OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Postage stamps and postal history of the Danish West Indies

St Thomas was a hub of the West Indies packet service from 1851 to 1885. Initially mail was transported by a Spanish packet to and from Puerto Rico; but in July 1867 the British picked up the mail contract, and packet letters are known using British stamps as late as 1879.

## First stamps

The first postage stamp of the Danish West Indies was issued in 1856. It had the same square coat of arms design as the contemporary stamps of Denmark, but it was denominated 3 cents and of a dark carmine color on yellowish paper. A yellow burelage of wavy lines covered the stamp. (In the illustration at right, it is most easily seen along the bottom edge of the larger version.) An 1866 printing was on white paper, with the direction of the burelage lines changed, and in 1872 the stamps were perforated. In 1873 a 4c value in dull blue was issued.
1874 saw the first numeral issues of the same sort as used in Denmark. Values ranged from 1c to 50c; all were bi-colored. Inverted frames are common for several of the lower values.
As usual for small colonies far away, the Danish West Indies ran out of popular values periodically, and the colonial administration had to improvise. A 1c surcharge was printed on 7c stamps in 1887, and a 10c surcharge on 50c in 1895. An additional supply of numeral types in new colors came out between 1896 and 1901.
Single-color 1c and 5c stamps were issued in 1900 to meet UPU regulations. Shortages of 2c and 8c values led to more surcharges in 1902, rectified in the following year by an issue of those values using the arms design of 1900. Postage due stamps first appeared in 1902 also.

## Currency reform

As a result of the currency reform, in 1905, new stamps were issued. Values from 5b to 50b had a silhouette of King Christian IX, while 1fr, 2fr, and 5fr depicted the sailing ship Ingolf in St. Thomas harbor. New postage dues were required as well. Additional 5b stamps were produced by surcharging older stamps.
A definitive series of 1907 depicted Frederik VIII, followed in 1915 by a series for Christian X.
A few types are cheaply available today, such as the low values of the 1907 issue, but most fall into the US$10-20 range. Because the letter-writing population was very small, perhaps just a few hundred persons, used copies are often valued more highly by collectors, and both forged and favor cancellations are known to have been made.
When the islands were sold to the United States in 1917 and renamed the United States Virgin Islands, the colony ceased producing its own postage stamps.

## Gallery

* Stamp Danish West Indies 3 Cent 1866
* Stamp Danish West Indies 1 Cent 1873
* Stamp Danish West Indies 3 Cent 1873
* Stamp Danish West Indies 4 Cent 1873
* Stamp Danish West Indies 5 Cent 1876
* Stamp Danish West Indies 10 Cent 1876
* Stamp Danish West Indies 12 Cent 1893
* Stamp Danish West Indies 1 Cent 1900
* Stamp Danish West Indies 5 Cent 1905
* Stamp Danish West Indies 10 Cent 10 Bit 1905
* Stamp Danish West Indies 20 Bit 1905
* Stamp Danish West Indies 30 Bit 1908
# Battle of Route Bismarck

vteIraq War (Outline) :
The Battle of Route Bismarck was a series of military engagements fought between Australian forces from Overwatch Battle Group (West) 2 in southern Iraq, and Anti-coalition insurgents over the period 23–24 April 2007. The engagements occurred on Route Bismarck, the Secondary Supply Route (SSR) within Dhi Qar Province, Iraq. Three Australians were wounded by IEDs which also damaged a number of ASLAVs, while a number of insurgents were killed or wounded by the Australians in the fighting that ensued.
# Viktor Maslov (footballer, born 1949)

Viktor Borysovych Maslov (Ukrainian: Віктор Борисович Маслов, born 31 March 1949 in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Kamchatka Oblast) is a former Ukrainian footballer and football referee.
# Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción de Vega Alta

The Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción de Vega Alta (English: Church of the Immaculate Conception of Vega Alta) is a church built by 1831 on the town plaza of Vega Alta, Puerto Rico.
It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as the "Church Inmaculada Conception of Vega Alta".

## Gallery

* The church with flags at half-mast
* The church in 1984
# Claire Young

Claire Louise Young is a Liberal Democrat politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Thornbury and Yate since 2024. Before the election, she was also the Leader of South Gloucestershire Council.

## Early life and education

Young graduated with a Master of Mathematics from the University of Cambridge in 1995 and a Master of Science in Software Engineering from the University of Oxford in 1999. She later completed a Masters by Research in Global Environmental Challenges at the University of Bristol in 2024. After graduating from Cambridge Young spent a decade working in the software industry. She began her career with IBM, where her work included stints in Silicon Valley, and later worked for high-tech start-up businesses in the UK.

## Political career

Young has been a Councillor on South Gloucestershire Council since 2007, first being elected to represent Westerleigh. During this time she has campaigned with other parents to end the under-funding of local schools, which are amongst the lowest funded in the country. She also fought for better support for children with special needs and disabilities, chairing a Council review of this area of provision.
Young first stood for the Parliamentary constituency of Thornbury and Yate at the 2017 United Kingdom general election, where she came second. She stood again at the 2019 United Kingdom general election, again coming second.
At the 2023 South Gloucestershire Council election, Young was re-elected as a Councillor for Frampton Cotterell ward with an increased share of the vote. The results saw the ruling Conservative administration lose 10 seats, losing control of the administration for the first time since 2015. After a period of negotiations, Young became Leader of the Council following an agreement which saw the Liberal Democrats and Labour agree to form a joint administration.
At the 2024 United Kingdom general election, she contested the Thornbury and Yate seat for a third time - defeating Conservative incumbent Luke Hall by 3,014 votes.
Shortly after the result was declared, Young announced that she would be standing down as Leader of South Gloucestershire Council, telling the BBC "I'm going to stand down because I think it's important that Leader of council in itself is a full time role. I think it's important to do to do one job well".

## Parliamentary career

Young was sworn in as an MP on 10 July. She made her maiden speech on 29 July during a debate on the future of British railways. In her speech, she called for the Government to improve South Gloucestershire's railway links by investing in greater flood prevention, support the redevelopment of Yate station, and reopen the stations at Pilning, Coalpit Heath and Thornbury.

## Personal life

Young currently lives in Yate, having previously raised her two children in Coalpit Heath. In her spare time she is a keen walker and amateur photographer.
In November 2024, Young announced that she has begun to experience hearing loss, and requires the use of hearing aids.
# Dhi Bin district

Dhi Bin District (Arabic: مديرية ذيبين) is a district of the 'Amran Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 30,799 inhabitants.
# Assassination of Mohamad Chatah

The assassination of Mohamad Chatah occurred on 27 December 2013 when a car bomb targeting a convoy detonated in Beirut Central District killing Chatah, his bodyguard, and four others. Chatah had previously served as Lebanon's finance minister and ambassador to the United States and was known as a leading critic of Hezbollah and the Assad regime among the country's political elite. Described as a political assassination, the killing was widely seen as a message to Lebanon's March 14 movement.

## Assassination

At approximately 9:40am on 27 December 2013, a massive bomb placed in a stolen Honda and weighing more than fifty kilograms (100 lb) detonated in downtown Beirut targeting the convoy of Mohamad Chatah. The blast instantly killed six people, including Chatah, and injured 70 others, of whom two later died, bringing the death toll to eight. The neighborhood which the blast took place in was heavily damaged as well, with structural damage to nearby apartments and office buildings.

## Perpetrators

No group immediately claimed responsibility for the blast, however it led to a spate of accusations being hurled by Lebanon's political actors. Former Prime Minister Saad Hariri, implied Hezbollah's culpability in the attack and said the killers, "are the ones who assassinated Rafiq Hariri; they are the ones who want to assassinate Lebanon." The March 14 movement of which Chatah was a member, also blamed Hezbollah and Syria. However the group denied responsibility, characterizing the attack as only beneficial to Lebanon's enemies and called on the killers to be brought to justice. Syria's Information Minister Omran al-Zoubi denied the blame placed on Syria saying, "These wrong and arbitrary accusations are made in a context of political hatred". The assassination came twenty days before a United Nations Special Tribunal was set to try four Hezbollah members for the 2005 killing of Rafik Hariri, who was also killed in a car bomb. Following the trail a link was made to Unit 121 that executed from the late 80's, Hezbollah's assassination policy against politicians and journalists in Lebanon.

## Reactions

Former prime minister Saad al-Hariri accused Hezbollah of involvement in the killing of Chatah, saying it was "a new message of terrorism". "As far as we are concerned the suspects... are those who are fleeing international justice and refusing to represent themselves before the international tribunal," Hariri said, referring to the upcoming trial in The Hague of five Hezbollah members suspected of assassinating his father Rafik in 2005.
# April 2007 Yazidi massacre

The April 2007 Yazidi massacre was a massacre of Yazidis that took place on April 22, 2007, in Mosul, in northern Iraq.

## Massacre

At around 2PM (GMT+3), a bus carrying workers from the Mosul Textile Factory en route to Bashiqa, Al-Hamdaniya District was stopped by cars owned by unidentified attackers. With the bus now stationary, the attackers got on, and checked the passengers' identity cards. According to Iraqi police, after checking their identification, the armed gunmen told the Muslim and Christian passengers to get off the bus. They then drove the bus to eastern Mosul with 23 remaining passengers, all Yazidis, where the hostages were made to lie face down in front of a wall and shot, execution-style.

## Reactions

According to The New York Times, hundreds of Yazidis from Bashiqa gathered in the street to protest the killings.
# Mira Golub

Mira Golub (born 24 September 1975, Yelizovo, Kamchatka Oblast, Soviet Union) is a Russian former alpine skier who competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics.
# Viktoriya Valyukevich

Viktoriya Gurova-Valyukevich (Russian: Виктория Валюкевич, née Гурова, Gurova; born 22 May 1982) is a Russian triple jumper.

## Career

She won the silver medal at the 2003 Summer Universiade, the gold medal at the 2005 European Indoor Championships and finished tenth at the 2005 World Championships. She also competed at the 2004 Olympic Games without reaching the finals. In 2008, she reached the Olympic final, finishing in 7th. At the 2012 Summer Olympics she reached the final of the triple jump, finishing in 8th position. On 30 March 2017, she was disqualified, and her 2012 Olympics results were annulled, after her second probe came positive for banned substances.
Her personal best jump is 14.85 metres, achieved in July 2008 in Kazan. The Russian record is currently held by Tatyana Lebedeva with 15.34 metres.
She is married to Slovak triple jumper Dmitrij Vaľukevič.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| Representing Russia |||||
| 2001 | European Junior Championships | Grosseto, Italy | 3rd | 13.68 m |
| 2003 | European U23 Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 1st | 14.37 m (wind: 1.4 m/s) |
| 2003 | Universiade | Daegu, South Korea | 2nd | 14.14 m |
| 2004 | Olympic Games | Athens, Greece | 21st (q) | 14.04 m |
| 2005 | European Indoor Championships | Madrid, Spain | 1st | 14.74 m |
| 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 10th | 13.96 m |
| 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 7th | 14.77 m |
| 2012 | World Indoor Championships | Istanbul, Turkey | 10th (q) | 14.00 m |
| 2012 | Olympic Games | London, Great Britain | DQ | 14.24 m |
# Kelley House (Dubuque, Iowa)

The Kelley House is a historic building located in Dubuque, Iowa, United States. John and Mary Kelley bought this property from James Fanning in 1855. Kelley built this two-story structure, which is a rare example of Mississippi Valley French Colonial architecture in Iowa. While Kelley was not of French ancestry, the Dubuque area was initially settled by French Canadians. However, this house, completed by 1858, was completed well after the French influence in the area. It is also an example of the French style from the Southern United States and the Caribbean. Typical of this style is the full-length galerie, or porch, with an exterior staircase, and the main living quarters located above a full-height ground floor level. Both of these elements are found in the Kelley house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It was demolished sometime prior to 2001.
# Paulo Estrela

Paulo Estrela Moreira Alves (born 20 February 1999) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Kategoria Superiore club Skënderbeu.

## Club career
### Porto

Estrela was born in Paços de Ferreira, Porto District. He joined FC Porto's academy at the age of 10.
On 7 March 2018, Estrela played his first match as a professional with the B team, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 6–0 away loss against C.D. Nacional in the LigaPro.

### Portimonense

In June 2019, Estrela signed a three-year contract with Primeira Liga club Portimonense SC, being initially assigned to its under-23 team where he acted as captain. He only made his league debut on 16 April 2022, as a late substitute in the 7–0 defeat at former side Porto.
Estrela scored his first goal in the top division on 16 September 2022, the only in a win over G.D. Chaves through a penalty.

### Skënderbeu

On 8 January 2025, Estrela severed his ties to Portimonense and signed a two-and-a-half-year deal with KF Skënderbeu Korçë, bottom of the Albanian Kategoria Superiore.

## International career

Estrela represented Portugal at youth level. He scored his only goal on 25 March 2015, in a 5–0 victory over Azerbaijan in an under-16 friendly tournament.
# SS Tropic (1871)

SS Tropic was a steamship operated by the White Star Line. Built in 1871 by shipbuilders Thos. Royden & Co, the 2,122 gross register ton vessel operated on the Liverpool to Calcutta run in 1871, and in 1872 began serving South American ports from Liverpool. In 1873, the ship was sold to Serra y Font, Bilbao, and renamed Federico. She was operated by the White Star Line. She served alongside her sister ship, RMS Asiatic.

## History

SS Tropic was built by Thomas Royden and Sons in 1871. She and her sister SS Asiatic were bought by the White Star Line before their construction was finished. Even though Tropic was made to carry cargo, she also carried 10 passengers. After serving on the Liverpool to Calcutta route for one year, which proved unsuccessful, her route was changed to Liverpool to Valparaiso, Peru on 5 November 1872. This also proved commercially unsuccessful.
In February 1873, a lifeboat was found from the sinking barque James W. Elwell with three survivors. James W. Elwell was sailing from Liverpool to Valparaíso when she caught fire and blew up ten weeks prior. Fifteen crew had taken to the boat, but twelve of them had subsequently died. The survivors were taken back to Liverpool by SS Tropic.
On 4 June 1873, she began her last voyage for the White Star Line. Along with her sister, she was sold, because the company was having financial difficulties after the loss of SS Atlantic. J. Serra y font, a Spanish shipping company, bought the two ships. Tropic was renamed Federico.
In 1884, she was sold to the La Flecha company, though retained her name and port of registry. After an uneventful career, she was sold for scrap in late 1894.

## Citations

* ↑ "White Star Liners" (PDF). www.dieselduck.info.
* 1 2 3 Kerbrech, Richard De (2009). Ships of the White Star Line. Ian Allan Publishing. pp. 16, 20. ISBN 978-0-7110-3366-5.
* ↑ "Latest Shipping Intelligence". The Times. No. 27653. London. 2 April 1873. col F, p. 11.
* ↑ "Iron Screw Steamer". Archived from the original on 27 March 2024.
# Leucadendron meridianum

Leucadendron meridianum, the limestone conebush, is a flower-bearing shrub belonging to the genus Leucadendron and forms part of the fynbos. The plant is native to the Western Cape, South Africa.

## Description

The shrub grows 2.0 m (6.6 ft) tall and flowers in June. The plant dies in a fire but the seeds survive. The seeds are stored in a toll on the female plant and fall to the ground after a fire and are spread by the wind, the seeds have wings. The plant is unisexual and there are separate plants with male and female flowers, which are pollinated by small beetles.
In Afrikaans, it is known as astolbos.

## Distribution and habitat

The plant occurs from the Cape Peninsula to Potberg and Riviersonderend in South Africa. The plant grows mainly in sandy soil at altitudes of 0–1,000 m (0–3,281 ft).
# Zero1

Zero1 may refer to:
* ZERO1 (nonprofit), a non-profit organization
* Pro Wrestling Zero1, a Japanese professional wrestling promotion founded in 2001
* Zero 1, a rock band featuring Hal Sparks
* Zero1, a mobile virtual network operator in Singapore; see List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region
* Zero1 Agency, an advertising & marketing agency that's headquartered in Los Angeles, California and was founded in 2014
* Zero 1, a digital model railway control system from Hornby Railways
# Santhosh Venky

Santhosh Venky is an Indian playback singer known for his work in Kannada cinema. He has performed for many Kannada film songs. Starting his singing career from the film Krishnan Marriage Story in 2011, Santhosh Venky recorded for many film songs and won Karnataka State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards South for his singing.

## Filmography

* 2015 Aatagara
* 2015 Preethiyalli Sahaja
* 2015 Rhaatee
* 2016 Jai Maruthi 800
* 2018 K.G.F: Chapter 1
* 2019 Yajamana
* 2019 Odeya
* 2021 Antim: The Final Truth
* 2021 Madhagaja
* 2022 Shokiwala
* 2022 Nam Annayya
* 2022 Etharkkum Thunindhavan
* 2022 K.G.F: Chapter 2
* 2022 Liger
* 2023 Kabzaa
* 2023 Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan
* 2023 Skanda
* 2023 Kshetrapathi
* 2023 Abhi Rama Chandra
* 2023 Chitram Choodara
* 2023 Iravan
* 2023 Salaar
* 2024 Bhimaa
* 2024 Vanchana
* 2024 Singham Again
* 2024 Bhairathi Ranagal
* 2024 kanguva
* 2024 Devara
* 2024 Pushpa 2: The Rule
* 2024 Zebra (film)
** Teri Meri
* 2024 Marco

## Awards
### State Awards

* 2015 – Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer – "Sundarangiye" (Preethiyalli Sahaja)

### Filmfare Awards

* 2015 – Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada – "Raja Raniyanthe" (Rhaatee)
* 2016 - Nominated - "Mandara Mandara" ("Jai Maruthi 800")

### SIIMA Awards

* 2015 – SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – "Raja Raniyanthe" (Rhaatee)
* 2018 – SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – "Salaam Rocky bhai" (K.G.F: Chapter 1)
* 2019 – SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – "Shivanandi" (Yajamana)

### Mirchi Music Awards

* 2015 – MirchiMusicAwardsSouth Male Vocalist of the year – "Raja Raniyanthe" (Rhaatee)
# 1981 Barbadian general election

General elections were held in Barbados on 18 June 1981. The result was a victory for the ruling Barbados Labour Party, which won 17 of the 27 seats. Voter turnout was 71.6%.
This was the first election to take place after the Representation of the People (Amendment) Act (1980) had increased the number of seats in the House of Assembly of Barbados from 24 to 27, the first such expansion since 1843.

## Results

| | Barbados Labour Party | 61,883 | 52.22 | 17 | 0 |
| | Democratic Labour Party | 55,845 | 47.13 | 10 | +3 |
| | Independents | 773 | 0.65 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 118,501 | 100.00 | 27 | +3 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 118,501 | 99.11 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 1,065 | 0.89 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 119,566 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 167,029 | 71.58 | | |
| Source: Nohlen ||||||
# Erwin Sander

Erwin Sander (5 March 1892 – 7 December 1962) was a general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II who commanded several divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

## Awards

* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 3 September 1942 as Generalmajor and commander of 170. Infanterie-Division
# Brendan Owens

Brendan Owens is an American engineer who had served as assistant secretary of defense for energy, installations, and environment in the Biden administration. Owens was confirmed to the post on January 23, 2023, by a Senate vote of 60–35, and sworn in on January 26, 2023.

## Education

Owens earned a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from Purdue University.

## Career

From 1997 to 2002, Owens worked as an engineer for SpecPro Inc., an engineering firm based in San Antonio. From 2002 to 2019, he was the vice president of the U.S. Green Building Council for LEED technical development. Since 2019, he has worked as the chief of innovation for ecountabl, a technology company. He is also a principal at Black Vest Strategy, a consulting firm.
# Kellogg House (Cincinnati, Ohio)

The Kellogg House is a historic building in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Built in 1835, it is a two-and-a-half-story building with two prominent chimneys on the ends. The weatherboarded walls rest on a stone foundation and are covered by a metal roof, which rises to a high gable on each end. The building's architecture is a mix of the Federal style with many vernacular elements; it has been recognized as one of the area's best examples of transitional architecture. Some of the distinctive features of the Kellogg Building are the small brackets that support the simple cornice, two wings attached to the rear, and the two enclosed porches on the facade. Inside, the main hallway is ornamented by such features as intricate fretwork and multiple pillars. Main hallway is also occupied by the homes original pipe organ.
Historically, the Kellogg House was operated as a hotel; it was erected by Samuel Knicely in 1835 and given to a Mr. Kellogg seven years later as a wedding gift. From that time until 1977, it remained in the Kellogg family, although by the late 1970s it had been converted into apartments. In 1979, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its historically significant architecture. It was one of seventeen Columbia-Tusculum properties included in a multiple property submission related to a historic preservation survey in the previous year; most of the properties were buildings, but the Columbia Baptist and Fulton-Presbyterian Cemeteries were also included.
# María Teresa Valdés

María Teresa Valdés Estrada (11 April 1961 – 1 June 2003) was a Spanish archer. She competed in the women's individual event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.