OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Uzbeks in Japan

Uzbeks in Japan consist of ethnic Uzbek people that were born in or have immigrated to Japan. As of December 2023, there were 6,591 Uzbeks living in Japan.

## History

The first Uzbeks settled to Japan during the Soviet-era in the 1970s, where most of them worked in factories.
Since the independence of Uzbekistan, the population of Uzbeks in Japan grew rapidly. From only 184 Uzbeks in 2000, the number of Uzbeks in Japan grew close to 4,000 in 2018, making it one of the fastest growing foreign population in Japan. It is also the largest Central Asian and the second largest community from former Soviet Union after Russia. It also make the fifth largest Muslim community in Japan after Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Malaysia. Many Uzbeks are students or factory and restaurant workers, as well as those working as translators for Russians. There are also a few Japanese-Uzbek non-profit organisations made by Uzbek community and Japanese volunteers.

## Notable people

* ANoRA, Uzbek-born Japanese singer
* Timur Dadabaev, Uzbek-born researcher, studied at Tsukuba University
* Arfiya Eri, Japanese politician with Uzbek-Uyghur background
# 2022 Benue State local elections

Local elections in Benue State were held on 7 May 2022.
# Shun Fat Supermarket

Shun Fat Supermarket (traditional Chinese: 順發超級市場; simplified Chinese: 顺发超级市场; pinyin: Shùnfā Chāojíshìchǎng; Cantonese Yale: seuhn faat chīu kāp síh chèuhng; Vietnamese: Siêu Thị Thuận Phát; also known as SF Supermarket) is a Chinese Vietnamese American supermarket chain in the San Gabriel Valley region in California, Little Saigon, Orange County, California, Sacramento, California, San Pablo, California, Las Vegas, Nevada, Portland, Oregon and Garland, Texas.
Shun Fat Supermarket was started in the mid-1990s by a Chinese Vietnamese entrepreneur named Hieu Tai Tran (陳才孝). Its first store was opened in the Chinese American suburban community of Monterey Park, California. Despite some amusement in the English-speaking press, the name "Shun Fat" actually means "prosperity" in Chinese.
The Asian supermarket chain that sells imported grocery items from Asia – particularly mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam – and also a few mainstream American brands as well. Its locations tend to be in newer suburban Chinatowns as well as in developing ethnic Vietnamese American commercial districts.
The market chain competes mainly with the 99 Ranch Market and Hong Kong Supermarket. Like these two supermarket chains, Shun Fat Supermarket usually serves as a major anchor store in some Asian shopping centers and strip malls, which in some cases have been renovated extensively by Hieu Tran. The "Superstores" in Dallas, El Monte, Garden Grove, Las Vegas, San Gabriel and Westminster are uniquely Chinese hypermarkets, as they sell clothing, small electronics and other products in addition to groceries, although these stalls are operated by independent vendors with separate payment.
In 2005, Shun Fat Supermarket opened a 105,000-square-foot (9,800 m$^2$) megastore in the Little Saigon of Westminster, California, joining the already highly competitive Vietnamese supermarket commerce in the community.
In June 2013, the market opened Dallas Superstore, marking its first expansion in Texas.
In 2017, Shun Fat sold the Monterey Park and Rowland Heights locations to Great Wall Supermarket.
In June 2019, the popular Asian supermarket opened its first Oregon branch in Southeast Portland's Jade District on 82nd Avenue and Foster Road, formerly a Fred Meyer store. This marked Shun Fat's fifteenth location and first in the Northwest.

## Locations

* California
** South El Monte – 2650 Rosemead Blvd
** Garden Grove – 13861 Brookhurst St
** San Gabriel – 1635 S San Gabriel Blvd
** San Diego – 6935 Linda Vista Rd
** Westminster – 15440 Beach Blvd #123
** Fresno – 4970 E Kings Canyon Rd
** Sacramento – 4562 Mack Rd
** Sacramento – 6930 65th St #123
** Sacramento – 5820 South Land Park Dr
** Stockton – 8004 West Ln
** San Pablo – 2368 El Portal Dr
** Rancho Cordova – 2738 Sunrise Blvd
* Nevada
** Las Vegas – 4801 Spring Mountain Rd
** Las Vegas – 5115 Spring Mountain Rd
* Oregon
** Portland – 5323 SE 82nd Ave
* Texas
** Garland – 3212 N Jupiter Rd
# Edwards Gardens

Edwards Gardens is a botanical garden located on the southwest corner of Leslie Street and Lawrence Avenue East in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is also the site of the Toronto Botanical Garden, a private not-for-profit organization previously called the Civic Garden Centre.
It is a former estate garden featuring annuals, roses and wildflowers and an extensive rockery. It is located on Wilket Creek, one of the tributaries of the Don River West Branch. The estate's title was once held by Alexander Milne, a Scottish weaver who settled there after the War of 1812 and left in 1832. Although the property remained in the Milne family, it was left in neglect. The land and the woollen/saw mills were bought by Rupert E. Edwards in 1944 and he created a magnificent garden there. He sold the property to the Municipality of Metro Toronto in 1955 to become a public park, and it became Edwards Gardens in 1956. Toronto Botanical Garden (formerly Civic Garden Centre) relocated into the Milne home on the site in 1959.
Edwards Gardens is one of several parks located along Toronto's ravines, many of which are connected by hiking and cycling trails, and connected to the shores of Lake Ontario. The park's manicured lawns and flower beds make it a popular destination for wedding parties to take photographs.
In 2013, Edwards Gardens won an Award of Excellence under the Regional Citation (New Directions) category from the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects for their sustainably designed parking lot.

## Gallery

* The Greensward
* Moriyama Pavilion
* The Greensward Fountain
* Edward Gardens Cafe and Garage
# Sailing ship effect

The sailing ship effect is a phenomenon by which the introduction of a new technology to a market accelerates the innovation of an incumbent technology. Despite the fact that the term was coined by W. H. Ward in 1967 the concept was made clear much earlier in a book by S. C. Gilfillan entitled “Inventing the ship” published in 1935. The name of the “effect” is due to the reference to advances made in sailing ships in the second half of the 1800s in response to the introduction of steamships. According to Ward, in the 50 years after the introduction of the steam ship, sailing ships made more improvements than they had in the previous 300 years. The term “Sailing Ship Effect” applies to situations in which an old technology is revitalized, experiencing a “last gasp” when faced with the risk of being replaced by a newer technology. Here is how Gilfillan put it: ”It is paradoxical, but on examination logical, that this noble flowering of the sailing ship, this apotheosis during her decline and just before extermination, was partly vouchsafed by her supplanter, the steamer.” (Gilfillan, 1935, p.156).
This effect is the economic version of a phenomenon in biology called the red queen effect. The sailing ship effect has attracted attention as a paradigm for the ecological transition of the energetic systems, especially in the automotive field.

## Causes

Three possible explanations have been suggested as the cause of the Sailing Ship Effect:
* Old technologies improve in an attempt to avoid being replaced.
* Components of new technology “spill over,” improving incumbent technologies.
* New technologies generate new notoriety for old technologies.

## Controversy

In 2005, the validity of the original example of the sailing ship effect was called into doubt. In a paper entitled "The Response of Old Technology Incumbents to Technological Competition: Does the Sailing Ship Effect Exist?" author John Howells contends that sailing ships and steamships serviced different market segments in the 1860s and 1870s and, therefore, were not directly competing technologies. Howells goes on to hypothesize that rapid advancements in sailing technology of that era may have arisen from competition between sailing ship firms. The paper goes on to call into doubt the prevalence of the phenomenon. On to the other hand, De Liso and Filatrella, while providing a review of the literature which confirms the existence of the sailing ship effect, provide a mathematical model which can simulate the sailing ship effect. A recent paper by Sandro Mendonca argues that "The modernization of the sailing trader occurs before, not after, the steamship had become an effective competitor", and further cautions "if history is to be used to give credence to explanations of empirical regularities in a variety of settings in the original source of the relevant concepts must be carefully revisited and deeply researched".
# Exequatur

An exequatur (Latin, literally "let it execute") is a legal document issued by a sovereign authority that permits the exercise or enforcement of a right within the jurisdiction of the authority.

## International relations

An exequatur is a patent which a head of state issues to a foreign consul, guaranteeing the consul's rights and privileges of office and ensuring recognition in the state to which the consul is appointed to exercise such powers. If a consul is not appointed by commission, the consul receives no exequatur; the government will usually provide some other means to recognize the consul. An exequatur may be withdrawn, which necessitates a consul's recall.

## Catholic Canon Law

An exequatur is a legal instrument issued by secular authorities in Roman Catholic nations to guarantee the legal force of papal decrees within the jurisdiction of the secular authority. This custom began during the Western Schism, when the legitimately elected Supreme Pontiff permitted secular leaders to verify the authenticity of papal decrees before enforcing them.
Some dissidents in the church claim that the custom arose as an implication of the nature of secular authority over the church, and that such a state privilege to verify papal doctrine had been exercised since the early days of the church. However, church doctrine denies that any permission from secular authority is necessary for papal decrees to be legally effective, even though secular authorities sometimes do not enforce them.

## Other uses

In Brazilian, Romanian, French, Luxembourgish, Italian (via the Court of Appeal), Mexican, and Spanish laws, an exequatur is a judgment of a tribunal that a decision issued by a foreign tribunal is to be executed in the jurisdiction of the former, thereby granting authority to the decision of the foreign tribunal as if it issued from the native tribunal.
In Puerto Rico, an exequatur is a document that validates a court order of a United States civil court as if a court of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico issued it.
# John Woodward House

The John Woodward House is a historic house at 50 Fairlee Road in Newton, Massachusetts. Built sometime before 1686, it is one of the city's oldest surviving buildings. It is a 2+1⁄2-story timber-frame structure, with a large central chimney, and is four bays wide and one deep. Its front entry has sidelight windows that were probably added in the 19th century, and the entry is enclosed in a Colonial Revival portico. The house was for 275 years owned by the family of John Woodward, one of Newton's early settlers.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
# West End, St. Louis

West End is a neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri. This neighborhood is defined by Page Boulevard on the North, Delmar Boulevard on the South, Belt Avenue and Union Boulevard via Maple Avenue on the East, and City limits on the West. The neighborhood is home to the Emmanuel DeHodiamont House, one of the two oldest houses in St. Louis.

## History

Land for the neighborhood was held by the family of Jean Pierre Cabanné. Between 1890 and 1920, lands were subdivided and most of its existing housing stock was built.
From the 1950s through the 1970s, the West End saw significant racial transition. In 1950, neighborhood residents were 98.2% white. By 1960, the neighborhood was 30% white. Across the local area, 57,450 white families moved out and 56,150 black families moved in. Much of this transition occurred in the final three years before 1960. Investors encouraged white flight by blockbusting the neighborhood, and housing stock became more crowded. In the 1960s, middle-class black families left the neighborhood as the housing stock deteriorated. Landlords found that local rents did not cover operating costs, causing widespread "milking" and disinvestment.

## Demographics

In 2020 West End's population was 71.5% Black, 10.5% White, 0.4% Native American, 6.8% Asian, 5.4% Two or More Races, and 5.4% Some Other Race. 7.7% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino Origin.
# List of ambassadors of the United States to Ivory Coast

This is a list of ambassadors of the United States to Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire.
* August 1960 – October 1960: Donald R. Norland (ad Interim)
* 20 November 1960 – 12 May 1962: R. Borden Reams (Ambassador)
* 27 November 1962 – 6 March 1965: James Wine (Ambassador)
* 5 August 1965 – 16 November 1969: George A. Morgan (Ambassador)
* 23 December 1969 – 6 March 1974: John F. Root (Ambassador)
* 11 April 1974 – 8 August 1976: Robert Solwin Smith (Ambassador)
* 13 November 1976 – 12 July 1979: Monteagle Stearns (Ambassador)
* 16 January 1980 – 16 August 1983: Nancy V. Rawls (Ambassador)
* 18 November 1983 – 3 August 1986: Robert H. Miller (Ambassador)
* 2 December 1986 – 8 October 1989: Dennis Kux (Ambassador)
* 22 November 1989 – 3 July 1992: Kenneth L. Brown (Ambassador)
* 10 September 1992 – 6 July 1995: Hume Alexander Horan (Ambassador)
* 6 October 1995 – 28 September 1998: Lannon Walker (Ambassador)
* 6 January 1999 – 12 July 2001: George Mu (Ambassador)
* 19 December 2001 – 23 July 2004: Arlene Render (Ambassador)
* 6 August 2004 – August 2007: Aubrey Hooks (Ambassador)
* 25 September 2007 – 10 August 2010: Wanda Nesbitt (Ambassador)
* 23 August 2010 – 27 August 2013:Phillip Carter III (Ambassador)
* 21 November 2013 – August 2016:Terence McCulley (Ambassador)
* August 2016 – August 2017:Andrew Haviland (Chargé d'Affaires)
* August 2017 – September 2019:Katherine Brucker (Chargé d'Affaires)
* 10 October 2019 – 31 January 2023: Richard K. Bell (Ambassador)
* 2 March 2023: Jessica Davis Ba (Ambassador)
# Blacks & Whites

Blacks & Whites is a multi-player economics-themed board game inspired by Monopoly that was created in 1970 by Robert Sommer and Judy Tart in partnership with Psychology Today.

## History

Blacks & Whites was originally designed in 1970 by University of California, Davis, professor Robert Sommer and Judy Tart. The game was subsequently modified by students testing it out for Psychology Today, which had commissioned the project. With Sommer's permission, the comedy duo Never Sad, comprising Nehemiah Markos and Jed Feiman, designed a 50th anniversary edition of Blacks & Whites that was released in 2021.

## Rules

The gameplay of Blacks & Whites is similar to that of Monopoly, with movements on the board made according to the roll of the dice. The object of the game is to own the most properties in various "neighborhoods": the Ghetto Zone, the Integrated Zone, the Suburban Zone, and the Estate Zone. Additionally, players must choose to identify as either "Blacks" or "Whites"; the former begin play with $10,000, whereas the latter start with $1,000,000. "Blacks" are forbidden from directly purchasing property in the Suburban Zone and must have a net worth of $1,000,000 before they can purchase Estate Zone properties. Each player group has their own "opportunity card" deck to draw from. "White" players are immediately ejected from the game upon reaching bankruptcy, while bankrupt "Black" players can live on welfare and collect $5,000 from each "White" player. According to Wyatt H. Day of Swann Auction Galleries, "the game is strategically designed to make a black win impossible".

## Reception

According to Wired writer Sebastian Skov Andersen, Blacks & Whites "was popular as an educational tool to teach people about privilege from a young age". Writing for Simulation & Games, E. O. Schild described Blacks & Whites as a "poor game" and an "occasion for role-play", while also remarking that "the weakness in the basic game structure outweighs the potential strength of the good ideas".

## Reviews

* Moves #4, p16-17
# Ladyburn Formation

The Ladyburn Formation is a geologic formation in Scotland. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# 1996 Tunceli bombing

The 1996 Tunceli bombing was a suicide bombing targeting a group of 60 unarmed military personnel who was there for a flag raising ceremony in Tunceli, Turkey on 30 June 1996. The explosion resulted in deaths of eight soldiers (Ali Alıç, Cafer Akıncı, Hakan Akyar, Celal Hatıl, İbrahim Sever, Önder Yağmur, Ahmet Yayman and Yusuf Yıldırım) and Zeynep Kınacı, who was identified as the assailant. 29 soldiers were injured in the attack. It was the first suicide bombing in history of Turkey.
# Blake of Scotland Yard (1927 serial)

Blake of Scotland Yard is a 1927 American silent action film serial directed and co-written by Robert F. Hill. It starred Hayden Stevenson, Gloria Grey, Grace Cunard, and Monte Montague, plus an uncredited appearance by Walter Brennan. It was followed by a sequel, 1929's The Ace of Scotland Yard.

## Cast

* Hayden Stevenson as Angus Blake
* Gloria Grey as Lady Diana Beresford
* Grace Cunard as Lady in White
* Herbert Prior as Lord Blanton
* Monte Montague as Jarvis
* Wilbur Mack as Albert Drexel
* Al Hart as The Spider (credited as Albert Hart)
* Walter Brennan as Henchman (uncredited)
* George Burton as Henchman (uncredited)
* Jack Kennedy as Henchman (uncredited)

## Chapter titles

* The Castle of Fear
* The Spider's Web
* The Vanishing Heiress
* The Room Without a Door
* Shots in the Dark
* Ambushed
* The Fatal Drink
* Into the Web
* The Baited Trap
* The Lady in White
* The Closing Web
* The Final Reckoning
# Cooks Station

Cooks or Cook's Station, elevation 5,000 feet (1,500 m), is a roadside stop on State Route 88 in Amador County in the Sierra Nevada mountains.
Built in 1863 as part of the Volcano cutoff of the Carson Emigrant Trail, Cooks Station is one of two remaining "stations" on the highway among many that sprang up after the road was completed over the Carson Pass in the 1860s. The other remaining station is Ham's Station, located 3.3 miles (5.3 km) east at 6,000 feet (1,800 m) elevation.
Both stations are routinely used by the California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) to indicate points where snow chains are required for continued travel during snowstorms. Current conditions and requirements are posted at the CALTRANS road information website.
38°31′36″N 120°26′00″W﻿ / ﻿38.526576°N 120.433256°W﻿ / 38.526576; -120.433256
# VN22

The VN22 is a family of Chinese wheeled 6x6 armoured fighting vehicles intended for export. Designed and produced by Norinco, it was first unveiled at the 13th China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in 2021.

## Design

Like many contemporary wheeled AFVs, the design of the VN22 is split into three main sections. The front situates both the driver, along with the engine that is mounted in a separate compartment to the right of the driver. The middle houses both the commander and the operator of the remote controlled weapon station mounted on top of the hull. The rear space is reserved for accommodate for up to eight mounted infantry.

### Armament

The first VN22 shown at Zhuhai Airshow 2021 was armed with a remotely operated turret housing a 30 mm autocannon, along with two HJ-12 anti-tank guided missiles on a retractable mount that is protected inside the turret when not in the firing position. Both the gunner and commander are equipped with independent panoramic sights with thermal imagers.
Since the VN22 was designed to be modular, the platform can be mounted with a variety of different turrets offering various weapon configurations.

### Protection

The vehicle has appliqué armour plating covering the majority of the vehicle. When fully equipped, they give the vehicle the ability to protect against 14.5 mm amour-piercing rounds from all directions. The VN22 also features a V-shaped hull for enhanced protection against landmines and IEDs.
In terms of active protection, the vehicle is equipped with 10 smoke grenade dischargers on the front of the turret. The VN22 is also equipped with the GL6 hard-kill active protection system (APS), with one launcher containing two charges being mounted on top of both sides of the turret. The GL6 functions similarly to the Israeli Iron Fist active protection system.

## Variants
### People's Republic of China

* VN22 - Original infantry fighting vehicle variant. It can be equipped with various different turrets featuring differing armament configurations.
* VN22B - Assault gun variant featuring a larger, manned turret that resembles the one used on the WMA301. It is armed with a 105 mm cannon that is capable of firing all standard NATO 105 mm ammunition.
* VN22 ARV - Armoured recovery vehicle based on the VN22 platform.
* VN22 Ambulance - Armoured ambulance based on the VN22 platform.
* VN22 Directed Energy Weapon - Variant with a directed energy weapon.

## Operators

* Burkina Faso - Burkina Faso Armed Forces: Approximately 25 units received in 2024.
* Iraq - Iraqi Ground Forces: Manufactured locally under license. Localised variant features a manned, open-top turret armed with a 12.7 mm CS/LM5 heavy machine gun.
* Ivory Coast - Armed Forces of the Republic of Ivory Coast: 6 VN22B.
* Senegal - Armed Forces of Senegal: 1 VN22 ARV, 1 VN22 Ambulance, 3 VN22B.
# The Hidden Eye

The Hidden Eye is a 1945 American mystery film directed by Richard Whorf and written by George Harmon Coxe and Harry Ruskin. It is the sequel to the 1942 film Eyes in the Night. The film stars Edward Arnold, Frances Rafferty, Ray Collins, Paul Langton, William 'Bill' Phillips and Thomas E. Jackson. The film was released on August 31, 1945, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

## Plot

A blind detective, Duncan Maclain, with a seeing-eye dog is asked to help by Jean Hampton after a number of mysterious murders are committed, including ones of her wealthy father and uncle. Jean's fiancé, Barry Gifford, falls under suspicion at first, but Maclain and bodyguard Marty Corbett ultimately conclude that a family lawyer, Treadway, is masterminding a murder and moneymaking scheme. Gifford is about to be framed for the killings when Maclain solves it, after which the detective is asked to be best man at Jean's wedding.

## Cast

* Edward Arnold as Capt. Duncan Maclain
* Frances Rafferty as Jean Hampton
* Ray Collins as Phillip Treadway
* Paul Langton as Barry Gifford
* William 'Bill' Phillips as Marty Corbett
* Thomas E. Jackson as Insp. Delaney
* Morris Ankrum as Ferris
* Robert Lewis as Stormvig
* Francis Pierlot as Kossovsky
* Sondra Rodgers as Helen Roberts
* Theodore Newton as Gibbs
* Jack Lambert as Louie
* Raymond Largay as Arthur Hampton
* Leigh Whipper as Alistair
* Byron Foulger as Burton Lorrison
* Lee Phelps as Polasky
* Eddie Acuff as Whitey
* Audrey Totter as Perfume Saleslady (uncredited)
* Bob Pepper as Sgt. Kramer
* Clyde Fillmore as Rodney Hampton
* Friday as himself
# Sibleys railway station

Sibleys railway station was a station between Hamperden End and Woodend Green, in the civil parish of Chickney, Essex. It was located 2 miles 78 chains (4.79 km) from Elsenham station. It closed for passengers in 1952.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Henham Halt | Elsenham & Thaxted Light Railway | Cutlers Green Halt |
# Colin French

Colin French (20 November 1916 – 27 March 1984) was an Australian water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1948 Summer Olympics. He also won the gold medal with the Australian team in the exhibition event at the 1950 British Empire Games.