# 2012 Dutch general election

Early general elections were held in the Netherlands on 12 September 2012 after Prime Minister Mark Rutte handed in his government's resignation to Queen Beatrix on 23 April. The 150 seats of the House of Representatives were contested using party-list proportional representation. The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) received a plurality of the votes, followed by the Labour Party (PvdA).
Prior to the election, polls had predicted an increase in support for the Socialist Party, primarily at the expense of the PvdA, but the PvdA regained support during the campaign, which was attributed to the leadership of Diederik Samsom and in the election the Socialist Party failed to improve its performance. The Party for Freedom (PVV) and Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) both lost seats.
After 49 days of negotiations, a new VVD-PvdA centrist government was formed on 5 November 2012, comprising Mark Rutte as prime minister along with 7 VVD ministers and 6 PvdA ministers.
It was the first Netherlands-wide election in which the Caribbean Netherlands participated.

## Background

Prime Minister Mark Rutte's government fell after the Party for Freedom (PVV), which had supported the government from outside, refused to sanction the austerity measures the government sought in April 2012. This called for a new early election to be held in September 2012. It is the fourth early election in a row since the Second Kok cabinet fell very near the end of its mandate, which allowed that government to keep the election date to be held as scheduled by the term in May 2002. Early elections were subsequently held in January 2003, November 2006, June 2010 and September 2012. And during that time a total of five governments ended prematurely, as it was possible for the Third Balkenende cabinet (July–November 2006) to be formed without a new election.

## Participating parties

In addition to the established parties of Dutch politics, the pensioners' party 50PLUS, founded in 2009, won its first seats in the election.
The Pirate Party claimed that it may enter parliament for the first time with 2 or 3 seats. However, the party achieved only 0.3% of the national vote and no seats.
Hero Brinkman, elected on the Party for Freedom's list, split from the party in March 2012 and founded the Independent Citizens' Party in April 2012 to run in the election on his own. In June 2012, the party merged with Proud of the Netherlands (a party founded by Rita Verdonk, who had resigned from the position of party leader) to form the Democratic Political Turning Point, with Brinkman as leader. The party achieved 0.1% of the national vote and no seats.
| List | Party | Abbreviation | Leader | Details |
| 1 | People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie) | VVD | Mark Rutte | |
| 2 | Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) | PvdA | Diederik Samsom | Apparentment with GL and SP |
| 3 | Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid) | PVV | Geert Wilders | |
| 4 | Christian Democratic Appeal (Christen-Democratisch Appèl) | CDA | Sybrand van Haersma Buma | |
| 5 | Socialist Party (Socialistische Partij) | SP | Emile Roemer | Apparentment with GL and PvdA |
| 6 | Democrats 66 (Democraten 66) | D66 | Alexander Pechtold | |
| 7 | GreenLeft (GroenLinks) | GL | Jolande Sap | Apparentment with PvdA and SP |
| 8 | ChristianUnion (ChristenUnie) | CU | Arie Slob | Apparentment with SGP |
| 9 | Reformed Political Party (Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij) | SGP | Kees van der Staaij | Apparentment with CU |
| 10 | Party for the Animals (Partij voor de Dieren) | PvdD | Marianne Thieme | |
| 11 | Pirate Party (Piratenpartij) | PPNL | Dirk Poot | |
| 12 | Party for Human and Spirit (Partij voor Mens en Spirit) | MenS | Lea Manders | Participate in all constituencies, except for the BES islands |
| 13 | Netherlands Local (Nederland Lokaal) | NL | Ton Schijvenaars | |
| 14 | Libertarian Party (Libertarische Partij) | LP | Toine Manders | |
| 15 | Democratic Political Turning Point (Democratisch Politiek Keerpunt) | DPK | Hero Brinkman | Merger of Trots with OBP |
| 16 | 50PLUS | 50+ | Henk Krol | |
| 17 | Liberal Democratic Party (Liberaal Democratische Partij) | LibDem | Sammy van Tuyll van Serooskerken | Participate in all constituencies, except for the BES islands |
| 18 | Anti-Europe Party (Anti Europa Partij) | AeuP | Arnold Reinten | |
| 19 | Sovereign Independent Pioneers Netherlands (Soeverein Onafhankelijke Pioniers Nederland) | SOPN | Johan Oldenkamp | Participate in all constituencies, except for the BES islands |
| 20 | Party of the Future (Partij van de Toekomst) | PvdT | Johan Vlemmix | Participate in all constituencies, except for the BES islands |
| 21 | Political Party NXD (Politieke Partij NXD) | | Anil Samlal | Participate only in constituency 9 |

## Polls

| Date | Polling firm | VVD | PvdA | PVV | CDA | SP | D66 | GL | CU | SGP | PvdD | 50 Plus | Pirate |
| 9 June 2010 | 2010 Election | 20.4% (31) | 19.6% (30) | 15.5% (24) | 13.7% (21) | 9.9% (15) | 6.9% (10) | 6.6% (10) | 3.3% (5) | 1.7% (2) | 1.3% (2) | – (0) | 0.1% (0) |
| 22 March 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 22.1% (34) | 16.8% (26) | 13.9% (21) | 9.4% (14) | 16.8% (26) | 7.7% (11) | 4.5% (7) | 3.3% (5) | 1.5% (2) | 2.4% (4) | 1.1% (1) | — |
| 5 April 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 23.6% (36) | 17.1% (26) | 13.3% (20) | 8.8% (13) | 16.3% (25) | 8.7% (13) | 4.1% (6) | 3.2% (5) | 1.4% (2) | 2.0% (3) | 0.8% (1) | — |
| 19 April 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 24.0% (37) | 17.3% (27) | 12.0% (18) | 8.2% (12) | 17.0% (26) | 8.8% (13) | 3.5% (5) | 3.3% (5) | 1.6% (2) | 3.1% (4) | 0.8% (1) | — |
| 27 April 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 22.4% (34) | 16.5% (25) | 12.1% (18) | 8.4% (13) | 17.2% (26) | 10.6% (16) | 3.3% (5) | 4.0% (6) | 1.7% (2) | 2.2% (3) | 0.8% (1) | — |
| 5 May 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 22.9% (35) | 14.7% (23) | 11.4% (17) | 9.0% (14) | 18.5% (28) | 10.1% (15) | 4.1% (6) | 3.6% (5) | 1.4% (2) | 2.9% (4) | 0.8% (1) | — |
| 12 May 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 21.4% (33) | 14.5% (22) | 12.7% (19) | 10.3% (16) | 18.5% (28) | 9.9% (15) | 3.8% (5) | 3.9% (6) | 1.3% (2) | 2.5% (3) | 0.8% (0) | — |
| 18 May 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 20.1% (31) | 16.0% (24) | 13.8% (21) | 10.7% (16) | 17.3% (27) | 9.8% (15) | 3.8% (5) | 3.4% (5) | 1.4% (2) | 2.5% (3) | 0.7% (0) | — |
| 25 May 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 19.8% (30) | 16.2% (25) | 13.4% (20) | 10.3% (16) | 17.5% (27) | 10.3% (16) | 3.8% (5) | 3.7% (5) | 1.4% (2) | 2.3% (3) | 0.8% (1) | — |
| 2 June 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 21.0% (32) | 15.3% (24) | 14.1% (22) | 9.4% (14) | 17.6% (27) | 9.7% (15) | 3.7% (5) | 3.4% (5) | 1.6% (2) | 2.3% (3) | 0.8% (1) | — |
| 15 June 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 22.3% (34) | 15.5% (24) | 15.3% (23) | 8.0% (12) | 16.6% (25) | 9.6% (15) | 3.3% (5) | 4.0% (6) | 1.4% (2) | 2.1% (3) | 0.7% (1) | — |
| 29 June 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 20.8% (32) | 15.1% (23) | 13.1% (20) | 9.4% (14) | 18.3% (28) | 9.3% (14) | 3.2% (5) | 4.5% (7) | 2.1% (3) | 2.3% (3) | 0.9% (1) | — |
| 6 July 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 23.0% (35) | 16.0% (25) | 11.9% (18) | 9.4% (14) | 18.8% (29) | 8.7% (13) | 2.7% (4) | 3.9% (6) | 1.6% (2) | 2.4% (3) | 0.8% (1) | — |
| 13 July 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 23.3% (36) | 14.7% (23) | 12.4% (19) | 10.5% (16) | 17.8% (27) | 8.3% (13) | 3.6% (5) | 3.6% (5) | 1.6% (2) | 2.3% (3) | 0.8% (1) | — |
| 27 July 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 22.2% (35) | 14.9% (23) | 11.9% (18) | 9.5% (15) | 18.8% (29) | 9.4% (14) | 3.1% (4) | 4.5% (6) | 1.5% (2) | 1.9% (3) | 1.2% (1) | — |
| 10 August 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 21.0% (32) | 14.3% (22) | 12.6% (19) | 9.6% (15) | 19.8% (31) | 10.2% (15) | 2.6% (4) | 4.2% (6) | 1.4% (2) | 2.5% (3) | 1.2% (1) | — |
| 17 August 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 22.7% (35) | 14.9% (23) | 11.9% (18) | 9.0% (14) | 18.4% (29) | 9.5% (14) | 2.7% (4) | 3.4% (5) | 2.0% (3) | 2.5% (3) | 1.4% (2) | — |
| 24 August 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 22.1% (34) | 14.0% (22) | 12.4% (19) | 9.3% (14) | 19.8% (30) | 9.5% (14) | 3.4% (5) | 3.9% (6) | 1.6% (2) | 2.0% (3) | 1.1% (1) | — |
| 31 August 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 22.1% (34) | 16.6% (26) | 13.2% (20) | 8.9% (13) | 17.1% (27) | 9.2% (14) | 2.9% (4) | 3.5% (5) | 1.5% (2) | 2.6% (4) | 1.0% (1) | — |
| 3 September 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 22.7% (35) | 19.3% (30) | 11.7% (18) | 9.0% (14) | 15.4% (24) | 9.5% (14) | 1.7% (3) | 3.1% (4) | 1.3% (2) | 3.0% (4) | 1.8% (2) | — |
| 5 September 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 21.6% (34) | 20.5% (32) | 13.3% (20) | 8.0% (12) | 14.2% (22) | 8.3% (13) | 2.7% (4) | 4.1% (6) | 1.6% (2) | 2.2% (3) | 1.8% (2) | 0.6% (0) |
| 8 September 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 22.5% (35) | 22.7% (35) | 12.3% (19) | 8.4% (13) | 13.4% (21) | 7.7% (11) | 2.9% (4) | 4.2% (6) | 1.5% (2) | 2.2% (3) | 0.7% (1) | 0.6% (0) |
| 11 September 2012 | Ipsos Neth. | 24.3 (37) | 23.4 (36) | 11.4% (17) | 8.8% (13) | 13.4% (21) | 6.7% (10) | 2.3% (4) | 3.7% (5) | 1.2% (2) | 2.1% (3) | 1.5% (2) | 0.3% (0) |
| Date | Polling firm | VVD | PvdA | PVV | CDA | SP | D66 | GL | CU | SGP | PvdD | 50 Plus | Pirate |
Natixis evaluated on 6 September the most recent opinion polls, and found the likelihood was strongest for the formation of a "purple government" of the pro-EU parties: VVD, CDA, D66, PvdA and, possible GL. It also pointed to other potential governing coalition that would include a pro-austerity government with VVD, CDA, D66, GL and CU; or a centre-left government of CDA, D66, GL and PvdA with a minority of seats, but with outside parliamentary support of the SP. The two largest eurosceptic parties, PVV and SP, are reportedly not interested in building a coalition. A similar scenario to the previous election could re-occur, considering no pre-election alliance will receive votes enough for majority, and thus needs to form a new more broad coalition government, comprising at least three parties.

## Pre-election agreements

On 27 April, the two governing coalition parties, VVD and CDA negotiated a deal to reduce the national deficit in 2013 to an acceptable level below 3% of GDP. This deal was also supported by the three opposition parties: D66, GL and the CU.
A ratification of the newly signed Fiscal Compact is unconditionally supported by the four parties: VVD, CDA, D66 and GL. The compact is however opposed by the three parties: PVV, CU and SP, while the PvdA, will only support it provided that the European Commission first grant the Netherlands a two-year exemption to comply, due to the existence of "extraordinary economic circumstances."

## Campaign

The VVD's Mark Rutte is said to be aligned with German Chancellor Angela Merkel in promoting austerity measures, while his closest rival the PvdA's Diederik Samsom's was said to reflect French President Francois Hollande's stimulus measures from its own election this year. A final television debate took place on 11 September, with the economy reportedly the most important issue amongst voters. The day before the debate, Rutte said that he would stop delegating ever increasing powers to the European Union saying: "I am 'Mr No' when it comes to a Brussels that's expanding more and more." Conversely, Samsom said that he was in coordination with Hollande over dealing with the economic crisis. Support for him and the PvdA grew after he was perceived as having the better performance in the debates. He also rejected taking cabinet posts in a coalition government saying: "I will either be prime minister, or I will lead my party in parliament." The vote was also seen as a test of the EU's popularity within the country.
Political analyst Anno Bunnik said that many voters were not keen on repeated early elections. He also pointed to PVV's Geert Wilders' declining popularity after he was viewed as a political opportunist not looking out for the national interest in effectively forcing a snap election. In citing Wilders' labeling as a "sorcerer's apprentice," he also pointed to a possible first-ever loss of seats for the PVV under Wilder's helm. He attributed this to Wilders' inefficiency in the debates of responding to the other party leaders instead of setting the agenda, instead in one debate he got into an argument with Rutte with both leaders calling each other liars in an unprecedented move.
Though opinion polls indicated a close race to gain a majority, the international media indicated a left-leaning government was likely to emerge as a result of the election. However, the French election was cited and countered as a turn in orientation for the government would still not lead to a change in austerity policies.

## Results

There was a turn-out of 74.6%, about one percent less than the previous election two years before. The NOS reported the following results after 100% of the votes were counted:
* The VVD won the most votes (26.6%), accruing 41 seats (an increase of 10).
* The PvdA was second (24.8%), accruing 38 seats (an increase of 8).
* The PVV was third (10.1%), with 15 seats (a loss of nine, down from 24 seats), and obtained the same number of seats as the SP (15).
* The GL lost six of its ten seats and just under two-thirds of their voters.
The Kiesraad announced the final results on 17 September.
| | People's Party for Freedom and Democracy | 2,504,948 | 26.58 | 41 | +10 |
| | Labour Party | 2,340,750 | 24.84 | 38 | +8 |
| | Party for Freedom | 950,263 | 10.08 | 15 | –9 |
| | Socialist Party | 909,853 | 9.65 | 15 | 0 |
| | Christian Democratic Appeal | 801,620 | 8.51 | 13 | –8 |
| | Democrats 66 | 757,091 | 8.03 | 12 | +2 |
| | Christian Union | 294,586 | 3.13 | 5 | 0 |
| | GroenLinks | 219,896 | 2.33 | 4 | –6 |
| | Reformed Political Party | 196,780 | 2.09 | 3 | +1 |
| | Party for the Animals | 182,162 | 1.93 | 2 | 0 |
| | 50PLUS | 177,631 | 1.88 | 2 | New |
| | Pirate Party | 30,600 | 0.32 | 0 | 0 |
| | Party for Human and Spirit | 18,310 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 |
| | Sovereign Independent Pioneers Netherlands | 12,982 | 0.14 | 0 | New |
| | Party of the Future | 8,194 | 0.09 | 0 | New |
| | Democratic Political Turning Point | 7,363 | 0.08 | 0 | New |
| | Libertarian Party | 4,163 | 0.04 | 0 | New |
| | Netherlands Local | 2,842 | 0.03 | 0 | New |
| | Liberal Democratic Party | 2,126 | 0.02 | 0 | New |
| | Anti-Europe Party | 2,013 | 0.02 | 0 | New |
| | Political Party NXD | 62 | 0.00 | 0 | New |
| Total | Total | 9,424,235 | 100.00 | 150 | 0 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 9,424,235 | 99.60 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 37,988 | 0.40 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 9,462,223 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 12,689,810 | 74.57 | | |
| Source: Kiesraad ||||||
Popular vote
VVD
26.58%
PvdA
24.84%
PVV
10.08%
SP
9.65%
CDA
8.51%
D66
8.03%
CU
3.13%
GL
2.33%
SGP
2.09%
PvdD
1.93%
50+
1.88%
Other
0.94% :
Parliamentary seats
VVD
27.33%
PvdA
25.33%
PVV
10.00%
SP
10.00%
CDA
8.67%
D66
8.00%
CU
3.33%
GL
2.67%
SGP
2.00%
PvdD
1.33%
50+
1.33% :

### By province

Results by province :
| Province | VVD | PvdA | PVV | SP | CDA | D66 | CU | GL | SGP | PvdD | 50+ | Others |
| Drenthe | 23.7 | 32.8 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 9.8 | 5.9 | 4.2 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.8 |
| Flevoland | 28.7 | 23.3 | 12.4 | 8.3 | 6.4 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.1 |
| Friesland | 19.9 | 33.1 | 7.3 | 9.5 | 13.8 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
| Gelderland | 25.7 | 24.3 | 8.6 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 7.6 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.8 |
| Groningen | 17.1 | 35.3 | 7.1 | 11.7 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 |
| Limburg | 22.7 | 21.8 | 17.7 | 14.4 | 9.7 | 6.3 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.0 |
| North Brabant | 28.8 | 21.5 | 11.0 | 13.8 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 0.8 |
| North Holland | 29.3 | 27.0 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 10.3 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 1.1 |
| Overijssel | 23.1 | 24.7 | 8.1 | 9.3 | 13.7 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.8 |
| South Holland | 28.3 | 23.5 | 11.6 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 0.8 |
| Utrecht | 29.6 | 22.5 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 10.9 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.9 |
| Zeeland | 24.2 | 22.7 | 10.0 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 9.5 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.8 |
| Caribbean Netherlands | 18.2 | 24.0 | 2.8 | 7.5 | 16.3 | 16.7 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.7 |