# Wolfgang Ewald

Wolfgang Ewald (26 March 1911 – 24 February 1995) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.

## Early life and career

Ewald was born on 26 March 1911 in Hamburg, at the time a sovereign state of the German Empire. In 1938, Ewald volunteered for service with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War. Flying with 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88—88th Fighter Group), Ewald claimed a Polikarpov I-16 fighter shot down on 13 June. He was later awarded the Spanish Cross with Swords (Spanienkreuz mit Schwertern) on 14 April 1939 for his service in the Spanish Civil War.
On 1 November 1938, I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 433 (JG 433—433rd Fighter Wing) was formed at the Ingolstadt-Manching Airfield, 60 kilometers (37 miles) north of Munich. Initially the Gruppe was placed under the command of Hauptmann Dietrich Graf von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth and equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 D-1 fighter aircraft. That day, Ewald was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the Gruppe's 2. Staffel. On 1 May 1939, the Gruppe was renamed and became I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing).

## World War II

On 18 August 1940, known as The Hardest Day, twelve Bf 109s from 2. Staffel of JG 52, led by Ewald, attacked RAF fighters out in the open at RAF Manston. After two passes, the Germans claimed ten fighters and three Bristol Blenheim bombers destroyed. In fact, just two No. 266 Squadron Supermarine Spitfire fighters were destroyed with another six Hawker Hurricane fighters damaged but repairable. A single Hurricane was also destroyed. On 26 August, Ewald was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of JG 52. He succeeded Hauptmann Siegfried von Eschwege who was transferred. On 24 May 1941, Ewald was posted to the staff of Jagdfliegerführer 2. Command of I. Gruppe of JG 52 was passed on to Oberleutnant Karl-Heinz Leesmann.
In late June 1942, Ewald was transferred to the Gruppenstab (headquarters unit) of III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing). At the time, III. Gruppe was based at Shchigry, located approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) east-northeast of Kursk. On 28 June, German forces had launched Case Blue, the strategic summer offensive in southern Russia. That day, Ewald claimed two aerial victories with the Gruppenstab, a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter and a Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber.
On 23 July 1942, Ewald was given command as Gruppenkommandeur of III. Gruppe of JG 3. He replaced Major Karl-Heinz Greisert who was killed in action the day before. Ewald was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 9 December 1942.
On 14 July 1943 during the Battle of Kursk, Ewald was shot down in his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 20220—factory number) by Soviet flak 20 kilometers (12 miles) northeast of Belgorod. He was temporarily replaced by Hauptmann Leo Eggers and Hauptmann Karl-Heinz Langer before command of III. Gruppe was officially given to Hauptmann Walther Dahl on 20 July. Ewald was taken prisoner of war and was held until 1949.

## Later life and death

Following World War II, Ewald joined the post-war German Air Force, at the time referred to as the Bundesluftwaffe, attaining the rank of Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel). He died on 24 February 1995 at the age of 83 in Sindelfingen, Germany.

## Summary of career
### Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Ewald was credited with 78 aerial victories. Spick also lists him with 78 aerial victories claimed in an unknown number combat missions. This figure includes one aerial victory during the Spanish Civil War, two during the Battle of France and Britain and further 75 aerial victories on the Eastern Front. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 65 aerial victory claims, plus two further unconfirmed claims. This number includes one claim during the Spanish Civil War, one over the Western Allies, and 63 on the Eastern Front.
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 4932". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km$^2$). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.
Chronicle of aerial victories :
| This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Ewald did not receive credit.  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman. ||||||||||
| Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
| Spanish Civil War ||||||||||
| – 2. Staffel of Jagdgruppe 88 – Spanish Civil War — June 1938 ||||||||||
| 1 | 13 June 1938 | — | I-16 | | | | | | |
| World War II ||||||||||
| – Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 – Action at the Channel and over England — 26 August – 30 October 1940 ||||||||||
| — | 2 September 1940 | 18:25 | Spitfire | | 1 | 27 September 1940 | 13:30 | Hurricane | |
| – Stab of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" – Eastern Front — 19 May – June 1942 ||||||||||
| 2 | 20 May 1942 | 03:49 | R-Z? | | 7 | 12 June 1942 | 10:42 | Pe-2 | east of Artemivka 25 km (16 mi) south-southeast of Bely Kolodez |
| 3 | 20 May 1942 | 03:51 | R-Z? | | 8? | 13 June 1942 | — | LaGG-3 | |
| 4? | 28 May 1942 | — | MiG-1 | | 9 | 22 June 1942 | 04:00 | LaGG-3 | |
| 5? | 12 June 1942 | 10:30 | Pe-2 | northeast of Dwuretschnaja | 10 | 22 June 1942 | 10:15 | Pe-2 | |
| 6 | 12 June 1942 | 10:35 | MiG-1 | 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Dwuretschnaja 25 km (16 mi) north-northeast of Kupiansk | 11 | 24 June 1942 | 15:20 | Pe-2 | |
| – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" – Eastern Front — June 1942 – 3 February 1943 ||||||||||
| 12 | 28 June 1942 | 12:05 | LaGG-3 | | 35 | 14 September 1942 | 09:45 | Yak-1 | Stalingrad |
| 13 | 28 June 1942 | 19:09 | Pe-2 | | 36 | 18 September 1942 | 17:00 | Il-2 | east of Stalingrad |
| 14 | 1 July 1942 | 17:26 | LaGG-3 | 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Stary Oskol | 37 | 18 September 1942 | 17:07 | Yak-1 | northeast of Kotluban train station |
| 15 | 9 July 1942 | 19:27 | Il-2 | Voronezh | 38 | 1 October 1942 | 06:25 | Il-2 | northeast of Kotluban train station |
| 16 | 17 July 1942 | 19:03 | MiG-3 | | 39 | 1 October 1942 | 06:30 | Il-2 | south of Iwanowka train station |
| 17 | 24 July 1942 | 11:25 | MiG-1 | | 40 | 17 October 1942 | 09:12 | Yak-1 | northeast of Stalingrad |
| 18 | 31 July 1942 | 11:40 | Yak-1 | north of Peselasowski | 41 | 25 October 1942 | 10:12 | Il-2 | Stalingrad |
| 19 | 6 August 1942 | 10:55 | Pe-2 | north of Aksay | 42 | 25 October 1942 | 14:32 | Il-2 | Stalingrad |
| 20 | 6 August 1942 | 10:58 | Pe-2 | north of Aksay | 43 | 25 October 1942 | 14:36 | Il-2 | Beketovka |
| 21 | 13 August 1942 | 17:43 | MiG-3 | east of Kalach | 44 | 26 October 1942 | 11:15 | Il-2 | southeast of Stalingrad |
| 22 | 19 August 1942 | 10:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 40821 | 45 | 26 October 1942 | 14:00 | Il-2 | west of Sarepta |
| 23 | 23 August 1942 | 05:40 | LaGG-3 | north of Popiwskaja | 46 | 26 October 1942 | 14:04 | Il-2 | west of Sarepta |
| 24 | 23 August 1942 | 05:55 | LaGG-3 | southwest of Leninsk | 47 | 26 October 1942 | 14:07 | Il-2 | southwest of Sarepta |
| 25 | 24 August 1942 | 17:30 | Hurricane | north of Leninsk | 48 | 2 November 1942 | 10:14 | Yak-1 | Akhtuba |
| 26 | 25 August 1942 | 11:05 | LaGG-3 | Stalingrad | 49 | 2 November 1942 | 12:54 | MiG-1 | Akhtuba |
| 27 | 30 August 1942 | 09:25? | Hurricane | north-northwest of Stalingrad | 50 | 10 November 1942 | 13:50? | MiG-3 | south of Dubovka |
| 28 | 31 August 1942 | 17:15 | Pe-2 | north of Sarepta | 51 | 1 December 1942 | 09:02 | MiG-3 | 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Tshir railroad station |
| 29 | 31 August 1942 | 17:23 | LaGG-3 | northeast of Leninsk | 52 | 2 December 1942 | 10:02 | Il-2 | PQ 4932 south of Borodajewka |
| 30 | 1 September 1942 | 10:48 | Il-2 | west of Stalingrad | 53 | 2 December 1942 | 10:15 | Il-2 | PQ 4912 |
| 31 | 4 September 1942 | 15:40 | Yak-1 | southwest of Stalingrad | 54 | 8 December 1942 | 09:55 | P-40 | PQ 3961 |
| 32 | 7 September 1942 | 15:52 | Il-2 | north of Kotluban train station | 55 | 8 December 1942 | 10:00 | P-40 | PQ 3942 |
| 33 | 9 September 1942 | 10:38 | Il-2 | Prudki | 56 | 8 December 1942 | 10:12 | P-40 | PQ 2943 |
| 34 | 10 September 1942 | 11:20 | Pe-2 | south of Kalach | 57 | 8 December 1942 | 13:07 | Boston | PQ 3915 |
| – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" – Eastern Front — 4 February – 14 July 1943 ||||||||||
| 58 | 16 March 1943 | 14:15 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 7041, west of Kamenka | | | | | |
| According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Ewald claimed aerial victories 59 to 63 while commanding a German/Romanian fighter group in April 1943. These five claims are not listed by Mathews and Foreman. ||||||||||
| 64 | 2 May 1943 | 15:10 | MiG-3 | | 69 | 8 July 1943 | 10:12 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 62763, west of Dmitriyevskoye 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Oboyan |
| 65 | 5 July 1943 | 03:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 61119, west of Werchopenje | 70 | 8 July 1943 | 18:42 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 6279, northeast of Tomarovka |
| 66 | 5 July 1943 | 07:28 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 61681, west of Volchansk | 71 | 9 July 1943 | 09:27 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 62824, Rshawa train station 30 km (19 mi) east of Oboyan |
| — | 5 July 1943 | — | Il-2 | | 72 | 11 July 1943 | 13:32 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 6287, Bogorodizoje |
| 67 | 7 July 1943 | 03:50 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 6167, southeast of Belgorod | — | 14 July 1943 | — | Il-2 | |
| 68 | 7 July 1943 | 10:42 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 6278, Bogorodizoje | | | | | |

### Awards

* Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords (14 April 1939)
* Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
* Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 21 September 1942 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur
* German Cross in Gold on 3 October 1942 as Hauptmann in the III./Jagdgeschwader 3
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 December 1942 as Major and Gruppenkommandeur of the III./Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet"