# John Romero

Alfonso John Romero (born October 28, 1967) is an American video game developer. He co-founded id Software and designed their early games, including Wolfenstein 3D (1992), Doom (1993), Doom II (1994), Hexen (1995) and Quake (1996). His designs and development tools, along with programming techniques developed by the id programmer John Carmack, popularized the first-person shooter (FPS) genre. Romero is also credited with coining the multiplayer term "deathmatch".
Following disputes with Carmack, Romero was fired from id in 1996. He co-founded a new studio, Ion Storm, and directed the FPS Daikatana (2000), which was a critical and commercial failure. Romero departed Ion Storm in 2001. In July 2001, he and another former id employee, Tom Hall, founded Monkeystone Games to develop games for mobile devices.
In 2003, Romero joined Midway Games as the project lead on Gauntlet: Seven Sorrows (2005), and left shortly before its release. He founded another company, Gazillion Entertainment, in 2005. In 2016, Romero and another former id employee, Adrian Carmack, announced a new FPS, Blackroom, but it was canceled after it failed to gain funding.

## Biography

Romero was born on October 28, 1967, six weeks premature, in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He has said that he has Mexican, Yaqui, and Cherokee grandparents. His mother, Ginny, met Alfonso Antonio Romero when they were teenagers in Tucson, Arizona. Alfonso, a first-generation Mexican American, was a maintenance man at an air force base, spending his days fixing air conditioners and heating systems. After Alfonso and Ginny married, they headed in a 1948 Chrysler with three hundred dollars to Colorado, hoping their interracial relationship would thrive in more tolerant surroundings.
Among Romero's early influences, the arcade video game Space Invaders (1978), with its "shoot the alien" gameplay, introduced him to video games. Namco's maze chase arcade game Pac-Man (1980) had the biggest influence on his career, as it was the first game that got him "thinking about game design." Nasir Gebelli (Sirius Software, Squaresoft) was his favorite programmer and a major inspiration, with Gebelli's fast 3D programming work for Apple II games, such as the shooters Horizon V (1981) and Zenith (1982), influencing Romero's later work at id Software. Other influences include programmer Bill Budge, Shigeru Miyamoto's Super Mario games, and the fighting games Street Fighter II, Fatal Fury, Art of Fighting and Virtua Fighter.

### Early career

John Romero started programming games on an Apple II he got in 1980. The first game he wrote was an unpublished clone of the arcade game Crazy Climber. His first published game, Scout Search, appeared as a type-in program in the June 1984 issue of Apple II magazine inCider. At least 12 of his games published for print and disk magazines were developed under the name Capitol Ideas Software. He entered a programming contest in A+ magazine during its first year of publishing with his game Cavern Crusader. The first game Romero created that was eventually published was Jumpster in UpTime. Jumpster was created in 1983 and published in 1987, making Jumpster his earliest created, then published, game.
Romero's first industry job was at Origin Systems in 1987 after programming games for eight years. He worked on the Apple II to Commodore 64 port of 2400 A.D., which was eventually scrapped due to slow sales of the Apple II version. Romero then moved onto Space Rogue, a game by Paul Neurath. During this time, Romero was asked if he would be interested in joining Paul's soon-to-start company Blue Sky Productions, eventually renamed Looking Glass Technologies. Instead, Romero left Origin Systems to co-found a game company named Inside Out Software, where he ported Might & Magic II from the Apple II to the Commodore 64. He had almost finished the Commodore 64 to Apple II port of Tower Toppler, but Epyx unexpectedly cancelled all its ports industrywide due to their tremendous investment in the first round of games for the upcoming Atari Lynx. During this short time, Romero did the artwork for the Apple IIGS version of Dark Castle, a port from the Macintosh. During this time, John and his friend Lane Roathe co-founded a company named Ideas from the Deep and wrote versions of a game called Zappa Roidz for the Apple II, PC and Apple IIGS. Their last collaboration was an Apple II disk operating system (InfoDOS) for Infocom's games Zork Zero, Arthur, Shogun and Journey.

### 1990s: id Software and first-person shooters

Romero moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, in March 1989 and joined Softdisk as a programmer in its Special Projects division. After several months of helping the PC monthly disk magazine Big Blue Disk, he officially moved into the department until he started a PC games division in July 1990 named Gamer's Edge (originally titled PCRcade). Romero hired John D. Carmack into the department from his freelancing in Kansas City, moved Adrian Carmack (no relation) into the division from Softdisk's art department, and persuaded Tom Hall to come in at night and help with game design. Romero and the others left Softdisk in February 1991 to form id Software.
   There it was, the familiar milieu of Super Mario Brothers 3: pale blue sky, the puffy white clouds, the bushy green shrubs, the animated tiles with little question marks rolling over their sides and, strangely, his character Dangerous Dave standing ready on the bottom of the screen. Romero tapped his arrow key, moved Dave along the floor, and watched him scroll smoothly across the screen. That’s when he lost it.
Romero worked at id Software from its inception in 1991 until 1996. He was involved in the creation of several milestone games, including Commander Keen, Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Doom II: Hell on Earth and Quake. He served as executive producer (and game designer) on Heretic and Hexen. He designed most of the first episode of Doom, a quarter of the levels in Quake, and half the levels in Commander Keen and Wolfenstein 3D: Spear of Destiny. He wrote many of the tools used at id Software to create their games, including DoomEd (level editor), QuakeEd (level editor), DM (for deathmatch launching), DWANGO client (to connect the game to DWANGO's servers), TED5 (level editor for the Commander Keen series, Wolfenstein 3D: Spear of Destiny), IGRAB (for grabbing assets and putting them in WAD files), the installers for all the games up to and including Quake, the SETUP program used to configure the games, and several others. In his keynote speech at WeAreDevelopers Conference 2017, Romero named this period Turbo Mode, in which he emphasizes having created 28 games, in 5.5 years with a team consisting of fewer than 10 developers. Romero is also credited with coining the multiplayer term "deathmatch".
In level 30 of Doom II, "Icon of Sin", the boss is supposed to be a giant demon head with a fragment missing from its forehead. When first viewing the demon, a distorted and demonic message is played, which is actually John Romero saying "To win the game, you must kill me, John Romero!", reversed and distorted to sound like a demonic chant. One can use the "noclip" cheat to enter the boss and see Romero's severed head which is skewered on a post. The player defeats the boss (without the noclip cheat) by shooting rockets into its exposed brain after activating a lift and riding it. Romero's head functions as its hit detection point; when he "dies", the boss is killed and the game is finished. In the 2013 IGN Doom playthrough to celebrate Doom's 20th anniversary, Romero shared the backstory behind the inclusion of his head as the final boss and the reversed sound effect – they were both a result of in-joke pranking between development team members.
During the production of Quake, Romero clashed with John Carmack over the future direction of id. Romero wanted the game to follow his demanding vision without compromise, but Carmack insisted that the project had to make steady progress toward completion and accused Romero of not working as much as the other developers. Although Romero relented on his vision and joined a months-long death march effort to finish the game, this did not resolve the tensions within the company, and Romero was forced to resign. In a 1997 interview, Romero said, "Leaving after finishing Quake was the right choice — leaving after finishing a hit game. I keep on good terms with the id guys and it was pretty easy because we've been friends for years." In 2022, during a conversation with podcaster Lex Fridman, Carmack stated that, in hindsight, he regrets the way he dealt with the firing of Romero, citing immaturity and lack of understanding of corporate structure as the primary causal factors. Additionally, Carmack clarified that both he and Romero were currently on good terms.

### 1996–2000: Ion Storm and Daikatana

Romero co-founded Ion Storm in Dallas, Texas with another id co-founder, Tom Hall, where he designed and produced the first-person shooter Daikatana. It was announced in 1997 with a release date for the Christmas shopping season of that year. However, this release date slipped repeatedly in the coming months, and the game began to accrue negative press. In 2010, Gamesauce featured Romero on its cover and contained an in-depth interview with Romero written by Brenda Brathwaite. In the interview, Romero publicly apologized for the infamous Daikatana advertisement. In particular, a 1997 advertisement boasting "John Romero's About To Make You His Bitch....Suck it down" caused controversy in the press and public.
The massive pre-hype for the game and the subsequent delays (it was not released until April 2000) were compounded by the poor reviews the game received when it was finally complete. Daikatana was panned and appeared on numerous "top 10 worst games" listings. During this time, Romero was rumored to have been killed and a photograph of his corpse with a bullet wound was also spread through the Internet. The picture was taken for the magazine Texas Monthly. In 2001, Romero and Hall departed after the release of Hall's Anachronox game and the subsequent closing of the Dallas Ion office.

### 2000s

In July 2001, Romero and Hall founded Monkeystone Games to develop and publish games for mobile devices. Monkeystone released approximately 15 games during the three-and-a-half-year lifespan of the company. Some highlights of their developments included Hyperspace Delivery Boy! (Pocket PC, Windows, Linux), Congo Cube (Pocket PC, PC, BREW, Java ME), and a version of Red Faction for the Nokia N-Gage. He and his girlfriend, Stevie Case, broke up in 2003, and she left the company in May while Red Faction development continued until October. John then left Monkeystone Games' day-to-day operations to Lucas Davis while Romero and Hall left for Midway in San Diego.
In mid-October 2003, Romero joined Midway Games as project lead on Gauntlet: Seven Sorrows. While he continued to maintain his working relationship with Monkeystone, Lucas Davis took over running the office. The Monkeystone team moved to Austin, Texas to work on Midway's Area 51 title until its release. Monkeystone Games closed down in January 2005. Romero moved from project lead to creative director of internal studio during this time. At the end of June 2005, Romero left Midway Games mere months before the completion of Gauntlet: Seven Sorrows.
On August 31, 2005, Romero confirmed that he was working on a yet-to-be-announced MMOG at his newly opened development studio, Slipgate Ironworks. It was reported that the name was temporary. "For the record," Romero wrote, "I'm co-founder of a new game company in the Bay Area and am much better off in many ways than I was at Midway". He said that he would not reveal anything about the company or the game until 2007. On March 17, 2009, it was announced that Slipgate Ironworks was part of Gazillion Entertainment. Along with venture capitalist Rob Hutter and investor Bhavin Shah, Romero was a co-founder of Gazillion. On July 22, 2006, John Romero and former co-worker Tom Hall guest hosted episode 53 of the podcast The Widget. Romero departed Gazillion Entertainment in November 2010 to form a social game company called Loot Drop alongside Brenda Brathwaite. Hall joined the company on January 1, 2011.
Romero was the Chairman of the Board for the Cyberathlete Professional League (CPL) for ten years. On December 20, 2006, John Romero announced a new FPS project for the CPL titled Severity for both consoles and PC. It was announced that Tom Mustaine (ex-Studio Director at Ritual Entertainment) would act as Director of Game Development at CPL's new studio. It was stated that Severity would be a multiplayer first person shooter, and that the game would be built on technology licensed from id Software. In October 2009, Angel Munoz, founder of the CPL stated that Severity was no longer being produced because they were not able "to convince game publishers of its value".

### 2010–present

Romero guest-edited the March 2010 issue of the British magazine Retro Gamer. In August 2014, Romero said he planned to make a new FPS. In April 2016, he announced a partnership with the former iD artist Adrian Carmack to create the FPS Blackroom, describing their vision as a visceral, varied and violent shooter that harkens back to classic FPS play with a mixture of exploration, speed, and intense combat. They hoped to raise $700,000 (~$836,729 in 2023) via Kickstarter to see the project to completion and anticipated a launch in late 2018. The Kickstarter campaign was cancelled four days after its launch. In 2023, Romero confirmed in his autobiography, Doom Guy: Life in First Person, that while a demo had existed and was shown to publishers, no publishers expressed interest in funding the game after the Kickstarter cancellation, and the game was fully cancelled after that behind-closed-doors demo.
On 2017, Romero won the Bizkaia Award at the Fun & Serious Game Festival, which takes place in the Spanish city of Bilbao. Romero and his wife Brenda Romero established Romero Games on August 11, 2015. They published Gunman Taco Truck in 2017, SIGIL in 2019, and Empire of Sin in 2020. In March 2022, in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Romero created a new level of Doom II which was subsequently listed for sale through his personal website. Romero stated that all proceeds would be donated to the Ukrainian Red Cross and the UN Central Emergency Response Fund.

## Personal life

In January 2004, Romero married Raluca Alexandra Pleșca, originally from Bucharest, Romania. They divorced in 2011. Romero and game developer Brenda Brathwaite became engaged on March 24, 2012, and married on October 27, 2012. Together, they worked on Ravenwood Fair, with Romero as Lead Designer and Brathwaite as Creative Director and Game Designer. They also founded social game development company Loot Drop in November 2010, and worked on Cloudforest Expedition and Ghost Recon Commander together. Romero has three children from two previous marriages: Michael, born in 1988, Steven, born in 1989, and Lillia Antoinette, born in 1998.
Romero's long hair has been a source of both admiration and derision for his fans. John guest-answered Planet Quake's "Dear Mynx" column, in which a female fan asked for hair care tips. Romero cut his hair short in 2002 and donated it to Locks of Love.
Discussion boards such as Doomworld and BeyondUnreal had threads discussing his new look at the time, although he began to grow it back to its original length in 2003. On January 11, 2022, Romero gave a statement via Twitter on the subject of his hair, to coincide with the 120th anniversary of William Arthur Jones' "Indian haircut order" of 1902. In the statement, Romero said: "I wear my hair long as a proud Yaqui and Cherokee man, and will continue to do so until the day I die."
In 2000, during the development of Daikatana, Romero listed Ultima V: Warriors of Destiny, Super Mario Bros. 3, Age of Empires, Duke Nukem 3D and Chrono Trigger as his favorite games of all time, with Chrono Trigger topping the list. In 2017, Romero listed World of Warcraft and Minecraft as his favorite games of all time.
Romero's favorite programming language as of 2017 is Lua. Romero says he has hyperthymesia. Romero is an atheist. He also claimed that everyone involved at working on the original Doom was an atheist (although game designer Sandy Petersen is a Mormon). On December 19, 2023, Romero acquired Irish citizenship, after living there for about 8 years.
Romero was referenced in the 2020 video game Doom Eternal as King Ormero.

## Recognition

| Date | Award | Description |
| 2023 | Lifetime Achievement Award | Awarded at GDC 2023 |
| 2017 | Bizkaia Award | Awarded at the Fun & Serious Game Festival |
| 2017 | Development Legend | Awarded at Develop:Brighton |
| 2016 | Cacoward | Awarded at Doomworld.com for the new DOOM 1 level E1M8b |
| 2012 | Tech Hall of Fame | Included in list of technology creators. |
| 2012 | Apple II Forever Award | Awarded at KansasFest to members of the Apple II community who had made significant contributions to the Apple II. |
| 2011 | Most Influential Person in Facebook and Social Games | #1 in Games.com's 2011 list. |
| 1999 | MIT Technology Review TR100 | Innovators Under 35. |
| 1998 | Time Magazine's Cyber Elite 50 | #36, The top 50 tech elite of the year. |
| 1998 | Top 20 Texans of the Year | Texas Monthly's yearly list of the Top 20 Texans |
| 1997 | Time Magazine's Cyber Elite 50 | #40, The top 50 tech elite of the year. |
| 1996 | The Most Influential People in Computer Gaming of All Time | #7, GameSpot's "The Most Influential People in Computer Gaming of All Time" list. |

## Games

| Name | Year | Publisher | Role(s) |
| Dodge 'Em | 1982 | Capitol Ideas Software | Programmer, Designer, Art, Sound |
| Scout Search | 1984 | inCider Magazine | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Cavern Crusader | 1984 | A+ Magazine | Programmer, Designer, Sound, Art |
| Bongo's Bash | 1985 | A+ Magazine | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Zippy Zombi | 1987 | Uptime Disk Monthly | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Wacky Wizard | 1987 | Uptime Disk Monthly | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Subnodule | 1987 | Keypunch Software, Inc. | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Pyramids of Egypt | 1987 | Uptime Disk Monthly | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Neptune's Nasties | 1987 | Uptime Disk Monthly | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Major Mayhem | 1987 | Nibble Magazine | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Lethal Labyrinth | 1987 | Uptime Disk Monthly | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Krazy Kobra | 1987 | Uptime Disk Monthly | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Jumpster | 1987 | Uptime Disk Monthly | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Evil Eye | 1987 | Uptime Disk Monthly | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| James Clavell's Shōgun | 1988 | Infocom | Programmer |
| Dangerous Dave in the Deserted Pirate's Hideout | 1988 | Uptime Disk Monthly | Programmer, Designer, Sound, Art |
| City Centurian | 1988 | Nibble Magazine | Programmer, Designer, Sound, Art |
| Zork Zero: The Revenge of Megaboz | 1989 | Infocom | Programmer |
| Zappa Roidz | 1989 | Softdisk Publishing | Programmer, Designer |
| Twilight Treasures | 1989 | Softdisk Publishing | Associate Editor |
| Space Rogue | 1989 | Origin Systems | Programmer |
| Might and Magic II: Gates to Another World | 1989 | New World Computing | Lead programmer |
| Magic Boxes | 1989 | Softdisk Publishing | Lead programmer |
| Journey: The Quest Begins | 1989 | Infocom | Programmer |
| How to Weigh an Elephant | 1989 | Softdisk Publishing | Programmer |
| Big Blue Disk #32 | 1989 | Softdisk Publishing | Programmer |
| Big Blue Disk #35 | 1989 | Softdisk Publishing | Contributor |
| The Catacomb Abyss | 1989 | Softdisk | Programmer |
| Arthur: The Quest for Excalibur | 1989 | Infocom | Programmer |
| Sub Stalker | 1990 | Softdisk Publishing | Programmer, Designer, Sound, Art |
| Pixel Puzzler | 1990 | Softdisk Publishing | Pixel Puzzle Maker |
| Dinosorcerer | 1990 | Softdisk Publishing | Programmer |
| Dark Designs II: Closing the Gate | 1990 | Softdisk Publishing | Level Designer |
| Commander Keen 1: Marooned on Mars | 1990 | Apogee Software | Programmer, Level Designer |
| Commander Keen 2: The Earth Explodes | 1990 | Apogee Software | Programmer, Level Designer |
| Commander Keen 3: Keen Must Die! | 1990 | Apogee Software | Programmer, Level Designer |
| Catacomb | 1990 | Softdisk Publishing | Programmer |
| Big Blue Disk #40 | 1990 | Softdisk Publishing | Associate Editor |
| Big Blue Disk #41 | 1990 | Softdisk Publishing | Associate Editor |
| Big Blue Disk #44 | 1990 | Softdisk Publishing | Associate Editor |
| Alfredo's Stupendous Surprise | 1990 | Softdisk | Programmer |
| Xenopods | 1991 | Softdisk Publishing | Engine Tools |
| Slordax: The Unknown Enemy | 1991 | Softdisk | Engine Tools |
| Rescue Rover | 1991 | Softdisk | Programmer |
| Rescue Rover 2 | 1991 | Expert Software, Froggman, Softdisk | Programmer |
| Shadow Knights | 1991 | Softdisk Publishing | Programmer, Level Designer |
| Paragon | 1991 | Softdisk | Engine Tools |
| Paganitzu | 1991 | Apogee Software | Special Thanks |
| Hovertank 3D | 1991 | Softdisk | Programmers |
| Dangerous Dave in the Haunted Mansion | 1991 | Softdisk | Programmer |
| Commander Keen: Keen Dreams | 1991 | Softdisk | Programmer |
| Commander Keen 4: Secret of the Oracle | 1991 | Apogee Software | Programmer, Level Designer |
| Commander Keen 5: The Armageddon Machine | 1991 | Apogee Software | Programmer, Level Designer |
| Commander Keen 6: Aliens Ate My Baby Sitter! | 1991 | FormGen | Programmer, Level Designer |
| The Catacomb (Catacomb II) | 1991 | Softdisk | Programmer |
| Catacomb 3-D | 1991 | Softdisk | Programming |
| Wolfenstein 3D | 1992 | Apogee Software | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Spear of Destiny | 1992 | FormGen | Level Designer |
| Cyberchess | 1992 | Softdisk | Engine Tools |
| Terror of the Catacombs | 1993 | Froggman | Engine Tools |
| Street Ball | 1993 | Froggman | Engine Tools |
| Shadowcaster | 1993 | Origin Systems | Engine Tools |
| ScubaVenture: The Search for Pirate's Treasure | 1993 | Softdisk | Engine Tools |
| Dangerous Dave's Risky Rescue | 1993 | Softdisk | Engine Tools |
| Curse of the Catacombs | 1993 | Froggman | Engine Tools |
| Bio Menace | 1993 | Apogee Software | Engine Tools |
| Blake Stone: Aliens of Gold | 1993 | Apogee Software | Programmer |
| Doom | 1993 | id Software | Programmer, Designer |
| Corridor 7: Alien Invasion | 1994 | Capstone Software | Engine Tools |
| Super 3D Noah's Ark | 1994 | Wisdom Tree | Programmer |
| Doom II: Hell on Earth | 1994 | GT Interactive | Programmer, Designer |
| Blake Stone: Planet Strike | 1994 | FormGen | Programmer |
| Heretic | 1994 | id Software | Executive Producer |
| The Ultimate Doom | 1995 | GT Interactive | Programmer, Designer |
| Hexen: Beyond Heretic | 1995 | id Software | Executive Producer |
| Heretic: Shadow of the Serpent Riders | 1996 | id Software | Executive Producer |
| Final Doom | 1996 | id Software; Atari, Inc. | Programmer, Designer |
| Quake | 1996 | id Software | Programmer, Designer |
| Chex Quest | 1996 | Digital Café | Engine Programmer |
| Doom 64 | 1997 | Midway Games | Engine Tools, Designer |
| Dominion: Storm Over Gift 3 | 1998 | Eidos Interactive | Music Director |
| Daikatana | 2000 | Eidos Interactive | Designer |
| Red Faction (mobile version) | 2001 | THQ Wireless | Programmer |
| Anachronox | 2001 | Eidos Interactive | Level Designer |
| Hyperspace Delivery Boy! | 2002 | Monkeystone Games | Lead Programmer |
| Jewels and Jim | 2003 | THQ Wireless | Level Designer |
| Dig It! | 2003 | THQ Wireless | Level Designer |
| Congo Cube | 2003 | THQ Wireless, RealArcade | Programmer |
| Cartoon Network: Block Party | 2004 | Majesco Entertainment | Programmer |
| Gauntlet: Seven Sorrows | 2005 | Midway Games | Special Thanks |
| Area 51 | 2005 | Midway Austin | Additional Designer |
| Ravenwood Fair | 2010 | Lolapps | Programmer, Designer, Sound |
| Marvel Super Hero Squad Online | 2011 | Gazillion Entertainment Inc. | Special Thanks |
| Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Commander | 2012 | Ubisoft, Inc. | Designer |
| Pettington Park | 2012 | Zynga Game Network, Inc. | CEO, Additional Design |
| Dodger Down | 2013 | Howljerk Games | Testing and Feedback |
| Play Gig-it | 2013 | Gig-it Corp | Special Thanks |
| Techno Dash | 2014 | Hammerwing Studios, Inc. | Special Thanks |
| Dangerous Dave in the Deserted Pirate's Hideout | 2015 | John Romero | Programmer, Designer, Sound, Art |
| Grom Skate | 2015 | Grom Social Inc. | Designer, Sound |
| Warpcop III | 2017 | indie published | Designer, Sound |
| July 4, 1976 | 2017 | Playbarf | Programmer, Sound, Designer, Writer |
| Gunman Taco Truck | 2017 | Romero Games Ltd. | Programmer, Sound, Designer, Writer |
| SIGIL | 2019 | Romero Games Ltd. | Programmer, Designer |
| Empire of Sin | 2020 | Romero Games Ltd. | Programmer |
| SIGIL II | 2023 | Romero Games Ltd. | Programmer, Designer |