OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spontaneous magnetization

Spontaneous magnetization is the appearance of an ordered spin state (magnetization) at zero applied magnetic field in a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material below a critical point called the Curie temperature or T$_C$.

## Overview

Heated to temperatures above T$_C$, ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic and their magnetic behavior is dominated by spin waves or magnons, which are boson collective excitations with energies in the meV range. The magnetization that occurs below T$_C$ is an example of the "spontaneous" breaking of a global symmetry, a phenomenon that is described by Goldstone's theorem. The term "symmetry breaking" refers to the choice of a magnetization direction by the spins, which have spherical symmetry above T$_C$, but a preferred axis (the magnetization direction) below T$_C$.

## Temperature dependence

To a first order approximation, the temperature dependence of spontaneous magnetization at low temperatures is given by the Bloch T$^{3/2}$ law (by Felix Bloch):$^{:708}$
    $M(T)=M(0)\left(1-(T/T_{\mathrm {C} }\right)^{3/2}),$
where M(0) is the spontaneous magnetization at absolute zero. The decrease in spontaneous magnetization at higher temperatures is caused by the increasing excitation of spin waves. In a particle description, the spin waves correspond to magnons, which are the massless Goldstone bosons corresponding to the broken symmetry. This is exactly true for an isotropic magnet.
Magnetic anisotropy, that is the existence of an easy direction along which the moments align spontaneously in the crystal, corresponds however to "massive" magnons. This is a way of saying that they cost a minimum amount of energy to excite, hence they are very unlikely to be excited as $T\rightarrow 0$. Hence the magnetization of an anisotropic magnet is harder to destroy at low temperature and the temperature dependence of the magnetization deviates accordingly from the Bloch T$^{3/2}$ law. All real magnets are anisotropic to some extent.
Near the Curie temperature,
    $M(T)\propto \left(T_{\mathrm {C} }-T\right)^{\beta },$
where β is a critical exponent that depends on the universality class of the magnetic interaction. Experimentally the exponent is 0.34 for iron and 0.51 for nickel.
An empirical interpolation of the two regimes is given by
    ${\frac {M(T)}{M(0)}}=\left(1-(T/T_{\mathrm {C} }\right)^{\alpha })^{\beta },$
it is easy to check two limits of this interpolation that follow laws similar to the Bloch law, for $T\rightarrow 0$, and the critical behavior, for $T\rightarrow T_{\mathrm {C} }$, respectively.
# Monicah Amoding

Monicah Amoding (born 30 November 1981) is a Ugandan politician, lawyer and social worker, who served as the district woman representative of Kumi District, in the 10th Ugandan Parliament, (2016–2021), as a member of the ruling National Resistance Movement political party.

## Background and education

Amoding was born in November 1981. She attended Namilyango Girls Primary School in Mukono District, graduating with a Primary Leaving Examination Certificate from there in 1993. She went on to obtain her O-Level education from Tororo Girls School, graduating with a Uganda Certificate of Education, in 1997. Two years later, she received a Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education from Makerere High School, having completed her A-Level education.
She holds three academic degrees. Her first degree is a Bachelor of Arts in Social Sciences, awarded by Makerere University in 2004. Her second degree is a Master of Gender Studies also awarded by Makerere University in 2013. Her third degree is a Bachelor of Laws obtained from Makerere in 2018.
Amoding also holds two certificates, one a Certificate in Leadership, awarded by Uongozi Leadership Institute, Dar es Salam. The other is a Certificate in Feminist Leadership, obtained African Women Leadership Institute, Accra.

## Career
### Before politics

From 2006 until 2011, Amoding worked in various roles outside of the political arena. She was the Media and Communications Officer for CEDOVIP, a non-government organisation, from 2006 until 2007. She then went to work for the Uganda Women Parliamentary Association (UWPA), first as a Policy and Communications Officer from 2008 until 2009; and then as a Programme Coordinator, from 2009 until 2010.

### Political career

In 2011, Amoding became a member of Uganda's unicameral parliament, representing the "Youth". In 2016, she was elected as the woman representative for Kumi District.
In 2015, she introduced what became known as the "Sexual Offences Bill 2019". After winding through parliamentary committees, the bill passed parliament in May 2021, although supporters and opponents of the legislation were unhappy with what was passed, on account of what was included and what was left out. In the end, the bill might not become law if the president declines to sign it. Three reasons why he might not (a) The United States, a major benefactor of the Ugandan government is opposed to some provisions of the bill (b) The bill attempts to achieve too much, thus antagonizing too many would-be supporters and (c) There is no political dividend. The 2021 elections are over. The next elections are not until 2026.

## Other considerations

During the national elections in 2021, Monicah Amoding lost her parliamentary seat to Christine Apolot who received 35,152 votes against Amoding's 29,292 votes.

## Personal life

Amoding is married. Her hobbies are writing, reading, travelling and meditation. She has special interest in advocating for rights of marginalized groups, volunteering in humanitarian activities and working with local and poor communities.
# Agustín Rogel

Agustín Maximiliano Rogel Paita (born 17 October 1997) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Brasileirão club Internacional on loan from the German side Hertha BSC, and the Uruguay national team.

## Club career

Rogel started his career at Nacional. After being involved in the first team in the 2015–16 pre-season, he picked up a meniscus injury which required an operation and ruled him out for six months. He made his debut for the first team as a substitute in the Copa Libertadores against Venezuelan side Zulia in a 1–0 defeat on 15 March 2016. He made his league debut in 2016. On 3 May 2018, Rogel's agent said that Rogel had rejected a contract offer from English side Leeds United.
On 30 August 2018, Rogel signed a four-year contract with Russian club Krylia Sovetov Samara.
On 19 July 2019, Rogel signed a four-year contract with French club Toulouse. On 19 February 2021, he moved to Argentine Primera División side Estudiantes de La Plata, on a loan deal until the end of the season. On 13 January 2022, his contract with his parent club Toulouse was terminated.
On 17 January 2022, Rogel returned to Estudiantes de La Plata on a one-year contract.
On 31 August 2022, Rogel joined Bundesliga club Hertha BSC on a four-year deal until June 2026. On 7 August 2024, he moved on loan to Internacional in Brazil until mid-2025.

## International career

Rogel is a former Uruguayan youth international. He was part of under-20 team which won the 2017 South American U-20 Championship.
In September 2022, Rogel was called up to the Uruguay national team for the first time. He made his debut on 23 September 2022 in a 1–0 defeat against Iran.

## Career statistics
### International

    As of match played 23 September 2022
Appearances and goals by national team and year :
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| Uruguay | 2022 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 1 | 0 |

## Honours

Uruguay U20
* South American Youth Football Championship: 2017
# Yentha Nerathilum

Yentha Nerathilum (also spelled Endha Nerathilum; transl. At any time) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language horror thriller film directed by R. Muthukumar and starring Ramakrishnan, Leema Babu, Yashmith, and Sandra Amy.

## Plot

Rex returns to Ooty where his father, elder sister Jennifer, brother-in-law David, and his niece stay. He is in love with Bharathi who reciprocates the feelings after breaking up a few times. Rex introduces Bharathi to his family who are indifferent to her. Rex's family leaves and David and Jennifer's father die due to an accident. Rex, Jennifer and her daughter move to their Kothagiri bungalow where Jennifer's daughter gets possessed by a sprit due to Jennifer's misdeeds. Who is the ghost, why does it haunt Jennifer and whether Rex and Bharathi reunite form the rest of the story.

## Cast

* Ramakrishnan as Rex
* Leema Babu as Bharathi
* Yashmith as David
* Sandra Amy as Jennifer
* Singampuli
* Vijitha as David and Jennifer's daughter

## Production

Shooting for the film began on 29 January 2017 in Chennai and later in Kothagiri.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by P. Sathish.

## Reception

A critic from Deccan Chronicle wrote that "the director has deviated from the usual horror films in terms of story" and added that "the narration could have been tighter". A critic from Maalai Malar wrote that fear does not come at any time. A critic from iFlicks wrote that "In short, we should have been scared Yendha Nerathilum (transl. at any time)".
# Adolf Raegener

Adolf Raegener (17 February 1895 – 17 August 1983) was a general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. He was born at Kleinleinungen.

## Awards and decorations

* Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class & 1st Class (2 March 1917)(5 June 1916)
* Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (1 October 1939) & 1st Class (17 May 1940)
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
** Knight's Cross on 25 June 1940 as Oberstleutnant and commander of Infanterie-Regiment 309
** 842nd Oak Leaves on 17 April 1945 as Generalleutnant and commander of Verteidigungsbereich Magdeburg
# Macey, Manche

Macey (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Pontorson.
# Christine Amongin Aporu

Christine Hellen Amongin Aporu is a Ugandan educator and politician. She served as the State Minister for Teso Affairs in the Office of the Prime Minister in the Cabinet of Uganda. She was appointed to that position on 27 May 2011. She represented Kumi District in Parliament as a women's representative.

## Background and education

She was born in Kumi District on 22 May 1958. She attended Nabuyanga Primary School and Soroti Secondary School. She studied at St. Aloysius Teachers College, in Ngora District, graduating with the Grade III Certificate in Teaching, in 1979. In 1986, she graduated from the Institute of Teacher Education Kyambogo, now part of Kyambogo University, with the Diploma in Education. She holds the degree of Bachelor of Education, obtained from Makerere University in 1996. She also holds a postgraduate Diploma in Management from Uganda Management Institute (UMI), awarded in 2005. Her degree of Masters in Human Resources Management was obtained from UMI in 2009.

## Career

Amongin Aporu began her career as a primary school teacher in 1980, serving in that capacity until 1984. Following her graduation from ITEK in 1986, she became a tutor at a teacher training college, serving in that capacity until 1996. She was first elected to represent Kumi District in 1996. Between 2001 and 2006, she served as a State Minister. She was a member of the Demobilization Resettlement Team of the Amnesty Commission, following the departure of the LRA from Ugandan soil. Following the 2011 national election she was appointed Minister of State for Teso Affairs.
# Ivan Omelianovych-Pavlenko

Ivan Volodymyrovych Omelianovych-Pavlenko (August 31, 1881 – September 8, 1962) was a colonel general in the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

## Early life and career

Ivan Pavlenko was born on 31 August 1881 in the city of Baku, then in the Caucasus Viceroyalty within the Russian Empire. His father was a Bessarabian noble of Georgian descent and a lieutenant general in the Imperial Russian Army. His brother was Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko, who would himself pursue a military career. On 26 August 1912, his family's surname was changed from Pavlenko to Omelianovych-Pavlenko.
In 1901, Pavlenko joined the Imperial Russian Army as an officer. He was a graduate of the Omsk Cadet Corps, the Yelisavetgrad Equestrial School, and the General Staff Academy, and served in both the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War. From 1917, he commanded the 8th Lubny Hussars' Regiment [uk].

## Ukrainian War of Independence

After the declaration of independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic, Omelianovych-Pavlenko followed suit by transferring the 8th Hussar Regiment to the newly-independent Ukrainian People's Army as the 22nd Hetman Sahaidachny Regiment. After the 1918 Ukrainian coup d'état, he was also placed in charge of the Kharkiv Cossack Regiment.
In December 1918, the Pavlenko brothers travelled to the West Ukrainian People's Republic, where they participated in the Battle of Lemberg. Serving until February 1919 in West Ukraine, he returned to Ukraine proper and continued to rise through the ranks, being promoted to colonel general in October 1920.

## World War II

After the Ukrainian People's Republic was defeated, Omelianovych-Pavlenko lived in a refugee camp in the Polish city of Kalisz. In 1923, he would move to Prague.
In 1941, Omelianovych-Pavlenko joined the Schutzmannschaft as commander of the 109th Police Battalion. In this capacity, he led the police force of both Bila Tserkva and Vinnytsia. He also fought Soviet partisans on behalf of German forces. Following the war, he emigrated to the United States, where he died in Chicago. He was buried in South Bound Brook, New Jersey.
# Red scarf

The red scarf is a neckerchief worn by young pioneers of several socialist countries. In the Soviet Union, it was known as pionerskiy galstuk (пионерский галстук, i.e. 'pioneer's tie'), in Vietnam as khăn quàng đỏ ('red scarf'), in China as hóng lǐngjīn (simplified Chinese: 红领巾; traditional Chinese: 紅領巾, 'red scarf'), in Cuba as pañoleta roja ('red scarf'), and in Hungary as úttörőnyakkendő ('pioneer's neckerchief').

## Background

It remains in use by the young pioneer organizations of China, Vietnam, North Korea, and Cuba, and – unofficially, on occasions – in many other countries, such as Russia, Venezuela, Zimbabwe, Belarus, Ukraine, Finland, etc. In China, the scarf is emblematic of the blood of the revolutionary Red Guards, as recalled in Red Scarf Park and the title of Red Scarf Girl by Ji-li Jiang about her experiences during the Cultural Revolution. In Cuba, the scarf is worn by schoolchildren from first to sixth grade.

## Other users

A red scarf was introduced into the Republic of Korea Air Force as a device to aid visual location of downed South Korean airmen, it became and remains an iconic item of uniform in the Republic of Korea Air Force.

### Foulards Rouges

A red scarf ('foulard rouge') was adopted as the symbol of those counter-protesting the excesses and violence of the yellow vests movement ('gilets jaunes').

## Gallery

* Pioneers in Vietnam, 2003
* Cuban schoolchildren wearing blue scarves, 2006
# Heinrich von Prittwitz und Gaffron

Heinrich von Prittwitz und Gaffron (4 September 1889 – 10 April 1941) was a general officer in the Heer (Army) branch of the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was commander of the 14th and 15th Panzer Divisions and was killed in action in the early stages of the Siege of Tobruk.

## Biography

Born in Sitzmannsdorf, Prittwitz joined the Imperial German Army in 1908 as a Fahnenjunker (officer cadet) and was commissioned into the 3rd Uhlan (Lancer) Regiment the following year and later on, served as a general staff officer for the Imperial German Army. He fought in World War I and after the end of hostilities, was retained in the postwar Reichswehr (Imperial Defence). By 1933, he was a major and despite his cavalry background, was developing an interest in a career in armoured warfare. Two years later, he was given command of the 2nd Panzer Regiment, 1st Panzer Division. He participated in the Anschluss of Austria and the occupation of Sudetenland. Now in the rank of oberst (colonel) in 1938, he was appointed as commander of the 2nd Panzer Brigade, which was part of the 2nd Panzer Division.
On the outbreak of World War II, Prittwitz led the brigade in the invasion of Poland during which it was heavily engaged. He was promoted to generalmajor at the conclusion of the fighting in Poland. Along with the rest of the division, Prittwitz's brigade was then transferred to the west and attached to Generalleutnant Heinz Guderian's XIX Motorised Corps. When the Germans invaded France and the Low Countries, the brigade performed well at Sedan and then advanced to the coast and reached Dunkirk. It was later used in the final stages of the campaign in France, rounding up French soldiers along the Maginot Line.
When the Panzerwaffe branch of the Heer (Army) expanded, Prittwitz was selected to lead the 14th Panzer Division on 1 October 1940. His new command was originally an infantry division which had only converted to armour two months previous. Based at Dresden, Prittwitz supervised the training and development of the division and in March 1941, he was given command of the 15th Panzer Division which was preparing for the campaign in North Africa.
The bulk of the 15th Panzer Division had yet to arrive in Libya but Prittwitz, accompanied by some light units of the division, arrived in the country in early April. He was immediately ordered by Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel, commander of the Afrika Korps, to take command of German forces operating near Tobruk, held by a garrison made up of Australian, British, Polish and Czechoslovak units. On 10 April, Prittwitz's group was ordered by Rommel to probe the south-east defences of Tobruk. As Prittwitz personally observed the front lines, his own vehicle came under fire from the Australian 2/28th Infantry Battalion, including so-called "bush artillery" – makeshift gun crews utilising captured Italian anti-tank guns. Prittwitz was killed in this exchange. Buried at the military cemetery at Derna, he was posthumously promoted to generalleutnant with effect from 1 April 1941.
# Mahensia

Mahensia is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. It contains the single species Mahensia seychellarum, which is found on the Seychelles.
# Musa Ecweru

Musa Francis Ecweru (born 25 November 1964), is an accountant and politician in Uganda, the third-largest economy in the East African Community. He is the current Minister of State for Works and Transport (Works) in the Ugandan Cabinet where he previously served as the State Minister for Relief and Disaster Preparedness since 1 June 2006 In the cabinet reshuffles of 16 February 2009, 27 May 2011, and 2016. He is also the elected Member of Parliament (MP), representing Amuria County, Amuria District since 2006.

## Early life and education

Musa Ecweru was born in Amuria District, Eastern Uganda, on 25 November 1964. He is the third born of the ten children of William Ecweru. From 1971, Musa attended Angole/Wera Primary School, graduating in 1979. In 1980, he entered Teso College Aloet for his secondary education. After his secondary education, he joined Bukalasa Agricultural College to study about cooperatives but he could not complete his studies due to the insurgency that erupted at Luwero Triangle. He then moved on to stay at the home of Colonel William Omaria Lo Arapai, a prominent Teso politician during the Milton Obote II regime. Colonel Omaria sent him to study accounting at Nkumba University, then known as Nkumba College. He graduated from that institution with the Diploma in Accounting. Later, he obtained the Certificate in Human Resources Management, from Uganda Management Institute, in Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. Musa Ecweru also holds the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Democracy & Development Studies from Uganda Martyrs University in Nkozi, Mpigi District.

## Career

From 1986 until 1992, he worked as an Accounts Clerk at Aracil Concrete Products, a Ugandan business in Amuria. Between 1992 and 1993, he served as the Local Defence Commander (LDU), Teso sub-region. Between 1993 and 1994, he served as the Deputy Resident Commissioner (DRDC) in Soroti District. He was transferred to Lira District in 1994, as the Deputy Resident Commissioner, serving in that capacity until 1998.
In 1998 he was promoted to Resident District Commissioner (RDC) and transferred to Nebbi District, serving there until 2000. He was transferred to Gulu District as RDC in 2000, serving there until 2002. He also served as RDC for Kasese District, from 2002 until 2004 and for Soroti District between 2004 and 2006. Since 2003, he has served as Chief of the Arrow Auxiliary Force, a volunteer force that protected civilians from the ravages of the Lords Resistance Army. In 2006, he successfully contested for the parliamentary seat of Amuria County in Amuria District. He was re-elected in March 2011, March 2016 and March 2021 as is the incumbent MP.
On 21 March 2023, following the vote for a bill that criminalizes people identifying as LGBT in Uganda, he addressed parliament stating, quote: “We are going to reinforce the law enforcement officers to make sure that homosexuals have no space in Uganda”.

## Personal life

He is married. He belongs to the National Resistance Movement political party. He lists accounting as one of his occupations.
# Leptocypris crossensis

Leptocypris crossensis is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Danionidae. This fish is found in the Cross, Wouri and Sanaga River basins in Cameroon and Nigeria.
# Lithuania–Turkey relations

Lithuania–Turkey relations are the foreign relations between Lithuania and Turkey.

## History

Turkey recognized Lithuania on July 28, 1922, and diplomatic relations were established on the same day. The Turkish ambassador to Estonia in Tallinn was also accredited to Lithuania. Following USSR occupation and annexation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the Turkish embassy in Tallinn closed on September 5, 1940. Turkey, however, never recognized the Soviet annexation of Lithuania.
Following the revelation that Gorbachev had authorized Vilnius Massacre, Turkey renewed recognition of Lithuania’s independence and restored diplomatic relations on September 3, 1991.

## Military cooperation

Turkey cooperates closely with Lithuania in military affairs and provides personnel to the NATO Center of Excellence in Vilnius. In the past, Turkey trained Lithuanian military units who served as UN peacekeepers in the former Yugoslavia.

## Economic relations

* Trade volume between the two countries was US$687 million in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 277/410 million USD).

## Resident diplomatic missions

* Lithuania has an embassy in Ankara.
* Turkey has an embassy in Vilnius.
# Wes Kremer

Wes Kremer (born November 27, 1989) is an American professional skateboarder. He was named Skater of the Year in 2014 by Thrasher magazine.

## Early life

Kremer was born in Tokyo while his American parents were living there for work.

## Professional skateboarding

He has been a professional since 2013.

## Sponsors

Kremer is currently sponsored by SK8MAFIA, DC Shoes, OJ Wheels, Paradox grip, Bronze 56k and the Independent Truck Company.
# Hradec (Havlíčkův Brod District)

Hradec is a municipality and village in Havlíčkův Brod District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Hradec lies approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) north-west of the municipality of Havlíčkův Brod, 41 km (25 mi) north-west of Jihlava, and 76 km (47 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Administrative division

Hradec consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Hradec (209)
* Hamry (30)