OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# United States v. Comstock

United States v. Comstock, 560 U.S. 126 (2010), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, which held that the federal government has authority under the Necessary and Proper Clause to require the civil commitment of individuals already in Federal custody. The practice, introduced by the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, was upheld against a challenge that it fell outside the enumerated powers granted to Congress by the Constitution. The decision did not rule on any other aspect of the law's constitutionality, because only the particular issue of Congressional authority was properly before the Court.

## Background

Six days before Graydon Earl Comstock was to have completed a 37-month sentence for receiving child pornography, Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales certified that Comstock was a sexually dangerous person. The law that Attorney General Gonzales was applying was ruled unconstitutional by lower courts on the grounds it exceeded Congress’s constitutional authority. Argued in January 2010 by Solicitor General Elena Kagan, the position of the United States was that the Necessary and Proper Clause gave Congress the power to enact the law.

## Decision

Stephen Breyer delivered the opinion of the Court, which decided that the Necessary and Proper Clause permitted Congress to enact such a provision. John Roberts, John Paul Stevens, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Sonia Sotomayor joined Breyer's opinion. Anthony Kennedy and Samuel Alito filed opinions concurring in the judgment. Clarence Thomas filed a dissenting opinion in which Antonin Scalia joined in all but Part III–A–1–b.

### Five considerations

The Court said: "We base this conclusion on five considerations, taken together."
* The Necessary and Proper Clause grants Congress broad power to enact laws that are "rationally related" and "reasonably adapted" to executing the other enumerated powers.
* The statute at issue "constitutes a modest addition" to related statutes that have existed for many decades.
* The statute in question reasonably extends the longstanding policy to cover the mentally ill and sexually dangerous persons already in federal custody.
* The statute properly accounts for state interests by ending the federal government's role "with respect to an individual covered by the statute" whenever a state requests.
* The statute is narrowly tailored to address only the legitimate federal interest.
# Vellara alphabet

Vellara script or Vellara alphabet is one of the original Albanian alphabets, encountered for the first time in the early 19th century. It is named after the Greek doctor, lyricist and writer Ioannis Vilaras (Jan Vellarai in Albanian), the author of a manuscript where this alphabet is documented for the first and so far the only time.

## Ioannis Vilaras

Vilaras studied medicine in Padua in 1789 and later lived in Venice. In 1801, he became a physician to Veli, son of Ali Pasha Tepelena (1741–1822). Vilaras is remembered today primarily as a modern Greek poet, non-native Albanian speaker but fluent, according to François Pouqueville, who also describes him as bright. Vilaras spent time in southern Albania.

## The manuscript

The manuscript of the work was donated to the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris (supplément grec 251, f. 138-187) in 1819 by François Pouqueville (1770–1839), French consul in Janina during the reign of Ali Pasha. Pouqueville was aware of the value of the work, noting: "Je possède un manuscrit, une grammaire grecque vulgaire et schype qui pourrait être utile aux philologues" (I possess a manuscript, a vulgar Greek and Albanian grammar which could be of use to philologists), but chose not to publish it in his travel narratives. Pages 137-226 contain the material in Albanian.
Pages 137-138 contain a list of proverbs in modern Greek and Albanian. Pages 138-187, in two columns per page format, contain the collection of grammatical notes both in Greek and Albanian. These bilingual grammatical notes, dated 1801, were designed no doubt to teach other Greek-speakers Albanian. On page 187, there is a list of names of living things. Page 191 starts the Greek-Albanian phraseologies. On page 217, there is a mini-dictionary with trees names, human body parts, and vegetable names. The alphabet shows in page 219. Appendixed to the grammatical notes is also a letter dated 30 October 1801, written in Albanian in Vellara's handwriting from the village of Vokopolë, south of Berat, where the physician had been obliged to follow Veli during the latter's military campaign against Ibrahim of Berat.

## The alphabet

The alphabet comprises 30 letters. It leans towards the Latin script, and less the Greek one, with some special characters for Albanian's particular sounds. Albanian alphabet's "c" and "x" are covered by a single letter ("x" is never found in Vellara's writings). Today's "ë" is represented by "e", and "e" by "é". There are no letters for today's digraphs "ll", "rr", "zh", and "y". Instead, "y" is substituted with "u" or "i". Today's "nj" is represented by a Cyrillic letter.

## History

Vilara's letter signed by him as "30 Oktomvrit 1801 Vagopolja, mik tëndë Jatroi Vellara" (October 30, 1801, Vokopolja, your friend Doctor Vellara), shows that the alphabet was known and used by other people at that time.
During the Albanian National Renaissance, the script was made known to the Albanian circles, first published in 1898 by the Albania magazine in Brussels.
# Kuramathi

Kuramathi at 2 km (1 mi) long is the largest of six islands that belong to the small natural atoll of Rasdhūkuramathi which administratively belongs to Alif Alif Atoll.

## Geography

Geographically, the island is located approximately 56 km (35 mi) south west of the capital island Malé and can be reached by a 20-minute sea plane flight or a 90-minute boat transfer. There is a sandbank on the west of the island which is only visible when the tide is low.

## Ecology

Since January 2000, Kuramathi has had a biological station where guests can obtain information about the local marine environment.
The following marine life can be encountered in Kuramathi: angelfish; butterflyfish; corals; hawkfish; manta rays; Moorish idols; moray eels; parrotfish; Portuguese man o' wars; rays; sea turtles; sharks; surgeonfish; sweetlips; triggerfish; unicornfish; Sunfish
# Jason Nett

Jason Nett is a Canadian composer, producer, and guitarist born in New Westminster, British Columbia. He was the resident composer for the Vancouver Island Symphony. In 2022, Jason Nett's orchestral arrangement of composer Modest Mussorgsky's piano suite "Pictures at an Exhibition" created for VISO's "The Pictures Project", premiered at The Port Theatre in Nanaimo BC. He also works as a music producer and performs internationally.
Jason Nett's commissioned works are frequently performed in Vancouver's "classical" community by orchestras, chamber ensembles, choirs etc.(listed below). Nett fuses the classical styles of composers like Bach and Beethoven with influences from Rock and Jazz. Nett's music integrates an emphasis on vibrant rhythm in many of his works. About his Vancouver Island commissioned work, Sonic Blue, Jason Nett says, "The piece is very up-tempo, very rhythmic, something you would find in blues-rock guitar today..."
One of his largest works is the opera "Legends," which was written for the Vancouver Island Symphony's Youth and Education concert series. The show "tell[s] the story of the last 150 years on central Vancouver Island, including the contributions of First Nations, Chinese immigrants and Scottish and English coal miners." The production was awarded a Vancouver Celebration Grant for its contribution to the community.
Nett's latest work is a ballet titled "The Same River Twice." This piece was performed, in Newfoundland, in Gros Morne's Summer Music 2010 program in a show called "Splash!" organized by David Maggs. The show took place "in a dory floating between the two banks of the Glynmill Inn pond near where the stream empties into it," featuring keyboard, cello, percussion and voice. Beyond the music was "a series of dancers moving to choreography arranged by Amy Andrews," "a theatrical element played out by local actor Jim Parsons" and supported by an "audio technician Louis McDonald and lighting guru Harry Tibbo."

## Selected works

Ballet The Same River Twice – keyboard, cello, percussion, voice, Gros Morne Summer Music
Orchestral Sol – full orchestra, Vancouver Symphony Symphonia Brevis – full orchestra, Vancouver Symphony Sonic Blue – full orchestra, Vancouver Island Symphony Tungstein – amplified orchestra w/electric guitar soloist, Plastic Acid Orchestra
Opera Legends – full orchestra with singers, Vancouver Island Symphony
Choral Native Spirit Song – SATB, British Columbia Boy's Choir
Chamber Who We Really Are – brass ensemble, Vertical Orchestra In the Mouth of Madness – chamber orchestra, Aventa Ensemble Trio #1 and 2 – guitar, violin, flute, Jason Nett Ensemble
Guitar Quartets The Journey I,II,III – Vancouver Guitar Quartet Road Rage – Jason Nett Guitar Quartet Excerpts From A Diary #1 I,II,III – Jason Nett Guitar Quartet Revolution – Jason Nett Guitar Quartet When I Think of You – Jason Nett Guitar Quartet Searching for the Devine – Jason Nett Guitar Quartet O’Canada – Jason Nett Guitar Quartet
# Mostafa Mousavi Faraz

Ayatollah Seyyed Mostafa Mousavi Faraz (Persian: سید مصطفی موسوی فراز) (also known as Seyyed Mostafa Mousavi Esfahani), is an Iranian Twelver Shia ayatollah who was born in 1944 in Isfahan to a religious family. This Shia cleric has been a member of the Assembly of Experts (from Hamedan province) since February 2016.
Mousavi Faraz's father was Seyyed-Akbar Havaei, who was a draper who encouraged his son to go to a hawzah. He commenced his seminary education before finishing elementary school at the age of 14. He studied for three years in Isfahan Hawzah. Later he went to Qom seminary.

## Teachers

His teachers included:
* Abdul-Ali Arab
* Mostafa Beheshti
* Morteza Haeri
* Makarem Shirazi
* Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani
* Jawad Tabrizi
# 2015 Revolution Technologies Pro Tennis Classic

The 2015 Revolution Technologies Pro Tennis Classic was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the tenth edition of the tournament and part of the 2015 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Indian Harbour Beach, Florida, United States, on 4–10 May 2015.

## Singles main draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| USA | Taylor Townsend | 115 | 1 |
| POR | Michelle Larcher de Brito | 128 | 2 |
| ARG | Paula Ormaechea | 152 | 3 |
| ROU | Patricia Maria Țig | 179 | 4 |
| USA | Maria Sanchez | 184 | 5 |
| USA | Julia Boserup | 226 | 6 |
| USA | Katerina Stewart | 230 | 7 |
| ARG | Florencia Molinero | 236 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings as of 27 April 2015

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Mercedes Hammond
* Erica Oosterhout
* Rianna Valdes
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Louisa Chirico$^2$
* Alexa Graham
* Anastasia Evgenyevna Nefedova
* Chiara Scholl
* $^2$ Chirico would have been second seeded, but entered late and had to qualify

## Champions
### Singles

* Katerina Stewart def. Louisa Chirico, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3

### Doubles

* Maria Sanchez / Taylor Townsend def. Angelina Gabueva / Alexandra Stevenson, 6–0, 6–1
# John Claus Peters House

The John Claus Peters House is a historic home at 832 West Wayne Street in Fort Wayne, Indiana. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 1980. It is part of Fort Wayne's West End Historic District. It was built in 1885 for Mary and John Claus Peters who had seven children. John Wing designed the Queen Anne style house. It has eight fireplaces.
J.C. Peters was born in Fort Wayne in 1848 and was the grandfather of actress Carole Lombard. His business's included Horton Washing Machine Company (established in 1871), the Wayne Hotel (acquired in 1886), Indiana Road Machine Co., and Peters Hardware.
# Nawab Muzaffar Khan

Nawab Muzaffar Khan (1757 – 2 June 1818) was the last Afghan governor of Multan.

## Early life

Nawab Muzaffar Khan, born in Multan in 1757, was the eldest son of Shuja Khan, the governor of Multan between 1767 and 1772. He was well educated in religion, civil administration and warfare. He was only 18 years old when his father instructed him to lead a mission to Kabul in January 1775, to seek help against the Sikhs who had conquered Multan in 1772 and had been besieging Shujabad. His mission failed but he got the attention of the Afghan King who fixed 5,000 rupees as his stipend. He commanded with bravery the Afghan contingent during the siege of Multan in February 1775. When Ganda Singh invaded Shujabad, he defended city with great valour. He succeeded his father at the age of 18 in Shujabad in 1776. Nawab Muzaffar Khan could not capture Multan until 1780, when he was reinstated by Timur Shah Durrani, the King of Kabul, who expelled the Sikh governor Diwan Singh Chachowalia and appointed Muzaffar Khan as the Governor (Subedar) of Multan. Timur Shah Durrani also gave him the title of Nawab, at the age of 23.

## Tenure

In 1817, Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent his army to Multan. The commander of army was Diwan Bhiwani Das. Main purpose of this invasion was to ask Nawab Muzaffar Khan to accept the rule of Sikh Darbar. In 1818, Kharak Singh and Hindu Commander Misr Diwan Chand arms troops lay around Multan without making much initial headway. Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent a large cannon named Zamzama. Though in name, the army was commanded by Kharak Singh but actual command was in the hand of Military genius Misr Diwan Chand. The Maharaja directed his son to pay full attention to the advice of Misr Diwan Chand
Muzaffar urged the majority of the Muslim population of the city of Multan to fight a war against the Sikhs and Hindus. However, the tactics of Nawab Muzaffar Khan failed as the Sikh armies were able to suppress the revolt of the Multan population. In the battle, Misr Diwan Chand led the Sikh armies to victory over Nawab Muzaffar Khan. Muzzafar Khan and seven of his sons were killed before the Multan fort finally fell on June 2, 1818.

## By name of Nawab Muzaffar Khan

* Muzaffargarh- Name of Muzaffargarh is on the name of Nawab Muzaffar Khan. Muzaffargarh means Fort of Muzaffar.
* Nawab Muzaffar Khan Park, a park in Muzaffargarh
* Muzaffarabad, Multan, a town near Multan.
# Mobile 3D Graphics API

The Mobile 3D Graphics API, commonly referred to as M3G, is an open source graphics API and file format specification for developing Java ME applications that produce 3D computer graphics on embedded devices such as mobile phones and PDAs.

## History

Originally developed at Nokia Research Center Tampere in 2003-2005, M3G was standarized under the Java Community Process as JSR 184 in 22 Dec, 2003. As of 2007, the latest version of M3G was 1.1, but version 2.0 was drafted as JSR 297 in April 2009. In 2010, M3G 1.1 JNI source code and related Symbian OS Java Runtime Environment were subsequently released into open source through the Symbian Foundation.

## Rendering

M3G is an object-oriented interface consists of 30 classes that can be used to draw complex animated three-dimensional scenes, it provides two ways for developers to draw 3D graphics: immediate mode and retained mode.
In immediate mode, graphics commands are issued directly into the graphics pipeline and the rendering engine executes them immediately. When using this method, the developer must write code that specifically tells the rendering engine what to draw for each animation frame. A camera, and set of lights are also associated with the scene, but is not necessarily part of it. In immediate mode it is possible to display single objects, as well as entire scenes (or worlds, with a camera, lights, and background as parts of the scene).
Retained mode always uses a scene graph that links all geometric objects in the 3D world in a tree structure, and also specifies the camera, lights, and background. Higher-level information about each object—such as its geometric structure, position, and appearance—is retained from frame to frame. In retained mode, data are not serialized by Java's own serialization mechanism. They are optimized by the M3G serialization mechanism, which produces and loads data streams conforming to the .m3g file format specification for 3D model data, including animation data format. This allows developers to create content on desktop computers that can be loaded by M3G on mobile devices.
# Frigate Island caecilian

The Frigate Island caecilian (Hypogeophis rostratus) is a species of amphibians in the family Indotyphlidae, endemic to Seychelles, where it is the most widespread caecilian species. It is found on all the islands with amphibians, namely Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette, Ste. Anne, Curieuse, La Digue, Cerf, and Frégate. The Frigate Island caecilian skeletal structure said to resemble the Gegeneophis ramaswamii, an Indian direct-developing caeciliid (Müller, 2006). This discovery was made after many people questioned the original statements made regarding their skeletal structure and how it develops.
# 2015 Sacramento Challenger

The 2015 Sacramento Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 11th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Sacramento, California, United States between 3 October and 11 October 2015.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| USA | Denis Kudla | 73 | 1 |
| GBR | Kyle Edmund | 100 | 2 |
| GER | Dustin Brown | 105 | 3 |
| USA | Tim Smyczek | 112 | 4 |
| SLO | Blaž Rola | 138 | 5 |
| USA | Dennis Novikov | 144 | 6 |
| USA | Jared Donaldson | 150 | 7 |
| SLO | Blaž Kavčič | 163 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of September 28, 2015.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Sekou Bangoura
* Taylor Fritz
* Alex Kuznetsov
* Matt Reid
The following player received entry as into the singles main draw with a protected ranking:
* Peter Polansky
The following players received entry into the singles main draw as a special exempt:
* Mackenzie McDonald
The following players entered as alternates:
* Marek Michalička
* Frances Tiafoe
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Marcos Giron
* Nicolas Meister
* Frederik Nielsen
* Tommy Paul

## Champions
### Singles

* Taylor Fritz def. Jared Donaldson, 6–4, 3–6, 6–4

### Doubles

* Blaž Kavčič / Grega Žemlja def. Dustin Brown / Daniel Brands, 6–1, 3–6, [10–3]
# 12 (White Denim album)

12 is the twelfth studio album by American rock band White Denim. It was released on December 6, 2024, via Bella Union.
12 received positive acclaim upon its release, with a Metacritic score of 88/100 indicating "universal acclaim". Critical appraisals welcomed 12's lush, disciplined production, bandleader James Petralli's psychedelic pop songwriting sensibilities, and what the record revealed about the flexibility of the group's sound.

## Background

Following the release of Raze Regal & White Denim Inc. in November 2023, White Denim founder James Petralli began writing on a twelfth studio album under the White Denim moniker. During that time, Petralli maintained a Substack newsletter (currently inactive) chronicling snippets of the writing process, distributing work in progress demos, and sharing musings on the realities of being a professional musician.
His newsletter dispatches (along with posts on the White Denim Instagram) also outlined Petralli's forays into other commercial and personal projects (including a remix of a song by Dutch indie rock band Personal Trainer and co-producing Waiting Game, the 2024 record by Connecticut jam band Eggy).
On September 4, 2024, White Denim announced 12 with the release of the single "Light On" and an accompanying music video, with the album slated for release on December 6 of the same year. Another single from 12, "Second Dimension," followed on October 9, with "Look Good" rounding out the pre-release singles on November 12.

### Composition and songwriting

Petralli composed and recorded 12 with frequent White Denim members, touring musicians, and collaborators including Cat Clemons, Josh Block, Michael Hunter, and others.
In a Reddit AMA following the record's release, Petralli noted that influences for the lyrical content of the record range from his personal experiences ("attempting to deal with my childhood in order to be better for my children and colleagues") to the biblical ("That prodigal son shit bangs!").

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 88/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | 9/10 |
| Uncut | 9.5/10 |
| Clash | 80/100 |
| Glide | 70/100 |
12 was positively received upon its release. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score out of 100 to ratings from publications, the album received a mean score of 88 based on 8 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by James Petralli and White Denim

## Personnel
### Musicians

* James Petralli - composition, lyrics, arrangement, production, lead vocals, guitar
* Michael Hunter - composition (tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12)
* Tameca Jones - vocals, composition (track 5)
* Jessie Payo - vocals, composition (track 5)
* Josh Block - composition (track 8)
* Finom - featured artist (track 9)
* Eric Slick - featured artist, composer (track 11)
* Jared Samuel - featured artist, composer, lyricist (track 11)
* Cat Clemons - composition (track 12)
# Ouaka

Ouaka is one of the 20 prefectures of the Central African Republic. It borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo, covers an area of 49,900 km$^2$, and has a population of 276,710 (2003 census). In 2024, official estimates suggest the population reached 459,412 inhabitants.
The prefecture is named after the Ouaka River and its capital is Bambari.

## Towns and villages

* Adodo
* Afrotcho
* Agbandjo
* Aguéné
* Angbaka
* Angora
* Angoua
* Awatchie
* Azouyomba
* Babadja
* Bada
* Badjia
* Bagaya
* Bagou
* Bahamo
* Bakala
* Bakala Koupi
* Bakoro
* Balepou
* Baleyo
* Baligo
* Bambari (capital)
* Banga
* Banganendji
* Bangba
* Banguéré
* Banindji
* Baréamba
* Batibla
* Batobadja
* Beidou
* Belingo
* Bianga
* Bimbala
* Bindi
* Binguinendji
* Bisibanda
* Bologondjo
* Bohola
* Bothco
* Bouassi
* Bougwa
* Boulou
* Dakadjia
* Dalio
* Damangou
* Dambagoua
* Dami
* Dangé
* Digui
* Djama
* Djoubissi
* Dokoua
* Domanga
* Douloungoa
* Doumba
* Doungba
* Dourou
* Gambala
* Ganamandji
* Gaoda
* Gbadala
* Gibada
* Gibanda
* Gimodo
* Gotchélé
* Grapou
* Grengakola
* Grimari
* Goboudo
* Gouhoutou
* Goulinga
* Gousoumalé
* Guémé
* Igoua
* Ippy
* Kabadou
* Kedja
* Kerela
* Kidjigra
* Kodjo
* Kohiri
* Komali
* Komblé
* Kongbanga
* Kongolobadja
* Kopia
* Koropo
* Kotanguisa
* Kouango
* Koudoukou
* Koumbanga
* Koumourou
* Kouzouhindji
* Kradé
* Lekpa
* Lioto
* Makoulou
* Malikara
* Matchika
* Mbahouba
* Mbaranga
* Mbaya
* Méné
* Modokouzou
* Modomali-Mbrés
* Mono
* Moroubas
* Ndioloussou
* Ndoro
* Ngadza
* Ngahondji
* Ngouyali
* Ouamba
* Oubou
* Pangakora
* Papa
* Pierlot
* Sakoua
* Samblé
* Séko
* Siou
* Tagbara
* Tawangé
* Tianbi
* Tougoumalé
* Tongouyassi
* Toumba
* Vevré
* Vilao
* Wali-Boykota
* Wandalongo
* Yabita
* Yamindou
* Yangao
* Yangoumaka
* Yangasa
* Yassibazanga
* Yéraoua
* Youbandji
* Zamahou
# Shubh Kadam

Shubh Kadam (transl. Lucky feet) is an Indian television series that aired on Sahara One

## Plot

The story revolves around Pratha, who is haunted by an evil spirit after her marriage to Raghav, wrecking havoc on her family.

## Cast

* Mahhi Vij as Pratha
* Prateek Shukla as Raghav
* Prabha Sinha as Raghav's Mother
* Priyamvada Sawant as Chitra (Raghav's widowed sister-in-law)
* Dev Keswani as Swayam (Tenant at Raghav's house who plays love interest to Chitra)
* Sudha Chandran as Raghav's Biological Mother
* Suresh Marathe as Diwakar Deshmukh
* Anubha Bhonsale as Pratha's Stepsister
* Nazneen Patel
* Rupal Patel
* Abhay Shukla