OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1921 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1921.

## Explorations

* Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian, China is discovered by Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson and American palaeontologist Walter W. Granger.

## Excavations

* Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian, China is first excavated by Austrian palaeontologist Otto Zdansky.
* Excavations at Beit She'an by the University of Pennsylvania begin (continue to 1933).
* Daya Ram Sahni starts excavations at Harrappa for the Archaeological Survey of India.
* Georgios Sotiriou starts excavations at the church of Agios Gregorios Theologue in Thebes, Greece.

## Finds

* Material unearthed by Otto Zdansky's excavations at Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China which will eventually yield two human molars; but these finds will not be announced until 1926.
* Edward Thurlow Leeds discovers an early settlement site of the Anglo-Saxons at Sutton Courtenay, the first in England to be systematically excavated.
* Hjortspring boat.
* Pernik sword is discovered.

## Institutions

* Origin of Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, Republic of Turkey.

## Publications

* January - Society of Antiquaries of London begins publication of The Antiquaries Journal.

## Births

* March 11 - Philip Rahtz, English archaeologist (d. 2011)
* May 2 - B. B. Lal, Indian archaeologist (d. 2022)

## Deaths

* November 4 - Oscar Montelius, Swedish archaeologist (b. 1843)
# Norihisa Tamura

Norihisa Tamura (田村 憲久, Tamura Norihisa, born 15 December 1964) is a Japanese politician who served as the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare from September 2020 to October 2021. He is also a member of the House of Representatives representing Mie Prefecture since 1996.

## Early life and education

A native of Matsusaka, Mie, Tamura was born on 15 December 1964. He is a graduate of Chiba University's faculty of economics and law.

## Career

Tamura started his career at the family-run construction company Nippon Doken Co. in Tsu, Mie, in 1987. Next, he began to work as a secretary of his uncle, Hajime Tamura, who served as a member of the House of Representatives and as Speaker.
Tamura was elected to the lower house for the first time in 1996, taking his uncle's seat. He has then served six consecutive terms as a representative. He became parliamentary secretary for health, labour and welfare in the Mori cabinet and then for education, culture, sports, science and technology in the cabinet of Junichiro Koizumi. He was appointed vice internal affairs minister in the first cabinet of Shinzo Abe in 2006. He headed the committee of health, labor and welfare in the lower house during the prime ministry of Taro Aso.
He served as Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare under Prime Minister Shinzo Abe from 2012 to 2014, and was again appointed for the role by Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga from September 2020 to October 2021.
# DTPMP

DTPMP or diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) is a phosphonic acid. It has chelating and anti-corrosion properties.

## Properties

DTPMP is normally delivered as salts, because the acid form has very limited solubility in water and tends to crystallize in concentrated aqueous solutions. It is a nitrogenous organic polyphosphonic acid. It shows very good inhibition of the precipitation of barium sulfate (BaSO$_4$). At high alkali and high temperature (above 210 °C) environments DTPMPA has better scale and corrosion inhibition effect than other phosphonates.

## Applications

* Detergents and cleaning agents
* Water treatment
* Scaling inhibitor
* Chelating agent
* Deflocculation agent / settling retarder
* Anti corrosion agent
# 1927 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1927.

## Excavations

* Large scale excavations begin at Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China under Canadian paleoanthropologist Davidson Black with support from the Rockefeller Foundation.
* The Swedish Cyprus Expedition begins 3½ years of excavations under Einar Gjerstad.
* Excavations at Skara Brae begin under V. Gordon Childe (completed in 1930).
* Excavations at Tepe Gawra begin by an American team under Ephraim Avigdor Speiser.
* Pločnik archaeological site discovered in southern Serbia, with findings of the Vinca culture (5500 BC).
* Excavations begin at Garðar Cathedral Ruins.

## Finds

* Davidson Black's excavations at Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China yield a human tooth that he proposed belonged to a new species that he names Sinanthropus pekinensis.
* Skeleton of Asselar man discovered by Théodore Monod and Wladimir Besnard in the Adrar des Ifoghas.
* Kents Cavern 4 maxilla found in England.
* Leonard Woolley's excavations at Ur uncover the Enheduanna calcite disc.
* "Priest-King" sculpture from the Indus Valley civilisation found at Mohenjo-daro.
* First location of wreckage from the VOC Zuytdorp in Western Australia.
* Pilot Percy Maitland observes stone wheel-like structures across Syria and Saudi Arabia.

## Publications

* March - The journal Antiquity is first published in the United Kingdom. In the first two issues, the editor O. G. S. Crawford dismisses the Glozel artifacts as largely fakes.
* Alan Gardiner's Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs is first published.

## Other events

* Work begins on draining Lake Nemi to recover the Nemi ships.
* December - An international commission declares most artefacts from the excavations at Glozel to be forgeries.

## Births

* January 14 - Rodolphe Kasser, Swiss philologist and archaeologist (d. 2013)
* February 10 - Bridget Allchin, British archaeologist and prehistorian (d. 2017)
* July 1 - Leo Klejn, Russian archaeologist, anthropologist and philologist (d. 2019)
* August 20 - John Boardman, British classical archaeologist and art historian (d. 2024)
* November 4 - Ivor Noël Hume, British historical archaeologist (d. 2017)

## Deaths

* January 21 - Gen. Sir Charles Warren, British Biblical archaeologist (born 1840)
# 1934 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1934.

## Explorations

* Maya site of Becan rediscovered by archaeologists Karl Ruppert and John Denison.

## Excavations

* Poznań University project at Biskupin begins, led by Józef Kostrzewski and Zdzisław Rajewski.
* Snaketown, Arizona, United States, under direction of Harold S. Galdwin.
* Kennet Avenue, by Alexander Keiller (continues to 1935).
* Maiden Castle, Dorset, by Mortimer Wheeler (continues to 1937).
* Persepolis, by Erich Schmidt (continues to 1939).
* Qafzeh cave excavations at Mount Precipice begin, led by René Neuville, uncovering remains of Hominidae dated to ca. 95,000 years BP.
* The site of the statue of the Warrior of Capestrano, accidentally discovered this year, is investigated by Giuseppe Moretti.
* Viking Age ruins at Igaliku in Greenland, by Aage Roussell, Eigil Knuth and Poul Nørlund.

## Finds

* 2 January: Warka Vase found at Uruk.
* The Statue of Ebih-Il is unearthed in Mari, Syria, by a French team.

## Events

* Russian paleophytologist V. A. Petrov sees a Latin stone inscription near Füzuli, Azerbaijan, mentioning Legio XII Fulminata; its exact location is unknown.

## Births

* January 1 - Khaled al-Asaad, Syrian archaeologist (d. 2015)
* May 13 - Ehud Netzer, Professor of archeology at Hebrew University known for his excavations related to Herod the Great (d. 2010)
* August 11 - Graham Connah, English-born archaeologist
* September 2 - Donald B. Redford, Canadian Egyptologist
* September 4 - Giovanni Colonna, Italian archaeologist of the Etruscan civilization

## Deaths

* January 29 - Albert Lythgoe, American Egyptologist, curator of the New York Metropolitan Museum (b. 1868)
* March 14 - Francis Llewellyn Griffith, British Egyptologist (b. 1862)
* March 15 - Davidson Black, Canadian paleoanthropologist (b. 1884)
* November 23 - E. A. Wallis Budge, English Egyptologist. (b. 1857)
# 1939 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1939.

## Excavations

* Major excavation of Ostia Antica in Italy begins (continues to 1942).
* University of Pennsylvania project at Piedras Negras, Guatemala ends (started 1931).
* Palace of Nestor in Pylos by Carl Blegen (resumed 1952-69).
* Tomb of Psusennes at Tanis by Pierre Montet (started 1928).
* Deserted medieval village of Seacourt near Oxford by Rupert Bruce-Mitford (June–July 15).
* Medieval settlement at Bere, North Tawton, England, by Martyn Jope.
* Bowl barrow at Knap Hill, Wiltshire, England, by C. W. Phillips.

## Publications

* Grahame Clark: Archaeology and Society.

## Finds

* May
** Sutton Hoo ship burial unearthed by Basil Brown and Edith Pretty in Suffolk, England. On July 28 the Sutton Hoo helmet is excavated.
** Battle of Thermopylae site unearthed by Spyridon Marinatos in Greece.
* August 25: The Lion-man statue is discovered in the Hohlenstein-Stadel, a cave in southern Germany.
* Matthew Stirling discovers the bottom half of Stela C at Tres Zapotes in Veracruz, Mexico.
* Wyllys Andrews discovers the Maya civilization site of Kulubá in Yucatán, Mexico.

## Miscellaneous

* May 6: Dorothy Garrod is elected to the Disney Professorship of Archaeology in the University of Cambridge, the first woman to hold an Oxbridge chair.

## Births

* January 15: Neil Cossons, English industrial archaeologist and museum director
* July 12: Peter Addyman, English archaeologist
* November 6: Peter J. Reynolds, English experimental archaeologist (d. 2001)
* December 10: Barry Cunliffe, English archaeologist
* November 27: Malcolm Todd, English archaeologist (d. 2013)

## Deaths

* March 2: Howard Carter, English Egyptologist (b. 1874)
# 1945 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1945.

## Excavations

* Mortimer Wheeler excavates at Arikamedu in Puducherry.

## Finds

* December - Nag Hammadi library in Egypt.

## Miscellaneous

* W. F. Grimes succeeds Mortimer Wheeler as director of the London Museum.

## Births

* January 13 - Francis Pryor, English archaeologist
* February 19 - Barbara Adams, English egyptologist (d. 2002)
* April 16 - Vladas Žulkus, Lithuanian underwater archaeologist
* October 25 - J. P. Mallory, Irish American archaeologist and Indo-Europeanist
* James Peter Allen, American Egyptologist

## Deaths

* March 31 - Harriet Boyd Hawes, American archaeologist (b. 1871)
* May 5 - Edgar James Banks, American antiquarian (b. 1866)
* May 31 - Friedrich Sarre, German Orientalist (b. 1865)
* 9 December - Alfred Lucas, English analytical chemist and archaeologist, part of Howard Carter's team at the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb (b. 1867)
# 1948 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1948.

## Explorations

* Caral site in Peru identified by Paul Kosok.

## Excavations

* Excavations at Nippur sponsored by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago begin directed by Richard C. Haines.
* Excavations at Kültepe in Turkey resume.

## Publications

* Archaeological Institute of America begins publishing the magazine Archaeology.
* Walter W. Taylor publishes A Study of Archeology, a work that carries on from his 1943 PhD dissertation to Harvard University faculty.

## Finds

* November - First torc from Snettisham Hoard discovered near King's Lynn, England.
* Therizinosaurus is discovered in Mongolia and is thought to be a very large turtle for several years.

## Awards

* Maud Cunnington made CBE for services to archaeology, the first woman archaeologist to receive the honour.

## Miscellaneous

* M. M. Postan of Cambridge convenes an influential meeting of archaeologists and historians to discuss the possibilities of excavating medieval peasant houses in England.
* A Roman mosaic pavement from Brantingham in the East Riding of Yorkshire (England) is stolen.

## Births

* July 13 - Richard Avent, British archaeologist, conservationist and civil servant (d. 2006)

## Deaths

* September 2 - Sylvanus G. Morley, American Mayanist (born 1883).
# 1949 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1949.

## Events

* November 21–23 - First Internationales Sachsensymposion held.
* University of New Mexico transfers lands to the National Park Service and expands Chaco Canyon National Monument, with the proviso that the university may continue scientific research.

## Excavations

* February 15 - Gerald Lankester Harding and Roland de Vaux begin excavations at Cave 1 of the Qumran Caves in the West Bank region of Jordan, the location of the first seven Dead Sea Scrolls.
* Excavation work recommences at the Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China.
* Alberto Ruz Lhuillier begins excavations of the Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque.
* Seton Lloyd begins excavations at Sakçagözü.
* Grahame Clark begins excavations at Star Carr, North Yorkshire (continues to 1951).
* Conclusion of excavations in the Vatican Necropolis.

## Finds

* Radiocarbon dating technique discovered by Willard Libby and his colleagues during his tenure as a professor at the University of Chicago.
* Anak Tomb No. 3 (dated 357 CE) found in North Korea.
* New excavations at Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China unearth 5 teeth and fragments of thigh and shin bone.
* First new discoveries of Nimrud ivories by British School of Archaeology in Iraq led by Max Mallowan.
* 12th century murals discovered in Coombes Church, West Sussex, England.

## Publications

* 'C. W. Ceram' - Götter, Gräber und Gelehrte (Gods, Graves and Scholars: the story of archaeology).
* T. D. Kendrick - Late Saxon and Viking Art.

## Births

* Dolores Piperno - American archaeologist

## Deaths

* 23 April - Percy Newberry, English archaeologist (b. 1869)
# Density gradient

Density gradient is a spatial variation in density over a region. The term is used in the natural sciences to describe varying density of matter, but can apply to any quantity whose density can be measured.

## Aerodynamics

In the study of supersonic flight, Schlieren photography observes the density gradient of air as it interacts with aircraft.
Also in the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Density gradient is used to observe the acoustic waves, shock waves or expansion waves in the flow field.

## Water

A steep density gradient in a body of water can have the effect of trapping energy and preventing convection, such a gradient is employed in solar ponds. In the case of salt water, sharp gradients can lead to stratification of different concentrations of salinity. This is called a Halocline.

## Biology

In the life sciences, a special technique called density gradient separation is used for isolating and purifying cells, viruses and subcellular particles. Variations of this include Isopycnic centrifugation, Differential centrifugation, and Sucrose gradient centrifugation. A blood donation technique called Pheresis involves density gradient separation.

## Geophysics

The understanding of what is at the centre of the earth, the earth core, requires the framework of density gradients in which elements and compounds then interact. The existence of a fast breeder nuclear reactor system at the core of the earth is one theory by reason of density gradient.
A popular model for the density gradient of Earth is one given by the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) that is based on the observed oscillations of the planet and the travel times of thousands of seismic waves.
Several models for density gradient have been built on the basis of PREM but they acknowledge that the "distribution of density as a function of position within the Earth is much less well constrained than the seismic velocities. The primary information comes from the mass and moment of inertia of the Earth and this information alone requires that there be a concentration of mass towards the centre of the globe. Additional information is to be found in the frequencies of the graver normal modes of the Earth which are sensitive to density through self-gravitation effects induced in deformation".

## Urban economics

In the study of population, the density gradient can refer to the change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.
# Slaley, Northumberland

Slaley is a village in Northumberland, England. It is situated to the southeast of Hexham. It is surrounded by the following villages: Ruffside, Whitley Chapel, Ordley, Wooley, Healey, Juniper, Riding Lea, and Blanchland.
The parish church is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin. The present church dates from 1832 (with extensive repairs in 1907-8) and was designed by Milton Carr. It stands on the site of an earlier church built in 1312, and that church was built on an earlier church mentioned in 1239 when Gilbert de Sclaueley gave the church and some lands to the prior of Hexham.
The nearby hamlet of Shield Hall has the remains of a medieval unfortified house (late 13th/early 14th century). It has been incorporated into the early 19th century farmhouse.
The nearby hamlet of Dukesfield is mentioned in 1256 as the scene of a murder. The area was part of the barony of Bolbec. In 1834 lead mining and smelting began. Dukefield Hall is a listed building.
To the north of the village there is a disused nuclear bunker. The bunker was opened in 1961 and closed 1991.
The only public transport is the twice daily 689 bus service (three times Saturday) between Consett and Hexham via Whittonstall and Ebchester, also calling in at nearby Slaley Hall.
# Justicia flaviflora

Justicia flaviflora is a species of herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae. It was previously classified as Beloperone flaviflora. The species is endemic to the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean republic of Trinidad and Tobago where it is only known from near the peaks of mountains in the Northern Range. It is an erect herb with leaves up to 27 cm (11 in) long. It is suffering from habitat degradation and has become increasingly rare, being now rated as "critically endangered".

## Distribution

Specifically, it is only known from several locations on El Cerro del Aripo, one of the highest points in Trinidad's Northern Range. Justicia flaviflora is an erect herb with leaves up to 27.5 centimetres (11 inches) long and around 11 centimetres (4 inches) broad. The corolla of the flower is cylindrical, about 2.8 cm (1.1 in) long.

## Taxonomy

The species was originally described as Beloperone flaviflora in 1922 by the English botanist William Bertram Turrill based on collections made by Robert O. Williams in the same year. Turrill considered it a close relative of a Mexican species, Beloperone tenera (now J. tenera). Its currently accepted name, Justicia flaviflora was coined by the American botanist Dieter C. Wasshausen in 1995, reflecting the predominant view that the members of the genus Beloperone should actually be considered members of the genus Justicia. As of 2006, the species was last known to have been collected in 1993. Collections of J. flaviflora are known to exist in the herbaria of the British Museum and at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

## Status

Although Justicia flaviflora is not listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List, the authors of a 2008 assessment of the endemic plant species of Trinidad and Tobago considered the species critically endangered. Reasons cited for this were the fact that the species is known only from only two localities, and that this area is shrinking. The species is experiencing a severe case of habitat degradation. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria published in 2001 specifically states that a species is considered critically endangered if it has limited geographic range both in the extent of the species' occurrence (criterion B1) and the area (criterion B2) that the individuals occupy within that range.
# Karkha

Karkha (Arabic: كرخا) is a municipality in the Jezzine District of the South Governorate of Lebanon.

## History

In 1838, Eli Smith noted it as a village called Kerkha es-Sufla located in "Aklim et-Tuffah, adjacent to Seida".
In 1875, Victor Guérin travelled in the area, and noted: "I arrive at Kerkha, a village surrounded by plantations of fig and mulberry trees, and situated on a high point. Its population amounts to 400 "Greeks united". 1 kilometre to the east-south-east of this village, a chapel dedicated to Mar Hanna, and rebuilt about thirty years ago, succeeded an ancient sanctuary; it is surrounded by a group of old trees."

## Demographics

In 2014, Christians made up 99.61% of registered voters in Karkha. 83.04% of the voters were Greek Catholics and 11.44% were Maronite Catholics.
# Rakhim Azimov

Rakhim Azizboyevich Azimov (Russian: Рахи́м Азизбо́евич Ази́мов; born 16 August 1964, Shurab, Sughd Region) is a Russian political figure, deputy of the 7th and 8th State Duma convocations.
In 1986 Azimov graduated from the G. V. Plekhanov Leningrad State Mining Institute and Technical University. Later he continued his education at the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2002) and St. Petersburg University of the Russian Interior Ministry (2011). In 2004 he was awarded a Doctor of Technical Sciences degree.
From 1986 to 1991, he worked as a mine foreman in the Komi Republic. From 1994 to 1996, he was a part of the trade delegation of the Komi Republic in Moscow. During the 2000 Russian presidential election Azimov was Putin's confidant. In 2002-2003 he was a member of the Federation Council.
Since September 2021, he has served as a deputy of the 8th State Duma convocation. He ran with the United Russia to represent the Kirov constituency.

## Sanctions

He was sanctioned by the UK government in 2022 in relation to the Russo-Ukrainian War.

## Awards

* Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (2020)
* Medal "For Distinction in the Protection of Public Order"
# 1989 Livingston Open

The 1989 Livingston Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts that was part of the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was played at Newark Academy in Livingston, New Jersey in the United States from August 7 through August 14, 1989. Second-seeded Brad Gilbert won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Brad Gilbert defeated Jason Stoltenberg 6–4, 6–4
* It was Gilbert's 3rd singles title of the year and the 15th of his career.

### Doubles

Tim Pawsat / Tim Wilkison defeated Kelly Evernden / Sammy Giammalva Jr. 7–5, 6–3
* It was Pawsat's 3rd title of the year and the 5th of his career. It was Wilkison's 2nd title of the year and the 16th of his career.
# New Zealand Co-operative Party

The New Zealand Co-operative Party or the United Liberal Co-operative Party was a short-lived political party in New Zealand. It was founded in December 1941 by anti-socialist political organiser Albert Davy after he left the People's Movement.
Davy had previously managed a number of successful political campaigns for other parties, but had frequently fallen out with his colleagues over ideological differences. The Co-operative Party was strongly rooted in Davy's strong hostility to the left-wing Labour Party, which was in government at the time. Davy soon abandoned his new party, however, and returned to the remnants of the People's Movement for the 1943 election.
The Co-operative Party never stood for election or won seats in Parliament.
# Parc Arboretum de Saint-Setiers

The Parc Arboretum de Saint-Setiers is a private park and arboretum located in Saint-Setiers, Corrèze, Limousin, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.
The park and its arboretum were established in the 19th century, and now contain about 115 species of trees and shrubs including a Thujopsis specimen dating from 1802 and a large Douglas fir from 1895, as well as a 5 kilometer forest trail, a river island covered with rhododendrons, and a monumental earthen sculpture (La Grande Nageuse) by Gerhard Lentink. It is also possible to see the sculpture of Marc Duquesnoy realized in 2008, in the stock of a tree : the wood combined with the porcelain.
# Carp River (Luce County, Michigan)

The Carp River is a 1.2-mile-long (1.9 km) stream in the northeast corner of Luce County on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the United States. It flows west from the outlet of Browns Lake, to its mouth on Lake Superior.