OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1993 Russian government referendum

A four-part referendum was held in Russia on 25 April 1993. Voters were asked questions on confidence in President Boris Yeltsin, support for the government's socio-economic policies and early elections for both the presidency and parliament. The referendum was initiated by the Congress of People's Deputies, which stipulated that Yeltsin would need to obtain 50% of the electorate rather than 50% of valid votes. The Constitutional Court ruled that the president required only a simple majority on two issues (confidence in him and economic and social policy) but that he would still needed the support of more than half the electorate in order to call new parliamentary and presidential elections.
Three of the four questions – confidence in Yeltsin, support for the government's socio-economic policies, and early elections for the Congress of People's Deputies – were approved by a majority of participating voters, while voters rejected the proposal of holding early presidential elections. The proposal for early elections for the Congress of People's Deputies failed due to the quorum of 50% of all registered voters not being met.

## Questions

The four questions were:
* Do you have confidence in the President of the Russian Federation, Boris N. Yeltsin?
* Do you support the economic and social policy that has been conducted since 1992 by the President and Government of the Russian Federation?
* Should there be early elections for the President of the Russian Federation?
* Should there be early elections for the People's Deputies of the Russian Federation?

## Results

| Question | For | For | Against | Against | Invalid/ blank | Total votes | Registered voters | Turnout | Electorate for (%) | Result |
| Question | Votes | % | Votes | % | Invalid/ blank | Total votes | Registered voters | Turnout | Electorate for (%) | Result |
| Confidence in Yeltsin | 40,405,811 | 59.9 | 26,995,268 | 40.1 | 1,468,868 | 68,869,947 | 107,310,374 | 64.2 | – | Approved |
| Support for the economic and social policy | 36,476,202 | 54.3 | 30,640,781 | 45.7 | 1,642,883 | 68,759,866 | 107,310,374 | 64.1 | – | Approved |
| Early presidential elections | 32,418,972 | 48.8 | 34,027,310 | 51.2 | 2,316,247 | 68,762,529 | 107,310,374 | 64.1 | 30.21 | Rejected |
| Early elections for People's Deputies | 46,232,197 | 69.1 | 20,712,605 | 30.9 | 1,887,258 | 68,832,060 | 107,310,374 | 64.1 | 43.08 | Quorum not met |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver |||||||||||
# Philipp Davydenko

Philipp Eduardovich Davydenko (Russian: Филипп Эдуардович Давыденко; born 2 September 1992 in Volgograd) is a Russian tennis player.

## Tennis career

Davydenko has a career high ATP singles ranking of 390 achieved on 8 December 2014.
Davydenko made his ATP main draw debut at the 2009 Kremlin Cup in the doubles event partnering Ilya Belyaev losing in the first round to Martín Vassallo Argüello and Horacio Zeballos. At the 2014 MercedesCup, Davydenko qualified for the main draw, defeating Facundo Bagnis, Alexander Lobkov and Louk Sorensen en route. In the main draw he won his first round match defeating Blaž Rola 6–4, 7–6$^{(10–8)}$, before losing to Santiago Giraldo in the second round in three sets.
Davydenko is the nephew of Nikolay Davydenko, a former world No.3 on the ATP tour.
# Action Synthese

Action Synthese (or Studio Action Synthese) was a French animation studio founded in 1998 that folded in 2013. The studio produced short films, feature films, television series, and TV ads.
The studio adopted a new version of the stop-motion TV series created by Serge Danot, The Magic Roundabout, in computer animation. The original series was successful between 1964 and 1977 in France and the United Kingdom. The 3D feature film was distributed in 2005 in Europe and the United States in 2006. The Magic Roundabout, a new TV series in 3D animation aimed at preschool children, has been broadcast since 2008 all over Europe (M6, Nickelodeon, ZDF, etc.).
The studio was working on a movie based on the popular novel The Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum; a sequel to the 2005 feature film The Magic Roundabout; a film based on Space Goofs called Stupid Invaders in collaboration with Xilam; a movie based on Asterix; and a TV show called Gaya - A Twins Adventure, none of which were completed due to Action Synthese going into compulsory liquidation. The Magic Roundabout was the only film the studio released, along with the reboot series following two years later. Its other TV adaptation, one of the Children's books Russell the Sheep by Rob Scotton, was also canceled.

## Short films

* 1998 – Antebios
* 1999 – Premier domicile connu

## Feature films

* 2005 – The Magic Roundabout

## Television series

* 2008 – The Magic Roundabout (52 x 11 min)
* 2010 – The Magic Roundabout season 2 (52 x 11 min)
* 2011 – City of Friends season 2 (26 x 11mn; 2 specials of 30mn each)

## Cancelled Films

* The Magic Roundabout 2
* Stupid Invaders
* The Wizard Of Oz
* Obelix
* This article related to an animation studio is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* Companies portal
# Stanley Coulter

Stanley Coulter (June 2, 1853 – June 26, 1943) was an American biologist, brother of botanist John Merle Coulter. He was born in Ningpo, China, to missionary parents Moses Stanley Coulter and Caroline Elvira (nee Crowe). He was educated at Hanover College. In 1887 he was appointed professor of biology at Purdue. His publications include more than 125 pamphlets on nature study, scientific researches, sketches, and also Flora of Indiana (1899), and A Key to the Genera of the Native Forest Trees and Shrubs of Indiana (1907). He was dean of the School of Sciences at Purdue from 1905 until his retirement in 1926. He married Lucy Eunice Post in 1877, and they had one daughter, Mabel Post (Coulter) Smith. Coulter's archives are held at Purdue University.
# Shelled slug

The shelled slug, scientific name Testacella haliotidea, is a rarely seen, air-breathing, carnivorous land slug, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Testacellidae, the shelled slugs.

## Description

This slug, like others in the family, has a small shell, which is situated towards the rear of the animal. The species epithet is haliotidea because the shell of this species resembles in shape a miniature version of the shell of the marine species in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.
This is a large, very agile, pale brown slug, with a length of 12 cm. It has a small ear-shaped, external shell, less than 1 cm long, at the tail end of the mantle.
The following shell description is modified from Tryon 1885. The shell is oval-auriform, depressed, and rugosely striate. It has a thin, readily deciduous epidermis. The apex is minute, very short and not separated from the columellar margin. The aperture is rounded and usually dilated anteriorly; the columella and the outer margin of the aperture form a distinct angle at their junction. The interior of the shell is whitish and pearly. The length of the shell is 6–10 mm.

## Distribution

This species is common along the western Mediterranean, along the European Atlantic coast and throughout Great Britain apart from northern Scotland. This slug occurs in Europe but its distribution is under-recorded there.
It was recorded in Czechia as an introduced species. It also occurs as an introduced species in southern Australia, New Zealand and North America (where it is called the earshell slug). The distribution data for the United States, (Oregon, Wisconsin) and Canada (British Columbia, Nova Scotia) are incomplete.

## Habitat

This species is seen mostly in the spring, living in cultivated habitats or on disturbed ground. The slug lives mostly underground, but may sometimes be found under stones or in leaf litter.

## Life habits

This slug hunts and eats earthworms underground. The radula teeth are a functional adaption in the capturing of prey.

## Conservation status

* Least concern (LC)
# Abbas Kaoud

Abbas Kaoud (Arabic: عَبَّاس قَاعُود; born 2 January 1948) is an Egyptian former professional squash player.
Kaoud was born in Cairo, Egypt. He moved to Chatham, Kent and turned professional in 1973. He represented Egypt during the 1971 World Team Squash Championships. He reached his career best ranking of World No. 15 on 1 Nov 1976.
# 1748 in Scotland

"none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Events from the year 1748 in Scotland.

## Incumbents
### Law officers

* Lord Advocate – William Grant of Prestongrange
* Solicitor General for Scotland – Patrick Haldane of Gleneagles, jointly with Alexander Hume

### Judiciary

* Lord President of the Court of Session – Lord Culloden until 4 June; then Lord Arniston the Elder
* Lord Justice General – Lord Ilay
* Lord Justice Clerk – Lord Milton, then Lord Tinwald

## Events

* 1 April – under the Sheriffs (Scotland) Act 1747, trials for treason in Scotland can take place outside the shire in which the crime is committed.
* 24 June – on the death of his father William, John Adam inherits his architectural practice in Scotland and the position of Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance, immediately taking his brother Robert into partnership.
* 1 July – James Davidson, who had deserted from the Hanoverian army to support the Jacobites, is executed at Ruthrieston Cross near the Bridge of Dee in Aberdeen after being found guilty of several robberies in Angus and The Mearns.
* Construction of Fort George begins.
* Clergy of the Scottish Episcopal Church are forbidden to officiate unless ordained by an English (or Irish) bishop.
* Garron Bridge on the Inveraray Castle estate, designed by Roger Morris and/or his kin Robert Morris, is completed.
* A window tax is levied in Scotland.
* The Treason Outlawries (Scotland) Act 1748 comes into effect retrospectively.
* David Hume's An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding is published.
* The Aberdeen Journal is first published under this title.

## Births

* 1 January – Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald, nobleman and inventor (died 1831 in France)
* 10 March – John Playfair, scientist (died 1819)
* 27 December – William Marshall, fiddle player and composer (died 1833)
* Hugh Henry Brackenridge, writer, poet, lawyer, judge and Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice (died 1816 in the United States)

## Deaths

* 14 March – George Wade, British Army officer and road builder in Scotland (born 1673 in Ireland; died in England)
* 24 June – William Adam, architect (born 1689)
* 27 August – James Thomson, poet and playwright (born 1700; died in Richmond upon Thames)
* 26 October – Donald Cameron of Lochiel, "The Gentle Lochiel", clan chief and exiled Jacobite leader (born c. 1700; died in France)
# Rui Areias

Rui Manuel Linhares Areias (born 22 November 1993) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward.

## Club career

Born in Guimarães, Areias joined the academy of local club Vitória S.C. at the age of 9. He made his senior debut with their reserves on 11 December 2012, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 0−0 home draw against C.F. União in the Segunda Liga. His first goals came also that season, but his brace was achieved in a 2−4 home loss to F.C. Penafiel on 12 May 2013.
Areias' first appearance in the Primeira Liga with the first team occurred on 14 December 2014, when he played 15 minutes of the 0−0 home draw against Rio Ave FC. He spent the 2016–17 and 2017–18 campaigns on loan to second-division sides FC Porto B and F.C. Arouca.
In June 2018, the free agent Areias signed a one-year contract with Penafiel also of the second tier. He scored six competitive goals during his spell at the Estádio Municipal 25 de Abril, including two in a 3–2 away victory over C.D. Trofense in the second round of the Taça de Portugal. He also found the net in both league fixtures against Guimarães B (3–2 and 5–4 wins).
On 4 July 2019, Areias agreed to a one-year deal at C.D. Mafra of the same division. He scored on his league debut, a 3–2 home defeat of C.D. Cova da Piedade on 10 August, but added no more goals and moved to S.C. Covilhã on 21 September 2020.
Areias subsequently dropped into the third tier for the first time in seven years, spending one season at AD Fafe before moving to Varzim S.C. in 2022, both in the new Liga 3.

## International career

Areias earned two caps for Portugal at under-20 level, both at the SBS Cup in Japan in 2012. On 16 August he made his debut in a 3–1 loss to the hosts, and the following day he came off the bench to score the only goal of a win over South Korea at the Kusanagi Athletic Stadium.
# Sabino (footballer, born 1999)

Mateus William Sabino Silva (born 18 May 1999), commonly known as Sabino, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as either a defensive midfielder or centre-back.

## Club career

Born in Osasco, São Paulo, Sabino joined América Mineiro's youth setup in 2018, from Audax. He made his first team debut on 17 March 2019, coming on as a late substitute for Marcelo Toscano in a 2–3 Campeonato Mineiro away loss against Atlético Mineiro.
On 31 December 2019, Sabino was loaned to Villa Nova for the 2020 Mineiro. Upon returning, he renewed his contract until June 2021 on 20 August 2020.
On 20 April 2021, after being more regularly used as a defensive midfielder, Sabino further extended his contract until the end of the year. He made his Série A debut on 17 June, replacing Juninho Valoura in a 0–0 home draw against Cuiabá.

## Career statistics

    As of 13 October 2021
| Club | Season | League | League | League | State League | State League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| América Mineiro | 2019 | Série B | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| América Mineiro | 2020 | Série B | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 9 | 0 |
| América Mineiro | 2021 | Série A | 5 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 14 | 0 |
| América Mineiro | Total | Total | 12 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 24 | 0 |
| Villa Nova (loan) | 2020 | Mineiro | — | — | 4 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 12 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
# Slicer (3D printing)

A slicer is a toolpath generation software used in 3D printing. It facilitates the conversion of a 3D object model to specific instructions for the printer. The slicer converts a model in STL (stereolithography) format into printer commands in G-code format. This is particularly usable in fused filament fabrication and other related 3D printing processes.

## Features

A slicer initially segments the object as a stack of flat layers. It then describes these layers through linear movements of the 3D printer's extruder, the fixation laser, or an equivalent component. All these movements, together with some specific printer commands like the ones to control the extruder temperature or bed temperature, are ultimately compiled in the G-code file. This file can then be transferred to the printer for execution.
Additional features of slicer are listed below:
* Infill: Printing solid objects requires a significant amount of material (such as filament) and time. To mitigate this, slicers can automatically convert solid volumes to hollow ones, thereby saving costs and reducing print time. These hollow objects can be reinforced with internal structures, like internal walls, to enhance robustness. The proportion of these structures, known as 'infill density', is a key parameter that can be adjusted in the slicer.
* Supports: Since most 3D printing processes build objects layer by layer, from the bottom up, each new layer is deposited directly on top of the previous one. Consequently, every part of the object must, to some extent, rest on another part. For layers that are 'floating'—for example, the flat roof of a house or a horizontally extended arm in a figure—the slicer can automatically add supports. These supports are designed to touch the object in a manner that allows for easy detachment upon the completion of the object's production.
* Rafts, skirts and brims: The printing of the first object layer, which contacts the printer bed, presents unique challenges, such as adherence issues, surface rugosity, and the smooth deposition of the initial filament. To mitigate these problems, the slicer can automatically add detachable structures. Common types of these base structures include:
** A skirt: A single band encircling the object's base, without touching it.
** A brim: Multiple lines of filament around the base of the object, touching but not underneath it, and extending outward.
** A raft: Several layers of material forming a detachable base on which the object is printed.

## List of slicer software

There is a diverse array of slicer applications available, including many that are free and open-source. Some of the most commonly used ones include:
| Name | License | Relations |
| Ultimaker Cura | GNU LGPL |
| OrcaSlicer | GNU AGPL | Fork of BambuStudio |
| BambuStudio | GNU AGPL | Fork of PrusaSlicer |
| SuperSlicer | GNU AGPL | Fork of PrusaSlicer |
| PrusaSlicer | GNU AGPL | Fork of Slic3r |
| Slic3r | GNU AGPL | |
| Simplify3D | Proprietary | |
| Realvision online | Proprietary | Online slicer |
# Francin

Francin (French pronunciation:; Arpitan: Fransin) is a former commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Porte-de-Savoie.
The Château de Carron is found here.
# Sir Samuel Hall Professor of Chemistry

The Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry is the named Chair of Chemistry in the School of Chemistry at the University of Manchester, established through an endowment of £36,000 in 1913 by the Hall family. This chair has been occupied by the following chemists:
* 2014- David Alan Leigh FRS
* 2005 - 2014 Ian Hillier
* 1947-1954 Sir Ewart Jones FRS
* 1944-1947 Sir Edmund Hirst FRS
* 1938-1944 Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd FRS
* 1935-1938 Sir Ian Heilbron FRS
* 1922-1935 Arthur Lapworth FRS
# Ivan Bussens

Ivan Bussens (3 June 1960 – 27 August 2007) was a British sportsman who competed at water polo at the Gay Games. He raised the profile of LGBT sport, having co-founded the Out for Sport organisation representing LGBTQ+ clubs in London and served on international sporting associations.

## Biography

Bussens was born at Batu Gaja, Malaysia, and educated at Culford School, Suffolk, England. Having moved to London, he became a fashion buyer, events planner and interior designer. The latter brought prominence with photographers and television companies, and the house he shared with his partner Peter Unsworth featured in magazines and in scenes from ITV's Footballers Wives.
Bussens founded Out for Sport, an organisation representing gay sports clubs in London. He promoted its first multi-sport competition. Bussens served on the board of the International Gay and Lesbian Aquatics Association and was London representative at the Federation of Gay Games. He persuaded the committee of Out To Swim to sponsor a women-only session to encourage greater participation. In 2000 he helped Out To Swim establish a water polo team (known as London Orca) with the help of a National Lottery grant. He made links with the 2012 Summer Olympics and the Mayor of London's office to ensure lesbian and gay inclusion.
Bussens was in a same-sex partnership with Peter Unsworth for 26 years. After fighting cancer during 2006, Bussens suffered a relapse and died in hospital in summer 2007, aged 47. His funeral took place in Norfolk, where his parents Alan and Cyndie lived, and where he is buried.
# Milwaukee Grays

The Milwaukee Grays were a short-lived baseball team that spent one year, 1878, in the National League.
The team was part of the League Alliance, loosely affiliated with the National League, in 1877. It won 19 games and lost 13 (including a 10–7 loss to the Chicago White Stockings of the NL), ending up in fourth place. "The team's sharp style and strong hometown support won them a National League berth in 1878."
They won 15 games and lost 45 in 1878, finishing sixth and last in the league. Their home games were played at Eclipse Park II.
The Grays were managed by former major league right fielder Jack Chapman, whose nickname was "Death to Flying Things." Their best hitter was left fielder Abner Dalrymple, who led the team in batting average (.354), slugging percentage (.421), runs (52), and doubles (10). Their top pitcher was Sam Weaver, who was only 12–31 but had the fourth-best ERA in the league, a very low 1.95.

## Legacy

The club is remembered in the name of a vintage base ball club. Along with the Milwaukee Cream Citys, the Grays are dedicated to preserving and presenting the rich history of organized baseball in Milwaukee. Current players wear replica uniforms based upon the original uniforms worn back in 1878. The modern-day Milwaukee Grays are a member of the Vintage Base Ball Association.
# Heiltsuk–Oowekyala language

Heiltsuk–Oowekyala is a Northern Wakashan (Kwakiutlan) language spoken in the Central Coast region of the Canadian province of British Columbia, spoken by the Wuikinuxv (Oweekeno) and Heiltsuk peoples. It has two dialects, Heiltsuk (Bella Bella) and Oowekyala (Wuikyala), which unlike other Wakashan languages are tonal. It has no traditional name, so the hyphenated construction Heiltsuk–Oowekyala is used by linguists. Ethnologue calls this language "Heiltsuk", with the Bella Bella dialect (Heiltsuk) labelled "Northern Heiltsuk" and the Oowekyala dialect labeled "Southern Heiltsuk".
Heiltsuk [ɦiɬtsʰaqʷ] is spoken by the Bella Bella [pʰəlbálá] and Haihais [xíxís] peoples; Oowekyala [ʔuwíkʼala] by the Wuikinuxv [ʔuwikʼinuxʷ].

## Phonology

Heiltsuk–Oowekyala, like Nuxalk (Bella Coola), allows long sequences of obstruents, as in the following 7-obstruent word from the Oowekyala variety:
    [t͡sʼkʷʼχtʰt͡ɬkʰt͡sʰ] 'the invisible one here-with-me will be short' (Howe 2000: 5)
    : kxlqsłcxʷ - you struck a match for me

## Writing system

The spelling adopted by the Heiltsuk Education Cultural Center was designed by John C. Rath, linguistic consultant Heiltsuk Cultural Center in the 1970s and 1980s. Full Unicode support is pending As of 2023.
Heiltsuk alphabet :
| b | p | p̓ | m | ṃ́ | ṃ | m̓ | ṃ̓ | d | t | t̓ | n | ṇ́ | ṇ | n̓ | ṇ̓ | z | c | c̓ | ꟛ (λ) |
| ƛ | ƛ̓ | ɫ | l | ḷ́ | ḷ | l̓ | ḷ̓ | g | k | k̓ | x | y | í | i | y̓ | i̓ | gv | kv | k̓v |
| xv | w | u | ú | w̓ | u̓ | ǧv | qv | q̓v | x̌v | ǧ | q | q̓ | x̌ | h | á | a | h̓ | a̓ |
In Rath's spelling, the lambda letters ꟛ (λ), ƛ, ƛ̓ can be replaced by dh, th, t̓h if they are not accessible on the keyboard. The same is true of ɫ, which can be replaced by lh.
Oowekyala alphabet :
| a | b | c | c̓ | d | dh | g | h | i | k | kv | k̓ | k̓v | l | lh | l̓ | m | m̓ | n | n̓ |
| p | p̓ | q | qv | q̓ | q̓v | s | t | th | t̓ | t̓h | u | w | w̓ | x | xv | x̌ | x̌v | y | y̓ |
| z | ǎ | ǧ | ǧv | əl | əm | ən |
# Joana de Eça

Joana de Eça (1480–1572) was a Portuguese courtier and royal favorite. She served as camareira-mor (Mistress of the Robes) to Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal.
She was born to João Fogaça and D. Maria de Eça and married Pedro Gonçalves da Câmara. She served as principal lady-in-waiting to queen regent Catherine, and was reputed to have had influence over the affairs of state as a royal favorite during the minor regency of Sebastian of Portugal, which made her a controversial public figure.
# Jörg Schors

Jörg Schors (born 5 November 1974) is a German former professional tennis player.
Born in Aachen, Schors was active on tour during the 1990s, featuring mostly in satellite tournament for a best singles world ranking of 437. He made an ATP Tour main draw appearance in 1992 at the Cologne Open, losing in the first round to Lars Jönsson. In 1995 he reached the second qualifying round at the Australian Open.
Schors is Managing Director of Smile Autovermietung, a car rental company which he founded in 1994.