OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# OAED Vocational College shooting

The OAED Vocational College shooting was a school shooting that occurred on April 10, 2009, at the Manpower Employment Organisation of Greece (OAED)‛s vocational training school OAED (Greek: Σχολή Μαθητείας) in Agios Ioannis Renti suburb, Athens, Greece, during which a gunman shot one student and two civilians before fatally shooting himself in a nearby park. The gunman was a 19-year-old year student, an ethnic Greek from Abkhazia, Georgia, Dimitris Patmanidis (Greek: Δημήτρης Πατμανίδης) who was studying car electronics at the school. It is the only incident of school shooting to occur in Greece so far.

## Shooting

At 8:30 a.m. UTC+3, about fifteen minutes after the beginning of the lessons, Dimitris Patmanidis arrived at the building housing the OAED vocational school armed with two loaded handguns, which were modified replicas of sound pistols which have been converted into firearms, and a hunting knife. Inside the building Patmanidis approached 18-year-old student Dimitris Kokkinis, who had arrived late to school, and shot him three times.
Patmanidis then turned to leave the school and was confronted by two workers from a nearby technical company who were alerted by the gunfire. They asked him what has happened and he shot both of them, from a 150m distance. The gunman then ran to a nearby park where he attempted suicide by shooting himself in the head. He was carried in a critical condition to the Nikaia General Hospital where he later died.
The 18-year-old student Dimitris Kokkinis, who was shot three times in the chest, leg, and hand, was carried in a serious condition to the Nikaia General Hospital, where he was prolongly operated. The two others were slightly injured, the one in the hand and the other in the leg. During the assault, the gunman shot 15 bullets of the 83 he had in the pistols, his pockets and his bag, before the assault.
* Shooting victims
* 1. Dimitris Kokkinis, age 18, student.
* 2. Kostas Papadopoulos, age 23, worker.
* 3. Topali Fatmili, age 47, worker.

### Motive

According to a police spokesman "It seems his motive was revenge." The police also estimates that his act was planned. A note found in Patmanidis's bag after the incident said that he couldn't take any more the rejection he felt. A friend of Patmanidis, said he was tired of being mocked by other pupils, for his styled appearance and behaviour.
   "...I have no reason to continue to live. I am too selfish to die and let you live. Before I die, I will deprive the most precious thing you have. I have no respect for human life. Anyone found in front of me the morning of 10 April 2009, will die, without exception... So far I have not experienced anything else, despite the rejection..." — Part of the perpetrator's note.
His act was announced in his page at MySpace with a brief note same to that found in his bag. In his profile also, Patmanidis had posted photos of him posing with guns.

## Aftermath

OAED administration, informed that immediately after the tragic incident, a group psychologists was sent to support students of the college.
# Žďár (Mladá Boleslav District)

Žďár is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,500 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Žďár consists of six municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Žďár (278)
* Břehy (94)
* Doubrava (783)
* Příhrazy (29)
* Skokovy (87)
* Žehrov (189)

## Etymology

Žďár is a common Czech toponymy. In the Middle Ages, the Old Czech word žďár denoted a place where the forest had been cleared and burned to make way for meadows and fields.

## Geography

Žďár is located about 18 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of Mladá Boleslav and 23 km (14 mi) south of Liberec. It lies in the Jičín Uplands. The highest point is at 375 m (1,230 ft) above sea level. Most of the municipal territory lies in the Bohemian Paradise Protected Landscape Area.

## History

The first written mention of Žďár is from 1403. Until 1547, the village was owned by the Wartenberg family as part of the Rohozec estate.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,296 | — |
| 1880 | 1,588 | +22.5% |
| 1890 | 1,569 | −1.2% |
| 1900 | 1,457 | −7.1% |
| 1910 | 1,533 | +5.2% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 1,499 | −2.2% |
| 1930 | 1,623 | +8.3% |
| 1950 | 1,434 | −11.6% |
| 1961 | 1,387 | −3.3% |
| 1970 | 1,324 | −4.5% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 1,243 | −6.1% |
| 1991 | 1,206 | −3.0% |
| 2001 | 1,162 | −3.6% |
| 2011 | 1,265 | +8.9% |
| 2021 | 1,460 | +15.4% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality. However, the D1 motorway from Prague to Turnov and the railway line Mladá Boleslav–Turnov run along the northwestern municipal border just outside the municipality.

## Sights

The main landmark of Žďár is the Chapel of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary. It was built in the neo-Gothic style in 1903–1904.
A valuable house is the former smithery, which is a timbered building with a brick ground floor from the first half of the 18th century.
In the woods near Žehrov is a hunting lodge from 1820 called Belvín or Bellevue. It is inaccessible to the public.
# 2009 United Kingdom budget

The 2009 United Kingdom Budget, officially known as Budget 2009: Building Britain's Future, was formally delivered by Alistair Darling in the House of Commons on 22 April 2009. It introduced new tax, spending and debt rises in a financial environment of rising unemployment and recession.

## Details

To stimulate the motor industry, a £2,000 scrappage allowance was announced for a car more than 10 years old, if it is traded in for a new car and if it has been in the car buyer's ownership for the previous 12 months. £1,000 of this is to be provided by the government, and £1,000 by a motor manufacturer. The scheme started about mid-May 2009 and was planned to finish at the end of February 2010; however, before it was due to end, it was extended by one month, to the end of March 2010.
For high earners, a 50% tax band was announced for earners of over £150,000 per year to start in April 2010, and tax relief on pension contributions was reduced progressively from 40% to 20% for annual incomes between £150,000 and £180,000 and to 20% above £180,000 commencing April 2011.
Starting in April 2010, those with annual incomes over £100,000 would see their Personal allowance reduced by £1 for every £2 earned over £100,000, until the Personal allowance was reduced to zero, which (in 2010) would occur at an income of £112,950. This had the effect of creating an anomalous effective 60% marginal tax rate in the income band between £100,000 and £112,950, with the marginal tax rate returning to 40% above £112,950. As the Personal allowance has grown over the years, this has resulted in a corresponding increase in the size of the anomalous effective 60% tax band. As of 2018, the effective 60% marginal tax rate now arises for incomes between £100,000 and £123,700.
For savers, limits in Individual Savings Account (ISA) accounts were increased in two phases to a total of £10,200, including an additional £1,500 to the previous upper limit of £3,600 in a cash ISA. The first phase is for those over age 50 years, who can contribute additional amounts from 6 October 2009.

### Taxes

| Receipts | 2009-10 Revenues (£bn) |
| Income Tax | 141 |
| Value Added Tax (VAT) | 64 |
| National Insurance | 98 |
| Excise duties | 44 |
| Corporate Tax | 35 |
| Council Tax | 25 |
| Business rates | 24 |
| Other | 67 |
| Total Government revenue | 496 |

### Spending

| Department | 2009-10 Expenditure (£bn) |
| Social protection | 189 |
| Health | 119 |
| Education | 88 |
| Debt interest | 28 |
| Defence | 38 |
| Public order and safety | 35 |
| Personal social services | 31 |
| Housing and Environment | 29 |
| Transport | 23 |
| Industry, agriculture and employment | 20 |
| Other | 72 |
| Total Government spending | 671 |
# Battle of Tamassi

The Battle of Tamassi took place around the village of Tamassi in Eastern Chad during the Chadian Civil War. This was the last major military engagement fought during the war until a peace deal was reached later that year.

## Battle

On 24 April, after several government-led offensives against rebel occupied border towns, reconnaissance missions and reports to the armed forces of the presence of several hundred heavily armed rebels regrouping in the village of Tamassi, in the vicinity of Sudan for a decisive counter-attack against government troops. Out of fear for a renewed offensive against the capital of N'Djamena, several battalions of infantry supported by dozens of armored personnel carriers and heavy artillery under the command of Brahim Mahamat Seid surrounded and closed in on Tamassi essentially allowing no alternative for escape to Sudan.
The initial assault on the town itself took place around midday after artillery bombardment of the rebels defensive line broke through. The column of troops entered Tamassi from both sides. Rebels took cover in the township building and a retired army base from artillery barrage which proved to be the most resistant. Rebel technicals equipped with anti-tank and artillery lined the streets to prevent a breakthrough per defense. The first encounter took place at the township building, a large two-story compound. Close to 90 rebel fighters prevented any government assault by using RPGs and heavy weaponry.
In a desperate attempt to take the building government troops broke off into groups, one coming from the rear while the other came from the back. While this was going on armored vehicles came in from the front penetrating the buildings' defense. However, a carrier was blown up killing its crew of three. The attack from the rear was repulsed, killing two soldiers from machine-gun fire. From behind troops managed to take a small percentage of an office aisle but were pushed back. Government then lines regrouped and offered an ultimatum to the rebel defenders in less than two hours or suffer consistent attacks. A truce was reached and the rebels' 62 remaining defenders were captured, while 22 were killed earlier. A civilian made medical group tended to the wounded along with the deceased one who reported seeing a soldier's legs blown off another with his eyes gouged out and mutilated.
# 2010 World Geothermal Congress

The 2010 World Geothermal Congress took place between April 25-30, 2010, in Bali, Indonesia. It was called the world's biggest geothermal energy conference.

## History

The World Geothermal Congress is organized every five years by the International Geothermal Association. The previous three conferences took place in Florence, Italy (1995), Beppu-Morioka, Japan (2000) and Antalya, Turkey (2005). The one in 2015 took place in Melbourne. There was none in 2020 due to the start of the COVID-19 Pandemic, which had begun in March of that same year.

## Bali Conference

Attendees from 80 countries were discussing better ways to develop geothermal power as an environmentally friendly energy source which can be harnessed in the future for less cost than it is today.
The Summit was opened by Indonesian president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at Westin Hotel, Nusa Dua, Bali. The opening was marked by the signing of 12 geothermal-related contracts worth in the range of US$5 billion. Among the contracts were agreements between the Indonesian state power firm PT PLN and PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) - a geothermal business branch of state oil and gas company PT Pertamina - to develop four geothermal power plants in Sulawesi and Sumatra.
The Congress concluded with over 2,500 participants signing the Bali Declaration "Geothermal Energy to Change the World" during the closing ceremony.
# Puttonyos

Puttonyos is a unit for the level of sugar in Hungarian Tokaji (or tokay) and Slovak Tokaj dessert wine. It is traditionally measured by the number of hods of sweet botrytised or nobly rotted grapes (known as Aszú) added to a barrel of wine, but is now measured in grams of residual sugar. The puttony was actually the 25 kg basket or hod of Aszú grapes, and the more added to the barrel of wine, the sweeter the eventual wine. Measurement ranges from 3 to 6 Puttonyos. A Tokaji made entirely from Aszú grapes is not labeled using the Puttonyos system but is known as Eszencia.

## Residual sugar levels (grams per litre)

* 3 Puttonyos – 60
* 4 Puttonyos – 90
* 5 Puttonyos – 120
* 6 Puttonyos – 150
* Aszú Eszencia – 180
* Eszencia – 450

## New regulations

From the 2013 harvest the new regulation requires minimum 120 g/L residual sugar in every Aszú wine. The producer still may use the puttonyos number on the label. The ageing criteria has also changed from minimum 2 years barrel and 1 year bottle ageing to minimum 18 months barrel ageing.
# Pierre-Alexis Dumas

Pierre-Alexis Dumas (born 4 June 1966) is a French businessman and the artistic director of Hermès. Under his direction, the firm has seen its biggest growth in decades. In 2020, revenue was 6.4 billion euros compared to 1.6 billion euros in 2007.

## Early life and education

Dumas' father was Jean-Louis Dumas (1938–2010), the former CEO of the Hermès Group. His mother was Rena (née Gregoriadès) Dumas (1937–2009), the Greek-born architect who founded Rena Dumas Architecture Intérieure in 1972 in Paris. His sister is film actress and director Sandrine Dumas (born 1963). Through his father's lineage, he is also the great-great-great grandson of Hermès founder Thierry Hermès.
In 1991, Dumas received a bachelor's degree in the visual arts from Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, US, due to his parents' belief that an education in America would be an advantage for his future participation in the family business. His father had spent a short time in the buyer-training program of Bloomingdales department store in New York City.

## Career

Beginning in September 1991, Dumas spent eight months in the factory managed by a branch of the Ratti family in Como, Italy, where silk has been spun since the 19th century. While there, he was introduced to aspects of engraving for printed textile, dyeing, and pattern design, particularly for women's fashion. (He also met Antonio Ratti there; the Antonio Ratti Textile Center and Reference Library is housed in The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
In 1992, Dumas joined the Hermès Group at the family firm's headquarters in Paris, and then was involved with the development of new products by silversmiths Puiforcat (founded in 1830) and crystal manufacturer St. Louis (founded in 1586), both Hermès acquisitions. The same year he took over the Hermès's public relations department. In 2008, Dumas created Fondation d'Entreprise Hermès, which supports art entrepreneurs around the world. He has been the artistic director of Hermès since 2011.
In December 2015, Pierre-Alexis Dumas was appointed president of the Musée des Arts Décoratifs (MAD) in Paris.

## Personal life

In 1996, Dumas married Sophie Bouilhet, a member of the Christofle silver-manufacturing family. They have three children. He is one of the directors of the Protestant Solidarity of France and Armenia association, and treasurer of L'imprimerie d'art de Montparnasse — CFF: Centre Français des Fonds et Fondations (Endowment Fund for the Preservation of the Artistic Printing House de Montparnasse), which since 1881 has managed the preservation of lithographer Charles Alphonse du Fresnoy's work.
# Séraphin Cherrier

Séraphin Cherrier (November 7, 1762 – June 13, 1843) was a merchant and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Richelieu in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1815 to 1820.
He was born in Longueuil, the son of François-Pierre Cherrier and Marie Dubuc, and was educated at the Collège Saint-Raphaël in Montréal. He practised medicine at Saint-Denis where he was also in business. Cherrier was choirmaster there from 1813 to 1819. In 1785, he married Marie-Louise Loubet. Cherrier was elected to the assembly in an 1815 by-election held after the results of the 1814 election were declared invalid. He did not run for reelection in 1820. He died at Saint-Denis at the age of 80.
His brother Benjamin-Hyacinthe-Martin and his nephew Côme-Séraphin Cherrier also served in the assembly. His sister Rosalie married Joseph Papineau and his sister Périne-Charles married Denis Viger.
# Jacques Viger (mayor)

Jacques Viger (May 7, 1787 – December 12, 1858) was an antiquarian, archaeologist, and the first mayor of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

## Biography

Viger was born in Montreal, the son of Jacques Viger who represented Kent in the 2nd Parliament of Lower Canada, and studied at the Sulpician college of Montreal. On November 17, 1808, he married Marie Marguerite La Corne, daughter of Luc de la Corne, and widow of Major the Hon. John Lennox. They had three children, all of whom died in infancy.
After his studies he went to Quebec, where he worked as an editor of the newspaper Le Canadien from November 1808 to May 1809. Viger served as captain in the Canadian Voltigeurs unit under Charles de Salaberry during the War of 1812. He was elected the first mayor of Montreal in 1833 and worked to improve its sanitary conditions. Although he wrote little, his reputation as an archaeologist was universal, and the greatest contemporary historians of France and the United States have drawn from his collection of manuscripts, based on forty years of research. He compiled a chronicle under the title of "Sabretache" (28 vols.), wherein he gathered plans, maps, portraits, and valuable notes illustrating many contested historical points. He was the founder of the Historical Society of Montreal in 1857, one year before his death. Pope Pius IX honoured him with the knighthood of the Order of St. Gregory the Great.
He died December 12, 1858, at age 71, and was buried in the crypt of the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Church on December 15.

## Honours

The Viger Square and Jacques Viger Building in Montreal are named in his honour.
# Colour cast

A colour cast is a tint of a particular colour, usually unwanted, that evenly affects a photographic image in whole or in part.
Certain types of light can cause film and digital cameras to render a colour cast. Illuminating a subject with light sources of different colour temperatures will usually cause colour cast problems in the shadows. The human eye generally does not notice the unnatural colour, because our eyes and brains adjust and compensate for different types of light in ways that cameras cannot.
In film, colour casts can also be caused by problems in photo development. Improper timing or imbalanced chemical mixtures can cause unwanted casts.
Colour casts can also occur in old photographs due to fading of dyes, particularly under the action of ultraviolet light. These may be correctable on a scanned version of the photograph with image editing techniques.

## Solutions

Most digital cameras try to automatically detect and compensate colour cast and usually have a selection of manually set white balance settings to choose from. Otherwise, photo editing programs, such as Photoshop, often have built in colour correction facilities. For film, blue filters and amber filters are used to counter casts. Amber filters are used to reduce the blueish tint caused by daylight. Blue filters reduce the orange colour caused by incandescent light.
A variety of coloured filters in varying degrees of intensity are available. Kodak's amber filters, for example, vary from palest yellow ("81C") to deepest amber ("85B"). A photographer chooses which filter to use based on the quality of the ambient light. Colour temperature meters can read the temperature of the existing lighting conditions and guide the selection of the filter. Clouded sky, for example, requires a paler amber than clear blue sky. If a filter is unavailable, using a flash is an alternative solution which usually provides enough neutral white light to counter the cast.
In the case of film, if photographs all contain the same cast, it is usually indicative of improper chemical development. If the film itself does not contain any cast, it can be reused to create another set of photographs in proper chemical conditions. If the film contains a cast, filters can be used during photo processing to correct it.
# San Pedro de Tatara

San Pedro de Tatara (aka San Pedro-Pellado) is a volcano in Chile.36°00′S 71°50′W﻿ / ﻿36.00°S 71.83°W﻿ / -36.00; -71.83﻿ ("San Pedro de Tatara")
# Jeyhun Abiyev

Jeyhun Abiyev (Azerbaijani: Ceyhun Abiyev; born October 24, 1974, in Baku) is a retired male light flyweight boxer from Azerbaijan.
Abiyev competed for his native country at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, where he was stopped in the second round of the men's light flyweight division (– 48 kg) by Turkey's eventual silver medalist Atagün Yalçınkaya. He qualified for the Athens Games by ending up in first place at the 4th AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Baku, Azerbaijan.
# 2011 Gombe State gubernatorial election

The 2011 Gombe State gubernatorial election was the fourth gubernatorial election of Gombe State, Nigeria. Held on April 26, 2011, the People's Democratic Party nominee Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo won the election, defeating Abubakar Aliyu of the Congress for Progressive Change.

## Results

A total of 6 candidates contested in the election. Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo from the People's Democratic Party won the election, defeating Abubakar Aliyu from the Congress for Progressive Change. Valid votes was 780,393, votes cast was 801,747, 21,354 votes was cancelled.
2011 Gombe State gubernatorial election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| PDP | Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo | 596,481 | | |
| CPC | Abubakar Aliyu | 91,781 | | |
| PDP hold | PDP hold | PDP hold | PDP hold | PDP hold |
# Renato Scorticati

Renato Scorticati (25 June 1908 – 23 January 1978) was an Italian racing cyclist. He rode in the 1933 Tour de France.
# Chrysoroyiatissa Monastery

Chrysoroyiatissa (Greek: Χρυσορρογιάτισσα) is a monastery dedicated to Our Lady of the Golden Pomegranate located about 40 kilometers north-east of Paphos, Cyprus at an altitude of around 820 meters. It was founded by a monk called Ignatius (Greek: Ιγνάτιος) in the 12th century. It lies 1.5 kilometers from the village of Panayia, birthplace of the late Archbishop Makarios. The present building dates to 1770.
Celebrations are held yearly on 15 August in honour of the Virgin Mary. In the mid 1980s the old winery of the monastery was reopened and now runs on a commercial basis. It produces wines from the monastery's own vineyards.
# The Singing City

The Singing City (German: Die singende Stadt) is a 1930 German musical film directed by Carmine Gallone and starring Jan Kiepura, Brigitte Helm and Walter Janssen.
The film's sets were designed by the art director Oscar Werndorff.
An English-language version of the film, City of Song, also directed by Gallone and starring Kiepura along with a British cast, was released in 1931.

## Synopsis

While holidaying in Naples, a wealthy young Austrian woman discovers the singing talents of her tour guide. He falls in love with her, but once she has taken him to Vienna to launch his career, he becomes disillusioned with her lifestyle and circles of friends and returns home to Italy and his original girlfriend.

## Cast

* Jan Kiepura as Giovanni Cavallone - Fremdenführer
* Brigitte Helm as Claire Landshoff - junge Witwe
* Walter Janssen as Professor Andreas Breuling
* Trude Berliner as Carmela - neapolitanisches Mädchen
* Georg Alexander as Rudi Feldegger
* Franz Maldacea as Tupf - Carmelas Bruder
* Käte Bill as Susanne - Claires Zofe
* Henry Bender as Herr Maier aus Berlin
* Hermann Blaß as Der Empfangschef
* Teddy Bill as Heini Ladenburg / Claires Verehrer
* Carl Goetz as Der Nachtportier
* Martin Kosleck as Bobby Bertling - Claires Verehrer
* Carol Ress as Marthe - Claires Zofe
* Charlie Roellinghoff as Poldi Falkner - Claires Verehrer
* Ernõ Szenes as Siegmund Königsberger - ein Konzertagent
* C.H. Todd as Mr. Parkins aus London
* Hans Heinrich von Twardowski as Willi von Wellheim - Claires Verehrer