OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Operation Forty Stars

Operation Forty Stars (Persian: عملیات چلچراغ), also known as Operation Forty Lights, or Chelcheraq, was a military operation conducted by the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) at the closing stages of the Iran–Iraq War on 18 June 1988. The goal was to occupy the Iranian border city of Mehran to control its oil fields, as well as Kurdish villages in the region.
In four days, the People's Mujahedin of Iran wiped out a Pasdaran division, seizing Mehran and building a bridgehead twelve miles into Iran.

## The battle

According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, on the night of Saturday 18 June, the MEK/PMOI launched the operation. By employing 530 ground-attack sorties with fighter aircraft and helicopter gunships, they crushed the Iranian forces in the area around Mehran, killing or wounding 3,500 and nearly destroying a Revolutionary Guard division. Finally, The Iranian town of Mehran was captured and occupied by the MEK/PMOI and Iraqi forces. The MEK/PMOI forces captured several heights around the city, and took several supply dumps intact, enough to equip and supply 2 divisions. Booty included many Toyota Land Cruisers.
According to the MEK, Iraqi soldiers did not participate in the operation. Baghdad also said it was not involved in the battle, with Time magazine reporting that "Iraq did claim that its forces had recaptured the oil-rich Majnoun islands east of the Tigris River, where Iranian defenders had been entrenched since 1984."
In June 1988, Tehran radio said Iranian forces had wounded or killed 3,000 Iraqi soldiers. According to the statement and a report by AP News agency, 8,000 Iranians were killed or wounded and more than 1,500 captured in the battle, and about 16,000 Iranians were involved. The Iraqi forces left the area after three days, and the MEK/PMOI forces remained there. Iranian defense forces killed all remaining MEK/PMOI forces inside Iranian territory in Mersad operation. Finally, both sides of the war had officially accepted the ceasefire on 20 July 1988.

## Aftermath

It was a severe defeat for the Iranian forces, who lost a large amount of intact equipment, along with many troops killed or captured. Iraq also launched a wide-scale strategic bombing campaign on Iranian population centres and economic targets, setting 10 oil installations and six crude oil production plants in Ahwaz on fire and two pumping stations at Bibi Hakimeh as well as the destruction of other facilities at Gachsaran. Moreover, the bombing campaign included strikes on power stations, natural gas plants and offshore oil facilities.
On 26 July 1988, Iranian forces launched Operation Mersad, and took back Mehran from MEK forces.
# John VII of Hoya

John VII of Hoya (died 11 June 1535, fell in battle near Assens on Funen in Denmark) was a German count and army commander in the service of Lübeck and Sweden.
His parents were Count Jobst I of Hoya (1466–1507) and Irmgard of Lippe (1469–1524).

## Life

On 15 January 1525, he married Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa, the widow of Joakim Brahe (d. 1520 during the Stockholm Bloodbath), and sister of the King Gustav I of Sweden. In 1525, he was appointed governor of Vyborg and in the same year, he renounced his rights on Hoya, in favor of his brothers, in exchange for 16000 guilders.
In 1533, he was involved in a conspiracy against the King. The conspiracy failed, and John VII had to flee to Tallinn. He later returned to Germany and became the chief military commander of Lübeck.
During the Count's Feud, he fought in Denmark against Christopher of Oldenburg. He attempted to occupy the island of Funen, however, his army was trounced at Mount Ochsenberg, near Assens, by a Danish army led by Johann Rantzau. John VII fell in that battle, as did many other noblemen, among them Nicholas of Tecklenburg, the Burgrave of Dohna, and Gustav Trolle, the Bishop of Uppsala.

## Marriage and issue

On 15 January 1525, he married Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa (d. 31 December 1536 in Tallinn). They had two sons:
* John (1529–1574), bishop of Osnabrück.
* Jobst, co-adjutor in Cologne. He was captured by Franz von Halle and died in prison.
# Grégoire Guérard

Grégoire Guérard or the Master of the Autun Triptych was a Dutch painter active from 1512 to 1538 at Troyes and in Burgundy and Bresse.

## Life

Possibly born in Breda or Utrecht, he was stated to be "from Holland ... a relation of Erasmus of Rotterdam" by the historian Pierre de Saint-Julien de Balleure in his 1581 De l'origine des Bourgongnons. Nothing is known of his youth, but he may have trained among glass painters, for example on the building site of Tournai Cathedral around 1500, in Arnoult of Nijmegen's team.
He is recorded as being in Troyes in 1512, the date at which he painted Penitent Saint Peter for the Madeleine church there, producing a stained glass window of the Tree of Jesse for the same church. The same year he produced a large painting of Christ Bearing the Cross, now divided between the Goya Museum in Castres, the National Renaissance Museum in Écouen, the Musée Rolin in Autun and the Museum of Fine Arts in Algiers. It inspired a print by Israhel Van Meckenem, itself reversing a composition by Martin Schongauer.
Around 1515, he may have planned a stay in Italy, travelling through the Duchy of Burgundy. He stayed at Autun, where he painted his masterpiece, the Eucharist Triptych (musée Rolin), commissioned by Jean Petit-Jean for a chapel dedicated to saints Baudèles, Yves and Privat in Autun Cathedral. It shows his North European training as well as early Italian influences, such as from Fra Bartolomeo's Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine, which had been offered to Autun Cathedral in 1512 and which he would have seen there.
He probably stayed in Italy around 1515-1518, possibly in Florence and Rome, meeting and befriending fellow Fleming Bartholomeus Pons. The stay profoundly influenced his style. On returning from Rome he settled in Tournus, where he was recorded in 1518 - the register of the painters' guild in Haarlem shows that Pons was lodging "in Tornis in the house [of] master Guerad".
# Jai Bihari Lal Khachi

Jai Bihari Lal Khachi or J.B.L Khachi (5 May 1927 – 11 April 2002) was an Indian politician from Kumarsain in Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh, India. He was a former 3 times cabinet minister of Himachal Pradesh and a member of the Indian National Congress.

## Early life

J.B.L Khachi was born on 5 May 1927 at Ghumana village of Kumharsain tehsil in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh. His father, Hira Nand Khachi, was a man of progressive views and was very disciplined. Khachi became a Law graduate from Lahore. He then pursued his further studies from the University of Delhi.

## Political career

After his studies, he returned to Himachal Pradesh and joined the co-operative movement in the state. He contested his first two elections of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1967 and 1972 as Independent candidate and in both he won. In 1977 he joined Indian National Congress. He was elected 6 times as MLA, one time from Theog constituency in 1967 and 5 times from Kumarsain constituency in 1972, 1982, 1985, 1993 and 1998. He also remained 3 times minister in Virbhadra Singh's cabinet.
J.B.L Khachi and Thakur Sen Negi founded Himachal Pradesh Lok Raj Party (LRP) in 1967. LRP contested the 1971 Lok Sabha elections and the 1972 state assembly elections.
In the 1972 state assembly elections LRP had put up candidates in 16 out of 68 constituencies. Two were elected as MLA from Kinnaur and Arki constituency. The party was dissolved just before the 1977 state assembly elections.
Apart from being at various times MLA and cabinet minister, he was also the Chairman of Working group (1967–1970), General Secretary of the Progressive front in Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha (1970–1973), President of the Himachal Pradesh State Cooperative Union (1962–1974) and General Secretary of the Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee (1990–1993). He had also given speech in the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum held in Davos, Switzerland.

## Death

Khachi died of a massive heart attack on the morning of 11 April 2002. At that time Khachi was the sitting MLA of Kumarsain constituency.
# Bozo language

Bozo (Bambara: Boso, meaning 'house of straw') is a Mande language spoken by the Bozo people of the Inner Niger Delta in Mali. For the purpose of fishing, many Bozo also live in other West African countries where there are rivers and dams, such as Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. According to the 2000 census, the Bozo people number about 132,100. Bozo is considered a dialect cluster, but there is a quite a bit of diversity. Ethnologue recognises four languages on the basis of requirements for literacy materials. Bozo is part of the northwestern branch of the Mande languages; the closest linguistic relative is Soninke, a major language spoken in the northwestern section of southern Mali, in eastern Senegal, and in southern Mauritania. The Bozo often speak one or more regional languages such as Bambara, Fula, or Western Songhay. The language is tonal, with three lexical tones.
The Bozo cluster is divided into the following varieties:
* Hainyaxo (Hainyaho, Kelengaxo, Kɛlɛngaxo) (a few thousand speakers), spoken in Mali
* Tiɛma Cɛwɛ (Tièma cièwè, Tièma cièwe, Tiema ciewe, Tiema cewe, Tiemacèwè, Tiemacewe, Tiema) (2,500 speakers in 1991), spoken in Mali
* Tiéyaxo (Tieyaxo, Tigemaxo) (a few thousand speakers), spoken in Mali and Burkina Faso
* Sorogaama (Jenaama, Sorogama, Sorko) (200,000 speakers in 2005), spoken in Mali, Nigeria and Ivory Coast
Hainyaxo (Kelengaxo), spoken by the Hain (sg. Xan), is the most western dialect, spoken in two spots along the Niger River. It is closely related to Tieyaxo (Tigemaxo), its eastern neighbour which is spoken around Diafarabé. The central and most widely spoken Bozo language is Jenaama (Sorogama), which actually consists of four dialects, Pondori (south of Mopti), Kotya, Korondugu (north of Mopti) and Debo (around Lake Debo). Tiemacewe (Tièma Cièwè) is the northeasternmostern Bozo dialect, spoken in the vicinity of Lake Debo.

## Nigeria

In Nigeria, the Jenaama/Sorogama dialect of the Bozo language is usually referred to as Sorko. It is spoken in the Nigerian states of Niger, Kebbi, and Kwara (Lake Kainji).

## Writing system

Bozo alphabet of DNAFLA :
| A | B | C | D | E | Ɛ | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ɲ | Ŋ | O | Ɔ | P | R | S | T | U | W | X | Y |
| a | b | c | d | e | ɛ | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | o | ɔ | p | r | s | t | u | w | x | y |
A long vowel is indicated by doubling the letter: ⟨aa, ee, ɛɛ, ii, oo, ɔɔ, uu⟩; nasalization is indicated by following the letter with an n: ⟨an, en, ɛn, in, on, ɔn, un⟩.
# Scott Ambrose

Scott Ambrose (born 23 January 1995) is a New Zealand former professional racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2014 and 2017, entirely for Team Novo Nordisk, an all-diabetes team. He won the second stage of the 2015 Tour de Filipinas and finished first in the points classification.

## Biography

In Autumn 2013 he was diagnosed with Type I diabetes, after several disappointing sporting results over the course of the year. Following a consultation, his doctor told him he was 10 kg (22 lb) underweight and he had all the symptoms of diabetes. He was taken to hospital after being diagnosed with glycaemia.
Ambrose turned professional in 2015 as part of the Team Novo Nordisk team, whose members all have diabetes. In February 2015, he won the second stage of the Tour de Filipinas.

## Major results
### 2012

    3rd Bruce Kent Memorial
    3rd Mauku Mountain Classic
    3rd Tour de Taranaki
    7th Time trial, Oceania Junior Road Championships

### 2013

    2nd The Hub – EMC2 Bikes Cycle Tour

### 2014

    1st Two Up Time Trial Aka Aka
    1st Stage 4 Tour de Taranaki
    3rd Taranaki Cycle Challenge

### 2015

    Tour de Filipinas
       1st Points classification
       1st Stage 2
# Eriogonum diatomaceum

Eriogonum diatomaceum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Churchill Narrows buckwheat. It is endemic to Nevada in the United States, where it is known only from the Pine Nut Mountains in Lyon County. It is limited to the Churchill Narrows near Fort Churchill State Historic Park. This plant was discovered in 1997 and described to science in 2002.
This perennial herb has spreading stems, sometimes forming a mat up to 25 centimeters wide. It grows from a woody taproot. The leaf blades are oval in shape and coated in grayish woolly fibers. The inflorescence is a headlike cluster of flowers atop a white-woolly flowering stem up to 20 centimeters tall, but usually shorter. The flowers are cream-colored. This plant looks similar to Eriogonum pauciflorum, but it is more closely related to Eriogonum ochrocephalum.
This plant grows on diatomaceous clays. The soil originates in the Coal Valley Formation. Other species in the area include shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), prince's plume (Stanleya pinnata var. pinnata), Bailey's greasewood (Sarcobates baileyi), budsage (Picrothamnus desertorum), green molly (Kochia americana), horsebrush (Tetradymia glabrata), annual psathyrotes (Psathyrotes annua), flat-top buckwheat (Eriogonum deflexum var. nevadense), and Lemmon's buckwheat (E. lemmonii).
There is only a single population of the plant, split into about 15 occurrences and containing a total of less than 50,000 individuals. All the plants are within about three square miles of Bureau of Land Management lands.
This plant is a candidate for federal protection. The substrate on which the plant grows is targeted for mining of cat litter and other products. Off-road vehicle use in the area is a threat, with two thirds of occurrences growing near access roads. Livestock grazing is also a threat, as the animals degrade the soil.
# Kato Crews

Shane Kato Crews (born 1975) is an American lawyer and jurist who has served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Colorado since 2024. He previously served as a United States magistrate judge of the same court from 2018 to 2024.

## Early life and education

Crews is a native of Pueblo, Colorado. He attended Rye High School in Rye, Colorado. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Northern Colorado in 1997 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Arizona in 2000, where he served on the Arizona Law Review.

## Career

In 2000 and 2001, Crews served as a staff attorney for the National Labor Relations Board in Denver. He later worked as a lawyer at Rothgerber Johnson & Lyons LLP in Denver from 2001 to 2008, becoming partner from 2008 to 2010. He worked at Mastin Hoffman & Crews LLC from 2011 to 2013, and Hoffman Crews Nies Waggener & Foster LLP from 2013 to 2018. In private practice, Crews focused on labor, business, and real estate law. He served as a magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the District of Colorado from August 3, 2018 to January 2024. He was the court's first African-American magistrate judge.

### Federal judicial service

On April 29, 2022, U.S. Senators Michael Bennet and John Hickenlooper recommended Sundeep Addy, Gordon Gallagher and Crews for two vacancies on the United States District Court for the District of Colorado. On February 22, 2023, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Crews to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Colorado.
On February 27, 2023, his nomination was sent to the Senate. President Biden nominated Crews to a seat being vacated by Judge Raymond P. Moore, who subsequently assumed senior status on June 20, 2023. Crews was the third magistrate judge to be nominated for a district court vacancy in Colorado.
On March 22, 2023, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. During his confirmation hearing, he was unable to answer a question by Senator John Kennedy, in which the senator asked him to define a Brady motion, which is a tenet of criminal law.
On May 11, 2023, his nomination was reported out of committee by a party line 11–10 vote. On January 10, 2024, the United States Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a 51–47 vote, with Senator Kyrsten Sinema voting against the motion to invoke cloture on his nomination. Later that day, his nomination was confirmed by a 51–48 vote, with Senator Sinema voting against his confirmation. He received his judicial commission on January 12, 2024.
# Old Main (Iowa Wesleyan University)

Old Main is a historic building located on the Iowa Wesleyan University campus in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, United States. Built in 1854, when James Harlan was the college's president, it is the second building constructed on the campus after Pioneer Hall. It is believed that Old Main was the first genuine collegiate building built in Iowa. The bricks for the building were manufactured locally by Benjamin Franklin Pearson of Keosauqua, Iowa, who also was responsible for some of the building's construction. The three-story building has modified classical features. It was designed to have classrooms on the first two floors and the library, natural history museum and chapel on the third floor. The building is capped with a hip roof with bracketed eaves, and a wooden cupola with a low dome painted gold.
The International P.E.O. Sisterhood was founded in the building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
# Justin Jesse Price

Justin Jesse Price (1930 – 12 March 2011) was an American mathematician, known for several textbooks and contributions to his field.
His Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Pennsylvania was I. Some Duality Theorems II. On the Characters of Certain Compact Abelian Groups advised by Nathan Fine (1956). Price participated in a research project for the Air Force (1956–58) and joined the faculty at Cornell University as associate professor (1958–63). In 1963 he became professor at Purdue University, retiring in 2004.
Price's research was in real analysis and orthogonal functions. In fact, his article on convergence of incomplete sets of orthogonal functions merited award from Mathematical Association of America.
He had sabbaticals and stays at Paris, University College London, University of California, Berkeley and Harvard University. Several educational textbooks were collaborations with Purdue colleague Harley Flanders (see this for booklist).

## Awards

* 1976: L. R. Ford award from Mathematical Association of America for excellence in expository writing and a paper on Orthogonal Functions
* 1994: Mathematical Association of America's Deborah and Franklin Haimo Award for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics
# Yunfa

Muhammadu Yunfa pronunciation (reigned 1801–1808) was a king of Gobir, a city-state in Hausaland in what is now Nigeria. He was the son of a Sultan of Gobir Nafata. He is particularly remembered for his conflict with Islamic reformer Shaikh Usman dan Fodio.
Usman was a teacher to Yunfa before his ascent to the throne of Gobir. Usman also had a large following in Gobir which was increasing rapidly. He had a large community of preachers and teachers. It is said the Usman helped Yunfa secure the throne as the number of candidates eligible for the throne were numerous. A year after Yunfa became Sultan, he attempted to kill the Shaikh in fear of his growing influence and proposed religious reforms. Yunfa invited the Shaikh to a meeting of which the Shaikh agreed to. Usman came with his brother, Abdullahi but that did not stop Yunfa from attempting his assassination plot. When they met face to face, he pulled out his pistol and tried to shoot at Usman. The pistol backfired and wounded him in the hand. This act by Yunfa sent a clear message to Usman that negotiating with him was off the table.
In late 1803, Yunfa seized some Muslim captives at Gimbana, but when the captives passed dan Fodio's hometown of Degel, the religious leader somehow managed to have them released. When his demands to have the captives returned were ignored, Yunfa threatened to destroy Degel. In response, dan Fodio and his followers fled to Gudu in February 1804.
Uthman soon called for help from other Fulani nomad groups, and after an election was held, he was declared Amir al-Mu'minin of a new caliphate. A widespread uprising soon began across Hausaland, and in 1804, Yunfa appealed to rulers of neighboring city-states for aid. In December of that year, Yunfa won a major victory in the Battle of Tsuntua, in which Dan Fodio's forces were said to have lost 2,000 men, 200 of whom knew the Koran by heart.
However, dan Fodio soon launched a successful campaign against Kebbi and established a permanent base at Gwandu. In October 1808, the jihadists seized the Gobir capital of Alkalawa and killed Yunfa.
# Merritt Island Causeway

The Merritt Island Causeway, mostly in Merritt Island, connects Cocoa, Merritt Island, Florida, and Cocoa Beach, Florida. The causeway transits the Willard Peebles bridge over the Banana River Lagoon. In the 1960s, SR A1A was routed over the eastern causeway from present day SR 520 and SR A1A, to the present day intersection of SR 520 and SR 3 on Merritt Island. The eastern section is known as the Cocoa Beach Causeway.

## First route

On May 1, 1917, the first, wooden, bridge opened between Cocoa, Florida, and Merritt Island, Florida, across the Indian River. Soon after this bridge was built, two ideas for a new bridge connecting Merritt Island and Cocoa Beach over the Banana River began circulating.

### One route

    Cross over Sykes Creek and east to Cocoa Beach

### The other route

    Cross from Horti Point east to Cocoa Beach.
On September 27, 1919, the first route was approved. The bridge was completed April 19, 1922, after running into financial problems and costing an additional $200,000.
The present day alignment, from west to east, based upon this description
* East Merritt Island Avenue
* Audubon Road
* Old Audubon Road
* Triangle Road
* North Banana River Drive
* Milford Point Drive (formerly part of North Banana River Drive)
* South Banana River Drive (follow south to the start of the bridge)
The narrow lane draw bridge crossed the Banana River near Old Causeway Road on Horti Point. The present day Minuteman Causeway Boulevard in Cocoa Beach, and Old Causeway Road in Angel City are the remaining ends of the Merritt Island Causeway. The bridge system composed of the Indian River Bridge and the Banana River Bridge lasted another 18 years, when growth caught up with the bridge system.

## Second route

On June 5, 1941, the present day alignment of SR 520 opened with a single wider lane in each direction. Two draw bridges, one on each river, and a few relief bridges made up the causeway. The original wooden bridges were torn up shortly afterwards. Today, the name Banana River Bridge refers to the eastern causeway of the Emory L. Bennett Causeway, a part of SR 528.
Traffic problems were growing worse in the 1960s, and the county appealed to then Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey for relief. Vice President spoke to NASA and the U.S. Air Force and they agreed to help fund the widening. On August 16, 1962, the road widening was completed. Less than six years later the Hubert H. Humphrey Bridge was dedicated by Hubert H. Humphrey on March 1, 1968.
At nearly the same time there were proposals for additional bridges in the area. Cocoa Avenue (now Minuteman Causeway) was proposed to cross to Merritt Island over the Minuteman Causeway. Its route would have taken it along the old Banana River Bridge. The idea was formally denied on February 26, 1970, by the State of Florida.
Widening projects continue, and the eastern draw bridge has been removed from the causeway.