OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pseudoscalar meson

In high-energy physics, a pseudoscalar meson is a meson with total spin 0 and odd parity (usually notated as J$^P$ = 0$^−$ ). Pseudoscalar mesons are commonly seen in proton-proton scattering and proton-antiproton annihilation, and include the pion (π), kaon (K), eta (η), and eta prime (η′) particles, whose masses are known with great precision.
Among all of the mesons known to exist, in some sense, the pseudoscalars are the most well studied and understood.

## History

The pion (π) was first proposed to exist by Yukawa in the 1930s as the primary force carrying boson of the Yukawa potential in nuclear interactions, and was later observed at nearly the same mass that he originally predicted for it. In the 1950s and 1960s, the pseudoscalar mesons began to proliferate, and were eventually organized into a multiplet according to Murray Gell-Mann's so-called "Eightfold Way".
Gell-Mann further predicted the existence of a ninth resonance in the pseudoscalar multiplet, which he originally called X. Indeed, this particle was later found and is now known as the eta prime meson (η′). The structure of the pseudoscalar meson multiplet, and also the ground state baryon multiplets, led Gell-Mann (and Zweig, independently) to create the well known quark model.

## The η-η′ puzzle

Despite the pseudoscalar mesons' masses being known to high precision, and being the most well studied and understood mesons, the decay properties of the pseudoscalar mesons, particularly of eta (η) and eta-prime (η′), are somewhat contradictory to their mass hierarchy: While the η′ meson is much more massive than the η meson, the η meson is thought to contain a larger component of the relatively heavy strange and anti-strange quarks, than the η′ meson does, which appears contradictory. This failure of the quark model to explain this mass difference is called the "η-η′ puzzle".
The presence of an η(1405) state also brings glueball mixing into the discussion. It is possible that the η and η′ mesons mix with the pseudoscalar glueball which should occur somewhere above the scalar glueball in mass, as an unmixed state. This is one of a few ways in which the unexpectedly large η′ mass of 957.78 MeV/c$^2$ can be explained, relative to its model-predicted mass around 250–300 MeV/c$^2$.

## List of pseudoscalar mesons

    Meson nonet   Mesons with heavy quarks   Hypothetical mesons pion (×3) η meson (×1) η′ meson (×1) Kaon (×4) D meson B meson η$_c$ meson η$_b$ meson η$_t$ meson
# Curve-fitting compaction

Curve-fitting compaction is data compaction accomplished by replacing data to be stored or transmitted with an analytical expression.
Examples of curve-fitting compaction consisting of discretization and then interpolation are:
* Breaking of a continuous curve into a series of straight line segments and specifying the slope, intercept, and range for each segment
* Using a mathematical expression, such as a polynomial or a trigonometric function, and a single point on the corresponding curve instead of storing or transmitting the entire graphic curve or a series of points on it.
# Snit's Revenge

Snit's Revenge is a two-player board game developed and illustrated by Tom Wham. It originally appeared as an insert in Dragon Magazine in 1977, and subsequently as a boxed game first published by TSR, Inc. and currently by Steve Jackson Games. The Steve Jackson version comes boxed together with Snit Smashing, which was also first published in Dragon Magazine and to which Snit's Revenge is technically a sequel. The rules of this version differ slightly from those of the TSR version.

## Theme

Bolotomi are large essentially immobile creatures who live on an alien beach, and come to enjoy smashing tiny Snits when the latter creatures charge up out of the sea to reproduce. The Snits decide to seek revenge, and begin attacking the Bolotomi from within. Snit's Revenge depicts the ensuing internal battle, with one player controlling the invading tribe of Snits, the other manning the target Bolotomus's bodily defences.

## Rules

The Snits and the various types of body defenders are represented by cardboard chits, each of which features unique artwork. The pieces move across a gameboard which is a cross-section of a Bolotomus's body, consisting of various whimsically-named internal organs connected by narrow tubes which restrict that movement to varying degrees. Three of these organs have holes to the "outside", and it is through these that the Snits enter the board and begin the game. Each of the organs is considered "alive" when manned by a matching chit called a Snorg; the Snit player wins by successfully Kicking (via dice-roll) a certain percentage of Snorgs to death, or by finding "The Spark Of Life" chit, which is hidden by the Bolotomus player under a chosen Snorg at the start of the game, along with three explosive decoys. The Bolotomus wins if his Runnungitms, which are the rough equivalent of a human's white blood cells, can Chomp all the invading Snits to death (Again, the result of a dice roll.)
The exact number of Snit attackers varies from game to game, but the Snit player cannot replace his losses, while the Bolotomus has three "Compositor" organs where destroyed Snorgs can be resurrected and sent back to work, and a "Lapotum" inaccessible to Snits where new Runnungitms can be produced. If a Runnungitm successfully Chomps a Snit, it dies as well, and turns into a PoPo, which mindlessly floats towards the nearest exit and can possibly be used by either side to block movement between organs.
The game includes some optional rules, such as giving each Snit and/or Runnungitm unique attributes like battle speed or strength. (The Steve Jackson version of the game has made this concept standard, while turning the use of the Spark into an option.) There is also the possibility of including more than two players by breaking the Snits into competing tribes.

## Reviews

* Jeux & Stratégie #9
# Cytospora platani

Cytospora platani is a plant pathogen that causes cankers on Platanus sp. (American sycamores).
# 1985 Australian Film Institute Awards

The 27th Australian Film Institute Awards were awards held by the Australian Film Institute to celebrate the best of Australian films of 1985.

## Feature film

| Best Film Bliss – Anthony Buckley A Street to Die – Bill Bennett Fran – David Rapsey Unfinished Business – Rebel Penfold-Russell | Best Direction Ray Lawrence – Bliss Bill Bennett – A Street to Die Glenda Hambly – Fran Bob Ellis – Unfinished Business |
| Best Lead Actor Chris Haywood – A Street to Die Richard Moir – An Indecent Obsession Barry Otto – Bliss John Clayton – Unfinished Business | Best Lead Actress Noni Hazlehurst – Fran Lynette Curran – Bliss Debbie Byrne – Rebel Michele Fawdon – Unfinished Business |
| Best Supporting Actor Nique Needles – The Boy Who Had Everything Mark Little – An Indecent Obsession Jon Ewing – Bliss Bryan Brown – Rebel | Best Supporting Actress Annie Byron – Fran Kerry Walker – Bliss Genevieve Mooy – Emoh Ruo Narelle Simpson – Fran |
| Best Original Screenplay Glenda Hambly – Fran Bill Bennett – A Street to Die Stephen Wallace – The Boy Who Had Everything Bob Ellis – Unfinished Business | Best Adapted Screenplay Peter Carey, Ray Lawrence – Bliss Denise Morgan – An Indecent Obsession Michael Jenkins, Bob Herbert – Rebel Frank Moorhouse – The Coca-Cola Kid |
| Best Cinematography Peter James – Rebel Paul Murphy – Bliss Dean Semler – The Coca-Cola Kid Ray Argall – Wrong World | Best Editing Brian Kavanagh – Frog Dreaming Wayne LeClos – Bliss Michael Honey – Rebel John Scott – The Coca-Cola Kid |
| Best Original Music Score Ray Cook, Chris Neal, Peter Best, Billy Byers, Bruce Rowland – Rebel Peter Best – Bliss Brian May – Frog Dreaming William Motzing, Tim Finn – The Coca-Cola Kid | Best Sound Mark Lewis, Penn Robinson, Julian Ellingworth, Jim Taig – Rebel Dean Gawen, Peter Fenton, Phil Heywood, Gary Wilkins, Helen Brown, Ron Purvis – Bliss Mark Lewis, Craig Carter, Ken Sallows, Tim Chau, Rex Watts, Roger Savage – Frog Dreaming Mark Lewis, Gethin Creagh, Martin Oswin, Dean Gawen, Helen Brown – The Coca-Cola Kid |
| Best Production Design Brian Thomson – Rebel Owen Paterson, Wendy Dickson – Bliss Jon Dowding – Frog Dreaming Graham Walker – The Coca-Cola Kid | Best Costume Design Roger Kirk – Rebel Helen Hooper – Bliss Ross Major – The Boy Who Had Everything Terry Ryan – The Coca-Cola Kid |

## Non-feature film

| Best Documentary Film Raoul Wallenberg: Between the Lines – Bob Weis Collum Calling Canberra – David MacDougall, Judith MacDougall, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies I'll Be Home for Christmas – Brian McKenzie Munda Nyuringu: He's Taken the Land, He Believes it is His, He Won't Give it Back – Robert Bropho, Jan Roberts | Best Sponsored Documentary Timber Craft (Artisans of Australia) – Pamela Paddon Women of Utopia – Elisabeth Knight Image Makers – Ursula Kolbe |
# Midlothian Coalfield

The Midlothian Coalfield is a coalfield in southeast Scotland situated immediately to the east and southeast of Edinburgh. It is geologically continuous with the East Fife Coalfield beneath the Firth of Forth though the undersea coal reserves have only been partly exploited. There were undersea workings extending from Prestonlinks Colliery. The sulphur content of the majority of Midlothian coals is less than 1% making it especially suitable for modern requirements.

## Geology

The following seams were worked. They are shown in rough stratigraphical order thought not all seams are present throughout the coalfield. Those shown in bold were worked to the greatest extent:
Within the Scottish Coal Measures Group (Middle and Lower Coal Measures):
* Clayknowes Coal
* (Musselburgh) Splint Coal
* (Musselburgh) Rough Coal
* Beefie Coal
* Musselburgh Jewel Coal
* Golden Coal
* Little Splint Coal
* Cowpits Five Foot Coal
* Glass Coal
* Salters Coal
* Musselburgh Nine Foot Coal
* Musselburgh Fifteen Foot Coal
* Pinkie Six Foot Coal
* Musselburgh Seven Foot Coal
* Eskmouth Extra Coal
Within the Upper Limestone Formation:
* South Parrot Coal
Within the Limestone Coal Formation:
* Great Seam Coal
* Gillespie Coal
* Blackchapel Coal
* Kittlepurse Coal
* Peacock Coal
* South Bryans Splint Coal
* Stony Coal
* Ball Coal
* Loanhead No 1 Coal
* Corbie Coals
* Andrews Coal
* South Coal
* North Coal
* Stairhead Coal
Within the Lower Limestone Formation
* North Greens Coal
Within the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation
* Houston Coal
* various oil-shale horizons
Monktonhall Colliery was abandoned in 1997 and Blinkbonny mine adit was sealed in 2003 so bringing to an end a long history of deep-mining of coal within the coalfield. Opencasting has continued at various sites since then including Blinkbonny, Oxenfoord, Gourlaw and Newbigging Farm.
# Tlatelolco, Mexico City

Tlatelolco (Classical Nahuatl: Tlatelōlco, or Tlatilōlco, modern Nahuatl pronunciation from tlalli - land; telolli - hill; co - place; lit. 'In the little hill of land') is an area now within the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City, centered on the Plaza de las Tres Culturas (Square of Three Cultures). Its archeological history extends to remains from the 15th and 16th centuries, as well as more recent colonial structures.
The square is bounded by an excavated Aztec archaeological site, the 16th century college church designed by Fray Juan de Torquemada and dedicated to St James the Great (known as Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco), the remains of a former Franciscan convent to which was formerly attached the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, and an office complex that was used by the Ministry of Foreign Relations and is now the property of the National Autonomous University of Mexico.

## History of modern Tlatelolco

The Nonoalco-Tlatelolco housing project, built in the 1960s, is served by Metro Tlatelolco. The complex includes the pyramid-shaped Banobras building, which houses a 47-bell carillon. At 125 meters, this is the world's tallest carillon tower. A building with a facade of white marble was constructed by the government for and used by the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (SRE). It is now used by the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
In 1967, the Treaty of Tlatelolco was signed here with the aim of establishing a nuclear-weapon-free zone throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. Since then, all the region's countries have signed and ratified the treaty.
The late 1960s were a time of political unrest in Mexico and many western nations. On October 2, 1968, ten days before the start of the 1968 Summer Olympics, the plaza was the scene of the Tlatelolco massacre. The exact number of dead and injured in the tragic afternoon is still unknown. It is estimated 15 thousand shells were fired by the Mexican army and police who were trying to suppress protests resulting in more than 300 dead and 700 injured. In addition, 5 thousand students were arrested.
On September 19, 1985, many homes and business structures were destroyed or suffered damage due to the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. The "Nuevo León" building collapsed. Due to many Mexicans working together to rescue people from the ruins, a small square marks the spot and is a symbol of their solidarity during the disaster. The opera singer Plácido Domingo, who was among many with family there, worked to help rescue survivors.
# Freie Presse (Saxony)

The Freie Presse (German for Free Press) is a regional daily newspaper in the Chemnitz region, Germany.

## History and profile

Freie Presse was first published in 1946. The paper is published by the Chemnitzer Verlag in Nordisch format and has its headquarters in Chemnitz.
Prior to German reunification, the paper was the largest regional daily newspaper in East Germany, with a circulation of 663,700. During the third quarter of 1992 the circulation of Freie Presse was 522,000 copies. In 2001 the paper had a circulation of 401,000 copies. Its 2002 circulation was 376,681 copies.
Freie Presse was the best-selling newspaper in Saxony with a circulation of 277,221 copies in the second quarter of 2011, according to IVW. In the fourth quarter of 2019 the paper had a circulation of 213,845 copies.
# American rails

American rails was a special section of the London Stock Exchange where American railroad stocks and bonds were traded.
While in the earlier 19th century American railway bonds were often given to British iron producers in part payment for physical rails, later in the century, and especially after the American Civil War, British capital investment increasingly became a factor in the expansion of American railroads. The London market in American railroad securities was particularly active between 1873 and 1893, and was central to the late-19th-century development of Anglo-American investment banking, including the success of J. S. Morgan & Co. The Economist, the Financial Times, and the New York Times all reported on London trading in American rails.
# Salah M. Hassan

Salah M. Hassan is an art historian, critic, and curator specializing in African and African Diaspora art history and visual culture. He holds the position of distinguished professor of arts and sciences in Africana studies and the Department of History of Art and Visual Studies at Cornell University. Additionally, he serves as the director of the Institute for Comparative Modernities (ICM) at Cornell.

## Early life and education

Hassan was born in Juba, South Sudan, and received an undergraduate degree from the University of Khartoum in 1978. He received his M.A. (1984) and Ph.D. in folklore (1984) from the University of Pennsylvania.

## Career

Before joining the faculty at Cornell University in 1993, he taught at the State University of New York at Buffalo, the University of Pennsylvania, the College of Fine and Applied Art in Khartoum, Sudan. In addition to his positions at Cornell, Hassan serves as Dean of The Africa Institute of the Global Studies University in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
Hassan is an editor and co-founder of Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art, published by Duke University Press. He has authored, edited, and co-edited several books, including Ahmed Morsi: A Dialogic Imagination (2021), Ibrahim El Salahi: A Visionary Modernist (2012), Darfur and the Crisis of Governance: A Critical Reader (2009), and Art and Islamic Literacy among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria (1992).
He has curated and co-curated numerous international exhibitions, such as Authentic/Ex-Centric at the 49th Venice Biennale (2001), Unpacking Europe at Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen (2001–2002), and The Khartoum School: The Making of the Modern Art Movement in Sudan 1945–Present at the Sharjah Art Foundation (2014).
Hassan has received several grants and fellowships, including a J. Paul Getty Postdoctoral Fellowship and grants from the Sharjah Art Foundation, Ford Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, and the Prince Claus Fund. In 2021, he was honored as that year's distinguished scholar by the College Art Association (CAA) for his contributions to the field of art history.
# 1951–52 Southern Football League

The 1951–52 Southern Football League season was the 49th in the history of the league, an English football competition.
At the end of the previous season Torquay United resigned their second team from the league. No new clubs had joined the league for this season so the league consisted of 22 remaining clubs. Merthyr Tydfil were champions for the third season in a row, winning their fourth Southern League title. Five Southern League clubs applied to join the Football League at the end of the season, but none were successful.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts |
| 1 | Merthyr Tydfil | 42 | 27 | 6 | 9 | 128 | 60 | 2.133 | 60 |
| 2 | Weymouth | 42 | 22 | 13 | 7 | 81 | 42 | 1.929 | 57 |
| 3 | Kidderminster Harriers | 42 | 22 | 10 | 10 | 70 | 40 | 1.750 | 54 |
| 4 | Guildford City | 42 | 18 | 16 | 8 | 66 | 47 | 1.404 | 52 |
| 5 | Hereford United | 42 | 21 | 9 | 12 | 80 | 59 | 1.356 | 51 |
| 6 | Worcester City | 42 | 23 | 4 | 15 | 86 | 73 | 1.178 | 50 |
| 7 | Kettering Town | 42 | 18 | 10 | 14 | 83 | 56 | 1.482 | 46 |
| 8 | Lovells Athletic | 42 | 18 | 10 | 14 | 87 | 68 | 1.279 | 46 |
| 9 | Gloucester City | 42 | 19 | 8 | 15 | 68 | 55 | 1.236 | 46 |
| 10 | Bath City | 42 | 19 | 6 | 17 | 75 | 67 | 1.119 | 44 |
| 11 | Headington United | 42 | 16 | 11 | 15 | 55 | 53 | 1.038 | 43 |
| 12 | Bedford Town | 42 | 16 | 10 | 16 | 75 | 64 | 1.172 | 42 |
| 13 | Barry Town | 42 | 18 | 6 | 18 | 84 | 89 | 0.944 | 42 |
| 14 | Chelmsford City | 42 | 15 | 10 | 17 | 67 | 80 | 0.838 | 40 |
| 15 | Dartford | 42 | 15 | 9 | 18 | 63 | 65 | 0.969 | 39 |
| 16 | Tonbridge | 42 | 15 | 6 | 21 | 63 | 84 | 0.750 | 36 |
| 17 | Yeovil Town | 42 | 12 | 11 | 19 | 56 | 76 | 0.737 | 35 |
| 18 | Cheltenham Town | 42 | 15 | 4 | 23 | 59 | 85 | 0.694 | 34 |
| 19 | Exeter City II | 42 | 13 | 7 | 22 | 76 | 106 | 0.717 | 33 |
| 20 | Llanelly | 42 | 13 | 6 | 23 | 70 | 111 | 0.631 | 32 |
| 21 | Gravesend & Northfleet | 42 | 12 | 7 | 23 | 68 | 88 | 0.773 | 31 |
| 22 | Hastings United | 42 | 3 | 5 | 34 | 41 | 131 | 0.313 | 11 |

## Football League elections

Five Southern League clubs applied for election to the Football League. However, none were successful as all four League clubs were re-elected.
| Club | League | Votes |
| Darlington | Football League | 49 |
| Exeter City | Football League | 47 |
| Walsall | Football League | 45 |
| Workington | Football League | 40 |
| Wigan Athletic | Lancashire Combination | 9 |
| Worcester City | Southern League | 3 |
| Bath City | Southern League | 1 |
| Merthyr Tydfil | Southern League | 1 |
| Peterborough United | Midland League | 1 |
| Nelson | Lancashire Combination | 0 |
| North Shields | North Eastern League | 0 |
| Headington United | Southern League | 0 |
| Yeovil Town | Southern League | 0 |
| New Brighton | Lancashire Combination | 0 |
# Ashley Holzer

Ashley Holzer (née Nicoll; born 10 October 1963) is a Canadian-born equestrian specializing in dressage, who has been representing the United States since 2017. She was born in Toronto, the daughter of Moreen and Ian Nicoll, and is married to Charles Holzer. Representing Canada, she won a bronze medal in team dressage at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, together with teammates Cynthia Neale-Ishoy, Eva Pracht and Gina Smith. She also competed at the 2004, 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics.

## Personal life

Ashley is married to Charles “Rusty” Holzer, who competed for the United States Virgin Islands at the 1992 Summer Olympics in show-jumping. She has two children; Harrison Holzer and Emma Holzer, who are both film actors. Holzer became a citizen of the United States in February 2016. Jane Holzer is her mother-in-law.

## Notable Horses

* Reipo
** 1988 Summer Olympics - Team Bronze, Individual 16th Place
* Imperioso - 1990 Chestnut Dutch Warmblood Stallion (Cocktail x Tangelo)
** 2002 World Equestrian Games - Individual 38th Place
** 2003 Open European Championships - Individual 27th Place
** 2004 Summer Olympics - Team 9th Place, Individual 42nd Place
* Gambol - 1994 Bay Dutch Warmblood Stallion (Gabor x Lector)
** 2006 World Equestrian Games - Individual 45th Place
* Pop Art - 1997 Chestnut Dutch Warmblood Gelding (Amsterdam x Cabochon)
** 2008 Summer Olympics - Team 8th Place, Individual 12th Place
** 2009 World Cup - Individual 5th Place
** 2010 World Equestrian Games - Team 7th Place, Individual Special 11th Place, Individual Freestyle 8th Place
* Breaking Dawn - 2001 Bay Dutch Warmblood Gelding (Akribori x Ronald)
** 2012 Summer Olympics - Team 10th Place, Individual 24th Place