OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ömer Bolat

Ömer Bolat (born 30 August 1963) is a Turkish academician and politician. He has made contributions to the fields of economics, international relations, and business administration throughout his career. Bolat became the minister of trade of the 67th cabinet of Turkey.

## Education

Bolat graduated from the Marmara University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, specializing in International Economic Relations, in 1984. He completed his post-graduate education at University of Amsterdam. Later, he earned a master's degree from the Kiel Institute for the World Economy in Germany, specialising in International Economy and Business Administration. Subsequently, he obtained his doctorate from the Marmara University Institute of European Studies.

## Academic career

In recognition of his scholarly contributions, Bolat was appointed as an associate professor in 2014, followed by his promotion to the rank of Professor in 2019. Between September 2015 and September 2020, Ömer Bolat conducted post-graduate courses in International Economy, Administration, Business Administration, and Entrepreneurship at Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University. On October 1, 2020, he assumed the role of an academic member at Istanbul Commerce University, where he taught courses on "Entrepreneurship and New Business Models" and "Leadership Theories."
His academic output includes nearly 30 reports, four books, and over 300 articles.

## Professional Experience

Bolat's career extends beyond academia. He served as an expert researcher at the Economic Development Foundation from 1982 to 1993. In 1993, he became the Secretary General of the Independent Industrialists and Businessmen Association (MUSİAD). During his 15-year tenure on the MUSİAD Board of Directors, he held key positions, including Secretary General, Deputy President and President.
Additionally, Mr. Bolat served as the General Coordinator of Albayrak Group for 23 years, from May 2000 to June 2023. He continues to contribute as a senior executive and columnist at Derin Ekonomi magazine since June 2015 and Z-Raporu economy magazine since June 2019. He also served as a member of the Board of Directors of the Turkish Aerospace Industries.

## Political engagement

Bolat actively engaged in politics and held several important positions within the Justice and Development Party (AK Party). He served as a member of the Central Decision and Administrative Committee (CDAC) for three years between September 2012 and September 2015. Additionally, he contributed to the AK Party Political Virtue and Ethics Committee between 2015 and 2016.
In 2023, Bolat was appointed as the Minister of Trade by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

## Personal life

Professor Bolat is married and has two children.
# Beta Cancri b

Beta Cancri b is a gas giant exoplanet that orbits the K-type giant Beta Cancri. Its mass is 7.8 Jupiter masses, it takes 1.7 years to complete one orbit of its star, and is 1.7 astronomical units from its star, on a nearly circular orbit.

## Discovery

First evidence for a planet around Beta Cancri was presented in 2008, when variations of the host star's radial velocity with an period of 673 days, but at that time an explanation to the radial velocity variations (such as a planet) wasn't presented. In 2014, Lee et al. found further evidence for the planet's existence, finding a different period of 605.2 days. After ruling out alternative explanations for the radial velocity variations, such as stellar variability, its existence could be confirmed.
Beta Cancri b was discovered with doppler spectroscopy, also known as the radial velocity method, which consists on observing small variations in the star's spectrum, which are radial velocity variations and happen because the planet is able to gravitationally pull its host star.

## Host star

Beta Cancri (Altarf), the brightest star in Cancer, is one of the largest stars known to host exoplanets. It is a K-type giant with 70% more mass than the Sun but a diameter 50 times larger. It cooled to an effective temperature of 4,100 K, which is 1,700 degrees cooler than the Sun, but is 700 times more luminous than the Sun. It can be seen close to Procyon, which outshine it.
# Lake Alleghe

Lake Alleghe (Lago d'Alleghe) is a natural lake in the Province of Belluno, Italy. It is situated in the municipalities of Rocca Pietore (west) and Alleghe (east).
The surface is about 0.40 km$^2$. The circumference is around 4.5 km.

## History

It was created by natural causes in 1771 after a debris flow from Monte Piz with a death toll of 49 people. The river Cordevole was hereby blocked, and thus that water formed the lake.
# Sangli Metropolitan Region

Sangli-Miraj & Kupwad is urban agglomeration and a municipal corporation in Sangli district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

## Urban areas

The City includes, three nearby urban areas
* Sangli is situated on the banks of river Krishna.
* Miraj is a railway junction, a major healthcare centre and an export hub of classical Indian musical instruments. Famous hospitals like Wanless Hospital, Krupamayi Mental Hospital and Richardson Leprosy Hospitals are based in Miraj. Government Medical College, Miraj is also located in Miraj.
* Kupwad, formerly a small town, now mainly houses the MIDC industrial area. Kupwad MIDC is an industrial area harbouring many foundries, spinning mills, chocolate factories, oil manufacturing, cold storage etc. Notable foundries are Tulsi foundry, J sons foundry. Notable spinning mills like Toto Toya spin ltd. Oil manufacturing factory (Chakan oil mills). Kupwad town has an Employees' State Insurance Hospital (ESIS Hospital) for the Insured persons and their family who are working in Kupwad MIDC area.
* Madhavnagar
* Budhgaon
* Kavalapur
* Kumthe
* Kavathe Ekand
* Tasgaon
* Haripur
* Ankali
* Ashta
* Padmale
* Karnal
* Vasagade
* Nandre
* Patgaon
* Bhose
* Arag
* Sulgare
* Malgaon
* Bedag
* Belanki
* Samdoli
* Inam Dhamani
* Kavathe Piran
* Tung
* Mirajwadi
* Tanang
* Savali

## Governance

The Sangli Miraj Kupwad Municipal Corporation is the governing body of the metropolitan area of Sangli Miraj Kupwad. The municipal corporation consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a mayor and administers the city's infrastructure, public services and police. Members from the state's leading various political parties hold elected offices in the corporation. The Sangli Miraj Kupwad Municipal Corporation was created on 28 February 1998 by the merger of the previously separate municipal councils of Sangli, Miraj and Kupwad. Sangli had been the district administrative centre and Miraj and Kupwad were small towns located within 10-km distance from Sangli.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad had a population of over a half million. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 69%. In Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. In Kupwad, as described by Gumperz and Wilson in 1971, Kannada speaking Jains and Lingayats formed the majority, while the rest consisted of Marathi speaking Dalits, Urdu speaking Muslims and a few Telugu speaking rope-makers. In Miraj Urdu speaking Muslims form a majority of 50% of total population of the city.
# AM to PM

"AM to PM" is a song by American singer and songwriter Christina Milian, released as her debut single. It was written by Milian, Christian Karlsson, and Pontus Winnberg and produced by the latter. It served as the lead single from her self-titled 2001 debut album and found commercial success in many countries, becoming a top-10 hit in the Flanders region of Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom.

## Release and promotion

Pushed by Milian's increasing prominence as a VJ on MTV, the single enjoyed worldwide success, reaching the top 10 in Denmark, Flanders, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom. Stateside, it peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100.

## Critical reception

Chuck Taylor from Billboard compared the song to the work of Destiny's Child and Christina Aguilera and felt that it may be "too entrenched in youth-pop to be taken seriously by those with an ear for the street". Nonetheless, he stated that "with its pop-ping production and chirpy vocal, this could be one of the bolder breakthroughs of the year".

## Music video

The music video for "AM to PM" was directed by Dave Meyers and premiered on Total Request Live on August 27, 2001. It starts with Milian waking up after going to bed that night. She then gets ready to leave the house, and decides to sneak out of the house. She turns off the alarm, hides from her mom, by hanging below the stairs. She stops the dog from barking by throwing him a bone and then exits the house. She grabs her backpack, which she had thrown out from the window in her room, and jumps in the backseat of her friends' car. She and her friends then go to a club, and they are able to skip the line by showing the bouncer a beeper that reads "AM to PM." She and her friends then proceed into the club and start to dance. They all dance and Christina dances on a stage with many background dancers. After Christina and her friends leave, she attempts to sneak back into her house. Her dad is reading the newspaper and the dog is barking again. She sees this and then runs around to enter the house through the backdoor. She sprints to her room and dives into her bed. Her dad checks on her, thinking that she's asleep, and she pretends to be. After he leaves, Christina says "from AM to PM," and the video ends.
Kevin Federline is featured in the main nightclub dance sequence throughout the video.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Norway (IFPI Norway) | Gold | |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) |
| United States | July 24, 2001 | Contemporary hitrhythmic contemporary radio | Def Soul |
| United States | September 11, 2001 | CD | Def Soul |
| Australia | November 26, 2001 | CD | Universal Music Australia |
| United Kingdom | January 14, 2002 | 12-inch vinylCDcassette | Def Soul |
| Japan | January 17, 2002 | CD | Universal Music Japan |
# Kaiyuan stabbing attack

On 27 December 2020, a man stabbed fourteen people in Kaiyuan, Liaoning, China, killing seven.

## Attack

Seven people were killed and seven others injured in a mass stabbing attack near a school in Kaiyuan, in Liaoning province. As the school was closed at the time of the incident, no students or teachers were hurt. The victims were all passersby, mainly middle-aged or elderly women. The attacker then stabbed and wounded a policeman before being arrested. The suspect, identified as Yang Moufeng, is a man in his sixties.
# Nemërçka

Nemërçka (Albanian: Nemërçkë, Greek: Νεμέρτσικα, Δούσκο, Μερόπη, Αεροπός, romanized: Nemértsika, Doúsko, Merópi, Aeropós) is a mountain chain situated along the boundary between Gjirokastër and Përmet municipalities, in southern Albania and northern Greece. Part of the Trebeshinë-Dhëmbel-Nemërçkë mountain range, its highest peak, Maja e Papingut, reaches a height of 2,482 m (8,143 ft), making it the highest peak in the Southern Mountain Region. Other notable peaks include Maja e Gatakut 2,269 m (7,444 ft), Maja e Qesarit 2,253 m (7,392 ft), Maja e Poliçanit 2,138 m (7,014 ft), etc.
The chain extends about 20 km (12 mi) from Qafa e Dhëmbelit in the north to the state border with Greece in the south, stretching at a width of 4–10 km (2.5–6.2 mi).

## Geology

Composed primarily of Mesozoic and Paleogene limestones, Nemërçka features a heavily karstified ridge, formed by an elongated anticlinal structure, embanking the graben valley of Vjosë. The eastern slope descends steeply, often presenting as cliffs that are impassable, while the western slope is more gradual. Quaternary glaciations have left visible traces in the relief pattern, manifesting as cirques on the eastern slope, above 1,700 m (5,600 ft), where large amounts of snow accumulates. From these heights, numerous rapid streams emerge, such as the Kazan and Draçovë streams. Snow blankets the chain from November to April and avalanches are frequent on the western slope.

## Biodiversity

Vegetation mainly consists of shrubs and a limited distribution of conifers. Forests are scarce. Summer pastures are plentiful throughout the mountain ridge and the western slope.
A diverse species of wildlife inhabit the area, namely the mountain partridge, wild turkey, wild goat, wild boar, and others.
# Sarah Zerbes

Sarah Livia Zerbes (German pronunciation:, born 2 August 1978) is a German algebraic number theorist at ETH Zurich. Her research interests include L-functions, modular forms, p-adic Hodge theory, and Iwasawa theory, and her work has led to new insights towards the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, which predicts the number of rational points on an elliptic curve by the behavior of an associated L-function.

## Education and career

Zerbes read mathematics at the University of Cambridge, earning first class honours in 2001. She completed a Ph.D. at Cambridge in 2005; her dissertation, Selmer groups over non-commutative p-adic Lie extensions, was supervised by John H. Coates.
While still a graduate student, she became a Marie Curie Fellow at the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris, and after completing her doctorate she undertook postdoctoral studies as a Hodge Fellow at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques near Paris, as a Chapman Fellow at Imperial College London, and (while working as a lecturer at the University of Exeter beginning in 2008) as a postdoctoral fellow under the support of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
She took another lectureship at University College London in 2012, and was a professor there from 2016 until 2021. Zerbes also serves on the council of the London Mathematical Society. Since 1 January 2022 she is a full professor of Mathematics at ETH Zürich.

## Recognition

Zerbes won a Philip Leverhulme Prize in 2014, jointly with her husband and frequent research collaborator David Loeffler of the University of Warwick. In 2015 Zerbes and Loeffler won the Whitehead Prize "for their work in number theory, in particular for their discovery of a new Euler system, and for their applications of this to generalisations of the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture."
# Protea amplexicaulis

Protea amplexicaulis, the clasping-leaf sugarbush, is a flower-bearing shrub that belongs to the genus Protea. The plant is endemic to the Cape Provinces of South Africa and occurs from Citrusdal to the Kogelberg, as well as in the Langeberg. The shrub remains low and spreads out, becoming 1.3 m in diameter and flowering from June to September.
Fire destroys the plant but the seeds survive. The seeds are stored in a shell and spread by the wind. The plant is unisexual. Pollination takes place by the action of rats and mice. The plant grows sandstone soils at elevations of 180 to 1,600 m.
In Afrikaans it is known as ′aardroos-suikerbos′.
# Sakarya Province

Sakarya (Turkish: Sakarya ili) is a province and metropolitan municipality in Turkey, located on the coast of the Black Sea. Its area is 4,824 km$^2$ (1,863 sq mi), and its population is 1,080,080 (2022). The Sakarya River creates a webbing of estuaries in the province, which is in the Marmara Region. The adjacent provinces are Kocaeli to the west, Bilecik to the south, Bolu to the southeast and Düzce to the east. The capital of Sakarya is Adapazarı. Its climate is maritime in the north and humid subtropical in the south and changes by the distance to the Black Sea. Sakarya is on the Ankara-Istanbul highway and is also connected by rail. Sakarya is serviced by Istanbul's Sabiha Gökçen International Airport. The mayor of Sakarya is Yusuf Alemdar as of 2024 (AKP). The city of Sakarya, one of the most important cities in Turkey for its rapid growth and development, is also noteworthy for its natural beauties and its cultural richness. It is one of the paradise-like spots of the country with its sea, beaches, lakes, rivers, highlands, thermal springs, traditional Ottoman lifestyle districts such as Taraklı and Geyve and noteworthy historical relics that are inherited from the Byzantine and the Ottoman eras. The Turks conquered the city of Sakarya in the 13th century. There was intensive immigration from the Caucasus and the Balkans in the 18th and the 19th centuries. The last massive immigration was in 1989 from Bulgaria. The city has developed industry from being a transportation crossroads and still has inward domestic migration.

## History

It was founded in 1400 by 400 Armenian immigrant families who escaped from Timur's oppression in Sivas and was named "Donigaşen" after the name of their leaders. Today's inhabitants are Manavs. The Native Muslims are Armenians and Greeks who gradually converted to Islam, and it should not be ignored that Turk households settled in the region. Adapazarı's known name in Turkish at that time was Adacık and Ada. The source of the information that the region was conquered by Orhan Gazi and opened to settlement is also unknown. Adapazarı was the village of Ada in 1573, a sub-district in 1646, a village in Akyazı in 1658, and administrative district of a qadi in 1692 and again a sub-district in 1742. The residency area had the status of a district between 1837 and 1954 during the Ottoman and the Republican eras. Adapazarı was a district of Kocaeli for many years but separated from it and took the name of Sakarya on June 22, 1954 by Law 6419. Adapazarı took the name of Sakarya since it was the centre of the districts f Akyazı, Geyve, Hendek and Karasu. On December 1, 1954, the first governor, Nazım Üner, began active duty with ceremonies.
Adapazarı was experiencing a rapid growth and great development in the centre of Akova, but the city had to face massive destruction during the great Marmara earthquake, on August 17, 1999.

## Districts

Greater Adapazarı
* Adapazarı
* Arifiye
* Erenler
* Ferizli
* Sapanca
* Serdivan
* Söğütlü
Area: 1,156 sq km, Population: 670,000 (2022)
Rest of Sakarya
* Akyazı
* Geyve
* Hendek
* Karapürçek
* Karasu
* Kaynarca
* Kocaali
* Pamukova
* Taraklı
# Guatemala–Turkey relations

Guatemala and Turkey maintain bilateral relations. Guatemala has an embassy in Ankara since April 19, 2017. Turkey has an embassy in Guatemala City since 2015.

## Official Visits

| Guest | Host | Place of visit | Date of visit |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu | Minister of Foreign Affairs Carlos Raúl Morales | First Turkey-SICA Foreign Ministers Forum, Guatemala City | February, 2015 |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs Carlos Raúl Morales | Minister of Foreign Affairs Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu | Second Turkey-SICA Foreign Ministers Forum, Istanbul and Ankara | February 19–20, 2017 |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu | Minister of Foreign Affairs Sandra Jovel | Third Turkey-SICA Foreign Ministers Forum, Guatemala City | May 20–21, 2019 |

## Economic relations

Trade volume between the two countries was US$63.5 million in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: US$53.5/10 million).
# Chapagetti

Chapagetti (Korean: 짜파게티) is a brand of ramyeon produced by Nongshim. It was first released in South Korea on 19 March 1984. Chapagetti is the first instant noodle product to resemble the Chinese dish jjajangmyeon (짜장麺) in South Korea and is the second highest-selling brand of instant noodles in South Korea, behind Shin Ramyun. Its name is a portmanteau of jajangmyeon (which is also romanized as chajangmyŏn) and spaghetti. It is one of Nongshim's leading brands, with sales greater than 200 billion won per year.

## History

Chapagetti was first released in South Korea on March 19, 1984. The product soon gained popularity and established itself as one of Nongshim's leading brands, with sales of 200 billion won per year.
Shrimp Chapaghetti was launched in 1986, but it was discontinued due to sluggish sales. On September 6, 2004, Sichuan cuisine (Korean: 사천; Hanja: 四川; RR: Sacheon) Chapaghetti was launched.
In April 2024, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Chapagetti, a temporary "Chapagetti Snack Shop" pop-up store was created in Seongsu-dong, Seoul. Various tasting events and games were held at the store.
A new product called "Chapagetti the Black" was also released to commemorate the brand's anniversary. A Nongshim official described the new product as having "a chewier and stronger taste while lowering calories by more than 20% with dry noodles".

## In popular culture

In the Academy Award-winning South Korean film Parasite, a dish called chapaguri (짜파구리) is cooked by one of the characters, which is a mix of Chapagetti and Neoguri. The English version of the film calls this "ram-don", an expression created by the translator, and the footage shows packages labelled in English "ramyeon" and "udon" to highlight to English speakers how the name was created. Nongshim, which manufactures both brands of noodle, published an "official" recipe for chapaguri on their YouTube channel.
# He Knows (disambiguation)

He Knows can refer to one of four songs:
* A song by Camila Cabello from her 2024 album, C,XOXO
* A song by the Futureheads from their 2004 album The Futureheads
* The lead single from contemporary Christian music artist Jeremy Camp's 2015 album I Will Follow
* A single by Grouper
# Alina Ivanova

Alina Petrovna Ivanova (Russian: Алина Петровна Иванова; born 16 March 1969 in Kildishevo, Yadrinsky District, Chuvash ASSR) is a retired Russian long-distance athlete who competing in race walking and road running. She is best known for winning the gold medal in the women's 10 km walk at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo, Japan. She represented the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.
She changed to the marathon run later in her career and was a two-time winner at both the Prague International Marathon and the Dublin Marathon.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing the Soviet Union ||||||
| 1988 | World Junior Championships | Sudbury, Canada | — | 5000 m walk | DQ |
| 1991 | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan | 1st | 10 km walk | 42.57 |
| Representing Russia ||||||
| 1995 | Pittsburgh Marathon | Pittsburgh, United States | 1st | Marathon | 2:35:30 |
| 1997 | World Championships | Athens, Greece | — | Marathon | DNF |
| 1998 | Hong Kong Marathon | Hong Kong, China | 1st | Marathon | 2:39:26 |
| 2000 | Prague Marathon | Prague, Czech Republic | 1st | Marathon | 2:27:42 |
| 2000 | Berlin Marathon | Berlin, Germany | 8th | Marathon | 2:31:26 |
| 2001 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | 7th | Marathon | 2:25:34 |
| 2002 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | — | Marathon | DNF |
| 2006 | Prague Marathon | Prague, Czech Republic | 1st | Marathon | 2:29:20 |