OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Villard-sur-Bienne

Villard-sur-Bienne (French pronunciation:, literally Villard on Bienne) is a former commune in the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Nanchez.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1793 | 465 | — |
| 1806 | 454 | −2.4% |
| 1821 | 440 | −3.1% |
| 1831 | 445 | +1.1% |
| 1841 | 397 | −10.8% |
| 1851 | 388 | −2.3% |
| 1861 | 349 | −10.1% |
| 1872 | 289 | −17.2% |
| 1881 | 296 | +2.4% |
| 1891 | 239 | −19.3% |
| 1901 | 199 | −16.7% |
| 1911 | 195 | −2.0% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 146 | −25.1% |
| 1931 | 163 | +11.6% |
| 1946 | 114 | −30.1% |
| 1954 | 139 | +21.9% |
| 1962 | 113 | −18.7% |
| 1968 | 104 | −8.0% |
| 1975 | 76 | −26.9% |
| 1982 | 85 | +11.8% |
| 1990 | 115 | +35.3% |
| 1999 | 132 | +14.8% |
| 2008 | 195 | +47.7% |
| 2013 | 188 | −3.6% |
# Belarus-Estonia relations

Belarus–Estonia relations are foreign relations between Belarus and Estonia. Before 1991, both countries were part of the USSR, and before then part of the Russian Empire. Diplomatic relations between both countries were established on April 6, 1992. Belarus has a Consulate General in Tallinn. Estonia opened its Consulate General in Minsk on July 21, 1995.
# Summer Bartholomew

Summer Bartholomew (born on November 20, 1951 in Merced, California) is an American actress, television host and beauty pageant titleholder who won the Miss USA 1975 pageant.
Born in 1951, her first name was chosen because of a character in a Steve Canyon comic strip. She was given the middle name Robin. Her first pageant experience came in 1973 when she won the Miss Heineken title. In 1973, she also won the Maid of California title. She then won the Miss California USA title in 1975 and went on to win the Miss USA crown. She competed at the Miss Universe 1975 pageant held in El Salvador and placed second-runner up to winner Anne Marie Pohtamo of Finland. Bartholomew also served as a judge for the Miss USA pageant from 1977 to 1982.
She is also known for her career on game shows. She became the hostess of the game show Sale of the Century in late 1984 after a brief period as hostess/letter turner on Wheel of Fortune in 1982. She appeared in the film Love Is Forever, with Michael Landon and Priscilla Presley. Bartholomew was also a hostess for the third annual People's Choice Awards in 1977.

## Filmography

* Love Is Forever (1982 film)
* Chicago: Look Away (Video short) (1988) (Uncredited)
* Sale Of The Century (Game Show) (1984-1989)
# John Shipley, Baron Shipley

John Warren Shipley, Baron Shipley, OBE (born 5 July 1946) is a British politician who has been a life peer in the House of Lords since 2010. A member of the Liberal Democrats, he previously served as leader of Newcastle City Council between 2006 and 2010. He is also a supporter of Sunderland AFC

## Local government

Shipley was elected to Newcastle City Council in 1975 as a councillor, before becoming the Opposition Leader between 1988 and 1998. He became leader of the council in 2006 until 2010. In 2010, he became vice-president of the Local Government Association (LGA).

## Parliamentary elections

Shipley stood as the Liberal candidate for Blyth in the February and October general elections in 1974, then for Hexham in 1979, as well as the SDP–Liberal Alliance candidate for Newcastle upon Tyne North in the 1983 and 1987 general elections.

## Peerage

In the 1995 New Year Honours Shipley was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).
He was created a life peer as Baron Shipley of Gosforth on 14 July 2010. Since becoming a peer, he was appointed as a Liberal Democrat spokesperson in Parliament, serving on the frontbench teams of Jo Swinson and Vince Cable between 2017 and 2019.
# Světlá Hora

Světlá Hora is a municipality in Bruntál District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,400 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Světlá Hora consists of five municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Dětřichovice (102)
* Podlesí (92)
* Stará Voda (62)
* Suchá Rudná (60)
* Světlá (1,024)

## Geography

Světlá Hora is located about 7 kilometres (4 mi) northwest of Bruntál and 50 km (31 mi) north of Olomouc. It lies on the border between the Nízký Jeseník and Hrubý Jeseník ranges. The highest point is the mountain Ovčí vrch at 966 m (3,169 ft) above sea level.

## History

The first written mention of the village of Světlá is from 1267.
During some of the time of the Nazi German control of the region, a subcamp of Auschwitz III was located here: the town of Světlá was the location of the Lichtewerden labor camp, established on 11 November 1944.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 3,124 | — |
| 1880 | 3,198 | +2.4% |
| 1890 | 3,169 | −0.9% |
| 1900 | 2,854 | −9.9% |
| 1910 | 2,773 | −2.8% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 2,458 | −11.4% |
| 1930 | 2,375 | −3.4% |
| 1950 | 1,205 | −49.3% |
| 1961 | 1,174 | −2.6% |
| 1970 | 1,363 | +16.1% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 1,345 | −1.3% |
| 1991 | 1,477 | +9.8% |
| 2001 | 1,532 | +3.7% |
| 2011 | 1,389 | −9.3% |
| 2021 | 1,340 | −3.5% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

Světlá Hora is located on the railway line Bruntál–Malá Morávka. It is only in operation during the summer tourist season on weekends.

## Sport

Světlá Hora is known for a horse racing centre with a race track. Železník, the most successful Czech racehorse, lived here from 1982 until his death in 2004.

## Sights

The Church of Saints Barbara and Catherine is located in Světlá. It is a late Baroque church from 1789.
The Church of Saint Michael the Archangel in Dětřichovice was built in 1771–1773.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Světlá Hora is twinned with:
* Polska Cerekiew, Poland
* Rieste, Germany
# Contres, Loir-et-Cher

Contres (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Loir-et-Cher department in the administrative region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Le Controis-en-Sologne.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1793 | 1,317 | — |
| 1806 | 1,202 | −8.7% |
| 1821 | 1,571 | +30.7% |
| 1831 | 1,755 | +11.7% |
| 1841 | 2,166 | +23.4% |
| 1851 | 2,575 | +18.9% |
| 1861 | 2,601 | +1.0% |
| 1872 | 2,553 | −1.8% |
| 1881 | 2,493 | −2.4% |
| 1891 | 2,591 | +3.9% |
| 1901 | 2,649 | +2.2% |
| 1911 | 2,543 | −4.0% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 2,421 | −4.8% |
| 1931 | 2,452 | +1.3% |
| 1946 | 2,702 | +10.2% |
| 1954 | 2,551 | −5.6% |
| 1962 | 2,775 | +8.8% |
| 1968 | 2,828 | +1.9% |
| 1975 | 2,811 | −0.6% |
| 1982 | 2,923 | +4.0% |
| 1990 | 2,979 | +1.9% |
| 1999 | 3,268 | +9.7% |
| 2008 | 3,407 | +4.3% |
| 2013 | 3,530 | +3.6% |
# Cayman Islands dry forests

The Cayman Islands dry forests ecoregion (WWF ID: NT0208) covers about half of the Cayman Islands in the Caribbean Sea. The other half of the low-lying islands are mangroves. The dry forests of Grand Cayman have been heavily cleared or degraded for human development; the less populated islands have more intact wooded habitat.

## Location and description

The three main islands of the Caymans are Grand Cayman, Little Cayman and Cayman Brac. The islands are low and flat on a limestone base. The islands, 200-300km south of Cuba, are at the western end of the Greater Antilles.

## Climate

The climate of the ecoregion is Tropical savanna climate - dry winter (Köppen climate classification (Aw)). This climate is characterized by relatively even temperatures throughout the year, and a pronounced dry season. The driest month has less than 60 mm of precipitation, and is drier than the average month.

## Flora and fauna

Very little primary forest is left on Grand Cayman. Most of the region, where undeveloped, is secondary growth. The islands are known for their orchids, of which there are 20 species, 5 endemic. There are 21 endemic species of reptiles and amphibians. OF the 46 breeding bird species on the islands, 17 are endemic. The only native mammals on the islands are the eight species of bats, none of which are endemic.

## Protected areas

Officially protected areas of the Cayman Islands include:
* Botanic Park and Salina Reserve Important Bird Area
* Booby Pond Nature Reserve
# British European Airways Flight 411

British European Airways Flight 411 crashed on approach to Manchester Airport after a flight from Amsterdam Schiphol International Airport on 14 March 1957 and hit a house in Wythenshawe. All on board, 20 passengers and crew, died in the crash as did two people in the house. The aircraft involved was a Vickers Viscount registration G-ALWE operated by British European Airways. The cause of the crash was metal fatigue in flaps causing loss of control.

## Aircraft

G-ALWE, RMA Discovery, was the first Viscount 701 type to be manufactured by Vickers in 1952.

## Final flight

Flight 411 took off from Amsterdam Schiphol International Airport. On board were 15 passengers and five crew members. At approximately 1.40pm GMT, 90 minutes after departure, flight 411 was cleared for approach into Manchester Airport. In low cloud and following a ground controlled approach the flight crew lowered the landing gear and turned into their final approach under visual control. One mile short of the runway eyewitnesses saw the aircraft turn into a shallow right descending turn with a steep bank angle. At 1.46pm the Viscount's right wing hit the ground and the rest of the plane broke up bursting into flames. It crashed into a house 85 yards beyond the impact point at the junction of Shadowmoss Road and Ringway in Wythenshawe. All 20 passengers and crew on the aircraft died in the crash and two occupants of the house also died.
A surviving occupant of the house that was destroyed was a former airport fireman at Ringway Airport, Wally Wilding. In the year before the crash, Wilding had launched a petition expressing concerns about the dangers of low-flying aircraft in the area. His wife and infant son both lost their lives in the crash.

## Emergency service response

Fire, police and ambulance services arrived at the site within minutes of the crash. The fire was put out rapidly but by this time all the casualties had already happened.

## Investigation

The investigation into the crash of Flight 411 found that the probable cause of the crash was metal fatigue in the bottom bolt securing the starboard wing number 2 flap unit. The aileron locked when number 2 flap unit became detached from the wing trailing edge.

### Aftermath

The investigation made several recommendations:-
* That reliance on a single bolt in tension for the support of a primary structure should be avoided if possible.
* That where such bolts are used an ample margin of strength should be allowed (having regard to the material of which the bolt is made) so as to ensure that fatigue will not develop at any time in the life of the bolt.
* That where such bolts are used the seating of the bolt and nut should be carefully checked.
# Rise of the Machines (disambiguation)

Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines is a 2003 film in the Terminator media franchise.
Rise of the Machines or Rise of the Machine may also refer to:

## Games

* Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (video game), a 2003 videogame based on the eponymous film
* Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (pinball), a 2003 arcade pinball machine themed like the eponymous film

## Music

* Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (soundtrack), a 2003 film soundtrack album for the eponymous film
* Rise of the Machine, a 2014 album by Deep Machine
* "Rise of the Machines", a 2003 single and song by Jedi Mind Tricks
* "Rise of the Machine", a song by Badger off the 2005 DJ Sasha album Fundacion NYC
* Rise of the Machine, a 2019 concert tour by Dope (band)

## Television

* "Rise of the Machine", an episode of the TV series Bunk'd
* "Rise of the Machine" (Russian: Восстание машин), an episode of the animated TV series KikoRiki
# Alessia Rovegno

Alessia Rovegno Cayo is a Peruvian beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Peru 2022. Rovegno represented Peru at Miss Universe 2022 and reached the Top 16.

## Early life and career

She is a member of the Peruvian entertainment Cayo family, that includes her aunt, actress Stephanie Cayo. Her parents are Peruvian actress and singer Barbara Cayo [es] and Lucho Rovegno, who owns a bakery in Lima. She is of Peruvian and Italian descent.

## Personal life

As of 12 December 2021, Rovegno is in a relationship with Peruvian athlete Hugo García.

## Pageantry

Rovegno entered and won Miss Peru 2022 on 14 June 2022, which was broadcast in the reality show Esto es guerra from América Televisión studios in Lima.
As Miss Peru, Rovegno represented the country at Miss Universe 2022 and competed against 84 other candidates at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. She finished as a top 16 semi-finalist. R'Bonney Gabriel of the United States won the pageant.

## Discography

* Un amor como el nuestro (2021)
* Nada serio (2022)
# Bayt Thul

Bayt Thul was a Palestinian village in the Jerusalem Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on April 1, 1948, under Operation Nachshon. It was located 15.5 km west of Jerusalem.

## Name

In 1874, Clermont-Ganneau noted the similarity between the name "Beit Thul" and the Bethulia mentioned in the Book of Judith. He added that according to local fellahin, the town was previously recognized by Christians as Qal'at Fertin, signifying "the fortress of Fertin". It was named after a Christian or pagan king who once ruled the area and held dominion over the entire vicinity before meeting his demise in a catastrophic "deluge" emanating from the Tannur of Abu Shusheh, submerging the entire region.

## History
### Ottoman era

Bayt Thul, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1538–1539, Bayt Tul was noted in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. In the 1596 census, the village had a population was 7 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on various agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, olive trees, in addition to "occasional revenues"; a total of 1,860 akçe.
In 1838, it was noted as a Muslim village in the district of Beni Malik, west of Jerusalem.
In the early 1870s Clermont-Ganneau found the village inhabited, and a "hearty welcome was accorded to us." He further noted that the "village contains two welys, one the sanctuary of Sheikh Injeim, the other that of Bedriyeh. In front of the wely of Bedriyeh, I noticed the remains of a small aqueduct of masonry and two large shafts of ancient columns." According to local tradition, Bedriyeh was the sister of Sheikh Injeim.
He found remains there which led him to conclude that an important Christian building of the Byzantine period once existed there.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine noted "Foundations and a Mukam."

### British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, there were 133 villagers, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 182 inhabitants, in 43 inhabited houses.
In the 1945 statistics, the village had a population of 260 Muslims, with a total of 4,629 dunums of land. Of this, 55 dunams were for irrigable land or plantations, 787 for cereals, while 13 dunams were built-up, urban, land.
* Bayt Thul 1943 1:20,000 (right of centre)
* Bayt Thul 1945 1:250,000

### 1948, aftermath

In late October, 1948, the Beit Horon Battalion started the destruction of Bayt Thul.
* Bayt Thul remains on the Western hill
* Bayt Thul remains on the Eastern hill
When the writers of an oral Palestinian history collection returned with a villager to Bayt Thul, they recorded how she, Umm 'Ali, began to collect herbs and plants. “She continued picking the leaves until what she had clutched to her chest sprouted from her like a large bush. That was Umm 'Ali, or maybe thats what we remember: A tree of wild herbs and greens moving with amazing grace over the stones of the destroyed villages, assuring, comforting, and reminding us of our descendants who are awaiting us.“
# Protopanaxadiol

Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is an organic compound that is an aglycone of ginsenosides, a group of steroid glycosides. It is a dammarane-type tetracyclic terpene sapogenin found in ginseng (Panax ginseng) and in notoginseng (Panax pseudoginseng).
The health effect of protopanaxadiol inside the human body is still unclear. One study suggests it has rapid, non-genomic effects on endothelial cells, binding to the glucocorticoid and oestrogen beta receptors. The study also showed an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration.
Shanghai Innovative Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SIRC-TCM) is trying to develop an antidepressant based on this substance under the brand name Yoxintine. The drug has finished phase II trials as of May 2023. Results were published in November 2024.
A pharmacokinetic study done on phase IIa human volunteers reports the relationship between oral dose and blood plasma concentration, but no data is given for oral bioavailbility, half life, or volume of distribution. In rats, the oral bioavailbility is about 48% and the half-life is 6.25 hours when given as an extract containing both PPD and PPT. When given alone, reported bioavailbility values are lower, at 20.7–36.8%.
# Brokęcino

Brokęcino is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Okonek, within Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.
It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-west of Okonek, 28 km (17 mi) north-west of Złotów, and 130 km (81 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań.
# 1959 Galloway by-election

The 1959 Galloway by-election of 9 April 1959 was held after the death of Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) John Mackie:
The seat was safe, having been won by the Unionists at the 1955 general election by 8,014 votes

## Result of the previous general election

General election 1955: Galloway :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Unionist | John Mackie | 15,893 | 66.86 | +5.23 |
| | Labour | W S Gray | 7,879 | 33.14 | +6.80 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 8,014 | 33.72 | −1.43 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 23,772 | | |
| | Unionist hold | Unionist hold | Swing | | |

## Result of the by-election

By-election 1959: Galloway :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Unionist | John Brewis | 13,204 | 49.93 | −16.93 |
| | Liberal | Simon Mackay | 6,721 | 25.42 | New |
| | Labour | W Cross | 6,520 | 24.65 | −8.49 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 6,483 | 24.51 | −9.21 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 26,445 | | |
| | Unionist hold | Unionist hold | Swing | | |

## Aftermath

The Glasgow Herald stated that the initial reaction to the result among the political parties was "Government satisfaction, Liberal jubilation, and Labour despondency." However, the same newspaper also noted that while Conservatives would be happy to have held the seat with a "substantial majority", the Liberal performance would worry them. The result indicated that the Liberals were maintaining their recent trend of polling well in by-elections. The Conservatives were reported to fear that if this trend in Liberal candidates taking votes from their party continued, it could allow Labour to win the next general election, if the Liberals fielded 200 candidates.
# Gerboise Blanche

Gerboise Blanche (or Opération Gerboise Blanche) was the codename of the second French nuclear test. It was conducted by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command on 1 April 1960, at the Saharan Military Experiments Centre near Reggane, French Algeria in the Sahara desert region of Tanezrouft, during the Algerian War.

## Name

Gerboise is the French word for jerboa, a desert rodent found in the Sahara. The color white (Blanche) adjuncted is said to come from the second colour of the French Flag.

## Test
### Explosion

Gerboise Blanche operation was carried out 3 months after the success of the first test, Gerboise Bleue. Unlike the first attempt and the two others that were to come, this bomb was placed a few kilometres from ground zero, and detonated on a concrete pad. This was a voluntary act of the authorities as they feared the usual test site would have been too contaminated for the next tests.
On 1 April 1960 at 6:17:00 UTC, the 1,250 kg plutonium filled fission bomb was detonated with a yield of 3 kt. The explosion created a crater that was later filled in. The Ministry of the Armed Forces subsequently asserted that the test paved the way for the miniaturization of this type of weapon, and that the lower yield was voluntary. A 2001 document of the National Assembly confirmed this assertion while claiming that the bomb was an "emergency device" that would have been used had Gerboise Bleue failed.

### Fallout

Initial monitoring reported a radiation dose of 100 rad/h at 3 km from ground zero one hour after the blast, and 0.3 rad/h at 45 km. Monitoring at Khartoum, around 3,400 km from Reggane, reported 10$^{−10}$ Ci/m$^3$.
In 2005, the Algerian government asked for a study to assess the radioactivity of former nuclear testing sites. The International Atomic Energy Agency published the report suggesting that Gerboise Blanche explosion site had the highest Caesium-137 surface levels of the four tests, with a residual surface activity between 0.02 and 3.0 MBq/m$^2$ over a surface area of about 1 km$^2$. The same report showed that while the fallout of the 3 other tests of the Reggane series were contained in circular areas of less than 1 km in diameter, the fallout of Gerboise blanche expanded south-west over a distance of more than 6 km.
# 2023 Huwara shooting

On 26 February 2023, an unidentified person fatally shot two Israeli settlers in their car in Huwara, a town south of Nablus in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. Following the shooting, Israeli settlers carried out revenge attacks on Palestinians, which have killed at least one Palestinian and injured around 100 others. On 7 March, one 49-year-old suspect was killed during an Israeli incursion into Jenin.

## Shooting
### Incident

On 26 February 2023, four days after the incursion in Nablus, an unidentified attacker shot and killed two Israelis in a car near the Einbus intersection along Highway 60 in Huwara, south of Nablus. The attacker shot the two Israelis with an M16 rifle while they were driving and then fled the scene on foot.

### Assailant

Sources pointed to a Hamas gunman as the assailant, but no group claimed responsibility for the shooting. On March 7, the suspected attacker, 49-year-old Abdel Fattah Hussein Kharousha, was killed along with five other Palestinians during an Israeli raid in Jenin.

### Victims

The two Israelis killed in the shooting were brothers named Hillel Menachem Yaniv and Yagel Ya’acov Yaniv. They were from the Har Brakha settlement, and were described as yeshiva students. One of the brothers had just completed his service in the Israeli Navy.

## Subsequent riots

Later on the same day, groups of Israeli settlers rioted in the region, carrying out revenge attacks. One Palestinian man was fatally shot in the abdomen in neighboring Za'tara. An analysis by journalists for +972 Magazine of 14 videos of the assault conducted by 40-50 settlers, who had returned to Za'tara after being repulsed the first time, concluded that the simultaneous attack on Za'atara in which Sameh Aqtesh was shot dead was conducted under Israeli army escort. In Huwara itself, 98 Palestinians were injured as settlers torched Palestinian homes.