OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tails of Iron

Tails of Iron is an action role-playing video game developed by Odd Bug Studio and published in 2021 by United Label. Players control an anthropomorphic rat who must kill frogs that have invaded his kingdom.

## Gameplay

After invading frogs kill his father, young King Redgi, an anthropomorphic rat, attempts to defeat the invaders and rescue the rest of his family. Tails of Iron is a side-scrolling Soulslike game, a genre that focuses on boss fights in which players must carefully time their attacks and defense. Players can customize Redgi with different skills and change their build to fit specific battles. There are three main hand-to-hand weapon types spears, swords, and axes. All these weapons play differently from each other and have their own advantages and disadvantages. these weapon types are used in the light weapon category and the heavy weapon category. there are also ranged weapons with three main categories those being bows, crossbows, and firearms. Each have different fire rates which effect your play style and when you use the ranged weapon. Using heavy equipment can slow down players' movements but provide better attack and defense values. As Redgi defeats enemies and progresses through the story, the kingdom slowly recovers. It has a hand-drawn art style.

## Development

Odd Bug Studio is based in Manchester, UK. Tails of Iron is their second game. Unsure they would have the opportunity to make a third, they said they wanted to make something that appealed strongly to them: a gory, open world fantasy role-playing game with challenging combat. Redgi's attempts to save his kingdom were influenced by their worries about the studio itself. Doug Cockle narrates the game. The art style was influenced by Eastern European block printing. Gameplay influences include The Witcher, God of War, and Dark Souls, though Odd Bug said Tails of Iron's difficulty was influenced more by Hollow Knight than Dark Souls. For the story, they were inspired by Redwall, Mouse Guard, The Wind in the Willows to create anthropomorphic characters in peril. The characters themselves are derived from the game director's pet rats. Unlike other Soulslike games, Tails of Iron lacks a stamina bar to limit attacks. Odd Bug originally implemented this, but they found that combat was not as fluid and dynamic as they wanted. United Label released it for Switch, PlayStation 4 and 5, Xbox One and Series X/S, and Windows on September 17, 2021.

## Reception

Tails of Iron received positive reviews on Metacritic. Though they enjoyed the game, Rock Paper Shotgun criticized some of the boss fights as "barely disguised" padding. GamingBolt called it "functional and serviceable", but they found the combat and platform elements to not distinguish themselves beyond what other Soulslike games have done. NintendoWorldReport praised both the combat and the world-building, which they said was good enough to carry the game by itself.

## Sequel

A sequel, titled Tails of Iron 2: Whiskers of Winter, released on January 28, 2025.
# Thermonasty

In plant biology, thermonasty is a nondirectional response to temperature in plants. It is a form of nastic movement, not to be confused with thermotropism, which is a directional response in plants to temperature. A common example of this is in some Rhododendron species, but thermonasty has also been observed in other plants, such as Phryma leptostachya. Flower opening in certain crocus and tulip species is also known to be thermonastic. These movements are thought to be regulated by having unequal cell elongation in certain plant tissues, causing different tissues to bend. In other processes, like in the temperature regulation of flower openings, movement has instead been shown to be a result of irreversible cell growth, a growth type not typically associated with plant movement. Furthermore, thermonasty has been shown to be independent of other environmental signals, such as light and gravity.
Thermonasty is generally considered to be an adaptation for protection against colder temperatures. It is hypothesized that thermonastic movement is an adaptation for photoprotection, as harsh freezing conditions make leaves more susceptible to light damage from the sun. In flowers it may instead serve as a signal for flower opening and closing with rising and falling temperatures. Although the exact mechanism for thermonasty is still not fully understood, there has been research conducted to reveal more.

## Thermonasty in Rhododendron

In some species of Rhododendron, thermonasty is as well-known phenomenon during the winter months. The leaves can be seen to droop from their branches and curl inwards under freezing temperatures. A research group from Iowa State University tried to determine if water transport proteins, aquaporins, were involved with curling in Rhododendron leaves. They took leaves from a thermonastic and non-thermonastic Rhododendron and subjected them to freezing and thawing conditions, sampling their RNA levels for their target aquaporins at specific time points. They did this to see if there was any change in the expression levels of aquaporins during changes in temperatures in association with thermonastic curling.
They concluded that expression of aquaporins decreases during the initial freezing stages, but in both species the proteins were then up-regulated as the temperature continued to drop. The researchers concluded that there may be some association with aquaporins to thermonasty, but they could not conclude what kind of association that is. They were, however, able to support a previous hypothesis that extracellular freezing is required for the thermonastic curling response. They exposed leaves from the thermonastic Rhododendron species to freezing temperatures, but some leaves had water that froze on the surface, and others did not. Leaves with extracellular water freezing curled at a higher temperature than leaves without, indicating that the extracellular freezing was necessary for curling at a higher temperature.
# Ni Amorim

Nuno Amorim, better known as Ni Amorim, is a racing driver born in Porto, Portugal on March 1, 1962.

## National career

Amorim started competing in circuit racing and rallying in 1982, but in the mid-1980s he was almost exclusively a touring car racing driver, becoming a mainstay in various one-make cups and the Portuguese Touring Car Championship.
He was Group N Champion in 1987, and later won the Group A Championship in 1989 and 1990 driving the Poligrupo Ford Sierra RS500, and 1993 with the works Opel Astra (Gr. N).
He returned to the Portuguese Touring Car Championship in 2007 in a semi-works BMW 320si, his first full season in Portugal since 1994.

## International career

After a few outings as a Mercedes-AMG driver in the Macau Grand Prix's Guia Race, he began an international career in 1995, first in the International Touring Car Championship and in the following year in the Spanish Touring Car Championship.
In 1997 he lost Opel backing and moved to endurance racing, competing on-and-off in the FIA GT Championship and the American Le Mans Series, as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The high point of his career was at the wheel of the Oreca-run works Chrysler team, with the Chrysler Viper GTS-R and the Chrysler LMP, in 1999 and 2000.
He has also driven in the Spanish and British GT Championship, where he was class champion in 2004. For 2005, he moved to the Le Mans Endurance Series, where he drove a Courage C65.
In 2006, he partnered Manuel Gião to second place in the Spanish GT Championship, in a Ferrari 360 Modena. In 2007, while maintaining a full-time national schedule, he drove a Ferrari 430 in the Spanish GT Championship and the International GT Open.

## 24 Hours of Le Mans results

| Year | Team | Co-Drivers | Car | Class | Laps | Pos. | Class Pos. |
| 1998 | Chamberlain Engineering | Gonçalo Gomes Manuel Mello-Breyner | Chrysler Viper GTS-R | GT2 | 265 | 21st | 7th |
| 1999 | Chamberlain Engineering | Hans Hugenholtz Toni Seiler | Chrysler Viper GTS-R | GTS | 314 | 14th | 3rd |
| 2000 | Viper Team Oreca | David Donohue Anthony Beltoise | Chrysler Viper GTS-R | GTS | 328 | 9th | 2nd |
| 2001 | Viper Team Oreca | Seiji Ara Masahiko Kondo | Chrysler LMP | LMP900 | 243 | DNF | DNF |
| 2005 | Noël del Bello Racing | Romain Iannetta Christophe Pillon | Courage C65-Mecachrome | LMP2 | 99 | DNF | DNF |
# Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University (abbreviated as PMAS-Arid University) is a public research university in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. It is named after Pir Meher Ali Shah, a Punjabi Hanafi scholar.
The university is ranked at No. 2 in the agriculture/veterinary category as per the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and 7th overall in the ranking of universities in Pakistan.
Arid Agriculture University offers degree programmes leading to Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. in disciplines including Food Science & Technology, Computer Sciences, Management Sciences, Pure Sciences, Agriculture,Agricultural Engineering, Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Social Sciences and other Arts and Fine Arts programs.

## History

In the 1970s, the government of Punjab established an agricultural college in Rawalpindi for the development of rain-fed agriculture. The college was upgraded to the level of university in 1994.
The Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University is named after Chishti Sufi saint Pir Mehr Ali Shah. The University is now working on two mega projects titled DDSDP and ENCIB. There is a centre for precision agriculture and national centre for industrial biotechnology.

## Academics

AAUR teaches courses in five faculties, six institutes and one National center (as well as joint programs with other institutions):
* Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences
* Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences
* Faculty of Sciences
* Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
* Faculty of Social Sciences
* Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (with departments in Animal Sciences, Veterinary Basic Science, Patho-Biology, Clinical Studies and Poultry Science) 85 students
* Institute of Education and Research
* University Institute of Management Sciences
* University Institute of Information Technology
* University Institute of Biochemistry & Biotechnology (UIBB)
* Faculty of Agriculture Engineering
* Institute of Geo-informatics and Earth Observation (IGEO)
* Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences (ISES)
# Jeff Kargola

Jeff "Ox" Kargola (November 29, 1983 – April 29, 2011) was an American professional freestyle motocross (FMX) rider. He was a member of the Metal mulisha FMX team.
His career was highlighted by a silver medal in the Men's Best Trick competition at the 2005 Winter X Games.
Kargola died on April 29, 2011, aged 27, after sustaining a head injury and internal bleeding on the second day of the Desert Assassins' Rip to the Tip motocross event in Baja California, Mexico.

## X Games competition history

GOLD (0) SILVER (1) BRONZE (0) :
| X Games 2010 | MTX Speed & Style | 10th |
| X Games 2010 | MTX Step Up | 5th |
| X Games 2010 | MTX Freestyle | 11th |
| Winter X 2006 | MTX Best Trick | 9th |
| Winter X 2005 | MTX Best Trick | 2nd |
| X Games 2004 | MTX Best Trick | 5th |
| Winter X 2004 | MTX Best Trick | 10th |
| X Games 2002 | MTX Best Trick | 17th |
| Winter X 2002 | MTX Best Trick | 9th |
| X Games 2001 | MTX Best Trick | 16th |
# 1st Mounted Rifles

The 1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry) were a mounted rifles regiment raised just before World War I, raised and based in the region of Canterbury. It can trace its history back to 1864 with the formation of the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry.

## History
### Origins and formation

The Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry was established as a volunteer corps at Christchurch in 1864. It was the oldest of twelve light cavalry units raised in New Zealand during the second half of the nineteenth century, using the British Yeomanry regiments as a model.
While numbering less than 100 men, scattered in small detachments across Canterbury Province, the unit earned a reputation for well drilled smartness and provided honour guards and ceremonial escorts as required. It was brought together for a training camp of eight days each year. A scarlet and blue uniform was worn with black facings and a red plumed helmet.
With the introduction of a conscription-based territorial system in 1911-12, the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry became "A" Squadron of the 1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry). Following this, the regiment was formed on 17 March 1911.

### World War I

They were mobilised during World War I as a squadron of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment. They served in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and first saw action during the Battle of Gallipoli.
As a part of the larger New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade (of the ANZAC Mounted Division) they went on to serve in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.
The battle they participated in were
* Battle of Gallipoli
* Battle of Romani
* Battle of Magdhaba
* Battle of Rafa
* First Battle of Gaza
* Second Battle of Gaza
* Third Battle of Gaza
* Battle of Beersheba
* Battle of Megiddo (1918)

### Between the wars

In 1921 they were amalgamated with the 8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles and redesignated the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry. By 1942, the regiment, as 1st Light Armoured Fighting Vehicles Regiment (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry), was part of the 5th Division's divisional troops, located at Ashburton.
They were absorbed into the 3rd Armoured Regiment on 29 March 1944.

## Alliances

* United Kingdom – 12th Royal Lancers
# Husson (commune)

Husson (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Manche department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Le Teilleul.
# Soho Synagogue

Soho Synagogue was an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue located at 43 Crosby Street, in the SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States.
The congregation was founded in 2005 by Chabad-Lubavitch Rabbi Dovi Scheiner and his wife Esty.
On September 15, 2009, the SoHo Synagogue signed a 7-year lease for the ground floor of 43 Crosby Street, located between Spring and Broome Streets. Previously a Gucci retail outlet, designer Dror Benshetrit transformed the space into an oppulant synagogue to cater for the growing "hipster" Jewish community.
By 2015, the congregation, which did not charge a membership fee, was losing money. An online spin off of the physical synagogue, called Synago, was established in 2015, yet ultimately failed. In late 2015, Scheiner was trying to establish a similar synagogue in Los Angeles.
# Family Relations Register (South Korea)

The Family Relations Register of the Republic of Korea (Korean: 가족관계등록부) is an official family register that is used since 2008, replacing the Hoju system that was in use before 2007. In accordance with the Constitutional Court's ruling in 2005 that the previous household system was unconstitutional for violating the constitutional spirit of gender equality, the Act on the Registration of Family Relations, etc. was enacted as Act No. 8435 on May 17, 2007, and went into effect on January 1, 2008. Unlike the previous household register, which was created by family unit centered on the household, the Family Relations Register is created by individual.

## Types

There are different types of certificates that are issued from the Family Relations Register in addition to the basic certificate:
* Basic Information Certificate: Information about the applicant's birth, death, and loss of citizenship.
* Family Relationship Certificate (General): Personal information of parents, spouse, and children currently married or living children
* Family Relationship Certificate (Detailed): Personal information of parents, spouse, and all children
* Basic Certificate (General): Information on birth, death, and loss of nationality
* Basic Certificate (Detailed): All information related to parental authority, name change, guardianship, acquisition and restoration of nationality, etc., including the contents of the general certificate
* Marriage Relationship Certificate (General): Personal information of current spouse, information related to marriage and divorce
* Marriage Relationship Certificate (Detailed): Personal information of all spouses, information related to marriage and divorce
* Adoption Relationship Certificate (General): Personal information of adoptive parents and adoptee, information related to current adoption and dissolution
* Adoption Relationship Certificate (Detailed): Personal information of adoptive parents and adoptee, information related to all adoption and dissolution
* Adoptive Parent-Adoption Relationship Certificate (General): Personal information of biological parents, adoptive parents, and adoptee, information related to current adoption and dissolution Regarding matters
* Adoption Relationship Certificate (Detailed): Personal information of biological parents, adoptive parents, and adoptive child, mother
# Andy Macdonald (skateboarder)

Andy Macdonald (born July 31, 1973) is an American professional skateboarder. As of September 2013, he holds the record for the most X Games medals in vert skateboarding and won the World Cup Skateboarding competition eight times.
He represented Great Britain at the 2024 Olympic Games.

## Early life

Macdonald is originally from Melrose, Massachusetts, and started skateboarding in 1986 when he was 12 years old. He graduated from Newton North High School in 1992. His father, Rodrick Macdonald, was born in Luton, England.

## Professional skateboarding

Macdonald became a professional skateboarder in 1994. In 1998 he was selected the "Best Overall Skater" in the "Readers Poll" of Transworld Skateboarding magazine, and was also chosen to host Transworld's skateboarding "Trick Tip" video, Starting Point 2: Transitions. He has received praise for his perennial consistency as he medals in most of the competitions he enters, even beating out a lot of younger skateboarders.
In 1999 Macdonald delivered an anti-drug speech at the White House that was preceded by Macdonald skateboarding down the marble floor of the hallway.
With SBI Enterprises and Bruce Middleton, Macdonald designed the "Flybar 1200", a type of extreme pogo-stick.
In 2022 he announced his intention to try to qualify for the 2024 Summer Olympics representing his father's homeland of Great Britain, despite the fact that he would be 51 years old at the start of the park skateboard event at the Games. He secured qualification in June 2024 making him the oldest Olympic skateboarder in history. His fellow British skateboarding team members are Sky Brown and Lola Tambling who are both sixteen years old.

### Sponsors

As of September 2013, Macdonald is sponsored by Positiv Skateboards, Airwalk, Amazon.com, MovieTickets.com, Clif Bar, GoPro, Bern Unlimited, Killer Pads, PushWood skatepark locator app, and Theeve Titanium Truck Co.

## Video game appearances

In 1999, he was featured in the video game MTV Sports: Skateboarding featuring Andy MacDonald for the Dreamcast, PlayStation, and PC. He was also featured in the PC game Backyard Skateboarding.

## Contest history

* 1st in 1996–2000, 2002, 2012 World Cup
* 1st in 1997–2002 X Games: vert doubles (with Tony Hawk)
3rd in 2009 X Games 15 Vert Competition 2nd in 2009 X Games 15 Park Andy has been involved in promoting skateboarding and its growth, progression and exposure since as far back as his days as an instructor at the YMCA in Peabody MA (1989) right near his hometown of North Andover.
# Ümit Haluk Bayülken

Ümit Haluk Bayülken (7 July 1921 – 26 April 2007) was a Turkish diplomat, ambassador, politician, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of National Defense of Turkey.

## Personal life

Ümit Haluk Bayülken was born in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire on 7 July 1921. After finishing Haydarpaşa High School, Istanbul in 1939, he was educated in the Faculty of Political Science of Ankara University graduating as the first in class in 1943. Between 1945 and 1947, he completed the military service.
He was married to Fatma Valih and father of two.
Bayülken died on 26 April 2007 in Ankara. He was buried at Karşıyaka Cemetery following a ceremony held in front of the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs attended by high-ranking politicians, diplomats and civil servants, and the religious funereal service at Kocatepe Mosque.

## Diplomat

He entered the service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1943. After serving in many positions at various departments. Between 1963 and 1966, Bayülken taught "Applied International Law and Disputes" at the Faculty of Political Science of his alma mater. In July 1966, he was appointed ambassador to London. He became the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations in August 1969. He was elected Secretary General of CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) in November 1974.
He is remembered for his reaching a helping hand to some 20,000 immigrants of Turkish origin while serving as Consul General in Frankfurt, West Germany in 1947.

## Politician

Although not a member of the parliament, he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the 34th, 35th and the 36th government of Turkey serving between 11 December 1971 and 26 January 1974. In 1974, he was appointed Secretary General of the President of Turkey Fahri Korutürk serving until 1980.
According to the Turkish constitution of 1961, the president was authorized to appoint 15 members of the Senate of the Republic (Turkey). On 16 May 1980, Bayülken was appointed senator by the contingency of the acting president İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil. However, by the 1980 Turkish coup d'état on 12 September, he lost his seat.
During the 44th government of Turkey between 20 September 1980 and 13 December 1983, he was appointed as the Minister of National Defense. He served in this position until the general election of November 6, 1983.
Following the 1983 general election, Bayülken entered the 17th Parliament of Turkey as an independent deputy of Antalya Province.
# Richard Bessel

Richard Bessel FRHistS is professor of twentieth century history at the University of York and a member of the editorial boards of German History and History Today. He is a specialist in the social and political history of modern Germany, the aftermath of the two world wars and the history of policing.
Bessel earned his BA at Antioch College and his DPhil at the University of Oxford. He is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society. He is also a fellow of the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies.

## Reviews

Bessel's Germany 1945: From War to Peace (2009), dealing with the transition from German defeat at the end of the Second World War to peace, was positively reviewed by Jeffry Diefendorf in H-Net with the reviewer noting its relevance to modern debates about failed states and nation building. Brian Ladd, in The New York Times, noted Bessel's "sober" treatment of the topic and his preference for understatement over pathos.
In Violence - A Modern Obsession (2015), Bessel gave a history of violence in the twentieth century that The Guardian's reviewer saw as a warning. Ian Bell, in The Herald, noted the denseness of the material and the hellishness of the twentieth century outlined by Bessel, but also that the work was thoughtful rather than being a polemic against violence.

## Selected publications

* Political Violence and the Rise of Nazism. The Storm Troopers in Eastern Germany 1925–1934. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.
* Life in the Third Reich. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
* Germany after the First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993; paperback edition 1995.
* Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Comparisons and contrasts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
* Nazism and War. New York: Random House, 2004.
* Germany 1945: From War to Peace. Simon & Schuster and HarperCollins, 2009.
* Violence: A Modern Obsession. Simon & Schuster, 2015. ISBN 978-0743239578