OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration

The Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration is the head of the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration within the United States Department of State. The Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration reports to the Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights.

## List of the Directors of the Bureau of Refugee Programs, 1979–1994

| # | Name | Assumed office | Left office | President served under |
| 1 | John A. Baker, Jr. | August 26, 1979 | October 30, 1980 | Jimmy Carter |
| 2 | Frank E. Loy | June 1, 1980 | January 30, 1981 | Jimmy Carter |
| 3 | Richard David Vine | January 10, 1982 | Sep 17, 1982 | Ronald Reagan |
| 4 | James N. Purcell, Jr. | June 12, 1983 | September 28, 1986 | Ronald Reagan |
| 5 | Jonathan Moore | March 5, 1987 | June 22, 1989 | Ronald Reagan |
| 6 | Princeton Lyman | September 5, 1989 | June 15, 1992 | George H. W. Bush |
| 7 | Warren Zimmermann | June 15, 1992 | March 3, 1994 | Bill Clinton |

## List of the Assistant Secretaries of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration, 1994–present

| # | Name | Assumed office | Left office | President served under |
| 8 | Phyllis E. Oakley | September 21, 1994 | November 7, 1997 | Bill Clinton |
| 9 | Julia V. Taft | November 10, 1997 | January 19, 2001 | Bill Clinton |
| 10 | Arthur E. Dewey | January 30, 2002 | July 1, 2005 | George W. Bush |
| 11 | Ellen Sauerbrey | January 12, 2006 | December 31, 2007 | George W. Bush |
| – | Samuel M. Witten (Acting) | December 31, 2007 | July 9, 2009 | George W. Bush |
| 12 | Eric P. Schwartz | July 9, 2009 | October 4, 2011 | Barack Obama |
| 13 | Anne C. Richard | April 2, 2012 | January 20, 2017 | Barack Obama |
| – | Simon Henshaw (Acting) | January 20, 2017 | January 14, 2018 | Donald Trump |
| – | Carol Thompson O'Connell (Acting) | January 22, 2018 | January 20, 2021 | Donald Trump |
| – | Richard Albright (Acting) | January 20, 2021 | March 31, 2022 | Joe Biden |
| 14 | Julieta Valls Noyes | March 31, 2022 | October 4, 2024 | Joe Biden |
| – | Marta Costanzo Youth (Acting) | October 7, 2024 | January 17, 2025 | Joe Biden |
# Barbatia amygdalumtostum

Barbatia amygdalumtostum, the almond ark or burnt-almond ark, is a species of bearded ark clams in the family Arcidae. It was described by Peter Friedrich Röding in 1798. Barbatia amygdalumtostum is found in the littoral and sublittoral of Indian and western Pacific Oceans. It is also known from the Miocene of Japan.
Barbatia amygdalumtostum can grow to 6 cm (2.4 in) shell length.
* Right valve
* Left valve
# Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology

Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology commonly known as KICSIT is a sub-campus of Institute of Space Technology located in Kahuta, Rawalpindi, Punjab.Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology (KICSIT), Kahuta was inaugurated in November 2000 by Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, the founder and then Chairman of KRL.

## Background

Initially, KICSIT offered Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS) program in affiliation with Gomal University, D I Khan. Later in 2001, 4-year Bachelor of Engineering in Information Technology (BEIT) programme was started in affiliation with University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Taxila. Since Spring 2013 BEIT has been converted into BSIT (Bachelor of Science in Information Technology) which is approved by National Computing Education Accreditations Council (NCEAC). BSIT is run in affiliation with UET Taxila.

## Facilities

Electronics and Physics labs have equipment needed for required experiments and training. There is common room for girls students.
# Gavaldón

Gavaldón is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Angélica Gavaldón (born 1973), Mexican tennis player
* Roberto Gavaldón (1909–1986), Mexican film director
# William R. Brownfield

William Rivington Brownfield (born 1952) is a Career Ambassador in the United States Foreign Service and the former Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs as of January 10, 2011. He has previously served as U.S. Ambassador to Chile, Venezuela, and Colombia.

## Biography

A career Foreign Service Officer, William Brownfield was United States Ambassador to Colombia. He arrived in Colombia on August 31, 2007, and was accredited by Colombian President Álvaro Uribe on September 12, 2007. On August 3, 2010, the United States confirmed Peter Michael McKinley as the new ambassador to Colombia.
Prior to arriving in Colombia, Brownfield was Ambassador to Venezuela, and before that Chile.
Ambassador Brownfield's first assignment after joining the Foreign Service in 1979 was in Maracaibo, Venezuela. His other overseas postings include service as Counselor for Humanitarian Affairs in Geneva, and assignments in Argentina and El Salvador. He was temporarily assigned as Political Adviser to the Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Southern Command in Panama 1989–1990.
In Washington, Ambassador Brownfield's assignments have included Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere (WHA), Director for Policy in the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Executive Assistant in the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Member of the Secretary's Policy Planning Staff, and Special Assistant to the Under Secretary for Political Affairs.
Ambassador Brownfield is a graduate of St. Andrew's School (1970), Cornell University (1974) and the National War College (1993); he also attended the University of Texas School of Law (1976–1978).

### Chávez attacks

In a nationally televised speech on April 9, 2006, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez threatened to expel Brownfield for "provoking the Venezuelan people." Chávez said "Start packing your bags, mister - if you keep on provoking us, start packing your bags, because I'll kick you out of here."
On January 25, 2007, Brownfield was again threatened with expulsion by President Chávez. Chávez was responding to Brownfield's comments on the planned nationalization of several Venezuelan companies in which US companies are minority shareholders.

### Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs

Starting on January 10, 2011, Brownfield served as Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. In August 2017, he announced his intent to retire by the end of September. During his career, Brownfield received the Secretary's Distinguished Service Award and was a three-time recipient of the Presidential Performance Award.

## Personal life

Brownfield is married to Ambassador Kristie Kenney, former Counselor of the State Department. He speaks Spanish with a pronounced Texas accent and French.
# Patricia Diaz Dennis

Patricia Diaz Dennis (born October 2, 1946) is an American lawyer who served as Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs from 1992 to 1993.

## Biography

Patricia Diaz Dennis was born in Santa Rita, New Mexico on October 2, 1946, the daughter of Porfirio Madrid Diaz and Mary Romero. She attended the University of California, Los Angeles, graduating with an A.B. in 1970. She then attended Loyola Law School and received a J.D. in 1973.
After law school, she joined Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker as an associate attorney. She practiced labor and employment law there until 1976, when she took an in-house job in the law department of the Pacific Lighting Company. In 1978, she joined the labor law department of the American Broadcasting Company.
In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Dennis to the National Labor Relations Board. After Senate confirmation, she served there until 1986, when Reagan appointed her as a commissioner on the Federal Communications Commission, also requiring Senate confirmation.
She returned to the private practice of law in 1991, joining Jones Day as a partner and Chair of the Communications Section.
From 1991-1992, she served as vice president, Government Affairs at Sprint. In August of 1992, President George H. W. Bush nominated Dennis to be Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs and, after Senate confirmation, Dennis held this position from August 24, 1992 until January 20, 1993.
Upon leaving the United States Department of State, Dennis joined Sullivan & Cromwell as special counsel for telecommunications matters. She joined SBC Communications (which later became AT&T) as a senior vice president in 1995, and worked there until retiring 2008.
In addition to her career, Dennis served on the World Bank Sanctions Board from 2007-2013 as the first Latina and second female to serve on the Board.
Dennis has served on five public boards, two private boards, and one mutual board as well.
Long active in the Girl Scouts of the USA among many non-profits, in 2005, Dennis was elected as that organization's chairperson, substantially increasing the number of Latina children to join the Girl Scouts.
As of 2023, she chairs the Sanctions Panel for The Global Fund which fights AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis around the world.
# 2004 Saarland state election

The 2004 Saarland state election was held on 5 September 2004 to elect the members of the Landtag of Saarland. The incumbent Christian Democratic Union (CDU) government led by Minister-President Peter Müller retained its majority and continued in office.

## Parties

The table below lists parties represented in the previous Landtag of Saarland.
| Name | Name | Name | Ideology | Leader(s) | 1999 result | 1999 result |
| Name | Name | Name | Ideology | Leader(s) | Votes (%) | Seats |
| | CDU | Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands | Christian democracy | Peter Müller | 45.5% | 26 / 51 |
| | SPD | Social Democratic Party of Germany Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands | Social democracy | Heiko Maas | 44.4% | 25 / 51 |

## Opinion polling

| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample size | CDU | SPD | Grüne | FDP | Others | Lead |
| 2004 state election | 5 Sep 2004 | – | 47.5 | 30.8 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 10.9 | 16.7 |
| Infratest dimap | 23–25 Aug 2004 | 1,000 | 51 | 30 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 21 |
| Forschungsgruppe Wahlen | 17–19 Aug 2004 | 1,001 | 50 | 31 | 6 | 3 | 10 | 19 |
| Forsa | 10–13 Aug 2004 | 1,001 | 54 | 29 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 25 |
| SaarZoom | 1–14 Jun 2004 | 600 | 54.2 | 31.6 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 22.6 |
| Infratest dimap | 21–28 May 2004 | 1,000 | 54 | 33 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 21 |
| SaarZoom | 5–15 Feb 2004 | 600 | 56.7 | 29.9 | 4.9 | 3.0 | 5.6 | 26.8 |
| SaarZoom | 13–23 Oct 2003 | 500 | 56 | 33 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 23 |
| Infratest dimap | 24–28 Sep 2003 | 1,000 | 54 | 33 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 21 |
| dimap | 29 Nov 2002 | 1,000 | 54 | 33 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 21 |
| Infratest dimap | 5–8 Sep 2002 | 1,000 | 48 | 39 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| Infratest dimap | 14–19 Jun 2002 | 1,000 | 49 | 38 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 11 |
| Infratest dimap | 24–30 Aug 2001 | 1,000 | 49 | 40 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 9 |
| Infratest dimap | 25–30 Aug 2000 | 1,000 | 48 | 43 | 3 | 3 | ? | 5 |
| Emnid | 14–23 Aug 2000 | ? | 46 | 43 | 4 | 4 | ? | 3 |
| 1999 state election | 5 Sep 1999 | – | 45.5 | 44.4 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 4.2 | 1.1 |

## Election result

Summary of the 5 September 2004 election results for the Landtag of Saarland :
| Party | Party | Votes | % | +/- | Seats | +/- | Seats % |
| | Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | 209,690 | 47.5 | 2.0 | 27 | 1 | 52.9 |
| | Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 136,224 | 30.8 | 13.6 | 18 | 7 | 35.3 |
| | Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) | 24,830 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 3 | 3 | 5.9 |
| | Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 22,842 | 5.2 | 2.6 | 3 | 3 | 6.9 |
| | National Democratic Party (NPD) | 17,590 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 |
| | Family Party of Germany (FAMILIE) | 13,106 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 |
| | Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) | 10,240 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 0 | ±0 | 0 |
| | Others | 7,106 | 1.6 | | 0 | ±0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 441,628 | 100.0 | | 51 | ±0 | |
| Voter turnout | Voter turnout | | 55.5 | 13.2 | | | |
Popular Vote
CDU
47.48%
SPD
30.85%
B'90/GRÜNE
5.62%
FDP
5.17%
NPD
3.98%
FAMILIE
2.97%
PDS
2.32%
Other
1.61% :
Landtag seats
CDU
52.94%
SPD
35.29%
B'90/GRÜNE
5.88%
FDP
5.88% :

## Sources

* The Federal Returning Officer
# Joseph F. Donelan Jr.

Joseph F. Donelan Jr. (February 16, 1918 – May 27, 1999) was United States Assistant Secretary of State for Administration from June 14, 1971, until March 31, 1973.
Donelan was educated at City College of New York and Georgetown University. He served in the United States Army during World War II. He held multiple appointments in the state department in Washington and also for several years at various times in France, Japan, India and Belgium.
Donelan was a graduate of Newtown High School in Queens, New York.
# Tanbalan

Tanbalan (Persian: تنبلان) is a village in, and the capital of, Tanbalan Rural District of Karvan District, Zarabad County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 455 in 119 households, when it was in Zarabad-e Gharbi Rural District of Zarabad District in Konarak County. The following census in 2011 counted 188 people in 50 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 243 people in 61 households.
After the census, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Zarabad County and renamed the Central District. The rural district was transferred to the new Karvan District, and Tanbalan was transferred to Tanbalan Rural District created in the district.
# Ōmuta murders

The Ōmuta murders (大牟田殺人, Ōmuta Satsujin) were committed by four members of the Kitamura-gumi (北村組), a yakuza gang based in Omuta, Fukuoka, Japan. The Kitamura-gumi was affiliated with the Dojin-kai crime syndicate. The four were sentenced to death for the murder of four people between 18 and 20 September 2004.

## Summary

Mami Kitamura had borrowed money from a 58-year-old woman, Sayoko Takami. On 18 September 2004, Mami, her husband and two sons strangled Sayoko and shot her 18-year-old son Tatsuyuki and his 17-year-old friend Junichi Hara. They put the victims in a car, which they dumped into a river. On 20 September, they strangled Sayoko's 15-year-old son Joji, whose half-naked body was found on 21 September. When the police arrested Mami the following day, she confessed to the killing of the other three victims. The police found the car containing the bodies of the three victims in the Suwa River in Omuta.
The other participants in the murders included Mami's husband Jitsuo Kitamura, the leader of Kitamura-gumi; Takashi Kitamura, her son from a previous marriage; and Takahiro Kitamura, her second son. Both Takashi and Takahiro were former sumo wrestlers, known respectively as Kyokuryūjin (旭竜神) and Miikezan (三池山), with the family name Ishibashi. As police were closing in, Jitsuo made an attempt to kill himself with a handgun. Takashi escaped from the police, but was recaptured. Jitsuo insisted that he had committed the murders alone, but the police regarded Mami as the main offender.
They were disruptive during their trials. On 17 October 2006, Mami and Takahiro were sentenced to death. Jitsuo and Takashi were sentenced to death on 28 February 2007. On December 25, the Fukuoka high court upheld the original sentence for Mami and Takahiro, and then Takahiro screamed in the court, "Merry Christmas!" On 27 March 2008, the Fukuoka high court also upheld the original sentence for Jitsuo and Takashi.
# Army Service Ribbon

The Army Service Ribbon (ASR) is a military award of the United States Army that was established by the Secretary of the Army on 10 April 1981 as announced in Department of the Army General Order 15, dated 10 October 1990. The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard have no equivalent to the Army Service Ribbon.

## History

Effective 1 August 1981, the Army Service Ribbon is awarded to all members of the regular (active) Army, and Army National Guard and United States Army Reserve in an active reserve status, for successful completion of initial-entry training, which for officers is considered to be successful completion of their basic/orientation or higher-level course. Enlisted Soldiers are awarded the ribbon upon successful completion of their initial military occupational specialty (MOS)–producing course. If a Soldier is assigned an MOS based on skills acquired as a civilian or member of a sister-service (e.g., USAF), the ribbon is awarded after completion of 4 months of honorable active service.
The ribbon may be awarded retroactively to those personnel who completed the required training before 1 August 1981, provided they had an Active Army status as defined above on or after 1 August 1981.
For those service-members who completed initial entry training prior to 1981, the Army Service Ribbon is retroactively awarded, provided the service-member was still on active duty after 1981. For those service-members who are appointed or enlist in the Army after serving with a sister-service (and who may not be required to complete Army initial entry training) the Army Service Ribbon is awarded after four months of active service.
The Army Service Ribbon is presented as a one-time award only, i.e., no subsequent awards are authorized. The United States Air Force equivalent of the Army Service Ribbon is the Air Force Training Ribbon. Neither the U.S. Navy nor the U.S. Marine Corps has a direct equivalent, though the Navy awards the Basic Training Honor Graduate Ribbon to the top 3% of each Navy recruit graduating class.
The Army Service Ribbon is a multi-colored (red, orange, yellow, green, and blue) ribbon to represent the entire spectrum of military specialties in which officers and enlisted Soldiers may enter upon completion of their initial training.
# Hitchin-Stevenage Fibre Optic trial

In 1977 a technical trial took place between Hitchin and Stevenage in Hertfordshire, UK, to demonstrate that optical fibre was capable of transmitting high speed data over large distances.
The idea of fibre optics as a communication medium was a topic that many physicists worldwide had been discussing. A theoretical publication in 1966 by Charles Kao and George Hockham, who were both part of a team of scientists in the Standard Telecommunications Laboratories (STL) in Harlow, Essex, defied conventional wisdom at the time predicting that glass could be made with enough purity to send signals over hundreds of kilometres. A collaboration between STL scientists and the British Post Office set out to transform the theoretical predictions into a practical demonstration. The technology trial was successful, and eventually adopted by the British Post Office.
The Hitchin-Stevenage trial demonstrated to the world that fibre optics was a viable technology, and was an important step in the development of modern fibre-optical telecommunications, ultimately leading to a Nobel Prize in Physics for Charles Kao.

## Technical Trial

To demonstrate the technology, an agreement was reached with the Post Office to use existing ducts to connect the telephone exchanges of two medium-sized English towns of Hitchin and Stevenage. STL scientists developed components and optimised the design of optical fibres in association with STC (Standard Telephones and Cables) Ltd. They sought a route that presented above average installation difficulties and demonstrate operation of a link operating at 140 MB/s which was the highest digital transmission rate at the time (The European PDH E4 line rate).
The installation of the equipment between Hitchin and Stevenage started in April 1977. The total length of the route was 9 km with repeaters at 3 km spacing, and connected the exchange equipment between the two towns. The team encountered many challenges, including flooded manholes, and tight bends round which the fibre cables had to be carefully eased. The route also happened to cross a railway line and a Motorway, which gave further credence to the robustness of optical fibres. After deployment was completed, it was soon proved that the technology worked, and the transmitted signals could clearly be received at the far end of the link.
The successful outcome of the Hitchin-Stevenage trial was a pivotal moment in the history of optical communications.
# Battle of Marec

The Battle of Marec was a military engagement between the Kosovo Liberation Army and the Yugoslav People's Army, that occurred on the 18 to 23 April 1999.

## Background

The Marec Highlands came unter KLA control after a successful operation conducted by the KLA in March 1998. Two operational areas were involved in the fighting: the Llap Operational Area with Brigade 153 and the Karadak Operational Area with Brigades 171, 172 and 173. The headquarters of the Karadak Zone was located in the Hajdaraj district of Marec, while the 153rd brigade of the ZOLL was located in Zllash.

## Battle

On April 18, 1999, Serbian forces launched an offensive against the KLA-held Marec Highlands. Taking advantage of the foul weather conditions, the Serbian forces aimed to remove the KLA from the region and encircle their brigades. The Serbian forces attacked from multiple directions, resulting in bloody battles throughout the area. Initially, the Serbian forces clashed with fighters from the KLA's 153rd Brigade in Kukaj, where several Serb soldiers were killed, prompting a temporary retreat. However, Serbian artillery bombarded KLA positions during their retreat. The KLA fighters managed to repel the Serbian forces multiple times during their attempts to capture strategic points. Serbian forces suffered significant losses in personnel and equipment, particularly along the Viti-Gerbesh line. Meanwhile, the KLA had to provide protection and food for the population that had moved from Pristina to the Marec Highlands, which consisted of around 80,000 inhabitants. As a result of their losses, the Serbian command, targeted the civilian population of Makoc, resulting in the massacre of 153 people.
# Undzhi

Undzhi or Unji (Russian: Унджи; Tajik: Унҷӣ Unjí) is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Ghafurov District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 45,760 (2015).
It is a suburb of Khujand and is known for its fruit and vegetable market, thanks to the abundance of agriculture in the area. Notable streets in the town include Oktyabr Street.