OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 63-210-282

South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 63-210-282 was a historic bridge in rural Turner County, South Dakota, carrying 461st Avenue across the East Fork Vermillion River southwest of Centerville. Built in 1909, it was a well-preserved example of bridges built for the county by the Iowa Bridge Company. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. The bridge's original Pratt through main span was replaced by a steel girder span in 2009–10.

## Description and history

South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 63-210-282 was located about 1 mile (1.6 km) west and 1.1 miles (1.8 km) south of Centerville, carrying 461st Avenue over the East Fork Vermillion River just north of 296th Street. It was a three-span structure, with timber-framed approach spans on either side of a central Pratt through truss. The main span was 95 feet (29 m), and rested on steel tubular piers, while the outermost supports were timber crib abutments. The truss elements were riveted together, and the bridge's deck support consisted of two layers of wooden planking set on timber beams laid over steel I-beams, which were riveted to hangar plates on the trusses.
The bridge was built in 1909 by the Iowa Bridge Company of Des Moines, Iowa. The county had a contract with that company to provide its steel truss bridges between 1905 and 1911, apparently as part of a common but illegal practice of "pooling", in which companies divided the state into areas where they did not compete against one another. This bridge was a typical example of the company's work. It was replaced between 2009 and 2010.
# Peter Millar (clothing company)

Peter Millar is an American clothing brand founded in 2001 in Raleigh, North Carolina that produces sportswear and golf attire. The company is headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina and is a subsidiary of Compagnie Financière Richemont SA.

## History

Peter Millar was founded in 2001 by Greg Oakley, Chet Sikorski, and Chris Knott.
In 2005, Scott Mahoney and Sea Island Company purchased Peter Millar and named Mahoney as CEO.
In 2007, Peter Millar signed a license agreement with Empire Clothing of Canada for the manufacturing and distribution of Peter Millar's tailored clothing line.
In 2009, Winona Capital Management, a Chicago-based private equity firm, purchased a majority interest in Peter Millar from the Sea Island Company.
In January 2010, Todd Martin was named president of Peter Millar Golf.
In 2011, Peter Millar moved its design and marketing headquarters to Raleigh, North Carolina, and opened a warehouse space and offices in Durham, North Carolina.

## Growth

In 2012, Peter Millar was acquired by Richemont SA, a Swiss-based luxury goods holding company.
In March 2015, founder Chris Knott announced his retirement.
In February 2015, Jason Cater became vice-president of Design and Merchandising.
January 2018, Peter Millar acquired Los Angeles-based G/FORE, a golf sportswear and accessories brand.

## Stores

In 2011, Peter Millar opened its first company-owned retail store in Southampton, New York, followed by a retail store in Palm Beach, Florida, on Worth Avenue.
In late 2014, Peter Millar opened a retail store in New York at 536 Madison Avenue. Shortly afterward, it opened a retail store at The Domain Shopping Center in Austin, Texas.
In September 2015, the brand opened a store in Raleigh's North Hills.
In December 2015, Peter Millar opened a store in partnership with Andrisen Morton in Denver.
In January 2016, Peter Millar opened a shopping destination in Atlanta. The 1,250 square ft. store is located at the Avalon Shopping Center.
In June 2017, Peter Millar opened a location in Dallas.
August 2017, opened a new location in Brentwood's Hill Center.
In September 2017, Peter Millar opened a store within the Broadmoor Resort in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
In July 2018, Peter Millar opened a location in Miramar Beach.
In May 2018, Peter Millar opened a location in Boston, MA.
In September 2018, Peter Millar opened a location in Charlotte, NC in partnership with Paul Simon Co.. The store is located in Charlotte's SouthPark area.
In March 2019, Peter Millar opened a location in Newport Beach, CA.
In April 2019, Peter Millar opened a location in Chicago.
In November 2019, Peter Millar opened a location in Palmetto Bluff.
# 1956 City of Chester by-election

The 1956 City of Chester by-election of 15 November 1956 was held after the appointment of Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Basil Nield as Recorder of Manchester.
The seat was safe, having been won at the 1955 general election by over 11,000 votes

## Result of the previous general election

General election 1955: City of Chester :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Conservative | Basil Nield | 24,905 | 56.66 |
| | Labour | John M. Forrester | 13,903 | 31.63 |
| | Liberal | John Seys-Llewellyn | 5,145 | 11.71 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 11,002 | 25.03 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 43,953 | |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | |

## Result of the by-election

The Conservative Party held the seat with a reduced vote share and majority.
City of Chester by-election, 15 November 1956 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Conservative | John Temple | 21,137 | 51.72 | −4.94 |
| | Labour | Lewis Carter-Jones | 14,789 | 36.19 | +4.56 |
| | Liberal | John Seys-Llewellyn | 4,942 | 12.09 | +0.38 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 6,348 | 15.53 | −9.50 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 40,868 | | |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | | |
# South Washington Street Parabolic Bridge

South Washington Street Parabolic Bridge is a historic Lenticular truss bridge located at Binghamton in Broome County, New York. It was constructed in 1886 and spans the Susquehanna River. It is composed of three identical through trusses with an overall length of 484 feet. The bridge was closed to vehicular traffic in 1969. It is the longest multiple span, Lenticular truss bridge constructed in New York State during the 19th century. It was constructed by the Berlin Iron Bridge Company of East Berlin, Connecticut. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The bridge was rehabilitated between 2014 and 2017.

## Photos

* Looking down the Washington Street Bridge.
* The Berlin Iron Bridge Co. plaque on the top of the bridge.
* A view of the bridge from the south, from the intersection of Washington Street and Conklin Avenue.
# Chatham Island merganser

The Chatham Island merganser (Mergus milleneri) is an extinct species of merganser duck from New Zealand. The binomial name refers to Dr. Philip Millener, to recognise his work in collecting material on the species.

## Description

The Chatham merganser is known only from subfossils, so not much is known about the bird. It was the smallest of all Mergus species. Fossil records indicate it was widespread on Chatham Island but not on the smaller nearby islands.
# Speakman No. 1

Speakman No. 1 is a historic wooden covered bridge located at East Fallowfield Township near Modena in Chester County, Pennsylvania. It is a 75-foot-long (23 m) Burr Truss bridge, constructed in 1881. It is a twin of Speakman No. 2, Mary Ann Pyle Bridge, located a 1/4 mile away. It crosses Buck Run.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
# Spokane River Bridge at Long Lake Dam

The Spokane River Bridge at Long Lake Dam, at Long Lake Dam near Reardan, Washington, is a historic 486-foot (148 m) concrete bridge that was built in 1949. It was a work of the State Department of Highways and of Henry Hagman. Its center span is a 211-foot (64 m) open-spandrel arch. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.
It brings State Route 231 across the Spokane River, connecting Lincoln County and Stevens County.
# Zakiruddin Zaki

Zakiruddin Zaki was an author, writer and social activist during the era of the Bhopal State.

## Biography

Zakiruddin Zaki was born in 1859. He was employed in the Department of Survey at Bhopal state and loved to write poetry. He died in Tijara. He belongs to a well-known and artistically successful family. He was the elder brother of the writer and poet Kabiruddin Kalim.

## Life as scholar

Zaki was his pen name. In 1923, he wrote a book, Gulzar-e Risalat wa Guldasta-e Shahadat on the life of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and the Caliph Ali. His second book was Bahar-e Bekharan maulod Habibur Rahman, which was published in 1924.
# 1992 Mindanao earthquakes

Two earthquakes struck off the coast of Mindanao, Philippines, and generated a large tsunami on 17 May 1992. They measured 7.1 and 7.2, respectively on the moment magnitude scale and were spaced 26 minutes apart. Seismic shaking and a tsunami caused damage in Manay, Cateel, Baganga, Boston, Caraga and Tarragona, Davao Oriental Province. At a cove in Manay, the tsunami measured 6 m (20 ft) and flooded about 200 m (660 ft) inland as a result of the amplification effect. Following the first shock, many residents at the cove fled the area after the first earthquake and tsunami, however, a child was killed in the wave. Wave heights of 3 m (9.8 ft) or higher were recorded along the coast of Caraga and Manay. Residents at the coast said the tsunami arrived about 2 to 10 minutes after the first event with the first wave also the largest. Both events occurred on a fault where the Philippine Sea plate subducts beneath the island, with epicenters 20 km (12 mi) apart.
# 1868 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1868.

## Excavations

* Charles Warren starts first excavations of Jericho.
* Grime's Graves in the English county of Norfolk is excavated in 1868-1870, including Gallery III2b of Greenwell's Pit.
* The Mammen excavation, a Viking Age site near Viborg in Jutland (Denmark) is excavated.
* At Les Eyzies, France, a cave site is excavated containing Cro-Magnon remains, at the end of La Rue du Scez overlooking Le Havre du Scez (Saie).
* At Nymphaeum (a Greek colony in the Crimea), a burial site is excavated, with six Scythian tombs.
* In Greece, philologist Spyridon Findiklis and his assistant Ioannis Papadakis begin the first excavations in Thebes and Plataea.
* Alfred Biliotti starts excavations at Ialysos on Rhodes.

## Finds

* The Mesha Stele is found.
* At Rome, the remains of the Porta Capena are found.
* At Les Eyzies, France, alongside the Cro-Magnon remains, numerous flint tools of Aurignacian manufacture are found.
* Hildesheim Treasure is found.
* The first Shapwick hoard of Roman coins is found in England.

## Births

* January 3: Franz Cumont, Belgian archaeologist and historian (died 1947)
* March 15: Albert Lythgoe, American Egyptologist, curator of the New York Metropolitan Museum (died 1934)
* July 14: Gertrude Bell, British archaeologist (died 1926)

## Deaths

* September 10: Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes, French archaeologist (born 1788)
# Charlotte Hobson

Charlotte Adelaide Hobson (born 1970) is an English writer. Her memoir Black Earth City (2002), which recounts living in Russia in the early 1990s, won the Somerset Maugham Award.

## Biography

Hobson grew up in Southampton. She is of Russian heritage through her mother Tatyana (née Vinogradoff) and took local Russian lessons growing up. Following her mother's death from cancer, Hobson continued her Russian studies at Edinburgh University. As part of her degree program, she spent a year abroad in the Russian city of Voronezh in 1991–1992.
Her experiences of living in Russia in the earliest phase of its post-Soviet transition became the subject of her travel memoir Black Earth City. The book won the Somerset Maugham Award, and was also nominated for the Duff Cooper Prize and the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award. It was reviewed by the NYT, The Guardian and the FT among others. The book was reissued in 2017 by Faber and Faber with a foreword by Peter Pomerantsev. Hobson's second book, a novel called The Vanishing Future, appeared in 2016.
She is married to the writer Philip Marsden.
# Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin

Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin (Anglicised as Loch Benevian) is a freshwater loch in Inverness-shire, Scotland. It is one of several lochs in Glen Affric, a National Nature Reserve within Scotland's Caledonian Forest.
The loch is named after the mountain on its northwest shore, Beinn a' Mheadhoin, which translates from Scottish Gaelic to "Middle Mountain".
The Affric-Kintail Way runs along the loch's south shore.
In 2016, Scottish rewilding charity Trees for Life planted aspen along Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin's shores to support the reintroduction of beavers.
The loch was partially expanded in the 1950s as part of the Affric-Beauly hydro-electric power scheme, drawing water from Loch Mullardoch to the north via a 5.5 km long tunnel. To this end, the loch has a small dam at its east end, and its water levels are artificially controlled.
# Smithton High-Level Bridge

The Smithton High-Level Bridge is a structure that crosses the Youghiogheny River between South Huntingdon Township and Rostraver Township.
The bridge was opened in 1956 as one of the last links in the replacement of the old alignment of Pennsylvania Route 71 with a new four-lane freeway between Washington and the Pennsylvania Turnpike. During the same year of the bridge's completion, it was announced that the highway would become part of Interstate 70; it took on this designation in 1964 after the completion of freeway stretches in neighboring West Virginia linked PA 71 to a similar freeway in Ohio.
Part of a busy truck route, the bridge is part of a highway that has been plagued by surface problems. In 1989, a crack in the superstructure, the result of a 35-year-old construction error, forced the closure of the bridge for five days, stranding truckers. The bridge was rehabilitated in 2000.
Bridges of the Youghiogheny River :
Upstream Smithton Low-Level Bridge PA 981
Smithon High-Level Bridge I-70
Downstream West Newton Bridge PA 136 :
# Imperial Glass Company

The Imperial Glass Company is located in Bellaire, Ohio with a factory located on 29th Street and the offices located on Belmont Street. The factory was razed in 1995 to make room for commercial development and the Belmont Street location was transformed into a museum known as the National Imperial Glass Museum. The building was placed on the National Register on 1983-09-08.

## History

The Imperial Glass Company was founded in 1901 by Edward Muhleman, with production beginning in 1904. The handmade glasswares were sold worldwide and were usually made of pressed glass patterns. The factory located at 29th Street was labeled as one of the largest glass factories under one roof. The company's most famous product is their "Candlewick" series, which even has a street named for it in Bellaire.
The company hit rough times in the early 1970s and was close to bankruptcy. Imperial was saved by Lenox and turned to general manufacture, but low demand eventually led to its closure in 1984. The building on Belmont Street was eventually turned into a museum housing many pieces from the company's long run, as well as a history of the company.
# Arin Karapet

Arin Karapet (Armenian: Արին Կարապետ; born 9 May 1988) is a Swedish politician serving as a member of the Riksdag since 2018. He has been a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe since 2023. He was a substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 2019 to 2022, and a delegate to the Inter-Parliamentary Union from 2022 to 2023.
# Neptunian exoplanet

Neptunian exoplanets are similar in size to the ice giants Neptune and Uranus in the Solar System. Neptunian exoplanets may have a mixture of interiors though all would be rocky with heavier metals at their cores. Neptunian planets typically have hydrogen- and helium-dominated atmospheres.
There are several recognized subtypes of Neptunian exoplanets:
* Hot Neptune – orbiting close to its star
* Helium planet – a hypothetical type that can form from hot Neptune via hydrogen evaporation, leaving a helium-dominated atmosphere
* Mini-Neptune – considerably smaller than Neptune but still having a thick hydrogen-helium envelope, relatively common
* Super-puff – inflated planets with unusually low mean density
* Hycean planet – a hypothetical transitional type to ocean planets with a thin, hydrogen-helium-dominated atmosphere overlaying a liquid water ocean

## List of Neptunian exoplanets
### HAT

* A Neptune like planet was found in the planetary system around the HAT-P-26b star system.
* HAT-P-11b

### GJ

* GJ 436b

### TOI

* TOI-1231 b

### OGLE

* OGLE-2005-BLG-390L b
# 1880 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1880.

## Explorations

* William Matthew Flinders Petrie travels to Egypt and conducts a survey of the Great Pyramid of Giza.

## Excavations

* Nicolay Nicolaysen excavates the Gokstad ship in Norway.
* Heinrich Schliemann begins excavation around the Tomb of Minyas at Orchomenus (Boeotia).

## Finds

* The foundations of a convent, first erected in 670, discovered at Minster in Kent.
* Varvakeion Athena.
* The mandible of a Neanderthal child is discovered in a secure context in Šipka cave in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (modern-day Czech Republic) associated with cultural debris including hearths, Mousterian tools and bones of extinct animals.

## Publications

* Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola and Juan Vilanova y Piera publish their initial findings on the paintings in the Cave of Altamira, suggesting to initial scepticism that they are of the Paleolithic period.
* The Journal of Hellenic Studies begins publication.

## Births

* April 11 – Julio C. Tello, Peruvian archaeologist (d. 1947)
* April 17 – Leonard Woolley, British archaeologist of Mesopotamia (d. 1960)
# Vladimir Dratchko

Vladimir Yakovlevich Dratchko (Russian: Владимир Яковлевич Драчко; born 20 January 1970) is a Russian judoka.

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Place | Weight class |
| 1995 | European Judo Championships | 5th | Half lightweight (65 kg) |
| 1994 | European Judo Championships | 1st | Half lightweight (65 kg) |
| 1994 | Goodwill Games | 1st | Half lightweight (65 kg) |
# Ekaterina Poleshchuk

Ekaterina Igorevna Poleshchuk (Russian: Екатерина Игоревна Полещук; born 24 March 1994) is a Russian freestyle wrestler. She is a bronze medalist at the World Wrestling Championships and the European Wrestling Championships.

## Career

Poleshchuk won one of the bronze medals in the women's 53 kg event at the Golden Grand Prix Ivan Yarygin 2017 and Golden Grand Prix Ivan Yarygin 2018 held in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. She also won one of the bronze medals in this event at the 2017 U23 World Wrestling Championships held in Bydgoszcz, Poland.
In 2019, Poleshchuk won a bronze medal in the women's 50 kg event at the World Wrestling Championships held in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. She defeated Sun Yanan of China in her bronze medal match.
In 2020, Poleshchuk won the gold medal in the women's 50 kg event at the Individual Wrestling World Cup held in Belgrade, Serbia. In 2021, she won one of the bronze medals in the 50 kg event at the European Wrestling Championships held in Warsaw, Poland.
She competed in the women's 59 kg event at the 2024 European Wrestling Championships held in Bucharest, Romania. She was eliminated in her second match by Patrycja Gil of Poland.

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Location | Result | Event |
| 2019 | World Championships | Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan | 3rd | Freestyle 50 kg |
| 2020 | Individual Wrestling World Cup | Belgrade, Serbia | 1st | Freestyle 50 kg |
| 2021 | European Championships | Warsaw, Poland | 3rd | Freestyle 50 kg |
# Yan Ishchenko

Yan Yevgenyevich Ishchenko (Russian: Ян Евгеньевич Ищенко; born 10 March 1980) is a former Russian professional football player.

## Club career

He played three seasons in the Russian Football National League for FC Kristall Smolensk, FC SKA Rostov-on-Don and FC Dynamo Bryansk.
# Leucadendron sessile

Leucadendron sessile, the western sunbush, is a flower-bearing shrub belonging to the genus Leucadendron and forms part of the fynbos. The plant is native to the Western Cape, South Africa.

## Description

The shrub grows 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall and bears flowers in July to August. Fire destroys the plant but the seeds survive. The seeds are stored in a toll on the female plant and are released after two months when they are ripe and fall to the ground. Rodents disperse the seeds. The plant is unisexual and there are male and female plants. Small towers do the pollination.
In Afrikaans, it is known as Kleinkoprosettolbos.

## Distribution with habitat

The plant occurs in the Witsenberg, Elandskloof to Slanghoek Mountains, Hottentots Holland Mountains from Jonkershoek to Kogelberg. The plant grows mainly in granite clay soil on mountain slopes at elevations of 10–600 m (33–1,969 ft).
# Anatoliy Ryapolov

Anatoliy Ryapolov (born 31 January 1997) is a Russian long jumper. Ryapolov has won gold medals at the 2013 World Youth Championships and at the 2014 Youth Olympic Games and at the 2015 European Junior Championships. At 2015 European Junior Championships Ryapolov won the gold medal with a personal best at 7.96 m.
In 2013 Ryapolov broke Russian youth record when he jumped 7.90 m. The previous record was 7.76 m, set by Igor Lozinskiy back in 1996. During the season Ryapolov jumped multiple times around 7.75 m or more but could not break the European Youth Record which is 7.98 m set by Jonathan Moore in 2001. In July 2013 Ryapolov won gold at the World Youth Championships and also became first ever Russian winner at that event at the World Youth Championships.
In September 2014 European athletics announced that their panel of experts had judged the Europeans who should be the nominees for the Golden Tracks awarded to the best European male and female Rising Stars in 2014. Anatoliy Ryapolov was one of the nominees alongside the likes of Adam Gemili, Wilhem Belocian and Konrad Bukowiecki. Most well known female nominees were Mariya Kuchina and Katarina Johnson-Thompson. At the end it was Gemili and Kuchina who were rewarded with the European Athletics Rising Star at the Golden Tracks ceremony in Baku.

## Achievements

Representing  Russia :
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| 2013 | World Youth Championships | Donetsk, Ukraine | 1st | 7.79 m |
| 2014 | Youth Olympic Games | Nanjing, China | 1st | 7.54 m |
| 2015 | European Junior Championships | Eskilstuna, Sweden | 1st | 7.96 m |