OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Riemannian Penrose inequality

In mathematical general relativity, the Penrose inequality, first conjectured by Sir Roger Penrose, estimates the mass of a spacetime in terms of the total area of its black holes and is a generalization of the positive mass theorem. The Riemannian Penrose inequality is an important special case. Specifically, if (M, g) is an asymptotically flat Riemannian 3-manifold with nonnegative scalar curvature and ADM mass m, and A is the area of the outermost minimal surface (possibly with multiple connected components), then the Riemannian Penrose inequality asserts
    $m\geq {\sqrt {\frac {A}{16\pi }}}.$
This is purely a geometrical fact, and it corresponds to the case of a complete three-dimensional, space-like, totally geodesic submanifold of a (3 + 1)-dimensional spacetime. Such a submanifold is often called a time-symmetric initial data set for a spacetime. The condition of (M, g) having nonnegative scalar curvature is equivalent to the spacetime obeying the dominant energy condition.
This inequality was first proved by Gerhard Huisken and Tom Ilmanen in 1997 in the case where A is the area of the largest component of the outermost minimal surface. Their proof relied on the machinery of weakly defined inverse mean curvature flow, which they developed. In 1999, Hubert Bray gave the first complete proof of the above inequality using a conformal flow of metrics. Both of the papers were published in 2001.

## Physical motivation

The original physical argument that led Penrose to conjecture such an inequality invoked the Hawking area theorem and the cosmic censorship hypothesis.

## Case of equality

Both the Bray and Huisken–Ilmanen proofs of the Riemannian Penrose inequality state that under the hypotheses, if
    $m={\sqrt {\frac {A}{16\pi }}},$
then the manifold in question is isometric to a slice of the Schwarzschild spacetime outside its outermost minimal surface, which is a sphere of Schwarzschild radius.

## Penrose conjecture

More generally, Penrose conjectured that an inequality as above should hold for spacelike submanifolds of spacetimes that are not necessarily time-symmetric. In this case, nonnegative scalar curvature is replaced with the dominant energy condition, and one possibility is to replace the minimal surface condition with an apparent horizon condition. Proving such an inequality remains an open problem in general relativity, called the Penrose conjecture.

## In popular culture

* In episode 6 of season 8 of the television sitcom The Big Bang Theory, Dr. Sheldon Cooper claims to be in the process of solving the Penrose Conjecture while at the same time composing his Nobel Prize acceptance speech.
# Zoltan Uray

Zoltán Uray (born 23 September 1931) is a Romanian fencer and a Transylvanian Hungarian biologist, radiologist, doctor of biological sciences, external member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. As a fencer he competed in the individual épée event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Alfonso Mestre

Alfonso Mestre (born 24 September 2001) is a Venezuelan swimmer. He competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics. He swam collegiately at the University of Florida.
# Kyrylo Synelnykov

Kyrylo Dmytrovych Synelnykov (Ukrainian: Кирило Дмитрович Синельников; 29 May 1901 – 16 October 1966) was a Soviet and Ukrainian physicist who participated in the Soviet atomic bomb project.

## Biography

Synelnykov was born in Pavlohrad.
In January 1921, he was accepted into the M. V. Frunze Crimean University, and graduated two years later.

## Awards and honors

* Three Orders of Lenin
* Three Orders of the Red Banner of Labour
* Honored Science and Technology Figure of the Ukrainian SSR
The Synelnykov Prize for outstanding works in the field of physics is named after him.
# John McCroskey House

The John McCroskey House is located at 3224 Sweetwater-Vonore Road in Sweetwater, Tennessee, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 18, 2000.
# Downend School

Downend School is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status, situated on Westerleigh Road in the suburban village of Downend in South Gloucestershire, England.

## About

The school has four houses: Carpenter (green), Brunel (red), Grace (blue) and Muller (yellow), each named after a different famous person from Bristol. Students are sorted into these houses somewhat at random, though some allowance is made for siblings and friendships. Each house has house captains, which can consist of four house captains or two houses and two vices. Generally, these are two girls and two boys. The house is shown via the tie that each student wears, which has three stripes repeating down it, one thin white stripe, one thick navy stripe, and one medium stripe, which is the house colour. There is also the school logo on the tie (a shield with small images representing the houses).
In addition to the tie, the uniform consists of a navy blazer and the school logo situated in a pocket on the left. A white shirt is worn, along with dark grey tailored trousers and black leather shoes. There is also the option of wearing a dark grey skirt instead of trousers.

## CSET

Downend is part of an educational trust called Castle School Education Trust, named after Castle School.

## Sixth Form

Downend and Mangotsfield share a sixth form, located in the Downend School premises.
The logo of this sixth Form is a 6 made up of various green shapes, including squares and a smaller 6.
Students at this sixth form are mainly from Downend or Mangotsfield School, though some come from other local schools.

## History
### Page School for Girls

Staple Hill Senior School for Girls was established in 1933 and 1947 became Staple Hill Secondary Modern School, having separate departments for boys and girls. After the Chase Comprehensive School had been built for the boys in about 1966, the girls stayed in the buildings in North View, and it was renamed Page School for Girls.

### Establishment

In September 1982, Page School for Girls merged with the coeducational Stockwell Hill Comprehensive School, and the new school was called Downend Comprehensive School.

### Later years

It was renamed Downend Community School. In 2005, it moved to Westerleigh Road.
Tamryn Savage was instated as head teacher for the school year beginning in 2006 and onwards after the acting head teacher Ray Lockey retired. She left at the end of the academic year 2010-2011 and was replaced by Will Roberts. The buildings of Page School for Girls were demolished from 2007 to 2008.
The school converted to academy status on 1 March 2013.

## Notable former pupils

* Actor Mike Bailey, best known for playing the role of Sid Jenkins on Skins (TV series)
* Sajid Javid, Conservative MP for Bromsgrove, formerly Secretary of State for Health and Social Care and Chancellor of the Exchequer
* Chris Mason (darts player), former professional darts player
# Alexander McKee (author)

Alexander Paul Charrier McKee OBE (25 July 1918 – 22 July 1992) was a British journalist, military historian, and diver who published nearly thirty books.

## Life

McKee was educated mostly by a series of governesses, from whom he acquired an acute eye for the quality of evidence. However, his lack of paper qualifications was to prove a serious hindrance to his later career. The most unusual thing he did in his youth was to fly solo at the age of fifteen.
In the Second World War, McKee served in the British Army and wrote war poetry. After the War he served with the British Army on the Rhine (BAOR). He wrote articles for the BAOR newspaper Polar Bear News and became a writer and producer for the British Forces Network in Germany.
After demobilization, McKee became the editor of Conveyor magazine and wrote plays for BBC radio. Among many other subjects, his plays covered Trotsky's assassination, Dr Semmelweiss's campaign to get modern standards of hygiene adopted in hospitals across Europe, and the "mad" monk Rasputin's odd story and seemingly hypnotic influence on the Russian Imperial Family.
Next, McKee decided to concentrate on documentary authorship, publishing some 27 books during his life. In between researching and writing books, McKee took up sub-aqua diving with the Southsea Branch of the British Sub-Aqua Club. His projects got the branch voted the most interesting in the United Kingdom three years running. Next, he drove forward the discussed but unauctioned project to search for King Henry VIII's flagship Mary Rose. From about 1965 onwards, he was concentrating most of his efforts on the Mary Rose project. For finding the Mary Rose, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.
McKee published King Henry VIII's Mary Rose in 1973. It was the first book about the Mary Rose project by nearly a decade, so it could be regarded as a seminal work. His vision already detailed most of what later became reality, even to the opening of the new Mary Rose Museum, and much of what he wrote is reiterated in publications by later authors.
In contrast, McKee's more frequently referenced book How We Found the Mary Rose was published as late as 1982, nearly a decade later. Although a human interest work, it includes many excerpts from the diving logs of his original diving teams from Project Solent Ships and MRSB0551: hence the "We" in the book title. He targeted these two books specifically on the Mary Rose. He also provides summaries of his Mary Rose research in some of his other books.
# Timeline of the Universe

The timeline of the Universe lists events from its creation to its ultimate final state.
* For a timeline of the universe from the present to its presumed conclusion, see: Timeline of the far future
* Chronology of the universe
* Timeline of the universe
# Mezel

Mezel (Auvergnat: Meselh) is a former commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Mur-sur-Allier.
# Johannes Kreidl

Johannes Kreidl (born 7 March 1996) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Veikkausliiga club KuPS.

## Club career

In early 2021, Kreidl returned to Kuopion Palloseura (KuPS). On 10 August 2023, he signed a new five-year deal with the club until the end of 2028. He won the Finnish Championship title with KuPS in 2024. Additionally they have won three Finnish Cups, in 2021, 2022 and 2024.

## Personal life

Kreidl and his Finnish girlfriend Niina were married in December 2022. The wedding ceremony was held in Austria. The couple had met in 2016, when Kreidl was playing for KuPS as a loan player. They have two children, the twins, who were born in December 2024.

## Career statistics

    As of 20 October 2024.
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | League cup | League cup | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Wacker Innsbruck II | 2013–14 | Austrian Regionalliga West | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| Hamburger SV II | 2014–15 | Regionalliga Nord | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| Hamburger SV II | 2015–16 | Regionalliga Nord | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 |
| Hamburger SV II | Total | Total | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| KuPS (loan) | 2016 | Veikkausliiga | 24 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | – | – | 32 | 0 |
| 1. FC Nürnberg II | 2016–17 | Regionalliga Bayern | 9 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9 | 0 |
| 1. FC Nürnberg II | 2017–18 | Regionalliga Bayern | 11 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11 | 0 |
| 1. FC Nürnberg II | Total | Total | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| 1. FC Nürnberg | 2017–18 | 2. Bundesliga | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 |
| SV Ried | 2018–19 | Austrian 2. Liga | 30 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 31 | 0 |
| SV Ried | 2019–20 | Austrian 2. Liga | 23 | 0 | 3 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 26 | 0 |
| SV Ried | Total | Total | 53 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 57 | 0 |
| KuFu-98 | 2021 | Kakkonen | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| KuPS | 2021 | Veikkausliiga | 23 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 8 | 0 | 32 | 0 |
| KuPS | 2022 | Veikkausliiga | 23 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 35 | 0 |
| KuPS | 2023 | Veikkausliiga | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 34 | 0 |
| KuPS | 2024 | Veikkausliiga | 24 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 35 | 0 |
| KuPS | 2025 | Veikkausliiga | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| KuPS | Total | Total | 97 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 137 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 197 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 249 | 0 |
* ↑ Includes Austrian Cup, Suomen Cup
* ↑ Includes Finnish League Cup
* 1 2 3 4 Appearances in UEFA Conference League

## Honours

Kuopion Palloseura
* Veikkausliiga: 2024
* Veikkausliiga runner-up: 2021, 2022, 2023
* Finnish Cup: 2021, 2022, 2024
* Finnish League Cup runner-up: 2024
Individual
* Veikkausliiga Goalkeeper of the Year: 2021, 2023, 2024
* Veikkausliiga Team of the Year: 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
# Petar Janjatović

Petar Janjatović (born June 30, 1956 in Belgrade) is a Serbian author, journalist, and music critic.

## Biography

Janjatović was born in Belgrade on June 30, 1956.

### Journalism

As a teenager, he contributed to Radio Beograd show Veče uz radio (Evening by the Radio). He wrote for music magazines Džuboks, Rock, X zabava and Ukus nestašnih, but also for Start, Politikin Zabavnik, NIN, Vreme, Duga, Reporter, Super Tin and Politika.
In 1993, he left Radio Beograd, and during the 1990s worked on radio stations Politika, Zrenjanin and Pančevo. From 1997 to 2002 he was the music editor on Radio Pančevo. From 2006 to 2012, he, together with Tomislav Grujić, on Radio B92, had a show Juboks (Yubox), which dealt with pop and rock scene of SFR Yugoslavia successor states. During the 2000s, he was a correspondent for Billboard, Radio Free Europe and BBC.

### Publishing

In 1983, Janjatović, together with writer David Albahari and music critics Darko Glavan and Dragan Kremer, published the book Drugom stranom: Almanah novog talasa u SFRJ (Via Other Side: The Almanac of new wave in SFRY).
In 1993, he published the book Pesme bratstva & detinjstva: Antologija rok poezije SFR Jugoslavije 1967 – 1991 (Songs of Brotherhood & Childhood: Anthology of Rock Poetry in SFR Yugoslavia 1967 – 1991). The second edition of the book, entitled Pesme bratstva, detinjstva & potomstva: Antologija ex YU rok poezije 1967 - 2007 (Songs of Brotherhood, Childhood & Offspring: Anthology of Ex YU Rock Poetry 1967 – 2007) was published in 2008.
In 1998, he published the book Ilustrovana YU rock enciklopedija 1960 – 1997 (Illustrated Rock Encyclopedia 1960–1997). The book saw two more editions: Ilustrovana ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960 – 2000 (2001) and Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960 - 2006 (2007).

### Other activities

In 1990, he was the editor of the last edition of Festival Omladina. Since 2003, he is the editor of the Serbian branch of record label Dallas Records. From 2003 to 2005, he was a member of the jury in the TV contest Idol. He is an author of several short stories, published in magazine Stav and various authors book Meni pričaš?! (Kikinda Short 04).
He describes himself as a Yugo-futurist.

## Books

* Drugom stranom: Almanah novog talasa u SFRJ (Via Other Side: The Almanac of New Wave in SFRY, with David Albahari, Darko Glavan and Dragan Kremer, 1983)
* Pesme bratstva & detinjstva: Antologija rok poezije SFR Jugoslavije 1967 – 1991 (Songs of Brotherhood & Childhood: Anthology of Rock Poetry in SFR Yugoslavia 1967 – 1991, 1993)
* Ilustrovana YU rock enciklopedija 1960 – 1997 (Illustrated YU Rock Encyclopedia 1967 – 1997, 1998)
* Ilustrovana ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960 – 2000 (2001)
* Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960 - 2006 (2007)
* Pesme bratstva, detinjstva & potomstva: Antologija ex YU rok poezije 1967 - 2007 (Songs of Brotherhood, Childhood & Offspring: Anthology of Ex YU Rock Poetry 1967 – 2007, 2008)
# Kozubiec

Kozubiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Miłosław, within Września County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Miłosław, 18 km (11 mi) south of Września, and 48 km (30 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
# Mukhtar

A mukhtar (Arabic: مختار, romanized: mukhtār, lit. 'chosen one'; Greek: μουχτάρης) is a village chief in the Levant: "an old institution that goes back to the time of the Ottoman rule". According to Amir S. Cheshin, Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed, the mukhtar "for centuries were the central figures". They "were not restricted to Muslim communities"; even "Christian and Jewish communities in the Arab world also had mukhtars."
Mukhtars are headmen or clan elders. They traditionally linked villagers with the state bureaucracy. Some of the mukhtar’s duties included registering life events (births, marriages, etc.) and notarizing documents. Quoting Tore Björgo: "The mukhtar was, among other things, responsible for collecting taxes and ensuring that law and order was prevailing in his village".

## Gaza

British rulers in Palestine before Israel's establishment in 1948 depended on mukhtars to rule. In Gaza, there are still dozens of families that function as powerful clans. These families derive their influence from overseeing businesses and have the allegiance of hundreds to thousands of relatives. The leader of each family is known as a mukhtar.
# Zakaria Loukili

Zakaria Loukili (born 25 January 2006) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Malmö FF.

## Background

Born to Moroccan parents in Copenhagen, Loukili moved to Malmö in his youth.

## Career

On 31 October 2024, Loukili signed for the senior team of Malmö FF. Prior to this, Loukili made several appearances in the academy and won P17 Allsvenskan with Malmö's U17 team in 2022. Loukili made his debut appearance for Malmö FF, substituting teammate Lasse Berg Johnsen in the 81st minute in a 5–0 win against AIK. His first start debut was in the 2024–25 UEFA Europa League league phase in a 0–1 loss against Greek side Olympiacos F.C.

## Honours

Malmö FF
* Allsvenskan: 2024
# Castle Hill Public School

Castle Hill Public School is a public co-educational primary school located in the Sydney suburb of Castle Hill, New South Wales, Australia. It is administered by the New South Wales Department of Education, with an enrolment of 1,095 students and a teaching staff of 52, as of 2023. The school serves students from Kindergarten to Year 6.
It was established in 1879 and opened in July 1880. The original school building is listed on the New South Wales Heritage Register.

## History

The school's origins are from 12 July 1880 when St Paul's Denominational School was closed, and the 64 students marched 800 metres to the new school site. The original Gothic school building and vested residence was designed by George Allen Mansfield and built by George Coates & Son in 1878. This building, still standing, and is today subject to a heritage conservation order.
Lessons commenced on 12 July 1880. At the time, Castle Hill was a rural community and the original building comprising a single classroom and a teacher residence provided for 64 students.
The school continued to grow in numbers and by the early 1980s was the largest public school in the New South Wales with over 1000 students. As the school and its community grew, additional land was acquired and buildings added.
In the late 1980s, 1,600 students were enrolled but with the building of other schools nearby, the student population has settled at around 800.
On 18 October 1998, the school moved to a new site, that was a former University of Sydney research centre, with the former school ground sold to Queensland Investment Corp for the expansion of Castle Towers shopping centre. The school continues on this new site. Building started mid-1997 and the new Castle Hill Public School was completed in October 1998.

## Principals

* John Ussher 1 July 1880
* John J. Carolan 10 February 1888
* Robert S. McCormick 21 December 1894
* Thomas E. Cambourn 19 March 1902
* William H. Johnston 28 February 1910
* Henry R. Anstey 14 May 1919
* Robert M. Ross 27 March 1930
* Arthur E. Cattell 5 December 1939
* Edward J. Stanley 4 December 1942
* George Redmond 30 January 1950
* William N. Walker 1 February 1955
* Hilton O. Bloomfield 30 January 1962
* John G. Gallagher 28 January 1969
* Leslie J. N. Shore 27 January 1976
* Peter Shuttleworth 21 April 1992
* Bryan Mullan 27 January 1998
* Steve Connelly 21 January 2013
* Craig Oliver 2015–present
# Al-Nuqayb

Al-Nuqayb was a Palestinian Arab village in the Tiberias Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War on May 15, 1948. It was located 10 km east across the lake from Tiberias. bordering the Wadi al-Muzaffar and Wadi Samakh. al-Nuqayb was named after the Bedouin tribe of 'Arab al-Nuqayb.

## Location

The village was located on the eastern shore of Lake Tiberias, with the fortress Qal'at al-Hisn located just to the east.

## History

In the 1880s most of the village land was purchased by the Bahá'u'lláh, while the villagers continued to farm as tenant farmers.

### British Mandate era

In the 1920s, the land the Bahá'u'lláh had purchased was sold to the JNF. At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Nuqhaib had a population of 103 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 287 Muslims, in 60 houses.
The Kibbutz of Ein Gev was established in 1937, 1,5 km south of the village site.
In 1944/1945, the village had a population of 320 Muslims, with a total of 967 dunams of land. Of this, 131 dunams were irrigated or used for plantations, 797 were used for cereals, while 30 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) land.

### 1948, aftermath

After the 1948 Palestine war, according to the armistice agreements of 1949 Between Israel and Syria, it was determined that a string of villages, including Nuqeib, Al-Hamma, Al-Samra in the Tiberias Subdistrict and Kirad al-Baqqara and Kirad al-Ghannama further north in the Safad Subdistrict, would be included the demilitarized zone (DMZ) between Israel and Syria. The villagers and their property were formally protected by Article V of the Israeli-Syrian agreement of 20 July that year. However, The people on the Kibbutz were subjected to continual attacks, making farming difficult and forcing the villagers to turn to fishing as their primary form of livelihood. In 1948, the Syrians attacked the kibbutz. Palestinian inhabitants, a total of 2,200 villagers, moved to Syria. Most of the villagers eventually moved to Syria, while some relocated to Sha'ab.
In 1992 the village site was described: "The site is fenced in and covered with thorny grass and various kinds of trees, such as Christ's-thorn trees. Piles of stones and the remains of walls can be seen. Part of the surrounding land is cultivated by the nearby settlement, and the remainder is used as a grazing area by Israelis."
# Amusement Expo

Amusement Expo is an annual convention featuring and showcasing vendors, developers and businesses having to do with coin activated amusements such as video arcade machines, electro-mechanical games, ticket/redemption skill and chance games, and jukeboxes. The show is held annually in March at the Las Vegas Convention Center.

## History

The history of the Amusement Expo can be traced back to March 1980 when Play Meter magazine founder, Ralph Lally established the industry's first spring trade show, the Amusement Operators Expo (AOE). The AOE ran for five years before merging with the Amusement Showcase International (ASI)–a spring trade show run by the American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) in 1986. The AOE-ASI merger was renamed the American Coin Machine Exposition (ACME) and operated under this name for ten years. In 1997 the ACME was again renamed as the Amusement Showcase International (ASI)–a name that was used from 1997 to 2009. In 2009, ASI merged with a show held by the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA) and become the Amusement Expo.