# Automatic content recognition

Automatic content recognition (ACR) is a technology used to identify content played on a media device or presented within a media file. Devices with ACR can allow for the collection of content consumption information automatically at the screen or speaker level itself, without any user-based input or search efforts. This information may be collected for purposes such as personalized advertising, content recommendations, or sale to companies that aggregate customer data.

## How it works

To start the process, a short media clip (audio, video, or both) is selected from within a media file or captured as displayed on a device such as a smart TV. Using techniques such as fingerprinting and watermarking, the selected content is compared by the ACR software with a database of known recorded works. If the fingerprint of the media clip finds a match, the ACR software returns the corresponding metadata regarding the media as well as other associated or recommended content back to the client application for display to the user, or for collection by the device manufacturer or a company that collects user data.

## Technology providers

ACR service providers include ACRCloud, Beatgrid, Digimarc, Gracenote, Inscape Data Services, Kantar Media, Pex, Red Bee Media, Samba TV, Shazam and Zapr Media Labs.

## Fingerprints and watermarking

Two leading methodologies for audio-based ACR are acoustic fingerprinting and watermarking. Similarly, video fingerprinting is used to facilitate ACR for visual media.
Acoustic fingerprinting generates unique fingerprints from the audio content itself. Fingerprinting techniques are agnostic to content format, codec, bit rate and compression techniques. This makes employment of acoustic fingerprinting possible across various networks and channels and is widely used for interactive TV, second screen application, and content monitoring sectors. Popular apps like Shazam, YouTube, Facebook, TheTake, WeChat and Weibo reportedly use audio fingerprinting methodology to recognize content played from a TV to trigger additional features like votes, lotteries, topics or purchases.
In contrast to fingerprinting, digital watermarking require the inclusion of digital "tags" embedded within the digital content stream prior to distribution. For example, a broadcast encoder might insert a watermark every few seconds that could be used to identify the broadcast channel, program ID, and time stamp. This watermark is normally inaudible or invisible to the users, but is detectable by display devices like phones or tablets which can read the watermarks to identify the content it is playing. Watermarking technology is also utilized in the media protection field to help identify where illegal copies originate.

## History

In 2011, ACR technology was applied to TV content by the Shazam service, which captured the attention of the television industry. Shazam was previously a music recognition service which recognized music from sound recordings. By utilizing its own fingerprint technology to identify live channels and videos, Shazam extended their business to television programming. Also in 2011, Samba TV (at the time known as Flingo) introduced its patented video ACR technology, which uses video fingerprinting to identify on-screen content and power cross-screen interactive TV apps on Smart TVs. In 2012, satellite communications provider DIRECTV partnered with TV loyalty vendor Viggle to provide an interactive viewing experience on the second screen.
In 2013, LG partnered with Cognitive Networks (later purchased by Vizio and renamed Inscape), an ACR vendor, to provide ACR driven interaction. In 2015, ACR technology spread to even more applications and smart TVs. Social applications and TV manufacturers like Facebook, Twitter, Google, WeChat, Weibo, LG, Samsung, and Vizio TV have used ACR technology either developed by themselves or integrated by third-party ACR providers. In 2016, additional applications and mobile OS embedded with automatic content recognition services were available including Peach, Omusic and Mi OS.

## Applications
### Advertising and customer data collection

Data collected on the media consumption habits of customers can be very valuable to device manufacturers, advertisers, and data aggregation companies. ACR technology helps these companies survey the interests of customers and collect data so that they can be more precisely targeted with personalized marketing and advertising campaigns. It was reported in Nov 2021 that smart television manufacturer Vizio profited more from the sale of their customers' data than from the televisions they sold.
* 1 2 "Automated content recognition creating content aware ecosystems" (PDF). Civolution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
* 1 2 "ACR(Automatic Content Recognition)". Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
* ↑ "Panako: a scalable acoustic fingerprinting system handling time-scale and pitch modification". Universiteit Gent. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
* ↑ Main, Sami. "Nielsen Is Bringing Real-Time Interactive Ads to Smart TVs to Keep Streaming Audiences Engaged". Adweek. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
* ↑ Brink, Kyle. "A Primer on Automated Content". Viggle. Archived from the original on 2015-06-24. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
* ↑ "Facebook Automatic Content Recognition". Starcom MediaVest Group. SMG. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
* ↑ Brink, Kyle (14 April 2014). "SVP of Product Development". A Primer on Automated Content Recognition. Viggle. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
* ↑ Solana, Anna. "How these hidden video watermarks can help spot piracy, doctored images". ZDNet. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
* ↑ Baumgartner, Jeff (2013-09-24). "Flingo Rebrands as Samba TV". Multichannel News. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
* ↑ Swedlow, Tracy (July 7, 2011). "Interactive TV News Round-Up (II): Flingo, Hulu, ITU". Archived from the original on 2011-07-09.
* ↑ "LG partners with Cognitive Networks to make Smart TVs smarter and more interactive". engadget. 29 August 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
* ↑ "ACRCloud Powers Song Recognition For Hottest New Social Network, Peach". Music Industry News Network. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
* ↑ Victoria, Ho (16 February 2016). "Xiaomi will help you name that song you can't stop humming". Mashable. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
* ↑ "ACRCloud Powers The Launch Of Taiwan's First Music/Humming Recognition Service For Omusic". Music Industry News Network. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
* ↑ Dunn, Thom (2021-11-18). "TV manufacturer Vizio makes more money selling data than TVs". Boing Boing. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
* ↑ Vizio Holding News https://investors.vizio.com/news/news-details/2021/VIZIO-HOLDING-CORP.-Reports-Q3-2021-Financial-Results/default.aspx. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

### Audience measurement

Real-time audience measurement metrics are now achievable by applying ACR technology into smart TVs, set top boxes and mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets. This measurement data is essential to quantify audience consumption to set advertising pricing policies.

### Content identification

ACR technology helps audiences retrieve information about the content they watched or listened to. The identified video and music content can be linked to internet content providers for on-demand viewing, third parties for additional background information, or complementary media.

### Content enhancement

Because devices can be "aware" of content being watched or listened to, second screen devices can feed users complementary content beyond what is presented on the primary viewing screen. ACR technology can not only identify the content, but also it can identify the precise location within the content and present additional information to users. ACR can also enable a variety of interactive features such as polls, coupons, lottery or purchase of goods based on timestamp.

## Privacy concerns

Organizations ranging from consumer rights advocates Electronic Frontier Foundation to tech web sites such as PCMag have expressed serious objections to the collection of user viewing consumption habits by their devices on privacy grounds.