# Occupational cancer

Occupational cancer is cancer caused by occupational hazards. Several cancers have been directly tied to occupational hazards, including chimney sweeps' carcinoma, mesothelioma, and others.

## Types of hazards

Occupational exposure to chemicals, dusts, radiation, and certain industrial processes have been tied to occupational cancer. Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens) may cause mutations that allow cells to grow out of control, causing cancer. Carcinogens in the workplace may include chemicals like anilines, chromates, dinitrotoluenes, arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, cadmium compounds, and nickel compounds. Dusts that can cause cancer leather or wood dusts, asbestos, crystalline forms of silica, coal tar pitch volatiles, coke oven emissions, diesel exhaust and environmental tobacco smoke. sunlight; radon gas; and industrial, medical, or other exposure to ionizing radiation can all cause cancer in the workplace. Industrial processes associated with cancer include aluminum production; iron and steel founding; and underground mining with exposure to uranium or radon. Shift work, which can disturb the circadian rhythm, has also been identified as a risk factor for some forms of cancer, in particular for breast cancer.
Other risk factors for cancer include:
* Personal characteristics such as age, sex, and race
* Family history of cancer
* Being overweight or having obesity
* Diet and personal habits such as tobacco use and alcohol consumption
* The presence of certain medical conditions or past medical treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation treatment, or some immune-system suppressing drugs
* Certain infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, parasites) including Human Papillomaviruses, Epstein-Barr Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Helicobacter pylori
* Exposure to cancer-causing agents in the environment (for example, sunlight, radon gas, air pollution)

## Types of cancers

Common cancers and their exposures and occupations include:
| Cancer | Source | Examples of Occupations |
| Bladder | Benzidine, beta-naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl, arsenic | Rubber, leather, paving, roofing, printing and textile industries; paint/ dyeing products; chimney sweeping; machinists; hairdressers and barbers; truck drivers |
| Kidney | Cadmium, trichloroethylene, herbicides, wood dust | Painting; metalworking; petroleum, plastics, and textile industries |
| Larynx | Asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes | Metal working; petroleum, rubber, plastics, and textile industries |
| Leukemia | Formaldehyde, benzene, ethylene oxide, pesticides | Rubber manufacturing; oil refining; shoemaking, funeral embalming |
| Liver | Arsenic, vinyl chloride, aflatoxins | Plastic manufacturing |
| Lung | Radon, secondhand smoke, asbestos, arsenic, cadmium, chromium compounds, diesel exhaust, sulfur mustard | Rubber manufacturing, paving, roofing, painting, chimney sweeping, iron and steel foundry work, welding |
| Lymphoma | Benzene, 1, 3-butadiene, ethylene oxide, herbicides, insecticides | Rubber manufacturing, painting, hairdresser or barber |
| Mesothelioma | Asbestos | Mining, railroad, automotive, plumbing, painting and construction industries; factory workers |
| Nasal cavity and sinus | Mustard gas, nickel dust, chromium dust, leather dust, wood dust, radium | Textile and baking industry, flour milling, nickel refining, furniture and cabinet builders, shoemaking |
| Skin | Arsenic, coal tars, paraffin, certain oils, sunlight | Chimney sweeping; outside jobs that involve a lot of sun exposure |

## Occupations at higher risk
### Firefighters

Firefighters have shown higher rates of certain types of cancer (respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems), and of all cancers combined, when compared to the general U.S. population. This is linked to many aspects of the firefighting occupation such as exposure to smoke and other products of combustion that are known carcinogens, as well as being exposed to chemicals in the gear worn to protect the firefighter.
Due to the lack of central and comprehensive sources of data, research on cancer rates amongst firefighters has been challenging. On July 7, 2018, Congress passed the Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 requiring the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to create the National Firefighter Registry designed to collect data on cancer rates among U.S. firefighters.

### Construction workers

Construction workers are at a higher risk of developing cancer from exposures at work compared to other occupations.
The increased levels of dust and chemicals like asbestos at construction sites leads to workers being exposed. These long term exposures have been linked to the development of lung cancer. Other factors related to construction work can also put the workers at an elevated risk of cancer such as sun exposure. Construction workers are often required to spend long hours working in the sun. Long periods of exposure to radiation from the sun can cause skin cancer.

### Agricultural workers

Agricultural workers face higher rates of cancer development due to exposures on the job.
Similar to construction workers, agricultural workers are exposed too many chemicals including known carcinogens. Workers in the agricultural field are also subject to long periods of exposure to radiation from the sun. All of these factors combine put the workers at and increased risk of developing cancers such as prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, and melanoma of the skin.

## Epidemiology

An estimated 48,000 cancers are diagnosed yearly in the US that come from occupational causes; this represents approximately 4-10% of total cancer in the United States. It is estimated that 19% of cancers globally are attributed to environmental exposures (including work-related exposures). It is estimated that there are approximately 120,000 work-related cancer cases annually in the EU due to exposure to carcinogens at work.

## Prevention

Many occupational cancers are preventable. Personal protective gear, workplace controls, and worker education can prevent exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. Tobacco smoking has also been shown to increase the risk of work-related cancers; decreasing or abstaining from smoking can decrease cancer risk.
Agencies like the US Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration have developed safety standards and limits for chemical and radiation exposure. International Labour Organization has also adopted Occupation Cancer Convention (C139) in 1979 for improvement of workplace safety conditions.