology. She was the first woman to lead a national security lab. Since her retirement, she served as the inaugural Sam Nunn Distinguished Fellow at the Nuclear Threat Initiative from 2018 to 2019.
On April 14, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Hruby to be the Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security and Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration. The nomination has been endorsed by Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm. On April 22, 2021, her nomination was sent to the Senate. On June 16, 2021, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Armed Services Committee. On June 10, 2021, her nomination was reported out of committee. On July 22, 2021, her nomination was confirmed by a vote of 79–16. She was sworn in on July 26, 2021.

## Professional memberships and awards

Hruby has been a member of the Defense Science Board, the National Nuclear Security Administration Defense Programs Advisory Committee, and the National Academy of Science Committee for International Security and Arms Control.
In 2016, she received the Suzanne Jenniches Upward Mobility Award from the Society of Women Engineers. In 2017, Business Insider named her the second most powerful female engineer. She has received the Department of Energy Secretary's Exceptional Service Award, the National Nuclear Security Administrator's Distinguished Service Gold Award, and Office of the Secretary of Defense Medal for Exceptional Public Service.
On May 13, 2022, Hruby was awarded an honorary doctorate of engineering by her undergraduate alma mater, Purdue University.
Hruby was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2022.
On May 5, 2023, Hruby was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science by Michigan State University for her notable career in engineering and science, leadership in nuclear security and dedication to the development and enhancement of national security.
# John Wesley Snyder House

John Wesley Snyder House is a historic home located near Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina. It was completed about 1922, and is a large two-story, three-bay, American Craftsman style granite dwelling. It features a low hipped roof pierced by three low hipped dormers, widely overhanging eaves, carved rafter ends, and projecting entrance bay supported by a pair of large, curved, wood brackets. It has a Colonial Revival / Craftsman interior. Construction materials were sourced from local quarries and forests. Also on the property are the contributing two-story granite carriage house/apartment (c.1922), granite smokehouse (c.1940), frame barn (c.1922), and frame pack house (c.1950).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.
# Frederick Poland

Frederick William Poland (10 October 1858 – ?1940) was an English clergyman and a cricketer who played in one first-class cricket match for Cambridge University in 1881. He was born at Shepherd's Bush, London. His death is less certain; in one source, he was living in 1940, the year of his apparent death, at Town of Mount Royal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, though the exact date and circumstances of death are not known. In the record of his parish at Mount Royal, however, his death is given as 1937, again with no detail (and the church has his birth-year wrong, claiming he was born in 1859).
The fourth son of the Rev. Frederick Poland, a Church of England clergyman who was vicar of Paignton, Devon from 1861 to 1891, Poland was educated at a private school called Newton College in Devon and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He played cricket for club and amateur teams in Devon, and also played in a trial match at Cambridge University in 1881, when he batted low down in a line-up of 16 batsmen against the preferred university first team, and scored 31 and 13. A right-handed batsman and a wicketkeeper, he was picked for only one first-class game, the match against the "Gentlemen of England" amateur team, and made an unbeaten four in his only innings; he also made two catches and three stumpings as wicketkeeper. He was not picked again in first-class cricket, but he continued to play in less important games, including matches for Devon and Hertfordshire, and some of his Hertfordshire games from the mid-1890s were in the Minor Counties competition.
Poland graduated from Cambridge University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1882. Like his father, he became a Church of England clergyman, and he was curate at Stevenage, Hertfordshire, from 1884 to 1892. From 1904, he was based in North America and from 1912 until his retirement in 1933 he was a priest at churches in Montreal.
# Yuki Hasegawa (wheelchair rugby)

Yuki Hasegawa (長谷川 勇基, Hasegawa Yuki, born October 5, 1992 in Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan) is a Japanese wheelchair rugby player who currently plays for Société Générale Securities and the Japanese national team.

## Background and career

Hasegawa graduated from Hiroshima Water Polo Club and Hiroshima Johoku Junior and Senior High School. He joined the team in the fifth grade of elementary school and participated in the national tournament in his third year of junior high school. In his third year of high school, he fell and injured his spine, leaving him with disabilities in both his hands and legs. He began playing wheelchair rugby at the age of 20.
In 2021, Hasegawa was selected as a recommended player for the Japanese national team for the 2020 Summer Paralympics and won a bronze medal.
# Zabreznica

Zabreznica (pronounced; German: Sabresnitz) is one of ten villages in the Municipality of Žirovnica in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.
It is the location of Žirovnica Primary School, which serves the primary education needs of all the villages in the municipality. Above the village, on the Reber Ridge, a church dedicated to St. Lawrence was rebuilt in the 1990s on the foundations of a Romanesque church that was demolished in 1821. It is decorated with work by the contemporary Slovene artists Janez Bernik and Andrej Jemec.
# John Street House

The John Street House is a historic home in Salem, Ohio. It was a stop on the Underground Railroad.

## History and role in abolitionism

Salem, Ohio, was a major nexus of corridors along the Underground Railroad. In the city itself, there were at least six stops, primarily in the southern half, located closest to the actual railroad lines. The John Street House is one of the northernmost stops in Salem.
Built in 1838, the building was initially constructed as the residence of John Street, a son of the city's co-founder, Zadok Street. The Street family were Quakers and active in the Western Anti-slavery Society, an abolitionist organization then headquartered in Salem. Interested in aiding fleeing slaves, the Streets altered their residence after its initial construction, and provided food and clandestine lodging in several hiding spaces throughout the house. In a windowless basement, fugitive slaves would sleep during the day and travel to another "station" on the Railroad by night. This location was connected by a tunnel built under what is now Ellsworth Avenue to the house across the street. The famous abolitionist John Brown was a frequent guest at the house.

## Current status

The John Street House is a private residence, and is not open to the public.
The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance.
# John T. Cyphers House

The John T. Cyphers House is a historic house in Lakeland, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1858 using an early form of concrete poured around undressed rock. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 for having state-level significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated as a rare Minnesota example of Northern European-style masonry, particularly unusual in a logging region with plentiful lumber.

## Construction

Early Lakeland settler John T. Cyphers read an article in an 1855 edition of the St. Paul Pioneer Press suggesting a concrete mixture as a building material. This mixture, known at the time as "grout", comprised lime, sand, mud, and gravel. In 1858 Cyphers began constructing a house for himself using this method. He formed the core of the walls with small, undressed boulders. He outlined the two-foot-thick walls with wooden frames and poured in the grout. The principle walls were all built this way, but above the first story the gables, roof, and dormers are all wood.

## Description

The John T. Cyphers House is a small, one-story cottage with a lower wing projecting from the rear. The main entrance is centered on the long west façade, flanked symmetrically by a pair of windows on either side. Directly above the windows are two dormers projecting from the roof, mirrored by another two dormers facing the rear. The house is largely plain, but there are Gothic Revival decorations in an arch above the door, arched windows on the gable ends, and rusticated wooden trim. Much of this trim is covered up by modern roofing material, and the carved bargeboards are gone. A 20th-century owner recoated the outer walls to prevent spalling of the original grout.
# John T. and Mary M. Doneghy House

John T. and Mary M. Doneghy House, also known as the Doneghy-Surbeck-Green House, is a historic home located at La Plata, Macon County, Missouri. It was built about 1895, and is a 2+1⁄2-story, Queen Anne style frame dwelling. It has an irregular plan, steep hipped roof with lower cross gables, and a one-story wraparound porch with centered turret and second story balcony.$^{:2}$
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
# John Taylor Snite House

The John Taylor Snite House is an architecturally-significant house in Highland Park, Illinois, United States. It was built for John Taylor Snite, a prominent businessman and sailor.

## History

The Snite house was built in Braeside, one of the last areas on the east side of Highland Park, Illinois to be developed. The land had been in the possession of early settlers and wasn't sold for development until the 1920s. Baird & Warner was commissioned to subdivide the property that had belonged to Charles H. Deere (son of John Deere) in 1924. The Deere Park Subdivision was created that year with strict guidelines on what kinds of residences could be built.
John Taylor and Katherine Snite purchased Lot 25 in Deere Park on January 6, 1936. Snite was the son of the founder of the Imperial Credit Corporation of Chicago. Snite would serve as Chief Financial Officer and president of the company. Snite was an avid sailor and wanted a house with a "ship room" to hold his yacht, The Bagheera, and his sailing trophies. The ship, designed by John Alden, sailed in the Bermuda Race and twice won the Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac (1929 and 1932). Snite served as a sailing instructor at nearby Naval Station Great Lakes during World War II.
The house was designed by Jerome Cerny, who designed over 700 houses over his thirty-five year career. A protégé of David Adler, Cerny specialized in country houses. The Snite house was one of Cerny's first to incorporate modern design aesthetics. The house is predominantly châteauesque but includes some Art Deco and Streamline Moderne elements. The Architectural Record praised the house in 1940 for this transitional character.
Snite sold the house in 1947 and moved to Wilmette and Winnetka, Illinois. They then retired to La Jolla, California in 1972. The Harris family purchased the Deere Park house in 1947. R. Niesen Harris was an executive at a chemical products company and was a prominent socialite, entertaining Doris Day, Cary Grant, Louis Armstrong, and Debbie Reynolds at the house. The Harris family extended the property in 1956 and made some minor additions, including a fallout shelter. The house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 2003. The Bagheera, now in Portland, Maine, was similarly recognized on November 4, 2009.
# John Uri Lloyd House

John Uri Lloyd House is a registered historic building in Cincinnati, Ohio, listed in the National Register on March 7, 1973. Lloyd was an American pharmacist who was a leader in the eclectic medicine movement and influential in the development of pharmacognosy, ethnobotany, economic botany, and herbalism. In 1886, he and his two brothers, also chemists, established a pharmacology business together, named Lloyd Brothers, Pharmacists, Inc. It operated until after the senior Lloyd's death, when it was bought in 1938 by S.B. Penick.
From their earnings, in 1919 the brothers established a trust fund for the Lloyd Library and Museum, originally based on John Lloyd's personal collection related to medical botany, eclectic medicine and pharmacy. It is also located in Cincinnati.
Lloyd purchased the house in 1909 from Cincinnati coal magnate Solomon P. Kineon, who lived there from 1885 to 1908. It had been built for Kineon in 1879, designed by architect James W. McLaughlin. The Richardsonian Romanesque design features broken range Ashler masonry, a ten-windowed turret, and a Diocletian window.
After Lloyd's death, the house passed to Walter and Margie Preston in 1938. In 1957 the house was purchased by its next owners, John and Billye Bierhorst, and in the 1960s sold to their son-in-law, Monroe Sher and daughter, Ellen Bierhorst (Sher), who is responsible for the historic register listing and naming the house after John Uri Lloyd.

## Historic uses

The Lloyd House has had several uses. In addition to being used as a single dwelling by each of the owners, both Margie Preston and Ellen Bierhorst rented rooms in the house at different points in time. The house has more recently been used as a healing center featuring Dr. Bierhorst's private practice. In the early 1960s and late 1970s, the Lloyd House was also the headquarters of The Independent Eye, an underground newspaper.