OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lorenz Leonard Lindelöf

Lorenz Leonard Lindelöf (13 November 1827, Karvia, Finland – 3 March 1908, Helsinki) was a Finnish mathematician, astronomer and politician.

## Biography

Lindelöf grew up in a poor family. He learned German and French and studied astronomy and mathematics at the University of Helsinki. He initially specialized in astronomy at the graduate level and was at Pulkovo Observatory in 1855–1856. After his completion of his PhD (Promotierung), Lindelöf from 1857 to 1874 held the professorial chair of mathematics in Helsinki and from 1869 to 1872 was the rector of the university. He then resigned his professorial chair in favor of Mittag-Leffler and turned to politics. Lindelöf was from 1874 to 1902 minister of state education in Finland and also did actuarial work for Kaleva Mutual Insurance Company. In 1883 he was knighted and in 1888 was a member of the State Council. He was in the Finnish Parliament, served on many committees and was in 1900 District Marshal.
Lindelöf published papers on minimal surfaces, the calculus of variations, differential geometry, mechanics, celestial mechanics and pension funds.
His son Ernst Leonard Lindelöf became a famous mathematician.
In 1859 Lorenz Lindelöf became a member of the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters and in 1867 its permanent secretary. He also became in 1900 a member of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala. In 1880 he received the Steiner Prize of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
His burial took place in Hietaniemi cemetery.

## Selected works

* Limites entre lesquelles le caténoïde est une surface minima, Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn., No. 9, 1871.
* Lärobok i analytisk Geometri, Helsinki, 1877 (Handbook of Analytic Geometry in Swedish)
* Trajectoire d'un corps assujetti à se mouvoir sur la surface de la terre sous l'influence de la rotation terrestre, Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn., No. 16, 1888
* Variationskalkylens teori och dess användning till bestämmande af multipla integralers maxima och minima, 1855
* Nouvelle demonstration d´un théorème fondamental du calcul de variations, Compte Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, 1861
* Détermination analytique de la forme des ondes lumineuses élémentaires, Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn., No. 6, 1861
* Recherches sur les polyèdres maxima, Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn., No. 24, 1898.
* with the Abbé Moigno: Leçons de calcul des variations, Paris: Mallet-Bachelier, 1861

## Sources

* Olli Lehto Tieteen aatelia: Lorenz Lindelöf ja Ernst Lindelöf, Otava, Helsinki 2008 (Finnish).
# Francesco Mangione

Francesco Mangione is an Italian-born Australian, convicted of the 2002 murder of his 26-year-old cousin, Denis Giunta, in his Williamstown home.

## Early life

Mangione, of Moonee Ponds, Victoria was born 23 July 1957 in Sicily. In 1969 he came to Australia. Apprenticed to the former State Electricity Commission of Victoria, he was in 1978 named by the Industrial Training Commission of Victoria as the outstanding radio tradesman apprentice of that year. He departed the SECV in 1989 and began operating an ice cream van. In 1992 Mangione was arrested and detained, but he was later released due to there being no evidence to support charges over a missing six-year-old girl found in his ice cream van. In 1993 an incident occurred between his family and that of Giunta, also an ice cream van operator, escalating a turf war which included a violent fight between Mangione and Giunta.

## Criminal history

On 5 February 2002 Giunta returned home from work. After showering he stepped naked into the bedroom where his wife lay sleeping and Mangione lay in wait. Mangione then attacked Giunta slashing, stabbing, and hacking at him with a homemade sword. Giunta's wife, Laura, awakened by her husband's screams, escaped via the bedroom's balcony leading to the outside garage roof where she leaped to the ground, breaking her leg, requiring further hospitalization for 21 days and in need of a wheelchair and crutches upon her release. Giunta died at the scene from massive injuries. Mangione fled the scene dropping the weapon as he did. His DNA was later found on the handle of the sword and tools were found in his home which were forensically linked to the making of the weapon.

### Trial

The trial lasted for ten days. On 13 February 2004 Mangione was found guilty by a jury. He was sentenced by Judge David Harper to 22 years imprisonment, with a non-parole period of 18 years. On 21 February 2006 the Supreme Court of Victoria Court of Appeal dismissed Mangione's appeal against the severity of his sentence. Mangione continues to maintain his innocence. In 2010 it was reported that Mangione was imprisoned in Barwon Prison.
# Reversible garment

A reversible garment is a garment that can be worn two ways, which differ by turning the garment "inside out". However, there is no true "inside out" to a reversible garment, since either way, it gives a fashionable appearance. Garments that are commonly made reversible include hats, jackets, vests, sweaters, shirts, trousers, and skirts.
Reversible garments have some features unlike other types of garments, such as thicker overall fabric (since two fabrics are often sewn together), buttons on both sides (in garments that have buttons), different types of stitching, and no tags.
Some ancient shepherds had reversible garments, with a warm side that they would wear when the weather was cold, and a cool side when the weather was hot.
# Jo Dee Messina (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Jo Dee Messina is the debut studio album of American country music singer Jo Dee Messina, released in 1996.
It was co-produced by country music artist Tim McGraw and Byron Gallimore, who has also produced all of McGraw's albums. The album's first two singles ("Heads Carolina, Tails California" and "You're Not in Kansas Anymore") both reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts in 1996, while follow-ups "Do You Want to Make Something of It" and "He'd Never Seen Julie Cry" both failed to enter the Top 40.
The album reached number 22 on the Top Country Albums and number 146 on the Billboard 200. Seven years after its release, it was certified gold in the United States.

## Personnel

Compiled from liner notes.
Musicians
* Jo Dee Messina – lead vocals, backing vocals
* Steve Nathan – acoustic piano, keyboards
* Matt Rollings – acoustic piano
* Larry Byrom – acoustic guitars
* Dann Huff – electric guitars
* Danny Parks – acoustic guitars
* Brent Rowan – electric guitars
* Sonny Garrish – steel guitar, dobro
* Glen Duncan – fiddle, mandolin
* Mike Brignardello – bass
* Glenn Worf – bass
* Bob Wray – bass
* Kenny Aronoff – drums
* Milton Sledge – drums
* Lonnie Wilson – drums
* Tom Roady – percussion
* Stephony Smith – backing vocals
* Cindy Walker – backing vocals
* Curtis Young – backing vocals
Production
* Tim McGraw – producer
* Byron Gallimore – producer, recording (9)
* Julian King – recording (1-5, 7, 8, 10)
* Russ Martin – recording (6)
* Chris Lord-Alge – mixing
* Ricky Cobble – recording assistant (1-5, 7, 8, 10)
* Mark Hagen – recording assistant (1-5, 7, 8, 10), mix assistant
* Craig White – recording assistant (6)
* Doug Sax – mastering at The Mastering Lab (Hollywood, California)
* Missi Callis – production assistant
* Tamara Petrash – production assistant
* Russell Walker – production assistant
* Sue Austin – album design coordinator
* Newman, Walker & Associates – art direction, design
* Randee St. Nicholas – photography
* Total Management – management

## Charts
### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions |
| Year | Single | US Country | US | CAN Country |
| 1996 | "Heads Carolina, Tails California" | 2 | 111 | 3 |
| 1996 | "You're Not in Kansas Anymore" | 7 | — | 22 |
| 1996 | "Do You Wanna Make Something of It?" | 53 | — | 29 |
| 1997 | "He'd Never Seen Julie Cry" | 64 | — | — |
# Ivan Trotski

Ivan Trotski (Belarusian: Іван Троцкі, Russian: Иван Троцкий; born 27 May 1976 in Hrodna) is a Belarusian race walker.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Belarus ||||||
| 1997 | European U23 Championships | Turku, Finland | — | 20 km | DQ |
| 1998 | European Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 6th | 20 km | 1:22.46 |
| 1999 | World Championships | Seville, Spain | 9th | 20 km | 1:25:54 |
| 1999 | World Race Walking Cup | Mézidon-Canon, France | 13th | 20 km | 1:22:59 |
| 2001 | European Race Walking Cup | Dudince, Slovakia | 9th | 20 km | 1:21:43 |
| 2001 | World Championships | Edmonton, Canada | 15th | 20 km | 1:25:02 |
| 2002 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | 5th | 20 km | 1:20:52 |
| 2002 | World Race Walking Cup | Turin, Italy | 13th | 20 km | 1:24:29 |
| 2003 | World Championships | Paris, France | 6th | 20 km | 1:19:40 |
| 2003 | Military World Games | Catania, Italy | 3rd | 10,000 m | 39:34.99 |
| 2004 | World Race Walking Cup | Naumburg, Germany | 10th | 20 km | 1:20:41 |
| 2004 | Olympic Games | Athens, Greece | 23rd | 20 km | 1:25:53 |
| 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | — | 20 km | DSQ |
| 2007 | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | 27th | 20 km | 1:27:56 |
| 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 22nd | 20 km | 1:22:55 |
| 2008 | World Race Walking Cup | Cheboksary, Russia | 14th | 20 km | 1:20:56 |
| 2009 | European Race Walking Cup | Metz, France | — | 20 km | DSQ |
| 2011 | European Race Walking Cup | Olhão, Portugal | — | 50 km | DNF |
| 2012 | World Race Walking Cup | Saransk, Russia | 16th | 20 km | 1:22:05 |
| 2012 | Olympic Games | London, United Kingdom | 16th | 20 km | 1:21:23 |
| 2012 | Olympic Games | London, United Kingdom | 13th | 50 km | 3:46:09 |
| 2013 | European Race Walking Cup | Dudince, Slovakia | 19th | 20 km | 1:24:54 |
| 2013 | World Championships | Moscow, Russia | 14th | 50 km | 3:47:52 |
| 2014 | World Race Walking Cup | Taicang, China | 40th | 20 km | 1:22:24 |
| 2015 | European Race Walking Cup | Murcia, Spain | — | 50 km | DQ |
# Juicio Final (1977)

Juicio Final (1977) (Spanish for "Final Judgement" 1977) was a professional wrestling supercard show, scripted and produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), which took place on December 9, 1977, in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The show served as the year-end finale for CMLL before Arena México, CMLL's main venue, closed down for the winter for renovations and to host Circo Atayde. The shows replaced the regular Super Viernes ("Super Friday") shows held by CMLL since the mid-1930s.
For the 1977 Juicio Final main event the teams of El Faraón/Ringo Mendoza and Joe Palardy/Perro Aguayo faced off in a Lucha de Apuestas with all four wrestlers' hair on the line. Faraón and Mendoza won the match, leading to Palardy and Aguayo having all their hair shaved off afterwards. In the semi-main event match Ultraman and Fishman wrestled to a double count out in a match for the Mexican National Welterweight Championship. The show featured four additional matches.

## Production
### Background

For decades Arena México, the main venue of the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), would close down in early December and remain closed into either January or February to allow for renovations as well as letting Circo Atayde occupy the space over the holidays. As a result, CMLL usually held a "end of the year" supercard show on the first or second Friday of December in lieu of their normal Super Viernes show. The first year when CMLL used the name "El Juicio Final" ("The Final Judgement") for their year-end supershow was 1955. It is no longer an annually recurring show, but instead held intermittently, sometimes several years apart and not always in the same month of the year. All Juicio Final shows have been held in Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico which is CMLL's main venue, its "home".

### Storylines

The 1977 Juicio Final show featured seven professional wrestling matches scripted by CMLL with some wrestlers involved in scripted feuds. The wrestlers portray either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that play the part of the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they perform.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations |
| 1 | Flama Azul defeated Américo Rocca by disqualification | Singles match |
| 2 | Divino Roy defeated El Imposter | Singles match |
| 3 | Blue Demon and Mano Negra defeated Karloff Lagarde and Sangre Chicana | Tag team match |
| 4 | Mil Máscaras and Raúl Mata defeated Alfonso Dantes and Gran Markus | Tag team match |
| 5 | Fishman (c) vs. Ultraman ended in a double countout | Singles match for the Mexican National Welterweight Championship |
| 6 | El Faraón and Ringo Mendoza defeated Joe Palardy and Perro Aguayo | Best two-out-of-three falls Lucha de Apuestas, hair Vs. hair match |
| (c) – the champion(s) heading into the match |||
# TH-PVP

TH-PVP is a substituted cathinone derivative which has been sold as a designer drug. It was first identified by a forensic laboratory in Hungary in 2015, but has subsequently been found in numerous other countries around the world including Spain, Belgium, Poland, Turkey and Brazil.
Pharmacological studies in vitro showed it to inhibit reuptake of the monoamine neurotransmitters, with about 10-fold selectivity for serotonin over norepinephrine and dopamine, whereas the drug did not induce monoamine release. Despite its activity as a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, TH-PVP failed to produce stimulant effects in animals.
# Ruderal species

A ruderal species is a plant species that is first to colonize disturbed lands. The disturbance may be natural – for example, wildfires or avalanches – or the consequences of human activities, such as construction (of roads, of buildings, mining, etc.) or agriculture (abandoned fields, irrigation, etc.).
The term ruderal originates from the Latin word rudus, meaning "rubble".
Ruderal species typically dominate the disturbed area for a few years, gradually losing the competition to other native species. However, in extreme disturbance circumstances, such as when the natural topsoil is covered with a foreign substance, a single-species ruderal community may become permanently established. In addition, some ruderal invasive species may have such a competitive advantage over the native species that they, too, may permanently prevent a disturbed area from returning to its original state despite natural topsoil.

## Features

Features contributing to a species' success as ruderal are:
* Massive seed production
* Seedlings whose nutritional requirements are modest
* Fast-growing roots
* Independence of mycorrhizae
* Polyploidy

## Quantification

Ecologists have proposed various scales for quantifying ruderality, which can be defined as the "ability to thrive where there is disturbance through partial or total destruction of plant biomass" (Grime, Hodgson & Hunt, 1988). The ruderality scale of Grime presents values that are readily available, and it takes into account disturbance factors as well as other indicators such as the annual or perennial character of the plants.
# Aaron Kofsky

Aaron Kofsky is a close adviser of vice presidential candidate J.D. Vance who attracted attention in October 2024, when Wired published an investigation linking Kofsky to a Reddit account that repeatedly posted about using various psychoactive drugs.
# Calum Agius

Calum Agius (born 5 September 2005) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL League Two club Crewe Alexandra.

## Club career

Having joined the club aged seven, Agius come through the Crewe Alexandra academy system, and made his debut for the club on his 18th birthday as a scholar in their EFL Trophy game against Port Vale at Vale Park on 5 September 2023, coming on as a 61st minute substitute for Joe White, and being praised for his performance by Crewe manager Lee Bell. On 14 September 2023, he signed his first professional contract with the club, agreeing a three-year deal with the option of two additional years. Agius scored his first Crewe goal in a 1–0 defeat of Harrogate Town in an EFL Trophy group stage game on 8 October 2024.
On 22 November 2024, Agius joined National League North side Marine on loan until 2 January 2025. He made eight appearances, scoring once.

## International career

Agius was called up to the Wales under-19s squad for June 2023 friendlies against Sweden and played in both games, a 1–0 defeat on 15 June and a 2–2 draw on 18 June 2023.

## Career statistics

    As of 2 January 2025
| Club | Season | Division | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Crewe Alexandra | 2023–24 | League Two | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| Crewe Alexandra | 2024–25 | League Two | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
| Crewe Alexandra | Total | Total | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 12 | 1 |
| Marine (loan) | 2024–25 | National League North | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 20 | 2 |
* 1 2 Appearances in EFL Trophy
# Méon

Méon (French pronunciation: ) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 15 December 2016, it was merged into the new commune Noyant-Villages.
# Volha Tsander

Volha Mikhaylovna Tsander (Belarusian: Вольга Міхайлаўна Цандар; born 18 May 1976 in Hrodna) is a female hammer thrower from Belarus. Her personal best throw is 76.66 metres, achieved in July 2005 in Minsk.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Belarus ||||||
| 1994 | World Junior Championships | Lisbon, Portugal | 17th (q) | Shot put | 14.26 m |
| 1994 | World Junior Championships | Lisbon, Portugal | 5th | Discus | 51.90 m |
| 1997 | European U23 Championships | Turku, Finland | 8th | Discus | 52.52 m |
| 2000 | Olympic Games | Sydney, Australia | — | Hammer | NM |
| 2001 | World Championships | Edmonton, Canada | 10th | Hammer | 64.10 m |
| 2001 | Universiade | Beijing, China | 4th | Hammer | 65.95 m |
| 2002 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | 22nd | Hammer | 61.39 m |
| 2003 | World Championships | Paris, France | — | Hammer | NM |
| 2004 | Olympic Games | Athens, Greece | 6th | Hammer | 72.27 m |
| 2004 | World Athletics Final | Szombathely, Hungary | 2nd | Hammer | 72.06 m |
| 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 14th | Hammer | 66.07 m |
| 2005 | World Athletics Final | Szombathely, Hungary | 7th | Hammer | 68.35 m |
| 2006 | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | — | Hammer | NM |
# James J. Morgan

James J. Morgan (born 1942) is an American business executive who was CEO of Atari from 1983 to 1984 and CEO of Philip Morris USA from 1994 to 1997.
James Morgan joined Philip Morris in 1963 following his graduation from Princeton University with a degree in history. He was Brand Manager for Marlboro from 1972 to 1973 and later was Assistant Director of Tobacco Brand Management, during which time he earned a reputation as one of the top marketing minds of the 1970s by helping to develop and market the image of the Marlboro Man. He was a member of the Tobacco Institute Communications Committee from 1981 to 1983. Morgan briefly left Philip Morris in 1983 when he was offered the position of CEO at Atari by Warner Communications, Atari's parent company at the time. At the time he left Philip Morris, Morgan was serving as vice-president of the company.
Morgan was chairman and CEO of Atari from September 1983 until July 1984, when Atari Inc. was closed and split up, with the consumer division going to Jack Tramiel.
After his departure from Atari, Morgan returned to Philip Morris. During his second stint with the company, he was most famous for his claims that cigarettes are no more addictive than gummy bears and that Philip Morris had never attempted to intentionally market tobacco products toward minors.
Morgan was appointed president and CEO in 1994 and retired from Philip Morris on November 1, 1997.
# Essays: Second Series

Essays: Second Series is a series of essays written by Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1844, concerning transcendentalism. It is the second volume of Emerson's Essays, the first being Essays: First Series. This book contains:
* "The Poet"
* "Experience"
* "Character"
* "Manners"
* "Gifts"
* "Nature"
* "Politics"
* "Nominalist and Realist"
* "New England Reformers"
# C. H. Worsnop

Charles Henry Worsnop (1862 – 21 January 1939) was an English businessman, inventor and vegetarianism activist.

## Career

Worsnop founded Worsnop and Co at Halifax, West Yorkshire in 1860. His company manufactured lamps and was one of the first to sell alkaline batteries in England. The company was renamed Alklum Electrics and remained in operation until 1925. In 1932, he founded Alklum Storage Batteries. He also managed Worsnop & Sons with his son Alfred. Worsnop was the inventor of the nickel steel electric battery.
In 1890, there was a fatal gas explosion at the premise of Worsnop's electro-plate works, killing several people, including his brother John. An inquiry concluded that the gas explosion was accidental but there was insufficient evidence to know how it was caused.

## Vegetarianism

Worsnop became a vegetarian as a young man after reading the booklet Pork and its Perils. He joined the Vegetarian Society in 1886 and was president of Halifax Vegetarian and Food Reform Society from 1894 to 1895. He attended the 1896 annual meeting of the Vegetarian Federal Union.

## Personal life

Worsnop had three brothers. His brother Frank a veterinary surgeon died in 1926. Worsnop died at his home in Rockville, Halifax in 1939, aged 78. He was buried at Stoney Royd Cemetery.
# 1980 in archaeology
## Excavations

* Aëtos Hill, Menelaion Ridge, Laconia, Greece, takes place under H. W. Catling.
* San Vincenzo al Volturno by the British School of Archaeology at Rome begin (continue to 1986).
* Ain Dara temple, Syria; continues until 1985.
* Excavations begin at Dryslwyn Castle in Wales under the direction of Chris Caple; the dig lasts until 1995 and the results written up in a monograph published by the Society for Medieval Archaeology in 2007

## Finds

* 17 February - Derrynaflan Chalice in the south of Ireland.
* 28 March - Talpiot Tomb in Jerusalem.
* August - Wreck of the Breadalbane in the Northwest Passage.
* Wreck of HMS Restoration (1678) on the Goodwin Sands.
* Wreck of the paddle steamer Eric Nordevall in Vättern in Sweden.
* Wreck of American Great Lakes whaleback barge 115 in Lake Superior.
* Frieze at Aphrodisias in Anatolia showing Claudius subjugating Britannia.

## Publications

* W. A. McCutcheon - The Industrial Archaeology of Northern Ireland. Belfast: HMSO. ISBN 0-337-08154-9.

## Events

* 19 December - Chaco Canyon National Monument is renamed Chaco Culture National Historical Park with 13,000 acres (53 km$^2$) added. The Chaco Culture Archaeological Protection Site program is created to protect Chacoan sites.

## Deaths

* January 2 - Rhys Carpenter, American Classical art historian (b. 1889)
* August 24 - André Parrot, French archaeologist of the Near East (b. 1901)
* September 8
** Willard Libby, American physical chemist, key developer of radiocarbon dating (b. 1908)
** Keith Muckelroy, British maritime archaeologist, in diving accident (b. 1951)
* November 16 - Don Crabtree, American experimental archaeologist (b. 1912)
# Fayolle Jean Jr.

Fayolle Jean Jr. is a Haitian Canadian actor from Montreal, Quebec, best known for his television roles as Valère in Entre deux draps and Jeff Bourjoly in Escouade 99.
He had a small bit part in the 2002 film North Station (Station-Nord) before being cast in his first major television role as goalie Alex Beauchesne in Lance et compte in 2004, and had his first major leading film role in the 2015 film Scratch. In 2022 he played the doctor in Sainte-Marie-la-Mauderne, a stage adaptation of the film Seducing Doctor Lewis (La Grande séduction).
His father, Fayolle Jean, is also an actor. The two have acted together in the films Scratch and Première vague.