OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Martin Faustmann

Martin Faustmann was a German forester who is regarded as the father of forest economics. His 1849 analysis of the optimal rotation problem, often referred to as the Faustmann formula, remains in widespread use in natural resource valuation and policy analysis, and continues to be a topic of active research.

## Biography

Faustmann studied Catholic theology at the University of Giessen for one semester in 1841 before turning to forestry. He completed his examinations in 1848 and became the chief forester of Dudenhofen near Darmstadt, where he remained until his death.

## Scientific contributions

A foundational problem in the economics of forest management concerns the optimal age at which a stand should be harvested (i.e. whether it would be better to harvest and sell younger trees today, or wait for them to grow and obtain a larger timber sale revenue later).
The key insight of Faustmann's formula is that because timber is a renewable resource, it is not possible to answer this question by accounting for standing timber alone. Although the impatient forester receives a smaller payment by harvesting younger trees, they also gain the opportunity to re-plant sooner. In other words, if a patient forester chooses to let their stand grow for an additional decade, they might receive a much larger timber sale revenue, but at the cost of delaying the next rotation: after harvesting, they are left with bare land, while their impatient colleague now has 10-year-old-trees.
Faustmann's formula allows forest managers to consistently solve for the optimal harvest age given information about the growth rate of the stand, expected timber prices, and a discount rate. The formula circumvents the problem of infinite regress because it can be simplified and solved as a geometric series. Because it accounts for the time value of money (or the opportunity cost of delaying a harvest), the financially optimal Faustmann rotation is generally shorter than the biologically optimal rotation age.
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1700

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1700, adopted unanimously on August 10, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions on Iraq, particularly resolutions 1500 (2003), 1546 (2004), 1557 (2004) and 1619 (2005), the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) for a further period of twelve months until August 10, 2007.
The Security Council reaffirmed the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iraq, and the role of the United Nations in the country through the strengthening of institutions and promote national dialogue, the latter of which was crucial for Iraq's stability and unity. It welcomed the view of Iraq that there continued to be a crucial role for UNAMI in assisting the country to build a "productive and prosperous nation at peace with itself and its neighbours".
Extending UNAMI's mandate for an additional twelve months, the Council declared its intention to review its mandate if requested to do so by the Iraqi government. Finally, the Secretary-General Kofi Annan was required to update the Council regularly on developments relating to the International Compact of Iraq.
# Sheng Jiang

Sheng Jiang (Chinese: 盛江; pinyin: Shèng Jiāng; born March 25, 1983) is a retired Greco-Roman wrestler from China. In 2006 he won silver medals at the Asian Games and Asian Championships. He competed at the 2004, 2008 and 2012 Olympics with the best result of a bronze medal in 2008.
# Joe Sheridan

Joseph Michael Sheridan (27 November 1914 – 30 September 2000) was an Irish politician, originally with Fine Gael but for most of his career an independent.
Sheridan came from Colmcille in County Longford, and had three brothers and two sisters. He moved to County Westmeath, first to Kilbeggan and then to Mullingar. An auctioneer and farmer by profession, he was elected to Westmeath County Council, and then to Seanad Éireann by the Agricultural Panel at a by-election on 14 May 1956. He was re-elected at the 1957 Seanad election, this time by the Labour Panel.
He was elected to Dáil Éireann as an independent Teachta Dála (TD) for the Longford–Westmeath constituency at the 1961 general election. In spite of his Fine Gael background, he supported the minority Fianna Fáil government. He was re-elected at the 1965, 1969, 1973 and 1977 general elections. He concentrated on local constituency needs, with the electoral slogan "Vote for Joe, the Man you Know." He retired at the 1981 general election.
Sheridan had five sons and four daughters, one of whom, Kathy Sheridan, is a journalist with The Irish Times.
# Ferenc Ilyés

Ferenc Ilyés (born 20 December 1981) is a retired Hungarian handball player.

## Career
### Club

Born in Odorheiu Secuiesc into an ethnic Hungarian family, Ilyés started to play handball for his hometown club. He was spotted by the scouts of SC Pick Szeged, and the talented left back signed a contract with the Tisza-side team in 2000. His playing minutes were limited in the early times, so he moved to Makói KC on loan to get more experience. He returned to Szeged as a more mature player and immediately became a regular team member.He played in Szeged until 2007, when he switched to domestic rivals MKB Veszprém KC. With them he has won the EHF Cup Winners' Cup in 2008. After his contract ran out in 2009, he moved to Bundesliga outfit TBV Lemgo on a two-year deal. He took the EHF Cup title with the German team in 2010, after beating Kadetten Schaffhausen in the finals. On 14 January 2011 it was announced that Ilyés signed a three-year contract with his former club, Veszprém, and will re-join the record champions in the summer. However, a year later he was certified for the Polish team Wisła Płock. From the 2013/14 season, he played again in the colors of SC Pick Szeged, with which he won the EHF Cup in 2014. Joined the Grundfos Tatabánya KC in the summer of 2016. He retired from Grundfos Tatabánya KC in the summer of 2021 and became manager of the club. Grundfos Tatabánya KC retired the 18th field number of Ilyés.

### International

He made his debut in the Hungarian national team on 27 December 2003 against the Czech Republic. His first major tournament was the 2004 European Championship in Slovenia. He participated on another five European Championships (2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014) and was also present on four World Championships (2007, 2009, 2011, 2019). His best result on international level is a fourth place, which he achieved at the 2004 Summer Olympics and at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He was the captain of national team between 2011 and 2019.

### Personal life

His sister is the former international handball player Annamária Ilyés; their mother Magdalena Mikloș represented Romania in the same sport.

## Honours
### Club
#### Pick Szeged

* EHF Cup
** Gold: 2014
* Nemzeti Bajnokság I
** Gold: 2007
** Silver: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2014, 2015, 2016
** Bronze: 2001
* Magyar Kupa
** Gold: 2006
** Silver: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2014, 2015, 2016

#### MKB Veszprém KC

* EHF Cup Winners' Cup
** Gold: 2008
* EHF Champions Trophy
** Silver: 2008
* Nemzeti Bajnokság I
** Gold: 2008, 2009, 2012
* Magyar Kupa
** Gold: 2009, 2012
** Silver: 2008

#### TBV Lemgo

* EHF Cup
** Gold: 2010

#### Wisła Płock

* Superliga
** Silver: 2013
* Polish Cup
** Silver: 2013

#### Grundfos Tatabánya KC

* Nemzeti Bajnokság I
** Bronze: 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021
* Magyar Kupa
** Bronze: 2017

### Individual

* Golden Cross of the Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2012)
* Hungarian Best Defensive Player Of The Year: 2008, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2018
# Island Bayou (Oklahoma)

Island Bayou is a 46.0-mile-long (74.0 km) tributary of the Red River in Oklahoma.
The stream rises northwest of Calera in Bryan County and flows southeastward before emptying into the Red River south of Wade. Its entire length is within Bryan County.
The Treaty of Doaksville (1837) set Island Bayou as the boundary between the Chickasaw and Choctaw Nations in Indian Territory; however, the description was uncertain. It was not until 1854 that the Choctaw-Chickasaw treaty of that year gave certainty to the boundary:
    "viz: Beginning on the north bank of the Red River, at the mouth of Island Bayou, where it empties into the Red River...thence, northerly along the eastern prong of Island Bayou to its source; thence, due north to the Canadian River".
The Texas Road and the old Butterfield Overland Mail route ran past the head of Island Bayou at Fisher's Station, also known as Carriage Point.
The elevation at its mouth is 459 feet (140 m) above sea level, at 33.848ºN 96.104ºW.

## Sources

* ↑ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed June 3, 2011
* Kappler, Charles (ed.). "TREATY WITH THE CHOCTAW AND CHICKASAW, 1837 (Doaksville)". Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904. 2:486-488 (accessed August 25, 2006).
* Kappler, Charles (ed.). "TREATY WITH THE CHOCTAW AND CHICKASAW, 1854" Archived 2007-02-06 at the Wayback Machine. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904. 2:652-653 (accessed August 25, 2006).
* Wright, Muriel H. "Organization of the Counties in the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations". Chronicles of Oklahoma 8:3 (September 1930) 315–334. (accessed August 26, 2006).
# Sherry Calvert

Sherry Lynn Calvert (born June 6, 1951, in Los Angeles, California) is a retired female javelin thrower from the United States, who represented her native country twice at the Summer Olympics: 1972 and 1976. She set her personal best (63.38 metres) in 1978.
Calvert won the javelin at the 1970 DGWS Outdoor Track and Field Championships representing the USC Trojans track and field team.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| 1971 | Pan American Games | Cali, Colombia | 2nd | 51.52 m |
| 1972 | Olympic Games | Munich, West Germany | 15th | 51.38 m |
| 1975 | Pan American Games | Mexico City, Mexico | 1st | 54.70 m |
| 1976 | Olympic Games | Montreal, Canada | 13th | 53.08 m |
# David López (footballer, born 2003)

David López Guijarro (born 3 February 2003) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for RCD Mallorca.

## Career

Born in Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, López was a RCD Mallorca youth graduate. He made his senior debut with the reserves on 11 September 2021, coming on as a late substitute in a 2–1 Tercera División RFEF away win over UD Collerense.
López scored his first senior goal on 30 March 2022, netting the B's third in a 4–0 home routing of CF Sóller. He made his first team debut on 1 November 2023, replacing Toni Lato in a 4–0 away routing of CD Boiro, for the season's Copa del Rey.
López made his professional debut on 7 January 2024, starting in a 3–0 away win over Burgos CF, also for the national cup. On 1 February, he was loaned to Segunda División side Elche CF for the remainder of the season.
On 6 August 2024, López moved to fellow second division side Burgos on a one-year loan deal. He scored his first professional goal on 8 December, netting the winner in a 1–0 home success over CD Eldense.
On 30 January 2025, López was recalled by Mallorca.
# William Wells (1818–1889)

William Wells (15 March 1818 – 1 May 1889) was an English Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1852 to 1857 and from 1868 to 1874.
Wells was the son of Captain William Wells, R.N. and his wife Lady Elizabeth Proby, daughter of John Proby, 1st Earl of Carysfort, and grandson of Vice-Admiral Thomas Wells, of Holme, whose father, William, had inherited the estate from his wife's uncle, Thomas Truman, in 1768. He was educated at Harrow School and at Balliol College, Oxford, and served in the 1st Life Guards from 1839 until 1843. In 1826 he inherited Holmewood Hall in Huntingdonshire from his father. He also inherited the Redleaf estate in Kent from his great-uncle William.
He was a J.P. and a deputy lieutenant for Kent and Huntingdonshire.
At the 1852 general election Wells was elected as a member of parliament (MP) for the borough of Beverley. He held the seat until his defeat in the 1857 by the Liberal Edward Glover. An election petition was lodged by Wells on the grounds that Glover was not duly qualified, because he did not meet the property-holding requirements. The issue had been raised during the election, and handbills circulated to that effect, but Glover had denied the allegations. On 3 August 1853, the committee ruled that Glover had not been duly qualified, and that his election was void. A by-election was held on 11 August 1853, when Wells stood again, but was defeated by the Conservative candidate Henry Edwards.
Wells contested the City of Peterborough at the 1852 general election, where he was the third-placed of the three Liberal candidates. He won the seat at the 1868 general election, defeating the Liberal MP Thomson Hankey, a former Governor of the Bank of England. Wells remained an MP for Peterborough and held the seat until the 1874 general election, when he did not stand again.
He was appointed High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire for 1875. He was also a keen agriculturalist and President of the Royal Agricultural Society in 1880.
Wells died at the age of 71. He had married Lady Louisa Wemyss-Charteris, the daughter of the Francis Wemyss-Charteris, 9th Earl of Wemyss in 1854. They had no children.
# Rotaru

Rotaru is a Romanian surname meaning "wheelwright". Notable people with the surname include:
* Alina Rotaru (born 1993), Romanian long jumper
* Doina Rotaru (born 1951), Romanian composer
* Elysia Rotaru (born 1984), Canadian actress
* Gabriel Rotaru (born 1971), Romanian footballer
* Ioana Rotaru (born 1984), Romanian rower
* Nicolae Rotaru (1935–2009), Romanian sport shooter
* Sofia Rotaru (born 1947), Soviet and Ukrainian singer of Moldovan descent
# Markus Hasler

Markus Hasler (born 3 October 1971 in Eschen) is a Liechtensteiner cross-country skier who has competed since 1992. His best World Cup finish was third in a sprint event in Italy in 2001.
Hasler also competed in five Winter Olympics, earning his best finish of 11th in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit event at Turin in 2006. His best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was fourth in the 10 km + 10 km double pursuit event at Val di Fiemme in 2003.
# Kwadwo Afoakwa Sarpong

Kwadwo Afoakwa Sarpong was a Ghanaian diplomat. He served as Ghana's ambassador to Mali from 2002 to 2006, and Ghana's ambassador to South Korea from 2006 until his death in 2008.

## Early life and education

Sarpong hailed from Essieniepong, a farming community near Ejisu in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. He was born in the Gold Coast in 1943. He had his secondary education at Prempeh College, and studied marketing at the Modern Training in Management and Salesmanship Ltd. at Surpass House, Harrison Street London from 1969 to 1970.

## Career

Sarpong began as a teacher at St. Joseph Middle School in 1962. He later worked as a banker with the Kumasi and Konongo branches of Barclays Bank until 1969. After his studies abroad, he returned to Ghana in 1971 to establish his own private import and export company. He also served as an executive of Bontum Investment Ltd. in Kumasi, a private company that deals with general merchandise and industrial elements from 1971 until his ambassadorial appointment in 2002.
On 19 October 2002, he was appointed Ghana's ambassador to Mali. He became Ghana's first ambassador to Mali following the re-opening of the diplomatic mission in 2002. The mission had been closed since April 1983. He presented his credentials on 25 October 2002 and served in this capacity until 29 January 2006. After his service in Bamako, he was appointed Ghana's ambassador to South Korea in that same year. He held this appointment until his death in 2008.

## Personal life and death

Sarpong died in Seoul in the early hours of Wednesday 9 January 2008 after falling into a coma for about two months. He was survived by his wife, Constance Sarpong, and five children.
# Shi Hong

Shi Hong (石弘) (313 – c.December 334), courtesy name Daya (大雅), was briefly an emperor of the Jie-led Later Zhao dynasty of China after the death of his father Shi Le, Later Zhao's founder. Because after his cousin Shi Hu deposed him, he was created the Prince of Haiyang (海陽王), he is sometimes known by that title.

## Background

Shi Hong was Shi Le's second son, by his concubine Consort Cheng. Unlike the militaristic Shi Le, Shi Hong was known for his literary studies and kindness. After his older brother Shi Xing (石興) died, Shi Le made him his heir apparent. In 330, after Shi Le declared himself first "Heavenly King" (Tian Wang) and then emperor, he created Shi Hong crown prince. Shi Le, concerned that his powerful nephew Shi Hu, a ferocious general, had too much power, began to transfer some of Shi Hu's power to Shi Hong, but this only served to aggravate Shi Hu, who already resented Shi Hong for being younger but yet crown prince, believing that, as the general who contributed the most to Shi Le's campaign successes, he should be crown prince.

## Reign

In fall of 333, Shi Le died, and Shi Hu immediately seized power in a coup d'état. In fear, Shi Hong offered to yield the throne to Shi Hu, but Shi Hu refused and forced Shi Hong to assume the throne and make him prime minister, and Shi Hong did so. Shi Hu killed Shi Le's advisors Cheng Xia, Shi Hong's uncle, and Xu Guang. Shi Hu further forced Shi Hong to create him the Prince of Wei, with intent to echo the powers that Cao Cao had while being Emperor Xian of Han's regent.
Shi Le's wife Empress Dowager Liu decided to take a chance. She conspired with Shi Le's adopted son Shi Kan (石堪) the Prince of Pengcheng to start a rebellion against Shi Hu, but Shi Kan was defeated and executed cruelly by burning. Empress Dowager Liu, after her role was discovered, was also executed. Shi Hong's mother Consort Cheng assumed the empress dowager title. Shi Hu also subsequently defeated the efforts by Shi Sheng (石生) the Prince of Hedong, Shi Lang (石朗), and Guo Quan (郭權) to overthrow him. In 334, unable to stand Shi Hu's persecution, Shi Hong personally visited Shi Hu and offered him the throne and the imperial seal, and Shi Hu refused—making it clear that it would be his initiative, not Shi Hong's, if he wanted the throne. Shi Hong returned to the palace and cried to Empress Dowager Cheng that the descendants of Shi Le would be exterminated. Soon thereafter, claiming that Shi Hong had violated the customs on mourning, Shi Hu deposed Shi Hong and demoted Shi Hong to the title of the Prince of Haiyang and imprisoned Shi Hong along with Empress Dowager Cheng and his brothers Shi Hong (石宏, note different character) the Prince of Qin and Shi Hui (石恢) the Prince of Nanyang in Chongxun Palace, and soon executed them. Shi Le's descendants were, by this point, exterminated by Shi Hu.

## Personal information

* Father
** Shi Le (Emperor Ming)
* Mother
** Consort Cheng
# Aix (bird)

Aix is a bird genus that contains two species of ducks: the wood duck (Aix sponsa), and the mandarin duck (Aix galericulata). Aix is an Ancient Greek word used by Aristotle to refer to an unknown diving bird.

## Taxonomy

The genus belongs to the family Anatidae in the waterfowl order Anseriformes. They were formerly placed in the "perching ducks", a paraphyletic group somewhat intermediate between shelducks and dabbling ducks, and it is not quite clear whether they should be placed in the Anatinae (dabbling duck) or Tadorninae (shelduck) subfamily.

## Extant species

Genus Aix – F. Boie, 1828 – two species :
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
| Wood duck | Aix sponsa (Linnaeus, 1758) | North American species, eastern half of the United States, and from southern Canada to northern Mexico | Size: The wood duck has a mass of 500–700 grams (18–25 oz). It is 41–49 centimeters (16–19 in) in length, and has a wingspan of 73–75 cm (29–30 in). Males have red eyes and iridescent plumage. Both sexes have crested heads. Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Mandarin duck | Aix galericulata (Linnaeus, 1758) | Asian species occurring mainly in Japan and China; introduced populations can be found in the United Kingdom, Western Europe and isolated areas of North America | Size: The Mandarin duck is 41–49 cm (16–19 in) long with a 65–75 cm (26–30 in) wingspan. It has an even more flamboyant plumage than the wood duck. The female Mandarins are less brightly colored than the males. Habitat: Diet: | LC |

## Habitat

Both species migrate from the northern parts of their respective ranges to winter in the south of the range. They inhabit quiet wooded streams and ponds.

## Description

The two species are generally considered to be very attractive, particularly the multi-coloured drakes. The genus shows marked sexual dimorphism (differences between the sexes), with the females being smaller and less colorful.

## Diet

Wood ducks will consume small crustaceans, insects, and plant matter. Mandarin ducks are mainly vegetarian.

## Breeding

Wood ducks are reproductively capable around the age of one year. They are monogamous for the season. Mating occurs between February and April, depending on latitude. The clutch size is between 6 and 15, and the incubation period is about 30 days. The young are precocial. They venture from the cavity nest at one day old and are cared for by the mother for about 60 days. The young have a very high mortality rate. Wood ducks normally live 3 to 4 years.
Mandarin ducks are also monogamous. The courtship ritual, like the plumage, is rather showy. The female lays between 9 and 12 eggs in a cavity nest, then incubates them for about 30 days. Parental care by the mother is a little shorter in this species, lasting about 40 days.

## Conservation

Both species are affected by loss of habitat. As human development continues to expand, the woodland areas preferred by these ducks continues to shrink. As of 2016, both species had been evaluated for the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and given a "least concern" rating.
# Waterworks (disambiguation)

Waterworks is the provision of water supply by public utilities, commercial organisations, community endeavours, or individuals.
Waterworks may also refer to:

## Culture and entertainment

* Waterworks (card game)
* Waterworks (Hollis), a sculpture by Douglas Hollis in Cal Anderson Park, Seattle, Washington, U.S.
* Waterworks!, a video game
* The Waterworks, a 1994 novel by E. L. Doctorow
* "Waterworks" (Better Call Saul), an episode of Better Call Saul

## Places

* Water Works, Pennsylvania, commonly known as Water Works, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, United States
* Water Works, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
* Milngavie water treatment works, Glasgow, Scotland
* WaterWorks (disambiguation), the former name of several water parks
* Waterworks, Isle of Man, a point on a motorcycle road-racing course used for TT and Manx Grand Prix races
* Waterworks Museum (Cape Town), South Africa
* Waterworks River, London, England, United Kingdom
* Waterworks Road, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
* Waterworks Shopping Plaza, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
* Decatur Waterworks, Decatur, Georgia, United States

## Other uses

* Erie Water Works, a water supply company for Erie, Pennsylvania, U.S.
* an informal name for the genitourinary system (especially in Britain)