OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Abel Maxwell

Abel Maxwell is a singer-songwriter, author, and artist born in Dakar, Senegal that grew up in Europe and is now residing in Toronto. Abel's work has received the recognition from the International Association of Parliamentarians of La Francophonie (APF) - Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie, which awarded him the prestigious medal of the Ordre de la Pléiade.He has made significant contributions to the arts, education, and community development in Canada. Maxwell's work empowers others by sharing his experiences and fostering resilience and hope. He is on the distinguished list of the top 25 Canadian Immigrant Award winners for 2024.On March 20, 2024, the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario Edith Dumont, officially bestowed this honor on him, highlighting his significant impact on Canadian society and beyond..In 2025, Abel Maxwell signs a distribution deal with Universal Music Africa.

## Biography

Abel Maxwell was born to parents of Togolese descent. From an early age, he was interested in music. At the age of seven, he joined the conservatory to learn the piano.
In 2003, he founded a gospel choir in Lyon, France.
In 2008, he released his first album, Abel Maxwell under the French record Alter Ego Music .
In 2015, his second album, Interludes, was released. In the following year, he released another music album, named Rupture, both under the Canadian record label BODB Entertainment .
In February 2020, he released his fourth album, Contradictions and presented it for the 1st time at The Alliance française de Toronto to a crowd of media personalities and influential leaders of the GTA, the Greater Toronto Area.
In February 2023, he released his fifth album “5 Roses” at the Université de l’Ontario français in front of people of influence, notable media professionals covering local and international news residing in Ontario, New Brunswick and West Africa.

## Discography
### Albums

* Abel Maxwell (2008)
* Interludes (2015)
* Rupture (2016)
* Contradictions (2020)
* 5 Roses (2023)
# 1939 South Ayrshire by-election

The 1939 South Ayrshire by-election was a parliamentary by-election held in the United Kingdom on 20 April 1939 to elect a Member of Parliament (MP) for the House of Commons constituency of South Ayrshire in Scotland.

## Previous MP

The by-election was triggered by the death of incumbent Labour MP James Brown. Brown had served as MP from the 1918 general election to his defeat in the Conservative and Unionist-backed National Government landslide in 1931, before being reelected in the 1935 general election and serving until his death. Brown had been a prominent backbencher, being appointed to the Privy Council in 1930 and thrice serving as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1924, 1930 and 1931. He was formerly a miner and one-time Secretary of both the Ayrshire Miners' Union and its Scotland-wide affiliate, the National Union of Scottish Mineworkers.

## Previous result

General election, 14 November 1935 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | James Brown | 18,190 | 57.61 | |
| | Unionist | James MacAndrew | 13,396 | 42.39 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 4,804 | 15.22 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 31,576 | 78.03 | |
| | Labour gain from Unionist | Labour gain from Unionist | Swing | | |

## Candidates

The Labour Party candidate was Alexander Sloan, known as Sandy Sloan. Like James Brown, he was a local miner and had been Secretary of both the Ayrshire Miners' Union and the National Union of Scottish Mineworkers.

## Result

The Labour Party held the seat.
By-election 1939: Ayrshire South :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | Alexander Sloan | 17,908 | 57.97 | +0.36 |
| | Unionist | Catherine Gavin | 12,986 | 42.03 | −0.36 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 4,922 | 15.94 | +0.72 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 30,894 | | |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | Swing | | |

## Aftermath

In the 1945 general election, the result was:
General election, 5 July 1945 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | Alexander Sloan | 21,235 | 61.3 | +3.7 |
| | Unionist | Robert Mathew | 13,382 | 38.7 | −3.7 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 7,853 | 22.6 | +7.5 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 34,617 | 75.2 | −2.8 |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | Swing | | |
# Vic Wild

Victor Ivan "Vic" Wild (Russian: Виктор Айван Уайлд; born August 23, 1986) is an American-born Russian snowboarder.

## Career

Wild won a bronze medal in the parallel giant slalom at the 2013 FIS Snowboarding World Championships and gold medals in the parallel slalom and parallel giant slalom at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, which made him the first snowboarder ever to win two medals at the same Winter Games. At the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, he won a bronze medal in parallel giant.
Wild originally competed for the United States, but after the 2010 Winter Olympics, the United States Ski and Snowboard Association shut down its alpine snowboarding program. According to a 2014 story by Jeff Passan of Yahoo! Sports, Wild had been viewed by US snowboarding officials "as an enfant terrible, someone who didn't understand alpine's place in the [USA] snowboarding power structure. Halfpipe is king, with slopestyle creeping up in importance, and snowboardcross racing third." One of Wild's former coaches indicated that before its closure, the alpine snowboarding program had a budget of $135,000, a fraction of the funding needed for an internationally competitive team. This is mainly caused by the fact that the United States remains the only country in the world not to fund its Olympic Committee, which is why available funding is limited.
Wild opted to leave the country after he married Russian snowboarder Alena Zavarzina in 2011. He then applied for Russian citizenship. After winning gold for Russia at the Sochi Olympics, Wild commented, "Russia is a country that made it possible for me to win. Had I stayed in the US, I'd probably be still sitting at home, doing some ordinary job, doing something banal and not interesting. I always wanted something different … It is just amazing that I won this gold for Russia. Some may think, 'This guy still stays American.' … And that is not true! I am not some American guy who decided it would be easier to get to Olympics in a country where snowboarding is undeveloped. I have chosen the harder path to success, and I have walked it all the way."
Wild received more than $400,000 in bonuses from the Russian government for winning two gold medals at the 2014 Sochi Games. He was also presented with a brand-new SUV. Unlike the United States, where the Olympic Committee is a non-governmental structure, the Russian government not only funds the Olympic Committee and athletes but also rewards them with cash for winning medals.
Wild received the Order For Merit to the Fatherland Award 4th class with Russian President Vladimir Putin handing the state awards.
# Base effect

The base effect is a mathematical effect that originates from the fact that a given percentage of a reference value, is not the same as the absolute difference of the same given percentage of a much larger or smaller reference value. E.g. 1% of a GDP of US$1 million is not equal to 1% of GDP of US$1 billion in terms of absolute difference.
The reference value is common called a base year in economics.
A low base effect is the tendency of an absolute change from a low initial amount to be translated into a larger percentage change, while a high base effect would be the tendency of an absolute change from a high initial amount to be translated into a smaller percentage change.
Because of the base effect percentages in time series analysis can be misleading, in particular when percentages are compounded annually over a period of many years.
A high base effect can mislead because of decreasing percentages even while the underlying absolute difference is increasing over time as much as the measured value or population increases over time. Also, a low base effect can mislead because of increasing percentages even while the absolute difference is decreasing over time as much as the measured value or population decreases over time.
When inflation is measured with a price index different formulas produce different results because of the base effect. E.g. Paasche versus Laspeyres price indices. Because of the problems, in particular with headline inflation, that arise from volatility in prices core inflation is used as an additional indicator of the development of inflation.
A lot of different methodologies can be used to correct for the base effect in computations of economic growth, and are often used in financial market analysis.
A base effect relates to inflation when in the corresponding period of the previous year. If the inflation rate was too low in the corresponding period of the previous year, even a smaller rise in the Price Index will arithmetically give a high rate of inflation now. On the other hand, if the price index had risen at a high rate in the corresponding period of the previous year and recorded high inflation rate, a similar absolute increase in the price index now will show a lower inflation rate now.
An example of the base effect:
    The Price Index is 100, 150, and 200 in each of three consecutive periods, called 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The increase of 50 from period 1 to period 2 gives a percentage increase of 50%, but the increase from period 2 to period 3, despite being the same as the previous increase in absolute terms, gives a percentage increase of only 33.33%. This is due to the relatively large difference in the bases on which the percentages are calculated (100 vs 150).
# Adalbert von Blanc

Adalbert Pierre Louis Karl Erich Johann von Blanc (11 July 1907 – 7 November 1976) was a German naval officer during World War II and later an admiral in the West German Navy. During World War II he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and served as 1st Officer on the auxiliary cruiser Orion.

## Life

Blanc was born in Wilhelmshaven as the son of Louis Ferdinand von Blanc (* 27. September 1878 in Berlin; d. 28. August 1914 KIA as first officer of the SMS Cöln). His grandfather was admiral Louis Karl Emil von Blanc (1832–1903). He joined Weimar era Reichsmarine in 1926 and was trained on the schooner "Niobe".
After World War II Blanc joined the British controlled German Mine Sweeping Administration on 15 August 1945. Blanc held command of the 1. Minenräum-Division (1st mine sweeping division) in Kiel. When the administration was disbanded on 31 December 1947, Blanc transferred to the follow organization called Minenräumverband Cuxhaven and became its chief.
On 18 December 1950, the students Georg von Hatzfeld and René Ledesdorff from Heidelberg occupied the isle of Helgoland to save it from destruction by the British occupying forces. The two were joined by Prince Hubertus zu Loewenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg on 29 December 1950. The number of occupants had grown to 13 when Blanc was ordered by the British authorities to send two boats for the evacuation of Helgoland. Blanc refused to obey the order, even when he came under severe pressure and suspended from his command post. A legal proceeding against Blanc was initiated on 3 January 1951. The British court ruled that the order was not among his contractual obligations and he was re-instituted in his position as chief of the Minenräumverband Cuxhaven.

## Awards

* Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (15 September 1940) & 1st Class (17 October 1940)
* Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class (2 October 1936) & 3rd Class (1 April 1938)
* Sudetenland Medal (20 December 1939)
* Auxiliary Cruiser Badge (23 August 1941)
* German Cross in Gold on 11 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän in the 2. Sicherungs-Division
* Minesweeper War Badge (25 March 1943)
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
** Knight's Cross on 27 November 1944 as Fregattenkapitän and leader of the 9. Sicherungs-Division
** (866th) Oak Leaves on 10 May 1945 as Fregattenkapitän and leader of the 9. Marine-Sicherungs-Division
* Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1964

## Footnotes

* ↑ There is no reference of the Oak Leaves were awarded to Adalbert von Blanc in the German Federal Archives. His personal file contains a letter from Admiral August Thiele indicating that Blanc had been recommended for the Oak Leaves by Thiele. In a file of the German Minenräumdienst dated just after the capitulation is an entry "Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves" without indicating a date of the award. The sequential number "866" and date was assigned by the Association of Knight's Cross Recipients (AKCR). Blanc was member of the AKCR.
# Sharman Douglas

Sharman Douglas (October 5, 1928 – February 3, 1996) was an American socialite known for her friendship with the British royal family, in particular Princess Margaret.
She was the only daughter of chemicals heiress and philanthropist Peggy Zinsser (d. 1992) and politician Lewis W. Douglas (d. 1974), the latter of whom served as an Arizonan congressman, director of the Bureau of the Budget from 1933 until 1934, and U.S. ambassador to the Court of St. James's from 1947 until 1950. It was during these three years in England that she developed her friendship with Princess Margaret and the royal family.
At various times in her life, "Charmin' Sharman", as she was known during her father's tenure as ambassador, worked as a talent agent, a movie publicist, and a public-relations agent. In 1966, New York City mayor John Lindsay named her New York's Commissioner of Public Events.
Linked romantically to the Marquess of Blandford and the Marquess of Milford Haven in the 1950s, she also reportedly had a two-year relationship with the United Kingdom's Princess Margaret, according to Margaret: The Secret Princess, an ITV program broadcast in Britain in February 2003.
Sharman Douglas married Andrew MacKenzie Hay, a food importer, in 1968. They divorced in 1977.
Her first cousin Josalee Douglas was the first wife of Count Jean-François de Chambrun, who later married Raine, Countess Spencer, the stepmother of Diana, Princess of Wales.
Sharman Douglas died of bone cancer at New York Hospital in 1996. Sharman is buried in Locust Valley Cemetery, Locust Valley, New York.

## Sources

* The Times, Sharman Douglas:Obituary, Feb. 12, 1996
* Sharman Douglas obituary, New York Times, Feb. 8, 1996
# Magic Brands

Magic Brands, LLC was the owner of Fuddruckers and Koo Koo Roo and was based in Austin, Texas. The company acquired Fuddruckers in 1998. On April 22, 2010, Magic Brands filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. On June 18, 2010, Luby's announced it was buying Fuddruckers and Koo Koo Roo, and the deal eventually was for $61 million in cash via an auction. A second estimate was that the sale amount was for $63 million. Luby's acquisition of Fuddruckers and Koo Koo Roo was finalized during the summer of 2010.
# Air Barons

The Air Barons were an aerobatics team of the United States Navy, which was active from 1958 to 1971. The team was initially equipped with Grumman F9F-6 Cougars. The Air Barons were the aerobatics team of the Naval Air Reserve and thus the second aerobatic team of the US Navy along with the Blue Angels.

## History

In contrast to the Blue Angels, which also flew the A-4 at the same time, the Air Barons always flew with an additional tank under each wing, while the Blue Angels used external transfer tanks only for transfer flights and carried out the actual flight demonstrations completely without external loads. One of the 6 A-4 also had an air to air refueling unit at the centerlinepylon. In contrast to the full-service military pilots of the Blue Angels, which only operate aerobatics during their classification at the Blue Angels, the pilots of the Air Barons were active as pilots of the Naval Air Reserve only as part-time military pilots. The Air Barons aerobatic team flew 66 official flight demonstrations during its existence.
# Meludia

Meludia is a French-based company that offers an online interactive education platform to master the fundamentals of music. The Meludia Method is based upon progressive interactive listening exercises, using two main frameworks designed by Vincent Chaintrier.
* The SEMA model represents the 4 levels of music perception: Sensations, Emotions, Memory, Analysis.
* The 7 dimensions of music represent: rhythm, spatialization, dynamic, form, timbre, melody and harmony.

## History

Bastien Sannac and Vincent Chaintrier co-founded Meludia in June 2012. Meludia was further developed in the Cent Quatre, a public cultural incubator in Paris, before being commercially launched in 2014. Meludia is used at The Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. Meludia has also been deployed to entire populations by several countries, like Estonia, Malta, Canada. and the Faroe Islands.

## Awards

* Gold Medal and Grand Prix award at the 2014 Concours Lépine for Innovation.
* Gold Medal and Grand Prix award at the 2014 European Concours Lépine for Innovation.
* Grand Prix for cultural innovation at Fabfest Paris 2014.
* Le Web 2013 - Semi-finalist.
* South by Southwest - SXSW Festival Finalists in 2015 SXSW Interactive Innovation Awards in Austin, Texas in 2015.
# Sergei Shemetov

Sergei Ilyich Shemetov (Russian: Сергей Ильич Шеметов; 18 September 1872, Orenburg Governorate — after 1930, Kurgan Oblast) was a scribe, a teacher, a head of a village (stanytsia otaman), a deputy of the Third Imperial Duma from Orenburg Governorate between 1907 and 1912. He founded a hotel ("paid dacha") in 1912, initiating the spa practice in the Trans-Urals region. He became a member of the "commission for the capture of the Bolsheviks" during the Russian Civil War; during Soviet era he became a lishenets, an insurance agent and a seller.

## Literature

* Шеметов Сергей Ильич (in Russian) // Государственная дума Российской империи: 1906—1917 / Б. Ю. Иванов, А. А. Комзолова, И. С. Ряховская. — Москва: РОССПЭН, 2008. — P. 695. — 735 p. — ISBN 978-5-8243-1031-3.
* Шеметовъ (in Russian) // Члены Государственной Думы (портреты и биографии). Третий созыв. 1907—1912 гг. / Сост. М. М. Боиович. — Москва, 1913. — P. 211. — 526 p.
* С.И. Шеметов: Казак, атаман и депутат (in Russian) // Зауральские парламентарии в Государственной Думе Российской империи : информационный бюллетень / Курганская областная Дума. — Курган, 2016. — № 339.
# Mervyn Nelson

Mervyn Nelson (c. 1915 – 17 August 1991) was a stage actor, writer, director and producer. At the age of five, he started acting in vaudeville theatre, and then performed in Broadway theatre shows during the 1940s and 1950s. His stage performances were well reviewed in Billboard.
In 1950, he wrote and produced an all-black revue called The Jazz Train which told the story of the history of jazz music and featured musical accompaniment from a number of top jazz performers. He also wrote and directed the 1971 cult gay drama movie Some of My Best Friends Are....
He died at the age of 76 on 17 August 1991. Mervyn is buried in Locust Valley Cemetery, Locust Valley, New York.
# Saint-Mamert

Saint-Mamert (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Rhône department in eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Deux-Grosnes.
# Battle of Las Mercedes

The Battle of Las Mercedes (29 July-8 August 1958) was the last battle which occurred during the course of Operation Verano, the summer offensive of 1958 launched by the Batista military dictatorship during the Cuban Revolution against the nationalist independence Cuban rebels of the 26th of July Movement.
The battle was a trap, designed by Cuban General Eulogio Cantillo to lure Fidel Castro's guerrillas into a place where they could be surrounded and destroyed. The battle ended with a cease-fire which Castro proposed and which Cantillo accepted. During the cease-fire, Castro's forces escaped back into the mountains. The battle, though technically a victory for the Cuban army, left the army dispirited and demoralized. Castro viewed the result as a victory and soon launched his own offensive.

## Background

Earlier in the month, an amphibious assault from sea by the Cuban army Battalion 18 was crushed by Castro's forces at the Battle of La Plata. Battalion 18 was surrounded and sniped at by the rebel forces. General Cantillo ordered Battalion 17 to cross over the Sierra Maestra to come to the aid of Battalion 18. However, Castro's troops were able to block the road and prevent any relief for the surrounded soldiers. After 10 days of fighting, Battalion 18 surrendered. This left Battalion 17 in an exposed position.

## The battle

Battalion 17 began its pull back on the 29 July 1958. Castro sent a column of men under René Ramos Latour to ambush the retreating soldiers. They attacked the advance guard and killed some 30 soldiers but then came under attack from previously undetected Cuban forces. Latour called for help and Castro came to the battle scene with his own column of men. Castro's column also came under fire from another group of Cuban soldiers that had secretly advanced up the road from the Estrada Palma Sugar Mill.
As the battle heated up, General Cantillo called up more forces from nearby towns and some 1,500 troops started heading towards the fighting. However, this force was halted by a column under Che Guevara's command. While some critics accuse Che for not coming to the aid of Latour, Major Bockman argues that Che's move here was the correct thing to do. Indeed, he called Che's tactical appreciation of the battle "brilliant".
By the end of July, Castro's troops were fully engaged and in danger of being wiped out by the vastly superior numbers of the Cuban army. He had lost 70 men, including René Latour, and both he and the remains of Latour's column were surrounded. The next day, Castro requested a cease-fire with General Cantillo, even offering to negotiate an end to the war. This offer was accepted by General Cantillo for reasons that remain unclear.
Batista sent a personal representative to negotiate with Castro on the 2 August. The negotiations yielded no result but during the next six nights, Castro's troops managed to slip away unnoticed. On the 8 August when the Cuban army resumed its attack, they found no one to fight.

## Aftermath

Castro's remaining forces had escaped back into the mountains, and Operation Verano had effectively ended in failure for the Batista government.
# Saint-Laurent-d'Oingt

Saint-Laurent-d'Oingt (French pronunciation:, literally Saint-Laurent of Oingt) is a former commune in the Rhône department of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France. On 1 January 2017, Le Bois-d'Oingt, Oingt and Saint-Laurent-d'Oingt merged becoming one commune of Val d'Oingt.