# Propædia

The one-volume Propædia is the first of three parts of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, intended as a compendium and topical organization of the 12-volume Micropædia and the 17-volume Macropædia, which are organized alphabetically. Introduced in 1974 with the 15th edition, the Propædia and Micropædia were intended to replace the Index of the 14th edition; however, after widespread criticism, the Britannica restored the Index as a two-volume set in 1985. The core of the Propædia is its Outline of Knowledge, which seeks to provide a logical framework for all human knowledge. However, the Propædia also has several appendices listing the staff members, advisors and contributors to all three parts of the Britannica.
The last edition of the print Britannica was published in 2010.

## Outline of Knowledge

Like the Britannica as a whole, the Outline has three types of goals:
* Epistemological: to provide a systematic, hierarchical categorization of all human knowledge, a 20th-century analog of the Great Chain of Being and Francis Bacon's outline in Instauratio magna.
* Educational: to lay out a course of study for each major discipline, a "roadmap" for learning a whole field.
* Organizational: to serve as an expanded Table of Contents for the Micropædia and Macropædia.
According to Mortimer J. Adler, the designer of the Propædia, all articles in the full Britannica were designed to fit into the Outline of Knowledge.
The Outline has 167 sections, which are categorized into 41 divisions and then into 10 parts. Each part has an introductory essay written by the same individual responsible for developing the outline for that part, which was done in consultation and collaboration with a handful of other scholars. In all, 86 men and one woman were involved in developing the Outline of Knowledge.
The Outline was an eight-year project of Mortimer J. Adler, published 22 years after he published a similar effort (the Syntopicon) that attempts to provide an overview of the relationships among the "Great Ideas" in Adler's Great Books of the Western World series. (The Great Books were also published by the Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.) Adler stresses in his book, A Guidebook to Learning: For a Lifelong Pursuit of Wisdom, that the ten categories should not be taken as hierarchical but as circular.
   The whole of the Propædia's synoptic outline of knowledge deserves to be read carefully. It represents a twentieth-century scheme for the organization of knowledge that is more comprehensive than any other and that also accommodates the intellectual heterodoxy of our time.

### Contents
#### 1. Matter and Energy

The lead author was Nigel Calder, who wrote the introduction "The Universe of the Physicist, the Chemist, and the Astronomer".
* 1.1 Atoms
** 1.1.1 Structure and Properties of Atoms
** 1.1.2 Atomic Nuclei and Elementary Particles
* 1.2 Energy, Radiation, and States of Matter
** 1.2.1 Chemical Elements: Periodic Variation in Their Properties
** 1.2.2 Chemical Compounds: Molecular Structure and Chemical Bonding
** 1.2.3 Chemical Reactions
** 1.2.4 Heat, Thermodynamics, Liquids, Gases, Plasmas
** 1.2.5 The Solid State of Matter
** 1.2.6 Mechanics of Particles, Rigid and Deformable Bodies: Elasticity, Vibration, and Flow
** 1.2.7 Electricity and Magnetism
** 1.2.8 Waves and Wave Motion
* 1.3 The Universe
** 1.3.1 The Cosmos
** 1.3.2 Galaxies and Stars
** 1.3.3 The Solar System

#### 2. The Earth

The lead author was Peter John Wyllie, who wrote the introduction "The Great Globe Itself".
* 2.1 Earth's Properties, Structure, Composition
** 2.1.1 The Planet Earth
** 2.1.2 Earth's Physical Properties
** 2.1.3 Structure and Composition of the Earth's Interior
** 2.1.4 Minerals and Rocks
* 2.2 Earth's Envelope
** 2.2.1 The Atmosphere
** 2.2.2 The Hydrosphere: the Oceans, Freshwater and Ice Masses
** 2.2.3 Weather and Climate
* 2.3 Surface Features
** 2.3.1 Physical Features of the Earth's Surface
** 2.3.2 Features Produced by Geomorphic Processes
* 2.4 Earth's History
** 2.4.1 Origin and Development of the Earth and Its Envelopes
** 2.4.2 The Interpretation of the Geologic Record
** 2.4.3 Eras and Periods of Geologic Time

#### 3. Life

The lead author was René Dubos, who wrote the introduction "The Mysteries of Life".
* 3.1 The Nature and Diversity of Life
** 3.1.1 Characteristics of Life
** 3.1.2 The Origin and Evolution of Life
** 3.1.3 Classification of Living Things
* 3.2 The Molecular Basis of Life
** 3.2.1 Chemicals and the Vital Processes
** 3.2.2 Metabolism: Bioenergetics and Biosynthesis
** 3.2.3 Vital Processes at the Molecular Level
* 3.3 The Structures and Functions of Organisms
** 3.3.1 Cellular Basis of Form and Function
** 3.3.2 Relation of Form and Function in Organisms
** 3.3.3 Coordination of Vital Processes: Regulation and Integration
** 3.3.4 Covering and Support: Integumentary, Skeletal, and Musculatory Systems
** 3.3.5 Nutrition: the Procurement and Processing of Nutrients
** 3.3.6 Gas Exchange, Internal Transport, and Elimination
** 3.3.7 Reproduction and Sex
** 3.3.8 Development: Growth, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis
** 3.3.9 Heredity: the Transmission of Traits
* 3.4 The Behavior of Organisms
** 3.4.1 Nature and Patterns of Behavior
** 3.4.2 Development and Range of Behavioral Capacities: Individual and Group Behavior
* 3.5 The Biosphere
** 3.5.1 Basic Features of the Biosphere
** 3.5.2 Populations and Communities
** 3.5.3 Disease and Death
** 3.5.4 Biogeographic Distribution of Organisms: Ecosystems
** 3.5.5 The Place of Humans in the Biosphere

#### 4. Human Life

The lead author was Loren Eiseley, who wrote the introduction "The Cosmic Orphan".
* 4.1 The Development of Human Life
** 4.1.1 Human Evolution
** 4.1.2 Human Heredity: the Races
* 4.2 The Human Body: Health and Disease
** 4.2.1 The Structures and Functions of the Human Body
** 4.2.2 Human Health
** 4.2.3 Human Diseases
** 4.2.4 The Practice of Medicine and Care of Health
* 4.3 Human Behavior and Experience
** 4.3.1 General theories of human nature and behavior
** 4.3.2 Antecedent conditions and developmental processes affecting a person's behavior and conscious experience
** 4.3.3 Influence of the current environment on a person's behavior and conscious experience: attention, sensation, and perception
** 4.3.4 Current Internal states affecting a person' behavior and conscious experience
** 4.3.5 Development of Learning and Thinking
** 4.3.6 Personality and the Self: Integration and Disintegration

#### 5. Society

The lead author was Harold D. Lasswell, who wrote the introduction "Man the Social Animal".
* 5.1 Social Groups: Ethnic groups and Cultures
** 5.1.1 Peoples and Cultures of the World
** 5.1.2 The Development of Human Culture
** 5.1.3 Major Cultural Components and Institutions of Societies
** 5.1.4 Language and Communication
* 5.2 Social Organization and Social Change
** 5.2.1 Social Structure and Change
** 5.2.2 The Group Structure of Society
** 5.2.3 Social Status
** 5.2.4 Human Populations: Urban and Rural Communities
* 5.3 The Production, Distribution, and Utilization of Wealth
** 5.3.1 Economic Concepts, Issues, and Systems
** 5.3.2 Consumer and Market: Pricing and Mechanisms for Distributing Goods
** 5.3.3 The Organization of Production and Distribution
** 5.3.4 The Distribution of Income and Wealth
** 5.3.5 Macroeconomics
** 5.3.6 Economic Growth and Planning
* 5.4 Politics and Government
** 5.4.1 Political Theory
** 5.4.2 Political Institutions: the Structure, Branches, & Offices of Government
** 5.4.3 Functioning of Government: the Dynamics of the Political Process
** 5.4.4 International Relations: Peace and War
* 5.5 Law
** 5.5.1 Philosophies and Systems of Law; the Practice of Law
** 5.5.2 Branches of Public Law, Substantive and Procedural
** 5.5.3 Branches of Private Law, Substantive and Procedural
* 5.6 Education
** 5.6.1 Aims and Organization of Education
** 5.6.2 Education Around the World

#### 6. Art

The lead author was Mark Van Doren, who wrote the introduction "The World of Art".
* 6.1 Art in General
** 6.1.1 Theory and Classification of the Arts
** 6.1.2 Experience and Criticism of Art; the Nonaesthetic Context of Art
** 6.1.3 Characteristics of the Arts in Particular Cultures
* 6.2 Particular Arts
** 6.2.1 Literature
** 6.2.2 Theater
** 6.2.3 Motion Pictures
** 6.2.4 Music
** 6.2.5 Dance
** 6.2.6 Architecture, Garden and Landscape Design, and Urban Design
** 6.2.7 Sculpture
** 6.2.8 Drawing, Painting, Printmaking, Photography
** 6.2.9 Decoration and Design

#### 7. Technology

The lead author was Lord Peter Ritchie-Calder, who wrote the introduction "Knowing How and Knowing Why".
* 7.1 Nature & Development of Technology
** 7.1.1 Technology: Its Scope and History
** 7.1.2 The Organization of Human Work
* 7.2 Elements of Technology
** 7.2.1 Technology of Energy Conversion and Utilization
** 7.2.2 Technology of Tools and Machines
** 7.2.3 Technology of Measurement, Observation, and Control
** 7.2.4 Extraction and Conversion of Industrial Raw Materials
** 7.2.5 Technology of Industrial Production Processes
* 7.3 Fields of Technology
** 7.3.1 Agriculture and Food Production
** 7.3.2 Technology of the Major Industries
** 7.3.3 Construction Technology
** 7.3.4 Transportation Technology
** 7.3.5 Technology of Information Processing and of Communications Systems
** 7.3.6 Military Technology
** 7.3.7 Technology of the Urban Community
** 7.3.8 Technology of Earth and Space Exploration

#### 8. Religion

The lead author was Wilfred Cantwell Smith, who wrote the introduction "Religion as Symbolism".
* 8.1 Religion in General
** 8.1.1 Knowledge and Understanding of Religion
** 8.1.2 Religious Life: Institutions and Practices
* 8.2 Particular Religions
** 8.2.1 Prehistoric Religion and Primitive Religion
** 8.2.2 Religions of Ancient Peoples
** 8.2.3 Hinduism and Other Religions of India
** 8.2.4 Buddhism
** 8.2.5 Indigenous Religions of East Asia: Religions of China, Korea, and Japan
** 8.2.6 Judaism
** 8.2.7 Christianity
** 8.2.8 Islam
** 8.2.9 Other Religions and Religious Movements in the Modern World

#### 9. History

The lead author was Jacques Barzun, who wrote the introduction "The Point and Pleasure of Reading History".
* 9.1 Ancient Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe
** 9.1.1 Ancient Southwest Asia and Egypt, the Aegean, and North Africa
** 9.1.2 Ancient Europe and Classical Civilizations of the Mediterranean to AD 395
* 9.2 Medieval Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe
** 9.2.1 The Byzantine Empire and Europe from AD 395–1050
** 9.2.2 The Formative Period in Islamic History, AD 622–1055
** 9.2.3 Western Christendom in the High and Later Middle Ages 1050–1500
** 9.2.4 The Crusades, the Islamic States, and Eastern Christendom 1050–1480
* 9.3 East, Central, South, and Southeast Asia
** 9.3.1 China to the Beginning of the Late T'ang AD 755
** 9.3.2 China from the Late T'ang to the Late Ch'ing AD 755–1839
** 9.3.3 Central and Northeast Asia to 1750
** 9.3.4 Japan to the Meiji Restoration 1868, Korea to 1910
** 9.3.5 The Indian Subcontinent and Ceylon to AD 1200
** 9.3.6 The Indian Subcontinent 1200–1761, Ceylon 1200–1505
** 9.3.7 Southeast Asia to 1600
* 9.4 Sub-Saharan Africa to 1885
** 9.4.1 West Africa to 1885
** 9.4.2 The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia AD 550–1885
** 9.4.3 East Africa and Madagascar to 1885
** 9.4.4 Central Africa to 1885
** 9.4.5 Southern Africa to 1885
* 9.5 Pre-Columbian America
** 9.5.1 Andean Civilization to AD 1540
** 9.5.2 Meso-American Civilization to AD 1540
* 9.6 The Modern World to 1920
** 9.6.1 Western Europe 1500–1789
** 9.6.2 Eastern Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa 1480–1800
** 9.6.3 Europe 1789–1920
** 9.6.4 European Colonies in the Americas 1492–1790
** 9.6.5 United States and Canada 1763–1920
** 9.6.6 Latin-America and Caribbean to 1920
** 9.6.7 Australia and Oceania to 1920
** 9.6.8 South Asia Under European Imperialism 1500–1920
** 9.6.9 Southeast Asia Under European Imperialism 1600–1920
** 9.6.10 China until Revolution 1839–1911, Japan from Meiji Restoration to 1910
** 9.6.11 Southwest Asia, North Africa 1800–1920, Sub-Saharan Africa 1885–1920: Under European Imperialism
* 9.7 The World Since 1920
** 9.7.1 International Movements, Diplomacy and War Since 1920
** 9.7.2 Europe Since 1920
** 9.7.3 The United States and Canada Since 1920
** 9.7.4 Latin American and Caribbean Nations Since 1920
** 9.7.5 China in Revolution, Japanese Hegemony
** 9.7.6 South and Southeast Asia: the Late Colonial Period and Nations Since 1920
** 9.7.7 Australia and Oceania Since 1920
** 9.7.8 Southwest Asia and Africa: the Late Colonial Period and Nations since 1920

#### 10. Branches of Knowledge

The lead author was Mortimer J. Adler, who wrote the introduction "Knowledge Become Self-conscious".
* 10.1 Logic
** 10.1.1 History and Philosophy of Logic
** 10.1.2 Formal Logic, Metalogic, & Applied Logic
* 10.2 Mathematics
** 10.2.1 History and Foundations of Mathematics
** 10.2.2 Branches of Mathematics
** 10.2.3 Applications of Mathematics
* 10.3 Science
** 10.3.1 History and Philosophy of Science
** 10.3.2 The Physical Sciences
** 10.3.3 The Earth Sciences
** 10.3.4 The Biological Sciences
** 10.3.5 Medicine
** 10.3.6 The Social Sciences, Psychology, Linguistics
** 10.3.7 The Technological Sciences
* 10.4 History and The Humanities
** 10.4.1 Historiography
** 10.4.2 The Humanities and Humanistic Scholarship
* 10.5 Philosophy
** 10.5.1 History of Philosophy
** 10.5.2 Divisions of Philosophy
** 10.5.3 Philosophical Schools and Doctrines
* 10.6 Preservation of Knowledge
** 10.6.1 Institutions and Techniques for the Collection, Storage, Dissemination and Preservation of Knowledge

## Contributors to the Outline of Knowledge

Table 2: Contributors to the Outline of Knowledge in the Propædia :
| Name | Date of birth | Date of death | Part of Outline | Description | Index |
| Mortimer J. Adler | 1902 | 2001 | All Parts | Editor | 1 |
| Charles Van Doren | 1926 | 2019 | All Parts | Associate editor; Editorial Vice President of Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. (1973–1982) | 2 |
| William J. Gorman | | 1982 | All Parts | Associate editor; Senior Fellow of the Institute for Philosophical Research | 3 |
| A. G. W. Cameron | 1925 | 2005 | Matter and Energy | Professor of Astronomy, Harvard University | 4 |
| Farrington Daniels | 1889 | 1972 | Matter and Energy | Professor of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison | 5 |
| Morton Hamermesh | 1915 | 2003 | Matter and Energy | Professor of Physics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (1975–1986) | 6 |
| Vincent E. Parker | 1914 | 1997 | Matter and Energy | Emeritus Professor of Physics, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Dean, School of Science (1967–1977) | 7 |
| Richard J. Chorley | 1927 | 2002 | The Earth | Professor of Geography, University of Cambridge; Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge | 8 |
| William Stelling von Arx | 1916 | 1999 | The Earth | Senior Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1968–1978) | 9 |
| Peter John Wyllie | 1930 | | The Earth | Professor of Geology and Chairman, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology | 10 |
| N. J. Berrill | 1903 | 1996 | Life on Earth | Strathcone Professor of Zoology, McGill University (1946–1965) | 11 |
| Vincent Dethier | 1915 | 1993 | Life on Earth | Gilbert L. Woodside Professor of Zoology, University of Massachusetts Amherst (1975–1993) | 12 |
| Louis S. Goodman | 1906 | 2000 | Life on Earth | Distinguished Professor of Pharmacology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City | 13 |
| Garrett Hardin | 1915 | 2003 | Life on Earth | Emeritus Professor of Human Ecology, University of California, Santa Barbara | 14 |
| Ernst Walter Mayr | 1904 | 2005 | Life on Earth | Alexander Agassiz Professor Emeritus of Zoology, Harvard University | 15 |
| John Alexander Moore | 1915 | 2002 | Life on Earth | Emeritus Professor of Biology, University of California, Riverside | 16 |
| Theodore T. Puck | 1916 | 2005 | Life on Earth | Professor of Biology, Biophysics and Genetics; Distinguished Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado, Health Sciences Center; Director, Eleanor Roosevelt Institute for Cancer Research | 17 |
| Birgit Vennesland | 1913 | 2001 | Life on Earth | Head, Vennesland Research Laboratory, Max Planck Society (1970–1981); Director, Max Planck Institute for Cell Physiology, Berlin (1968–1970) | 18 |
| Paul B. Weisz | 1919 | 2012 | Life on Earth | Professor of Biology, Brown University | 19 |
| Ralph H. Wetmore | 1892 | 1989 | Life on Earth | Emeritus Professor of Botany, Harvard University | 20 |
| Emil H. White | | | Life on Earth | D. Mead Johnson Professor of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University | 21 |
| Wilfrid Edward Le Gros Clark | 1895 | 1971 | Human Life | Professor of Anatomy, University of Oxford | 22 |
| Russell S. Fisher | | 1985 | Human Life | Chief Medical Examiner, State of Maryland; Professor of Forensic Pathology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore | 23 |
| F. Clark Howell | 1925 | 2007 | Human Life | Professor of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley | 24 |
| Gregory A. Kimble | 1917 | 2006 | Human Life | Emeritus Professor of Psychology, Duke University | 25 |
| Erich Klinghammer | 1930 | 2011 | Human Life | Associate Professor of Psychology, Purdue University | 26 |
| Warren Sturgis McCulloch | 1899 | 1969 | Human Life | Staff member, Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT (1952–1969) | 27 |
| William J. McGuire | 1925 | 2012 | Human Life | Professor of Psychology, Yale University | 28 |
| Peter Medawar | 1915 | 1987 | Human Life | Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, 1960; Jodrell Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, University College London (1951–1962); Director, National Institute, Mill Hill, London (1962–1971); Scientific staff member, Medical Research Council, England (1971–1984) | 29 |
| William J. Baumol | 1922 | 2017 | Human Society | Professor of Economics, New York University; Emeritus Professor of Economics, Princeton University | 30 |
| Daniel Bell | 1919 | 2011 | Human Society | Henry Ford II Professor Emeritus of Social Science, Harvard University | 31 |
| Guiliano H. Bonfante | | | Human Society | Former Professor of Linguistics, University of Turin | 32 |
| Kenneth E. Boulding | 1910 | 1993 | Human Society | Distinguished Professor of Economics, University of Colorado, Boulder | 33 |
| Lewis A. Coser | 1913 | 2003 | Human Society | Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Sociology, SUNY, Stony Brook | 34 |
| Sigmund Diamond | 1920 | 1999 | Human Society | Giddings Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Columbia University | 35 |
| Carl J. Friedrich | 1901 | 1984 | Human Society | Eaton Professor of the Science of Government, Harvard University (1955–1971) | 36 |
| Paul Mundy | | | Human Society | Professor of Sociology and Chairman, Department of Criminal Justice, Loyola University Chicago | 37 |
| Kenyon E. Poole | 1909 | 1988 | Human Society | Professor of Economics, Northwestern University | 38 |
| C. Herman Pritchett | | | Human Society | Emeritus Professor of Political Science, University of California, Santa Barbara and University of Chicago | 39 |
| Sol Tax | 1907 | 1995 | Human Society | Professor of Anthropology, University of Chicago (1948–1976); Director, Center for the Study of Man, Smithsonian Institution | 40 |
| Charles Raymond Whittlesey | 1900 | 1979 | Human Society | Emeritus Professor of Finance and Economics, University of Pennsylvania | 41 |
| Rudolf Arnheim | 1904 | 2007 | Art | Emeritus professor of Psychology of Art, Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard University | 42 |
| Robert Jesse Charleston | 1916 | 1994 | Art | Keeper, Department of Ceramics, Victoria and Albert Museum (1963–1976) | 43 |
| Clifton Fadiman | 1904 | 1999 | Art | Member, Board of Editors, Encyclopædia Britannica | 44 |
| Francis Fergusson | 1904 | 1986 | Art | Professor of Comparative Literature, Rutgers University (1953–1969); Professor of Comparative Literature, Princeton University (1973–1981) | 45 |
| John Gloag | 1896 | 1981 | Art | Novelist and writer on architecture and industrial design | 46 |
| Richard Griffith | 1912 | 1969 | Art | Curator, Museum of Modern Art Film Library (1951–1965); Lecturer on Motion Pictures, Wesleyan University (1967–1969) | 47 |
| Richard Hoggart | 1918 | 2014 | Art | Professor of English, University of Birmingham (1962–1973); Warden, Goldsmiths' College, University of London (1976–1984) | 48 |
| Edward Lockspeiser | 1905 | 1973 | Art | Officier d'Académie, Paris; Writer and broadcaster on music. | 49 |
| Roy McMullen | | 1984 | Art | Author, critic, and art historian | 50 |
| Leonard B. Meyer | 1918 | 2007 | Art | Benjamin Franklin Professor of Music and Humanities, University of Pennsylvania | 51 |
| Michael Morrow | 1929 | 1994 | Art | Music editor, Encyclopædia Britannica; Director, Musica Reservata, London | 52 |
| Beaumont Newhall | 1908 | 1993 | Art | Director, Eastman Kodak House (1958–1971); Visiting Professor of Art, University of New Mexico (1971–1984) | 53 |
| Herbert Read | 1893 | 1968 | Art | Watson Gordon Professor of Fine Art, University of Edinburgh (1931–1933); editor, The Burlington Magazine (1933–1939); Charles Eliot Norton professor of Poetry, Harvard University (1953–1954) | 54 |
| Richard Roud | 1929 | 1989 | Art | Program Director, London (1959–1963) and New York (1963–1987) Film Festivals; Film critic, The Guardian (1963–1969) | 55 |
| George Savage | | 1982 | Art | Art consultant; author of Porcelain Through the Ages, Pottery Through the Ages, and other works | 56 |
| Wolfgang Stechow | 1896 | 1974 | Art | Professor of Fine Arts, Oberlin College (1940–1963) | 57 |
| Joshua C. Taylor | | 1981 | Art | William Rainey Harper Professor of Humanities and Professor of Art, University of Chicago (1963–1974); Director, National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution | 58 |
| Everard M. Upjohn | 1903 | 1978 | Art | Professor of Fine Arts, Columbia University (1951–1970) | 59 |
| Pierre Verlet | 1908 | 1987 | Art | Chief Curator, Cluny Museum (1945–1965); Chief Curator, National Museum of Sèvres Porcelain (1945–1965); Chief Curator of Art Objects from the Middle Ages to the Modern Period, Louvre Museum (1945–1965) | 60 |
| René Wellek | 1903 | 1995 | Art | Sterling Professor of Comparative Literature, Yale University (1952–1972) | 61 |
| Glynne William Gladstone Wickham | 1922 | 2004 | Art | Emeritus Professor of Drama, University of Bristol; Dean, Faculty of Arts (1970–1972) | 62 |
| Raymond (Henry) Williams | 1921 | 1988 | Art | Professor of Drama, University of Cambridge (1974–1983); Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge (1961–1988) | 63 |
| Paul S. Wingert | 1900 | 1974 | Art | Professor of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University | 64 |
| Bruno Zevi | 1918 | 2000 | Art | Professor of Architectural History, University of Rome (1963–1979) | 65 |
| Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis | 1914 | 1975 | Technology | Chairman, Doxiadis Associates International; Chairman, Board of Directors, Doxiadis Associates, Inc.; Washington D.C. Chairman, Board of Directors, Athens Technological Organization; President, Athens Center of Ekistics | 66 |
| Eugene S. Ferguson | 1916 | 2004 | Technology | Emeritus Professor of History, University of Delaware; Curator of Technology, Hagley Museum, Greenville Delaware | 67 |
| Melvin Kranzberg | 1917 | 1995 | Technology | Callaway Professor of the History of Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology (1972–1988) | 68 |
| Harvey G. Mehlhouse | | | Technology | Vice President, Western Electric Company, New York City (1965–1969); President (1969–1971); Chairman of the Board (1971–1972) | 69 |
| Robert Smith Woodbury | | 1983 | Technology | Professor of the History of Technology, MIT | 70 |
| Arthur Llewellyn Basham | 1914 | 1986 | Religion | Professor of Asian Civilizations, Australian National University | 71 |
| James T. Burtchaell | 1934 | 2015 | Religion | Professor of Theology, University of Notre Dame; Provost (1970–1977) | 72 |
| J. V. Langmead Casserley | 1909 | 1978 | Religion | Professor of Apologetics, Seabury-Western Theological Seminary | 73 |
| Ichiro Hori | | 1974 | Religion | Professor of the History of Religions, Seijo University and Kokugakuin University | 74 |
| Jaroslav Jan Pelikan | 1923 | 2006 | Religion | Sterling Professor of History, Yale University; President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences | 75 |
| Jakob Josef Petuchowski | 1925 | 1991 | Religion | Sol and Arlene Bronstein Professor of Judeo-Christian Studies, Hebrew Union College, Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati (1981–1991) | 76 |
| Jacques Barzun | 1907 | 2012 | The History of Mankind | University Professor Emeritus, Columbia University; Dean of Faculties and Provost (1958–1967) | 77 |
| Otto Allen Bird | 1914 | 2009 | The Branches of Knowledge | Emeritus Professor of Arts and Letters, University of Notre Dame | 78 |
| Wing-Tsit Chan | 1901 | 1994 | The Branches of Knowledge | Professor of Chinese Philosophy and Culture, Dartmouth College (1942–1966); Anna R. D. Gillespie Professor of Philosophy, Chatham University (1966–1982) | 79 |
| William Herbert Dray | 1921 | 2009 | The Branches of Knowledge | Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and of History, University of Ottawa | 80 |
| Norwood Hanson | 1924 | 1967 | The Branches of Knowledge | Professor of Philosophy, Yale University (1963–1967) | 81 |
| J. H. Hexter | 1910 | 1996 | The Branches of Knowledge | Charles L. Stillé Professor of History, Yale University, (1967–1978); Distinguished Historian in residence, Washington University in St. Louis (1978–1986) | 82 |
| Ernan V. McMullin | 1924 | 2011 | The Branches of Knowledge | Professor of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame | 83 |
| Karl Menger | 1902 | 1985 | The Branches of Knowledge | Professor of Mathematics, Illinois Institute of Technology (1946–1971) | 84 |
| Arthur Norman Prior | 1914 | 1969 | The Branches of Knowledge | Fellow, Balliol College, University of Oxford; Professor of Philosophy, Manchester University (1959–1966) | 85 |
| Nicholas Rescher | 1928 | 2024 | The Branches of Knowledge | University Professor of Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh; editor, American Philosophical Quarterly | 86 |
| Seymour Schuster | 1926 | 2020 | The Branches of Knowledge | Professor of Mathematics, Carleton College | 87 |
Section 4.2.1 uses transparencies of organ systems originally commissioned by Parke-Davis. Similar in design to the three-dimensional Visible Man and Visible Woman dolls designed by sculptor Marcel Jovine, successive plastic sheets reveal different layers of human anatomy.