OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Astle Hall

Astle Hall is a former country house located near Chelford, Cheshire in the North West of England. The hall has been demolished; its parkland and a lodge survive.

## History

The hall was built in the middle of the 18th century by John Parker, Esq, on the site of old Milne House. Earwaker describes "a large, roomy house, situated in a well-wooded park, the beauties of which are considerably enhanced by a large sheet of water which borders it on one side".
It was described by George Ormerod in his 1819 history of the county: "Astle Hall, which has been much enlarged and improved by the present proprietor, is a handsome and spacious edifice situated amongst extensive and well-timbered grounds. At a short distance from the house is a large artificial piece of water, which assumes from its extent and variety of outline the appearance of a natural lake."
John Dixon esq of Gledhow Hall and Weeting married Lydia, daughter of John Parker, in 1784 and passed to his grandson, Colonel Sir George Dixon (1842–1924), created 1st Baronet in 1919. He was succeeded by the Dixon Baronets of Astle, still extant.
The hall originally had a symmetrical Neo-classical design, which is recorded in artworks and photographs. By 1988, this had been reduced to a painted brick wing of three storeys with gables, which the architectural writers Peter de Figueiredo and Julian Treuherz speculate might have represented the former hall's service wing, based on its lack of resemblance to pictures. It was left derelict and was demolished towards the end of the 20th century.

## Lodge

The lodge to the hall still stands. It dates from the late 18th to early 19th century, and is in cottage orné style. It is described as "picturesque" by Nikolaus Pevsner and coauthors and as "pretty" by de Figueiredo and Treuherz; Historic England describes it as a "well preserved example of a Picturesque Lodge". It is constructed in brick with a stone-slate roof. It has two storeys, and an entrance front of three bays. The central bay projects forward, and contains a four-light window with interlacing tracery. The lateral bays contain two-light windows with Y-tracery. In front of the house is a verandah supported by tree trunks, and containing a gabled dormer. The building is listed at grade II*.

## Park

The hall's park still survives; it is flat and features a woodland garden, and the remnants of formal gardens and a kitchen garden. There is a lake with a grade-II-listed semicircular weir or dam dating from around 1874. The lake and the kitchen garden date from between 1769 and 1799. The landscaper was John Webb.
# 1972 Washington Star International – Doubles

The 1972 Washington Star International – Doubles was an event of the 1972 Washington Star International tennis tournament and was played in Washington, D.C., United States from July 17 through July 23, 1972. The draw consisted of 16 teams. Tom Okker and Marty Riessen were the defending doubles champions and retained their title, defeating John Newcombe and Tony Roche in the final, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2.

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First Round | First Round | First Round | First Round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| John Alexander Phil Dent | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Mark Cox Graham Stilwell | 3 | 6 | | John Alexander Phil Dent | 3 | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| Cliff Drysdale Roger Taylor | 6 | 6 | | Cliff Drysdale Roger Taylor | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| Ismail El Shafei Brian Fairlie | 0 | 4 | | | | | | Cliff Drysdale Roger Taylor | 6 | 7 | 0 | | | | |
| Tom Okker Marty Riessen | 4 | 6 | 7 | | | | | Tom Okker Marty Riessen | 7 | 5 | 6 | | | | |
| Jeff Borowiak Haroon Rahim | 6 | 3 | 6 | Tom Okker Marty Riessen | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | |
| Rod Laver Fred Stolle | 7 | 6 | | Rod Laver Fred Stolle | 3 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| Roy Barth Tom Leonard | 6 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | Tom Okker Marty Riessen | 3 | 6 | 6 |
| Bob Carmichael Ray Ruffels | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | John Newcombe Tony Roche | 6 | 3 | 2 |
| Bob Goeltz Ron Goldman | 2 | 4 | | Bob Carmichael Ray Ruffels | 1 | 7 | 7 | | | | | | | | |
| Terry Addison Bob Maud | 6 | 6 | 6 | Terry Addison Bob Maud | 6 | 5 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| Frank Froehling Charlie Pasarell | 4 | 7 | 4 | | | | | Bob Carmichael Ray Ruffels | 3 | 6 | 5 | | | | |
| Nikola Pilić Doug Stone | 6 | 6 | | | | | | John Newcombe Tony Roche | 6 | 2 | 7 | | | | |
| Arthur Ashe Bob Lutz | 4 | 1 | | Nikola Pilić Doug Stone | 5 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| John Newcombe Tony Roche | 6 | 7 | | John Newcombe Tony Roche | 7 | 3 | 7 | | | | | | | | |
| Gerald Battrick Cliff Richey | 1 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Magnesium torch

A magnesium torch is a bright light source made from magnesium, which can burn underwater and in all weather conditions. They are used for emergency illumination for railroad applications. They were also used in the 1950s up to the early 1970s as a light source for scuba diving, and were featured occasionally in television shows. A relay of magnesium torches was used to transfer the Olympic flame from Greece to the site of the Olympic games several times since the first occasion at the 1936 Berlin Games.

## Function

Magnesium is highly flammable, burning at a temperature of approximately 3,100 °C (3,370 K; 5,610 °F), and the autoignition temperature of magnesium ribbon is approximately 473 °C (746 K; 883 °F). It produces intense, bright, white light when it burns. Once ignited, magnesium fires are difficult to extinguish, because combustion continues in nitrogen (forming magnesium nitride), carbon dioxide (forming magnesium oxide and carbon), and water (forming magnesium oxide and hydrogen).

### Structure

Details may vary depending on the application. For railway emergency lighting and signalling purposes, the torch may consist of a rolled cardboard structural tube with plastic end covers, one of which may be the ignition device. The fuel is inside and exposed by removing the top end cap. This type of construction may be unsuitable for underwater use.

## Uses

* All-weather emergency lighting
* Carrying the Olympic Flame from 1930 to at least 1984
* Underwater light source (obsolete) from the 1950s to the early 1970s.
* Photographic illumination (historical), using a somewhat different form of torch.

## Hazards and safety precautions

Underwater use produces large volumes of hydrogen gas, which if trapped in a confined space with exhaled breathing gas, which typically contains more than 17% oxygen by volume, can form a flammable or explosive gas mixture. The range of explosive mixtures of hydrogen and air or oxygen is unusually wide, but varies with temperature, pressure and other factors. A magnesium torch does not necessarily give warning of an atmosphere that cannot support life or consciousness, as it continues to burn underwater, or in an oxygen free atmosphere if sufficient nitrogen or carbon dioxide are present.

## In popular culture

* An underwater torch is available in the Education Edition of the Minecraft sandbox video game, created by combining a torch with magnesium on a crafting table.
* Featured occasionally in the Sea Hunt television show.
* Magnesium torches were used in the documentary series The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau. "The Secrets of the Sunken Caves" (episode 17, released in 1971) features the divers using these torches to explore a deep underwater cave.
# Vakalepa

Vakalepa is a village in Põhja-Pärnumaa Parish, Pärnu County in southwestern Estonia.
# St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church (Newport News, Virginia)

St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church is a historic Catholic church complex in Newport News, Virginia, United States. It was built 1916–1917 and is a 1+1⁄2-story, brick, Classical Revival style longitudinal-plan church. It was designed by the Carl Ruehrmurd of Richmond, Virginia. The front facade features a pedimented portico with four fluted Corinthian order columns. Associated with the church are the contributing rectory (1917), garage (1917), and prayer garden. The parish was established as a mission of the St. Mary Star of the Sea Church at Old Point Comfort in 1881. St. Alphonsus, an African American parish established in 1944, was merged with St. Vincent de Paul in 1970. This made it the first historic church in downtown Newport News to be racially integrated.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
# Jamaat-ul-Muslimeen

Jamaat-ul-Muslimeen (Arabic/Urdu: جماعة المسلمين‎), literally translated as "Group or party of Muslims", is a Pakistani religious organization. Based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, it was founded by Masood Ahmad in January 1962. The present leader of the organization is syed Zain ul Abideen who the ameer after the death of Mohammad ishtiaq in 2024. Muhammad Ishtiaq has passed away in 27 November 2024
Jamaat-ul-Muslimeen closely resembles the Ahl-i Hadith sect in their insistence upon the primary sources of an original monotheistic Islam and a total rejection of fiqh.

## Criticism by Sunnis

Sunni scholars accuse Jamaat al-Muslimeen of misinterpreting certain Qur'anic texts and hadiths. They assert that the founder Masood Ahmad expressed his personal opinions, overlooking the works and understandings of other mainstream Muslim scholars.

## Publications

* Soam-ul-Muslimeen — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Zakat-ul-Muslimeen — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Hajj-ul-Muslimeen — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Zehan Parasti — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Minhaj ul Muslimeen — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Talash-e-Haq — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Tauheed-ul-Muslimeen — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* At-Tehqeeq Fi Jawab At-Taqleed — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Burhan-ul-Muslimeen — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Da'awat-ul-Muslimeen — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Salat-ul-Muslimeen — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Tafheem-e-Islam — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Taareekh-e-Mutawwal — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Tareekh-e-Islam — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
* Tafseer-e-Quran (10 volumes) — by Masood Ahmed (B.Sc.)
# List of Burnley F.C. managers

Burnley Football Club is an English professional association football club based in the town of Burnley, Lancashire. Founded on 18 May 1882, the club was one of the first to become professional (in 1883), putting pressure on the Football Association to permit payments to players. As a result, the team were able to enter the FA Cup for the first time in 1885–86, and were one of the twelve founding members of the Football League in 1888–89. Burnley have played in the top four tiers of English football from 1888 to the present day. The team have been champions of England twice, in 1920–21 and 1959–60, have won the FA Cup once, in 1913–14, and have won the FA Charity Shield twice, in 1960 and 1973. Burnley were the second, and are one of only five teams to have won all four professional divisions of English football, along with Wolverhampton Wanderers, Preston North End, Sheffield United and Portsmouth.
From 1882 to 1894, the Burnley team was selected by the board of directors or a committee whose secretary had the same powers and role as a manager has today. In August 1894, the club decided to follow several other clubs and appoint a team manager. Burnley-born Harry Bradshaw was appointed; he had been involved with the club since its foundation in 1882 and he had been a committee member since 1887. Scotsman Frank Hill, who was in charge of Burnley from October 1948 to August 1954, was the first non-English manager in the club's history. From 1954 to 1983, under chairman Bob Lord, only managers with a previous playing career at the club were appointed—this trend ended when John Bond took the post in June 1983. Two Burnley managers have died in the job—Spen Whittaker and John Haworth.
The longest-serving person to manage Burnley is Harry Potts, who was in charge of the club for a total of 728 competitive matches: from February 1958 to February 1970 and from February 1977 to October 1979. Haworth and Potts are Burnley's most successful managers in terms of competitive honours won, as Haworth claimed one FA Cup (1913–14) and one First Division title (1920–21), while Potts won one First Division title (1959–60) and one Charity Shield (1960).
From the beginning of the club's official managerial records in 1894 to the present, Burnley have had 30 permanent managers and 6 caretakers. The club's current manager is Scott Parker, who was appointed in July 2024.

## List of managers

Information correct after match played on 19 May 2024. Only competitive matches are counted, except the abandoned 1939–40 Football League season and matches in Wartime Leagues and Cups.

### Key

* Names of caretaker managers are supplied where known, and the names of caretaker managers are highlighted in italics and marked with an asterisk (*).
* Names of player-managers are supplied where known, and are marked with a double-dagger (‡).
# Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez

Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez (20 May 1824, Texcoco - 4 April 1904, Texcoco) was a Mexican painter, known primarily for portraits. He also worked in Colombia, for twenty years.

## Life and career

After completing his primary education in his hometown, in 1836, he enrolled at the Academia de San Carlos in Mexico City, where he studied with the Catalonian painter Pelegrí Clavé. From 1848, he was a resident of Toluca. Between 1848 and 1854 he travelled throughout the countryside as a teacher for the Literary Institute (now the Autonomous University of Mexico State).
Later, he embarked on several study trips; notably to the United States (1868-1872), followed by Rome, Paris, Madrid (where he worked briefly with Federico de Madrazo), Barcelona, Florence and others. In 1873, he visited New York, where he met the Colombian writer and diplomat, Rafael Pombo, who invited him to Bogotá, where he stayed for many years. While there, in 1886, he helped to create the National School of Fine Arts. While in Paris, he had studied nude painting and, in 1891, when his "Huntress of the Andes" was displayed in Mexico, it created a small scandal.
He returned to his hometown in 1894 and died there in 1904.
In December 1992, the Museo Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez opened in Toluca. It contains 225 works by Gutiérrez and his followers; arranged by themes. It shares space with a museum devoted to José María Velasco Gómez. His works may also be seen at several museums in Bogotá, as well as the Museo Nacional de Arte.

## Selected paintings

* La Cazadora de los Andes, 1874, oil on canvas, Colección Blaisten, Mexico City
* La Corrosca, 1875, oil on canvas, Miguel Urrutia Art Museum, Bogotá
* Indias de Oaxaca, c. 1877, oil on canvas, Miguel Urrutia Art Museum, Bogotá
* El mendigo, c. 1891, National Museum of Colombia, Bogotá
# Richard Diviš

Richard Diviš (born June 5, 1985 in Trutnov) is a Czech professional ice hockey player. He played with HC Plzeň in the Czech Extraliga during the 2010–11 season.
Diviš previously played for HC Kladno, HC VČE Hradec Králové, HC Berounští Medvědi and HC Slovan Ústečtí Lvi.
# Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani

Gholamhossein Mohammadi (Persian: غلامحسین محمدی; born c. 1943), better known as Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani (Persian: محمد محمدی گلپایگانی), is an Iranian Shia Islamic cleric who is the Chief of Staff of the Office of the Supreme Leader of Iran (presently Ali Khamenei), and do its related affairs since 1989. Mohammadi Golpayegani who is also famous as "Hujjat al-Islam Golpayegani" was born in 1943 (1322 S.H.) in the city of Golpayegan, in Isfahan province.
His father, Abul Qasim Mohammadi Golpayegani was well known as an Islamic scholar/commentator and likewise the Imam of Friday prayer in Golpayegan. He was among the political warriors against Pahlavi, and also among the audience in the event of attack to Feyziyeh School. Mohammadi Golpayegani is a poet, too, and there have been published his poems in the press of Iran. "Persian Gulf" is regarded among his prominent poems that describes it according to his words."
# Svaneti Range

Svaneti Range (Georgian: სვანეთის ქედი) is an 85 km long sub-mountain range of the Greater Caucasus, in the Svaneti region of Georgia, located south of the main Caucasus ridge in a west–east direction.
The Svaneti Range runs along the border between the regions of Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti and Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti (North and South Svaneti) in the north of Georgia. It forms the watershed between the Enguri River (to the north and west) and the Tskhenistsqali (to the south). The right Tskhenistsqali tributary Cheledula separates the mountains from the further south Egrisi Range. The Svanetic Mountains reach a maximum altitude of 4009 m at the Lahili Peak. The ridge is partially glacier.

## Geology

Svaneti Range is composed mainly of sedimentary ( mica, schist ) and partly of metamorphic rocks ( quartzite, slate ).

## Vegetation

On the slopes grow subalpine and alpine vegetation.
The slopes of the Svaneti Range at lower elevations are covered with forests of beech, spruce and fir.
# 1973 Midlands International

The 1973 Midlands International, also known as the Omaha International, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the City Auditorium in Omaha, Nebraska in the United States that was part of the 1973 USLTA Indoor Circuit. It was the fifth edition of the event and was held from January 23 through January 28, 1973. First-seeded Ilie Năstase won the singles title and earned $3,000 first-prize money after his opponent in the final, Jimmy Connors, retired with an ankle injury which he sustained in the semifinal. It was Năstase's third consecutive singles title at the event.

## Finals
### Singles

Ilie Năstase defeated Jimmy Connors 5–0 ret.
* It was Năstase's 1st singles title of the year and 25th of his career.

### Doubles

William Brown / Mike Estep defeated Jimmy Connors / Juan Gisbert, Sr. default
# Broughton High School, Edinburgh

Broughton High School is a secondary school located in the north of Edinburgh, Scotland. In 2009, the building at Inverleith was replaced with a building funded by a public–private partnership. The school is currently situated next to Inverleith Park, in the Stockbridge neighbourhood of Edinburgh but was formerly in Broughton, where the poet Hugh MacDiarmid was a pupil.

## Description

In 2016 the school was named in Tatler's list of top state schools.
The school is home to a specialised music department: the City of Edinburgh Music School which nearly faced closure in 2018. Along with the music school Broughton has a specialist dance department. Broughton is also one of seven schools in Scotland chosen by the Scottish Football Association to support talented young footballers with extra coaching. As of 2018, the dedicated coach for the young players at Broughton is former Hibernian player Keith Wright.
The school's motto Fortiter et Recte is Latin for 'strongly and rightly'.
According to the Scottish Government's Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation statistics Broughton High School is the most socio-economically diverse school in the City of Edinburgh.
The Senior Leadership Team in July 2024 consisted of the Headteacher (John J. Wilson) and three Deputy Headteachers. The school also has a Director of Music and a Business Manager. In
In May 2024 Angus Robertson MSP for Edinburgh Central visited Broughton High School. Mr Robertson commended the school for its sustained improvements in attainment for the since 2014.
On 28th September the Headteacher was invited as a Local Hero to the 25th Anniversary of the opening of the Scottish Parliament.

## HMI(E) report

In the last report, issued in September 2011, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education concluded that areas of strength were the school's leadership, care and welfare and specialist provisions. It stated that development was required on areas such as overall achievement, expectations and consistency.
In February 2014, the school received a follow-up report which concluded that improvements had been made. The report stated that S4-S6 attainment in 2013 was the highest in the last three years.

## Notable alumni

* Martyn Bennett, bagpiper
* Alan Bold, Critic and Poet
* William Bosi, professional rock climber
* Mary Fee, Scottish Labour Party politician
* Shirley Manson, lead singer of Garbage
* Hugh MacDiarmid, Scottish Poet
* Sean McKirdy, footballer
* David Murray, Entrepreneur, Scottish Businessman
* Angus Robertson SNP politician
* Sean Smith, Lord Harrower, judge of the Supreme Courts
* Tommy Smith, saxophonist, composer
* Emma Watson, Footballer,
# Emer Higgins

Emer Higgins (born 1986) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Mid-West constituency since the 2020 general election.

## Early life and education

Higgins attended Holy Family Community School in Rathcoole, Dublin.
Higgins attended University College Dublin and was a member of its students' union. She graduated with an Honours Degree in Economics and Sociology, and is now a member of its Governing Authority.

## Political career

Higgins worked for a period of five years as an assistant to Frances Fitzgerald from 2009 to 2013.
Higgins was co-opted as a member of South Dublin County Council in 2011 and continued as a councillor until her election as a TD in 2020. She also continued to work as chief of staff of global operations for PayPal from 2013 to 2020.
Higgins served as Leader of the Fine Gael group on South Dublin County Council and as Chair of the Land use, Planning and Transport SPC Strategic Policy Committee.
In 2019, Higgins ran as the Fine Gael candidate at the 2019 Dublin Mid-West by-election where she was beaten by the Sinn Féin candidate Mark Ward.
In November 2019, Higgins apologised for an incident in 2014, in which she delivered a letter to her constituents where she expressed "delight" over cancelled plans for accommodation for Irish Travellers in Newcastle, South Dublin.
At the 2020 general election, Higgins was one of two Fine Gael candidates in Dublin Mid-West and was elected to one of four seats in the constituency. Following Higgins's election to the Dáil, Shirley O'Hara was co-opted to her seat on South Dublin County Council.
In May 2022, Higgins was criticised on social media for her "months-long campaign" and work with Simon Coveney to rename An Post's Passport Express service as Post Passport, as it was not quick enough. Critics described her video announcing the change as "tone deaf" and asked whether there were not more important issues for elected representatives to deal with.
On 10 April 2024, Higgins was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment with responsibility for Business, Employment and Retail.
On 30 June 2024, Higgins announced that she would be asking Dublin City Council to pause the Dublin City Centre Transport Plan. The move followed public criticism of the plan by Ibec and the Dublin City Traders Alliance but faced criticism from Minister for Transport Eamon Ryan and from several Dublin City councillors as well as advocacy groups I BIKE Dublin and the Dublin Commuter Coalition. Her intervention was described by some councillors as "inappropriate", an "outrageous overreach" and an instance "of big business dictating to the city", and by Ivana Bacik, the leader of the Labour Party as "a really inappropriate intervention by a junior minister seeking it seems to derail the traffic plan agreed for Dublin City Council by councillors”.
On 29 January 2025, Higgins was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform with special responsibility for Public Procurement, Digitalisation and eGovernment.