# Manila Cathedral

The Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, commonly known as the Manila Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic basilica and cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Manila. It is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Immaculate Conception, the principal Patroness of the Philippines.
Originally constructed in 1571 as a parish church under the Archdiocese of Mexico, it became a separate diocese on 6 February 1579 via the Pontifical decree Illius Fulti Præsido by Pope Gregory XIII. The original structure dates from 1581 and its 8th building re—construction was completed in 1958.
The basilica has merited three Apostolic Visits from Popes Paul VI, John Paul II and Francis. On 27 April 1981, Pope John Paul II raised the shrine to the status of Minor Basilica through his motu proprio Quod Ipsum Manilensis.

## History
### Parochial church (1571)

The Secular priest Father Juan de Vivero baptized Rajah Matanda and arrived in Manila Bay in 1566, established the "Church of Manila" established in 1571. The former Archbishop of Mexico, Alonso de Montúfar sent De Vivero, chaplain of the galleon San Gerónimo, to establish Christianity as the spiritual and religious administration in newly colonized Philippines. De Vivero later became vicar-general and the first ecclesiastical judge of Manila.
The Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi chose the church's location and placed it under the patronage of Santa Potenciana. The church's first parish priest was Fray Juan de Villanueva.

### First cathedral (1581–1583)

The church was elevated to a cathedral in 1579, coinciding with the canonical erection of the Diocese of Manila. In 1581, Domingo de Salazar, the first-ever bishop of Manila, constructed a new building made from nipa, wood and bamboo that was consecrated on December 21, 1581, formally becoming a cathedral. The building was destroyed by a fire that started during the funeral of Governor-General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa at San Agustin Church and razed much of the city.

### Second cathedral (1592–1600)

The second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. This cathedral had a central nave and two collateral naves. The building was nearly completed when Bishop Salazar left for Spain. He died on December 4, 1594, and never returned to Manila to become its first archbishop.
In 1595, the Holy See gave the cathedral sacred relics from 155 martyrs, 20 popes, Saint Polycarp and Saint Potenciana, and these were taken to Manila. A side structure was built beside the main cathedral to house the relics. Governor-General Juan Niño de Tabora and his wife Doña Magdalena Saldivar y Medoza built another collateral structure to shelter subsequent relics.
By 1597, the cathedral buildings were unfinished; it lacked a chapter hall, baptistry, bell tower, and cloister. On December 31, 1600, the cathedral was destroyed by an earthquake.

### Third cathedral (1614–1645)

Archbishop Miguel de Benavides initiated the reconstruction of the cathedral. After his death in 1605, the project was passed on to his successor Diego Vázquez de Mercado. By 1607, the cathedral was in such a poor state it was abandoned. The third cathedral structure, consisting of three naves and seven chapels, was built in 1614, largely using donated funds from the fourth dean Don Francisco Gomez de Arellano. The seven chapels were built from donations given by the cathedral's patrons. On August 1, 1621, an earthquake caused serious damage to the cathedral's structure. Between 1641 and 1645, the cathedral was reconstructed but it was destroyed by a series of earthquakes in November and December 1645.

### Fourth cathedral (1671–1751)

Reconstruction of the cathedral started after the arrival of Miguel de Poblete Casasola, the eighth Archbishop of Manila. The cornerstone of the fourth structure was laid on April 20, 1654. By 1659, the cathedral was nearly completed; the naves were enclosed and some halls were completed. In 1662, the main altar was built out of molave wood. The cathedral, which was made of quarried stone, lime and gravel, was blessed on June 7, 1662. In 1750, the Florentine friar Juan de Uguccioni added a media naranja ("half orange") dome to the crossing and introduced a transept to the structure. Following several earthquakes and typhoons, the fourth cathedral was demolished in 1751.

### Fifth cathedral (1760–1852)

Work on the fifth cathedral building started after the demolition of its predecessor. Uguccioni's designs brought major changes; the three-nave design was retained but the chapels were reduced. The fifth cathedral, which closely resembled the Church of the Gesù in Rome, was inaugurated on December 8, 1760; since then, there had been no modifications or alterations to the structure except for some minor repairs. The cathedral, particularly the dome structure, was repaired in 1839. It survived the British occupation of Manila but underwent repairs. It was damaged by an earthquake on September 16, 1852.

### Sixth cathedral (1858–1863)

Bidding for the cathedral reconstruction was conducted in 1854 and the sixth structure was opened on March 31, 1858. The building had a new Neoclassical façade, which was used for the seventh and eighth structures. The sixth cathedral replaced the Baroque façade of the fifth cathedral and the truncated or box-like cupola was replaced with a circular dome.
On June 3, 1863, the sixth cathedral was damaged by a very strong earthquake that also damaged the palace of the Governor General of the Philippines. Many called for the building's demolition and clearing of the site. Architect Don Antonio Moraleda proposed to demolish and clear the ruins but the plan was put on hold in 1866. The plan was renewed in 1868, when architect Vicente Serrano y Salaverri was commissioned to inspect and undertake a study of the ruins. Serrano concluded the cathedral ruins must be demolished and this occurred in 1870.

### Seventh cathedral (1879–1945)

The seventh cathedral was constructed from 1873 to 1879, and was consecrated on December 7, 1879. The cross atop the central dome is a reference point of astronomical longitudes of the archipelago. In 1880, another earthquake toppled the building's bell tower, which had survived the 1863 earthquake, rendering the cathedral towerless until 1958. During the Philippine Revolution of 1896, Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda y Villa opened the cathedral to Spanish soldiers who sought refuge. During the Philippine–American War, American soldiers converted the cathedral into a hospital for their wounded soldiers.
In 1937, the International Eucharistic Congress was held in the Philippines; Manila Cathedral played a role in promoting eucharistic beliefs. A cathedral stamp and medal were unveiled to commemorate the event; these were made by the official manufacturer of medals for the Congress of the Philippines sculptor Críspulo Zamora. In 1945, during the Battle of Manila, Japanese forces destroyed the seventh cathedral in a scorched-earth defense.

### Eighth cathedral (1958–present)

After the Second World War, archbishops Michael J. O'Doherty and Gabriel Reyes planned to transfer the seat of the Archdiocese of Manila to Mandaluyong. The plan was dropped when the cathedral was reconstructed under Cardinal Rufino Santos, under the supervision of Kapampangan architect Fernando Ocampo. The first cornerstone of the eighth cathedral was blessed and laid by Cardinal Fernando Quiroga Palacios, the Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela and papal legate of Pope Pius XII, on December 8, 1954. The building was consecrated on December 7, 1958, and the high altar was consecrated on December 10 that year.
Pope Paul VI made an apostolic visit and celebrated Mass at the cathedral on November 27, 1970. Pope John Paul II also celebrated Mass in the cathedral on February 17, 1981, during his first papal visit to the country, and issued a papal bull Quod Ipsum Manilensis elevating the cathedral to a minor basilica through his own motu proprio on April 27, 1981. In the same papal bull, John Paul II restated Paul VI's papal decree of June 6, 1968, should be eternally preserved and enforced to the merits and titles of the cathedral as its own basilica.
The golden jubilee of the Manila Cathedral's post-war restoration was celebrated in 2008 with the second Manila Cathedral Pipe Organ Festival from December 2 to 10, which was organized by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines. The cathedral's pipe organ was built by Dutch organ builder Pels & Zoon in 1958 and consists of 5,584 pipes, is the largest church organ in Southeast Asia.
In February 2011, the cathedral's bells were moved to the ground level to prevent the bell tower from collapsing as had earlier towers in past earthquakes. In January 2012, the bells were replaced with new ones that were cast by blacksmith Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling from Heidelberg, Germany, in 1958. According to the new marker installed by Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales, the newly installed bells are the largest bells that are in active use in the Philippines. Seven carillon bells weighing 17 metric tons (17 long tons) were permanently installed in the ground level of the belfry.
In 2010, the cathedral failed the standards of the National Structural Code of the Philippines as cracks were detected in some critical sections. After Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle assumed his post as Archbishop of Manila in December 2011, one of his first decisions was to close the cathedral. Following the 2012 Negros earthquake and structural concerns, the cathedral temporarily closed on February 7 for repairs, earthquake retrofitting and subsidence prevention. During this time, Paco Church was designated as the pro-cathedral of the Archdiocese of Manila.
Restoration was expected to be completed in 2013 but the initial deadline was missed. The cathedral's rector at the time, Monsignor Nestor Cerbo, stated that renovations would be finished by March 25, 2014. New features included closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, large, flat-screen television screens, improved audio-video systems, and improved interior and exterior LED lights. Restoration finished on the planned date and the Manila Cathedral was reopened to the general public on April 9, 2014. Archbishop Cardinal Tagle presided a Holy Mass that was attended by President Benigno Aquino III.
On January 16, 2015, Pope Francis celebrated his first Papal Mass in the Philippines at the cathedral as part of his apostolic visit to the country. Due to safety considerations, the Mass was closed to the public, accommodating only 2,000 bishops, priests, and religious persons.
The year-long celebrations commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Manila Cathedral's post-war restoration began with the opening of a historical exhibit on December 8, 2017. On October 27, 2018, Pope Francis appointed Cardinal Thomas Aquino Manyo Maeda, then-Archbishop of Osaka, as his papal legate for this occasion. On December 1, Pope Francis wrote a letter to Cardinal Maeda, calling the cathedral as the "mother and head of the churches" in the Philippines. The pope further wrote in his letter:
   "Indeed, this temple which has truly undergone great changes, destroyed seven times by earthquakes and other calamities through the centuries, was diligently rebuilt again and again by the faithful. Finally after being shattered by the Second World War, it was rebuilt from the ruins at the Lord's bidding."
Cardinal Maeda celebrated a fiesta Mass on December 8, 2018, concelebrated with Cardinal Tagle. The pope, through Cardinal Maeda, imparted his apostolic blessing to the cathedral. On December 10, Cardinal Tagle rededicated the altar in accordance with the rites prescribed by the Second Vatican Council; the dedication Mass was concelebrated by several bishops comprising the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP), including its president at the time and the Archbishop of Davao, Romulo Valles.

## Architecture and design

The Manila Cathedral was built in the Latin cross (cruciform) layout. Its northwest façade, which is built in the Neo-Romanesque architecture style, is a replica of the façade of the previous cathedral, along with statues of famous saints sculpted in Roman travertine stone. Several of the artworks inside the basilica were made by Italian artists. In the previous cathedral, the statues were originally made of molave wood. The statue of Rose of Lima was sculpted by Angelo Fattinanzi; Jacob, Andrew and Anthony the Abbot were sculpted by Livia Papini; and Francis Xavier and Polycarp were sculpted by Alcide Tico.
Eight bronze panels sculpted by Alessandro Monteleone and Francesco Nagni dominate the central northwest doors of the cathedral. Each panel is 1.8 meters (5 ft 11 in) wide and 4.24 meters (13.9 ft) tall, depicting bas-reliefs of the important events in the cathedral's history. The tympanum above the central doors bears the Latin inscription Tibi cordi tuo immaculato concredimus nos ac consecramus ("To thy Immaculate Heart, entrust us and consecrate us"). Two smaller doors on the left and right sides have also eight panels installed in each door, depicting invocations to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Since Pope John Paul II's apostolic visit to the basilica in 1981, a medallion bearing the papal arms has been placed beneath the cross of the façade and at the crossing above the high altar. The scarlet galeros of Cardinals Rufino Santos and Jaime Sin are also suspended from the dome's ceiling. A copy of the statue of St. Peter's Basilica titled Saint Peter Enthroned is placed across a polychrome, life-sized statue of the Immaculate Conception.
The bronze baptismal font and angel-shaped holy water fonts were made by Publio Morbiducci. The prominent mosaic of Jude Thaddeus was made by Marcello Mazzoli. In 1964, Filipino artist Galo Ocampo designed and made most of the cathedral's 134 modern stained glass windows.
The marble floors on the center aisle near the altar bears the coats of arms of four cardinal archbishops of Manila: Rufino Santos, Jaime Sin, Gaudencio Rosales, and Luis Antonio Tagle.
* Right side view of the façade, showing the patinated dome surmounted by a four-armed cross
* The central nave, looking towards the sanctuary
* Rib vaults and clerestory
* Pipe organ and rose window
* The cathedra, newer high altar, pulpit, altar rail, and the ciborium
* Iron reja
* The older high altar and the image of the Immaculate Conception
* Interior of the dome, with the suspended galero of Cardinals Rufino Santos and Jaime Sin

### Cathedra

The cathedra or episcopal throne of the Archbishop of Manila was installed in 1958 during the postwar reconstruction. It is made of Mexican onyx and marble from Carrara, Italy, and was designed and made by the Istituto Internazionale d’Arte Liturgica in Rome. The original cathedra bears the coat of arms of Rufino Santos before he was created a cardinal. His coat of arms and the Mexican onyx were covered by a stone until their restoration in 2021.
The restored cathedra bears a carving of the coat of arms of Cardinal Jose Advincula, the present archbishop, imposed on top of white Indian marble.
* With the coat of arms of Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle before the 2021 restoration
* Restored cathedra with the coat of arms of Cardinal Jose Advincula in April 2023

## Patroness

Manila Cathedral is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of the Immaculate Conception, who is honored as the Principal Patroness of the Philippines. The 9-foot (2.7 m) bronze statue, which was designed by Italian sculptor Vincenzo Assenza (1915–1981), is located above the high altar.
Prior to 1988, the bronze statue was painted gold, though the twelve star halo-aureola is made of gold. Inscribed on the baldachin above the statue of the Immaculate Conception is the Latin antiphon Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in Te ("Thou art all-beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [spot] (of sin) is not in thee").
In 1581, Pope Gregory XIII issued a papal bull consecrating the cathedral building to The Purest and Immaculate Conception of Mary. Miguel López de Legazpi consecrated the City of Manila to Saint Potenciana. Pope Pius XII, on September 12, 1942, reiterated this patronage for the Filipino people to La Purísima Inmaculada Concepción through the papal bull Impositi Nobis Apostolici, while Saint Rose of Lima and Saint Potenciana remained as the secondary patronesses of the Filipino people. The same pope, through "Quidquid ad Dilatandum", reiterated this declaration of patronage on July 16, 1958, through the chancellor of apostolic briefs Gildo Brugnola, who signed and executed the decree.
The cathedral celebrates its liturgical feast every December 8, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.
* A bronze life-sized polychromed statue of the Immaculate Conception located above the high altar.
* The image decorated with a large halo for its December 8 feast and the Christmas festivities (2023).
* The image decorated for its 2024 fiesta. Inscribed on the halo is the Latin antiphon Sub tuum praesidium confugimus ("We fly to thy protection, O Holy Mother of God").

## Cathedral rectors

* Artemio Gabriel Casas (1956–1962)
* Jose C. Abriol (1962–1975)
* Augusto Pedrosa (1975–1985)
* Domingo A. Cirilos Jr. (1985–1996)
* Hernando M. Coronel (1996–2002)
* Nestor C. Cerbo (2002–2015)
* Reginald R. Malicdem (2015–2022)
* Rolando R. Dela Cruz (2022–present)

## Burials and funerals

The cathedral crypt is the resting place for former Archbishops of Manila and other prelates, whose corpses are located underneath the church complex and accessible by a stairway to the right of the altar:
* Michael J. O'Doherty, the last foreign archbishop of Manila
* Gabriel M. Reyes, the first Filipino archbishop of Manila
* Cardinal Rufino J. Santos, the first Filipino cardinal
* Cardinal Jaime L. Sin, a prominent leader of the 1986 People Power Revolution
* Dom Ambrose Agius, bishop and Apostolic Delegate to the Philippines (until 1945; remains transferred to the Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat, Mendiola Street, Manila)
Three former Presidents were permitted to lie in state under the cathedral dome:
* Emilio Aguinaldo, 1st president of the Philippines (1899-1901) (d.1964)
* Carlos P. Garcia, 8th president of the Philippines (1957–1961) (d. 1971)
* Corazon C. Aquino, 11th president of the Philippines (1986–1992) (d. 2009)
President Aguinaldo was the first president to have a requiem mass said in the restored cathedral. Although he was a Freemason and was closely associated with the Aglipayan Church, his remains were taken to the cathedral and laid beneath the dome on February 14, 1964. Cardinal Rufino Santos officiated the Requiem Mass before the remains were taken to the Legislative Building for the state vigil. President Garcia was the first layman to lie in state and have his Requiem Mass said at the cathedral; President Aquino was the third layperson and the first woman given this honor during her funeral. This broke with centuries of tradition that reserved the right of lying in state beneath the dome to Archbishops of Manila.