OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thom–Mather stratified space

In topology, a branch of mathematics, an abstract stratified space, or a Thom–Mather stratified space is a topological space X that has been decomposed into pieces called strata; these strata are manifolds and are required to fit together in a certain way. Thom–Mather stratified spaces provide a purely topological setting for the study of singularities analogous to the more differential-geometric theory of Whitney. They were introduced by René Thom, who showed that every Whitney stratified space was also a topologically stratified space, with the same strata. Another proof was given by John Mather in 1970, inspired by Thom's proof.
Basic examples of Thom–Mather stratified spaces include manifolds with boundary (top dimension and codimension 1 boundary) and manifolds with corners (top dimension, codimension 1 boundary, codimension 2 corners), real or complex analytic varieties, or orbit spaces of smooth transformation groups.

## Definition

A Thom–Mather stratified space is a triple $(V,{\mathcal {S}},{\mathfrak {J}})$ where $V$ is a topological space (often we require that it is locally compact, Hausdorff, and second countable), ${\mathcal {S}}$ is a decomposition of $V$ into strata,
    $V=\bigsqcup _{X\in {\mathcal {S}}}X,$
and ${\mathfrak {J}}$ is the set of control data $\{(T_{X}),(\pi _{X}),(\rho _{X})\ |X\in S\}$ where $T_{X}$ is an open neighborhood of the stratum $X$ (called the tubular neighborhood), $\pi _{X}:T_{X}\to X$ is a continuous retraction, and $\rho _{X}:T_{X}\to [0,+\infty )$ is a continuous function. These data need to satisfy the following conditions.
* Each stratum $X$ is a locally closed subset and the decomposition $S$ is locally finite.
* The decomposition $S$ satisfies the axiom of the frontier: if $X,Y\in {\mathcal {S}}$ and $Y\cap {\overline {X}}\neq \emptyset$, then $Y\subseteq {\overline {X}}$. This condition implies that there is a partial order among strata: $Y<X$ if and only if $Y\subset {\overline {X}}$ and $Y\neq X$.
* Each stratum $X$ is a smooth manifold.
* $X=\{v\in T_{X}\ |\ \rho _{X}(v)=0\}$. So $\rho _{X}$ can be viewed as the distance function from the stratum $X$.
* For each pair of strata $Y<X$, the restriction $(\pi _{Y},\rho _{Y}):T_{Y}\cap X\to Y\times (0,+\infty )$ is a submersion.
* For each pair of strata $Y<X$, there holds $\pi _{Y}\circ \pi _{X}=\pi _{Y}$ and $\rho _{Y}\circ \pi _{X}=\rho _{Y}$ (both over the common domain of both sides of the equation).

## Examples

One of the original motivations for stratified spaces were decomposing singular spaces into smooth chunks. For example, given a singular variety $X$, there is a naturally defined subvariety, $\mathrm {Sing} (X)$, which is the singular locus. This may not be a smooth variety, so taking the iterated singularity locus $\mathrm {Sing} (\mathrm {Sing} (X))$ will eventually give a natural stratification. A simple algebreo-geometric example is the singular hypersurface
${\text{Spec}}\left(\mathbb {C} [x,y,z]/\left(x^{4}+y^{4}+z^{4}\right)\right)\xleftarrow {(0,0,0)} {\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} )$
where ${\text{Spec}}(-)$ is the prime spectrum.
# Maurice Nivat

Maurice Paul Nivat (21 December 1937 – 21 September 2017) was a French computer scientist. His research in computer science spanned the areas of formal languages, programming language semantics, and discrete geometry. A 2006 citation for an honorary doctorate (Ph.D.) called Nivat one of the fathers of theoretical computer science. He was a professor at the University Paris Diderot until 2001.

## Early life and education

Nivat was born in Clermont-Ferrand, France. His parents were high-school teachers; his father taught languages while his mother taught mathematics. His sister, Aline, became a notable mathematician. In 1954, Nivat moved with his family to Paris. Nivat was admitted to the École normale supérieure in 1956, but began working at the Blaise Pascal Institute of the French National Centre for Scientific Research, a newly established computing laboratory, in 1959. He returned to study mathematics in 1961 under the supervision of Marcel-Paul Schützenberger. His 1967 thesis was entitled Transductions des langages de Chomsky ("Transductions of Chomsky Languages").

## Career

In 1969, Nivat became a professor at Paris Diderot University and taught until 2002. He remained as professor emeritus until his death in 2017.
He was involved in many endeavours in theoretical computer science in Europe: he was one of the founders of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) in 1972 and organized the first International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP) conference in the same year at French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA, then called IRIA) in Paris. In 1975, he was a founder of the journal Theoretical Computer Science. He was editor-in-chief of the journal for over 25 years.
He was a member of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which specified, supports, and maintains the programming languages ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68.

## Awards

Since 1983, Nivat was a corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences. Nivat was also an officer of both the Legion d'honneur and the Ordre national du Mérite, and a commander of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques in France. Nivat won the EATCS award in 2002. He received honorary doctorates from the University of Bologna in 1997 and the University of Quebec at Montreal in 2006.
# Marco Jakobs

Marco Jakobs (sometimes spelled Marco Jacobs, born 30 May 1974 in Unna, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German bobsledder who competed in the 1990s. At the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, he won a gold medal in the four-man event with teammates Christoph Langen, Markus Zimmermann and Olaf Hampel.
Jakobs also won a gold medal in the two-man event at the 2001 FIBT World Championships in St. Moritz.
# Ampeloniakos F.C.

Ampeloniakos F.C. is a Greek football club, based in Ampelonas, Larissa.

## History

The club was founded in 1953 starting from the Larissa FCA league. In 1981–82 they won promotion to Delta Ethniki, an achievement repeated in 1992–93 and 2010–11. Ampeloniakos played in the third-tier Football League 2 in 2013–14 and returned there after one season. The club currently competed in the Larissa FCA in the 2023–24 season. Greece former international Giannis Goumas is the most successful player the club ever produced.

## Honors

* Larissa FCA Championship:
   * Winners (2): 2010–11, 2014–15
   * Runners-up (2): 1978–79, 1981–82
* Larissa FCA Cup
   * Winners (2): 2012, 2015
   * Runners-up (2): 1994, 2008
* Larissa Super Cup: 2011

## Notable players

* Giannis Goumas
* Giannis Gkampetas
* Bledi Muca
* Vangelis Kousieras
* Andreas Chatziliontas
* Sasha Jelovac
* Giannis Kokkinos
* Thanasis Palaskas

## Notable coaches

* Dimitrios Kapetanopoulos
* Takis Parafestas
* Giannis Alexoulis
* Giannis Gkampetas
* Nikos Kakanoulias

## Reference section

* ↑ "Η "χρυσή βίβλος" των πρωταθλητών Α' Κατηγορίας ΕΠΣ Ν.Λάρισας".
* ↑ "Από το 1972… έως σήμερα!".
* This article about a Greek football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Chrząstowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship

Chrząstowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Książ Wielkopolski, within Śrem County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Książ Wielkopolski, 9 km (6 mi) east of Śrem, and 40 km (25 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.
# Chwałkowo, Środa Wielkopolska County

Chwałkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Środa Wielkopolska, within Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Środa Wielkopolska and 33 km (21 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## History

As part of the region of Greater Poland, i.e. the cradle of the Polish state, the area formed part of Poland since its establishment in the 10th century. Chwałkowo was a private village of Polish nobility, administratively located in the Pyzdry County in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.
During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1940, the occupiers carried out expulsions of Poles, whose houses and farms were then handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy. Expelled Poles were either enslaved as forced labour of new German colonists in the county or placed in a transit camp in Łódź and afterwards deported in freight trains to the General Government in the more eastern part of German-occupied Poland.
# Chwałów, Greater Poland Voivodeship

Chwałów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żerków, within Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Żerków, 19 km (12 mi) north-east of Jarocin, and 61 km (38 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
# Chłądowo

Chłądowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Witkowo, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Witkowo, 16 km (10 mi) south-east of Gniezno, and 61 km (38 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.
# Ciemierów

Ciemierów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pyzdry, within Września County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Pyzdry, 30 km (19 mi) south of Września, and 65 km (40 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
# Ciołkowo

Ciołkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krobia, within Gostyń County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Krobia, 16 km (10 mi) south of Gostyń, and 74 km (46 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

## History

The area formed part of Poland since the establishment of the state in the 10th century. Ciołkowo was a private village of Polish nobility, administratively located in the Kościan County in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. It was annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. It was regained by Poles in 1807 and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw, and after the duchy's dissolution in 1815, the village was reannexed by Prussia, and was also part of Germany from 1871. Following World War I, Poland regained independence and control of the village.
During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1941, the occupiers carried out expulsions of Poles, who were either deported to forced labour in Germany or enslaved as forced labour of German colonists in the county. Houses and farms of expelled Poles were handed over to new German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.
# Ciążyń

Ciążyń is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarnków, within Czarnków-Trzcianka County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Czarnków and 53 km (33 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.
# 1996 Cypriot legislative election

Parliamentary elections were held in Cyprus on 26 May 1996. The result was a victory for the Democratic Rally, which won 20 of the 56 seats. Voter turnout was 92.9%.

## Results

| | Democratic Rally | 127,380 | 34.47 | 20 | 0 |
| | Progressive Party of Working People | 121,958 | 33.00 | 19 | +1 |
| | Democratic Party | 60,726 | 16.43 | 10 | –1 |
| | Movement for Social Democracy | 30,033 | 8.13 | 5 | –2 |
| | United Democrats | 13,623 | 3.69 | 2 | New |
| | New Horizons | 6,317 | 1.71 | 0 | New |
| | ADISOK | 5,311 | 1.44 | 0 | 0 |
| | Ecological and Environmental Movement | 3,710 | 1.00 | 0 | New |
| | Independents | 463 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 369,521 | 100.00 | 56 | 0 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 369,521 | 96.97 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 11,530 | 3.03 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 381,051 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 409,996 | 92.94 | | |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver, Election Resources ||||||
# Luméville-en-Ornois

Luméville-en-Ornois (French pronunciation:) is a village and a former French commune of the Meuse department in the administrative region of Lorraine, in north-eastern France. Its population is 56 (2022).
On 1 January 1973 (prefectoral order dated 1 December 1972), it merged with and became part of Gondrecourt-le-Château, at the same time as Touraille-sous-Bois. After this merger and consolidation, its status is an associated commune (commune associée).
The J.F. Mouginot company, a maker of chairs, seats and beds for hotels and restaurants, is located in the area. Its clientele includes the Ritz Hotel in Paris, the Embassy of the United States in Paris, Deauville Casino, the Presidential Palace in Moscow, various three and four star hotels, and chains like Holiday Inn and Best Western.
Fernand Braudel, the 20th century French historian, was born in this village in 1902.
# Disco Not Disco

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Disco Not Disco is a compilation album from the Disco Not Disco series released by Strut Records in 2000. The album is a probe for both the experimental side of disco and punk genres, as well as underground music scene in general. The first volume is more rock and funk oriented and features three experimental studio projects by Arthur Russell, namely Dinosaur, Indian Ocean and Loose Joints, British new wave musician Ian Dury, and even musicians like Yoko Ono, Steve Miller Band or jazz trumpeter Don Cherry.
It was compiled by Joey Negro, a British DJ and producer. Some songs included on this album charted on the Billboard Club chart. The song "Cavern" by Liquid Liquid was also used in Grandmaster Flash song called "White Lines (Don't Do It)".

## Critical reception

Andy Kellman of Allmusic gave the album 4.5 of 5 stars, stating that "not only does the music stand on its own (there's a reason why thousands of young DJs and vinyl hounds collapsed in confoundment upon finding out that these rare gems were being issued together), but the liner notes provide a story behind each song, only adding to the mystique."
# Spatalla incurva

Spatalla incurva, the swan-head spoon is a flowering shrub that belongs to the genus Spatalla and forms part of the fynbos. The plant is endemic to the Western Cape of South Africa where it occurs in the Cederberg up to the Hottentots Hollandberge, Swartberg and Kammanassieberge.
The shrub grows to 1.0 m tall, tends to spread and flowers mainly from November to December. Fire destroys the plant but the seeds survive. The plant is bisexual and pollination takes place through the action of insects. Two months after the plant has flowered, the fruit ripens and the seeds fall to the ground where they are spread by ants. The plant grows in rock crevices on mountain tops at elevations of 1,350 - 2,300 m.
# 1935 Edinburgh West by-election

The 1935 Edinburgh West by-election was held on 2 May 1935. The by-election was held due to the appointment as Lord Justice General of the incumbent Conservative MP, Wilfrid Normand. It was won by the Conservative candidate Thomas Cooper.
Edinburgh West by-election, 1935 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Unionist | Thomas Cooper | 16,373 | 53.0 | −18.2 |
| | Labour | William McAdam | 10,462 | 33.9 | +5.1 |
| | Liberal | George Paish | 4,059 | 13.1 | New |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 5,911 | 19.1 | −23.3 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 30,894 | 51.2 | −28.0 |
| | Unionist hold | Unionist hold | Swing | | |
# Bandra Terminus–Haridwar Express

The 19019 / 19020 Bandra Terminus–Haridwar Dehradun Express is an express train of Indian Railways Western Railway Zone that runs between Bandra Terminus and Haridwar in India on a daily basis. Initially it ran between Dehradun and Bandra Terminus, but now it runs only between Haridwar and Bandra Terminus as Haridwar Express.
It operates as train number 19019 from Bandra Terminus to Haridwar and as train number 19020 in the reverse direction.

## Coaches

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:
* 1 AC First
* 2 AC Two Tier
* 6 AC Three tier
* 2 AC Three tier Economy
* 6 Sleeper Class
* 2 General Unreserved
* 1 Luggage Cum Disabled Coaches
* 1 Generator Car
* 1 High Capacity Parcel Van

## Coach position

The train consists of 22 coaches.
| Loco | HCPV | SLR | H1 | A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | M1 | M2 | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | UR | UR | EOG |

## Service

It is a daily train and covers the distance of 1617 kilometres in 32 hours 15 mins as 19019 Dehradun Express (40.53 km/h) and 32 hours 45 mins as 19020 Dehradun Express (40.29 km/h).

## Traction

Before the Mumbai region changed traction to an AC system, Valsad based WCAM-1 engine would haul the train until Vadodara from where a Vadodara-based WAP-4 or WAP-5 would take over until Hazrat Nizamuddin after which a WDM-3A engine from the Tuglakabad shed would take over until Haridwar.
Since Western Railways switched over to AC traction, a Ghaziabad-based WAP-7 hauls the train until Hazrat Nizamuddin after which a WDM-3A engine from the Tuglakabad shed takes over until Haridwar.
Now, both trains are hauled by a Vadodara/Valsad-based WAP-7 until Haridwar and vice versa.

## Schedule

* 19019 Bandra Terminus–Haridwar Dehradun Express leaves Bandra Terminus every day at 00:05AM IST and reaches Haridwar at 08:20AM IST on the next day.
* 19020 Haridwar–Bandra Terminus Dehradun Express leaves Haridwar every day at 01:30PM IST and reaches Bandra Terminus at 10:15PM IST on the next day.

## Route and halts

The important halts of the train are:
* Bandra Terminus
* Borivali
* Vapi
* Valsad
* Bilimora
* Navsari
* Surat
* Bharuch Junction
* Vadodara Junction
* Ratlam Junction
* Kota Junction
* Sawai Madhopur Junction
* Mathura Junction
* Hazrat Nizamuddin
* Ghaziabad Junction
* Meerut City
* Muzaffarnagar
* Saharanpur Junction
* Roorkee
* Laksar Junction
* Haridwar

## Incidents

On 8 January 2014, a fire broke out on one of the trains when it was near Dahanu station in Maharashtra. Three carriages were involved. Some passengers escaped "by breaking open the back doors" but nine were killed.
# Gościejew

Gościejew (Polish:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koźmin Wielkopolski, within Krotoszyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Koźmin Wielkopolski, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Krotoszyn, and 75 km (47 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
# Marc Okrand

Marc Okrand (/ˈoʊkrænd/; born July 3, 1948) is an American linguist. His professional work is in Native American languages, and he is well known as the creator of the Klingon language in the Star Trek science fiction franchise.

## Career

As a linguist, Okrand worked with Native American languages. He earned a bachelor's degree in linguistics from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1970. His 1977 doctoral dissertation from the University of California, Berkeley, was on the grammar of Mutsun, an extinct Ohlone language formerly spoken in the coastal areas of north-central California. His dissertation was supervised by pioneering linguist Mary Haas. From 1975 to 1978, he taught undergraduate linguistics courses at the University of California, Santa Barbara, before taking a post-doctoral fellowship at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C., in 1978.
After that, Okrand took a job at the National Captioning Institute, where he worked on the first closed-captioning system for hearing-impaired television viewers. Until his retirement in 2013, Okrand served as one of the directors for Live Captioning at the National Captioning Institute and as President of the board of directors of WSC Avant Bard (formerly the Washington Shakespeare Company) in Arlington County, Virginia, which planned to stage "an evening of Shakespeare in Klingon" in 2010.

### Star Trek

While coordinating closed captioning for the Oscars award show in 1982, Okrand met the producer for the movie Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. His first work was dubbing in Vulcan language dialogue for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, since the actors had already been filmed talking in English. He was then hired by Paramount Pictures to develop the Klingon language and coach the actors using it in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. Okrand was later hired to create the Romulan and Vulcan dialogue for the 2009 Star Trek film, but these lines were cut from the final release. He was also involved in Star Trek Into Darkness, but only during post-production.
Okrand is the author of three books about Klingon – The Klingon Dictionary (first published 1985, revised enlarged edition 1992), The Klingon Way (1996), and Klingon for the Galactic Traveler (1997) – as well as two audio courses: Conversational Klingon (1992) and Power Klingon (1993). He has also co-authored the libretto of an opera in the Klingon language: ’u’, debuting at The Hague in September 2010. He speaks Klingon, but notes that others have attained greater fluency.
In 2018 he developed the language for the Kelpien race in the second season of Star Trek: Discovery (first appearing in the third Short Treks episode "The Brightest Star").

### Atlantis: The Lost Empire

In 2001, Okrand created the Atlantean language for the Disney film Atlantis: The Lost Empire. He was also used as an early facial model for the protagonist's character design.
# Verbin

Verbin or Werbin (Russian: Вербин), feminine: Verbina is a Russian-language surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ayelet Nahmias-Verbin (born 1970), Israeli lawyer and politician
* Ernest Verbin (born 1934), Soviet rower
# Jean-Marc Adjovi-Bocco

Jean-Marc Adjovi-Bocco (born 22 December 1963) is a Beninese former professional footballer who played as a defender. Bocco captained the Benin national football team, until he retired from international football in the summer of 1997.
In a 2020 interview, Bocco reflected upon his time at Hibernian, saying that he would love to have played for another season in Scotland, but left to make room for younger players following the dismissal of manager Jim Duffy.
# Sudhir Kumar Mishra

Sudhir Kumar Mishra is an Indian engineer, defence scientist and civil servant. He is currently the director general at the Defence Research & Development Organisation, and the chief executive officer and managing director of BrahMos Aerospace, a joint venture between India's and Russia's ministries of defence.

## Early life and education

Mishra was born and brought up in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh in central India. Throughout meritorious, he got admission in to the Mechanical Engineering department of the prestigious Government Engineering College, Jabalpur where he received his bachelor's degree in 1982. He later received his master's degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras and his doctoral degree from the National Institute of Technology, Warangal.

## Career

Soon after graduating from IIT Madras, he joined DRDO's main missile laboratory, the DRDL Hyderabad in 1984 and worked under A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and other eminent scientists on the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme and other missile programmes of India, including the Agni and BrahMos. He served as the Project Director of BrahMos, the world's only supersonic missile. He also served as Counsellor and Technical Adviser (Defence Technology) at the Embassy of India in Moscow, coordinating several defence R&D projects between India and Russia. He served as the Director (Missiles) at DRDO overseeing all the missile programmes of India, and later as the Chief Controller (Research and Development) at DRDO.
He has been awarded with the “DRDO Scientist of the Year Award 2009” by the Prime Minister of India.