OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Olivier Baudry

Olivier Baudry (12 June 1973 – 1 October 2017) was a French footballer.

## Football career

Baudry started his professional career at Sochaux. He climbed up from the youth team to the first team as captain. He followed the team relegations and promotion, until 2000 when he joined Lausanne in the Swiss Challenge League. He returned to France one year later, to join Saint-Étienne of Ligue 2. He then played two years' amateur football with Belfort of CFA2 and Giro Lepuix in Division d'Honneur (regional league).
In 2005, he joined SR Delémont of the Swiss Challenge League.

## Death

Baudry died of pancreatic cancer October 1, 2017, having fought the disease for over 5 years.
# Digvijay Singh

Digvijay Singh may refer to:
* Digvijaya Singh (born 1947), Indian politician, Former CM of Madhya Pradesh
* Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician) (1955–2010), Indian politician from Banka area of Bihar
* Digvijay Singh (Rajasthan politician), Minister of Agriculture of Rajasthan
* Digvijay Singh (golfer) (born 1972), Indian golfer
* K. D. Singh (Kunwar Digwijay Singh, 1922–1978), Indian field hockey player
* Digvijay Narain Singh (1924–1991), Indian politician from Muzaffarpur area of Bihar
* Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji (1895-1966), Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar 1933-1948
# Waldemar Cierpinski

Waldemar Cierpinski (born 3 August 1950) is a former East German athlete and two-time Olympic champion in the marathon.

## Career

Cierpinski was born in Neugattersleben, East Germany to Polish parents who had moved to Germany in 1945. He was originally a successful steeplechase runner but decided to switch to the marathon in 1974.
He was virtually unknown when he entered the 1976 Olympic marathon. He ran with the lead pack until American Frank Shorter broke free after the 25 km mark. Cierpinski chased Shorter down then took the lead, winning the race by 51 seconds. His victory was so unexpected that in the Olympic football final that evening, goalkeeper Jürgen Croy, invoked Cierpinski, a "living example of mediocrity", to inspire East Germany to a 3–1 victory over fancied Poland.
Cierpinski finished in fourth place at the 1978 European Championships. In the 1980 Summer Olympics, he ran wisely and did not match the suicidal pace the leaders had set. He caught up to the leaders at the 36 km mark and soon led by a healthy margin. Although Gerard Nijboer from the Netherlands narrowed the gap in the last kilometre, Cierpinski sprinted the last 200 m to win his second consecutive Olympic gold medal and duplicate the feat of legendary Ethiopian Abebe Bikila of winning two straight Olympic marathons.
Cierpinski finished third in the marathon in the 1983 World Championships in Athletics. He was denied a chance of an unprecedented third Olympic marathon win by the Eastern Bloc boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, which was tit for tat for the United States-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. He left competition the same year and started a coaching career.
In Track & Field News World Rankings, Cierpinski was ranked first in the marathon in 1976 and 1980 and eighth in 1978 and 1983.
Cierpinski is a member of the German Olympic Committee. Since 2007, Cierpinski has been an honorary member of the SG WiP Goettingen 06. He lives in Halle an der Saale.

## Drug allegations

It is now well known that East Germany operated a state-sponsored system of providing performance-enhancing drugs to as many as 10,000 athletes from about 1968 to 1988. Cierpinski was implicated by East German track and field research files uncovered by Werner Franke at the Stasi headquarters in Leipzig in the late 1990s.
As a result, 1976 silver medallist Frank Shorter has advocated the belief that Cierpinski cheated and has supported official review of past performances, i.e. considering stripping medals from athletes who are found later on to have cheated, as a deterrent to drug-cheats. Fourth-place finisher Don Kardong has also written that he believed Cierpinski was involved in the East German doping program. Shorter's allegations are very similar to those of Shirley Babashoff, who accused the East German women of drug cheating during the swimming events in the same Olympic Games, which was later substantiated by investigators in the PBS documentary "Secrets of the Dead: Doping for Gold".
# Clasper

In biology, a clasper is a male anatomical structure found in some groups of animals, used in mating.
Male cartilaginous fish have claspers formed from the posterior portion of their pelvic fin which serve to channel semen into the female's cloaca during mating. The act of mating in some fish including sharks usually includes one of the claspers raised to allow water into the siphon through a specific orifice. The clasper is then inserted into the cloaca, where it opens like an umbrella to anchor its position. The siphon then begins to contract, expelling water and sperm. The claspers of many shark species have spines or hooks, which may hold them in place during copulation. Many male holocephalans, including living chimaeras have cephalic claspers (tenacula) on their heads, which are thought to aid in holding the female during mating.
In entomology, it is a structure in male insects that is used to hold the female during copulation (see Lepidoptera genitalia for more).
# Lương Thế Vinh

Lương Thế Vinh (1441–1496) was a prominent Vietnamese scholar and mathematician of the fifteenth century.

## Life

Lương Thế Vinh was born in the district of Vụ Bản, Nam Định Province, and during the mid-15th century. He obtained doctorate in 1463 or 1478, during the reign of Le Thanh Tong, the golden era of Vietnamese scholarship. He co-worked with Vũ Hựu, another scholar, and introduced Chinese mathematical methods into Vietnam.

## Works

Math:
* Great Compendium of Mathematical Methods–Đại thành Toán pháp (edited).
* Khải minh Toán học
Chèo:
* Hý phường phả lục
Buddhism:
* Thiền môn Khoa giáo
* . Advanced methods of Mathematical Calculus
* . “Các phương pháp tính toán nâng cao”
# Frank Emmelmann

Frank Emmelmann (born 15 September 1961 in Groß Börnecke) is a retired East German sprinter who specialized in the 100 and 200 metres.

## Biography

In 1981, Emmelmann finished 2nd in the European cup final in the 100 metres to the 1980 Moscow Olympic 100 metre Champion Allan Wells. Emmelmann went on to win the European cup 200 metres afterwards. Then, Emmelmann finished 3rd in the 100/200 in the "IAAF World cup" in Rome also that year.
At the 1982 European Championships, Emmelmann won the 100 metres and finished third in the 200 metres. In the 4 x 100 metres relay, he won a silver medal with teammates Thomas Munkelt, Detlef Kübeck and Olaf Prenzler.
At the 1986 European Championships Emmelmann made the 200 metre final in Stuttgart where he finished 8th, but won a silver medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay with teammates Thomas Schröder, Steffen Bringmann and Olaf Prenzler.
In 1983, Emmelmann won the European cup final 100 metres in London, then went on to finish 5th in the 200 metre final at the "IAAF World Championships" in Helsinki. He competed in the 100m as well, but did not make it past the semi-final.
Emmelmann represented the sports team SC Magdeburg and became East German 100 meter champion in 1981, 1982 and 1985 and 200 meter champion in 1981, 1984, 1985, 1987 and 1988.
His personal 100 meter best time of 10.06 seconds, achieved in June 1986 in Berlin, remained the German record until 2014 when Julian Reus clocked 10.05 seconds during the German Athletics Championships in Ulm. His personal 200 meter best time of 20.23 seconds, achieved in August 1985 in Moscow, was the German record until July 2005, when Tobias Unger ran in 20.20.
In 1991, Emmelmann attempted to become a professional American football player, trying out for the WLAF's inaugural season, but later backed out before joining a team.
Emmelmann is married to Kirsten Emmelmann, née Siemon.
# Atractaspis andersonii

Atractaspis andersonii, the Arabian small-scaled burrowing asp, is a species of snake in the family Atractaspididae. It lives in dry desert regions in Saudi Arabia, Israel, Oman, Yemen and Jordan. The species was first described by George Albert Boulenger in 1905.
# Xi2 Sagittarii

Xi$^2$ Sagittarii, Latinized from ξ$^2$ Sagittarii, is a star in the zodiac constellation of Sagittarius. Data collected during the Hipparcos mission suggests it is an astrometric binary, although nothing is known about the companion. It is visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of +3.51. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 8.4 mas as seen from Earth, this system is located around 390 light years from the Sun.
The spectrum of Xi$^2$ Sagittarii yields a mixed stellar classification of G8/K0 II/III, showing traits of a G- or K-type giant or bright giant star. It has an estimated 3.6 times the mass of the Sun and about 27 times the Sun's radius. At an age of around 380 million years, it is radiating 676 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,541 K.
# Wolfgang Hanisch

Wolfgang Hanisch (born 6 March 1951 in Großkorbetha, Sachsen-Anhalt) was an East German athlete who mainly competed in the javelin throw.
Hanisch had a long and successful international career competing for East Germany. He medalled in three consecutive editions of the European Athletics Championships, in Helsinki 1971, Rome 1974 and Prague 1978. His only Olympic appearance was the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow, Soviet Union; there too, Hanisch was successful, winning the javelin bronze medal with a throw of 86.72 metres. However, gold in major meets eluded Hanisch. His most notable victory was in the 1979 IAAF World Cup in Montreal, Canada, when he brought the East German team the full points with a throw of 86.48.
Hanisch's personal best (with the old javelin design), thrown in Helsinki, Finland on 28 June 1978, was 91.14 metres, an East German record at the time.
# Dragon Lords of Melniboné

Dragon Lords of Melniboné is a role-playing game published by Chaosium in 2001.

## Description

Dragon Lords of Melniboné is a d20 System version of the game Stormbringer.

## Publication history

Dragon Lords of Melniboné was published by Chaosium in 2001.
The game features cover art by Frank Brunner.

## Reviews

* Backstab #30
# Bismarck metropolitan area

Bismarck–Mandan, colloquially referred to as BisMan, is the metropolitan area composed of Burleigh, Morton, and Oliver counties in the state of North Dakota.
Its core cities, Bismarck and Mandan, are located on opposite sides of the upper Missouri River. Lincoln is a suburb located immediately south-east of Bismarck. The 2023 population of the MSA was estimated at 135,786. The area grew considerably with the addition of Oliver and Sioux counties in 2013. However, with relatively sparse populations, the addition of Oliver and Sioux counties only added approximately 6,300 people to the metropolitan population, many of whom were later excluded when Sioux county was removed in 2018. The 2020 Bismarck–Mandan–Lincoln urban population is estimated at 98,198.

## Counties

In 2013, the Office of Management and Budget revised the definitions of metropolitan statistical areas; the Bismarck–Mandan MSA was enlarged by the inclusion of Oliver and Sioux counties from that year. In 2018, the same office removed Sioux county from the MSA.
* Burleigh County (100,012)
* Morton County (33,895)
* Oliver County (1,879)

## Core cities

* Bismarck (74,445)
* Mandan (22,519)
* Lincoln (4,358)

### Population by decade
## Other cities and towns

* Almont
* Baldwin
* Breien
* Center
* Driscoll
* Fallon
* Flasher
* Fort Rice
* Glen Ullin
* Hannover
* Harmon
* Hebron
* Hensler
* Huff
* Lincoln
* McKenzie
* Menoken
* Moffit
* New Salem
* Regan
* Saint Anthony
* Sanger
* Sims
* Sterling
* Wilton
* Wing

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 100,828 people, 45,751 households, and 29,620 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 95.24% White, 0.23% African American, 3.04% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.16% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.67% of the population.
The median income for a household in the MSA was $39,169, and the median income for a family was $48,339. Males had a median income of $32,726 versus $21,364 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $18,819.
# Charlotte Samuels

Charlotte Samuels (born November 28, 1998) is an American swimmer. She is believed to be the youngest person to complete the 17.5-mile Ederle Swim from New York City's Battery Park to Sandy Hook, New Jersey, which she did at age 15 in 2013. She finished the swim in 5:38:41. She was featured in Sports Illustrated for this accomplishment.
Samuels began competitive swimming with the Ridgewood Breakers when she was six. In 2013, she switched to the Bergen Barracudas. In 2010, she competed in an open-water championship in the National Harbor on the Potomac River, and in 2011 she competed in the Liberty Island Swim, a 1.2 kilometer counterclockwise swim around the Statue of Liberty. Also in 2011, Samuels won first place in the Brooklyn Bridge swim, which was across the East River starting from a pebble beach at Brooklyn Bridge Park and continuing to the Manhattan side. In 2013, she competed in the Manhattan Island Marathon Swim (though it was cut short when the swimmers missed hitting the forward currents ahead of them in the Hudson River, and could not swim any further) and also competed in the inaugural 15.1-mile (24.3 km) Cape Circumnavigation Challenge around Cape May, New Jersey.
# Eric Chang (pastor)

Eric H.H. Chang (张熙和, born 1934 Shanghai, died 2013 Montreal) was a pastor, a Christian writer, and the leader of a movement called Christian Disciples Church.

## Biography

Chang was born in Shanghai, and spent his childhood in war-torn China, but also for a time in Switzerland. As a young adult, he was hostile to Christianity, but became a Christian after a series of encounters with God.
In the 1950s, Chang moved to England where he received his biblical and theological training. He graduated from the Bible Training Institute (Glasgow) and London Bible College (now London School of Theology), and then read Arts and Divinity at the University of London (King’s College and SOAS).

## Church Ministry in England and Canada

England was the place of Chang’s formative years of church ministry, first at a church in London, then at a church in Liverpool. He was ordained by the Reverend Andrew MacBeath, principal of the Bible Training Institute.
In 1976, Chang was invited to lead a church in Montreal, Canada. Initially there was no church called Christian Disciples Church, but over the years, CDC emerged from its early roots and took on a more international presence, notably in Asia. He served as CDC’s main pastor for three decades, residing mainly in Montreal and Hong Kong. A prominent feature of his ministry is the New Testament pattern of discipleship. This has spawned several church-based trainings which have been the main impetus of a church movement.

## Reassessment of Trinitarianism in his later years

First as a divinity student and later as a pastor, Chang had been a staunch trinitarian for several decades, having done much to promote trinitarianism in his teaching and preaching. But around 2005, through a restudy of the Bible, he began to question his own trinitarian perspective on things such as the deity of Christ, concluding that it is not supported by the biblical data.
In 2009, he wrote The Only True God: A Study of Biblical Monotheism, to present the biblical evidence against his former trinitarian Christology. This was followed by The Only Perfect Man, which focuses the discussion on Jesus Christ.
His writings on biblical monotheism have received the attention of a few Christian writers in the western world such as Sir Anthony F. Buzzard, J. Dan Gill, and Greg S. Deuble, but also among some movements in Asia.
His writings are discussed positively in a theological compilation, One God, the Father, by Thomas E. Gaston of Oxford University, in a chapter, Biblical Monotheism Today, by Rob J. Hyndman of Monash University, Melbourne.

## Books

Chang, Eric H.H.(2009, 2017). The Only True God: A Study of Biblical Monotheism. ISBN 9781532898204.
——— (2013). The Only Perfect Man: The Glory of God in the Face of Jesus Christ. ISBN 9781532898273.
——— (2000, 2007, 2017). How I Have Come to Know the Living God: Testifying to God’s Reality and Goodness. ISBN 9781534995772.
——— (2001, 2015). Totally Committed! The Importance of Commitment in Biblical Teaching. ISBN 9781515071686.
——— (2004). Becoming a New Person: What the Bible Teaches About Regeneration, Renewal, and Christ-likeness. 978-1532898150
# Gaël Danic

Gaël Danic (born 19 November 1981) is a French former professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

## Club career

Danic played for Stade Rennais F.C. at senior Level, before moving to En Avant de Guingamp, and after that Grenoble, where he spent two years. He spent three years at Troyes AC although one of them he was loaned out to FC Lorient. He spent five years at Valenciennes FC where he played 101 games getting 15 goals.
On 1 July 2013, Olympique Lyonnais announced Danic had signed on a two-year contract and for a transfer fee of €800,000 transfer plus a possible €200,000 in bonuses.
In January 2015, after being released from his contract in Lyon, Danic signed an eighteen-month contract with SC Bastia.

## International career

Danic played five matches for the France U20s in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship.
# Prostanthera centralis

Prostanthera centralis is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae and is endemic to an area near the border between the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with hairy branchlets, hairy egg-shaped to elliptical leaves and mauve to blue flowers.

## Description

Prostanthera centralis is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.3–1 m (1 ft 0 in – 3 ft 3 in) and has more or less cylindrical, densely hairy branchlets. The leaves are densely hairy, egg-shaped to elliptical, 9–20 mm (0.35–0.79 in) long, 4–9 mm (0.16–0.35 in) wide on a petiole 0.5–1.5 mm (0.020–0.059 in) long. The flowers are arranged singly in 16 to 46 leaf axils on the ends of branchlets, each flower on a densely hairy pedicel 1.5–3.5 mm (0.059–0.138 in) long. The sepals are green with a purplish tip and form a tube 2.5–5 mm (0.098–0.197 in) long with two lobes, the lower lobe 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long and 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) wide, the upper lobe 3.5–5 mm (0.14–0.20 in) long and 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) wide. The petals are purplish blue, or mauve to blue, 11–16 mm (0.43–0.63 in) long and form a tube 8–10.5 mm (0.31–0.41 in) long. The lower lip has three lobes, the centre lobe egg-shaped to almost round, 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) wide and the side lobes about 4 mm (0.16 in) long and 3 mm (0.12 in) wide. The upper lip has two egg-shaped lobes 3.5–4 mm (0.14–0.16 in) long and 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) wide. Flowering occurs from July to October.

## Taxonomy

Prostanthera centralis was first formally described in 1988 by Barry Conn in the journal Nuytsia from specimens collected in the Dean Range, near the Kaltukatjara settlement.

## Distribution and habitat

This mintbush grows on rocky scree slopes in the Central Ranges bioregion near the border between the Northern Territory and Western Australia.

## Conservation status

Prostanthera centralis is classified as "Priority Three" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.
# Alexander Isserlis

Alexander Reginald Isserlis (18 May 1922 – 20 December 1986), sometimes called Sandy Isserlis, was a British civil servant who served as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1970.
Isserlis did not serve as Edward Heath's private secretary because he had been "personally close" to Heath's predecessor Harold Wilson.

## Works

Isserlis was author of:
* Regional Devolution and National Government (1975)
* Corporatism and Social Policy (1976)
* The Usefulness of Political Science to the Public Service (1978)
* Plus Ca Change (1981)
* Conversations on Policy (1984).
# Leiocephalus jamaicensis

Leiocephalus jamaicensis, commonly known as the Jamaican curlytail, is an extinct species of lizard in the family Leiocephalidae (curly-tailed lizard). It was native to Jamaica.

## Morphology

L. jamaicensis was a large lizard species that could grow up to 130 mm in snout-vent length.
Fossil evidence suggests there may have been two distinct variants of this species, as shown by different frontal bone structures: one specimen found in Portland Cave had a wide posterior with well-developed rugosities, while another from Montego Bay Airport Cave was narrow and smooth.

## Distribution

Known only from fossilized remains found in Jamaica. The fossils have been discovered at several locations across the island, including:
* Dairy Cave in St. Ann Parish
* Montego Bay Airport Cave in St. James Parish
* Portland Ridge Caves in Clarendon Parish
* Marta Tick Cave near Quickstep in Trelawny Parish

### Biogeographical significance

This species was part of a broader distribution of Leiocephalus lizards throughout the West Indies, with fossil evidence showing that the genus once ranged across all main islands of the Greater Antilles and likely most of the Lesser Antilles as far south as Martinique.

## Extinction

The species was widespread throughout central and western Jamaica and may have persisted into historical times. The most recent fossils from Marta Tick Cave were dated to approximately 770 ± 70 years before present. This timing, along with other Leiocephalus species that became extinct around European settlement, provides insights into relatively recent ecological changes in the Caribbean.
# Kenneth Stowe

Sir Kenneth Ronald Stowe GCB CVO (17 July 1927 – 29 August 2015) was a senior British civil servant. He was Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister (1975-79), and the Permanent Under-Secretary of State of the Northern Ireland Office (1979-81). From 1981-87, he was Permanent Secretary of the Department of Health and Social Security. He was made a CB in 1977, CVO in 1979, and KCB in 1980 and a GCB in 1986.

## Biography

Stowe was born in Dagenham, Essex on 17 July 1927. His father, Arthur Percy Stowe, was a maker of spectacles. His mother was Emmie Louise Webb. His parents married in 1926.
Stowe attended Dagenham County High School and studied history, under a scholarship, at Exeter College, Oxford.
On 20 August 1949, Stowe married Joan Frances Randall Cullen, a teacher, in Essex. The couple went on to have two sons and a daughter. He was left a widower in 1995.
Stowe graduated in 1951, he joined the civil service's National Assistance Board (later to become the Ministry of Social Security), working directly with those people who were asking for help. In 1973, he began employment as under-secretary at the Cabinet Office in the Legislation Committee. When Robert Armstrong moved on in 1975, he was recommended to Harold Wilson as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister. He remained in the role for four years, serving under Harold Wilson, James Callaghan and for the first few months of Margaret Thatcher's premiership.
Thatcher appointed Stowe as Permanent Under-Secretary of State of the Northern Ireland Office in 1979, where he brokered an agreement during the 1980 hunger strike at Maze prison, although it did not hold. He became permanent secretary for the Department of Health and Social Security in 1981, responsible for over a million individuals in the NHS and social services departments.
After retirement in 1987, Stowe spent a period advising public service reform in Zimbabwe and South Africa, as well as reform programs in the UK. He received multiple honours during his time in the civil service, a CB in 1977, CVO in 1979, and KCB in 1980 and a GCB in 1986.
He spent his later years with his partner, Judith Mary Phillips, and died at his home in Lingen, Herefordshire on 29 August 2015, aged 88.