# Ta-Arawakan languages

The Ta-Arawakan languages, also known as Ta-Maipurean and Caribbean, are the Indigenous Arawakan languages of the Caribbean Sea coasts of Central and South America. They are distinguished by the first person pronominal prefix ta-, as opposed to common Arawakan na-.

## Languages

Kaufman (1994) provides the following subclassification:
* Caribbean Arawakan
** Taíno†
** Guajiro (Wahiro)
*** Wayuu (Guajiro, Wahiro)
*** Paraujano (Parauhano, Añun) †
*** Arawák (Lokono)
** Iñeri (Inyeri)
*** Kalhíphona (Island Carib, modern Garífuna or Black Carib)
Aikhenvald adds Shebayo, which Kaufman had left unclassified, and removes Iñeri from Ta-Arawakan proper:
* Caribbean Arawakan
** Iñeri
*** Kalhíphona
** Ta-Arawakan
*** Taíno†
*** Wayuu
*** Parauhano
*** Arawák
*** Shebayo†
*** Caquetio†

## Proto-language

Reconstructions of Proto-Lokono-Guajiro proposed by Captain (1991):
    no.glossProto Lokono-Guajiro 1.'abdomen'*Vteke 2.'after'*dikʰi 3.'ant'*hayu 4.'anteater'*waRiti 5.'arm'*dɨna 6.'armadillo'*yekerV 7.'arrow'*kimařa 8.'ash'*baliki 9.'ask'*asa (?) 10.'axe'*bařu 11.'back'*asabu 12.'bat'*busiri 13.'bathe'*aka 14.'beard'*tiima 15.'bird'*kudibiu 16.'blood'*itʰa 17.'bone'*Vbu-na 18.'breast'*(u)di 19.'break'*wakVdV- 20.'by (agent)'*duma 21.'cane'*isi 22.'canoe'*kanuwa 23.'chest'*Vluwa 24.'child'*(?)ibili 25.'chili pepper'*hatʰi 26.'chop'*lada 27.'cold, have a*tʰunuli- 28.'come'*andV 29.'cricket'*pʰuti 30.'crocodile'*kayukutʰi 31.'delicious'*keme- 32.'down'*unabu 33.'drink (v)'*VtʰV 34.'ear'*dike 35.'egret'*wakaRa 36.'eye'*aku 37.'exit (v)'*apʰuti- 38.'fat, grease'*akusi 39.'father'*Vtʰi 40.'finger'*kʰabu-ibira 41.'fingernail'*bada 42.'fire'*sikʰi 43.'fish'*hime 44.'flea'*kʰayaba 45.'flesh'*kiruku 46.'flower'*siwi 47.'fly'*mabuRi 48.'foot'*ukuti 49.'for (benefactive)'*bura 50.'forehead'*kibu 51'from (LOC)'*-kee 52.'fur'*Vti 53.'go'*kuna 54.'gourd'*iwida 55.'grandfather'*dukutʰi 56.'grandmother'*kVtʰV 57.'green'*subule 58.'hair'*Vbařa 59.'hammock'*hamaka; *kura 60.'hand'*kʰabu 61.'hate, be hated'*te- 62.'head'*ikiwi 63.'hear'*akanaba 64.'here'*yaha 65.'honey'*maba 66.'horn'*ukuwa 67.'house'*bahɨ 68.'I'*dakia 69.'iguana'*iwana 70.'in'*luku 71'in (a fluid)'*raku 72.'juice'*Vra 73.'kill'*pʰarV 74.'knife'*ruři 75.'leaf*bana 76.'liver'*bana 77.'maize'*mariki 78.'manioc'*kʰali 79.'manioc starch'*hařo 80.'many'*yuhu 81.'monkey'*pʰudi 82.'moon'*katʰi 83.'mosquito'*maRi 84.'mother'*uyu 85.'neck'*nuru 86.'nose'*kiri 87.'one'*aba 88.'path'*bɨna; *wabu 89.'peck'*tuka- 90.'penis'*ewera 91.'rat'*kuři 92.'raw'*iya 93.'request'*kʰuyabV- 94.'resin'*Vkʰɨ 95.'ripe'*hebe 96.'river'*sVři 97.'root'*akura 98.'say'*akV 99.'sea'*bařawa 100.'seat, stool'*turu 101.'she'*tʰukia 102.'skin'*Vda 103.'sleep'*dunkV 104.'snake'*uri 105.'son-in-law'*titʰi 106.'sound'*akanVkɨ 107.'star'*iwiwa 108.'stone'*kiba 109.'stop'*takɨ- 110.'sweet potato'*halitʰi 111.'tail'*isi 112.'tapir'*kama 113.'termite'*kʰumutʰiri 114.'that (masculine)'*lira 115.'that (non-masculine)'*tura 116.'there'*yara 117.'they'*nakia 118.'thigh'*(N)bɨku 119.'this (masculine)'*lihi 120.'this (non-masculine)'*tuhu 121.'thou'*bukia 122.'three'*kabɨnV 123.'tip'*kiruku 124.'toad'*kiberu 125.'tobacco'*yuři 126.'tongue'*Vyee 127.'tooth'*ari 128.'touch, feel'*bebeda 129.'tree'*kunuku 130.'two'*biama 131.'up'*iu- 132.'vomit'*ewedV 133.'water'*uni 134.'we'*wakia 135.'with (accomp.)'*Vma 136.'whistle'*wiwida- 137.'woman'*hiaru 138.'worm'*-koma- 139.'ye'*hukia 140.'yes'*VNhVN 141.(absolutive)*-hV 142.(poss. suffix)*-tʰe