# C. P. Newcombe

Cornelius Prout Newcombe (5 September 1825 – 30 July 1913) was an English businessperson, educator, and prominent advocate of vegetarianism and veganism, and temperance.
Newcombe's career began in business with a partnership in insurance and shipbuilding, which collapsed in 1854, leading him to become a schoolmaster. He founded Alexandra Park College in Hornsey and later worked as a headmaster in New Zealand before returning to England. Newcombe believed in the health benefits of a strict vegetarian diet and organised a meeting of vegetarian octogenarians. He edited the Vegetarian Society's journal The Vegetarian Messenger and Health Review, published The Manifesto of Vegetarianism, and was critical of consuming animal products. Newcombe also contributed to temperance literature. After his death, he was commemorated by the Vegetarian Society with a memorial essay competition.

## Biography
### Early life and career

Cornelius Prout Newcombe was born on 5 September 1825 in St Luke's, Middlesex. He was the second son of Frederick Newcombe, a butcher, and Hannah Prout. Newcombe was related to notable figures, including his uncle, the painter Samuel Prout; his cousin, the musical theorist Ebenezer Prout; and his niece, the artist and suffragist Bertha Newcombe.
In 1848, Newcombe married Caroline Tunnicliff in Coventry. The couple had four children. In the early 1850s, he formed a business partnership, Griffiths, Newcombe, & Co., an insurance brokerage and shipbuilding company. However, the company collapsed in 1854, leading Newcombe to become a schoolmaster.
In 1858, after Caroline's death, Newcombe married Mary Kirk. In 1868, he founded Alexandra Park College in Hornsey. Later in his career, Newcombe moved to New Zealand, where he served as the head of various schools. He returned to England around 1895 and continued working as a head teacher.

### Later life and activism

Newcombe was a staunch advocate of vegetarianism, claiming that humans were naturally vegetarian and that cancer could be cured by a strict vegetarian diet. At the age of 80, in 1905, he organised and presided over a meeting of fellow vegetarian octogenarians in London. Speakers included Newcombe, Joseph Wallace, T. A. Hanson, John E. B. Mayor, Samuel Saunders, and Samuel Pitman, brother of Isaac Pitman. In 1906, he sought funding for a Fruitarian Cancer Hospital.
In 1911, Newcombe published The Manifesto of Vegetarianism, dedicated to John E. B. Mayor, Joseph Wallace, and Albert Broadbent. He also edited The Vegetarian Messenger and Health Review, the journal of the Vegetarian Society. In 1912, he wrote in the journal about the division within the vegetarian community between those who consumed animal products and those who did not. Newcombe opened up the discussion to letters arguing for each side, receiving 24 responses. He was critical of the defences presented for consuming eggs and milk, instead arguing for a diet consisting solely of cereals, pulses, fruit, nuts, and vegetables.
Newcombe also created and edited a temperance publication, The Temperance Gazette, published by William Horsell, and was a member of the National Temperance Association.

### Death and legacy

Newcombe died on 30 July 1913 at the age of 87 in Rusthall, Kent. He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium. In his honour, the Vegetarian Society established a memorial prize essay competition.

## Publications

* "On Fish Eating", The Vegetarian, Vol. 4, 15 April 1899, pp. 145–150
* The Diet Cure of Cancer
* The Manifesto of Vegetarianism (London: Vegetarian Society, 1911)