# List of cities by scientific output

The following article lists the cities and metropolitan areas with the greatest scientific output, according to the Nature Index. The Nature Index attempts to objectively measure the scientific output of institutions, cities and countries by the amount of scientific articles and papers published in leading journals. Differences in quality are taken into account. Only articles published in 82 selected quality journals are counted. All these journals are in the English language. They were selected by a committee. If authors from several institutions from different cities are involved in a scientific article, it is divided accordingly, assuming that all researchers were equally involved in the article.
In 2019, Beijing was the city in the world with the largest scientific output, accounting for 2.8% of the world's total. New York City was second in the world, with about 2% of the world's total. Overall, the United States has the most cities in the top 100 list, followed by China.

## List

The top 100 cities and metropolitan areas with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals in 2022 according to the Nature Index 2023 Science Cities:
| Rank | City/Metro area | Country/Region |
| 1 | Beijing | China |
| 2 | New York metropolitan area | United States |
| 3 | Shanghai | China |
| 4 | Boston metropolitan area | United States |
| 5 | San Francisco Bay Area | United States |
| 6 | Nanjing | China |
| 7 | Baltimore-Washington | United States |
| 8 | Guangzhou | China |
| 9 | Tokyo | Japan |
| 10 | Wuhan | China |
| 11 | Paris | France |
| 12 | Seoul | South Korea |
| 13 | Hefei | China |
| 14 | Los Angeles | United States |
| 15 | London | United Kingdom |
| 16 | Hangzhou | China |
| 17 | Chicago | United States |
| 18 | Tianjin | China |
| 19 | Shenzhen | China |
| 20 | Xi'an | China |
| 21 | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
| 22 | Zürich | Switzerland |
| 23 | Cambridge | United Kingdom |
| 24 | Chengdu | China |
| 25 | Singapore | Singapore |
| 26 | San Diego | United States |
| 27 | Berlin | Germany |
| 28 | Munich | Germany |
| 29 | Philadelphia | United States |
| 30 | Changsha | China |
| 31 | Changchun | China |
| 32 | Jinan | China |
| 33 | Oxford | United Kingdom |
| 34 | Houston | United States |
| 35 | Seattle | United States |
| 36 | Chongqing | China |
| 37 | Dalian | China |
| 38 | Xiamen | China |
| 39 | Melbourne | Australia |
| 40 | Suzhou | China |
| 41 | Toronto | Canada |
| 42 | Lausanne | Switzerland |
| 43 | Qingdao | China |
| 44 | Daejeon | South Korea |
| 45 | Fuzhou | China |
| 46 | Ann Arbor | United States |
| 47 | Barcelona | Spain |
| 48 | Kyoto | Japan |
| 49 | Ithaca | United States |
| 50 | Copenhagen | Denmark |
| 51 | Atlanta | United States |
| 52 | Stockholm | Sweden |
| 53 | Sydney | Australia |
| 54 | Vienna | Austria |
| 55 | Montreal | Canada |
| 56 | Madrid | Spain |
| 57 | Lanzhou | China |
| 58 | Osaka | Japan |
| 59 | Austin | United States |
| 60 | Moscow | Russia |
| 61 | Tsukuba | Japan |
| 62 | Boulder | United States |
| 63 | Heidelberg | Germany |
| 64 | Harbin | China |
| 65 | Pittsburgh | United States |
| 66 | Taipei | Taiwan |
| 67 | St. Louis | United States |
| 68 | Urbana | United States |
| 69 | Madison | United States |
| 70 | Dallas–Fort Worth | United States |
| 71 | Nagoya metropolitan Area | Japan |
| 72 | Vancouver | Canada |
| 73 | Edinburgh | United Kingdom |
| 74 | Amsterdam metropolitan area | Netherlands |
| 75 | Dresden | Germany |
| 76 | Zhengzhou | China |
| 77 | Brisbane | Australia |
| 78 | Minneapolis–Saint Paul | United States |
| 79 | State College | United States |
| 80 | Grenoble | France |
| 81 | Bengaluru | India |
| 82 | Durham | United States |
| 83 | Rome | Italy |
| 84 | Santa Barbara | United States |
| 85 | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 86 | Chapel Hill | United States |
| 87 | Rehovot | Israel |
| 88 | Milan | Italy |
| 89 | Bristol metropolitan area | United Kingdom |
| 90 | Hamburg | Germany |
| 91 | Irvine | United States |
| 92 | Göttingen | Germany |
| 93 | Columbus | United States |
| 94 | Sendai | Japan |
| 95 | College Station | United States |
| 96 | Leuven | Belgium |
| 97 | Helsinki | Finland |
| 98 | Manchester | United Kingdom |
| 99 | Mainz | Germany |
| 100 | Tel Aviv | Israel |

## Leading cities in different fields

The 10 cities and metropolitan areas with the highest share of articles published in the fields of biological sciences, Earth & environmental sciences, chemistry and physical sciences:
| Rank | Biological sciences | Earth & environmental sciences | Chemistry | Physical sciences |
| 1 | New York metropolitan area | Beijing | Beijing | Beijing |
| 2 | Boston metropolitan area | Nanjing | Shanghai | Shanghai |
| 3 | San Francisco Bay Area | Guangzhou | Nanjing | New York metropolitan area |
| 4 | Baltimore-Washington | Baltimore-Washington | Guangzhou | Boston metropolitan area |
| 5 | Beijing | Shanghai | Hefei | Nanjing |
| 6 | Shanghai | New York metropolitan area | Tianjin | Seoul metropolitan area |
| 7 | London metropolitan area | San Francisco Bay Area | Wuhan | San Francisco Bay Area |
| 8 | Paris metropolitan area | Wuhan | Tokyo metropolitan area | Tokyo metropolitan area |
| 9 | San Diego metropolitan area | Los Angeles metropolitan area | New York metropolitan area | Hefei |
| 10 | Los Angeles metropolitan area | Paris metropolitan area | Seoul metropolitan area | Paris metropolitan area |