OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Giuseppe Torelli

Giuseppe Torelli (22 April 1658 Verona – 8 February 1709) was an Italian violinist, teacher and composer of the middle Baroque era.
Brother of the painter Felice Torelli, he is most remembered for contributing to the development of the concerto, especially the solo concerto, and for his music for string instruments and trumpet.

## Life

Torelli was born in Verona. It is not known with whom he studied violin, although it has been speculated that he was a pupil of Leonardo Brugnoli or Bartolomeo Laurenti, but it is certain that he studied composition with Giacomo Antonio Perti. On 27 June 1684, at the age of 26, he became a member of the Accademia Filarmonica as suonatore di violino. He was employed as a viola player at the San Petronio basilica beginning in 1686, where he stayed until 1695. or January 1696. when the orchestra was discontinued because of financial constraints. On 1687 Giuseppe Corsi da Celano played Torelli's music, from Op. 3, in Parma at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata. By 1698 he was maestro di concerto at the court of Georg Friedrich II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, where he conducted the orchestra for Le pazzie d'amore e dell'interesse, an idea drammatica composed by the maestro di cappella, and the castrato Francesco Antonio Pistocchi, before leaving for Vienna in December 1699. He returned to Bologna sometime before February 1701, when he is listed as a violinist in the newly re-formed cappella musicale at San Petronio, directed by his former composition teacher Perti.
He died at age 50 on 8 February 1709 in Bologna, where his manuscripts are conserved in the San Petronio archives.
Giuseppe's brother, Felice Torelli, was a Bolognese painter of modest reputation, who went on to be a founding member of the Accademia Clementina. The most notable amongst Giuseppe's many pupils was Francesco Manfredini.

## Selected works

* 10 Sonate a 3, with basso continuo, Op. 1 (1686).
* 12 Concerto da camera, for 2 violins and basso continuo, Op. 2 (1686).
* 12 Sinfonie, for 2–4 instruments, Op. 3 (1687).
* 12 Concertino per camera for violin and cello, Op. 4 (1688).
* 12 Sinfonie a 3 e concerti a 4, Op. 5 (1692).
* 12 Concerti musicali a quattro, Op. 6 (1698).
* 12 Concerti grossi con una pastorale per il Santissimo Natale, Op. 8 (1709).
* More than 30 concertos for 1 to 4 trumpets, including a Sinfonia à 4, composed after 1702. and unpublished during his lifetime, which is a concerto for four trumpets, with an orchestra requiring a minimum of four oboes, two bassoons, trombone, timpani, four violins, two violas, four cellos, two double basses, and continuo.

## Selected recordings

* Cantata "Lumi dolenti lumi" on Agitata Delphine Galou, Accademia Bizantina, Ottavio Dantone, Alpha. 2017
# Vibha Dadheech

Vibha Dadheech (born 12 March 1954) is an Indian classical dancer in the Kathak dance form. She began learning Kathak from Raigarh Court dancer Pt. Firtu Maharaj, and later in Guru Shishya Parampara from Pt. Shambhu Maharaj as a ganda bandh shagird, living and learning at her guru’s home. She is also the senior-most disciple and wife of Puru Dadheech. Together they founded the Natavari Kathak Nritya Academy, Indore. Currently, Vibha Dadheech is serving as Professor Emeritus at world’s first dedicated Kathak Research centre at the Sri Sri University, The Sri Sri Centre for Advanced Research in Kathak.
Vibha graduated in 1988 with a doctorate PhD in Kathak from Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya Khairagarh. Her topic for research was Dance Hand Gestures - Bharatiya Nritya ki Varnamala: Hast Mudrayen. Which include more than 1100 hand gestures with their definitions from approximately 23 shastra granthas. It also happens to be one of the most awarded research and is also a published book by the same name.
Dadheech has been felicitated with India’s highest award to a performing artist, the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and Madhya Pradesh's highest Civilian Award The Shikhar Samman.
She was awarded the Senior Fellowship from the Ministry of Culture, Govt. Of India in Kathak for years 2011–12.
She is an author and published her research book Bharatiya Nritya ki Varnamala: Hast Mudrayen (ABC of Indian Dance Gestures) in Hindi language. Hardcover - 2003 ISBN 978-8190105712 Her book has also been prescribed for the Bachelor level of Dance syllabus at University of Indore, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh.
Vibha has received the Life-time Achievement Award 2015 at the 25th Gopi Krishna Mahotsav, Mumbai for serving Kathak for over 50 years. She collaborated with 40 other artists to create Kala Arpan that was launched by Sri Ravi Shankar.

## Family

Vibha was born to noted Gandhian freedom fighter Shri Bhramarji Gupta and Purna Gupta at Bilaspur (then Madhya Pradesh). She is the youngest of four siblings and is married to the Kathak dancer and educationist Puru Dadheech. She has two sons and a daughter.

## Education

* Doctorate in Kathak 1988 from Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya Khairagarh
* Kathak under Guru Shishya Parampara from Pt. Firtu Maharaj and Pt. Shambhu Maharaj

## Awards

* Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Akademi Puraskar for 2021 (SNA)
* Shikhar Samman 2018 - Madhya Pradesh's highest civilian award (for excellence in Kathak dance)
* Senior Fellowship 2011 by Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India
* Lifetime Achievement Award 2015 for serving Kathak for over 50 years, at 25th Gopi Krishna Mahotsav

## Books

* BHARTIYA NRITYA KI VARNMAALA HAST MUDRAYEN (The ABC of Indian Dance Hand Gestures) ISBN 978-8190105712
* NRITYA NIBANDH, Bindu Prakashan 2009 ISBN 81-901057-6-0
* GAT NIKAS - KATHAK NRITYA KA APARIHARYA ANG, Bindu Prakashan. Researched under Senior Fellowship by Ministry of Culture (India), 2019.
# Notes from a Small Island

Notes from a Small Island is a humorous travel book on Great Britain by American author Bill Bryson, first published in 1995.

## Overview

Bryson wrote Notes from a Small Island when he decided to move back to his native United States, but wanted to take one final trip around Great Britain, which had been his home for over twenty years. Bryson covers all corners of the island, observing and talking to people from as far afield as Exeter in the West Country to John o' Groats at the north-eastern tip of Scotland's mainland. During this trip he insisted on using only public transport, but failed on two occasions: in Oxfordshire and on the journey to John o' Groats he had to rent a car. He also re-visits Virginia Water where he worked at the Holloway Sanatorium when he first came to Britain in 1973. (He met his future wife while employed at Holloway.)
On his way, Bryson provides historical information on the places he visits, and expresses amazement at the heritage in Britain, stating that there were 445,000 listed historical buildings, 12,000 medieval churches, 1,500,000 acres (610,000 ha) of common land, 120,000 miles (190,000 km) of footpaths and public rights-of-way, 600,000 known sites of archaeological interest and that in his Yorkshire village at that time, there were more 17th century buildings than in the whole of North America.
Bryson also pays homage to the humble self-effacing fortitude of British people under trying times, such as the world wars and Great Depression, as well as the various peculiarities of Britain and British English (such as not understanding, on his first arrival, what a counterpane was, and assuming it was something to do with a window. It is a British English word that means quilt.) Bryson also recalls first going into an English tobacconist's and hearing the man in front of him ask for "Twenty Number 6", and assuming that everything in Britain was ordered by number. (A popular brand at the time was Players No. 6, and in British English it is usual to ask for 'twenty' (cigarettes), meaning a packet of them.)

## Reception

In an opinion poll organised for World Book Day in 2003, Notes from a Small Island was voted by BBC Radio 4 listeners as the book which best represented England.
The book was adapted for Carlton Television in 1998 and appeared as a six-part 30-minute documentary broadcast on ITV from 10 January to 14 February 1999. The book is also available in audio book format.
Heavily abridged, the book was read in five fifteen-minute episodes by Kerry Shale for BBC Radio 4. It has been repeated on BBC Radio 4 Extra several times.
Bryson praises the city of Durham in the book. He later became Chancellor of Durham University from 2005 to 2011.
The title of Briton Neil Humphreys' book Notes from an Even Smaller Island (written on his experiences in the former Crown Colony of Singapore) is a reference to Bryson's book, Humphreys stating in 2012, "When I read Bill Bryson's travel books, I was inspired to do something similar in Asia (some might say rip him off! Luckily, Bill Bryson doesn't say that!)".
# Raduša shootout

The Macedonian police forces had a shootout with an armed group near the village of Raduša, Macedonia (now North Macedonia), close to the Kosovo border, which was smuggling weapons. The Macedonian police recovered a large quantity of weapons and NLA uniforms in their vehicle.

## Background

The village of Raduša during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia was the site of the Battle of Raduša between the Macedonian security forces and the National Liberation Army (NLA). The NLA was disarmed and disbanded after the conflict. The town is located on a road that guards the water supply for the city of Skopje and the Kosovo border.
Weeks before the Macedonian police forces found several bunkers on the Kosovo border filled with weapons and ammunition including heavy weapons such as machine guns, RPGs, anti-tank mines, explosives and detonators, one bunker was found in the village of Blace, where Macedonian police was also fired upon by several men. It is unclear if there is a connection between the two events.

## Police action

The shootout occurred at 2 am on 11 May when members of a Macedonian special police unit were fired upon by the group after they refused to stop at the request of the police. The armed men were operating a white van, smuggling weapons and explosives to Kosovo. None of the police officers were killed or wounded. The Macedonian security forces found large quantities of weapons and explosives at the sight both old and new models, including TNT explosives, anti-tank mines, mortar rounds, grenades and uniforms and emblems of the NLA.

## Aftermath

Three of the men were identified as local Albanians, including Harun Aliu, while one was a citizen from Kosovo and all of them were said by the police to have been previously involved in illegal activities. Aliu was the leader of the group, a commander of the NLA during the conflict and was sentenced in absentia to life in prison for killing a police officer in 2008 in Skopje. Albanian politicians from Macedonia refused to comment on the incident. US Ambassador to Macedonia Philip Reeker expressed his support for the police action and defined the armed group as armed criminals who planned acts of violence against the citizens of Macedonia.
# Einar Lurås Oftebro

Einar Christian Lurås Oftebro (born 6 August 1998) is a Norwegian Nordic combined skier.
Oftebro competed at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival and the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics. He competed in three events at both the 2016, 2017 and 2018 Junior World Championships. At the latter he took the silver medal in the 10 kilometres event and won a bronze medal in the relay.
He made his Continental Cup debut in January 2016 in Høydalsmo, then broke the top 30-barrier in December 2016 (Klingenthal, 26th), the top-20 barrier in January 2017 (Høydalsmo, 20th) and the top-10 barrier in January 2018 (Rena, 7th). He then made his World Cup debut in March 2018 with a 40th place in Lahti.
He represents the sports club IL Jardar. He is an older brother of Jens Lurås Oftebro.
# Rosebush

Rosebush may refer to:
* The rose plant
* Rosebush, Pembrokeshire, Wales
* Rosebush, Michigan, United States
* Rosebush (ship), a ship of the English Navy in the 1660s
# LEARN Journal

The LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network is a bi-annual, peer-reviewed academic journal focused on the field of applied linguistics, particularly the study and learning of English. The journal was established in 2013 and is published by the Language Institute at Thammasat University.

## History

In its current form, the Journal was previously published as the Language Institute Journal beginning in 2003. In 2013, the Journal changed its name to the Language Education and Acquisition Research Network (LEARN) Journal.

## Reputation

LEARN Journal is one of two Scopus-indexed journals that focus on language studies in Thailand.

## Accessibility

The journal publishes all material in open access format.
# Heino von Rantzau

Heino von Rantzau (8 March 1894 – 2 November 1946) was a highly decorated Generalleutnant in the Luftwaffe during World War II. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Heino von Rantzau was captured by American troops in April 1945, and died in captivity on 2 November 1946.

## Awards and decorations

* Iron Cross (1914)
** 2nd Class
** 1st Class
* Wound Badge (1914)
** in Black
* Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg
* Military Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd class (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
* Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918
* Iron Cross (1939)
** 2nd Class (17 May 1940)
** 1st Class (28 July 1940)
* Eastern Front Medal
* Anti-Aircraft Flak Battle Badge
* German Cross in Gold (24 December 1942)
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 August 1943 as Generalleutnant and commander of 2. Flak-Division (mot.)
# Amba language (Solomon Islands)

Amba (also known as Aba, Nembao or Nebao) is the main language spoken on the island of Utupua, in the easternmost province of the Solomon Islands.

## Name

The speaker population calls their own language (with prenasalised). This name may be rendered Amba or Aba depending on spelling conventions, which have not been fixed yet for these languages.
Speakers of neighbouring Asumboa designate the Amba language as. This form, which may be spelled Nembao or Nebao, has sometimes been used by foreigners as another name for the Amba language.
# Framwellgate Moor

Framwellgate Moor is a village and civil parish in County Durham, England. It is situated to the north of Durham, and is adjacent to Pity Me and Newton Hall. It had a population of 5,404 in the 2011 Census. With a slight increase to 6,112 in a 2018 local report.
It is the location of New College Durham, the major further education establishment of the city. In addition, it is the location of Framwellgate School Durham which is a large and successful comprehensive school, science college and sixth form centre. The civil parish is based on the village of Framwellgate Moor and also includes neighbouring Pity Me and Brasside.

## Etymology and name

The name Framwellgate means "road to the vigorous spring/stream", and is derived from the Old English elements fram ("vigorous, strong") + wella ("a well") + the Old Norse gata ("a road").

## Governance

An electoral ward with the same name exists. This ward includes Witton Gilbert and surrounding areas with a total population taken at the 2011 Census of 11,100.

## Climate

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).
# 1957 Paris summit

The 1957 Paris summit was the first NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time. The formal sessions and informal meetings in Paris, France took place on 16–19 December 1957. This was only the second meeting of the NATO heads of state following the ceremonial signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949.

## Background

At the time of the 1957 summit, NATO countries were at what The New York Times and others labeled as a crucial "crossroads" in their relationship. The summit was designed as "a reconsideration of the relationship of the strategy for the defense of Western Europe", particularly in light of fading US nuclear superiority with regard to the Soviet Union. The summit was considered to be the main American diplomatic response to the Russian launch of the orbiting Sputnik satellite.
The unanimous agreement in principle to deploy intermediate range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) in Europe was counterbalanced by the decision to emphasize diplomatic negotiations with the Soviets. The ratification of this two-pronged strategy was one of the summit's accomplishments. British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was the leader of those pushing for a "dual-track" approach in dealing with threats to international stability. He argued in favor of two separate, but parallel agendas—one military and the other political.
The summit discussions resulted in a dilution of the defiant posture the Americans had argued for NATO to adopt.

## Agenda

The general discussions focused on the need for cooperation in order to mitigate conflict in international policies and in order to further encourage economic collaboration, including:
* Reaffirming of the principle purposes;
* Confirming the unity of the Atlantic Alliance;
* Improving the coordination and organization of NATO forces;
* Improving the coordination and organization of political consultations; and
* Recognizing the need for closer economic ties;
* Location of tactical nuclear weapons in member states as well as nuclear-free zones.
# Brazilian research ship Almirante Saldanha

Almirante Saldanha (H22) is a Brazilian Navy ice-strengthened oceanographic research ship under construction by the Brazilian shipyard Jurong Aracruz. The vessel will replace the aging Ary Rongel (H44) as the main ship of the Brazilian Antarctic Program. The launching of the ship is planned for 2025.
# Governor of Vermont

The governor of Vermont is the head of government of the U.S. state of Vermont. The officeholder is elected in even-numbered years by direct voting for a term of two years. Vermont and bordering New Hampshire are the only states to hold gubernatorial elections every two years, instead of every four as in the other 48 U.S. states.
There is no limit on the number of terms a Vermont governor can serve. If no candidate receives at least 50% plus one vote of all votes for governor cast in the election, the governor of Vermont is then elected by the state legislature. The incumbent Vermont governor is Republican Phil Scott. He was sworn in on January 5, 2017, becoming Vermont's 82nd governor.

## Function

The governor's working offices are located in The Pavilion in the state capital of Montpelier, Vermont. The Governor's ceremonial office, used during the legislative session of the General Assembly, is located in the Vermont State House, also in Montpelier.
The Constitution of Vermont details the powers of the governor:
* To commission or appoint all officers ("except where provision is, or shall be, otherwise made by law or this Frame of Government")
* To fill all vacancies in office until the office can be filled in the manner directed by state constitution or by state law
* To correspond with other States
* To "transact business with officers of government, civil and military"
* To "prepare such business as may appear necessary, to lay before the General Assembly.
* To grant pardons and remit fines, except for cases of treason, in which the governor may only grant reprieves until the end of the next session of the General Assembly, and for cases of impeachment, in which the governor cannot grant either reprieves or pardons
* To "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" and "expedite the execution of such measures as may be resolved upon by the General Assembly"
* To "draw upon the Treasury for such sums as may be appropriated by the General Assembly"
* To "lay embargoes, or prohibit the exportation of any commodity" for up to 30 days during a recess of the General Assembly
* To "grant such licenses as shall be directed by law"
* To call special sessions of the General Assembly when necessary
* To be the "Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief" of the "forces of the State" (the Vermont State Guard and Vermont National Guard), although the governor cannot "command in person, in time of war, or insurrection, unless by the advice and consent of the Senate, and no longer than they shall approve thereof"
The lieutenant governor of Vermont is elected separately from the governor. If the incumbent governor dies, resigns or is removed from office via impeachment, then the lieutenant governor becomes governor. The lieutenant governor is also the lieutenant general "forces of the State".
# 1982 Demos

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
The Complete 1982 Demos is an unreleased set of demo tracks intended for a follow-up album to Black Flag's debut album Damaged (1981).
The tracks recorded show the band moving in a riff-driven, heavy metal-inflected direction, away from the pure hardcore punk of the first album. Due to legal issues, the album was never recorded, though most of the tracks were re-recorded for later albums. Though never officially released, the recordings have been widely bootlegged.
A version of the album called "The Complete 1982 Demos Plus More!" exists, which includes a separate bootleg named "1984 Radio Tokyo Demos". These were recorded live on radio in 1984, as the name would suggest. The original Tokyo bootleg consisted of 5 songs, along with an interview, an intro and an outro, bringing the total to 8 songs. However only "I Love You", "My War", "The Swinging Man" and the interview were included on the re-release of the 1982 demos.

## History

Following their debut album Damaged (1981), Black Flag underwent several personnel shifts and debuted a number of songs in their live shows. In contrast to the straightforward hardcore punk of the debut, the new songs tended toward being slower in tempo with pronounced metal elements and included funk and jazz touches. The band found themselves locked in a protracted legal battle with Unicorn Records, a subsidiary of MCA Records, who had distributed Damaged. A legal injunction prevented Black Flag from recording under their name, severely cutting into the band members' income.
Drummer Chuck Biscuits, tired of the group's legal battles, left in the winter of 1982 amid personal clashes and creative disagreements. He was followed by guitarist Dez Cadena, who left in 1983 to form the band DC3.
The recordings have never been officially released, but have been widely bootlegged. Patrick Kennedy of AllMusic described this edition of Black Flag as "possibly their strongest lineup" and the demos as "the most visceral and brutal set of Black Flag recordings available".

## Recording

The band recorded demos of ten songs at the studio Total Access. Recording and mixing took one night.

## Personnel

The lineup for the recordings never played together on an official album.
* Henry Rollins – vocals
* Greg Ginn – lead guitar, rhythm guitar on "What Can You Believe?" and "Yes, I Know", 1st guitar solo on "Slip It In"
* Dez Cadena – rhythm guitar, lead guitar on "What Can You Believe?" and "Yes, I Know", 2nd guitar solo on "Slip It In"
* Chuck Dukowski – bass
* Chuck Biscuits – drums