# Laurent Fignon

Laurent Patrick Fignon (French pronunciation:; 12 August 1960 – 31 August 2010) was a French professional road bicycle racer who won the Tour de France in 1983 and 1984, as well as the Giro d'Italia in 1989. He held the title of FICP World No. 1 in 1989. Fignon came close to winning the Tour de France for a third time in 1989 but was narrowly defeated by Greg LeMond by 8 seconds, marking the closest margin ever to decide the Tour. Fignon won many classic races, including consecutive victories in Milan–San Remo in 1988 and 1989. He died from cancer in 2010.

## Early life and amateur career

Fignon was born in Montmartre, Paris. His family moved to Tournan-en-Brie in 1963, where he lived until he left for Paris at age 23.
Laurent Fignon's first sport was football, and he reached the level of playing for his département or area. However, friends persuaded him to try cycling, and in 1976, he participated in his first official race, which he won. Despite his parents' opposition to his racing, Fignon continued to compete without their knowledge. He won four more races in his first year, but only one in his second year. However, in his third year, he won 18 out of 36 races. Eventually, Fignon's parents allowed him to race, though they still believed he should prioritize his studies.
Fignon enrolled at the University of Villetaneuse, where he studied Structural and Materials Science. Fignon was not interested in his studies, and was an indifferent student. His chief desire was to pursue cycling. He eventually informed his parents of his decision to leave university and join the army at the end of the year for his mandatory military service. He was posted at the Bataillon de Joinville, known for its sporting reputation. After this, Fignon was sure he wanted to pursue a professional career.
In 1981, Fignon rode the Tour of Corsica which allowed amateur cyclists to ride along with professional riders. Fignon rode an early stage attempting to hold the wheel of Bernard Hinault, the top professional cyclist, and succeeded for much of the race. Cyrille Guimard observed the young cyclist a few days later at the national 100 km team time trial. Fignon did win on tenth of April 1981 the second stage during Tour du Vaucluse. In May 1981 he offered him a place on his Renault–Elf–Gitane professional team from the following year. Fignon joined the team in 1982, along with longtime friend and fellow junior rider Pascal Jules. Fignon was 21 years of age.

## Professional career
### 1982: first professional season

In 1982, Fignon rode the 1982 Giro d'Italia. After Fignon broke away in the second stage, he became the leader of the race, and got to wear the pink jersey. He lost the lead in the next stage, but became Hinault's most trusted teammate in the mountains. In Paris–Tours, Fignon had escaped and made a break of 40 seconds, when his crank broke. During this first year as a professional, Fignon won the Critérium International.

### 1983: first Tour victory

In 1983, Fignon was a part of the team that helped Bernard Hinault to win the 1983 Vuelta a España. Guimard did not want to send Fignon to the Tour de France, because two grand tours could be too much for a 22-year-old rider. When Hinault, winner of four of the five previous Tours, announced that he would not start due to injury, the Renault team was without a leader. Fignon was added to the 1983 Tour de France selection for the Renault team, and the team decided to go for stage wins, with hopes of having Fignon or Marc Madiot compete for the best debutant category. After stage nine, the first mountain stage, Fignon was in second place, behind Pascal Simon, and he was allowed to be team leader. On the tenth stage, Simon crashed and broke his shoulder blade. Simon continued, and only lost a little time on the next stages. On the fifteenth stage, a mountain time trial, Fignon was able to win back so much time that he was within one minute of Simon. On the seventeenth stage, Simon had to give up, and Fignon became the new leader. On the next stages, Fignon was able to answer all attacks from his opponents, and he won the time trial on the 21st stage. At 22 years old, Fignon was the youngest man to win the Tour since 1933.
Fignon later said that he was lucky to have won the 1983 Tour: if Hinault had been present Fignon would have helped him, as Hinault was the team leader.
With his round glasses and sophisticated, urbane ("debonaire") demeanor, Fignon was a contrast to Hinault's hard-knocks image. He earned the nickname "The Professor", not only because of these glasses, but also because he was one of the few cyclists who had passed his baccalaureat exams.
Early in his broadcasting career broadcaster and former TDF rider Paul Sherwen referred to Fignon with an alternate version of his nickname during telecasts which into English approximately translates 'The Stern Professor'.

### 1984: second Tour victory

In 1984, Hinault moved to the new La Vie Claire team, established by the French entrepreneur Bernard Tapie and directed by Swiss coach Paul Koechli. Fignon stayed with the Renault team, and became team leader.
In the 1984 Giro d'Italia, Fignon was in the lead near the end of the race, with Italian Francesco Moser in second place. The highest mountain stage, where Fignon could have extended his lead as the better climber, was cancelled by race organizers "due to bad weather". In one of the more outrageous actions of a major tour, on the final stage, an individual time trial, camera helicopters flew in front of Fignon, creating a headwind, and behind Moser, creating a tailwind. Though Fignon repeatedly shook his fists at the obstructing aircraft, they refused to move off. Moser ended up gaining enough time to take the overall race lead, with Fignon being moved back to second place. He later said the experience made him tougher, and prepared him for the hardships to come.
The 1984 Tour de France was a battle between Fignon and his former team leader Hinault. Hinault won the prologue, but Fignon won back time when his team won the team time trial in stage three. After a large escape in the fifth stage, Fignon's teammate Vincent Barteau was leading the race. In the seventh stage, Fignon won the time trial, beating Hinault by 49 seconds. Barteau was still leading the race, and remained the leader after the Pyrenées.
In the sixteenth stage, Fignon again beat Hinault in a time trial, this time winning 33 seconds. In the seventeenth stage, Hinault attacked five times on the penultimate climb, but every time Fignon was able to get back. Then, Fignon left Hinault behind, and won almost three more minutes on Hinault. Barteau was so far behind in this stage, that Fignon became the new leader. Fignon won three more stages, for a total of five that year, and won the Tour with a ten-minute margin.
Had it not been for the questionable incidents which occurred at the Giro Fignon would have ended the year having won the Giro-Tour double. With his air of indifference in interviews and his crushing dominance, he was hailed as France's newest superstar.

### 1985 and 1986: injury years

Coming into the 1985 season Fignon felt stronger than ever, but two achilles tendon operations caused him to miss the 1985 Tour. The following season his team took on a new sponsor, and became the Système U cycling team. In 1986 Fignon won La Flèche Wallonne and he entered the 1986 Tour de France, but placed poorly in the first individual time trial and retired on stage 12 to Pau.

### 1987 and 1988: return to the top

Fignon returned to near his full strength in 1987, when he finished third in the 1987 Vuelta a España, behind Luis Herrera. Later that year, he finished 7th overall in the 1987 Tour de France, taking another victory at La Plagne (stage 21). In 1988, Fignon won Milan–San Remo, but had to abandon the 1988 Tour.

### 1989: losing by 8 seconds

In 1989, Fignon overtook Sean Kelly as leader of the UCI Road World Rankings. That season included a win at Milan–San Remo and the Giro d'Italia. During the Giro he defeated Flavio Giupponi, Erik Breukink and defending champion Andrew Hampsten. Fignon seized the Maglia Rosa on stage 14 and held it for the remainder of the race; he also won stage 20.
In the 1989 Tour de France, 1988 winner Pedro Delgado was the big favourite, with Fignon, Stephen Roche, and Erik Breukink listed together as top contenders. After Delgado was nearly three minutes late for the start of the prologue time trial, the race ended up a battle between Greg LeMond and Fignon. LeMond won a minute in the time trial in stage five, using aerobars which enabled a new and more aerodynamic riding position (also known as tri-bars as they had previously only been used in triathlons), a new type of teardrop-shaped aerodynamic helmet in the time trials and a rear disc wheel, Fignon used normal road handlebars and a bicycle with both front and rear disc wheels, which left him more affected by cross winds. LeMond led the general classification after that stage by 5 seconds. In the tenth stage, Fignon beat LeMond by 12 seconds, and became the new leader, 7 seconds ahead of LeMond. In the time trial of stage 15, LeMond again won time on Fignon, and took back the leading position. Fignon came back by dropping LeMond on Alpe d'Huez, taking back the lead, and after he won alone at Villard-de-Lans the next day, the margin was 50 seconds. Before the final stage, a short time trial of 24.5 km, the time difference between LeMond and Fignon was 50 seconds, a seemingly insurmountable amount. To win, LeMond would have to take two seconds a kilometer on one of the fastest time trialists in the Tour. French newspapers prepared special editions, with Fignon's picture on the front page, in preparation for his victory. It was considered unlikely that LeMond would be able to win back 50 seconds on the 24.5 km, but he rode the fastest time trial until 2015. Fignon had developed epididymitis in stage 19, which gave him pain and made it impossible to sleep in the night before the time trial. Fignon, who rode after LeMond, lost 58 seconds during the stage. Fignon rode a very fast time trial, and came in third for the stage, but still ended up losing the overall lead to LeMond. It was suggested afterwards that if Fignon had cut off his ponytail, the reduction in drag might have been sufficient for him to have won the Tour.
During that Tour, he was on bad terms with the journalists. He often refused to smile for photographs, and at one point spat into the lens of a cameraman who asked for an interview. For his efforts the press awarded Fignon the "Prix Citron" ("Lemon Prize"), a prize the press awarded to whom they thought the least likable rider. The loss of the 1989 Tour was a heavy burden for Fignon, and in his autobiography he said "you never stop grieving over an event like that".
He came back after the Tour de France that year to win decidedly the Grand Prix des Nations time trial, an event that was considered at the time to be the world championships of time trials. This time he used aero handlebar extensions. He also showed his versatility winning the Polynormande, Critérium des As (a race in which each rider motorpaces behind a derny), and the two-man Trofeo Baracchi (which he won with teammate and fellow Frenchman Thierry Marie).

### 1990–1993: later years

Fignon withdrew from the 1990 Tour, but finished 6th in 1991. Following this Fignon moved over to the Italian Gatorade team to act as co-captain and advisor to promising young talent Gianni Bugno. After a dramatic 1992 Giro d'Italia, in which he was in heavy crisis during mountain stages, he rode his last Tour that same year, finishing 23rd overall. The race saw an angered Fignon take his ninth stage win, holding off a series of attacks by Guimard's Castorama team before winning at Mulhouse during stage 11. Fignon's last victory as professional cyclist was in the early-season Ruta Mexico in 1993, after a tight duel with Francisco Villalobos and surviving a massive collision that saw the group hit by a tow truck driven by a drunken man. Fignon retired as a professional cyclist late 1993.

## Doping

Fignon tested positive for amphetamines at the Grand Prix de Wallonie, in 1987, where he finished third. He was subsequently disqualified from the final result but claimed, in his autobiography, that the positive test was the result of a commercial dispute between two Belgian companies.
Fignon tested positive for amphetamines a second time, at the Grand Prix de la Liberation, on 17 September 1989.
In his autobiography, Fignon admitted to using recreational drugs, and occasionally using stimulants in the 1980s. He noted this was widespread, and that the practice would not dramatically change the capabilities of a rider. He noted major changes in the sport in the early 1990s with the onset of routine use of Human Growth Hormone and the blood-booster, EPO. Fignon stated he was revolted by the idea of taking hormones to enhance performance, and the mere suggestion he refused out of hand. He retired from competition in 1993 when he realized that cycling had changed, and that he no longer had a place in it.

## After retirement

In 1995, Fignon founded the "Laurent Fignon organisation", to organize races, notably Paris–Nice, from 2000 until it was taken over by Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), the organiser of Tour de France, in 2002. Fignon remained an organiser for races such as Paris–Corrèze.
In response to assertions that French riders were less successful over recent years due to the tight doping controls that French riders are subject to, Fignon responded frankly: "The sports directors don't do a good job any more. They lack competence and don't have authority over their riders. The non-results of French teams are not only the consequences of doping."
On his relationships with Cyrille Guimard and Bernard Hinault, Fignon said that with Bernard Hinault, Guimard already found a champion, whereas with himself, Guimard made him a champion. Therefore, his bond with Guimard was stronger than Hinault's bond with Guimard.
Fignon wrote an autobiography entitled Nous étions jeunes et insouciants ("We were young and carefree"), which was released in June 2009.

## Death

In June 2009, Fignon revealed that he was undergoing chemotherapy for metastatic cancer. He noted that early in his career he had dabbled with recreational drugs, amphetamines and cortisone, but did not believe they played a role in his illness. Amphetamine use during the criterium portion (late summer/early fall) of the cycling season was commonplace in the seventies and eighties. Fignon's cancer was diagnosed in April 2009 after metastatic tumors were found in his digestive system. In January 2010, his doctors discovered that the cancer had originated in his lungs. Fignon died at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital on 31 August 2010, at 12.30 pm. He was 50 years old.
His funeral took place on 3 September 2010 at Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, where he was later cremated.
Former fellow champion Greg LeMond said:
   "It's a really sad day. He had a very, very big talent, much more than anyone recognised. We were teammates, competitors, but also friends. He was a great person, one of the few that I find was really true to himself. He was one of the few riders who I really admired for his honesty and his frankness. We talked about a lot of different things outside of cycling and I was fortunate to really get to know him when my career stopped. I believe he was also one of the generation that was cut short in the early nineties because he was not able to fulfill the rest of his career. But he was a great rider."
His ashes were placed in the columbarium of the Père Lachaise cemetery.

## Major results
### 1981

    1st Stage 2 Tour du Vaucluse

### 1982

    1st Overall Critérium International
    1st Garancières-en-Beauce
    1st Grand Prix de Cannes
    Giro d'Italia
       1st Prologue (TTT)
       Held after Stage 2
    2nd Overall Tour du Vaucluse
       1st Stage 1
    3rd Overall Étoile des Espoirs
    8th GP de Bessèges

### 1983

    1st Overall Tour de France
       1st Young rider classification
       1st Combination classification
       1st Stage 21 (ITT)
    1st Grand Prix de Plumelec
    1st Circuit de l'Aulne
    1st Maël-Pestivien
    1st Stage 1 Critérium International
    1st Stage 3 Tour du Limousin
    1st Prologue Tour d'Armorique
    3rd Polynormande
    4th Critérium des As
    7th Overall Vuelta a España
       1st Stage 4
    7th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
       1st Stage 4
    9th Trofeo Baracchi (with Marc Madiot)

### 1984

    1st Road race, National Road Championships
    1st Overall Tour de France
       1st Combination classification
       1st Stages 3 (TTT), 7 (ITT), 16 (ITT), 18, 20 & 22 (ITT)
    1st Stage 9 Clásico RCN
    2nd Overall Giro d'Italia
       1st Mountains classification
       1st Stages 1 (TTT) & 20
       Held after Stages 1–4, 20 & 21
    2nd Trophée des Grimpeurs
    3rd Grand Prix de Fourmies
    4th Circuit de l'Aulne
    4th Grand Prix des Nations
    7th Overall Tour de Romandie
       1st Points classification
       1st Prologue & Stage 4
    8th Liège–Bastogne–Liège

### 1985

    1st Overall Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
       1st Stage 4a
    1st Prologue Étoile de Bessèges
    2nd Overall Tour Midi-Pyrénées
       1st Prologue
    3rd La Flèche Wallonne
    3rd Brabantse Pijl
    5th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
    8th GP de Bessèges

### 1986

    1st La Flèche Wallonne
    1st Bol d'Or des Monédières
    1st Stage 2 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
    1st Stage 2 (TTT) Tour de France
    2nd Overall Tour du Vaucluse
    2nd Overall Escalada a Montjuich
    2nd Paris–Camembert
    2nd Grand Prix des Nations
    6th Overall Tour de l'Aude
    7th Overall Vuelta a España
    7th Overall Three Days of De Panne
    8th Overall Tour Méditerranéen
    10th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx

### 1987

    1st Stage 6 Ronde van Nederland
    2nd Overall Tour de Luxembourg
       1st Stage 3a (ITT)
    2nd Overall Étoile de Bessèges
    3rd Overall Vuelta a España
       1st Combination classification
       1st Stage 19
    3rd Overall Paris–Nice
       1st Stages 5 & 7a
    3rd Overall Tour du Vaucluse
    3rd Grand Prix de Wallonie
    3rd Circuit de l'Aulne
    5th Overall Critérium International
    6th Overall Volta a Catalunya
    6th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
    7th Overall Tour de France
       1st Stage 21

### 1988

    1st Overall Tour de la Communauté Européenne
       1st Stage 9
    1st Milan–San Remo
    1st Paris–Camembert
    2nd Overall Critérium International
       1st Stage 2
    2nd Paris–Brussels
    2nd Grand Prix de Wallonie
    2nd Grand Prix des Nations
    3rd Paris–Roubaix
    4th Overall Route du Sud
       1st Prologue & Stage 1
    5th Overall Paris–Nice
    5th Overall Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
    6th Overall Étoile de Bessèges
    8th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
    9th Overall Ronde van Nederland

### 1989

    1st UCI World Ranking
    1st Overall Giro d'Italia
       1st Stage 20
    1st Overall Ronde van Nederland
    1st Milan–San Remo
    1st Polynormande
    1st Critérium des As
    1st Grand Prix des Nations
    1st Trofeo Baracchi (with Thierry Marie)
    1st Baden-Baden (with Thierry Marie)
    2nd Overall Tour de France
       1st Stages 2 (TTT) & 18
       Held after Stages 10–14 & 17–20
       Combativity award Overall
    2nd Grand Prix de la Libération
    3rd Circuit de l'Aulne
    4th Overall Tour de Romandie
    5th Grand Prix de Wallonie
    6th Overall Critérium International
    6th Overall Tour Méditerranéen
    6th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
    7th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
    7th Tour du Haut Var

### 1990

    1st Overall Critérium International
    3rd Critérium des As
    4th Overall Paris–Nice
    8th Overall Route du Sud

### 1991

    1st Stage 5 Giro di Puglia
    6th Overall Tour de France
    10th Overall Paris–Nice

### 1992

    1st Stage 11 Tour de France
    4th Road race, National Road Championships
    4th Baden-Baden (with Gianni Bugno)
    6th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
    8th Overall Euskal Bizikleta
    8th Overall Tour DuPont
    9th Giro del Veneto
    10th Trofeo Melinda

### 1993

    1st Overall Ruta Mexico
       1st Stage 6

### Grand Tours general classification results timeline

| Grand Tour | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 |
| Vuelta a España | — | 7 | — | — | 7 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Giro d'Italia | 15 | — | 2 | — | — | — | — | 1 | DNF | DNF | 37 | — |
| Tour de France | — | 1 | 1 | — | DNF | 7 | DNF | 2 | DNF | 6 | 23 | DNF |

### Classics results timeline

Monuments results timeline :
| Monument | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 |
| Milan–San Remo | — | 118 | — | — | 32 | — | 1 | 1 | — | 52 | 63 | — |
| Tour of Flanders | — | — | — | — | 34 | — | 13 | — | — | — | 77 | — |
| Paris–Roubaix | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | — | 27 | 24 | 39 | — |
| Liège–Bastogne–Liège | — | — | 8 | 5 | — | 6 | — | 7 | — | — | — | — |
| Giro di Lombardia | 21 | 29 | — | — | — | — | — | 25 | — | — | — | — |

### Major championship results timeline

| | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 |
| World Championships | DNF | 29 | DNF | — | 62 | DNF | 8 | 6 | — | 16 | 40 | — |
| National Championships | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 20 | 4 | — |
Legend :
| — | Did not compete |
| DNF | Did not finish |