OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Louis Vasquez

Pierre Louis Vasquez also known as Luis Vázquez (October 3, 1798 – September 5, 1868) was a mountain man and trader. He was a contemporary of many famous European-American explorers of the early west and would come to know many of them, including Jim Bridger, Manuel Lisa, Kit Carson and Andrew Sublette, besides his own father Benito Vázquez.

## Family and early life

Louis was born and raised at St. Louis, Missouri. He was the son of the Spanish fur trader Benito Vázquez and Marie-Julie Papin (daughter of Pierre Papin & Catherine Guichard), so was of Spanish and French Canadian (European) descent. In 1823, he became a fur trader, receiving his first license to trade with the Pawnee. By the early 1830s he had shifted his operations to the mountains, becoming a popular and active mountain man and trader. Having been educated by the priests at the St. Louis Cathedral, he was one of the few mountain men that was literate. Although he signed all of his letters, as "Louis", Pierre Louis was nicknamed "Old Vaskiss" by other Mountain men. Louis was the youngest of eleven brothers.

## Noted activities

In 1834, Louis Vasquez became a partner of Andrew Sublette and went back to trade on the South Platte after obtaining a trading license in St. Louis, Missouri, from William Clark, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs. In 1835 he built Fort Vasquez. He traveled back and forth between the mountains and St. Louis almost yearly, his reputation growing. Unable to turn a profit, they sold Fort Vasquez to Lock and Randolph in 1840, who subsequently went bankrupt and abandoned the structure in 1842. Due to the bankruptcy, Louis Vasquez and Andrew Sublette could not collect the sum owed to them for the sale. Vasquez then became associated with Jim Bridger. By 1843 they had built Fort Bridger on Blacks Fork of the Green River, which became as much an emigrant station as trading post.
At St. Louis in 1846 Vasquez married a widow, Mrs. Narcissa Land Ashcraft and took his new family, her son and daughter, to Fort Bridger in Wyoming. There they had three more children; Louis, Marianne and Sara. Vasquez opened a store at Salt Lake City in 1855. He and Bridger sold their fort in 1858, but Vasquez already had retired to Missouri. In 1868 he died at his Westport home, and was buried at St. Mary's Church cemetery. Years before, in 1853, Louis Vasquez gave to his good friend Jim Bridger his own rifle as a gift. From 1998 the rifle is shown at the Museum of the Mountain Man at Pinedale, Wyoming.
# 2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt

The 2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt was an alleged coup attempt against President Joseph Kabila on February 27, 2011.

## Events

On February 27, 2011, between 1:00 pm and 1:30 pm, two groups of about one hundred people dressed in civilian clothes attacked the presidential residence in Gombe. According to a UN source in Brazzaville, they were unidentified and heavily armed.
According to anonymous sources, the attackers came from the side of the Grand Hôtel de Kinshasa and crossed a first barrier at the level of the Center of International Commerce of the Congo (French: Centre de commerce international de Congo), before being stopped at a second barrier in front of the security building. After about fifteen minutes, they were pushed back by the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; seven of them were killed and sixteen were taken prisoner.
While fleeing, some attackers fired shots along the Avenue of Armed Forces at the level of Camp Kokolo, causing panic in neighboring communes like Bandalungwa, Ngiri-Ngiri, Kintambo, and Lingwala.
The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was not there at the time and was seen on the Boulevard du 30 Juin.
At 4:00 pm, Lambert Mende, the Minister of Communication, announced in French and in Lingala that the situation was under control and that the institutions in place were functioning normally. On March 2, Mende said the attack was an act of terror and that nearly 60 attackers were being interrogated in the hands of security forces. On March 3, the general investigation by the Kinshasa police presented to the press a list of 126 people suspected of having participated in the attack on the president's residence and on camp Kokolo. The police also presented the belongings of the accused: four rocket launchers, a machine gun, ten AK-47 rifles, several machetes, and two vehicles. They also presented ritual items like raffia leaves.
Six people died after being stopped by soldiers at a roadblock near the Kinshasa Presidential Palace. According to some other sources, seven attackers were killed, as well as two palace guards. Subsequent news reports indicated that 19 people died, consisting of 11 attackers and eight members of security forces.

## Reactions

On March 9 2011, the NGO Voice of the Voiceless (French: Voix des sans-voix) expressed concern about the events and the investigations and claimed that innocents were apprehended, some of which were tortured. According to Voice of the Voiceless, around 1 pm on March 2, two young students, Rabbi and Tito Karawa, had been apprehended at their house in Ndjili by nine people in civilian clothes and had been tortured. In response to this, Mende declared that the case followed normal protocol, leaving to the courts the decision of who is guilty and who is innocent, and that torture is illegal, inviting any victims to seek justice.
# Juris Silovs (politician)

Juris Silovs (born 1965) is a Latvian rugby player, lawyer, and politician. He is a former chairman of the Garkalne Municipal Council and a member of the 10th Saeima. He represented the political party "Harmony" and the coalition "Harmony Centre".

## Biography

In 1984, Silovs graduated from Riga's 19th Polytechnic Technical School, obtaining secondary vocational education as a plasterer-tiler.
From 1991 to 2000, Silovs played for the Latvian rugby national team. He was a multiple Latvian champion and cup winner with the Miesnieki rugby club. He also played for the RAF team.
He worked as a senior arms inspector in the defense department of the Bank of Latvia and as a builder for the agrarian company "Ādaži". In 2003, Silovs obtained a law degree from the School of Social Technologies. In 2004, he graduated from the Real Estate Appraisal School of the University of Latvia.
From 2010 to 2013, he served as the president of the Latvian Rugby Federation.

### Political career

In the 2005 Garkalne parish council elections, he was elected to the council from the "New Centre" list. In 2006, he became the chairman of the Garkalne Municipality Council. That same year, he participated in the 9th Saeima elections from the "Harmony Centre" list but was not elected. In the 2009 Garkalne municipal elections, SC won, and Silovs became the chairman of the council again.
In 2010, Silovs ran in the 10th Saeima elections and was elected to the Saeima in the Vidzeme constituency from the "Harmony Centre" list. He served on the Public Administration and Local Government Committee as well as the Economic Committee.
On 14 June 2010, the Latvian Economic Police accused Silovs and his wife of large-scale fraud. Silovs, while still the chairman of the Garkalne Municipality Council, had hidden the traces of an accident he caused while driving a service car under the influence of alcohol and defrauded the insurance company. On 12 April 2011, Silovs resigned his Saeima mandate. On 10 October 2014, the Riga District Court sentenced Silovs to three years in prison, which he appealed, continuing to work in the next Garkalne Municipal Council and retaining the position of Deputy Chairman of the Garkalne Municipal Council. On 4 December 2017, the case was concluded, with the court replacing the prison sentence with a €19,000 fine. Along with the conviction, Silovs lost his position as Deputy Chairman of the Garkalne Municipal Council, which he had obtained after being elected to the Garkalne Municipal Council in the 2013 municipal elections from the "Harmony Centre" list.
In the 2017 Latvian municipal elections, he was re-elected to the Garkalne Municipal Council from the "Harmony" list. In the 2021 municipal elections, he ran for a seat on the Ropaži Municipal Council from the "United for Latvia" list but did not receive enough voter support.
# Galliano (liqueur)

Liquore Galliano L'Autentico, known more commonly as Galliano (Italian:), is a brand of sweet herbal liqueur produced in Italy. It was created in 1896 by Tuscan distiller and brandy producer Arturo Vaccari and named after Giuseppe Galliano, an Italian officer of the Royal Italian Army of the First Italo-Ethiopian War.
Galliano is sweet with vanilla-anise flavour and subtle citrus and woody herbal undernotes. The vanilla top note differentiates Galliano from other anise-flavoured liqueurs such as anisette, ouzo, sambuca, and pastis.
Galliano is used both as a digestif and as an ingredient for cocktails, notably the Harvey Wallbanger, Yellow Bird, Golden Cadillac, and Golden Dream.

## Ingredients

Galliano has numerous natural ingredients including star anise, Mediterranean anise, juniper berry, musk yarrow, lavender, peppermint, cinnamon, and Galliano's hallmark vanilla flavour. Galliano uses vanillin for flavouring and sugar and glucose syrup for sweetening. Caramel and tartrazine are used to achieve Galliano's bright yellow colour.
Neutral alcohol is infused with the pressings from the herbs except for the vanilla. The liquid is distilled and then infused with separately pressed vanilla. In the final stage, distilled water, refined sugar and pure neutral alcohol are blended with the base. The original blend is formulated at 84.6 proof (42.3% by volume), while a blend with a more prominent taste of vanilla is produced at 60 proof (30% by volume). There was also a period where 70 proof (35% alcohol by volume) and 80 proof (40% alcohol by volume) was produced.

## Brand ownership

The Galliano brand is currently owned by Dutch distiller Lucas Bols, and marketed through its worldwide distribution joint venture, Maxxium. Galliano is packaged in a distinctively shaped bottle, reminiscent of a classical Roman column.
Several other liqueurs are also produced under the Galliano brand name, including a black Sambuca, a white Sambuca and an amaretto, which are predominantly distributed in Australasia, where the products are popular as shots. Galliano also makes Galliano Ristretto coffee-flavored liqueur and Galliano Balsamico, a balsamic vinegar-infused liqueur.

## Awards

Galliano has earned bronze and silver medals from the San Francisco World Spirits Competition. Another spirit ratings organization, Wine Enthusiast, gave Galliano L'autentico a score of "90–95" in 2011.
# 2000 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships

The 2000 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tennis tournament held on outdoor clay courts in Orlando, Florida in the United States. It was the 32nd edition of the tournament and was held from May 1 to May 8, 2000. Fernando González, who entered the main draw as a qualifier, won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Fernando González defeated Nicolás Massú 6–2, 6–3
* It was González's only title of the year and the 1st of his career.

### Doubles

Leander Paes / Jan Siemerink defeated Justin Gimelstob / Sébastien Lareau 6–3, 6–4
* It was Paes's 2nd title of the year and the 20th of his career. It was Siemerink's only title of the year and the 15th of his career.
# Dandy Dick (film)

Dandy Dick is a 1935 British comedy film directed by William Beaudine and starring Will Hay. It was based on the 1887 play Dandy Dick by Arthur Wing Pinero. It is the second and last of his films to be based on a play by Arthur Wing Pinero – the first was Those Were the Days which was based on The Magistrate. Moore Marriott, who played an uncredited role in the film, later became a famous foil to Hay in films later on alongside Graham Moffatt, it was during the film of Dandy Dick that Marriott introduced the idea of being a supporting player to Hay.

## Plot

A vicar who lives in the country with his daughter and grandson discovers he owns a share in a racehorse. He must now put his principles aside and attempt to save the church by gambling. A doping scandal ensues.

## Partial cast

* Will Hay as Vicar the Reverend Richard Jedd
* Nancy Burne as Pamela Jedd
* Esmond Knight as Tony Mardon
* Davy Burnaby as Sir William Mardon
* Mignon O'Doherty as Georgiana Jedd
* Wally Patch as Police Constable Topping
* Moore Marriott as a Stableboy (uncredited)
# Thermoeconomics

Thermoeconomics, also referred to as biophysical economics, is a school of heterodox economics that applies the laws of statistical mechanics to economic theory. Thermoeconomics can be thought of as the statistical physics of economic value and is a subfield of econophysics.
It is the study of the ways and means by which human societies procure and use energy and other biological and physical resources to produce, distribute, consume and exchange goods and services, while generating various types of waste and environmental impacts. Biophysical economics builds on both social sciences and natural sciences to overcome some of the most fundamental limitations and blind spots of conventional economics. It makes it possible to understand some key requirements and framework conditions for economic growth, as well as related constraints and boundaries.

## Thermodynamics

   "Rien ne se perd, rien ne se crée, tout se transforme"
   "Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed."
   -Antoine Lavoisier, one of the fathers of chemistry
Thermoeconomists maintain that human economic systems can be modeled as thermodynamic systems. Thermoeconomists argue that economic systems always involve matter, energy, entropy, and information. Then, based on this premise, theoretical economic analogs of the first and second laws of thermodynamics are developed. The global economy is viewed as an open system.
Moreover, many economic activities result in the formation of structures. Thermoeconomics applies the statistical mechanics of non-equilibrium thermodynamics to model these activities. In thermodynamic terminology, human economic activity may be described as a dissipative system, which flourishes by consuming free energy in transformations and exchange of resources, goods, and services.

## Energy Return on Investment

$EROI={\frac {\text{Energy returned to society}}{\text{Energy required to get that energy}}}$
Thermoeconomics is based on the proposition that the role of energy in biological evolution should be defined and understood not through the second law of thermodynamics but in terms of such economic criteria as productivity, efficiency, and especially the costs and benefits (or profitability) of the various mechanisms for capturing and utilizing available energy to build biomass and do work.

## Peak oil
### Political Implications

"[T]he escalation of social protest and political instability around the world is causally related to the unstoppable thermodynamics of global hydrocarbon energy decline and its interconnected environmental and economic consequences."

### Energy Backed Credit

Under this analysis, a reduction of GDP in advanced economies is now likely:
* when we can no longer access consumption via adding credit, and
* with a shift towards lower quality and more costly energy and resources.
The 20th century experienced increasing energy quality and decreasing energy prices. The 21st century will be a story of decreasing energy quality and increasing energy cost.
# Cumberland (New Kent, Virginia)

Cumberland is a historic farm property at 9007 Cumberland Road in central northern New Kent County, Virginia. The property, now about 131 acres (53 ha), was once the centerpiece of a much larger plantation estate. The main house has a construction history dating to the 18th century, and includes a number of interior features from that period. The exterior is largely the product of a 1930s update of the property to a design by Harden de Valsen Pratt, a major restoration architect. Other historic elements of the property include a barn and the family cemetery of the Toler and Fauntleroy families, who owned the property for over a century.
The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.
# Ilno

Ilno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żelazków, within Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Kalisz and 107 km (66 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
# Liau Huei-fang

Liau Huei-fang (Chinese: 廖蕙芳; pinyin: Liào Huìfāng) is a Taiwanese lawyer and sociologist. She was the Deputy Minister of Labor from 20 May 2016 until 27 November 2017.

## Education

Liau obtained her bachelor's and master's degree in law from National Chengchi University. She obtained her doctoral degree in social studies from Tunghai University.

## Early career

Liau had worked as a lawyer, as well as a member of the Committee on Gender Equality in Employment of Council of Labor Affairs, a member of the Committee of the Labor Pension Funds, a member of the Sexual Harassment Prevention Committee of Taipei City Government, vice chairperson and chairperson of the Taiwan Labor Front [zh] and member of the Committee on Gender Equality in Employment of Minister of Labor.,

## Ministry of Labor
### Minister appointment

Liau was appointed as the Deputy Minister of Labor by Premier Lin Chuan on 28 April 2016 and took office on 20 May in the same year.

### Minister resignation

Liau first tendered her resignation to Miniter Lin Mei-chu from the deputy minister position on 13 November 2017 and again on 19 November 2017 citing career issues. On 27 November 2017, her resignation was approved by President Tsai Ing-wen and she was replaced by Su Li-chiung.
# 1830 in France

Events from the year 1830 in France.

## Incumbents

* Monarch –
    Charles X (abdicated 2 August)
    Vacant (2–9 August)
    Louis Philippe I (from 9 August)

## Events

* July 5 – French invasion of Algiers in 1830.
* July 17 – Barthélemy Thimonnier is granted a patent (#7454) for a sewing machine. It chain stitches at 200/minute.
* July 25 – Rioting breaks out in Paris against Charles X
* July 27–29 – July Revolution ("Three Glorious Days") – people in Paris rebel against the Ordinance of St. Cloud by King Charles X of France and clash against the National Guard – 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers die and the king has to flee the capital.
* August 2 – Abdication of King Charles X in favor of his grandson, Henry, Count of Chambord, who is not allowed to take the throne.
* August 9 – The Duke of Orleans becomes King Louis Philippe. François-René de Chateaubriand sacrifices his political career by refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the new king and retires to write his memoirs.
* August 13 – Louis Philippe appoints the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister.
* November 2 – Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as prime minister.

## Arts and literature

* 25 February – The première of Victor Hugo's play Hernani in Paris is marked by protests from an audience who recognise it as an attack on Classicism.
* c. October – Eugène Delacroix's paints Liberty Leading the People commemorating the July Revolution.
* November – Publication of Stendhal's historical psychological novel The Red and the Black (Le Rouge et le Noir) in Paris.
* 5 December – World premiere of Hector Berlioz's most famous work, Symphonie fantastique, at the Conservatoire de Paris.

## Births

* 23 February – Henri Meilhac, dramatist and opera librettist (died 1897)
* 10 April – Pierre Paul Dehérain, chemist and botanist (died 1902)
* 10 July – Camille Pissarro, painter (died 1903)
* 8 September – Frédéric Mistral, poet, shares the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1904 (died 1914)
* 17 December – Jules de Goncourt, writer (died 1870)

## Deaths

* 4 February – Marc Antoine de Beaumont, nobleman and soldier (born 1763)
* 15 February – Antoine Marie Chamans, comte de Lavalette, soldier and politician (born 1769)
* 17 March – Laurent, Marquis de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, marshal (born 1764)
* 31 July – Joseph Philippe de Clairville, botanist and entomologist (born 1742)
* 30 August – Louis Henri, Prince of Condé (born 1756)
* 7 November – Joseph Barbanègre, soldier (born 1772)
* 29 November – Charles Simon Catel, composer and teacher (born 1773)
* Rosalie Duthé, courtesan and artists' model (born 1748)
# 1961 Williams Ephs football team

The 1961 Williams Ephs football team was an American football team that represented Williams College as a member of the Little Three Conference during the 1961 college football season. In their 14th year under head coach Len Watters, the Lord Jeffs compiled a 6–2 record (2–0 in conference games) and won the Little Three championship.
Quarterback Bruce Grinnell led the team with 388 passing yards and 538 yards of total offense. Halfback Tom Todd led the team in rushing with 247 yards on 60 carries. Center Michael Reilly received third-team honors on the 1961 Little All-America college football team.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 30 | Trinity (CT)* | Weston FieldWilliamstown, MA | L 6–8 | 4,500 |
| October 7 | at Springfield* | Pratt FieldSpringfield, MA | W 18–7 | 1,500 |
| October 14 | at Middlebury* | Porter FieldMiddlebury, VT | W 12–0 | 2,000 |
| October 21 | Bowdoin* | Weston FieldWilliamstown, MA | W 9–3 | 4,000 |
| October 28 | at Tufts* | Tufts OvalMedford, MA | L 0–14 | 5,500–5,700 |
| November 4 | Union (NY)* | Weston FieldWilliamstown, MA | W 22–0 | 2,200 |
| November 11 | Wesleyan | Andrus FieldMiddletown, CT | W 14–0 | 5,200–5,300 |
| November 18 | Amherst | Weston FieldWilliamstown, MA (The Biggest Little Game in America) | W 12–0 | 7,500–10,000 |
| *Non-conference game ||||||