OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1503 in Ireland

Events from the year 1503 in Ireland

## Incumbent

* Lord: Henry VII

## Events

* Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare married Elizabeth Zouche, daughter of John Zouche of Codnor

## Deaths

* Alexander Plunket
# Evaporating gaseous globule

An evaporating gas globule (EGG) is a region of hydrogen gas in outer space approximately 100 astronomical units in size, such that gases shaded by it are shielded from ionizing UV rays. Dense areas of gas shielded by an evaporating gas globule can be conducive to the birth of stars. Evaporating gas globules were first conclusively identified via photographs of the Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995.
EGG's are the likely predecessors of new protostars. Inside an EGG the gas and dust are denser than in the surrounding dust cloud. Gravity pulls the cloud even more tightly together as the EGG continues to draw in material from its surroundings. As the cloud density builds up the globule becomes hotter under the weight of the outer layers, a protostar is formed inside the EGG.
A protostar may have too little mass to become a star. If so it becomes a brown dwarf. If the protostar has sufficient mass, the density reaches a critical level where the temperature exceeds 10 million kelvin at its center. At this point, a nuclear reaction starts converting hydrogen to helium and releasing large amounts of energy. The protostar then becomes a star and joins the main sequence on the HR diagram.
A study of 73 EGGs in the Pillars of Creation (Eagle Nebula) with the Very Large Telescope showed that only 15% of the EGGs show signs of star-formation. The star-formation is not everywhere the same: The largest pillar has a small cluster of these sources at the head of the pillar.
# Thabo Nthethe

Thabo Benett Nthethe (born 3 October 1984 in Bloemfontein) is a retired South African football defender. He represented South Africa and played for Mamelodi Sundowns and was the captain of Bloemfontein Celtic. In 2021 Nthethe was appointedas the new head coach of ABC Motsepe League side, Casric Bucs FC.

## International career
### International goals

    Scores and results list South Africa's goal tally first.
| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1 | 15 November 2013 | Somhlolo National Stadium, Swaziland | Swaziland | 3–0 | 3–0 | Friendly |
# Marcelo González (luger)

Marcelo González (born 24 November 1965) is an Argentine luger. He competed in the men's singles event at the 2002 Winter Olympics.
# New Geneva Bridge

The New Geneva Bridge is a truss bridge that carries the Norfolk Southern Railway across the Monongahela River between Nicholson Township and Monongahela Township, Pennsylvania. The bridge was originally built to serve the Monongahela Railroad; it has long been part of a heavily traveled coal route. At the time of construction, it was the largest bridge ever constructed using end launching. The structure is just upriver from Friendship Hill National Historic Site.
# 1919 Lynching in Montgomery, Alabama

Miles (or Relius) Phifer and Robert Crosky were lynched in Montgomery, Alabama, for allegedly assaulting a white woman.

## Lynching of Phifer and Crosky

In August or September 1919 Miles Phifer and Robert Crosky, Army veterans, were arrested over allegations they assaulted two white women in separate incidents in Montgomery, Alabama. The Gadsden Daily Times-News reported that the two had confessed to the assaults. A mob had formed and a concerned citizen notified Alabama's Governor Thomas Kilby that there might be a lynching. Kilby ordered the two to be transferred to the relative safety of the prison in nearby Wetumpka. On September 29, 1919, the sheriff and his deputies were transporting Phifer and Crosky when they were stopped by a white mob of about 25 masked men. The deputies stood by as the men pulled the two out of the car. They were taken into the wilderness 5 miles (8.0 km) outside of town and told to run. As Phifer and Crosky sprinted away from the mob they were gunned down. Croskey was killed instantly, but Phifer lived for a few hours. According to some contemporary reports, both Phifer and Crosky were discharged soldiers and Phifer was still in his uniform when he was killed. Other (later) sources mention only Crosky as a veteran.

## Lynching of Willie Temple

On 2 AM on September 30, 1919, a day after the lynching of Phifer and Crosky, Willie Temple was lynched in a hospital for allegedly fatally wounding Policeman Barbaree.

## Aftermath

These lynchings were part of a period of civil unrest now known as the American Red Summer of 1919. Attacks on black communities and white oppression spread to more than three dozen cities and counties. In most cases, white mobs attacked African American neighborhoods. In some cases, black community groups resisted the attacks, especially in Chicago and Washington, D.C. Most deaths occurred in rural areas during events like the Elaine race riot in Arkansas, where an estimated 100 to 240 blacks and 5 whites were killed. Other major events of Red Summer were the Chicago race riot and Washington D.C. Race Riot, which caused 38 and 39 deaths, respectively. Both riots had many more non-fatal injuries and extensive property damage reaching up into the millions of dollars.

### Lynchings in Alabama during 1919

| Date | Name | County |
| June 6, 1919 | James E. Lewis | Mobile |
| June 18, 1919 | Jim McMillan | Bibb |
| August 2, 1919 | Archie Robinson | Clarke |
| August 2, 1919 | Unnamed man | Clarke |
| September 29, 1919 | Miles Phifer | Montgomery |
| September 29, 1919 | Robert Croskey | Montgomery |
| September 30, 1919 | Willie Temple | Montgomery |
# Sam Tingle

Sam Ashworth Tingle (24 August 1921 – 19 December 2008) was an English-born racing driver from Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe.
Tingle was born in Manchester, United Kingdom, and made his Formula One debut on 28 December 1963.
He was one of only two drivers from Rhodesia to successfully enter a Formula One race, the other being John Love. A third Rhodesian racer, Clive Puzey, failed to qualify in his Formula One attempt. He died in Somerset West, South Africa, aged 87.

## Complete Formula One World Championship results

(key)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | WDC | Points |
| 1963 | Sam Tingle | LDS Mk1 | Alfa Romeo Giulietta 1.5 L4 | MON | BEL | NED | FRA | GBR | GER | ITA | USA | MEX | RSA Ret | | | NC | 0 |
| 1965 | Sam Tingle | LDS Mk2 | Alfa Romeo Giulietta 1.5 L4 | RSA 13 | MON | BEL | FRA | GBR | NED | GER | ITA | USA | MEX | | | NC | 0 |
| 1967 | Sam Tingle | LDS Mk3 | Climax FPF 2.7 L4 | RSA Ret | MON | NED | BEL | FRA | GBR | GER | CAN | ITA | USA | MEX | | NC | 0 |
| 1968 | Team Gunston | LDS Mk3 | Repco 620 3.0 V8 | RSA Ret | ESP | MON | BEL | NED | FRA | GBR | GER | ITA | CAN | USA | MEX | NC | 0 |
| 1969 | Team Gunston | Brabham BT24 | Repco 620 3.0 V8 | RSA 8 | ESP | MON | NED | FRA | GBR | GER | ITA | CAN | USA | MEX | | NC | 0 |

## Complete Formula One non-championship results

(key)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| 1961 | Sam Tingle | LDS Mk1 | Alfa Romeo Giulietta 1.5 L4 | LOM | GLV | PAU | BRX | VIE | AIN | SYR | NAP | LON | SIL | SOL | KAN | DAN | MOD | FLG | OUL | LEW | VAL | RAN Ret | NAT Ret | RSA 8 |
| 1962 | Sam Tingle | LDS Mk1 | Alfa Romeo Giulietta 1.5 L4 | CAP Ret | BRX | LOM | LAV | GLV | PAU | AIN | INT | NAP | MAL | CLP | RMS | SOL | KAN | MED | DAN | OUL | MEX | RAN 8 | NAT 8 | |
| 1963 | Sam Tingle | LDS Mk1 | Alfa Romeo Giulietta 1.5 L4 | LOM | GLV | PAU | IMO | SYR | AIN | INT | ROM | SOL | KAN | MED | AUT | OUL | RAN Ret | | | | | | | |
| 1964 | Sam Tingle | LDS Mk2 | Alfa Romeo Giulietta 1.5 L4 | DMT | NWT | SYR | AIN | INT | SOL | MED | RAN 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1965 | Sam Tingle | LDS Mk2 | Alfa Romeo Giulietta 1.5 L4 | CAP 5 | ROC | SYR | SMT | INT | MED | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1965 | Sam Tingle | LDS Mk3 | Climax FPF 2.7 L4 | | | | | | | RAN 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1966 | Sam Tingle | LDS Mk3 | Climax FPF 2.7 L4 | RSA 5 | SYR | INT | OUL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Zapel-Ausbau massacre

The Zapel-Ausbau massacre was a massacre committed by the SS of Nazi Germany on 3 May 1945 during the final days of World War II in Europe. Twenty-five concentration camp evacuees on a death march were shot by several SS personnel in a barn near the village of Zapel-Ausbau in Mecklenburg.

## Massacre

As the Red Army neared, the Sachsenhausen and Ravensbrück concentration camps were evacuated by the SS in late April 1945 and the inmates forced onto death marches. 30 sick and weakened inmates were left in a barn near the village of Zapel-Ausbau, where local farmers gave them food and water.
With Soviet forces several hours away, an SS officer with a few SS personnel in tow moved through the village at 9 am on 3 May 1945. Four German prisoners were given civilian clothes and let go. The remaining twenty-five, primarily Frenchmen and Hungarian Jews, were shot in the barn a couple of minutes later. After the SS had left, the farmers entered the scene and buried the corpses in a nearby mass grave.
The prisoners were the victims of the murderous ideological caprice of an unknown officer; there were many such acts on the death marches.
# Dinopithecus

Dinopithecus ("terrible ape") is an extinct genus of very large primates, closely related to baboons, that lived during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs in South Africa and Ethiopia. It was named by British paleontologist Robert Broom in 1937. The only species currently recognized is Dinopithecus ingens, as D. quadratirostris has been reassigned to the genus Soromandrillus. It is known from several infilled cave sites in South Africa, all of early Pleistocene age, including Skurweberg, Swartkrans (Member 1), and Sterkfontein (Member 4 or 5, but probably member 4).

## Description

Dinopithecus ingens was approximately twice the size of the largest living baboons, with males averaging 46 kg (101 lb) and females 29 kg (64 lb), based on estimates from the molar teeth. In some cases males were estimated to reach in maturity a weight of 77 kg (170 lb). The most distinguishing feature of the genus is its large size in comparison to other papionins. The only other papionin species to attain a similar size were Theropithecus brumpti and Theropithecus oswaldi. These, however, are very different from Dinopithecus in their dental morphology. Overall, the skull is similar to that of modern baboons, except that it generally lacks the facial fossae (depressions on the sides of the muzzle and lower jaw) and maxillary ridges (ridges of bone that run along the upper sides of the snout). For these reasons, Dinopithecus is sometimes treated as a subgenus of Papio.

## Paleoecology

Most living papionins are omnivorous feeders that consume a wide range of readily digestible plant parts, especially fruits, as well as insects and other invertebrates, and small vertebrates. An analysis of the carbon isotopes from samples of its tooth enamel found Dinopithecus to consume the smallest portion of grass and other savanna-based foods of any South African primate. Analysis of the microwear patterns on the molar teeth showed that they were similar to those of the living yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus), suggesting a broad and eclectic diet. A study of the adaptations of the molar teeth suggested that D. ingens ate a very high percentage of fruit and relatively few leaves.
No bones of the limbs or other parts beyond the skulls and teeth have been attributed to Dinopithecus, so it is impossible to know its mode of locomotion for certain. However, as a papionin of very large size, it most probably spent a significant amount of time on the ground and moved quadrupedally.
# Samata Samaj Party

Samata Samaj Party, was a political party in India. SSP was formed by expelled Bahujan Samaj Party leader Phool Singh Baraiya (formerly BSP Madhya Pradesh state president) on 30 October 2003. Baraiya became the party president and Sant Kumar (also expelled from BSP) vice-president.
The Punjab state president of SSP was Darshan Singh Jethumajara.
On 7 July 2004, SSP merged into Lok Janshakti Party.
# Fort Kelburne

Fort Kelburne was a coastal artillery battery located in Wellington, New Zealand. Built between 1885 and 1887 in the vicinity of Ngauranga, following fears of an impending war with Russia, the fort was used for training purposes, later receiving renovations during the First World War. Fort Kelburne, along with Fort Buckley in Kaiwharawhara, were the first coastal defences to be built in a ring that was designed to protect Wellington Harbour.
Following the end of the war, the fort ceased to be occupied by the New Zealand Army, with ownership transferring to the Public Works Department. In the course of its existence, no shots were ever fired in anger. In 1963, the fort was completely demolished by the Public Works Department to make way for two large connecting roads between the Wellington Urban Motorway and Ngauranga Gorge. As a result, little remains of the former installation.

## History
### Construction

Fort Kelburne was the first of four coastal fortifications built in Auckland, Wellington, Lyttelton and Dunedin in the development of New Zealand's coastal defences during the Russian scare. Construction began in December 1885 and was completed in April 1887. The naming of the fort varies in difference references between Kelburn and Kelburne, but is likely named after Viscount Kelburne, the eldest son of Lord Glasgow, who was the governor-general of New Zealand from 1892 to 1897.

### Specifications

The fort was built on a series of tiered levels following the topography of the hill, with its main guns mounted 37 metres (120 ft) apart. A brick and concrete palisade along with a spiked steel fence was built around the gun pits to repel land-based attackers. The guns were linked underground by a bomb-proof passage. All underground galleries and gun pits were built using the cut-and-cover method.

## Fortifications and Armaments

* 1887–1925:
** 2x 6-inch disappearing gun
** 1x 13 or 15-pounder Nordenfelt gun

## Remains and artefacts

Little to no remains of the fort can be seen today, due to the construction of the Wellington Urban Motorway. The access road up the hill from Ngauranga remains, while one 6-inch Armstrong hydro-pneumatic gun remains as a monument at Trentham Military Camp. Other remains are located at the National Army Museum in Waiouru.
However, during demolition by the Public Works Department, the fort was well documented with photographs and diagrams made. Copies of these can be found at both Archives New Zealand, as well as the National Library of New Zealand.
# Vladan Marković

Vladan Marković (Serbian Cyrillic: Владан Марковић; born 20 March 1977 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia with height 1.87 cm and weight 90 kg) is a Serbian swimmer also considered to be one of the country's all-time best. He is the current president of PK Zlatni Delfin, a swimming club from Belgrade and is a University of Belgrade alumni since 2001.
Marković represented his country at three different Summer Olympics. He made his first appearance at the 1996 Summer Olympics which were held in the city of Atlanta, United States of America. Marković finished 28th overall at the men's 100 m butterfly with a time of 54.90. He also finished 28th overall at the men's 200 metre butterfly with a time of 2:01.80. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, his results were very similar. Markovic could only establish a time of 2:00.02 and was eliminated after the preliminary heat in the men's 200 metre butterfly. Finally, at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, his time of 2:04.77 at the men's 200 metre butterfly was only good enough for a 31st overall place.
Marković represented Serbia at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China, which was his fourth Olympics. He gained his qualification in Cadiz, Spain in 2007 with a time of 2:00.36 at the 200 metre butterfly.
Marković won three bronze medals at the Mediterranean Games from 1997 to 2001. Among his best results remain the 7th-place finish at the 1995 FINA Short Course World Championships in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and his 9th-place finish at the 2000 FINA Short Course World Championships in Athens, Greece. He has reached the semifinals six times at various European LC Championships. On top of everything, he has been crowned Balkans champion four times during his career (1996-1998-2000-2002).
He has been Serbia's butterfly national champion for the past 15 years and retains the title still to this day. Marković was selected for the best young athlete in Yugoslavia in 1995.
# Petar Čočoroski

Petar Čočoroski (Anglicized: Petar Chochoroski; Macedonian: Петар Чочороски; born March 18, 1983), is a Macedonian basketball coach. He serves as a head coach for the Crn Drim of the Macedonian First League.

## Coaching career

Čočoroski was a head coach for the Macedonian Second League club Crn Drim from Struga for two seasons (2013–2015). In 2016, he was hired to be the head coach of the AV Ohrid.

### National team

Čočoroski was a part of coaching staff for the Macedonia men's national U-16 team at 2015 FIBA Europe Under-16 Division B Championship.
# Florence Morse Kingsley

Florence Morse Kingsley (July 14, 1859 – November 7, 1937) was an American author of popular and religious fiction.

## Early life

Florence Morse Kingsley was born in Poe, Medina County, Ohio, to artists Eleanor Ecob and Jonathan Bradley Morse. Florence grew up in Brecksville Township, Ohio, where her parents were educators in the local school district.

## Personal life

Florence Morse was a student at Wellesley College from 1876 to 1879. However, she had to leave before graduating because of a severe eye problem.
She married Reverend Charles Rawson Kingsley, son of Frances Elizabeth Rawson and Charles Clark Kingsley on July 12, 1882 in Utica, New York. Dr. Charles and Mrs Florence Kingsley had five children: Charles Rawson Kingsley, Jr., Donald Morse Kingsley, Grace Ecob Kingsley, James Morse Kingsley, and John Bradley Kingsley.

## Professional life

Florence Morse Kingsley was a contemporary of fellow writer Lew Wallace, the author of Ben-Hur. The influence of her early Wellesley days were captured in her books:
* The Hired Baby
* And so They were Married
* The Wounds of a Friend
* The Princess and the Ploughman
* To the Highest Bidder
* The Singular Miss Smith
When Kingsley was thirty-five, a publisher held a writing competition to obtain the best manuscript that would inspire a child's faith for Christ. It was in this contest that Florence Kingsley submitted her manuscript for Titus: A Comrade of the Cross. In six weeks, 200,000 copies had been printed to meet demand. She later published two other works of Christian fiction: the sequel to her original entitled Stephen: A Soldier of the Cross, and the epic tale The Cross Triumphant.
Kingsley was featured in, and a contributing writer to, the Ladies' Home Journal.
# 1866 in Paraguay

Events in the year 1866 in Paraguay.

## Incumbents

* President: Francisco Solano López
* Vice President: Domingo Francisco Sánchez

## Events

* January 31 - Battle of Pehuajó
* May 2 - Paraguayan War: Battle of Estero Bellaco
* May 24 - Battle of Tuyutí
* July 18 - Battle of Boquerón (1866)
* September 1–3 - Battle of Curuzú
* September 22 - Battle of Curupayty

## Deaths

* July 18 - Elizardo Aquino, general, killed in action
# Hans Scherbart

Hans Scherbart (16 December 1905 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf - 17 February 1993 in Bad Münstereifel) was a German field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.
He was a member of the German field hockey team, which won the silver medal. He played three matches as forward.
# Da Rap Star

Da Rap Star is the third studio album by rapper Bohemia. It was released in 2009 under the label of Universal Music India. The album gathered a total of four nominations at the PTC Punjabi music awards and UK Asian Music Awards.

## Accolades

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| 2010 | "Da Rap Star" | Best Punjabi Album at PTC Punjabi music awards | Nominated |
| 2010 | "Da Rap Star" | Best Sound Recording at PTC Punjabi music awards | Nominated |
| 2010 | "Da Rap Star" | Best Punjabi Music Director at PTC Punjabi music awards | Nominated |
| 2010 | "Da Rap Star" | Best International Album at UK Asian Music Awards | Nominated |
# Bahawalnagar incident

The Bahawalnagar incident took place in the city of Bahawalnagar in Pakistan, when there was a clash between the Punjab Police and the Pakistan Army, which was widely circulated on social media. The videos show people dressed in army uniforms allegedly attacking police personnel.

## Incident

The incident started when the Punjab Police allegedly illegally detained three citizens. In response, army personnel rescued them by raiding Madrasa police station in Bahawalnagar, which led to an attack on police personnel. Videos of the incident, which showed men in army uniforms allegedly attacking policemen, were widely circulated on social media and sparked widespread outrage from politicians and the public.

## Response and investigation

In response to the incident, the Punjab Police and Pakistan Army launched a joint investigation. The police issued a statement condemning the "false propaganda" and said the matter had been exaggerated and taken out of context. The Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) also said that despite the matter being resolved, some elements started propaganda on social media.

### Joint Investigation Team (JIT)

The Punjab government constituted a five-member Joint Investigation Team (JIT) to investigate the incident. The JIT comprises Special Home Secretary Fazlur Rehman as convener, Bahawalpur Commissioner Nadir Chatta, DIG Special Branch Faisal Raza and one member each from Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and Intelligence Bureau (IB).

## Reactions

The incident sparked a significant public response, with the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) demanding a full investigation into the incident. PTI spokesperson Raoof Hasan demanded a transparent and comprehensive inquiry and insisted that the report be made public without any alteration. The incident was also criticized by PTI leader Hamad Azhar and other politicians.
# Javier Varela

Javier Varela (born 27 September 1940) is a Mexican former field hockey player who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics and in the 1972 Summer Olympics. He was born in Mexico City.
# Martín Dopazo

Martín Dopazo (born 13 March 1969) is an Argentine equestrian. He competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics. He won the Platinum Konex Award in 2010 as the best equestrian of the last decade in Argentina. He also competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics.