# Junior enterprise

A junior enterprise is a civil social nonprofit organization established and executed entirely by students of a university or a business school, both at the undergraduate and postgraduate level. The organization's purpose is to provide services for companies, institutions and society, often in the form of consultancies, while enriching the learning of its members with practical experience in the field of their studies. Usually, a junior enterprise is linked to a particular university or business school; by internal regulation, in most cases, a student must be studying at the specific university to join the organization.
The most common expertise areas for junior enterprises are business and management, engineering, marketing, communication, IT services and law. The members of the organization have the chance to take part in real-world projects, while experiencing the functioning of a real company: junior enterprises, indeed, either are real companies, or resemble one in their operational activities, often having a management council and an executive board, together with an own regulation.

## The concept

* Non-profit
    1.1 Not necessarily by legal status but by nature of activities (in countries, where legal circumstances affect the non-profit legal status)
    1.2 Surplus of the JE should not be used for any economic benefits for the members of the JE unless it is for the execution of project work. If the legal status allows economic benefits for Management Board, then the National umbrella should ensure that there is a rule in place to prevent this from happening in a JE
* Non-political: not affiliated to political movement or party. However, they are able to lobby.
* Non-religious: not affiliated to a religious movement or church.
* Managed entirely by students: only students make and execute strategic decisions.
* Linked to an institution of higher education, but not necessarily affiliated legally. However, proactive efforts should be made to seek support from the University.
* Legal entity: legal settlement should be proactively sought.
* Fostering entrepreneurship spirit:
    7.1 Proactively engaging members in decision making;
    7.2 Encouraging them to start their own projects;
    7.3 Actively look for new opportunities.
* Contribute to the development of the National Network by training the Junior Entrepreneurs about the Network and motivating them to participate in its activities.
* Fostering members development
    9.1 The end result of every project should be the development of members by any mean;
    9.2 Every project should develop a soft or a hard skill. However, if the market allows, the business acquisition should focus on acquiring projects which develop hard skills (e.g.: resource management, analytics, technical, etc.)
    9.3 Projects should assume interaction with external parties: private and civil companies
* Aiming at sustainable activity (The Junior Enterprise aims to achieve sustainable activity by running at least one project a year for clients). Therefore, the organization actively seeks to implement the Concept with high quality.

## History

* 1967: Establishment of the first Junior Enterprise in France.
* 1969: Establishment of the second Junior Enterprise in Lille, France: EDHEC Junior Etudes.
* 1969 : Creation of the French National Confederation.
* 1983: Foundation of the first Junior Entreprise in Switzerland, at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL).
* 1987: Foundation of a network of Junior Enterprises in the Netherlands.
* 1987: Foundation of the first Junior Enterprise at the LUISS University in Italy, based in Rome
* 1988: Foundation of Junior Comtec, the first Junior Enterprise in Germany, based in Darmstadt.
* 1988: Foundation of JEME Bocconi, the second Junior Enterprise in Italy, based in Milano. Foundation of the first Junior Enterprises (EJFGV, Poli Junior and UFBAjr) in Brazil.
* 1991: Foundation of EAA Consult, the first Junior Enterprise in Belgium, based in Liège.
* 1991: Foundation of the first JE of University of Campinas, Brazil.
* 1992: Foundation of CIJE (later called JE Italy), the Italian Confederation of Junior Enterprises, in order to link the National Confederations. It is based in Milan.
* 1992: Foundation of JADE, the European Confederation of Junior Enterprises, in order to link the National Confederations. It is based in Brussels.
* 1992: Foundation of the Junior Enterprise of the University of Campinas School of Mechanical Engineering, Brazil.
* 1992: Foundation of the Junior Enterprise of the Engineering School of São Carlos, Brasil.
* 1993: Foundation of the first Junior Enterprise of Berlin, Germany.
* 1993: Foundation of the Junior Enterprise of Pontifícia Universidade Católica of São Paulo, Brasil.
* 1995: Foundation of Westminster Business Consultants, the first Junior Enterprise in the UK, based at the University of Westminster in London.
* 1996: CEJE joins JADE.
* 1997: Foundation of Junior Enterprise of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, called "ETH Zurich".
* 1997: Foundation of the Junior Enterprise of the Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin" and the Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computing, University of Campinas, Brazil. Quanta Jr. is the first Junior Enterprise of Physics and Math in Latin America.
* 1998: Foundation of the first Junior Enterprise in Poland - Junior Consulting Group (presently ConQuest Consulting).
* 1998: Foundation of BCJE (later called JADE Belgium), the Belgian Federation of Junior Enterprises, in order to unite the Belgian network.
* 2003: Foundation of the Brazilian Confederation of Junior Enterprises.
* 2004: Foundation of Junior Enterprise of the École hôtelière de Lausanne. First Junior Enterprise worldwide within the hospitality industry.
* 2004: JADE gains a new member: JADE Poland
* 2005: JADE gains a new member: JADE UK, with WBC acting as a point of contact.
* 2007: JADE Switzerland comprises 10 Junior Enterprises (Impact Zurich University of Zurich, JEF University of Fribourg, JEHEC University of Lausanne, EHL Junior Enterprise École hôtelière de Lausanne, Junior Entreprise EPFL, University of Neuchatel, ESPRIT St. Gallen University of St. Gallen, Brainstart University of Winterthur, ETH Juniors Zürich)
* 2008: Foundation of the Junior Enterprise of the Production Engineering, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, campus Sorocaba, Brasil
* 2010: JADE gains a new member: JADE Romania, which comprises 2 Junior Enterprises
* 2012: The Tunisian Confederation of Junior Enterprises was created: JET (Junior Enterprises of Tunisia, Foundation of Junior Enterprise Desautels, the first Junior Enterprise in North America, based in Montreal (McGill University), foundation of the first Junior Enterprise in the USA based in The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign: CUBE Consulting
* 2013: Foundation of WAVE Junior Enterprise, the first JE in Mexico based in Mexico City at Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, ITAM
* 2015: Recognition of JEBrighton by JADE UK point of contact as the second Junior Entreprise of the United Kingdom.
* 2016: Creation of the American Confederation of Junior Enterprises.
* 2016: Creation of the Junior Enterprises Global Council, renamed in 2018
* 2017: Creation of Unovator Junior Enterprise at the Claremont Colleges (Pomona College), California, US.
* 2019: JADE is rebranded as JE Europe.

## JE Europe

The Junior Enterprise Europe was created in 1992 under the name 'JADE - European Confederation of Junior Enterprises' in order to link all the national confederations of Junior Enterprises in Europe. The founding members were the Netherlands (FNJE), Portugal (JEP), Italy , Switzerland (USJE) and France.

### JE Europe's work and recognitions

The recognition and acceptance of the Junior Enterprise movement by politicians, public institutions and companies, confirms and proofs the concept of junior entrepreneurship:
* Junior Enterprise is an example of best practice for practical education and development under the Lisbon Strategy: governing strategy of EU in 2000-2010. "Facilitate the development of Junior Enterprises" is a key priority for Education and Youth Framework of EU2020 –governing strategy of EU in 2010-2020.
* JE Europe is a best practice of an intermediary organisation that brings universities and businesses together under EU Oslo Agenda for Entrepreneurship Education.
* JE Europe is in the Steering Board of UNESCO Youth Committee for Higher Education.
* JE Europe is a stakeholder consultant for the World Bank, the World Economic Forum and the EU.

#### Impact on employment and entrepreneurship
##### Facts and Figures

Diverse studies carried out by JE Europe, the European Commission and other parties, prove that participation in a Junior Enterprisedramatically improves a student's career perspectives, employment and intentions towards entrepreneurship.
* More than 60% of students who were part of a Junior Enterprise find a job before ending their studies.
* Former Junior Entrepreneurs have significantly better career start after university and continue to develop more successfully in the long-term than their peers' average without JE experience.
* 21% of the Junior Entrepreneurs end up starting their own business within the first 3 years after graduation, when the EU average is 4–8%.
* A study ("Effects and impact of entrepreneurship programmes in Higher Education") carried out by the European Commission (DG ENTR) on JE Europe Alumni, compared with normal students shows that:
** 25% of JE Europe Alumni indicate that it is (very) likely for them to start their own business within the next ten years; compared to 16% of other students that have taken entrepreneurial education formal courses and to 10% of students who have not received any kind of entrepreneurship education;
** 78% of JE Europe Alumni find a job right after graduation; compared to 66% of other students that have taken entrepreneurial education courses and to 59% of students who have not received any kind of entrepreneurship education

## Brasil Júnior - Brazilian Confederation of Junior Enterprises

Brasil Junior is the world's biggest junior enterprise confederation, composed by more than 1335 confederated junior enterprises and more than 22,000 junior entrepreneurs. It has as purpose to represent the junior enterprises nationwide and develop the Junior Enterprise Movement as an agent of business education and generation of new business. It is currently formed by 19 state federations.

## Rest of the world

Recently, junior enterprises appeared also in China, especially on the campus of Peking University. The movement is also taking its first step in North America with the recent launch a cross-faculty Junior Enterprise at McGill University in Canada. Shortly after the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign launched the first JE in the US.