# Duck Valley Indian Reservation

The Duck Valley Indian Reservation (Shoshoni: Tokkapatih) was established in the 19th century for the federally recognized Shoshone-Paiute Tribe. It is isolated in the high desert of the western United States, and lies on the state line, the 42nd parallel, between Idaho and Nevada.
The reservation, in the shape of a square, is almost evenly divided in land area between the two states, with the northern 50.2 percent in southern Owyhee County, Idaho and the southern 49.8 percent in northwestern Elko County, Nevada. The total land area is 450.391 square miles (1,166.5 km$^2$). A resident population of 1,265 persons was reported in the 2000 census, more than 80 percent of whom lived on the Nevada side.
In October 2016 the Nevada Native Nations Land Act was passed to put Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Forest Service lands into trust for six federally recognized tribes in the state. The Shoshone-Paiute Tribe had 82 acres (33 ha) of Forest Service land added to their reservation. Some other tribes received thousands of acres of trust lands. Gaming is prohibited on the new lands.
The only significant community on the reservation is Owyhee, Nevada, at an elevation of 5,400 feet (1,650 m) above sea level. Owyhee is nearly equidistant from the two nearest major cities: 98 miles (158 km) north of Elko, Nevada, the county seat of the county by that name; and 97 miles (156 km) south of Mountain Home, Idaho.

## History

On April 16, 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes established the Duck Valley Western Shoshone Reservation by Executive Order; it was also used for Northern Paiute people. Despite the Native Americans having a designated reservation, local settlers and some politicians tried to force the tribal members off the valuable Duck Valley lands in 1884, suggesting they should join their Western Shoshone kinsmen at the reservation at Fort Hall, Idaho. The bands' chiefs successfully resisted these efforts to be displaced from their lands.
Meanwhile, the Northern Paiute band joined with another branch of Shoshone in the Bannock War of 1878. Survivors were sent to a prisoner-of-war camp at the Yakama Indian Reservation in Yakima County, Washington. Upon their release, the Northern Paiute returned to the Duck Valley. President Grover Cleveland expanded the reservation by Executive Order on May 4, 1886, to accommodate the Paiute.
President William Howard Taft expanded the reservation to its current size by Executive Order on July 1, 1910. It was unusual to have two federal government actions to enlarge the reservation after it was established; most federal actions have been taken to reduce the size of Indian reservations.
The Shoshone-Paiute Tribe of Duck Valley is one of five federally recognized tribes in the state of Idaho, each of which have reservations. The others are the Coeur d'Alene, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Nez Perce, and Shoshone-Bannock. It is one of several federally recognized tribes in Nevada, some of which include other Shoshone and Paiute bands.

## Sister reservations

* Fort Hall Indian Reservation, Idaho
* Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, Oregon/Nevada
* Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation
* Summit Lake Indian Reservation
* Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation
* Reno-Sparks Indian Colony

## Notable members

* Tina Manning, d. 1979, water rights activist and wife of American Indian Movement chairman, John Trudell, 1972–1979. (She and several family members were killed in a suspicious house fire.)

## Highways

* - Idaho State Highway 51 heads north to Bruneau and on to Mountain Home and Interstate 84 (indirect connection via its Business Loop).
* - Nevada State Route 225 heads south to Elko and Interstate 80