OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Toba Tek Singh (short story)

"Toba Tek Singh" (Urdu: ٹوبہ ٹیک سنگھ ALA-LC: Ṭobah Țek Siṉgh IPA:) is a short story written by Saadat Hasan Manto and published in 1955. It follows inmates in a Lahore asylum, some of whom are to be transferred to India following the 1947 Partition. According to a personal essay hosted at Columbia University by a scholar-in-training of Urdu literature, the story is a "powerful satire, and also a bitter indictment of the political processes and behavior patterns that produced [India's] Partition".

## Plot summary

The story is set two or three years after the 1947 partition, when the governments of India and Pakistan decided to exchange some Muslim, Sikh and Hindu lunatics, and revolves around Bishan Singh, a Sikh inmate of an asylum in Lahore, who is from the town of Toba Tek Singh. As part of the exchange, Bishan Singh is sent under police escort to India, but upon being told that his hometown Toba Tek Singh is in Pakistan, he refuses to go. The story ends with Bishan lying down in the no man's land between the two barbed wire fences: "There, behind barbed wire, was Hindustan. Here, behind the same kind of barbed wire, was Pakistan. In between, on that piece of ground that had no name, lay Toba Tek Singh."

## Bishan Singh's mutterings

In the story, whenever Bishan Singh gets irritated he mutters or shouts a mix of Punjabi, Urdu and English which, though nonsensical, is indirectly pejorative of both India and Pakistan. For instance, "Upar di gur gur di annexe di bedhiyana di moong di daal of di Pakistan and Hindustan of di durr phitey mun", which means: "The inattention of the annexe of the rumbling upstairs of the dal of moong of the Pakistan and India of the go to bloody hell!"

## Adaptations

A film based on a play adaptation of this story was made in 2005 by Afia Nathaniel. A short film named Toba Tek Singh was released in 2018 in India. This film is directed by Ketan Mehta.

## In popular culture

On the 60th anniversary of Partition, the Pakistani theatre group Ajoka, as part of a series of plays and performances, performed a play adaptation in India. It was described as a "commentary on the state of affairs between the two countries, where sub-committees, committees and ministerial-level talks are the panacea for all problems".
In 2017, Naatak, America's Biggest Indian Theater, staged a grand musical based on the story. Staged at the Woodside Theater, with original music composed by Nachiketa Yakkundi of the RSV School of Music and dance choreographed by Shaira Bhan and Snigdha Singh of Dance Identity. The musical was written and directed by Sujit Saraf and is available to stream anytime.
In 2018, the British Broadcasting Corporation named the work among the 100 stories that shaped the world, alongside works by authors like Homer and Virginia Woolf.
The 2018 biographical film Manto featured the popular rant of the main protagonist in Toba Tek Singh. It is one of the five short stories by Manto that are featured in the film.
In 2020, British Pakistani rapper Riz Ahmed released a song titled "Toba Tek Singh" on his album A Long Goodbye, and there are multiple references in his film Mogul Mowgli.
# Al-Wazi'iyah District

Al Wazi'iyah District (Arabic: مديرية الوازعية) is a district of the Taiz Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 75,288 inhabitants.
# 1987 Virginia Slims Championships

The 1987 Virginia Slims Championships were the seventeenth WTA Tour Championships, the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1987 WTA Tour. It was held from November 16 through November 23, 1987 and played on indoor carpet courts, in Madison Square Garden in New York City, United States. First-seeded Steffi Graf won the singles title and earned $125,000 first-prize money.

## Finals
### Singles

Steffi Graf defeated Gabriela Sabatini, 4–6, 6–4, 6–0, 6–4
* It was Graf's 11th singles title of the year and the 19th of her career.

### Doubles

Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver defeated Claudia Kohde-Kilsch / Helena Suková, 6–1, 6–1
# Jean-Charles Langlois

Jean-Charles Langlois (French pronunciation:; 22 July 1789 – 1870), known as The Colonel, was a French soldier, painter and photographer.

## Biography

Langlois was born in Beaumont-en-Auge. He graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1806 and fought, as an infantry officer at the battles of Wagram, Gerona and Waterloo with a bravery that had him seriously injured and appointed colonel at the young age of twenty-six.
After he retired on half-pay, Langlois devoted himself to painting. Studying with Girodet-Trioson, he specialized in landscapes, painting battles only, for he considered these to embody the most intense experiences life could offer. His paintings include the Fire of Moscow, the Battle of Eylau, the Battle of the Nile, the Battle of Montereau, the Battle of Borodino, the Battle of Wagram. He also used photography to document the Crimean War where he traveled with photographer Léon-Eugène Méhédin. He specialized in panoramic painting after having seen the Panorama of Athens by the first French panorama painter Pierre Prévost. Many of his panoramas were destroyed during the Siege of Paris (1870–1871).
In 1873, Langlois' family bequeathed 256 paintings representing battles and military panoramas to the musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen. These paintings were transferred in 1888 to the Pavillon des sociétés savantes, an 18th-century building spruced up at his niece's expense to house the Langlois museum.
Half of the works exhibited there were destroyed in 1944 during the Battle for Caen. François-Émile de Lansac was his pupil.

## Gallery

* Le Général Maison reçoit la reddition de Château de Morée, 1836
* Entrevue du général Maison et d'Ibrahim Pacha, à Navarin, 1837
* Battle of Montereau, 1840

## Publications

* Explication du panorama et relation de la bataille de Solferino, Paris, Dupont, 1866.
* Explication du panorama représentant la bataille et la prise de Sébastopol, Paris, Havard, 1861.
* Explication du panorama, et relation de la Bataille des pyramides: extraite en partie des dictées de l'empereur à Sainte-Hélène, et des pièces officielles, Paris, Didot, 1853.
* Relation du combat et de la bataille d'Eylau, Paris, Panorama des Champs-Élysées, 1844.
* La Photographie, la peinture, la guerre: correspondance inédite de Crimée (1855-1856), Éd. François Robichon, André Rouillé, Nîmes, Chambon, 1992. ISBN 2-87711-067-2
* Panorama de la bataille de la Moskowa, Paris, Ducessois, 1835.
* Voyage pittoresque & militaire en Espagne: dédié à S.E. Mr. le Mal. Gouvion St. Cyr, pair de France, Paris, Engelmann, 1826–1830.
# Told You So (Christopher album)

Told You So is the second studio album by the Danish singer Christopher, released by Parlophone Denmark on 24 March 2014. The album peaked at number 2 on the Danish Albums Chart. Four singles were released from the album: "Told You So", "Crazy", "Mama" and "Nympho". The first three singles reached the top ten on the Danish Singles Chart, peaking at number four, two and nine, respectively.
A deluxe edition of the album was released in November 2014.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

Weekly chart performance for Told You So :
| Chart (2014-15) | Peak position |
| Danish Albums (Hitlisten) | 2 |

### Year-end charts

Year-end chart performance for Told You So :
| Chart (2014) | Position |
| Danish Albums (Hitlisten) | 8 |
| Chart (2015) | Position |
| Danish Albums (Hitlisten) | 34 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark) | 2× Platinum | 40,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Arjuzanx

Arjuzanx (French pronunciation:; Gascon: Arjusan) is a former commune of the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Morcenx-la-Nouvelle.
# Jabal Habashi District

Jabal Habashi District is a district of the Taiz Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 24,544 inhabitants.
# Głębocko, Greater Poland Voivodeship

Głębocko is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Murowana Goślina, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Murowana Goślina and 23 km (14 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.
The village has an approximate population of 80. It is situated near the western edge of the forests of the Puszcza Zielonka Landscape Park, close to a series of lakes on the Trojanka stream.
# Pol Carreras

Pol Carreras (born 17 January 1990 in Barcelona) is an alpine skier from Spain. He competed for Spain at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the slalom and giant slalom.

## Olympic results

| Season | Date | Location | Discipline | Place |
| 2014 | 19 Feb 2014 | Sochi, Rusia | Giant Slalom | DNF1 |
| 2014 | 22 Feb 2014 | Sochi, Rusia | Slalom | DNF1 |
# 2024 Gwoza bombings

On 29 June 2024, at least three bomb blasts targeted several areas in Gwoza, Borno State, in northeastern Nigeria, killing 32 people and injuring 48. The first blast struck a wedding ceremony at 3:00 p.m. local time, followed by another at General Hospital Gwoza before a third bombing struck a funeral. State emergency management officials blamed suicide bombers. The perpetrators are unknown as of July 13, 2024, but the BBC has noted that Islamic State – West Africa Province has claimed responsibility for other recent bombings in Borno.

## Background

In 2014, Boko Haram militants seized the city of Gwoza before it was taken back by Nigerian forces in 2015, with Boko Haram continuing to launch attacks and carry out kidnappings near the town.

## Bombings

At around 3:40 p.m. GMT+1, a female detonated an improvised explosive device at a crowded motor park near a three-way intersection following a wedding ceremony in the town of Gwoza, resulting in six deaths and multiple injuries. A police spokesperson reported that the suicide bomber was carrying a baby, who was also killed in the blast.
A second suicide bomber targeted General Hospital Gwoza, while a third bomber targeted a funeral of the first attack's victims while pretending to be a mourner, killing at least one person and injuring sixteen more. The Nigerian military imposed a curfew following the attacks. Borno State Emergency Management Agency Director General Dr. Barkindo Muhammad Saidu visited the site of the blasts in Gwoza Town. He said the dead include men, children and pregnant women, and 19 seriously injured victims were taken to Borno State capital, Maiduguri. Two of the injured died in hospital.
A member of a militia assisting the Nigerian military in Gwoza claimed that a separate bombing at a security post killed two of his men and a Nigerian soldier.
# Hans Petter Ødegård

Hans Petter Ødegård (born 16 June 1959) is a Norwegian former cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and the team time trial events at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

## Career

Born in the same year as Dag Erik Pedersen, they competed in age-specific races. Ødegård rode for the club Lørenskog CK, until 1979 when he changed to SK Rye. Since the clubs could not agree on a transfer fee, the rules stipulated that Ødegård had to ride without shirt sponsors for the next twelve months.
Together with Geir Digerud, Morten Sæther and Jostein Wilmann, Ødegård won a bronze medal in the team time trial event at the 1979 UCI Road World Championships. Verdens Gang were delighted that Norway could foster not one, but four cyclists who were competitive on the highest international level. "It would be comparable to a Spaniard coming to Holmenkollen and achieving a third place among the world elite skiers", VG's journalist opined. "Norwegian sports has yet again had a bronze team", the newspaper wrote with reference to the Norwegian bronze medallists at the 1938 FIFA World Cup. Three weeks earlier, the same team had also won the Nordic Championships time trials.
The cycling team was now mentioned as one of Norway's main candidates to win a medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics. Norway ended up boycotting the Games and did not participate.
By the early 1980s, Ødegård was still not professional. He finished fourth in the road race at the 1982 Nordic Championships. and eleventh in the amateurs' road race at the 1982 UCI Road World Championships.
The next year, he won his second bronze medal in the team time trial event, this time at the 1983 UCI Road World Championships with teammates Terje Gjengaar, Dag Hopen and Tom Pedersen. The result was described as "one of the all-time bombshells", a "shock" and "unbelieveable". This time, a Norwegian team would be sent to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Ødegård finished 10th with the Norwegian time trial team at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Entering the individual road race, Ødegård did not finish that.
# 2000–01 Macedonian Football Cup

The 2000–01 Macedonian Football Cup was the 9th season of Macedonia's football knockout competition. Sloga Jugomagnat were the defending champions, having won their second title the year before after reaching their fifth Final in a row. The 2000–01 champions were Pelister who beat the defending champions to claim their first title after twice been runners-up in the first 2 Macedonian Cups in 1992–93 & 1993–94.

## Competition calendar

| Round | Date(s) | Fixtures | Clubs | New entries |
| First Round | 12, 13, 14 August & 20 September 2000 | 16 | 32 → 16 | 32 |
| Second Round | 8, 29 November 2000 | 16 | 16 → 8 | none |
| Quarter-finals | 25 February & 4 April 2001 | 8 | 8 → 4 | none |
| Semi-finals | 17 April & 9 May 2001 | 4 | 4 → 2 | none |
| Final | 24 May 2001 | 1 | 2 → 1 | none |

## First round

Matches were played on 13 August 2000.
| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| 12 August 2000 |||
| Vardar | 2–1 | Makedonija G.P. |
| 13 August 2000 |||
| Sasa | 1–1 (3–5 p) | Pelister |
| Tikvesh | 0–5 | Napredok |
| Sileks | 2–1 | Osogovo |
| Prespa | 2–5 | Sloga Jugomagnat |
| Bregalnica Shtip | 3–0 | 11 Oktomvri |
| Shkëndija HB | 1–0 | Novaci |
| Karaorman | 3–0 | Mesna Industrija |
| Ohrid Super bingo | 0–1 | Cementarnica |
| Bitola | 2–2 (6–7 p) | Bashkimi |
| Kozhuf | 0–1 | Madzhari Solidarnost |
| Sloga Vinica | 3–4 | Alumina |
| Polet | 0–14 | Belasica |
| Metalurg Veles | 0–3 (w/o) | Borec MHK |
| 14 August 2000 |||
| Pobeda | 14–0 | Arsimi |
| 20 September 2000 |||
| Kumanovo | 1–2 | Rabotnichki Kometal |
Source: Dnevnik.mk (archived)

## Second round

The first legs were played on 8 November and second were played on 29 November 2000.
| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Sloga Jugomagnat | 2–1 | Pobeda | 2–0 | 0–1 |
| Pelister | (a) 5–5 | Sileks | 2–0 | 3–5 |
| Rabotnichki Kometal | 3–3 (1–3 p) | Shkëndija HB | 2–1 | 1–2 (a.e.t.) |
| Belasica | 7–1 | Bregalnica Shtip | 6–0 | 1–1 |
| Karaorman | (a) 4–4 | Borec MHK | 3–0 | 1–4 |
| Vardar | 7–1 | Napredok | 5–1 | 2–0 |
| Alumina | 2–4 | Bashkimi | 1–0 | 1–4 |
| Cementarnica | 8–0 | Madžari Solidarnost | 2–0 | 6–0 |

## Quarter-finals

The first legs were played on 25 February and second were played on 4 April 2001.
| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Pelister | (a) 4–4 | Vardar | 2–1 | 2–3 |
| Belasica | 1–2 | Sloga Jugomagnat | 0–1 | 1–1 |
| Karaorman | 3–1 | Cementarnica | 0–0 | 3–1 |
| Shkëndija HB | 4–1 | Bashkimi | 2–0 | 2–1 |

## Semi-finals

The first legs were played on 17 April 2001. The second legs were originally scheduled for 3 May 2001, but were postponed to 9 May 2001, due to situation at the border with FR Yugoslavia.

### Summary

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Shkëndija HB | 0–6 | Sloga Jugomagnat | 0–1 | 0–5 |
| Pelister | 4–3 | Karaorman | 1–2 | 3–1 |

### Matches

Sloga Jugomagnat won 6–0 on aggregate.
Pelister won 4–3 on aggregate.
# Mashra'a Wa Hadnan District

Mashra'a Wa Hadnan District is a district of the Taiz Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 109,533 inhabitants.
# Głębokie, Gniezno County

Głębokie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kiszkowo, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Kiszkowo, 19 km (12 mi) west of Gniezno, and 34 km (21 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.
# Thomas de Pinedo

Thomas de Pinedo (1614 – 13 November 1679), also known as Isaac de Pinedo, was a Jewish scholar best known for his detailed commentary on Stephan of Byzantium's Ethnica.

## Life

Thomas was born in 1614 in Trancoso, Beira Province, Portugal, during the period of the Iberian Union. His father was from the noble family of Pinheiro and his mother from the Jewish Fonseca. He was also a relative of the converso or marrano poet Miguel de Silveyra. Thomas left Trancoso to live with his uncle in Madrid, Spain. While there, he studied at the Jesuit Imperial College, where he learned Latin and Greek.
Pinedo fled to the Dutch Republic to escape the Inquisition. (Miguel was similarly forced to flee to the Kingdom of Naples.) While praising his education and avoiding censure of Christianity itself, he pointedly criticized the Inquisition and its supporters, comparing them to the Athenian Areopagus and once writing "I am ashamed and reproach myself for having been useful to such Christians". Joining the Dutch Jewish community, he began to go by the name Ishac or Isaac de Pinedo and opposed the philosophy of his contemporary Spinoza. He completed his edition of Stephan's Ethnica with Latin translation and commentary while in the city, publishing it under his former name Thomas. He dedicated the work to Gaspar Ibáñez de Segovia, historian, bibliophile, and consort marquis of Mondejar.
He died on 13 November 1679 in Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic. De Segovia later wrote to the converso poet Miguel de Barrios of his regret that Pinedo had died without re-converting from Judaism to Christianity.

## Works

Pinedo is best known for his edition of Stephan of Byzantium's Ethnica, which he provided in Greek with a parallel Latin translation and commentary, including numerous citations from Jewish historians and travelers such as Josephus and Benjamin of Tudela.
* Stephan (1678), Περὶ Πόλεων [De Urbibus, On Cities] (in Ancient Greek), Amsterdam: Jacobus de Jonghe.
# Lepraria caesioalba

Lepraria caesioalba is a widely distributed species of leprose lichen in the family Stereocaulaceae.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described as Crocynia caesioalba by Maurice Bouly de Lesdain in 1914, and was later transferred to Lepraria by Jack Laundon in 1992. The type specimen was collected in France and is housed at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), with additional topotype material at the Natural History Museum, London (BM), Geneva (GL), and Paris (PC).

## Description

This lichen forms a granular crust that usually has defined edges but can sometimes appear diffuse. Small, obscure lobes may be present but lack raised rims. It has an inconspicuous white medulla and usually lacks a base layer (hypothallus), though rarely small patches of exposed medulla may be present. The reproductive structures consist of abundant coarse or variably sized granules (soredia), typically measuring 100–150 (sometimes up to 200) μm in diameter, which sometimes have short projecting threads (hyphae). These soredia frequently cluster into larger groups (consoredia) of 200–300 μm.
The species shows considerable chemical variation, with several distinct variants. The most common form contains atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid, protocetraric acid (in variable amounts), and either roccellic/angardianic or rangiformic acid. Another common variant contains atranorin, stictic acid complex, and similar fatty acids. A rarer form contains atranorin, psoromic acid, and roccellic/angardianic or rangiformic acid. Spot tests vary depending on the chemical variant but are typically: K− or + (yellow), C−, KC− or + (faint yellow), Pd+ (orange or red).

## Habitat and distribution

Lepraria caesioalba typically grows on acidic rock (usually over mosses) and soil, rarely occurring on bark, epiphytic mosses and lichens. It is found in exposed places, mostly in cool climates, and becomes montane-alpine in tropical regions. The species has a wide distribution, having been recorded from Europe, North and South America, Asia, Australasia, Antarctica, and Greenland.
# Dabadib

Dabadib (also written Debadib) is a village that is located in the commune of Oued El Alenda, in the Mih Ouensa District of El Oued Province, Algeria.
The village is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) southeast of Oued El Alenda and 19 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of the provincial capital El Oued.
# Tom Baring

Thomas Baring (21 March 1839 – 4 June 1923) was a British banker.

## Early life

Baring was born on 21 March 1839 at Cromer Hall, Cromer, Norfolk into the Baring family. Known as "Tom", he was the tenth child (fifth of second marriage) of Henry Baring and the former Cecilia Anne Windham. His father was first married, and divorced, to Maria Matilda Bingham (a daughter of U.S. Senator William Bingham who was the former wife of Jacques-Pierre-Alexandre, Comte de Tilly [fr]). Among his siblings were elder half-brother Henry Bingham Baring, MP for Callington and Marlborough, and younger brothers, Edward, raised to the peerage as 1st Baron Revelstoke, and Evelyn, who inherited Cromer Hall and was raised to the peerage as 1st Earl of Cromer.
His paternal grandparents were Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet, and the former Harriet Herring (a daughter of William Herring). His maternal grandparents were Vice-Admiral William Lukin Windham and Anne Thellusson (daughter of Genevan banker Peter Thellusson).

## Career

Like his brother, he was involved in the family banking business, beginning his career in the Liverpool office of Barings Bank. He later moved to New York City to join Kidder Peabody. When, in 1890, Kidder Peabody split its dual Boston-New York firm, Baring became a partner in the separated New York firm. He and another Kidder-Peabody alumnus, George C. Magoun, formed Baring, Magoun & Co. of New York. Both houses continued as North American agents for Barings.
Following the near-collapse of Barings, which initiated the Panic of 1890, and the death of senior partner Thomas Charles Baring (a cousin) in 1891, Tom returned to London to become a Managing Director of the reorganized Baring Brothers and Co. Limited in 1892. In 1896 he joined the new Barings partnership formed to oversee the limited company. He remained in both positions until his retirement in 1912. Although Tom was the eldest of the partners, his nephew John Baring, 2nd Baron Revelstoke became head of the firm.

## Personal life

In 1901, Baring was married to heiress Constance Barron, daughter of William Barron and Fanny Louisa Lonergan. Her sister, Agnes Barron, had married Baron Alexandre de Stoeckl in 1892, and became lady in waiting to Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark. Together, they were the parents of:
* Richard Baring (1902–1940), who married Violetta Archer, a niece of Lord George Dundas, in 1922. After her death in a flying accident in 1931, he married Margaret Sutton, daughter of Dr. Henry Thomas Sutton, in 1932.
* Edward Thomas Baring (1903–1980), who married heiress Virginia Ryan, a daughter of John Barry Ryan and granddaughter of Thomas Fortune Ryan, in 1926. She was aunt to Virginia Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie. They divorced in 1949 and he married Pauline Alison (née Copland) Boden, daughter of Frank Fawcett Copland and former wife of Timothy Boden, in 1950. Virginia married Albert J. Beveridge Jr. (son of U.S. Senator Albert J. Beveridge and Catherine Eddy) in 1955.
Baring died at Newmarket, Suffolk on 4 June 1923. His widow died on 3 July 1948.
# Henryków, Greater Poland Voivodeship

Henryków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rozdrażew, within Krotoszyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Rozdrażew, 9 km (6 mi) north-east of Krotoszyn, and 82 km (51 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.