OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Elena Efimovna Kuzmina

Elena Efimovna Kuz'mina (Russian: Еле́на Ефи́мовна Кузьмина́; 13 April 1931 – 17 October 2013) was a Russian archaeologist. She was the chief research officer of the Russian Institute for Cultural Researches. She led 25 archaeological expeditions and participated in over a hundred, mostly in the Eurasian steppe region.
She received her Candidate of Sciences degree in archaeology in 1964 at the Moscow State University, and her Doktor nauk degree in 1988. She was a full professor of archaeology from 1988 to 2013.
She was the head scholar of the Russian Institute for Cultural Research. She was also an academician, member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (1988), Corresponding Fellow of the German Archaeological Institute (1982), member of the Italian Società Iranologica Europea (1996), and of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists.
In 2009, she won Iran's World Prize for book of the year for her book The Origins of the Indo-Iranians.

## Publications

Kuzmina published more than 300 articles and 15 books on the archaeology of the Eurasian Steppes, the origins and migrations of Indo-Iranians, their mythology and arts, and essays in museum policies.
Some of her notable works are:
* "Откуда пришли индоарии" (Whence Came the Indo-Aryans) (Moscow, 1994)
* "Мифология и искусство скифов и бактрийцев" (Mythology and Art of the Scythians and Bactrians) (Moscow, 2002)
* The Origin of the Indo-Iranians (Elena E. Kuz'mina, edited by J. P. Mallory; Brill, 2007)
* The Prehistory of the Silk Road (edited by Victor H. Mair; Philadelphia, 2008)

### The Origin of the Indo-Iranians

The Origin of the Indo-Iranians, which is an updated and expanded version of Whence came the Indo-Iranians?, has been called her "magnum opus" and "the most exhaustive examination to date of Proto-Indo-Iranians," decisively adding her voice to the debate on the origins of Indo-Iranians and, more generally, that of the Indo-Europeans. The thesis presented in the book is that a number of genetically related tribes consolidated around the steppes representing the Andronovo horizon and that, for various reasons, the tribes speaking Iranian languages emerged as the dominant ones among them. Kuzmina presents her case based on extensive archaeological evidence.
# Cathryn Michon

Cathryn Michon is a Los Angeles-based filmmaker, actress, writer, blogger and stand-up comic. She has been featured at the Montreal Comedy Festival, the Toyota Comedy Festival and the Marshall’s Women in Comedy Festival.

## Career

Her touring stand-up performance The Grrl Genius Club, as well as a subsequent novel sharing the same name, The Grrl Genius Guide to Life (HarperCollins, July 2001), lead to a television hosting stint on AMC's similarly titled Grrl Genius at the Movies and a second novel entry titled The Grrl Genius Guide to Sex with Other People (St. Martin's Press, January 2004), all garnering positive receptions nationwide.
Her television screenwriting credits include Designing Women, China Beach, Sisters, South Park and Diagnosis Murder. She performed at Chicago’s The Second City, which led to multiple roles in regional theaters, Off Broadway and on TV. She has guest starred on television series on ABC, CBS, HBO and AMC.
She was the co-writer, co-producer, co-director, and star of the movie Cook Off!, which completed principal photography in 2005 and premiered in February 2007 at the US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado. Other projects include the 2014 film Muffin Top: A Love Story, in which she starred, wrote and directed, the 2017 film A Dog's Purpose and the upcoming film A Dog's Journey, both of which she co-wrote.

### Books

She is the author of the "Grrl Genius Guidebooks": The Grrl Genius Guide to Life (HarperCollins, July 2001) and The Grrl Genius Guide to Sex with Other People (St. Martin's Press, January 2004.)
Michon is the author of Jane Austen’s Little Advice Book (co-written with Pam Norris) and co-wrote Eight Human Talents: The Yoga Way to Restore The Balance and Serenity Within You (2001) with Gurmukh.

## Columns

Michon wrote columns for iVillage.com and has a blog on that same site entitled "Adventures of a Grrl Genius"
# Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bengali: স্বাস্থ্য ও পরিবার কল্যাণ মন্ত্রণালয়; Sbāsthya ō paribār kalyāṇ Montronaloya) is a Bangladesh government ministry charged with health policy in Bangladesh. It is also responsible for all government programs relating to family planning in Bangladesh. The present adviser is Nurjahan Begum. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare contains two divisions: Health Services Division and Medical Education And Family Welfare Division.

## Departments
### Health Service Division

* Bangladesh National Nutrition Council
* Disease International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
* Department of Drug Administration
* Directorate General of Nursing and Midwifery
* Bangladesh Nursing and Midwifery Council
* Health Economics Unit
* Health Engineering Department
* Bangladesh Institute of Child and Mother Health

### Medical Education And Family Welfare Division

* Directorate General of Medical Education
* Directorate General of Nursing and Midwifery
* National Institute of Population Research and Training
* Directorate General of Family Planning
# 1177

Year 1177 (MCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

## Events
### January–December

* January – Eystein Meyla, leader of the Birkebeiner in Norway, is killed. Sverre Sigurdson (Later, King Sverre I, of Norway) becomes the new leader.
* January 13 – Leopold V becomes Duke of Austria.
* March – Treaty of Venice: Frederick I Barbarossa acknowledges Alexander III as Pope, after a diplomatic mediation by Venetian doge Sebastiano Ziani.
* March 16 – The Spanish Award is signed and witnessed by, among others, Robert III de Stuteville and John of Greenford
* August 1 – The Holy Roman Empire renounces any claims on the territory of Rome.
* September 27 – Pope Alexander III sends a letter to Prester John, believing he is real.
* November 25 – Battle of Montgisard: Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin.

### Date unknown

* During the third year of the Angen era in Japan, a fire devastates Kyoto.
* During the winter, the Estonians attack Pskov.
* Casimir II overthrows his brother Mieszko III the Old, to become High Duke of Poland.
* The Cham sack the Khmer capital of Angkor. The date is disputed.
* Moscow is burned down by Gleb I, prince of Ryazan, and its inhabitants are killed.
* A civil war breaks out in the Republic of Florence, between the Uberti Family and their consular opponent.
* Puigcerdà is founded by Alfonso II of Aragon.
* Byland Abbey is established on its final site in Yorkshire, England, by the Cistercians.
* Abbas Benedictus becomes abbot of Peterborough in England.
* Roger de Moulins becomes Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.
* possible date – Richard FitzNeal begins to write his treatise Dialogus de Scaccario ("Dialogue concerning the Exchequer") in England.
* The union of Egypt and Syria under Sultan Saladin Yusuf ibn Ayyub, the foundation of the Ayyubid Sultanate.

## Births

* February/March – Philip of Swabia, rival of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1208)
* August – Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem (d. 1186)
* Marie of Oignies, French beguin (d. 1213)
* Prithviraj Chauhan, Indian ruler of Ajmer (d. 1192)
* Sylvester Gozzolini, Italian founder of the Sylvestrines (d. 1267)

## Deaths

* January 13 – Henry II, Duke of Austria (b. 1107)
* January – Eystein Meyla, leader of the Birkebeiner in Norway. (b. 1157)
* June – William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. early 1140s)
* probable – Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (b. 1095)
# Daigaku-ryō

Daigaku-ryō (大学寮) was the former Imperial university of Japan, founded at the end of the 7th century. The Daigaku-ryō predates the Heian period, continuing in various forms through the early Meiji period. The director of the Daigaku-ryō was called the Daigaku-no-kami.
The Daigaku-ryō was located near the Suzakumon at southern border of Kyoto's grid. In the 12th century, the original structure was destroyed by fire, and it was not rebuilt.

## Ritsuryō organization

The Daigaku-ryō was reorganized in 701. It became part of the Ministry of the Civil Services (式部省, Shikibu-shō), also known as the "Ministry of Legislative Direction and Public Instruction". Among other duties, this ministry collected and maintained biographical archives of meritorious subjects, and those who would carry out the functions of the ministry were trained at the Daigaku-ryō.
The Director or head of the academy (大学頭, Daigaku-no-kami) was responsible for the examination of students and the celebration of festivals associated with Confucius and his disciples.
Educational authorities associated with the Daigaku-ryō included:
   * Chief experts on the history of Japan and China (紀伝博士,, Kiden hakase).
   * Chief experts on classical Chinese works (明経博士,, Myōgyō hakase).
   * Chief experts on jurisprudence of Japan and China (明法博士,, Myōbō hakase).
   * Chief experts on mathematics (算博士,, San hakase).
   * Instructors of Japanese and Chinese literature (直講,, Chok'kō) -- two positions.
   * Instructors in pronunciation of words (音博士,, On hakase) -- two positions.
   * Instructors in calligraphy (書博士,, Sho hakase) -- two positions.

## History

Prince Yamabe (who later became Emperor Kanmu) was Daigaku-no-kami in 766 (Tenpyō-jingo 2).
The institution had become a hollow shell by the Engi era (901-923), but its fortunes revived somewhat under the patronage of Emperor Daigo.
* May 27, 1177 (Angen 3, 28th day, 4th month): A fire burned the university structure to ashes.
# Augusta Bethell

The Hon. Augusta Bethell (3 August 1838 – 20 December 1931) was a British 19th century writer and translator. She was the daughter of the Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury. She published several children's books during her long career.

## Personal life

Augusta Bethell was born in Marylebone as the daughter of Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury and his first wife, Ellinor Abraham, daughter of Robert Abraham. During Bethell's life, she had the affectionate nickname "Gussie".
In the 1860s Edward Lear attempted to marry Bethell (he proposed twice), whom he had known as an old friend. She was probably the only woman that Lear seriously thought of marrying; she was passing through Nice on her way to Italy and stopped for a couple of days to visit Lear. He was quite hesitant to ask her at first due to his disability. Bethell's sister discouraged Lear by saying "She's happy enough." The biographer of Edward Lear, Peter Levi wrote "I am not really sure why Gussie Bethell refused to marry him." However Bethell was 26 years his junior, which he thought has something to do with it. He wrote several letters to Bethell. After this they decided to just be friends.
Bethell hated England, wished she were away from England, where the weather was "dull & wretched". Bethell made friends with John Gibson and regularly wrote to him. She wished she was with him in Rome and all his other Roman friends.
She firstly married, Henry Charles Adamson Parker (1843–1882) in 1874, secondly Thomas Arthur Nash, barrister (1850–1921) in 1890. She survived both of her husbands.
In 1881 she lived at 58 Regency Square in Brighton, which had 20 bedrooms. It has now been transformed into a hotel named "Queensbury Hotel".
On 20 December 1931 aged 93, Bethell died in Daventry.

## Career

Bethell often published books for children and rarely did romance books. Illustrator Edward Whymper illustrated with Bethell on the book Helen in Switzerland.
Her published books show as Hon. Mrs. Adamson Parker (Hon. Augusta Bethell).

## Published works

* Millicent and her Cousins (Griffith and Farran 1873) ASIN B01ABU4X0Q
* Among the Fairies ISBN 9781333623968
* The Sea-Gull ISBN 9781331707929
* Helen in Switzerland : a tale for young people (Illustrated by Edward Whymper) (Griffith and Farran 1867) ISBN 978-1164667063
* Echoes Of An Old Bell ISBN 978-1164627630
* Feathers And Fairies ISBN 978-1164644354
* A Village Maiden ISBN 978-1354574737
* Maud Latimer
* Love and Life in Norway ISBN 978-1271213351
# Pěnčín (Liberec District)

Pěnčín (Czech pronunciation:; German: Pientschin) is a municipality and village in Liberec District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Pěnčín consists of seven municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Pěnčín (455)
* Albrechtice (32)
* Červenice (59)
* Kamení (37)
* Střížovice (26)
* Vitanovice (80)
* Zásada (18)
# Lay preacher

A lay preacher is a preacher who is not ordained (i.e. a layperson) and who may not hold a formal university degree in theology. Lay preaching varies in importance between religions and their sects.

## Overview

Some denominations specifically discourage or disallow lay ministers or lay preachers from assuming certain titles. For example, the Unitarian Universalist Association reserves the title of "the reverend" for ordained ministers.
The United Methodist Church authorized the role of "certified lay minister" (CLM) at its 2004 General Conference as a non-clergy leadership role, stating that CLMs should not use the title of "pastor"; be addressed as "reverend"; or wear clerical garb (i.e., the robe, stole or collar).
Lay ecclesial ministry is a similar practice in the Catholic Church. Lay ecclesial ministers serve the church in many ways, assisting priests, but are not ordained.

## Examples of lay preachership

Specific groups of lay preachers, and other groups that encourage lay preachership, include:
* Awakening (Lutheran movement; especially see Hans Nielsen Hauge, Paavo Ruotsalainen, and lay preachers organized by Lars Levi Laestadius)
* Methodist local preachers (Great Britain)
* Lay readers, also called licensed lay ministers (Anglicanism)
* Lay speakers (United Methodist Church)
* Plymouth Brethren
* United Reformed Church preachers (Great Britain)
* Unitarian and Free Christian accredited preachers (Great Britain)
# Alexander Scrymgeour (died 1306)

Sir Alexander Scrymgeour (died 4 August 1306) was a Scottish knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus. He was constable of Dundee and Scottish standard bearer who was captured and later executed by the English in 1306.

## Life

Alexander was the son of Colin Scrimgeour. He was appointed constable of Dundee Castle and the standard bearer of Scotland at the Scottish parliament of 29 March 1298, held by Guardian William Wallace at Torphichen. He was with Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Methven. During the battle on 19 June 1306, Alexander was captured by English forces under Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, along with a number of Bruce's closest supporters. The Earl of Pembroke refused to summarily execute the prisoners as ordered by Edward I of England. Alexander was executed on 4 August by hanging at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He was succeeded by his son Nicholas.
# Said Mohamed Rage

Said Mohamed Rage (Somali: Siciid Maxamed Raage, Arabic: سعيد محمد راجي) is a Somali British politician. He has become the Minister of Ports, Marine Transport and Marine Resource of the autonomous Puntland state in northeastern Somalia. Rage is also in charge and founder of the regional counter-piracy program. He is also the head of the other major political and business entities. During Arte Somali Peace Conference Rage became an MP at transitional parliament and resigned seat following year.

## Background

Rage originally from the autonomous puntland in northeastern Somalia, hails Dishiishe. He is dual citizen holding British and Somali citizenships.
# Corn Belt

The Corn Belt is a region of the Midwestern United States and part of the Southern United States that, since the 1850s, has dominated corn production in the United States. In North America, corn is the common word for maize. More generally, the concept of the Corn Belt connotes the area of the Midwest dominated by farming and agriculture, though it stretches down into the South as well reaching into Kentucky.

## Geography

There is lack of consensus regarding the constituents of the Corn Belt, although it often includes Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, western Ohio, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southern Minnesota, and parts of Missouri. It also sometimes includes South Dakota, North Dakota, all of Ohio, Wisconsin, all of Michigan, and Kentucky. Some people and industries break the Corn Belt down even further and refer to it as the Eastern Corn Belt and the Western Corn Belt.
The region is characterized by level land, deep fertile soils, and a high organic soil concentration.
As of 2008, the top four corn-producing states were Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Minnesota, accounting for more than half of the corn growth in the U.S.
More recently, the Corn Belt was mapped at the county level using the Land use and Agricultural Management Practices web-Service (LAMPS), along with animated maps of changes in time (2010–2016).

## History

William Scully (1821-1906), from a wealthy landowning Catholic family in West Tipperary, Ireland, immigrated to Chicago in 1851. He bought up hundreds of thousands of acres of prime Corn Belt farmland in the Midwest, and rented it to tenants. By 1906 he owned and 225,000 acres in Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri, renting it out to 1200 tenants.
On account of new agricultural technology developments between 1860 and 1970, the Corn Belt went from producing mixed crops and livestock into becoming an area focused strictly on wheat-cash planting. After 1970, increased crop and meat production required an export outlet, but global recession and a strong dollar reduced exports and created serious problems even for the best farm managers.
In 1956, former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, a pioneer of hybrid seed, declared that the Corn Belt had developed the "most productive agricultural civilization the world has ever seen".
Most corn grown today is fed to livestock, especially hogs and poultry. In recent decades, soybeans have grown in importance.
By 1950, 99% of corn has been grown from hybrids.

## EPA Ecoregion

In 1997, the USEPA published its report on the United States' ecoregions, in part based on "land use". Its "Level III" region classification contains three contiguous "Corn Belt" regions, Western (47), Central (54), and Eastern (55), stretching from Indiana to eastern Nebraska.
# Heike Schwarm

Heike Schwarm (born 17 October 1967) is a German gymnast. She competed in six events at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# Escontria

Escontria is a genus of cactus. The only species is Escontria chiotilla, the chiotilla or jiotilla.

## Description

The tree-like Escontria chiotilla is heavily branched with flat tops, forms clear trunks and reaches a height of 4 to 7 meters. The light green, cylindrical shoots have a diameter of 8 to 12 cm (3.1 to 4.7 in). It has 7 or 8 acute ribs, are densely covered with dark gray, elongated areoles that sometimes flow into one another. The central spine, which is usually one red-orange to yellow, later turns gray and is up to 20 mm (0.79 in) long. The 10 to 20 marginal spines, sometimes arranged somewhat comb-shaped, are yellowish-brown, later become grayish-white and are up to 12 mm (0.47 in) long.
The yellow, tubular to somewhat bell-shaped flowers, which open during the day, appear below the shoot tip. It bears dark red fruit comparable in appearance and texture to Pitaya, but smaller (3,5 cm). The spherical, fleshy, scaled fruits are purple-brown and have a diameter of 5 cm (2.0 in) or more.

## Distribution

The species originates from Mexico (Guerrero, Michoacán, Oaxaca, southern Puebla).

## Taxonomy

The first plants were discovered in 1864 by Frédéric Albert Constantin Weber, who sent material to George Engelmann. However, the first description as Cereus chiotilla was not made until 1897 by Karl Moritz Schumann. The botanical name of the genus honors the Mexican engineer and temporary governor of San Luis Potosí Blas Escontria and Bustamante (1848–1906). The specific epithet chiotilla derives from the local name “Chiotilla” for the edible fruits of the plant. Spanish common names are “Chiotilla” and “Jiotilla”. In 1906, Joseph Nelson Rose placed it in the genus Escontria, which he had established.
Another nomenclature synonym is Myrtillocactus chiotilla (F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.) P.V.Heath (1992).
# 1992 United States Virgin Islands gambling referendum

A referendum on allowing casino gambling was held in the United States Virgin Islands on 3 November 1992. The result was binding only if a majority of registered voters participated. The proposal was rejected by a wide margin, but was later approved in a 1994 referendum.

## Results

| Choice | Choice | Votes | % |
| For | For | 5,954 | 37.65 |
| Against | Against | 9,858 | 62.35 |
| Total | Total | 15,812 | 100.00 |
| Source: VI Vote ||||
# Christoph Friedrich Hegelmaier

Christoph Friedrich Hegelmaier (4 September 1833 – 26 May 1906) was a German physician and botanist who was a native of Sulzbach, Württemberg.
In 1857 he earned his doctorate from the University of Tübingen, and later was a military doctor in Ulm. In 1864 he received his habilitation at Tübingen, where in 1866 he became an associate professor of botany.
He was an authority on the plant family Lemnaceae, and in 1868 published the treatise Die Lemnaceen: Eine monographische Untersuchung. Other important works by Hegelmaier include a monograph of the genus Callitriche, called Monographie der Gattung Callitriche (1864), and a highly regarded study involving plant embryology, titled Vergleichenden Untersuchungen über Entwicklung dikotyledoner Keime ("Comparative studies on development of dicotyledonous seeds", 1878). He issued an exsiccata-like series called Iter Gallo-Hispanicum (1875).
Today his herbarium is kept at the Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart.
# Tobias Krick

Tobias Krick (born 22 October 1998) is a German professional volleyball player who plays as a middle blocker for Berlin Recycling Volleys and the Germany national team.

## Honours
### Club

* CEV Cup
** 2022–23 – with Valsa Group Modena
* Domestic
** 2023–24 German SuperCup, with Berlin Recycling Volleys
** 2023–24 German Cup, with Berlin Recycling Volleys
** 2023–24 German Championship, with Berlin Recycling Volleys
** 2024–25 German SuperCup, with Berlin Recycling Volleys