# Edu-Ware

Edu-Ware Services, Inc. was an educational and entertainment software publisher established in 1979 by Sherwin Steffin and Steven Pederson. It was known for adventure games, role-playing video games, and flight simulators for the Apple II.

## History

Edu-Ware founders Sherwin Steffin and Steven Pederson met at UCLA, where Steffin was working as a faculty advisor to the campus radio station while Pederson worked as a student. When Steffin was let off from work in the spring of 1979, he and Pederson decided to form a software publishing company specializing in educational software for the Apple II. In particular, Steffin, who held degrees in experimental psychology and instructional technology, wanted to create computer aided instruction that encouraged divergent thinking, in contrast to current school curriculum, which he believed encouraged convergent thinking.
Working out of his Woodland Hills, California apartment, Steffin programmed educational software, while Pederson favored games. The games he created while completing his studies at UCLA. Edu-Ware's first products were Perception, followed by Compu-Read, which Steffin had begun programming before starting Edu-Ware, with the intention of selling it to Programma International. Software store Rainbow Computing, enticed by Pederson's concept for a new role-playing video game called Space, gave him his first Apple II computer, which he used to write the strategy game Terrorist and the educational program Compu-Spell, for which Pederson wrote the first version of Edu-Ware's EWS graphics engine for generating text on the Apple's high-resolution graphics screen.
The company expanded beyond the two founders when it hired Mike Lieberman, who had also worked at the student radio station, as a sales manager, and contracted game developer David Mullich, who met Steffin while working at Rainbow Computing. After writing several games for Edu-Ware as a freelancer, he joined Edu-Ware on completing his studies at California State University, Northridge in 1980, and as his first assignment created the ground-breaking adventure game The Prisoner, the product for which Edu-Ware is best remembered today. The game was also a financial success for the company, which moved into actual office space, at 22222 Sherman Way in Canoga Park, California, by the year's end. Sometime later, the company relocated to a larger facility overlooking the 101 Freeway in Agoura Hills, California.
Edu-Ware may be most noted for what it failed to publish rather than what it did publish: Ken Williams originally shopped the first graphical adventure, Mystery House to Edu-Ware in 1980. Unhappy with how the negotiations were proceeding, he formed On-line Systems to publish the game. On-line Systems became Sierra On-line and Sierra became extremely successful, based largely on their reputation in the graphic adventure genre.
While The Prisoner remained Edu-Ware's best-selling individual product during its first two years of business, educational software remained its primary focus. The Compu-Math series, consisting of three programs designed by Steffin and programmed by Mullich for teaching elementary mathematics, unveiled Edu-Ware's vision of teaching by objectives and measuring learning through pretesting and post-testing. The company's educational approach was perfected in 1981 with the release of the first in the Algebra series, in which learners choose the cognitive approach by which they want to learn. The Algebra series greatly surpassed The Prisoner in sales and became Edu-Ware's greatest source of revenue.
Despite the company's successes, by 1982 it was obvious to Steffin and Pederson that they could not continue running the company themselves. Rapidly climbing marketing costs and heavier competition from rivals like Davidson & Associates and Spinnaker Software were taking their toll. For the 1.5 million dollar software company to survive, Edu-Ware needed more management strength and expertise. In July 1983 Management Science America, then the world's largest independent software manufacturer, announced that it was purchasing Edu-Ware for a combination of cash and MSA stock, valued at $1.5 million, plus a percentage of future earnings. Having previously specialized in mainframe computer software, MSA saw the purchase as its entry into educational software, which it saw as a future growth market.
However, the relationship soon soured as Edu-Ware's marketing was taken over by MSA's Peachtree Software accounting software division, and the Edu-Ware brand identity was slowly extinguished. The final straw came when Personal Computing hit the newsstands in October 1984. The issue featured a well-publicized peach-scented insert that unfolded into eight pages, 32-inches wide, displaying a shelf of 67 Peachtree Software products, all in identical packaging. This included 45 Edu-Ware products that were virtually indistinguishable from the accounting software packaging, the only difference being that the Edu-Ware products had the word 'Education' on the box, even for the Edu-Ware games like Prisoner 2.
Steffin's protests over how MSA was handling Edu-Ware caused him to be fired in August 1984. The next month, he filed a lawsuit against MSA, claiming the company had violated securities laws in making fraudulent representations to Edu-Ware's stockholders in order to buy the latter's stock and for the promise of future payments not materialized. Steffin further claimed he was to be employed by Edu-Ware for four years after the sale, and charged that MSA undercut Edu-Ware sales to diminish the payments it had promised. He said MSA sabotaged the company by holding some products off the market, eliminating advertising and discontinuing use of the Edu-Ware name.
Two months after Steffin filed his lawsuit, MSA announced plans to sell its retail microcomputer software group of Peachtree Software, DesignWare, and Eduware, which together lost $2 million that year. MSA cited the millions of dollars Peachtree Software had spent on advertising and promotion, including the expensive peach-scented insert, as a reason for selling off the group. In March 1985 Encyclopædia Britannica announced that it had purchased Designware and Edu-Ware from MSA for an undisclosed sum. The EduWare development team was to be disbanded, and DesignWare would handle both the development and marketing of Edu-Ware and Designware products.
Steffin started another software publishing company, BrainPower, along with sales manager Lieberman, while Pederson, who had left Edu-Ware several months earlier, went on to other ventures. Mullich and a few other remaining Edu-Ware employees acquired two of the computer games in development, an adventure game called Wilderness: A Survival Adventure and a space flight simulator called Tranquility Base, and formed their own game company, Electric Transit.
Besides Mullich, another notable Edu-Ware alumni include former Apple Computer evangelist Guy Kawasaki, who was director of marketing at the company, and NASA official Wesley Huntress, who developed Rendezvous: A Spaceflight Simulator.

## Products and labels
### Science of Learning

While Edu-Ware's attempts at applying formal learning theory were often praised, its no-nonsense approach to learning had its critics. For example, a review of Compu-Math: Arithmetic Skills complained that the program is "devoid of the fun aspect that makes computerized learning human and inspiring. The sole reinforcement is an ever-increasing complexity of the problems".

### Interactive Fantasies

While educational software was Edu-Ware's bread and butter, its innovative games are what the company is remembered for today. The goal of Edu-Ware's games was to "test, challenge and perhaps inspire that closet intellectual in all of us." Dubbed Interactive Fantasies, they tackled such weighty topics as the oil crisis (Windfall), television programming (Network), and global terrorism (Terrorist). Noted one magazine reviewer, "there is that residual element of reality that makes Edu-Ware stuff so good".

## Published titles

| Year | Title | Genres | Platforms | Developer | Notes |
| 1979 | Compu-Read | Drill and practice | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Originally programmed by Steffin before starting Edu-Ware, it became Edu-Ware's longest-selling title together with its 1981 hi-res graphics remake, Compu-Read 3.0. |
| 1979 | Edu-Pak I | Educational software compendium | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Includes Compu-Read, Perception, and Statistics |
| 1979 | E.S.P. | Personal development | Apple II | Edu-Ware | |
| 1979 | Metri-Vert | Analytical software | Apple II | Edu-Ware | |
| 1979 | Party-Pak | Entertainment software compendium | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Includes E.S.P, Subliminal and Zintar. |
| 1979 | Perception | Puzzle | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Edu-Ware's first product to be released. Remade with hi-res graphics in 1982 as Perception 3.0. |
| 1979 | Rescue | Strategy game | Apple II | Edu-Ware | |
| 1979 | Rescue/War | Strategy game compendium | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Includes Rescue and War. |
| 1979 | Statistics | Analytical software | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Remade with hi-res graphics in 1982 as Statistics 3.0. |
| 1979 | Space I | Role-playing video game | Apple II | Edu-Ware | The concept proposal for Edu-Ware's first role-playing video game convinced Rainbow Computing to give Pederson his first computer. Replaced by Empire I: World Builders in 1981 when Game Designers Workshop sued Edu-Ware for copyright infringement. |
| 1979 | Space II | Role-playing video game Expansion pack | Apple II | David Mullich | Expansion pack for Space. |
| 1979 | Story Teller | Word game | Apple II | Edu-Ware | |
| 1979 | Subliminal | Word game | Apple II | Edu-Ware | |
| 1979 | Text File Editor | Analytical software | Apple II | Edu-Ware | |
| 1979 | Unisolve | Analytical software | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Remade with hi-res graphics in 1982 as Statistics 3.0. |
| 1979 | War | Strategy game | Apple II | Edu-Ware | |
| 1979 | Zintar | Drinking game | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Advertised in Edu-Ware's catalog as being banned by Rainbow Computing. |
| 1980 | Compu-Math: Arithmetic Skills | Tutorial | Apple II | Edu-Ware | |
| 1980 | Compu-Math: Decimals | Tutorial | Apple II, Atari 8-bit | Edu-Ware | Remade with hi-res graphics in 1982 as Decimals. |
| 1980 | Compu-Math: Fractions | Tutorial | Apple II, Atari 8-bit | Edu-Ware | First product created in the Compu-Math series. Remade with hi-res graphics in 1981 as Fractions. |
| 1980 | Compu-Spell | Drill and practice | Apple II | Edu-Ware | The first program to use Edu-Ware's EWS high resolution graphics engine. |
| 1980 | Network | Business simulation | Apple II | David Mullich | |
| 1980 | The Prisoner | Adventure game | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Arguably Edu-Ware's best-remembered title, and Mullich's first as an Edu-Ware employee. It remained Edu-Ware's greatest seller until the release of the first in the Algebra series. Remade with hi-res graphics in 1982 as Prisoner 2. |
| 1980 | Terrorist | Strategy game | Apple II | Edu-Ware | First Interactive Fantasies brand title. |
| 1980 | Windfall: An Oil Crisis Simulation | Business simulation | Apple II | David Mullich | |
| 1981 | Algebra 1 | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS, Commodore 64 | Edu-Ware | The first of the Algebra series, Edu-Ware's all-time greatest seller. |
| 1981 | Counting Bee | Tutorial | Apple II | John Conrad | Repacked as Introduction to Counting in 1983. |
| 1981 | Compu-Read 3.0 | Drill and practice | Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, MS-DOS | Edu-Ware | Hi-res graphics remake of Compu-Read. Together, they were Edu-Ware's longest-selling title. |
| 1981 | Empire I: World Builders | Role-playing video game | Apple II | Edu-Ware | First hi-res graphics title. Replaced Space. |
| 1981 | Spelling Bee with Reading Primer | Tutorial | Apple II | John Conrad | Repackaged in 1982 as Spelling and Reading Primer. |
| 1982 | Algebra 2 | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS | Edu-Ware | |
| 1982 | Algebra 3 | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS | Edu-Ware | |
| 1982 | Algebra 4 | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS | Edu-Ware | |
| 1982 | Decimals | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS | Edu-Ware | Hi-res graphics remake of Compu-Math: Decimals. |
| 1982 | Fractions | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS | Edu-Ware | Hi-res graphics remake of Compu-Math: Fractions. |
| 1982 | Empire II: Interstellar Sharks | Role-playing video game | Apple II | Edu-Ware | |
| 1982 | Perception 3.0 | Puzzle | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Remake of Perception, using hi-res graphics. |
| 1982 | Prisoner 2 | Adventure game | Apple II, Atari 8-bit, MS-DOS | Edu-Ware | Remake of The Prisoner, using hi-res graphics. |
| 1982 | PSAT Word Attack Skills | Tutorial | Apple II, Atari 8-bit, MS-DOS | Judith S. Priven, Ed.M. | |
| 1982 | Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation | Space flight simulator | Apple II, Atari 8-bit | Wesley Huntress, Ph.D. | First Interactive Simulations brand title. |
| 1982 | SAT Word Attack Skills | Tutorial | Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, MS-DOS | Judith S. Priven, Ed.M. | |
| 1982 | Spelling and Reading Primer | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS | John Conrad | Repackaged version of Spelling Bee with Reading Primer. |
| 1982 | Spelling Bee Games | Edutainment | Apple II, Atari 8-bit | John Conrad | First Dragonware brand title. |
| 1982 | Statistics 3.0 | Analytical software | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Hi-res remake of Statistics. |
| 1982 | Algebra 5/6 | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS | Edu-Ware | |
| 1983 | Empire III: Armageddon | Role-playing video game | Apple II | Edu-Ware | Packaged by Peachtree Software as an “educational” title. |
| 1983 | Hands-On BASIC Programming | Tutorial | Apple II | Neil Bennett, Ph.D. | |
| 1983 | Introduction to Counting | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS | John Conrad | Repackaged version of Counting Bee. |
| 1983 | Introduction to Poetry | Tutorial | Apple II | M. David Merill | |
| 1983 | PSAT/SAT Analogies | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS | Judith S. Priven, Ed.M. | |
| 1983 | Webster's Numbers | Edutainment | Apple II, Commodore 64 | John Conrad | |
| 1984 | Learning to Read: Letters, Words and Sentences, Volume 1 | Tutorial | Apple II | MicroTeacher | |
| 1984 | Learning to Read: Letters, Words and Sentences, Volume 2 | Tutorial | Apple II | MicroTeacher | |
| 1984 | Learning to Read: Letters, Words and Sentences, Volume 3 | Tutorial | Apple II | MicroTeacher | |
| 1984 | Learning to Read: Letters, Words and Sentences, Volume 4 | Tutorial | Apple II | MicroTeacher | |
| 1984 | Merry Canned Nightmares and Dreams | Board game | Apple II | | |
| 1984 | Tranquility Base | Space flight simulator | Apple II, MS-DOS | L. Roberts | Enhanced and re-published as Lunar Explorer in 1985 by Electric Transit. |
| 1984 | States & Traits | Learning | IBM PCjr, MS-DOS | DesignWare | |
| 1984 | Wilderness: A Survival Adventure | Adventure game | Apple II | Wesley Huntress, Ph.D. | Enhanced and re-published in 1985 by Electric Transit. |
| 1984 | Writing Skills, Volume 1 | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS, Mac | MicroTeacher | |
| 1984 | Writing Skills, Volume 2 | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS, Mac | MicroTeacher | |
| 1984 | Writing Skills, Volume 3 | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS, Mac | MicroTeacher | |
| 1984 | Writing Skills, Volume 4 | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS, Mac | MicroTeacher | |
| 1984 | Writing Skills, Volume 5 | Tutorial | Apple II, MS-DOS, Mac | MicroTeacher | |