OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nieul-sur-l'Autise

Nieul-sur-l'Autise is a former commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Rives-d'Autise.
# Oberhaid

Oberhaid is a community in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg.

## Geography
### Location

The community lies roughly seven kilometres northwest of Bamberg. The highest elevations are the Spitzelberg in the west at 325 m, and the Semberg in the east at 393 m. The location in the Main Valley in the Haßberge Nature Park area is ideal for hikers and cyclists. The outlying centre of Unterhaid is the Bamberg district’s lowest place at 230 m above sea level.

### Neighbouring communities

Oberhaid borders on the municipal areas of Lauter, Bischberg and Viereth-Trunstadt, on the unincorporated area of Semberg and on the municipal areas of Baunach, Hallstadt and Bamberg. Oberhaid also borders on the community of Stettfeld and the town of Eltmann, which are both in the Haßberge district in Lower Franconia.

### Constituent communities

Oberhaid’s main and namesake centre is by far the biggest of its Gemeindeteile with a population of 3,432. The community furthermore has these outlying centres, each given here with its own population figure: Staffelbach with 843 inhabitants, Unterhaid with 421, Johannishof with 20 and Sandhof with 2.

## History

The Fulda Monastery already had property in the municipal area as early as the 8th century. The monastery at Michelsberg then expanded its landholdings in Oberhaid in the 13th century. The place therefore belonged to the High Monastery at Bamberg, and with the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, the community passed to Bavaria.

### Volunteer fire brigades

* Freiwillige Feuerwehr Oberhaid
* Freiwillige Feuerwehr Unterhaid
* Freiwillige Feuerwehr Staffelbach

### Religion

Community’s denominational breakdown:
* Roman Catholic: 3,919
* Evangelical Lutheran: 426
* other: 370

### Amalgamations

In 1978, the formerly autonomous communities of Unterhaid and Staffelbach were amalgamated with Oberhaid.

### Population development

Within municipal limits, 3,771 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 4,090 in 1987 and 4,775 in 2000. In January 2006 it was 4,718.

## Politics
### Community council

The community council is made up of 17 members, listed here by party or voter community affiliation, and also with the number of seats that each holds:
* SPD 7 seats
* CSU 7 seats
* UBV/FW 2 seats
* ÜL/CWG 1 seat
(as of municipal election in 2008)

### Mayor

The mayor is Carsten Joneitis (SPD).

### Coat of arms

Oberhaid’s arms might heraldically be described thus: Gules a wing sinister palewise argent emerging dexter therefrom an arm clad argent, the hand holding a Latin cross Or palewise, below dexter an inescutcheon, argent a cross sable.

### Town partnership

There is a partnership with the community of Oberhain in Thuringia.

## Economy and infrastructure
### Transport

* There is an Autobahn interchange on the A 70, Viereth-Trunstadt exit, towards Oberhaid.
* The Oberhaid railway station lies on the Bamberg–Schweinfurt line.
* Local public transportation is by bus connection on the Bamberg–Schweinfurt route with stops in Oberhaid, Unterhaid and Staffelbach.
# 2007 Fukuoka gubernatorial election

Fukuoka Prefecture held a gubernatorial election on April 8, 2007 as part of the 16th unified local elections. Incumbent Asou Wataru won the election.

## Candidates

* Asou Wataru, the Independent incumbent governor.
* Inatomi Shouji, supported by the Democratic Party of Japan and the Social Democratic Party.
* Jirano Eiichi, former teacher supported by the Japanese Communist Party

## Results

Gubernatorial election 2007: Fukuoka Prefecture :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | independent | Asou Wataru | 1,121,720 | |
| | DPJ, SDP | Inatomi Shouji | 666,354 | |
| | JCP | Jirano Eiichi | 156,228 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,976,901 | 49.04% |
* This Japanese elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Brandon High School (Mississippi)

Brandon High School is a suburban public high school located in Brandon, Mississippi, United States. BHS serves grades 9 through 12 and is part of the Rankin County School District, serving students in the Brandon zone.

## Athletics

Brandon athletic teams compete in Mississippi High School Athletics Association 7A Region 3.

### State championships

Volleyball
* 2017 Mississippi 6A State Champions
* 2018 Mississippi 6A State Champions
Baseball
* 1967 Mississippi A State Champions
* 2024 Mississippi 7A State Champions
Track and Field
* 2001 Boys Mississippi 5A State Champions
* 2003 Boys Mississippi 5A State Champions
* 2004 Boys Mississippi 5A State Champions
* 2005 Boys Mississippi 5A State Champions
* 2006 Boys Mississippi 5A State Champions
* 2010 Boys Mississippi 5A State Champions
* 2010 Girls Mississippi 5A State Champions
Soccer
* 2001-2002 Boys Mississippi 5A State Champions

## Demographics

As of the 2022–23, 827 of Brandon students identified as male, and 821 identified as female. 970 identified as White, 545 identified as Black, 18 identified as Asian, 17 identified as Hispanic, and 98 identified as more than one race.

## Performing arts

The school has two competitive show choirs, the mixed-gender "Brio" and the all-female "Bellas". In 2020, Brio won a competition in Madison, Connecticut.

## Notable alumni

* Demario Davis, NFL linebacker for the New Orleans Saints
* J. T. Ginn, NCAA pitcher for the Mississippi State Bulldogs
* Michael Guest, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Mississippi's 3rd Congressional District
* Brent Leach, former MLB pitcher
* Gardner Minshew, NFL quarterback for the Indianapolis Colts
* Mary Ann Mobley, American actress, television personality, and first Miss America from Mississippi
* Jerious Norwood, former NFL running back
* Will Rogers, current quarterback of the Washington Huskies.
* Barry Wesson, former MLB outfielder
* Jonathan Mingo Professional Football Player for the Carolina Panthers
# Piotrkówko, Greater Poland Voivodeship

Piotrkówko is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szamotuły, within Szamotuły County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Szamotuły and 36 km (22 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań.
# IFCPF European Championships

The IFCPF European Championships is the continental competitions in CP football.

## Results

| Year | Host | Winner | Score | Runner-up | Third place | Score | Fourth place | Number of teams |
| 1985 Details | Glasgow (ESC) | no information available | no information available | no information available | no information available | no information available | no information available | |
| 1991 Details | Nottingham (ESC) | Netherlands | 3–0 | England | / Ireland France | | / Ireland France | 4 |
| 1995 Details | Nottingham (ESC) | Netherlands | 0–0(a.e.t.) (– p.) | Russia | / England Ireland | | / England Ireland | 7(8) |
| 1999 Details | Brasschaat (ESC) | Ukraine | 4–2 | Netherlands | Russia | | Portugal | 9(10) |
| 2002 Details | Kyiv (ESC) | Ukraine | 6–1 | Russia | Netherlands | 1–0 | Portugal | 7 |
| 2006 Details | Dublin (EC) | Ukraine | 5–2 | Russia | Netherlands | 2–1 | Ireland | 8 |
| 2010 Details | Glasgow (EC) | Ukraine | 1–1 (a.e.t.) (8–7p) | Russia | Ireland | 2–0 | Netherlands | 10 |
| 2014 Details | Maia (EC) | Ukraine | 3–0 | Netherlands | Russia | 3–0 | Ireland | 11 |
| 2018 Details | Zeist (EC) | Russia | 3–2 | Ukraine | Ireland | 2–1 | Netherlands | 12 |
| 2023 Details | Oristano (EC) | Ukraine | 3–0 | England | Spain | 4–0 | Ireland | 8 |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Ukraine (UKR) | 6 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 2 | Netherlands (NED) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 3 | Russia (RUS) | 1 | 4 | 2 | 7 |
| 4 | England (ENG) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | Ireland (IRL) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 6 | Spain (ESP) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | Totals (6 entries) | 9 | 9 | 7 | 25 |
# 2014 PTT Pattaya Open – Doubles

Kimiko Date-Krumm and Casey Dellacqua were the defending champions, but Dellacqua decided not to participate. Date-Krumm played alongside Ajla Tomljanović, but lost to Alla Kudryavtseva and Anastasia Rodionova in the quarterfinals.
Peng Shuai and Zhang Shuai won the title, defeating Kudryavtseva and Rodionova in the final, 3–6, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$, [10–6].

## Seeds

* Ekaterina Makarova / Elena Vesnina (first round)
* Andrea Hlaváčková / Anabel Medina Garrigues (semifinals)
* Alla Kudryavtseva / Anastasia Rodionova (final)
* Peng Shuai / Zhang Shuai (champions)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | E Makarova E Vesnina | 0 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | N Lertcheewakarn V Zvonareva | 6 | 6 | | WC | N Lertcheewakarn V Zvonareva | 6 | 2 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| | N Lertpitaksinchai P Plipuech | 6 | 2 | [9] | | E Daniilidou A Krunić | 1 | 6 | [6] | | | | | | | | | |
| | E Daniilidou A Krunić | 4 | 6 | [11] | | | | | | WC | N Lertcheewakarn V Zvonareva | 2 | 3 | | | | | |
| 4 | S Peng S Zhang | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 4 | S Peng S Zhang | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| | S Aoyama A Dulgheru | 3 | 3 | | 4 | S Peng S Zhang | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | C-w Chan Y Xu | 6$^5$ | 5 | | | O Savchuk T Tanasugarn | 4 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | O Savchuk T Tanasugarn | 7$^7$ | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | S Peng S Zhang | 3 | 7$^7$ | [10] |
| | K Date-Krumm A Tomljanović | 2 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | 3 | A Kudryavtseva A Rodionova | 6 | 6$^5$ | [6] |
| | S-y Hsieh S-w Hsieh | 6 | 4 | [8] | | K Date-Krumm A Tomljanović | 5 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Kania V Solovyeva | 5 | 4 | | 3 | A Kudryavtseva A Rodionova | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | A Kudryavtseva A Rodionova | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | A Kudryavtseva A Rodionova | 6 | 7 | | | | | |
| | C-j Chuang L Kumkhum | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 2 | A Hlaváčková A Medina Garrigues | 3 | 5 | | | | | |
| WC | Vara Wongteanchai Varu Wongteanchai | 1 | 3 | | | C-j Chuang L Kumkhum | 4 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | D Jurak A Klepač | 1 | 3 | | 2 | A Hlaváčková A Medina Garrigues | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | A Hlaváčková A Medina Garrigues | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Stellenbosch Women's F.C.

Stellenbosch Women's F.C. is a women's football club based in Stellenbosch, South Africa. The team competes in the Sasol Women's League, the second tier women's football league in South Africa.

## History

The club was founded in 2024 following the purchase of Stellenbosch University Women's F.C.'s status. They played their first match on 27 April 2024 and drew 0-0 with Badgers F.C.

## Team
### Players

Stellenbosch Women's F.C. squad for 2024 season.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| — | GK | RSA | Chrizaan Smith |
| — | GK | RSA | Mbali Radebe |
| — | DF | RSA | Mantombi Jingqi |
| — | DF | RSA | Lelethu Daniso |
| — | DF | RSA | Ashulita Hartogh |
| — | DF | RSA | Ongeziwe Shenxani |
| — | DF | RSA | Tanisha Williams |
| — | DF | RSA | Kelso Peskin |
| — | DF | RSA | Raeesah Satarien |
| — | MF | RSA | Zelda Fransman |
| — | MF | RSA | Christelene Jantjies |
| — | MF | RSA | Tercia van Wyk |
| — | MF | RSA | Nomthandoso Mokwena |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| — | MF | FIN | Victoria Dalkarl |
| — | MF | RSA | Anelisiwe Ngcobo |
| — | MF | RSA | Luna November |
| — | MF | RSA | Astria Boks |
| — | MF | RSA | Jordan Baartman |
| — | MF | RSA | Aaqilah Alfreds |
| — | MF | RSA | Karen Jansen |
| — | MF | RSA | Abongile Mbau |
| — | FW | RSA | Lethuthando Mthembu |
| — | FW | RSA | Colleen Armoed |
| — | FW | RSA | Dione Louw |
| — | FW | RSA | Chelsea Petersen |
| — | FW | RSA | Azuzile Magqaka |
| — | FW | RSA | Nolubabalo Sishuba |

### Technical team

| Position | Staff |
| Head Coach | Nathan Peskin |
| Assistant Coach | Allan Theunissen |
| Team Manager | Ilze Jones |
| Performance coach | Kristen Block |
| Goalkeeper coach | Lee Langeveldt |

## Notable players
### CAF African Schools Football Championship

List of players that were called up for a CAF African Schools Football Championship while playing for Stellenbosch Women. In brackets, the tournament played:
* Lethuthando Mthembu (2024)
# Oulmes, Vendée

Oulmes (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Rives-d'Autise.
Oulmes is located on the D148 road between Fontenay-le-Comte (14 km to the north west)) and Niort (18 km to the south east), and just north of the A83 motorway ‘Routes des Estuaires’ (Estuary route).
As well as the church of Notre Dame, Oulmes has a former chapel of St Thomas, and a former priory in the rue de la Venise Verte. The church has a bell dating from 1642, given by François de la Rochefoucauld, seigneur de Marcillac.
The village primary school is in the Allée des Maléons.
Since 1965, Oulmes has been served by the police station at Maillezais, 8 km to the south west. The house at 48, Rue Georges Clémenceau was the Gendarmerie (police station ) for Oulmes 1904–1965.
In 1881, the Fontenay-le-Comte to Benet railway line opened, with a station at Nieul-Oulmes. The line closed in 1969, and the station building was demolished in 1985, although the street name ‘rue de la Gare’ (Station Road) remains.
# GE UM12C

The UM12C is a type of diesel-electric locomotive manufactured by GE for Southeast Asian rail operators. It is currently in service with the State Railway of Thailand. It was also operated by the Manila Railroad Company and the Philippine National Railways from 1956 until 1999. While the units for both companies feature a shovelnose layout, the MRR locomotives were single-ended and had a cowl unit cab, the SRT locomotives are double-ended cab forward units.

## MRR/PNR 2000 class

The Manila Railroad Company (MRR) announced the dieselization of its locomotive fleet in 1954. GE Transportation was selected as the supplier of diesel-electric locomotives. The agency bought fifty units in which thirty were streamlined mainline locomotives and twenty were switchers. Twenty of these were the UM12C road switcher model MRR 2000 class. These were some of the first locomotives to feature the cowl unit design.
The locomotives were introduced to the MRR in 1956. Along with the cab unit 1000 class, they formed the mainline locomotive fleet in Luzon until the late 1970s and the early 1980s. Starting in 1973, a newer GE Universal Series type numbered the PNR 900 class was introduced on mainline passenger services. Due to its popularity on services such as the Amianan Express and the Bicol Express, it eventually replaced the 1000 and 2000 classes from passenger service. The 2000 class continued service until January 1999 and the remaining units were immediately scrapped.

## State Railway of Thailand

The State Railway of Thailand purchased 50 units of a meter gauge version of the UM12C. Unlike the Philippine version, it features a dual cab layout with a cab forward design. As of 2015, 45 units remain in service with the SRT.
# 2007 Shinagawa city assembly election

The local election for city assembly of Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan was held on April 15, 2007. The total turnout was 41.59%.

## Results

Summary of the April 15, 2007 Shinagawa City Assembly election results :
| Parties | Votes | % | Seats |
| Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党, Jiyū Minshutō) | 26,078.068 | | 11 |
| New Komeito Party (公明党, Kōmeitō) | 21,544.887 | | 8 |
| Japanese Communist Party (日本共産党, Nihon Kyōsan-tō) | 17,975.874 | | 7 |
| Democratic Party of Japan (民主党, Minshutō) | 17,806.445 | | 5 |
| 品川・生活者ネットワーク | 3,550 | | 2 |
| Social Democratic Party (社民党 Shamin-tō) | 1,735 | | 1 |
| Independents | 14,531 | | 6 |
| Total (turnout 41.59%) | N/A | 100.00 | 40 |
| Source: ||||
# Sławomir Kruszkowski

Slawomir Kruszkowski (born 14 October 1975 in Toruń) is a Polish olympic rower.
# Erna Bogen-Bogáti

Erna Bogen-Bogáti (31 December 1906 – 23 November 2002) was a Hungarian fencer. She won a bronze medal in the women's individual foil event at the 1932 Summer Olympics. She was the daughter of Hungarian Albert Bogen, who competed for Austria at the 1912 Summer Olympics (winning a silver medal in team sabre) and for Hungary at the 1928 Summer Olympics. She was the wife of the Hungarian fencer Aladár Gerevich and mother of Olympic medalist Pál Gerevich.
# Actinomyces-1 RNA motif

The Actinomyces-1 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. Actinomyces-1 motifs are found in the genus Actinomyces, in the phylum Actinomycetota. Actinomyces-1 RNAs likely function in trans as sRNAs. In terms of their secondary structure, Actinomyces-1 RNAs consist of a multistem junction with many conserved GA dinucleotides.
Actinomyces-1 RNAs contain a predicted kink turn. This particular example of a kink turn was studied to better understand how kink turn structures relate to their sequences.
# Yudin

Yudin/Judin (male) and Yudina/Judina (female) (Russian: Юдин, Юдина) are Russian surnames derived from the name Yuda, a Russified version of the former calendar name Jude (given after Jude the Apostle), no longer in use. In Belarus and Western Ukraine the origin might be the name Judith. Also adopted by Jews following the Partitions of Poland, in reference to a village name Yudino or meaning "the son/daughter of Jude".
Yudin/Yudina may refer to:

## Yudin

* Aleksandr Yudin (1949–1986), Russian cyclist and Olympics competitor
* Andrey Yudin, several people
* Benjamin P. Yudin (1928–1983), Kazakhstani oriental studies scholar, historian, philologist, Persian and Turkic manuscript expert, researcher, and teacher
* Benjamin Yudin (born 1944), American Orthodox rabbi and instructor
* Dmitry Yudin (born 1995), Russian ice hockey player
* Erik Yudin (1930–1976), Russian philosopher, cybernetician, and Soviet dissident
* Gennadi Yudin (1923–1989), Russian actor
* Igor Yudin (born 1987), Russian-born Australian volleyball player and Olympics competitor
* Igor Yudin (alpine skier) (born 1957), Belarusian skier and Olympics competitor
* Ivan Yudin (born 1990), Russian footballer
* Jānis Judiņš (a.k.a. Yan Yudin, 1884–1918), Latvian Red Riflemen commander
* Konstantin Yudin (1896–1957), Russian film director and screenwriter
* Mikhail Yudin (footballer) (1976–2020), Russian footballer
* Mikhail Yudin (serial killer) (born 1975), Russian construction worker and murderer
* Nikolai Yudin (1898–after 1966), Russian historian of religion
* Pavel Yudin (1899–1968), Russian Soviet philosopher, diplomat, and Communist party figure
* Sergei Yudin (surgeon) (1891–1954), Russian surgeon, military doctor, inventor, academician, and blood transfusion pioneer
* Sergei Yudin (tenor) (1889–1963), Russian operatic tenor
* Stepan Yudin (born 1980), Russian race walker
* Vitali Yudin (born 1974), Russian footballer
* Vlad Yudin (born 1982), Russian documentary filmmaker
* Yuri Yudin (1937–2013), Russian hiker, known from the Dyatlov Pass incident

## Yudina

* Larisa Yudina (1945–1998), Russian journalist and newspaper editor
* Lyubov Yudina (born 1981), Russian swimmer and Olympics competitor
* Maria Yudina (1899–1970), Russian classical pianist
* Yelena Yudina (born 1988), Russian skeleton racer
# Cidinho & Doca

Cidinho and Doca (in Portuguese Cidinho e Doca, also as Cidinho & Doca) is a Rio de Janeiro-based Brazilian rap duo made up of Sidney da Silva (MC Cidinho) and Marcos Paulo de Jesus Peixoto (MC Doca), two proibidão rappers.

## Rapping career

Cidinho e Doca are part of the proibidão ("Strongly Prohibited") subgenre of Funk carioca. Most proibidão songs are banned from public performance or broadcast due to their lyrics promoting drug gangs and related crimes, which limits the genre's reach and keeps its acts highly localized.
Cidinho and Doca are known for their rendition of "Rap das Armas" (English: Rap of Weapons), a 1990s song originally by Junior e Leonardo. This version gained popularity among European electronic DJs experimenting with Brazilian funk remixes throughout the 2000s, earning the song multiple chart spots in Sweden and the Netherlands.

## Discography
### Albums

* Eu Só Quero É Ser Feliz (1995)
* É O Bonde da C.D.D (1998)
* Desarme-se (2000)
* Rap das Armas (2008)

### Singles

* "Rap das Armas" (in Brazil) (1994)
* "Rap da Felicidade" (in Brazil) (1995)
* "Rap das Armas" (in Europe) (2008)
* "Rap das Armas (Lucano Radio Mix)" (2009)

### Compilations

* Os Maiores Sucessos 2005 (2005)
# 2007 Tokyo gubernatorial election

The 2007 Tokyo Gubernatorial elections were held on April 8, 2007 as part of the 16th unified local elections. There were fourteen candidates, among them the incumbent governor Shintaro Ishihara. Most candidates, with the exception of Kurokawa and Yamaguchi, ran as independents, but some were supported by various parties.

## Results

Gubernatorial election 2007: Tokyo :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | LDP | Shintarō Ishihara (incumbent) | 2,811,486 | 50.52 |
| | DPJ, SDP | Shirō Asano | 1,693,323 | 30.43 |
| | JCP | Manzō Yoshida | 629,549 | 11.31 |
| | Symbiosis New Party | Kisho Kurokawa | 159,126 | 2.86 |
| | Independent | Yoshiro Nakamatsu | 85,946 | 1.54 |
| | Independent | Shigeki Satō | 69,526 | 1.25 |
| | Independent | Kumiko Uchikawa | 21,626 | 0.39 |
| | Independent | Kōichi Toyama | 15,059 | 0.27 |
| | Independent | Mitsuru Takahashi | 5558 | 0.10 |
| | Independent | Osamu Ogami | 4020 | 0.07 |
| | Independent | Setsuo Yamaguchi | 3589 | 0.06 |
| | Independent | Ryūhō Takashima | 3240 | 0.06 |
| | Independent | Sutoku Sasaki | 2845 | 0.05 |
| | Independent | Kōichirō Mariko | 1373 | 0.02 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5565127 | 54.35 |
# Kodumanal

Kodumanal is a village located in the Erode district in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was once a flourishing ancient trade city known as Kodumanam, as inscribed in Patittrupathu of Sangam Literature. The place is an important archaeological site, under the control of State Archaeological Department of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the northern banks of Noyyal River, a tributary of the Cauvery.

## The ancient city

The inhabitants of this destroyed ancient city of Chera dynasty were highly skilled craftsmen, who were specialized in making beads and high-quality iron. The place is referred to in Sangam literature as an important industrial centre that had links with the Chola port city of Kaveripoompattinam, now called Poompuhar.

## Roman trade route

The city played a major role in Indo-Roman trade and relations, as the ancient city is located on the mid-way of a Roman trade route, linking Muziris port on the Malabar Coast with the Kaveripoompattinam (Puhar) Port in the Coromandel Coast.

## Iron and metal

The iron and steel furnaces and iron artefacts produced in these places revealed the technical advancement made by the iron smelters around 500 BC. The excavated sword bit contained spheroidal graphite phase and forge welding of high-carbon cutting edge. This place was once celebrated for its trade in precious stones like garnet, carnelian, lapis lazuli, sapphire and quartz. The people of this city were experts in manufacturing the finest iron.

## Collections

Excavations uncovered ancient iron objects such as arrow heads and swords. They also produced Roman artefacts, iron melting furnaces, beads, shell bangles and pottery with the Tamizhi scripts (from the habitation deposits and burials). Other artifacts uncovered during the excavation of this site include roulette pottery, Roman silver coins, and gold and silver spirals. A bronze statue of a lion and the iron melting furnaces were important to deciphering the site's history.