OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Peter D. Haas

Peter D. Haas is an American diplomat who served as the United States ambassador to Bangladesh from March 2022 to July 2024. Haas previously served as acting assistant secretary of state for economic and business affairs.

## Education

Haas earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and international studies from Illinois Wesleyan University in 1988 and a Master of Science in economics from the London School of Economics.

## Career

After joining the United States Foreign Service, Haas was first assigned to the U.S. embassy in Morocco as an economic officer. Haas also served as a desk officer for one year in the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and was an economic officer in the Embassy of the United States, London. From 2011 to 2014, served as consul general of the United States, Mumbai. From 2014 to 2017, Haas worked for the United States mission to the OECD, including as acting permanent representative in 2017 and 2018. Haas then relocated to Washington, D.C., where he worked as acting deputy assistant secretary of state for trade policy and negotiations, deputy assistant secretary for trade policy and negotiations, and acting assistant secretary of state for economic and business affairs.

### United States ambassador to Bangladesh

On July 9, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Haas to be the next United States Ambassador to Bangladesh. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee held hearings on his nomination on October 20, 2021. His nomination was favorably reported by the committee on November 3, 2021. Haas was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 18, 2021, via voice vote.
On March 15, 2022, he presented his credentials to the President of Bangladesh, Abdul Hamid. In December 2022, he had to cut short a visit to Maayer Daak, an advocacy group for victims of enforced disappearance, after pro-government mob tried to storm the venue. He oversaw the imposition of visa restrictions on Bangladeshi government officials and politicians in 2023 to ensure a fair general election in 2024. He had also warned that visa restrictions might be imposed on media personnel in Bangladesh. Haas and the United States call for fair election was not well received in India which supports the current Awami League government in Bangladesh led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.
In July 2024, when the Bangladesh quota reform movement protests against the ruling Awami League government were ongoing, Haas resigned his post.

## Personal life

Haas speaks French and German.
# Battle of Melrose (1378)

The Battle of Melrose was fought in Melrose, Scotland, in 1378, between England and Scotland. Despite the Scots being outnumbered 1 to 20, they still defeated the English, and even captured their leader.

## Background

In 1378, Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie, a nephew of Archibald Douglas, took Berwick by surprise with 50 men, and was immediately besieged by the town's governor Thomas de Musgrave. Douglas and Lord Lyndsay of the Byres assembled a relief army at Haddington, little more than 500 in number, but marched anyway, hoping to collect more men on the way.

## Battle

When Archibald's army approached Berwick, his scouts informed him that the English army around the castle numbered around 10,000, with archers, siege engines, heavy horse and ships blockading the river. Douglas then retreated to Melrose, followed by the English army. Just short of Melrose, Musgrave attacked. Fortunately Archibald's army had now been reinforced. During the ensuing Battle of Melrose, Musgrave was unhorsed and forced to yield for ransom. With Musgrave and other leaders captured, the remaining English not already slain fled back to Berwick with news of their defeat.
The English complained that "the Earl of March and Douglas, and the latter's cousin Sir Archibald,....are harassing the English Borderers by imprisonment, ransoms, and otherwise.
# Pseudobombax ellipticum

Pseudobombax ellipticum, with common names including shaving brush tree, Dr Seuss tree, and amapolla tree, is a species of plant in the subfamily Bombacoideae of the family Malvaceae.

## Distribution

The tree is native to southern Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hispaniola, Honduras and Cuba.

## Description

Pseudobombax elipticum is a tree that can reach 18 m (60 ft) in height and 1.3 m (4 ft) d.b.h. Its branches are close to the base of the stem. It is a deciduous tree with succulent stems. Each of the flowers can produce hundreds of tiny black seeds (.1mm) that germinate within approximately 30 days.
The flowers are cotton candy pink. featuring several hundred stamens up to five inches in length. The flowers are fragrant and are quite sticky if peeled back.

## Uses

Uses include firewood and wood for carving handicrafts.
The attractive flowers are used to decorate homes and churches in Central America. In Central America, a highly intoxicating drink is made from the tree.

### Cultivation

The tree is grown as an ornamental tree in Florida, Hawaii, and coastal Southern California.

## Gallery

* Pseudobombax ellipticum
* Trunk
* Leaves
* Tree and blossom
* Flower in hand for scale
# 1977 Sierra Leonean parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Sierra Leone on 6 May 1977. They were the last multi-party elections held in the country until 1996.

## Background

Elections were called ahead of schedule by president Siaka Stevens following his declaration of a state of emergency after student riots earlier in the year.
In the election itself, only 41 of the directly elected and one of the indirectly elected paramount chief seats were contested (in the remaining 36 directly elected and 11 indirectly elected seats, the All People's Congress was the only party with a candidate). In a campaign marred by violence, elections in eight constituencies were not held on the day of the election, but were contested at a later date.
For the first time, there were also three presidential appointees in the parliament.

## Results

| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| | All People's Congress | 425,358 | 61.93 | 70 | –14 |
| | Sierra Leone People's Party | 205,976 | 29.99 | 15 | New |
| | Democratic National Party | 478 | 0.07 | 0 | New |
| | Independents | 54,998 | 8.01 | 0 | –1 |
| Paramount chiefs | Paramount chiefs | | | 12 | 0 |
| Presidential appointees | Presidential appointees | | | 3 | New |
| Total | Total | 686,810 | 100.00 | 100 | +3 |
| Source: IPU ||||||

## Aftermath

The following year, a referendum approved a new constitution that made the country a one-party state with the APC as the sole legal party. Elections were held under this system in 1982, 1985 and 1986. Another referendum in 1991 returned the country to multi-party politics, and the next pluriform elections were held in 1996.
# Jirayu Huangsab

Jirayu Huangsab (Thai: จิรายุ ห่วงทรัพย์, also spelled Jirayu Houngsub) is a Thai politician who is the Spokesperson of the Office of the Prime Minister of Thailand and advisor to Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra since 2024.

## Career

Jirayu previously served as spokesperson and member of parliament for the Pheu Thai Party, and as a spokesperson for Thailand's Ministry of Defense.
On 17 September 2024, Jirayu was appointed as an advisor to Paetongtarn Shinawatra and subsequently as spokesperson for the Thai Government. Jirayu oversaw communications from the government following the October flooding and landslides in the Chiang Mai area.
# Designated Suppliers Program

The Designated Suppliers Program (DSP) is a procurement standard proposed by the Worker Rights Consortium and United Students Against Sweatshops. The program was designed to promote the use by US universities of suppliers that make use of a defined set of fair labor practices. The DSP has undergone revisions to address feedback from universities and licensees. For instance, in October 2006, the WRC modified aspects of the program, such as removing the requirement that factories be unionized, to make it more adaptable and acceptable to a broader range of stakeholders.
# Coffee production in Puerto Rico

Coffee production in Puerto Rico has a checkered history between the 18th century and the present. Output peaked during the Spanish colonial rule but slumped when the autonomous island was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898 and the Puerto Rican Peso devalued forcing Puerto Ricans to sell their land cheap and become wage laborers instead. In recent years, the gourmet coffee trade has seen an exponential growth with many of the traditional coffee haciendas of the Spanish colonial period being revived. Puerto Rican coffee is characterized as smooth and sweet.

## History

Coffee was first introduced to Puerto Rico in 1736 as a minor cash crop during Spanish colonial rule from nearby Martinique, and was mostly consumed locally. By the end of the 18th century, the island produced more than a million pounds of coffee a year. By the late 19th century, coffee production peaked, and the island was the world's seventh largest producer of coffee. Utuado was the most prominent site in coffee production before 1898. This rapid rise in the quantity and quality of coffee produced in the island is attributed to immigrants from Europe who brought their expertise to bear on its growth.
In 1898, the United States obtained the island from Spain, and it subsequently saw a decline in coffee production, as emphasis was placed more on growing sugar cane commercially. However, there is now a resurgence of coffee production, with the traditional hacienda estates reopening, and additional areas being brought under the crop. New coffee farms have been started in the Cordillera Central where the nutrient content in the volcanic soil is conducive to high value production of gourmet coffee.

## Production

The island's coffee producing areas are spread throughout Puerto Rico, lying at an elevation range of 2,400–2,780 feet (730–850 m) in the western central mountainous terrain extending from Rincón to Orocovis. There is also potential for growing coffee in the higher elevations in places such as Ponce, with a peak of 4,390 feet (1,340 m) in elevation. The main areas which produce coffee are in the municipalities of Yauco, Puerto Rico, Adjuntas, San Sebastián, Lares and Las Marías in the northwestern central part of the country. In recent years, production has been affected by factors such as cloud cover, climate change, high cost of production, and the effects of political unrest. It is also reported that about half of the crop remains unpicked because pickers are not available.
Coffea arabica is the main species of coffee grown; popular varieties are Bourbon, Typica, Pacas and Catimor. The local consumption accounts for one third of the produce. Coffee from Dominican Republic and Mexico is also imported for commercial grade coffees for local consumption by fast foods and most small town cafeterias. The exported quantity is, however, very limited.
# 1905 Purdue Boilermakers football team

The 1905 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1905 Western Conference football season. In their first season under head coach Albert E. Herrnstein, the Boilermakers compiled a 6–1–1 record, finished in fourth place in the Big Nine Conference with a 1–1–1 record against conference opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 177 to 30. Homer L. Thomas was the team captain.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 23 | Wendell Phillips H.S.* | Stuart FieldWest Lafayette, IN | W 33–0 | |
| September 30 | Beloit* | Stuart FieldWest Lafayette, IN | W 36–0 | |
| October 14 | Wabash* | Stuart FieldWest Lafayette, IN | W 12–0 | |
| October 21 | at Illinois | Illinois FieldChampaign, IL (rivalry) | W 29–0 | |
| October 28 | vs. Indiana | Washington ParkIndianapolis, IN (rivalry) | T 11–11 | |
| November 4 | Missouri* | Stuart FieldWest Lafayette, IN | W 24–0 | 2,500 |
| November 11 | at Chicago | Marshall FieldChicago, IL (rivalry) | L 0–19 | 10,000 |
| November 24 | Notre Dame* | Stuart FieldWest Lafayette, IN (rivalry) | W 32–0 | |
| *Non-conference game ||||||

## Roster

* D. M. Allen, T
* J. L. Conville
* Harold Emies, T
* R. W. Fleming, E
* H. J. Frushour, G
* R. F. Haffmark, G
* E. R. Holdson, QB
* Asher Holloway, HB
* Thomas Johnston, QB
* E. P. King, G
* D. H. Long, T
* Irving Long, T-G
* Robert Robertson, T
* Roy Shackleton, QB
* Homer Thomas, FB
* W. Wellinghoff, C
* C. Zimmerman, HB
# Bids for the 1984 Winter Olympics

The selection process for the 1984 Winter Olympics consisted of three bids, and saw Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (in current-day Bosnia and Herzegovina), be selected ahead of Sapporo, Japan, and Gothenburg, Sweden. The selection was made at the 80th International Olympic Committee (IOC) Session in Athens on 18 May 1978.

## Results

IOC voting – May 1978 :
| City | Country | Round 1 | Round 2 |
| Sarajevo | Yugoslavia | 31 | 39 |
| Sapporo | Japan | 33 | 36 |
| Gothenburg | Sweden | 10 | — |
    Source:
# 1978 London local elections

Local government elections took place in London, and some other parts of the United Kingdom on Thursday 4 May 1978. Ward changes took place in every borough (except Enfield) which increased the total number of councillors by 41 from 1,867 to 1,908.
All London borough council seats were up for election. The previous Borough elections in London were in 1974.

## Results summary

| Party | Votes won | % votes | Change | Seats | % seats | Change | Councils | Change |
| Conservative | 1,037,894 | 48.7 | +7.9 | 960 | 50.3 | +247 | 17 | +4 |
| Labour | 833,526 | 39.1 | -2.8 | 882 | 46.2 | -208 | 14 | -4 |
| Liberal | 150,298 | 7.1 | -6.0 | 30 | 1.6 | +3 | 0 | ±0 |
| Others | 108,144 | 5.1 | +0.9 | 36 | 1.9 | -1 | 0 | ±0 |
| No overall control | n/a | n/a | ±0 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1 | ±0 |
* Turnout: 2,213,900 voters cast ballots, a turnout of 42.9% (+6.6%).

## Council results

| Council | Previous control | Result | Details |
| Barking | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Barnet | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Bexley | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Brent | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Bromley | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Camden | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Croydon | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Ealing | Labour | Conservative | Details |
| Enfield | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Greenwich | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Hackney | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Hammersmith | Labour | No overall control | Details |
| Haringey | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Harrow | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Havering | No overall control | Conservative | Details |
| Hillingdon | Labour | Conservative | Details |
| Hounslow | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Islington | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Kensington and Chelsea | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Kingston upon Thames | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Lambeth | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Lewisham | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Merton | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Newham | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Redbridge | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Richmond upon Thames | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Southwark | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Sutton | Conservative | Conservative | Details |
| Tower Hamlets | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Waltham Forest | Labour | Labour | Details |
| Wandsworth | Labour | Conservative | Details |
| Westminster | Conservative | Conservative | Details |

## Overall councillor numbers

London local elections 1978 Councillor statistics :
| Party | Seats | Gain/loss |
| Conservative | 960 | +247 |
| Labour | 882 | -208 |
| Liberal | 30 | +3 |
| Others | 36 | -1 |

## Borough result maps

* Barnet 1978 results map
* Camden 1978 results map
* Hammersmith 1978 results map
# 1978 Washington summit

The 1978 Washington summit was the fifth NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time. The formal sessions and informal meetings in Washington, D.C. took place on May 30–31, 1978. This event was only the sixth meeting of the NATO heads of state following the ceremonial signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949.

## Background

In this period, the organization faced unresolved questions concerned whether a new generation of leaders would be as committed to NATO as their predecessors had been.

## Synopsis

* Meeting with participation of Heads of State and Government
* Long-term trends in east–west relations
* Berlin and Germany
* Review of CSCE implementation at Belgrade
* Achievement of NATO Science Committee, 20th Anniversary
* Need to strengthen South Eastern flanks
* Concern at continual Warsaw Pact expansion of offensive capabilities
* SALT
* MBFR
* Leaders of States participating in NATO integrated defence approve LTDP and call for follow-through action by national authorities.
# Alex Browne (politician)

Alex Browne is a United Progressive Party politician, who was appointed to the Senate of Antigua and Barbuda for the opposition on 23 January 2023.
# Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal

The Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal (Spanish: Unión Postal de las Américas, España y Portugal; Portuguese: União Postal das Américas, Espanha e Portugal; UPAEP) is a regional association of the postal authorities in Latin America, portions of the Caribbean, the United States, Canada, Spain, and Portugal, and is headquartered in Montevideo. It was founded in 1911 as a restricted union of the Universal Postal Union.

## History

The UPAEP's predecessors include:
* Unión Gran Colombiana (1838): Ecuador, Venezuela, and Colombia.
* Lima Convention (1848): Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru
* Lima Convention (1864): Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, El Salvador, Peru, and Venezuela
* Bolivarian Postal Agreement (1911): Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela
The South American Postal Congress (Spanish: Congreso Postal Sudamericano) was held on 8 January 1911 with delegates from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The union was later renamed the Panamerican Postal Congress (Spanish: Congreso Postal Panamericano) in 1926, the American-Spanish Postal Congress (Spanish: Congreso Postal Americoespañol) in 1936, the Postal Union of the Americas and Spain (Spanish: Unión Postal de las Américas y España) in 1966, and the Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal in 1990.

## Member countries

The Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal consists of the following member postal administrations:
* Argentina (Correo Argentino) (1911)
* Aruba (Post Aruba) (1993)
* Bolivia (Empresa de Correos de Bolivia) (1911)
* Brazil (Correios) (1911)
* Canada (Canada Post) (1931)
* Chile (Correos de Chile) (1911)
* Colombia (Servicios Postales Nacionales) (1911)
* Costa Rica (Correos de Costa Rica) (1921)
* Cuba (Empresa de Correos de Cuba) (1921)
* Curaçao (CPost International) (1993)
* Dominican Republic (Instituto Postal Dominicano) (1921)
* Ecuador (Correos del Ecuador) (1911)
* El Salvador (General Postal Directorate) (1921)
* Guatemala (Correo de Guatemala) (1921)
* Haiti (Post of Haiti) (1931)
* Honduras (Honducor) (1926)
* Mexico (Correos de México) (1921)
* Nicaragua (Nicaraguan Postal Service) (1921)
* Panama (Correos y Telégrafos Nacionales de Panamá) (1921)
* Paraguay (Correo Nacional Paraguayo) (1911)
* Peru (Serpost) (1911)
* Portugal (Correios de Portugal) (1990)
* Sint Maarten (Postal Services Sint Maarten) (2014)
* Spain (Correos) (1926)
* Suriname (Surinaams Postbedrijf) (1978)
* United States (United States Postal Service) (1921)
* Uruguay (Correo Uruguayo) (1911)
* Venezuela (IPOSTEL) (1911)
# Edmond Mansoor

Edmond Mansoor is an Antiguan and Barbudan politician and physician. He is the former senate president of the Upper House of Parliament in Antigua and Barbuda. He has also served as the Minister of State and Minister of Communication and Telecommunications.

## Senate career (2004-2014)

Mansoor was appointed to the Antiguan and Barbudan Senate in 2004 by Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer. Mansoor served as President of the Upper House of Parliament in Antigua and Barbuda between 26 March 2004 to 5 January 2005 after which he was appointed Minister of State. In 2005, he was appointed a Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister, charged with Broadcasting, Information and Telecommunications. He served as Minister of State till June 2014.

## Post-Senate (2014-)

On 25 August 2024, Mansoor resigned from his executive role in the United Progressive Party. On 7 September 2024, he announced he joined the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party.
# 1980 São Toméan parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in São Tomé and Príncipe on 14 May 1980. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe as the sole legal party. It therefore won all 40 seats in the National Assembly.
# CP Rail crew bus crash

The CP Rail crew bus crash occurred May 28, 1980, when twenty-two people were killed after the school bus they were travelling in was side swiped by an oncoming car near Webb, Saskatchewan. The collision remains the deadliest traffic accident in Saskatchewan history.

## Accident

On May 28, 1980, a bus carrying 30 Canadian Pacific Railway workers known as the 'Prairie Region Steel Gang', was returning home after work they were doing on the railway was cut short by rain. At approximately 2:30pm on the TransCanada highway, just west of Webb, Saskatchewan, the bus was struck on its side by an oncoming car, causing the bus to flip on its side. The bus was then hit from behind by a transport truck carrying liquid asphalt, setting off a fiery blaze. Most of the passengers died instantly on scene with others dying either at the hospital or enroute. Many of the charred bodies could only be identified by tattoos, clothing or physique. Among the dead, 12 were Newfoundlanders, 9 Manitobans, and one from Ontario. Of the 30 passengers on board the bus, only 8 would survive along with the 2 occupants of the car and the driver of the truck.

## Aftermath

In August 1980, a bronze memorial plaque honoring the 22 victims was unveiled in the town of Swift Current, Saskatchewan, approximately 22kms east of Webb, Saskatchewan.

## Legacy

The CP Rail Crew bus crash remains the deadliest traffic accident in Saskatchewan history and the second deadliest in Canada's history.