# 1999 Portuguese legislative election

The 1999 Portuguese legislative election took place on 10 October. The election renewed all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic.
After becoming the first minority government in Portuguese democracy to complete a full 4-year term, the Socialist Party was aiming a second term under the lead of Prime Minister António Guterres, as a good economy and Portugal's growing prestige, following the Expo 1998 and the support for the East-Timor cause, were strengthening the PS position. Polls leading up to the election predicted a comfortable PS majority government. Adding to this, the main opposition party, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), was exiting an internal crisis after former leader Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa resigned in March 1999 amid disagreements with the CDS-People's Party leader, Paulo Portas, regarding a future PSD/CDS alliance for these elections. The party elected, in a snap party congress in May 1999, José Manuel Durão Barroso as new leader.
Despite opinion polls predictions, the election results were labeled as a disappointment for the Socialists as the party failed to win a historical absolute majority by just one MP and barely improved their 1995 score, just 0.3 percentage points. The disappointing PS score would create instability in Guterres second government in the years to follow. The Social Democratic Party was still away from the preferences of the majority of the Portuguese people, after the ten years cycle under the lead of Cavaco Silva that had terminated four years before, and lost 7 MPs, compared with 1995, and gathered 32 percent of the votes. The Democratic Unity Coalition achieved an important climb in the scorecard, against those who predicted its irreversible decline after the end of the Socialist Bloc in the early 1990s. The CDS-People's Party was able to hold on to its 15 MPs after tensions with the PSD earlier that year. For the first time, the Left Bloc, formed after the merger of several minor left-wing parties became represented in the parliament after electing two MPs.
Turnout in this election was very low, only being surpassed by all elections after 2009 when turnout stands below 60 percent. Overall, voter turnout was only 61 percent of voters, one of the lowest ever recorded.

## Background
### Leadership changes and challenges
#### PSD 1996 leadership election

After leading his party to two successive defeats, in the 1995 election and in the 1996 Presidential election, then PSD leader Fernando Nogueira resigned. A party congress to elect a new leader was called for late March 1996. For that leadership ballot, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa announced his candidacy, just a few days after saying a phrase that would become famous in Portuguese politics, "Not even if Christ descends to earth, will I run." Marcelo faced Pedro Santana Lopes, which repeated his failed bid of 1995. Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was easily elected as PSD leader. The results were the following:
Ballot: 30 March 1996 :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | 603 | 66.4 |
| | Pedro Santana Lopes | 305 | 33.6 |
| Turnout | Turnout | 908 | |
| Source: Results ||||

#### CDS–PP 1998 leadership election

Then CDS leader, Manuel Monteiro, resigned from the leadership after the party's poor results in the 1997 local elections. Paulo Portas, which had a tense relationship with Monteiro, announced his candidacy but faced the candidate of the "Monteiro wing", Maria José Nogueira Pinto. The congress was very tense, with strong accusations between both candidates, but in the end Paulo Portas was elected as new party leader:
Ballot: 22 March 1998 :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes |
| | Paulo Portas | WIN |
| | Maria José Nogueira Pinto | |
| Turnout | Turnout | |
| Source: ||||

#### PSD 1999 leadership election

Then PSD leader Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa plan to creat an electoral alliance with the CDS – People's Party was splitting his party, but nonetheless, the alliance was approved in a party congress in February 1999. However, at the same a time, a scandal involving CDS–PP leader Paulo Portas, the "Moderna affair", in which corrupt deals and bad management were done in Moderna University, was creating a bad mood between PSD and CDS–PP and, specially, between the two party's leaders. In late March, Paulo Portas gives an interview on SIC that precipitated Marcelo's resignation. In that interview, Portas says that the PSD needs to come clean and say if they trust the CDS leader, and that Marcelo told him that a majority of the PSD leadership doesn't like him and feels he's a liability to the alliance. Feeling betrayed and seeing that Portas was untrustworthy, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa resigned from the PSD leadership. A snap party congress was called for early May, and, as the sole candidate, José Manuel Durão Barroso was unanimously elected as the new PSD leader:
Ballot: 1 May 1999 :
| Candidate | Candidate | % |
| | José Manuel Durão Barroso | 100.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | |
| Source: Results ||||

## Electoral system

The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.
The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude. The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.
For these elections, and compared with the 1995 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:
| District | Number of MPs | Map |
| Lisbon$^{(–1)}$ | 49 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Porto | 37 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Braga$^{(+1)}$ | 17 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Setúbal | 17 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Aveiro$^{(+1)}$ | 15 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Leiria, Santarém and Coimbra | 10 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Viseu | 9 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Faro | 8 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Viana do Castelo | 6 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Azores, Castelo Branco, Madeira and Vila Real | 5 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Bragança, Évora and Guarda | 4 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Beja$^{(–1)}$ and Portalegre | 3 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |
| Europe and Outside Europe | 2 | 17 6 37 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 49 3 4 17 3 8 5 5 2 2 |

## Parties

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 7th legislature (1995–1999) and that also partook in the election:
| Name | Name | Name | Ideology | Political position | Leader | 1995 result | 1995 result |
| Name | Name | Name | Ideology | Political position | Leader | % | Seats |
| | PS | Socialist Party Partido Socialista | Social democracy Third Way | Centre-left to Centre | António Guterres | 43.8% | 112 / 230 |
| | PPD/PSD | Social Democratic Party Partido Social Democrata | Liberal conservatism Classical liberalism | Centre-right | José Manuel Durão Barroso | 34.1% | 88 / 230 |
| | CDS-PP | CDS – People's Party Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular | Christian democracy Conservatism | Centre-right to right-wing | Paulo Portas | 9.1% | 15 / 230 |
| | PCP | Portuguese Communist Party Partido Comunista Português | Communism Marxism–Leninism | Far-left | Carlos Carvalhas | 8.6% | 13 / 230 |
| | PEV | Ecologist Party "The Greens" Partido Ecologista "Os Verdes" | Eco-socialism Green politics | Left-wing | Isabel Castro | 8.6% | 2 / 230 |

## Campaign period
### Party slogans

| Party or alliance | Original slogan | English translation |
| PS | « Portugal em boas mãos » | "Portugal in good hands" |
| PSD | « Vamos cumprir » | "We will deliver" |
| CDS–PP | « Alternativa'99 » | "Alternative'99" |
| CDU | « Para que não fique tudo na mesma » | "So that everything will not stay the same" |
| BE | « É tempo de ser exigente » | "It's time to be demanding" |

### Candidates' debates

1999 Portuguese legislative election debates :
| Date | Organisers | Moderator(s) | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee | P Present  A Absent invitee N Non-invitee |
| Date | Organisers | Moderator(s) | PS Guterres | PSD Barroso | CDU Carvalhas | CDS–PP Portas | Refs |
| 16 Sep | SIC | José Alberto Carvalho | P | P | N | N | |
| 17 Sep | SIC | José Alberto Carvalho | N | N | P | P | |
| 19 Sep | SIC | José Alberto Carvalho | N | P | N | P | |
| 20 Sep | SIC | José Alberto Carvalho | P | N | P | N | |
| 21 Sep | SIC | José Alberto Carvalho | P | N | N | P | |
| 22 Sep | SIC | José Alberto Carvalho | N | P | P | N | |
| 23 Sep | RTP1 | Judite de Sousa | P | P | P | P | |
| Candidate viewed as "most convincing" in each debate ||||||||||
| Date | Organisers | Polling firm/Link |
| Date | Organisers | Polling firm/Link | PS | PSD | CDU | CDS–PP | Notes |
| 16 Sep | SIC | SIC | 57 | 25 | — | — | 18% Neither |

## Opinion polling

The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1995 and 1999 for reference.
Note, until 2000, the publication of opinion polls in the last week of the campaign was forbidden.
Exit poll
| Date Released | Polling Firm | PS | | | | | Others | Lead |
| 10 Oct 1999 | Leg. election | 44.1 115 | 32.3 81 | 8.3 15 | 9.0 17 | 2.4 2 | 3.9 0 | 11.8 |
| 10 Oct 1999 | RTP/Universidade Católica | 46.0 | 30.3 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 2.5 | 5.2 | 15.7 |
| 10 Oct 1999 | SIC/Seeds | 46.3 | 31.5 | 8.0 | 9.8 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 14.8 |
| 10 Oct 1999 | TVI/Intercampus | 46.3 | 28.6 | 8.3 | 9.5 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 17.7 |
| 2 Oct 1999 | Euroexpansão | 50.0 | 32.0 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 18.0 |
| 1 Oct 1999 | Seeds | 47.0 | 32.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 15.0 |
| 1 Oct 1999 | Metris | 48.0 | 31.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 6.0 | 17.0 |
| 1 Oct 1999 | Universidade Católica | 47.2 | 30.0 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 2.8 | 4.9 | 17.2 |
| 30 Sep 1999 | Marktest | 46.2 | 30.7 | 4.2 | 10.6 | 2.8 | 5.5 | 15.5 |
| 30 Sep 1999 | Aximage | 49.0 | 33.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 16.0 |
| 25 Sep 1999 | Euroexpansão | 50.0 | 33.8 | — | — | — | 16.2 | 16.2 |
| 23 Sep 1999 | SIC/Visão | 46.8 | 31.8 | — | — | — | 21.4 | 15.0 |
| 18 Sep 1999 | Euroexpansão | 49.0 | 35.4 | — | — | — | 15.6 | 13.5 |
| 17 Sep 1999 | Independente | 45.0 | 34.2 | — | — | — | 20.8 | 10.8 |
| 14 Sep 1999 | Universidade Católica | 56.4 | 30.1 | — | — | — | 13.5 | 26.3 |
| 29 Jul 1999 | Universidade Católica | 52.0 | 31.6 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 20.4 |
| 13 Jun 1999 | EP elections | 43.1 | 31.1 | 8.2 | 10.3 | 1.8 | 5.5 | 12.0 |
| 19 Mar 1999 | Universidade Católica | 55.3 | 32.6 | 32.6 | 9.3 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 22.7 |
| Sep 1998 | Universidade Católica | 45.3 | 36.1 | 5.2 | 6.9 | — | 6.5 | 9.2 |
| 14 Dec 1997 | Local elections | 41.3 | 35.2 | 6.3 | 12.0 | — | 5.2 | 6.1 |
| 21 Mar 1997 | Universidade Católica | 40.0 | 33.0 | 6.5 | 8.0 | — | 12.5 | 7.0 |
| Dec 1996 | Universidade Católica | 47.0 | 29.0 | — | — | — | 24.0 | 18.0 |
| 1 Oct 1995 | Leg. election | 43.8 112 | 34.1 88 | 9.1 15 | 8.6 15 | 4.4 0 | Did not exist | 9.7 |

## National summary of votes and seats

Summary of the 10 October 1999 Assembly of the Republic elections results :
| Parties | Parties | Votes | % | ± | MPs | MPs | MPs | MPs | MPs | MPs %/ votes % |
| Parties | Parties | Votes | % | ± | 1995 | 1999 | ± | % | ± | MPs %/ votes % |
| | Socialist | 2,385,922 | 44.06 | 0.3 | 112 | 115 | 3 | 50.00 | 1.3 | 1.13 |
| | Social Democratic | 1,750,158 | 32.32 | 1.8 | 88 | 81 | 7 | 35.22 | 3.1 | 1.09 |
| | Unitary Democratic Coalition | 487,058 | 8.99 | 0.4 | 15 | 17 | 2 | 7.39 | 0.9 | 0.82 |
| | People's | 451,643 | 8.34 | 0.7 | 15 | 15 | 0 | 6.52 | 0.0 | 0.78 |
| | Left Bloc | 132,333 | 2.44 | — | — | 2 | — | 0.87 | — | 0.36 |
| | Portuguese Workers' Communist | 40,006 | 0.74 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Earth | 19,938 | 0.37 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | People's Monarchist | 16,522 | 0.31 | — | — | 0 | — | 0.00 | — | 0.0 |
| | National Solidarity | 11,488 | 0.21 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Humanist | 7,346 | 0.14 | — | — | 0 | — | 0.00 | — | 0.0 |
| | Workers Party of Socialist Unity | 4,104 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| | Democratic Party of the Atlantic | 438 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Total valid | Total valid | 5,306,956 | 98.00 | 0.1 | 230 | 230 | 0 | 100.00 | 0.0 | — |
| Blank ballots | Blank ballots | 56,964 | 1.05 | 0.3 | | | | | | |
| Invalid ballots | Invalid ballots | 51,230 | 0.95 | 0.1 | | | | | | |
| Total | Total | 5,415,102 | 100.00 | | | | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 8,864,604 | 61.09 | 5.2 | | | | | | |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||||||||||
Vote share
PS
44.06%
PSD
32.32%
CDU
8.99%
CDS-PP
8.34%
BE
2.44%
PCTP/MRPP
0.74%
Others
1.12%
Blank/Invalid
2.00% :
Parliamentary seats
PS
50.00%
PSD
35.22%
CDU
7.39%
CDS-PP
6.52%
BE
0.87% :

### Distribution by constituency

Results of the 1999 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic by constituency :
| Constituency | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | Total S |
| Constituency | PS | PS | PSD | PSD | CDU | CDU | CDS–PP | CDS–PP | BE | BE | | Total S |
| Azores | 53.3 | 3 | 35.8 | 2 | 1.7 | - | 5.6 | - | 1.1 | - | 5 |
| Aveiro | 40.2 | 7 | 38.3 | 6 | 3.5 | - | 13.6 | 2 | 1.3 | - | 15 |
| Beja | 46.7 | 2 | 14.5 | - | 28.3 | 1 | 3.9 | - | 1.6 | - | 3 |
| Braga | 44.3 | 8 | 36.7 | 7 | 5.4 | 1 | 8.9 | 1 | 1.2 | - | 17 |
| Bragança | 39.7 | 2 | 45.1 | 2 | 2.6 | - | 8.7 | - | 0.8 | - | 4 |
| Castelo Branco | 51.6 | 3 | 32.0 | 2 | 5.3 | - | 6.3 | - | 1.2 | - | 5 |
| Coimbra | 47.2 | 6 | 35.2 | 4 | 6.1 | - | 6.0 | - | 2.0 | - | 10 |
| Évora | 45.7 | 2 | 18.7 | 1 | 24.6 | 1 | 5.1 | - | 1.5 | - | 4 |
| Faro | 48.4 | 5 | 29.5 | 3 | 8.3 | - | 7.3 | - | 2.3 | - | 8 |
| Guarda | 43.4 | 2 | 39.2 | 2 | 3.2 | - | 9.8 | - | 1.1 | - | 4 |
| Leiria | 36.8 | 4 | 42.6 | 5 | 5.3 | - | 9.9 | 1 | 1.7 | - | 10 |
| Lisbon | 42.7 | 23 | 27.3 | 14 | 12.3 | 6 | 8.5 | 4 | 4.9 | 2 | 49 |
| Madeira | 35.1 | 2 | 46.2 | 3 | 2.8 | - | 10.9 | - | 1.2 | - | 5 |
| Portalegre | 51.2 | 2 | 22.5 | 1 | 15.0 | - | 5.9 | - | 1.2 | - | 3 |
| Porto | 48.0 | 19 | 32.7 | 13 | 6.2 | 2 | 7.5 | 3 | 2.3 | - | 37 |
| Santarém | 45.5 | 5 | 30.2 | 3 | 10.1 | 1 | 8.1 | 1 | 2.0 | - | 10 |
| Setúbal | 43.7 | 8 | 18.0 | 3 | 24.8 | 5 | 5.6 | 1 | 3.5 | - | 17 |
| Viana do Castelo | 40.2 | 3 | 35.8 | 2 | 5.0 | - | 14.0 | 1 | 1.2 | - | 6 |
| Vila Real | 40.8 | 2 | 45.5 | 3 | 2.4 | - | 6.8 | - | 0.8 | - | 5 |
| Viseu | 38.1 | 4 | 44.3 | 4 | 2.2 | - | 10.5 | 1 | 1.2 | - | 9 |
| Europe | 55.4 | 2 | 24.7 | - | 5.3 | - | 3.2 | - | 0.6 | - | 2 |
| Outside Europe | 39.8 | 1 | 49.5 | 1 | 1.7 | - | 3.5 | - | 0.4 | - | 2 |
| Total | 44.1 | 115 | 32.3 | 81 | 9.0 | 17 | 8.3 | 15 | 2.4 | 2 | 230 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições ||||||||||||

### Maps

* Most voted political force by district. (Madeira and Azores not shown)
* Winner and seats by constituency.
* Most voted political force by municipality.

## Aftermath

Guterres second government was haunted by its failure in winning an absolute majority in the 1999 elections. The tie between the Government and the opposition created a series of problems to Guterres as all opposition parties, PSD, CDU, CDS–PP and BE, refused to negotiate with the Government. In the 2000 budget, CDS–PP decided to abstain and the budget passed:
2000 State Budget António Guterres (PS) :
| Ballot → | Ballot → | 15 March 2000 |
| Required majority → | Required majority → | Simple Y |
| | Yes • PS (115) | 115 / 230 |
| | No • PSD (81) • PCP (15) • PEV (2) • BE (2) | 100 / 230 |
| | Abstentions • CDS–PP (15) | 15 / 230 |
| | Absentees | 0 / 230 |
| Sources ||||
However, after the 2000 budget, CDS–PP was no longer willing to support Guterres and, the solution found was a controversial one: With a sole CDS–PP MP, Daniel Campelo, Guterres secured the approval of his two following annual State Budgets in exchange for the government financing a cheese factory in Campelo's hometown of Ponte de Lima, in Viana do Castelo district. The 2001 and 2002 budgets were approved with the abstention of this sole CDS–PP MP: Campelo was ultimately suspended from CDS–PP, and from November 2000 onwards, sat as an Independent.
2001 State Budget António Guterres (PS) :
| Ballot → | Ballot → | 29 November 2000 |
| Required majority → | Required majority → | Simple Y |
| | Yes • PS (115) | 115 / 230 |
| | No • PSD (81) • PCP (15) • CDS–PP (14) • PEV (2) • BE (2) | 114 / 230 |
| | Abstentions • Ind. Daniel Campelo (1) | 1 / 230 |
| | Absentees | 0 / 230 |
| Sources ||||
2002 State Budget António Guterres (PS) :
| Ballot → | Ballot → | 30 November 2001 |
| Required majority → | Required majority → | Simple Y |
| | Yes • PS (115) | 115 / 230 |
| | No • PSD (81) • PCP (15) • CDS–PP (14) • PEV (2) • BE (2) | 114 / 230 |
| | Abstentions • Ind. Daniel Campelo (1) | 1 / 230 |
| | Absentees | 0 / 230 |
| Sources ||||

### Fall of the government

Besides his fragile majority to approve major legislation, Guterres also suffered with a lot of instability within his own cabinet, with two reshuffles in just four months during 2001. The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge collapse generated public anger against the government, which eroded even more Guterres' popularity. By 2001, the economy was also showing strong signs of slowdown, in a time when Portugal was about to enter into the Euro common currency and was suffering from the global impact of the September 11 attacks. All these problems culminated in the December 2001 local elections, where the PS suffered a big defeat and saw major urban centers, mainly Lisbon and Porto, swing dramatically to the right-wing, so, in response, Guterres announced his resignation as Prime Minister. President Jorge Sampaio dissolved Parliament and called an election for 17 March 2002.