OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Borger, Netherlands

Borger (Dutch pronunciation:) is a village in the Dutch province of Drenthe. It is a part of the municipality of Borger-Odoorn, and lies about 18 km east of Assen.
The hunebed dolmen D27 [nl] is the biggest hunebed of the Netherlands and has its own museum.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1327 as "Johannes in Borghere". The etymology is unclear. Borger is an esdorp which developed in the Early Middle Ages on the Hondsrug along the road from Groningen to Coevorden. In the early 13th century a daughter church was established from Anloo. Borger became the main settlement, and three satellites were established around the village: Buinen, Drouwen and Westdorp.
The tower of the Dutch Reformed church dates from the 14th century and has been restored in 1840. The medieval church was replaced in 1826. There is an original sheep pen from the 18th century in Borger.
Borger was home to 519 people in 1840. In 1958, the open air theatre opened in Borger and can seat 600 people.
Borger used to be an independent municipality. In 1998, it was merged into Borger-Odoorn.

## Dolmen

The hunebed dolmen D27 [nl] is the biggest hunebed of the Netherlands. It measures 22.5 metres (74 ft) and has 9 capstones, 26 side stones and 2 keystones. The hunebed contains a complete gate. In 1865, amateur excavation was performed by Titia Brongersma who discovered pottery and many bones, however none of the artefacts remain.
In 1984, a local youth found some pottery and bones. The artefacts were analysed and surprisingly dated from the Bronze Age which was much later than expected. There were calls for a scientific investigation of the site, however the archaeologists in charge of the area have blocked an investigation. In 2005, a museum opened near the site.
There are two more smaller dolmen (D28 and D29) around Borger. Copper objects have been discovered near D28 which are the oldest discoveries of copper in the Netherlands and must have been made in Romania.

## Notable people

* Egbert Schuurman, philosopher and politician
* Henk G. Sol, business theorist

## Gallery

* Summer house
* Hof van Saksen
* Tumulus in Borger
* Hunebed (dolmen) D27
# Michael Gingold

Michael Gingold is an American journalist, screenwriter, and former editor-in-chief of Fangoria magazine.

## Career

In his teen years, young horror fan Michael Gingold wrote and self-published the photocopied horror-review fanzine Scareaphanalia and made Super8 short films. His longest was the 40-minute Deadly Exchange, about a slasher killing foreign-exchange students. From 1985 to 1989, he attended New York University's film school. During this time he made the 19-minute horror short Hands Off, inspired by writer Clive Barker's short story "The Body Politic."
In 1988, during his junior year, he began writing freelance for the horror-film magazine Fangoria. Two years later, he joined the staff as associate editor and eventually becoming managing editor. In October 2015 he became editor-in-chief, Eight months later, he was replaced in that position by former managing editor Ken Hanley. Filmmaker Guillermo del Toro, a Gingold supporter, took to social media to voice his disappointment with the decision. Fangoria ceased print publication with its October 2015 issue, releasing four additional issues online only. Gingold went on to become head online writer of the horror magazine Rue Morgue. In February 2018, the Texas-based entertainment company Cinestate, which had bought Fangoria, announced the magazine would be revived as a quarterly print publication, and that Gingold would return as a columnist. As of 2021, he continues to write for Fangoria.
Gingold's other writing credits include features and reviews for The Motion Picture Guide, the Blockbuster Video Guide, Movies on TV and Videocassette, IndieWire, and Birth. Movies. Death.
As a screenwriter, Gingold's credits include Leeches, Halloween Night, Shadow: Dead Riot, and Ring of Darkness. He has also appeared as an actor in The Suckling, The Blood Shed, A Return to Salem's Lot, Troma's War, The Toxic Avenger Part II and The Toxic Avenger Part III: The Last Temptation of Toxie, Sweatshop and has had a recurring role in the Light & Dark Productions' series of movies including Fear of the Dark, The Tenement, Sins of the Father, and Fairview Falls. As of 2017, he had completed a script titled The Doll for Italian filmmaker Dante Tomaselli, and the two were seeking financing.
He has published two books containing vintage horror-movie advertisements: Ad Nauseam: Newsprint Nightmares from the 1980s (2018) and Ad Nauseam II: Newsprint Nightmares from the 1990s and 2000s (2019). An expanded edition of the first book, with 125 more pages and a slight retitling, was published in 2021 with a foreword by genre filmmaker Joe Dante. As a filmmaker, he completed the Super8 movie Mindstalker by 1998, but it does not seem to have been distributed.

## Other

On December 8, 2016, Gingold lectured at Brooklyn's Miskatonic Institute of Horror Studies on horror film and television shot in New York City. With writer Chris Poggiali, he presented the lecture "Horror on the Hudson: Westchester County in Horror Cinema" at the First Annual Sleepy Hollow International Film Festival, held in October 2019 in Tarrytown, New York.
# Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)

The Battle of the Malandari Pass was fought on 16 February 1586 in what is now the Buner District in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. The army of the Mughal Empire, led by Raja Birbal, was attacked by Afghan Yusufzai tribesmen, led by Malik Kalu Khan Yousafzai. It was one of the greatest defeats of Mughal history and under the reign of Akbar the Great
Birbal is believed to have died in the battle alongside 8,000 to 50,000 Mughal soldiers.

## Background

The Mughals had annihilated the whole Yousafzai tribe after Mullah Meru's defeat and death in 1581 AD, and Kalu Khan Yusufzai decided to take over the task of restoring the Yousafzai's organisation and unity. In the jirga that Yousafzai organised after consulting his friends and supporters, Ayub son of Rusi, Babu son of Saifu Aba Khel Mandanr, Mirwais son of Mullah Meru, and other individuals associated with Yousafzai took part. Yousafzai's country was visited by this jirga as it preached about togetherness and issued ominous warnings about the consequences of divide.
Ain-i-Akbari claims that Kalu Khan travelled to Agra with the Mughal Emperor Akbar went to the Kabul region to chastise Mirza Muhammad. Kalu Khan was treated well, but he eventually left Agra. Khwaja Shamsuddin Khwafi detained Kalu Khan close to Attock and then took him to court. Kalu Khan ran away once more, went back home, and eventually became the leader of the seditious elements. Abu Fazal does not specifically state how Akbar took Kalu Khan to Agra or why or under what circumstances.
The Yousafzai had selected Ghazi Khan Malezai to serve as their leader while Kalu Khan was away. But soon after, Ghazi Khan was killed in Bajaur in a battle with the Mughals. Kalu Khan, who had just returned from Agra, also joined the fight. He was once again chosen by Yousafzais to lead the tribe in Damghar, Swat.

## Battle

According to historians Jadunath Sarkar and Raghubir Sinh, there were quarrels between the leaders of the Mughal troops, with Birbal, Abul Fath and Zain Khan disagreeing on the course of action, and "On 16th February, (1586), during a disorderly march, the Afghans attacked in a Swat defile. Panic seized the disunited Imperial army and 8000 men lost their lives, including Rajah Birbal and many other high officers, while all their camp and equipage were plundered. The fugitives straggling in the hills were cut off."
Between the Karakar Pass and the Malandari Pass, the Yusufzai Afghans under the command of Kalu Khan routed the combined forces of Zain Khan and Raja Birbal. Birbal lost his life in this battle. According to Mughal historian Khafi Khan, 40,000–50,000 Mughal men perished in this battle. However, Badayuni claims that around 8000 Mughal men perished as a result of the entire episode.

## Aftermath

Akbar learned about the disaster two days later and an army under Rajah Todar Mal set off on 19 February to exact retribution against the Yusufzais, killing a large number of them and selling many survivors to Turan and Persia, as "the countries of Swat, Bajaur and Buner were cleansed of evildoers."
# Hilde-Katrine Engeli

Hilde-Katrine Engeli (born 4 August 1988) is a snowboarder from Norway.

## Career

She won a gold medal at the 2011 FIS Snowboarding World Championships in the parallel slalom event.
# Antonio Rocco

Antonio Rocco (1586–1653) was an Italian priest and philosophy teacher (he graduated under Cesare Cremonini), and a writer. Ever since 1888, when he was identified as its anonymous author, he is best known for his satirical homosexual text, L'Alcibiade, fanciullo a scola, written in 1630 and published in 1652.
The work was immediately suppressed, and only ten copies survived the attempts to destroy the whole print run. The survival of the work led, in 1862, to its translation and publishing in Italian. Again the work elicited immediate condemnation. It was denounced by the police as a liber spurcissimus (a most filthy book) and largely destroyed.
# Malec (surname)

Malec is a surname. It may refer to:
* Czesław Malec (1941–2018), Polish basketball player
* Ivo Malec (1925–2019), Croatian composer
* Jiří Malec (born 1962), Czech ski jumper
* Lucyna Malec (born 1966), Polish actress and singer
* Mariusz Malec (born 1995), Polish footballer
* Teodoro Petkoff Malec (1932–2018), Venezuelan politician
* Tomáš Malec (born 1982), Slovak ice hockey player
* Tomáš Malec (born 1993), Slovak footballer
* Vedrana Malec (born 1990), Croatian cross-country skier
# BYD e1

The BYD e1 is a battery-electric powered micro car of the Chinese automobile manufacturer BYD Auto.

## History

The car was introduced in March 2019 as the successor to the BYD F0. One month later, it went on sale in China. The e1 was initially available as a Zhixing Edition limited to 999 units. Externally, the vehicle resembles the Toyota Aygo.

## Technical data

The e1 has a 45 kW (61 hp) permanent magnet synchronous motor. A lithium NMC battery (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) with an energy content of 32.2 kWh enables a range according to NEDC of 305 km. The front wheels are individually suspended on MacPherson struts and wishbones, at the rear a twist beam axle is installed.
| | e1 |
| Bauzeitraum | 04/2019–04/2021 |
| Motorkenndaten ||
| Motor type | Electric motor |
| max. Leistung | 45 kW (61 PS) |
| max. torque | 110 Nm |
| Kraftübertragung ||
| Drive | Front-wheel drive |
| transmission | |
| Antriebsbatterie ||
| Energy content | 32.2 kWh |
| Range according to NEDC | 305 km |
| Messwerte ||
| Höchstgeschwindigkeit | k. A. |
| Beschleunigung, 0–100 km/h | k. A. |
# 2010 Conair CV-580 crash

On 31 July 2010, a Convair CV-580 Airtanker aircraft operated by Conair Aviation crashed while on a firefighting mission near Lytton, British Columbia, Canada. Both crew members, the only people on board, were killed.
The following investigation found no evidence of mechanical faults, and concluded that visual illusion during low-altitude flying may have prevented the pilot from accurately assessing the flight path in sufficient time to avoid trees and rising terrain.

## History of the flight

The aerial fire-fighting operation involved two aircraft: a Rockwell Turbo Commander 690 acting as bird dog (observation) aircraft, and the accident aircraft, operating as Tanker 448. The bird dog aircraft directed the tanker aircraft to the area where the fire retardant was to be released. On 31 July 2010 both aircraft took off from Kamloops Airport and proceeded to the wildfire.
While preparing for a bombing run on the side of Fraser River canyon, Tanker 448 struck trees while unexpectedly dropping the retardant intended for the target. Seconds later, it entered a spin and crashed into a ravine. A post-impact fire broke out and consumed much of the wreckage. Both crew members were fatally injured.

## Aircraft and crew

The aircraft was a twin-turboprop Convair CV-580 Airtanker, serial number 129, registered C-FKFY, manufactured in 1953. It was equipped with a fire retardant tank and other standard equipment, but did not carry a cockpit voice recorder, flight data recorder, or a stall warning device.
The two crew members were 58-year-old Captain Tim Whiting and 36-year-old First Officer Brian Tilley with 17,000 and 5,200 flying hours respectively. Whiting had 3,500 hours in fire suppression experience, while Tilley only had 26 hours.

## Aftermath

The aircraft crashed in a ravine roughly 17 km (11 mi) from Lytton, British Columbia, hitting tree tops before coming to a stop in the ravine. The impact started another fire, adding to the already large number of wildfires. The rescue operation to reach the downed flight was carried out by the British Columbia Ministry of Forest and Lands and local emergency services. The location of the crash site was pinpointed by the bird dog aircraft, allowing crews to reach the site more quickly. First responders were slowed reaching the crash site by steep terrain and the ongoing wildfire.

## Investigation

The investigation of the accident was carried out by the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB), and was concluded in April 2012 with the publication of the final accident report. No evidence of mechanical failure emerged. The TSB determined that "visual illusion may have precluded recognition, or an accurate assessment, of the flight path profile in sufficient time to avoid the trees on rising terrain."
It was not possible to establish whether the initial impact with trees had damaged the aircraft to the extent that its controllability was affected. It was nevertheless determined that the aircraft "entered an aerodynamic stall and spin from which recovery was not possible at such a low altitude."
# Hagiwara Station (Aichi)

Hagiwara Station (萩原駅, Hagiwara-eki) is a railway station in the city of Ichinomiya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, operated by Meitetsu.

## Lines

Hagiwara Station is served by the Meitetsu Bisai Line, and is located 20.2 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Yatomi.

## Station layout

The station has two opposed side platforms, connected by a level crossing, with track one on a passing loop. The station has automated ticket machines, Manaca automated turnstiles and is unattended.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ Bisai Line | For Meitetsu-Ichinomiya |
| 2 | ■ Bisai Line | For Tsushima |

## Adjacent stations

| « | « | Service | » | » |
| Nagoya Railroad |||||
| Bisai Line |||||
| Tamano | Tamano | - | Futago | Futago |

## Station history

Hagiwara Station was opened on October 1, 1899 as a station on the privately held Bisai Railroad, which was purchased by Meitetsu on August 1, 1925 becoming the Meitetsu Bisai Line. It was remodeled in 1955, and in 2007 it was outfitted with gates compatible with Tranpass fare cards and made unstaffed.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2013, the station was used by an average of 2566 passengers daily.

## Surrounding area

* Hagiwara Elementary School
* Japan National Route 155
# Karoo chat

The Karoo chat (Emarginata schlegelii) is a small passerine bird of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is a common resident breeder in southwesternmost Angola, western Namibia and western South Africa. Its habitat is Karoo and desert scrub in the south, extending to the escarpment zone in the north.

## Taxonomy

The first formal description of the Karoo chat was by the Swedish naturalist Johan August Wahlberg in 1855 under the binomial name Erithacus schlegelii. The species was subsequently placed in the genus Cercomela introduced by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1856. It was moved to its current genus, Emarginata, after molecular phylogenetic studies published in 2010 and 2012 found that Cercomela was polyphyletic. The specific name commemorates the German ornithologist, Hermann Schlegel.
There are four subspecies:
* E. s. benguellensis (Sclater, WL, 1928) – southwestern Angola and northwestern Namibia
* E. s. schlegelii (Wahlberg, 1855) – coastal Namibia
* E. s. namaquensis (Sclater, WL, 1928) – southern Namibia and northwestern South Africa
* E. s. pollux (Hartlaub, 1866) – western and central South Africa

## Description

The Karoo chat is 16–18 cm long and weighs around 32 gm. Its upperparts are grey, but it has a rufous patch behind the eye, and the tail is black with white outer feathers. Its underparts are white, the short straight bill, legs and feet are black and the eye is dark. The sexes are similar, but the juvenile is spotted with buff and has scaly underparts..
This species is paler than the similar grey form of the female mountain wheatear, from which it also differs in having a grey (not white) rump and completely white outer tail feathers. Its larger size and all-white outer tail feathers prevent confusion with the tractrac or sickle-winged chats.
The Karoo chat has chak-chak and trrat-trrat calls.

## Behaviour

The Karoo chat builds a cup-shaped nest of straw and leaves on the ground, usually under a bush or shrub. It lays two to four green eggs. This species is monogamous, mating for life.
The Karoo chat is usually seen singly or in pairs. It forages from the ground for insects including butterflies, bees, wasps, locusts and ants. Prey is typically taking in a short flight.

## Conservation status

This common species has a large range, with an estimated extent of 1,100,000 km². The population size is believed to be large, and the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
# 1963 Yugoslav Constitution

The 1963 Yugoslav Constitution was the second constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It came into effect on April 7, 1963. The constitution was the result of beliefs of the governing structures that Yugoslav self-management relations have been sufficiently overcome in the society that it deserved a new and final constitutional definition and enthroning.
The parliamentary Federal Assembly (Skupština) was divided into one general chamber, the Federal Chamber, and four chambers given specific bureaucratic responsibilities. The constitution directed that individual republics be represented only in the Chamber of Nationalities, a part of the Federal Chamber that in 1967 became a separate chamber of the Assembly in its own right.
President Josip Broz Tito retained his position as president of the party but renounced his state position as president of the Federal Executive Council, a change that further separated party and state functions. The 1963 constitution also introduced the concept of rotation, which prohibited remaining at higher or lower level executive positions for more than two four-year mandates. Moreover, it extended human and civil rights and established constitutionally guaranteed court procedures.
The constitution was superseded by the adoption of a fourth and final constitution in 1974.

## Regulations

The definition of the state is characterized not only by provision that it is a federal state, but also a socialist democratic community, which was supposed to indicate the tendency towards the Marxist ideal of the withering away of the state.
Public property, self-management and self-organization of working people at the micro and macro level was declared the basis of Economic planning.
The right to social self-management was declared untouchable, and districts in the state (municipality, county, autonomous provinces of Serbia, Socialist Republics and the Federation itself), became socio-political communities. In the regulation yet unseen in constitutional law, the hierarchy between these units was destroyed and a system of mutual rights and obligations was introduced.
The Federal Assembly was proclaimed as the highest authority of government and social self-government, and in the federal and republican assembly, in addition to the general-political council, greater workers' communities were introduced - economic, educational, cultural, social and health, organizational and political. Assemblies of the autonomous provinces could have more.
President of the Republic became independent from Federal Executive Council and became an autonomous authority of the federation. The Constitutional Court of Yugoslavia and the constitutional courts of the member republics were introduced.

## Practice

42 amendments were added to this Constitution until the adoption of the new 1974 Yugoslav Constitution. This shows that the stability of institutions was not achieved for longer terms. New amendments strengthened the position of autonomous provinces, introduced new areas of self-government and the former federal agencies have become common, instead of remaining superior.
# Lt. Alexander "Sandy" Bonnyman Memorial Bridge

The Lt. Alexander "Sandy" Bonnyman Medal of Honor Memorial Bridge is a bridge which carries the Pellissippi Parkway (Interstate 140, I-140) across the Fort Loudoun Lake impoundment of the Tennessee River between Blount and Knox counties in the US state of Tennessee. It was constructed between 1987 and 1989, and opened to traffic in 1992. It is named for Alexander Bonnyman Jr., a United States Marine Corps officer who was killed in action in the Battle of Tarawa during World War II.

## Description

The bridge crosses the Tennessee River in a direct east−west alignment on Toole's Bend. Here, the river marks the boundary between Blount and Knox counties. It is a steel girder bridge, and is 1,716.9 feet (523.3 m) long. It has a maximum deck width of 84 feet (26 m), and its longest span is 460 feet (140 m) long. The vertical clearance below the bridge on the river is approximately 80 feet (24 m). The bridge carries four lanes of traffic, separated by a concrete Jersey barrier, and contains 12-foot (3.7 m) right shoulders and 6-foot (1.8 m) left shoulders.

## History

The bridge was first proposed as part of a plan in the early 1970s to extend the Pellissippi Parkway to U.S. Route 129 (US 129) near Alcoa, which originally ran between I-40/I-75 and State Route 62 (SR 62) in western Knox County. The site for the extension was unveiled to the public on December 24, 1984. Funding for the construction of the extension of the parkway was authorized by the Better Roads Program of 1986, and the bridge was the first part of the extension to begin construction. The contract for construction of the bridge was awarded in December 1986 at a cost of $11.8 million (equivalent to $27.8 million in 2023). The bridge was initially referred to as the "Pellissippi Parkway Bridge". Construction began in January 1987, with completion initially projected by August 1988. In April 1988, the bridge's piers had been completed, and installation of the framework began. The bridge was virtually completed by May of 1989, although final work did not wrap up until the Fall.
The bridge could not open, however, until the adjoining sections of the parkway on both ends were complete, and had to remain unused for more than three years. During this time, it faced multiple acts of trespassing and vandalism, including graffiti and damage to the navigation lights. A bonfire was also reported to have been built on the bridge, and a number residents living nearby reported theft and damage and destruction of structures on their properties. In response to complaints from residents, the Knox and Blount County sheriffs' departments began to increase patrols of the site in the middle of 1990. On December 4, 1992, the bridge opened with the 6.6-mile (10.6 km) segment between US 129 in and SR 332. The bridge was officially named in honor of Alexander "Sandy" Bonnyman on September 7, 1997, in a dedication ceremony.