# Chengannur

Chengannur (IPA:) is a municipality in the Alappuzha district of Kerala, India. It is located 43 km (26.7 mi) south east of the district headquarters in Alappuzha and about 98 km (60.9 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. As per the 2011 Indian census, Chengannur has a population of 23,466 people, and a population density of 1,607/km$^2$ (4,160/sq mi).
Today, Chengannur is a primary economic and cultural hub of the Onattukara region. The town is noted for the Chengannur Mahadeva Temple and the Old Syrian Church of the ancient St. Thomas Christians community. It is also a major point for pilgrims to the Sabarimala Temple, and thus has been described as "The Gateway to Sabarimala".

## Etymology

The name Chengannur (chem-kunnu-ur/oor) is derived from the words 'chem' (Malayalam) which means red, 'kunnu' (Malayalam) which means hill and 'ur/oor' (Malayalam) meaning land. It means the land of red hills. The red soil of Chengannur was different from the soil of nearby regions of Mavelikara and Kuttanad.

## History
### Ancient Period

Chengannur was a part of the Ay Kingdom in the ancient period. The Ay Kingdom's territory extended from Pamba River in the north to Nagercoil in the south. Thereafter it came under the sovereignty of the Cheraman Perumals. The earliest epigraphical record to mention Chengannur (Thiruchenkunrur) is the Mampalli copper plate inscription (947 CE) which records a donation from Venad chiefly family to the Chengannur Temple.

### Medieval Period

In the medieval age, Chengannur was controlled by the Vanjipuzha chieftains of Mundencavu, of Tulu Brahmin origin. The principality was a feudatory of Odanad. Chengannur came under the Kingdom of Travancore when the area was annexed by Marthanda Varma in 1742. Marthanda Varma transferred the rights over Chengannur from the King of Odanad to the Vanjipuzha family, after the family helped him in his conquests. The economic, social and religious esteem and the political power and sway of Vanjipuzha family over Chengannur continued to be intact throughout even the British period uninterrupted.
In the mid-18th century, there were large-scale migrations from Kollam due to various natural disasters. Black pepper was a major export item of Chengannur. Angadikkal (Angadi means market in Malayalam) was the main market in Chengannur. The current Chengannur market, known as Shastham Puram Chanda, was developed by Velu Thampi Dalawa. During the 19th and 20th centuries, this market played a major role in selling and buying goods produced in the eastern mountains with the towns along the coast.

### Early Modern Period

Mahatma Gandhi addressed at the Mills Ground (Mills Maithan is Ksrtc Bus stand now) at Chengannur in 1925 as part of his visit to the Kingdom of Travancore. In 1938 as part of Indian independence movement, large gathering of people from all over Central Travancore were present at the Mills Maithan in Chengannur in response to a notification circulated by the State Congress. There was police lathi charge during the meeting and a person named 'Kutilil George' died and scores of people were injured.
Chengannur Municipality was formed in the year 1980 with Shri. P.K John Plammoottil as its First Municipal Chairman.

## Culture

The cultural background of Chengannur originates from the era of Royal rule. Chengannur was a part of Vanjippuzha Principality which was under the rule of Travancore.
Chengannur town is in the banks of holy river Pamba which influenced the culture of this town. There are many "Chundan Vallam" (Snake boats) participating in Aranmula Boat Race hails from Chengannur and nearby areas. Padayani is a traditional temple artform performed as part of the festival in the Vadasserikkavu Devi Temple. Chengannur has produced several great Kathakali artists, the most famous being Chenganoor Raman Pillai. Chengannur was also historically famous for the craftsmen who were brought by rulers of Travancore to build the Sabarimala temple. Idols of the deities of many temples in Kerala were crafted in Chengannur.
Chengannur is a major Shaiva pilgrim destination in India. The Chengannur temple is one of the 108 temples believed to have been created by Parasurama. The Vishnu temples of Chengannur are believed to been established by the Pandavas of the Mahabharatha. These temples are major Vaishnava pilgrim destinations of South India.
The Chengannur Suriyani Church, built by the Vanjipuzha Chiefs, is famous for its unique architecture. The Church is shared by both the Marthoma and Orthodox Christians. There is a 33.5 feet tall cross said to have been carved from a single stone is a minor attraction. The annual custom of Aval Nercha (offering of flattened rice) at this church is another tradition believed to have been initiated by a member nearly 400 years ago. This custom is still practiced by the local Nasrani community and is organised by members of the Mukkath Kudumba Yogam on Maundy Thursday.

## Demographics

As of 2011 Census, Chengannur had a population of 23,466 and a population density of 1,607 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,160/sq mi). Of this, 10,933 are males and 12,533 are females. Chengannur Municipality has an area of 14.6 km$^2$ (5.6 sq mi) with 6,278 families residing in it. The average female sex ratio was 1146 higher than the state average of 1084. 7.2% of the population was under 6 years of age. Chengannur had an average literacy of 97.8% higher than the state average of 94%; male literacy was 98.3% and female literacy was 97.4%.

### Religion

Religion in Chengannur (2011)
According to the 2011 census, Hindus are the majority with 62% of the population adhering to the religion. Christians form a significant minority, constituting 37% of the population. Muslims constitute 0.56% of the population.
Chengannur town is the headquarters of Chengannur Orthodox Diocese under the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. The diocese is headquartered at Bethel Aramana, Chengannur and covers 51 parishes and 10 chapels in the Chengannur area. The diocesan cathedral is Saint Ignatius Orthodox Cathedral in Chengannur the spiritual center of 8,851 Malankara Orthodox families.

## Transport

Chengannur is well-connected by road and rail. State Highway 1 (SH1), popularly known as the MC Road, passes through the heart of the town and connects Chengannur to state capital, Thiruvananthapuram and Angamaly in Eranakulam District. The Chengannur - Kottayam stretch of the MC Road is also part of the NH 183 which stretches between Kollam and Theni. Another major road is State Highway 10 which connects Chengannur to Mavelikkara and Kozhencherry. Besides these two roads, there are also many arterial roads running across the length and breadth of the town.

### Road

Kerala State Road Transport Corporation has a depot at Chengannur (station code: CGNR); it is among the 29 major depots in the state. The KSRTC depot at Chengannur has an inter-state bus service, which is operated to Kanyakumari. KSRTC runs buses to different cities and towns inside and outside the state. Some of the Major destinations are Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Mangalore, Mukambika, Kanyakumari, Coimbatore, Palani, Kannur and Wayanad. The Municipal Private bus stand is located in front of the railway station. Private buses leave this stand heading to various places in the Alappuzha, Kottayam, Pathanamthitta and Kollam districts. In addition to these, private luxury buses are available to major cities like, Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Mysore, Salem, Mangalore etc.

### Rail

Chengannur Railway Station (station code: CNGR), is an important railway station between Kollam and Kottayam. It is a major railway station in the Thiruvananthapuram railway division of the Southern Railway Zone (India). People from eastern part of the state are using this railway station for travelling to various parts of the country. All the trains traveling through this route stop at Chengannur station. It caters to the needs 3 districts, viz. Alappuzha, Kollam and Pathanamthitta. By rail, Chengannur is well connected to major cities in India like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, Agra, Ahmedabad, Bikaner, Mangalore, Bhopal, Guwahati, Nagpur, Jammu and other major cities of the country. Recently, the station has been declared as "The Gateway to Sabarimala". The rail line between Chengannur and Thiruvananthapuram has been doubled and electrified. Two new lines are proposed from Chengannur: one to Thiruvananthapuram via Adoor and the other to Sabarimala via Pathanamthitta. Furthermore, an MRTS is proposed to be established between Thiruvananthapuram and Chengannur. There is one more small railway station at Cheriyanadu which is 6 km from the town centre.

### Air

Chengannur is served by the Trivandrum International Airport, which is about 115 kilometers from the city via Main Central Road. Another Airport is Cochin International Airport, which is 125 km from Chengannur via MC Road

## Climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical monsoon (Am).
Climate data for Chengannur, Kerala :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.2 (88.2) | 31.7 (89.1) | 32.6 (90.7) | 32.7 (90.9) | 32.1 (89.8) | 29.9 (85.8) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.9 (85.8) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 30.7 (87.3) | 30.8 (87.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.5 (81.5) | 28.6 (83.5) | 29.1 (84.4) | 28.7 (83.7) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.7 (80.1) | 27.3 (81.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.5 (72.5) | 23.4 (74.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 25.5 (77.9) | 25.4 (77.7) | 24 (75) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.5 (74.3) | 22.7 (72.9) | 23.9 (75.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 21 (0.8) | 34 (1.3) | 59 (2.3) | 156 (6.1) | 308 (12.1) | 574 (22.6) | 522 (20.6) | 358 (14.1) | 278 (10.9) | 329 (13.0) | 211 (8.3) | 54 (2.1) | 2,904 (114.2) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 13m) ||||||||||||||

## Politics
### Lok Sabha

Chengannur is a part of the Mavelikara constituency which after demarcation extends from Changanassery in Kottayam district to Kottarakkara in Kollam district. Kodikunnil Suresh of the INC has been representing the Mavelikkara constituency since 2009.

### State Assembly

Chengannur's assembly constituency (Number 110) is a part of the Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency). The first speaker of the Kerala legislative assembly, Sankaranarayanan Thampi, was an MLA from Chengannur. K. K. Ramachandran Nair was the MLA from 2016 onwards. He died and was replaced in the by-elections conducted on 28 May 2018 by Saji Cherian of Left Democratic Front.

### Administration

Chengannur Town officials :
| Municipal Chairman | Smt. Shoba Varughese |
| Sub Collector |
| Deputy Superintendent of Police | |
The two administrative systems prevailing in the Chengannur are Revenue and local self-government. As per the revenue system, Chengannur is one of the two revenue divisions of Alappuzha district. The Chengannur revenue division comprises Karthikapally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara taluks consisting of a total of 44 villages. Under the local self-government system, Chengannur is divided into 1 statutory town and development blocks consisting of 11 panchayats.

## Economy

There are many state Government offices, Banks and educational institutions located in Chengannur. A good number of people work in these institutions. Other major source of income is from the Non Residential Indians, which is a common economical factor in the central Travancore region, and the rest of Kerala as well. Agriculture is also there in the outskirts, but mostly confined to Rubber Plantations. There are no major industries in Chengannur, but a number of small scale industries are present. Major private employers are limited to banks, hospitals and shops.
Chengannur Central Hatchery in chengannur which was started in 1961 was Asia's biggest poultry hatchery under government initiative.
In Sabarimala season, which starts from mid-November to mid-January there is a huge boost in economical activities in this town. Since Chengannur is the nearest Railway station to Sabarimala Temple, most devotees use this railway station to visit the temple. During this season a boost in restaurant, hotel and transportation business is visible.

## Notable people

* Viralminda Nayanar- 9th Century Nayanar Saint
* Sakthibhadran - 9th Century author of the first ever sanskrit drama (Aascharya Choodamani) from southern India
* George Joseph - Indian Freedom Fighter and Editor of Young India, The Independent (India) magazines
* M. R. Kurup - ISRO Scientist and Founder of the First Solid Rocket Propellant Plant in India
* K. M. Cherian - Renowned Cardiac Surgeon who performed India's first coronary artery bypass surgery
* Chenganoor Raman Pillai - Kathakali Artist
* Puthencavu Mathan Tharakan - Malayalam Poet
* Sivaraman Cheriyanad - Malayalam writer and teacher
* Acharya Narendra Bhooshan - Indian linguist and Vedic Scholar
* Captain Thomas Philipose - Maha Vir Chakra Awardee
* Pothan Joseph - Renowned Journalist
* Puthenpurayil Mathew Joseph - Renowned Educationist and Founder Principal of Laxmibai National College of Physical Education
* Mela Raghu - Indian actor
* Sony Cheruvathur - Former Captain of Kerala cricket team
* Saji Cherian - Minister for Fisheries, Culture and Youth Affairs, Government of Kerala

## Places of worship

The population of Chengannur mainly practices Hinduism and Christianity. Muslims are also found in the M.C. Road Mulakuzha region of the town. Most of Muslims are living at Kollakadavu and Mannar areas.
* Chengannur Mahadeva Temple
* Thripuliyoor Mahavishnu Temple
* Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple
* Anandeswaram Sree Mahadeva Kshethram
* Cheriyanad Sree Balasubrahmanya Swami Temple
* Kallisseri Azhakiyakavu Devi Temple
* Pazhaya Suriyani Pally (Old Syrian Church)
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Puthencavu
* St. Thomas CSI Church Angadical
* St. Elias Orthodox Church, Budhanoor

## Movie place

Pravinkoodu Shappu 2025 movie was took place Pravinkoodu under Taluk Thiruvanvandoor under the administrative division of Chengannur. It crime investigation film about shop keeper murder mystery.