OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# IMKO-1

The IMKO-1 (Bulgarian: Индивидуален микро компютър (ИМКО-1), Individualen Micro KOmputer, Individual micro computer) was the first Bulgarian personal computer, built in 1979 in Pravetz, Bulgaria. It was the first in the Pravetz series 8 range of computers. As the other computers in the series, it is an Apple II clone.

## History

The development of the first Bulgarian microcomputer started back in 1979 at the Institute for Technical Cybernetics and Robotics (Bulgarian: ИТКР).
The prototype of the Pravetz computers were developed by engineer Ivan Vassilev Marangozov. IMKO-1 was a nearly identical clone of the original Apple II with a few minor exceptions - case, keyboard, character table (the lower case Latin alphabet was replaced with Cyrillic upper-case), as well as the power supply (early models used bulky and heavy linear power supplies). A few early models were produced at the ITKR (pronounced ee-teh-kah-reh, Institute of Technical Cybernetics and Robotics), a section of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Industrial production in Pravetz started shortly after.
The first working samples were manufactured in 1980. The abbreviation IMKO stands for "Individual Micro Computer". This model is an analogue of the Apple II Plus and only about 50 units were manufactured for testing purposes.

## Features

Start of production: 1980. End of production: 1981. CPU: MOS 6502, 1 MHz. Memory (RAM): 48 KB (with the possibility to extend to 64 KB). Memory (ROM): 12 KB. Disk drive: No disk drives available, only a cassette player port. Operating system: None. Screen resolution: Text mode 40×24 (columns/rows), graphics mode 280×192 pixels - 6 colours, 280×160 pixels + 4 text rows, 40×40 pixels + 4 text rows, 40×48 pixels in 16 colours. Variations: None. Notes: Manufactured as an experimental model at the Institute for Cybernetics and Robotics at the Bulgarian Academy of Science. It was well accepted due to its low price for its time as well as due to its universal features and ease of use. It was first presented to the foreign audience in 1981 at the symposium on robotics in England as part of the demonstration of a robot arm (ROBKO-01). At that time the robots in Japan and the USA were controlled by minicomputers, not microcomputers like IMKO-1 and this demonstration was a real success as the whole system cost tens of times less than the Japanese or American analogues. As all computers of the Pravetz series this model has hardware Cyrillic support, but because the keyboard was using 7 bits for transmitting the character codes the Cyrillic letters were overlapping the lower case Latin letters and it was only possible to type with upper-case Latin or Cyrillic letters. Ports/slots: Cassette player port, 8 expansion slots. The zero slot was used for attaching extra memory up to the 64KB limit. Manufacturer: ITCR - Sofia. Price: N/A (never sold).
# Elverum Authorization

The Elverum Authorization (Norwegian: Elverumsfullmakta) allowed the Cabinet of Norway to temporarily and legitimately assert absolute authority given that the Storting (the Norwegian parliament) was no longer able to convene in ordinary session in Oslo because of the German invasion of Norway. The action was approved unanimously by the Storting in the town of Elverum on 9 April 1940, after the Norwegian royal family, the Cabinet, and the Storting had evacuated Oslo to evade capture by German troops in the course of Operation Weserübung during World War II.

## Text

The authorization reads, in translated form:
   The Storting authorizes the Government, until the time comes when the Government and the presidency of the Storting is able to confer and assemble the Storting to its next ordinary session, to maintain the interests of the realm and make those decisions and determinations on behalf of the Storting and Government, that are considered needed to maintain the country's security and future.

## Significance

The authorization is of historical significance because it allowed the Norwegian executive branch to assert legitimacy – even while in exile.

## Debate

The authorization is controversial in that it constituted a complete abandonment of the legislative powers in Norway during the war. The issue was brought to the Supreme Court of Norway, which ruled that the authorization was legitimate and valid.
Critics have stated that the authorization was invalid because there was no constitutional basis for the Storting to dissolve itself in such a manner. These critics also claim that Section 17 – which was invoked in the authorization – only authorized emergency powers within the areas of "trade", "customs", "economy", and "police" until the Storting could be seated again.
Germany demanded the king to appoint Vidkun Quisling as prime minister. He refused, but if he had done that, together with the Elverum Authorization, Quisling would have got a formal right to be dictator of Norway. Instead Quisling was the dictator only on authorization of Hitler and the German troops.

## Result

In any event, the legitimacy of the exiled government was to little extent called into question during the war, except by the Quisling government and the German occupying power. Tormod Otter Johansen, a professor with the University of Gothenburg's Law Department, later noted that "It is not difficult to see the emergency during an occupation, and the resistance that the government and resistance movement felt necessary to engage in on the basis of this emergency. The legal argument for constitutional necessity seems pertinent to this case, since there can be no greater ‘constitutional’ threat than the occupation and dissolving of the existing state. The threat to human life and security by the occupants further motivated the use of emergency powers."
# CIA activities in Lebanon

CIA activities in Lebanon refers to confirmed and alleged activities carried out in Lebanon by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

## Cold War
### 1957 election

William Blum has claimed that the CIA financed the campaign of Camille Chamoun during the 1957 election.

### Hiwar magazine

From 1962 to 1967, the CIA funded the Arabic magazine Hiwar under the cover of the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Generous funding was provided by the CIA with the stipulation that it publish articles on the situation of Soviet Muslims.

### Lebanese civil war

Tim Weiner has claimed that Christian leader Bashir Gemayel was the "CIA's most highly placed source in Lebanon" and that the CIA "had another national leader on their payroll". The 1983 US embassy bombing in Beirut killed several 8 CIA agents and in 2023 the CIA called it the "deadliest day in CIA history". The role of the CIA in the 1985 Beirut car bombings has been debated, with Bob Woodward claiming the attack was funded by the CIA and Saudi Arabia. Ronald Reagan, Robert McFarlane, and William Casey's widow claimed that the CIA had no involvement. In the aftermath of the bombing, US officials cancelled its Beirut based counterterrorism operation, that trained Lebenese counterterrorism units, because of indirect links between the CIA and the bombing.

## 21st century

In December 2011, Hezbollah chief Hassan Nasrallah released the names of 10 undercover CIA agents working in Lebanon during a televised address on al-Manar, claiming CIA agents conducted meetings at Pizza Hut and Starbucks franchises. Nasrallah claimed the agents were using diplomatic cover.
# Natalia Lavrukhina

Natalia Lavrukhina (born 12 November 1987) is a Russian female acrobatic gymnast. With partners Victoria Sukhareva and Natalia Solodinina, Lavrukhina competed in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.
# Luke Adamson

Luke Adamson (born 17 November 1987) is an English rugby league footballer who plays as a prop, second-row or loose forward for the Leigh Centurions in the Championship.
He previously played club level rugby union (RU) for Bath Rugby, and also rugby league (RL) Leigh East ARLFC, the Salford City Reds in the Super League and Halifax, the Dewsbury Rams and Oldham in the Championship.

## Background

Adamson was born in Lowton, Greater Manchester, England.

## Career

Adamson attended St Ambrose College in Hale Barns where he made his mark in rugby union as a strong running centre. He also represented Cheshire (RU), but his rugby league apprenticeship was served with Leigh East amateur club where he spent three years. He made his début for the Salford City Reds versus Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in 2006. He is also an England academy player, representing England against Australia.
At the end of the 2012 Super League season, Adamson left the Salford City Reds due to the club's financial troubles, and returned to rugby union when he signed for Bath Rugby.
In 2017, Adamson was signed by Oldham.

## Personal life

His younger brother Toby Adamson has also played for Dewsbury Rams, and Rochdale Hornet.
# Sudan Freedom Walk

On April 5, 2006 Sudan activist and former slave Simon Deng and a band of supporters completed an arduous 300-mile trek on foot from New York City to Washington, D.C. as part of the historic Sudan Freedom Walk. The three-week-long event was Deng's personal protest against the ongoing genocide and slave trade in Sudan, most notably in the nation's western Darfur region, where more than 300,000 civilians had been slaughtered and over 2 million displaced since 2003 alone.

## Political participation

The Sudan Freedom Walk came to a close after three weeks with a rally before the steps of the Capitol in Washington, D.C. on the afternoon of April 6, 2006, coinciding with Congressional passage of the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act, which required Sudan to comply with several human rights standards or face sanctions. The event drew an unlikely mix of supporters, including: former Washington Bullets NBA player Manute "The Sudanese Swat" Bol (left), Sen. Hillary Clinton (D-NY), Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS), House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), Rep. Michael Capuano (D-MA), Rep. Barbara Lee (D-CA), Rep. Joseph Crowley (D-NY), Rep. Betty McCollum (D-MN), Rep. Chris Van Hollen (D-MD), as well as Walter Fauntroy, former mayor of Washington, and radio talk show host Joe Madison.

## 2010 iteration

The Sudan Freedom Walk returned in the Fall of 2010, replicating the first walk of 2006 and advocating for a free and fair vote for Southern Sudanese independence. Simon Deng again led the walk, in partnership with the Darfur Human Rights Organization of the USA. Emmanual Jal The popular Sudanese artist joined the walk at the Capitol to close the walk on October 7, 2010.
# 2007 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election

The 2007 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election (Chinese: 2007年中國國民黨主席補選) was held on 7 April 2007 in Taiwan between Wu Po-hsiung and Hung Hsiu-chu. This was the third direct election of the chairman in the Kuomintang history. All registered, due-paying KMT party members were eligible to vote. The previous leadership election had occurred in 2005.
The election was triggered by the resignation of chairman Ma Ying-jeou after he was indicted for allegedly misusing funds while Mayor of Taipei. The Taiwan High Court eventually cleared Ma of all corruption charges. The election, held on 7 April, was won by Wu Poh-hsiung.
| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| | Wu Poh-hsiung | Kuomintang | 156,499 | 86.97 |
| | Hung Hsiu-chu | Kuomintang | 23,447 | 13.03 |
| Total | Total | Total | 179,946 | 100.00 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | Valid votes | 179,946 | 99.21 |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 1,428 | 0.79 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 181,374 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 337,467 | 53.75 |
# Joe Fuller

Joe Robert Fuller is a former cornerback in the National Football League. He played with the San Diego Chargers and the Green Bay Packers. He also played in the Canadian Football League. Fuller was an all-conference player at the University of Northern Iowa.
# Chung Chi College Elisabeth Luce Moore Library

Chung Chi College Elisabeth Luce Moore Library (noted as CCL) is the library of the Chung Chi College of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
It was donated by the Henry Luce Foundation and was named after Mrs. Elisabeth Luce Moore. Resources found in the Elisabeth Luce Moore Library range from recognized music and religion collections to specialized works. Facilities include Late Reading Rooms and Group Study Rooms.

## Background

Of the seven libraries in The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), the Chung Chi Library was first built in 1951 with its home at St. John's Cathedral Library. In 1956, it moved to the Ma Liu Shui campus. With a donation through the Henry Luce Foundation in the United States of America, the present library was named after Elisabeth Luce Moore and moved the last time to the Chung Chi College campus in 1971.

## Resources

Collections in the Elisabeth Luce Moore Library are especially specialized out of all university libraries found in CUHK. Other than recognized music and religion collections, there are also collections of Western literature and languages, Japanese literature and language, philology and linguistics, education and sports science. All collected works are supported by the Departments of Music, Religion, English, Modern Languages and Intercultural Studies, Japanese Studies and Faculty of Education in the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
In addition, the Library provides resources like theses, newspaper, together with ERIC documents and out-of-print materials on Music and Religion. To be specialized in education, Instructional Materials Collections, which is the collection of teaching materials for all secondary and primary schools' subjects of Hong Kong, can also be found in the Elisabeth Luce Moore Library.
Moreover, electronic resources can be accessed by CUHK students and staff too. These resources include the materials of Education, Humanities, Language & Literature, Music, Religion and Sport Sciences.
# *Péh₂usōn

*Péh₂usōn ("Protector") was a proposed Proto-Indo-European pastoral god guarding roads and herds.
He may have had a bushy beard and keen sight. He was also closely affiliated with goats or bucks: Pan has goat's legs while goats are said to pull the car of Pūshān (the animal was also sacrificed to him on occasion).

## History

The deity was first proposed due to association between the Greek god Pan and the Vedic god Pūshān first identified in 1924 by German linguist Hermann Collitz.
The minor discrepancies between the two deities could be explained by the possibility that many of Pan's original attributes were transferred over to Hermes, the two of which were likely originally the same deity.
According to West, the reflex may be at least of Graeco-Aryan origin: "Pūshān and Pan agree well enough in name and nature—especially when Hermes is seen as a hypostasis of Pan—to make it a reasonable conclusion that they are parallel reflexes of a prototypical god of ways and byways, a guide on the journey, a protector of flocks, a watcher of who and what goes where, one who can scamper up any slope with the ease of a goat."
# Josette Molland

Josette Molland (14 May 1923 – 17 February 2024) was a member of the French resistance. In the 1980s, she created a series of paintings depicting her life in Nazi concentration camps which she presented to students during talks about the war. She published her autobiography Soif de Vivre (Thirst for Life) in 2016.
# Anna Salter

Anna Salter is an American psychologist and a mystery novelist. She is the author of several non-fiction books including Predators: Pedophiles, Rapists, and Other Sex Offenders: Who They Are, How They Operate, and How We Can Protect Our Children (2003), and Treating Child Sex Offenders and Victims (1988). Salter has been a teaching fellow at Tufts University and Harvard University.

## Education, clinical and research work

In 1968, Salter earned a BA in English and Philosophy from the University of North Carolina. Her Masters was in Child Development at Tufts University (1973), and her Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology and Public Practice at Harvard University (1977).
Salter has an emphasis in sex crimes. She has treated the victims of sex crimes, and also has studied offenders. She has published several books and peer-reviewed articles on sex crimes, given many keynote speeches to professional and law enforcement groups, and consults with the Wisconsin Department of Corrections.
Additionally, Salter has interviewed numerous sex offenders and other criminals, compiling the videotaped interviews along with her commentary and analysis. Truth, Lies and Sex Offenders is for general audiences, and Sadistic Offenders: How They Think, What They Do is aimed at professionals and law enforcement.

## Fiction

As of 2011, Salter has also published five mystery novels: Shiny Water, Fault Lines, White Lies, Prison Blues and Truth Catcher. Prison Blues was nominated for a 2003 Edgar Award for best paperback original.

## Selected bibliography

    Sorted chronologically.
* "Treating Abusive Parents," Child Welfare, 64(4): 327–241, July–August 1985. (co-authored with S. Kairys and C. Richardson), PMID 4017706
* "Working with Abused Preschoolers: A Guide for Caretakers." Child Welfare, 64(4): 343–356, July–August 1985. (co-authored with C. Richardson and P. Martin)
* Treating Child Sex Offenders and Victims. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1988
* "Response to the 'Abuse of the child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome.'" Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. V. 1(4), pp. 173–177, 1992.
* Transforming Trauma: A Guide to Understanding and Treating Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1995
* "Confessions of a Whistle Blower: Lessons Learned." Ethics and Behavior. 8(2), 1998, pp. 115–124
* Predators: Pedophiles, Rapists, and Other Sex Offenders: Who They Are, How They Operate, and How We Can Protect Our Children. New York: Basic Books, 2003.
# Gabriella Pregnolato

Gabriella Pregnolato (born 30 May 1971) is an Italian former cyclist. She competed in the women's individual pursuit at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Joe Kelly (American football)

Joseph Winston Kelly Jr. (born December 11, 1964) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for 11 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for six different teams. He played college football for the Washington Huskies under head coach Don James and was the team's MVP as a senior in 1985. In his junior season in 1984, the Huskies finished second in the polls after upsetting Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl.
Kelly was selected in the first round as the eleventh overall selection of the 1986 NFL draft, taken by the Cincinnati Bengals. After four seasons with Cincinnati, he played three more with the New York Jets, then one each with the Los Angeles Raiders, Los Angeles Rams, Green Bay Packers, and Philadelphia Eagles.
# Patrick Phelan (bishop of Sale)

Bishop Patrick Phelan DD (2 January 1856 – 5 January 1925) was Roman Catholic Bishop of Sale, Victoria, Australia.

## Biography

Phelan was born on 2 January 1856, in Johnstown, Kilkenny, Ireland, to Martin and Margaret Phelan, and educated at Mount Melleray Seminary, and St. Patrick's College, Carlow. He was ordained a priest for Melbourne, Australia in 1888. Phelan was a founder and frequent contributor to Austral Light.
In 1900, he was appointed Dean of Melbourne, and served as Vicar-General from 1908 to 1913. On 2 November 1912, he was appointed Bishop of Sale, a position he held until his death on 5 January 1925, in a private hospital in Dublin, Ireland where he was receiving medical treatment.
He was noted for his administration, where he raised £25,000 over three years to build St Patrick's College in Sale, which opened in 1922, and when he died both the parish and college were debt-free. The Bishop Phelan Stadium, on the St Patrick's Campus of the Catholic College Sale, is named in his honour.
Phelan's brother Micheal became a Jesuit priest and also ministered in Australia.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Patrick Phelan :
* EscutcheonArgent four lozenges in bend between two cotises all Azure on a chief Gules three fleurs-de-lis Argent.
* MottoTurres Fortis Mihi Deus
# Porlathiri

Polarthiri was a royal house which ruled part of Calicut before Zamorin around 1200s and later Kadathanadu in South India. Ruled by the Polarthiries, Kadathanadu garnered renown, particularly for its association with the martial art form of Kalaripayattu, a discipline known for producing formidable warriors.
# Penly

Penly is a former commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Petit-Caux.

## Geography

A village of farming and light industry situated by the cliffs of the English Channel in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D313 and the D925 roads, some 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Dieppe.

## Places of interest

* The Penly Nuclear Power Plant on the coast, with 2 reactors of 1300MW each.
* The church of St. Denis, dating from the twelfth century.
# Schlenk-frit

A Schlenk-frit is a laboratory filtration device operating under inert gas conditions (schlenk conditions). It separates air- and water-sensitive suspensions into liquid and solid parts. A Schlenk-frit is made of a glass tube with a ground glass joint at both ends, a fused filter (a porous glass disk) and valves at both sides.

## Use

Before usage, the Schlenk-frit has to be heated, to remove water traces. The Schlenk-frit is put onto the product flask using an inert gas counterflow and closed at the top end with a second flask. The whole is turned 180° to start filtration. The liquid parts of the reaction mix go through the filter while the solid parts remain.
To speed up the filtration pressure can be lowered at the bottom part of the filter. Care has to be taken that the solvent does not evaporate.
# Ruslan (basketball)

Ruslan (born August 16, 1989) nicknamed "Achim", is an Indonesian professional basketball player for the Kesatria Bengawan Solo of the Indonesian Basketball League (IBL).
Ruslan briefly stopped playing basketball in the 2019–20 season.
# Droitwich Spa High School

Droitwich Spa High School is a secondary school and specialist Sports College with academy status in Droitwich Spa, Worcestershire, England. It serves the town of Droitwich Spa and the surrounding villages with 1395 students enrolled, including 276 students in the sixth form. The school was opened following the closure of the Droitwich Secondary School, the building is now Witton Middle School.
The buildings have grown in size from the original administration, science, sport, languages and technology blocks. The actual site for the School is an island. In August 1992, the drama and music block was burnt in an arson attack. The building took 4 years to be fully rebuilt. The Maths block was also struck by lightning in 2007.
An Ofsted report in 2008 awarded the school a Grade 2 (good).
Droitwich Spa High School celebrated its 40th anniversary on 9 July 2011 with a fête and reunions of old school colleagues.
Previous teachers have included Chas Newby and Jacqui Smith.
The High School became an academy in July 2011.
In November 2011, Droitwich Spa High School was judged to be 'inadequate' by OFSTED inspectors, who issued the school with an official notice to improve due to the school "performing significantly less well than in all the circumstances it could reasonably be expected to perform". The school was visited by Ofsted following the notice to improve in November 2012 and was judged 'good' with 'outstanding leadership and management'. Ofsted recognised "...very successful action to bring about rapid improvement of all aspects of the academy's work."
# Zawada, Zielona Góra County

Zawada (German: Sawade, after 1936: Eichwaldau) is a district of the city of Zielona Góra, in western Poland, located in the northeastern part of the city. It was a separate village until 2014.
Zawada has a population of 1,629.