# List of Iron Man enemies

Iron Man is a superhero appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber, Don Heck, and Jack Kirby and first appeared in 1962.

## Rogues gallery

Included are villains who are predominantly associated with Iron Man or have a significant history with him. Villains who have only limited encounters with Iron Man are not included. Superheroes who have come into conflict with Iron Man are not included unless they began as villains.
| Name | Alter ego | First appearance | Description |
| Arsenal | N/A | Iron Man #114 (1978) | Arsenal is a robot created by Iron Man's father Howard Stark during World War II. |
| Atom-Smasher | Kevin Leonardo | Iron Man #287 (1992) | Atom-Smasher is an environmentalist. His actions against Stark Industries' nuclear energy facilities convince James Rhodes, then the company's CEO, to divest from the project. |
| Black Knight | Nathan Garrett | Tales to Astonish #52 (1963) | Wears black, medieval-looking armor. |
| Black Lama | Jerald | Iron Man #53 (1972) | An extra-dimensional mystic who tried to incite a war amongst the supervillains. |
| Blizzard | Gregor Shapanka | Tales of Suspense #45 (1963) | Blizzard is a Hungarian scientist who studies cryogenics. He uses a cryogenic suit that allows him to project ice and waves of cold. Before he was Blizzard, Shapanka used the name Jack Frost. He is killed by Iron Man 2020. |
| Blizzard | Donny Gill | Iron Man #233 (1987) | After Shapanka's death, Justin Hammer gave the criminal Donny Gill a cryogenic suit, and Gill became the new Blizzard. Gill then works with the Masters of Evil and the Thunderbolts. |
| Blood Brothers | Gh'Ree and R'Hos | Iron Man #55 (1973) | The Blood Brothers are two alien brothers who consume blood. They possess super strength so long as they stand beside one another. |
| Boomerang | Frederick Myers | Tales to Astonish #81 (1966) | Boomerang is a former Major League Baseball who becomes a boomerang-throwing villain for the Secret Empire. |
| Bruce Babbage | N/A | Invincible Iron Man Vol. 2 #25 (2010) | A military general in the U.S. Army who wanted to stop Tony Stark from being Iron Man and use his armor as a military weapon. |
| Cassandra Gillespie | N/A | International Iron Man #1 (2016) | Cassandra Gillespie is an international arms dealer and was a childhood love interest of Tony Stark when he was studying at the University of Cambridge. |
| Chemistro | Calvin Carr | Power Man and Iron Fist #93 (1983) | Able to transmute any substance into any other form of matter. |
| Coldblood | Eric Savin | Marvel Comics Presents #26 (1989) | Lieutenant Colonel going by the real name of Eric Savin. Resurrected as a cyborg after having cyberbenetic surgery. |
| Commander Kraken | Unknown | Sub-Mariner #27 (1970) | Commander Kraken is a pirate who uses a submarine to attack ships. Initially introduced as a villain of Namor, he later faces the Cat and then Iron Man. He briefly works for HYDRA and is later killed by the Scourge of the Underworld. |
| Controller | Basil Sandhurst | Iron Man #12 (1969) | The Controller wears a powered armor that gives him superhuman strength, and he uses discs to control the minds of others. He also invents a method to sap mental energy from people to increase his own power. |
| Count Nefaria | Luchino Nefaria | The Avengers #13 (1965) | Count Nefaria is the wealthy head of the Maggia criminal organization and has encountered several superheroes in this capacity. |
| Crimson Cowl | Justine Hammer | Thunderbolts #3 (1997) | The daughter of Justin Hammer, later used the identity to lead a version of the Masters of Evil and bedevil the Thunderbolts. |
| Crimson Dynamo | Boris Turgenov | Tales of Suspense #52 (1964) | Turgenov was on the team that helped Anton Vanko invent the Crimson Dynamo armor. He and Black Widow are sent to the United States by the Soviet government to seize Vanko and the armor following Vanko's defection. Turgenov acquires the suit and defeats Iron Man, but Vanko sacrifices himself to kill Turgenov in an explosion. |
| Crimson Dynamo | Alex Nevsky | Iron Man #15 (1969) | Nevsky was on the team that helped Anton Vanko invent the Crimson Dynamo armor. While under suspicion for collaborating with Vanko after the latter's defection, Nevsky flees to the United States. He builds a new Crimson Dynamo armor and attacks Iron Man for leading Vanko to defect. He flees and takes refuge in Vietnam, but he is arrested, returned to Russia, and executed. The armor is then worn by several other people who do not use it to fight Iron Man. |
| Crusher | Caldwell Rozza | Tales of Suspense #91 (1967) | A South American scientist who created the "Crusher 1" Formula, which granted him superhuman strength, dense skin, and a weight of 1,000 lb (450 kg). |
| Detroit Steel | Doug Johnson III | Invincible Iron Man Vol. 2 #25 (2010) | The Detroit Steel armor is constructed by Justine Hammer and Sasha Hammer as a new version of the Iron Man armor. They hire Johnson to use it, but he is turned to stone during the "Fear Itself" storyline. He returns, but Sasha then kills him so she can use the armor. |
| Detroit Steel | Sasha Hammer | Invincible Iron Man Vol. 2 #1 (2008) | Sasha Hammer is the daughter of Justine Hammer and the Mandarin. She begins a romantic relationship with Zeke Stane, who augments her body with energy whips, durability, and the ability to fly. She takes the Detroit Steel armor following Johnson's apparent death, and she kills him when he returns. |
| Devastator | Gregori Larionov | Rom #44 (1983) | Larionov uses the Devastator armor, which was created by the Gremlin for the Soviet Union. He comes into conflict with Iron Man while working with Valentin Shatalov, the Crimson Dynamo. Before Larionov, the Devastator armor was originally used by Kirov Petrovna to battle the Hulk. |
| Doctor Spectrum | Kenji Obatu | Avengers #69 (1969) | Ability to project and manipulate light energy in various colors, create light energy constructs of various shapes, sizes and colors. |
| Dreadknight | Bram Velsing | Iron Man #101 (1977) | After Bram Velsing betrays his master Doctor Doom, Doom fuses a helmet on his head. Dreadknight then fights Iron Man and Frankenstein's Monster. |
| Dreadnoughts | N/A | Strange Tales #154 (1967) | The Dreadnoughts are robotic soldiers. The original Dreadnought is invented by HYDRA. More Dreadnoughts were created by the Maggia using stolen blueprints and by Zeke Stane for Mandarin's use. |
| Edwin Cord | N/A | Daredevil #167 (1980) | Edwin Cord is a military contractor who competes with Stark Industries. He equips the Raiders and Firepower to fight Iron Man, as well as The Jury to fight the Thunderbolts. |
| Endotherm | Thomas Wilkins | Iron Man #136 (1980) | A Stark employee who becomes paranoid at the thought of losing his job. |
| Feilong | Kelvin Heng | X-Men Vol. 6 #1 (2021) | A mutant-hating genius industrialist whose goal was to conquer Mars and later later allied with Orchis. |
| Firebrand | Gary Gilbert | Iron Man #27 (1970) | Firebrand presents a radical militant alternative to Iron Man's liberalism. After facing discrimination and seeing peaceful protests fail, he begins engaging in violent acts of protest. Firebrand uses flamethrowers in combat. His grievances are portrayed sympathetically and cause Iron Man to question the state of society that led to Firebrand's creation. Initially portrayed as a black nationalist, he is later reinvented as a more destructive anarchist fighting corporations. He is killed by the Scourge of the Underworld, revived by The Hood, and killed again by the Punisher. |
| Firebrand | Russell Broxtel | Web of Spider-Man #77 (1991) | Broxtel steals the Firebrand suit after Gilbert's death and becomes a villain for hire. |
| Firebrand | Richard Dennison | Iron Man Vol. 3 #4 (1998) | Dennison is an environmentalist who is injured and mutated while bombing an energy research program, turning him into a being of flaming energy. |
| Firepower | Jack Taggert | Iron Man #230 (1988) | Firepower is an armored riot control unit created by Edwin Cord and Justin Hammer with stolen Stark technology on behalf of Senator Boynton. When Iron Man begins hunting people who used his stolen technology, Cord hires Jack Taggert to use the armor. Iron Man fakes his death at the hands of Firepower, but he then returns to defeat Firepower and have him arrested. |
| Ghost | Unknown | Iron Man #219 (1987) | Ghost is a corporate spy and saboteur who develops a suit that renders him intangible. He wishes to destroy corporations and has been hired by several groups to do so. |
| Gladiator | Melvin Potter | Daredevil #18 (1966) | The Gladiator is a costume designer who attempts to rival superheroes by creating his own weaponized superhero costume. |
| Grey Gargoyle | Paul Pierre Duval | Journey Into Mystery #107 (1964) | Grey Gargoyle is a villain who invents a chemical that lets him turn objects to stone by touching them. He is first introduced as a Thor villain. Grey Gargoyle comes into conflict with Iron Man after he is empowered and mind controlled by Mokk during the "Fear Itself" storyline. |
| Guardsman | Kevin O'Brien | Iron Man #31 (1970; as O'Brien)Iron Man #43 (1971; as Guardsman) | Guardsman is a friend of Tony Stark who uses a green and blue armor. He becomes an enemy of Iron Man when he attacks a crowd that is protesting against Stark Industries. After O'Brien's brother steals the armor to get revenge, it is later revealed that the armor's malfunctioning circuits had caused the already unstable wearers to go insane. |
| Harrington Byrd | N/A | Tales of Suspense #46 (1963) | Harrington Byrd is a United States senator who targets Tony Stark and tries to investigate him. |
| Iron Man 2020 | Arno Stark | Machine Man 2020 #2 (1978) | Arno Stark is a cousin of Tony Stark from an alternate dimension. He uses his own version of the Iron Man armor. |
| Iron Monger | Obadiah Stane | Iron Man #163 (1982) | Obadiah Stane is a business rival of Tony Stark who takes over Stark's company, leaving Stark impoverished and homeless. Stane creates his own armor using Stark's technology. When Iron Man defeats him, Stane uses the armor's weapons to commit suicide. |
| Iron Patriot | Norman Osborn | The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (1964; as Green Goblin)Dark Avengers #1 (2009; as Iron Patriot) | Norman Osborn, the Spider-Man villain Green Goblin, becomes the leader of H.A.M.M.E.R. and the Dark Avengers to combat Iron Man during the Dark Reign storyline. When Stark erases the registry of superhero secret identities to keep it from Osborn, Osborn declares him a fugitive. Stark and Osborn then fight, with Osborn wearing a modified Iron Man armor and calling himself the Iron Patriot. |
| Justin Hammer | N/A | Iron Man #120 (1979) | Justin Hammer is a business rival of Tony Stark. He works with criminals, providing them with equipment so they can fight Iron Man. He is the primary antagonist of the Armor Wars storyline. |
| Kang the Conqueror | Nathaniel Richards | The Avengers #8 (1964) | Kang is a villain of the Avengers who envies Iron Man's technological abilities. One of the most poorly received Iron Man stories features Kang brainwashing Iron Man and turning him evil. |
| Kearson DeWitt | N/A | Iron Man #258 (1990) | DeWitt is the son of a failed businessman. When he becomes jealous of Tony Stark, he builds his own armor and hacks Stark's bio-prosthetics to control his nervous system. |
| Korvac | Michael Korvac | Giant-Size Defenders #3 (1975) | Michael Korvac is a man from the 31st century. He is augmented by the Badoon so the lower half of his body is a computer, and he becomes more powerful when he absorbs the power cosmic. He travels to the 20th century where he is killed by the Avengers. |
| Living Laser | Arthur Parks | The Avengers #34 (1966) | The Living Laser is a scientist who becomes living energy and projects holograms. |
| Madame Masque | Whitney Frost | Tales of Suspense #97 (1968) | Madame Masque is the daughter of the crime lord Count Nefaria. She was Tony Stark's love interest until she betrays him to protect her father in Iron Man #116–117 (1978). She then succeeded her father as leader of the Maggia. Madame Masque began wearing her gold mask because she had scars across her face. |
| Magma | Jonathan Darque | Marvel Team-Up #110 (1981) | Wears body armor and has a blast gun implanted in his right arm that was able to fire balls of lava. |
| Mallen | N/A | Iron Man Vol. 4 #1 (2005) | Mallen is the antagonist of the Extremis storyline, where he uses the Extremis virus to physically enhance himself. When Mallen defeats Iron Man, Stark uses the Extremis virus and biologically connects himself to the Iron Man armor's interface. Iron Man then kills Mallen. |
| Mandarin | Unknown | Tales of Suspense #50 (1964) | The Mandarin is based on Fu Manchu and Yellow Claw. The Mandarin uses a set of ten alien rings, each one giving him a different superhuman ability. The Mandarin is regarded as Iron Man's archenemy. |
| Mandarin | Temugin | Iron Man Vol. 3 #53 (2002) | Temugin is the son of the Mandarin. When his father dies, Temugin takes the ten rings and becomes the new Mandarin so he can fight Iron Man to avenge his father. Though he eventually rids himself of the rings, his father is revived and reclaims them. |
| Mauler | Brendan Doyle | Iron Man #156 (1982) | Doyle is a mercenary who retrieves a stolen Mauler armor on the behalf of its creator, Edwin Cord. He then keeps the armor to use in his work as a mercenary. He gives up the armor when confronted by Iron Man, but he later acquires a new suit. |
| Melter | Bruno Horgan | Tales of Suspense #47 (1963) | Melter is a former weapons manufacturer who went out of business after his equipment failed safety inspections. He creates a melting beam to attack Stark Industries and then joins the Masters of Evil among other groups. He is later killed by the Scourge of the Underworld. |
| Midas | Mordecai Midas | Iron Man #17 (1969) | Midas is a Greek businessman who wishes to take over Stark Industries. He rescues Whitney Frost and gives her the identity of Madame Masque, but after working for him she betrays him in favor of Tony Stark. Midas gains a controlling share over Stark International, but his mind is destroyed by an accidental psychic attack from Marianne Rodgers. After recovering, he body turns to gold and he gains the ability to turn other things to gold. |
| Mister Doll | Nathan Dolly | Tales of Suspense #48 (1963) | A hooded man that uses a magical transforming doll (similar to a voodoo doll) which he stole from an African wise-man to attack Iron Man after he causes pain to millionaires to try to make them sign over their fortunes, and Tony Stark becomes his next target. His first appearance was in Tales of Suspense #48. He caused Tony to create a newer, slimmer suit. He is defeated when Iron Man uses a device to remodel the doll to Mr. Doll's semblance, meaning when he drops it, he is knocked unconscious. |
| MODOK | George Tarleton | Tales of Suspense #94 (1967) | MODOK is created by AIM as part of a human experiment. He later takes control of the organization. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | N/A | Tales to Astonish #35 (1962) | Nikita Khrushchev was the real-life premier of the Soviet Union. He was portrayed in Iron Man comics from 1963 to 1965 as the mastermind behind several villainous plots. In these appearances, he is depicted as viciously cruel and driven by rage. |
| Radioactive Man | Chen Lu | Journey Into Mystery #93 (1963) | Radioactive Man is first introduced as a villain for Thor. He comes into conflict with Iron Man as a minion of the Mandarin. |
| Red Barbarian | Andre Rostov | Tales of Suspense #42 (1963) | The Red Barbarian is a member of the Soviet Army. He is depicted as a caricature of Russians, where he is shown to be violent, angry, and gluttonous. |
| Scarecrow | Ebenezer Laughton | Tales of Suspense #51 (1964) | Scarecrow is a contortionist and a serial killer. |
| Shockwave | Lancaster Sneed | Master of Kung Fu #42 (1976) | A former MI-6 agent, who stole an exo-suit. |
| Slag | Theodore Slaght | Iron Man #314 (1995) | Dr. Ted Slaght is a scientist and former teacher of Tony Stark that works for Stark Enterprises. A terrible accident transforms him into a liquid metallic form called Slag and he wants revenge on Tony Stark for "betraying" him. |
| Spymaster | Unknown | Iron Man #33 (1971) | Spymaster is a criminal trained by Taskmaster. He is the leader of the Espionage Elite and he sometimes works as an agent of the Zodiac and Roxxon Oil. He steals the blueprints for the Iron Man armor and sells them to Justin Hammer. Spymaster is betrayed and killed while on a mission with Ghost, who makes him intangible and then solidifies him inside of a wall. |
| Spymaster | Nathan Lemon | Iron Man #254 (1990) | Lemon is one of several candidates hired by Justin Hammer and trained by Taskmaster to be the new Spymaster, and he is chosen after killing the others. He fights Iron Man several times and briefly learns his secret identity before having the memory erased. He is later captured and arrested. |
| Spymaster | Sinclair Abbot | Iron Man: Inevitable #1 (2006) | Abbot learns Iron Man's secret identity and order's Lemon's killing in prison so he can become the new Spymaster. On a mission to assassinate Tony Stark, he is ambushed by Stark's ally Happy Hogan, who is seemingly killed in their fight. |
| Stilt-Man | Wilbur Day | Daredevil #8 (1965) | A armored thief who wears a pair of hydraulic stilts. |
| Sunset Bain | N/A | Machine Man #17 (1980) | Is a genius in the field of cybernetics and the CEO of Baintronics, Inc. As Madam Menace she sold high-tech weaponry to criminals throughout the underground. She's a former love interest and business rival to Tony. Her human body was destroyed so she became AI. |
| Sunturion | Arthur Dearborn | Iron Man #143 (1981) | A normal human who undergoes a mutagenic modification process that converts him into microwave energy. |
| Super-Adaptoid | N/A | Tales of Suspense #82 (1966) | The Super-Adaptoid is created by AIM using a piece of the Cosmic Cube to kill Captain America. |
| Techno Golem | Tomoe | Invincible Iron Man Vol. 3 #7 (2016) | Operating as the Techno Golem, Tomoe is an Inhuman crime lord in Japan with the ability to control technology with nothing but her thoughts. |
| Technovore | N/A | Iron Man #294 (1993) | An organism which was the result of Cauwfield Chemical Co. clandestinely using nanotechnology on Stark's space station. |
| Termite | Neil Donaldson | Iron Man #189 (1984) | Termite is a mutant who can dissolve matter. He is hired by Obadiah Stane to sabotage Fetison Electronics, but he loses his powers when a mutant neutralizer is used on him. |
| Tiberius Stone | N/A | Iron Man Vol. 3 #37 (2001) | Tiberius Stone is Tony Stark's childhood friend and the son of a rival businessman. As an adult, he blames Stark for his family's failure, so he ruins Stark's reputation with false news stories and steals his girlfriend Rumiko Fujikawa. |
| Titanium Man | Boris Bullski | Tales of Suspense #69 (1965) | Titanium Man is a Soviet counterpart to Iron Man. When he is introduced, Bullski is a Soviet commissar. He uses a new version of Anton Vanko's Crimson Dynamo armor to fight Iron Man, where he is defeated by Vanko. Bullski then becomes the Titanium Man in a large suit of green armor and challenges Iron Man to a battle on behalf of the Soviet Union. Titanium Man's armor is significantly larger than Iron Man's. |
| Titanium Man | Kondrati Topolov | Incredible Hulk #163 (1973; as Gremlin)X-Men vs. Avengers #1 (1987; as Titanium Man) | Topolov, previously using the code name Gremlin, becomes the second Titanium Man. |
| Thanos | N/A | Iron Man #55 (1973) | The Mad Titan. |
| Udarnik | N/A | Iron Man: Fatal Frontier #1 (2013) | A Soviet robot that was stranded on the Moon since 1972. Udarnik possesses two personalities: Udarnik is programmed to build, while Shockworker is used in defense and attack. |
| Ultimo | N/A | Tales of Suspense #76 (1966) | Ultimo is an ancient alien robot that is discovered and utilized by the Mandarin. |
| Ultron | N/A | Avengers #54 (1968) | Ultron is a robot created by Hank Pym. |
| Unicorn | Milos Masaryk | Tales of Suspense #56 (1964) | The Unicorn begins as a villain working for the Soviet Union. He uses a helmet with a unicorn horn that fires energy blasts. The Unicorn denounces the Soviet Union to be an independent villain in Iron Man #4 (1968). |
| Vibro | Alton Vibereaux | Iron Man #186 (1984) | Vibro is a seismologist who gained the power to project vibrational force in an accident. His powers are based on his proximity to the San Andreas Fault, and he is powerless when lifted off of the ground. |
| VOR/TEX | N/A | Iron Man #307 (1994) | The Virtual ORganism/Turing EXperiment is a sentient computer program that installs itself inside of Iron Man and takes control of his body to destroy its creators. Tony Stark inflicted pain on VOR/TEX, causing it to delete itself out of fear. |
| Whiplash | Mark Scarlotti | Tales of Suspense #97 (1968) | Mark Scarlotti is a member of the Maggia when he invents a technological whip and becomes Whiplash. He uses the name Blacklash while working for Justin Hammer. He then retires, and he is killed by Iron Man's sentient armor after he returns as Whiplash. |
| Whiplash | Ivan VankoAnton Vanko | Iron Man vs. Whiplash #1 (2009) | Ivan Vanko became Whiplash to avenge his father, whom he falsely believes was killed by Iron Man. |
| Whirlwind | David Cannon | Tales to Astonish #50 (1963) | Whirlwind moves at superhuman speeds by spinning his body. Cannon is first introduced as a Giant-Man villain using the code name Human Top. |
| White Dragon | Unknown | Iron Man #39 (1971) | The first White Dragon was a talented inventor and scientist with a genius-level intellect. The second White Dragon is an expert martial artist. |
| Wong-Chu | N/A | Tales of Suspense #39 (1963) | Wong-Chu is a North Vietnamese communist general. He kidnaps Tony Stark in Vietnam, causing Stark to invent the Iron Man armor. He is the first villain Iron Man faced. It is later established that he was acting on behalf of the Mandarin. |
| Zeke Stane | N/A | The Order #8 (2008) | Zeke Stane is the son of Obadiah Stane, the Iron Man villain Iron Monger. He uses a biological armor with which he modifies his own body. He also develops a way to create powerful biological suicide bombs with Stark's technology and recruits minions to carry out acts of terrorism. |

## Organizations

| Name | First appearance | Description |
| Advanced Idea Mechanics | Strange Tales #146 (1966) | Advanced Idea Mechanics (AIM) is an organization of scientists who wish to increase their own power. They are the creators of another Iron Man villain, MODOK. |
| Ani-Men | Daredevil #10 (1965) | Initially introduced as enemies of Daredevil, the Ani-Men are a group of animal-themed criminals brought together by the Organizer. Two iterations of the Ani-Men come into conflict with Iron Man and the Avengers. |
| Chessmen | Iron Man #163 (1982) | The Chessmen are a chess-themed group of villains who work for Obadiah Stane, the Iron Monger. |
| Espionage Elite | Iron Man #33 (1970) | The Espionage Elite are the minions of Spymaster. Multiple incarnations of the Espionage Elite have been formed, each from a group of five international mercenaries. |
| Hydra | Strange Tales #135 (1965) | Hydra is a criminal organization that seeks world domination. |
| Maggia | Avengers #13 (1965) | |
| Raiders | Iron Man #145 (1981) | The Raiders were created by Edwin Cord as a demonstration to convince S.H.I.E.L.D. to hire him as a weapons developer. He later uses them to attack Iron Man. |
| Seekers | Iron Man #214 (1987) | The Seekers are three brothers (Chain, Grasp, and Sonic) who defected from AIM to build their own power armor and operate as independent villains. They later go on to fight other superheroes and support the Secret Empire. Grasp is then replaced by two new member (Fireball and Laserworks). |
| Ten Rings | Ironheart #2 (2019) | |

## Reformed villains

| Name | Alter ego | First appearance | Description |
| Beetle | Abner Jenkins | Strange Tales #123 (1964) | Beetle is a supervillain who attempts to steal company secrets from Tony Stark. He later becomes the superhero Mach-X with the Thunderbolts. |
| Black Widow | Natasha Romanova | Tales of Suspense #52 (1964) | Black Widow is introduced as a femme fatale agent working for the Soviet Union on a mission to steal Iron Man's technology. When she is forced by the Soviet government to become a supervillain, she defects to the United States where she becomes a superhero and joins S.H.I.E.L.D. |
| Crimson Dynamo | Anton Vanko | Tales of Suspense #46 (1963) | The Crimson Dynamo begins as an agent of the Soviet Union who invents his own version of the Iron Man armor. When he is surprised by Iron Man's mercy, he defects to the United States and begins working for Stark. In his loyalty to the United States, he sacrifices himself to defeat Boris Bullski. Many villains succeeded Vanko as new versions of the Crimson Dynamo. |
| Fin Fang Foom | N/A | Strange Tales #89 (1961) | Fin Fang Foom is a Makluan alien shapeshifter who takes the form of a large reptilian monster. He seeks to take over the Earth until he reforms and converts to Buddhism. |
| Force | Clayton Wilson | Sub-Mariner #66 (1973) | Force becomes a villain by stealing a force field projector and incorporating it in a suit of armor. After a fight with Namor, he is hired by Justin Hammer to engage in illegal operations. He grows remorseful and helps Iron Man fight Justin Hammer, and in return he is hired by Stark Enterprises under a new name. He later helps Iron Man in several fights against supervillains. |
| Half-Face | Trung Tuan | Tales of Suspense #92 (1967) | Half-Face is a communist villain who faces Iron Man. He defects from the Communist Party after seeing Iron Man save a village. |
| Hawkeye | Clint Barton | Tales of Suspense #57 (1964) | Hawkeye decides to seek glory as a superhero, but he falls in love with Black Widow and agrees to help her in her villainous pursuits. He reforms after Black Widow does and joins the Avengers. |