# Cape Town Treaty

The Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment, or Cape Town Treaty, is an international treaty intended to standardize transactions involving movable property. The treaty creates international standards for registration of contracts of sale (including dedicated registration agencies), security interests (liens), leases and conditional sales contracts, and various legal remedies for default in financing agreements, including repossession and the effect of particular states' bankruptcy laws.
Four protocols to the convention are specific to four types of movable equipment: Aircraft Equipment (aircraft and aircraft engines; signed in 2001), railway rolling stock (signed in 2007), space assets (signed in 2012) and "Mining, Agricultural and Construction Equipment" (signed in 2019). The aircraft Protocol entered into force in 2006, and the railway rolling stock Protocol entered into force in 2024. The others are not yet in effect.
The treaty resulted from a diplomatic conference held in Cape Town, South Africa in 2001. The conference was attended by 68 countries and 14 international organizations. 53 countries signed the resolution proposing the treaty. The treaty came into force on 1 March 2006, and has been ratified by 57 parties. The Aircraft Protocol (which applies specifically to aircraft and aircraft engines) took effect on 1 March 2006 when it was ratified by 9 countries: Ethiopia, Ireland, Malaysia, Nigeria, Oman, Panama, Pakistan, and the United States.

## Signatures and ratifications

As of 2024, the convention has been ratified by 87 states as well as the European Union. Most of those parties are also party to the Aircraft protocol. The railway rolling stock Protocol has been ratified by four countries (Gabon, Luxembourg, Spain and Sweden), as well as the European Union and came into effect in March 2024. The space assets Protocol has been ratified by no countries and remains not in force. An overview of the status of the treaty and protocols is shown below:
| Instrument | Signature | Location | Entry into force | Signatures | Ratifications (required for entry into force) |
| Convention | 16 November 2001 | Cape Town | 1 March 2006 | 28 | 88 (3) |
| Aircraft Protocol | 16 November 2001 | Cape Town | 1 March 2006 | 23 | 85 (8) |
| Railway Rolling Stock Protocol | 23 February 2007 | Luxembourg | 8 March 2024 | 8 | 5 (4) |
| Space Assets Protocol | 9 March 2012 | Berlin | - | 4 | 0 (10) |
| Mining, Agricultural and Construction Equipment (MAC) | 22 November 2019 | Pretoria | - | 7 | 0 (5) |

### European Union

The European Union joined the convention and the Aircraft Protocol as a Regional Economic Integration Organization. On the subject of the convention, both the Member states of the European Union and the Union itself have competence: e.g. while the substantive law regarding insolvency is regulated by the states, the conflict of law-rules (which county has jurisdiction etc.) is regulated by the European Union. According to the Government of the Netherlands the acceptance of the European Union in a member state which itself is not a party to the convention has no practical consequences. The European Union ratified the Luxembourg Rail protocol in December 2014 as a Regional Economic Integration Organization on the same basis.

## Protocols
### Aircraft Protocol

The aircraft Protocol (officially: Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on matters specific to aircraft equipment) was signed immediately with the treaty and the only protocol currently entered into force. It applies to aircraft which can carry at least eight people or 2750 kilograms of cargo, aircraft engines with thrust exceeding 1,750 pounds-force (7,800 N) or 550 horsepower (410 kW), and helicopters carrying five or more passengers. The International Registry of Mobile Assets established to record international property interests in the aircraft equipment covered by the treaty is located in Ireland. Mediation cases for leasing disputes are to be heard in the High Court of Ireland. As of 2022, the protocol has 81 contracting parties, which includes 80 states and the European Union.
| State | Date of Ratification/ Accession | Comments |
| Afghanistan | 25 July 2006 | |
| Albania | 30 October 2007 | |
| Angola | 30 April 2006 | |
| Argentina | 10 January 2018 | |
| Australia | 26 May 2015 | |
| Bahrain | 27 November 2012 | |
| Bangladesh | 15 December 2008 | |
| Belarus | 27 September 2011 | |
| Bhutan | 4 July 2014 | |
| Brazil | 30 November 2011 | |
| Burkina Faso | 8 September 2017 | |
| Cameroon | 14 April 2011 | |
| Canada | 21 December 2012 | New Brunswick: effective 1 July 2016 Yukon: effective 1 October 2014 others: 1 April 2013 |
| Cape Verde | 26 September 2007 | |
| China | 3 February 2009 | Excluding Hong Kong Macao |
| Colombia | 19 February 2007 | |
| Congo | 13 March 2013 | |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | 6 May 2016 | |
| Costa Rica | 8 August 2018 | |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 1 March 2016 | |
| Cuba | 28 January 2009 | |
| Denmark | 26 October 2015 | |
| Egypt | 10 December 2014 | |
| Ethiopia | 21 November 2003 | |
| European Union | 28 April 2009 | Only as far as it has competency over subjects of the convention/ protocol. Not applicable to Denmark |
| Fiji | 30 May 2012 | |
| Gabon | 4 April 2017 | |
| Ghana | 20 December 2018 | |
| Iceland | 23 June 2020 | |
| India | 31 March 2008 | |
| Indonesia | 16 March 2007 | |
| Ireland | 23 August 2005 | |
| Jordan | 31 August 2010 | |
| Kazakhstan | 1 June 2011 | |
| Kenya | 13 October 2006 | |
| Kuwait | 31 October 2013 | |
| Kyrgyzstan | 13 May 2021 | |
| Latvia | 8 February 2011 | |
| Luxembourg | 27 June 2008 | |
| Madagascar | 15 December 2008 | |
| Malawi | 10 April 2013 | |
| Malaysia | 16 January 2014 | |
| Malta | 1 October 2010 | |
| Mexico | 31 July 2007 | |
| Moldova | 19 February 2019 | |
| Mongolia | 19 October 2006 | |
| Mozambique | 18 July 2013 | |
| Myanmar | 3 December 2012 | |
| Namibia | 23 July 2018 | |
| Kingdom of the Netherlands | 17 May 2010 | Not European Netherlands Only for Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten Caribbean Netherlands |
| New Zealand | 20 July 2010 | |
| Nigeria | 16 December 2003 | |
| Norway | 20 December 2010 | |
| Oman | 21 March 2005 | |
| Pakistan | 22 January 2004 | |
| Panama | 28 July 2003 | |
| Paraguay | 19 December 2018 | |
| Qatar | 8 January 2020 | |
| Romania | 30 March 2018 | |
| Russia | 25 May 2011 | |
| Rwanda | 28 January 2010 | |
| San Marino | 9 September 2014 | |
| Saudi Arabia | 27 June 2008 | |
| Senegal | 9 January 2006 | |
| Sierra Leone | 26 July 2016 | |
| Singapore | 28 January 2009 | |
| South Africa | 18 January 2007 | |
| Spain | 27 November 2015 | |
| Swaziland | 17 November 2016 | |
| Sweden | 30 December 2015 | |
| Tajikistan | 31 May 2011 | |
| Tanzania | 30 January 2009 | |
| Togo | 1 December 2011 | |
| Turkey | 23 August 2011 | |
| Ukraine | 31 July 2012 | |
| United Arab Emirates | 29 April 2008 | |
| United Kingdom | 27 July 2015 | Extended to Cayman Islands, Gibraltar and Guernsey (2015), and the Isle of Man and Bermuda (2017) |
| United States | 28 October 2004 | |
| Uzbekistan | 31 January 2018 | |
| Vietnam | 17 September 2014 | |
| Zambia | 7 September 2020 | |

### Railway Rolling Stock

The Railway Rolling Stock Protocol, or Luxembourg Rail Protocol, officially the Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters Specific to Railway Rolling Stock was adopted on 23 February 2007 at a diplomatic conference in Luxembourg and applies to railway rolling stock (broadly defined as "vehicles movable on a fixed railway track or directly on, above or below a guideway"). It came into force on 8 March 2024.
The protocol establishes an international registry located in Luxembourg at which all international interests under the protocol will be registrable. The registry will also issue unique identifiers for rolling stock on request. Regulis S.A., a subsidiary of SITA, was appointed in November 2014 to act as Registrar.
The protocol required ratification by 4 countries, together with a certification by the secretariat to the Supervisory Authority that the registry is fully operational, in order to enter into force. Currently, it has been signed by France, Gabon, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Mozambique, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, the UK as well as the European Union, while it has been ratified by the European Union and 4 states: Gabon, Luxembourg, Spain and Sweden.

### Space Assets

The Space Assets protocol, or Berlin Space Protocol (officially Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters specific to Space Assets) was concluded on 9 March 2012 and requires 10 ratifications before entry into force. The protocol applies to objects functioning in space like satellites or satellite parts. The convention was strongly opposed by the satellite industry, claiming that it would lead to increased bureaucracy and "make the financing of new satellite projects more difficult and expensive". The convention has been signed by 5 countries (Burkina Faso, Germany, Saudi Arabia, United States and Zimbabwe), but no country has ratified it.

### Mining, Agricultural, and Construction (MAC) Equipment

On 22 November 2019, a fourth protocol to the convention was adopted to extend the convention's framework to mining, agricultural, and construction (MAC) equipment, named Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters specific to mining, agricultural, and construction equipment. The protocol was signed by 4 states (Congo, Gambia, Nigeria and Paraguay) upon its adoption and requires 5 ratifications before entry into force (provided the registry is operational then). On 1 October 2020, the United States of America signed the MAC Protocol and in 2022 the European Union bringing the total number of signatories to 6