OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mercury(II) sulfate

Mercury(II) sulfate, commonly called mercuric sulfate, is the chemical compound HgSO$_4$. It is an odorless salt that forms white granules or crystalline powder. In water, it separates into an insoluble basic sulfate with a yellow color and sulfuric acid.

## Structure

The anhydrous compound features Hg$^{2+}$ in a highly distorted tetrahedral HgO$_4$ environment. Two Hg-O distances are 2.22 Å and the others are 2.28 and 2.42 Å. In the monohydrate, Hg$^{2+}$ adopts a linear coordination geometry with Hg-O (sulfate) and Hg-O (water) bond lengths of 2.179 and 2.228 Å, respectively. Four weaker bonds are also observed with Hg---O distances >2.5 Å.

## History

In 1932, the Japanese chemical company Chisso Corporation began using mercury sulfate as the catalyst for the production of acetaldehyde from acetylene and water. Though it was unknown at the time, methylmercury is formed as side product of this reaction. Exposure and consumption of the mercury waste products, including methylmercury, that were dumped into Minamata Bay by Chisso are believed to be the cause of Minamata disease in Minamata, Japan.

## Production

Mercury sulfate can be produced by treating mercury with hot concentrated sulfuric acid:
    Hg + 2 H$_2$SO$_4$ → HgSO$_4$ + SO$_2$ + 2 H$_2$O
Alternatively yellow mercuric oxide reacts also with concentrated sulfuric acid.

## Uses
### Denigés' reagent

An acidic solution of mercury sulfate is known as Denigés' reagent. It was commonly used throughout the 20th century as a qualitative analysis reagent. If Denigés' reagent is added to a solution containing compounds that have tertiary alcohols, a yellow or red precipitate will form.

### Hydration reactions

Mercury sulfate, as well as other mercury(II) compounds, are commonly used as catalysts in oxymercuration-demercuration, a type of electrophilic addition reaction that results in hydration of an unsaturated compound. The hydration of an alkene gives an alcohol. The regioselectivity is that predicted by Markovnikov's rule. For an alkyne, the result is an enol, which tautomerizes to give the carbonyl. At one time, this chemistry was employed commercially for the preparation of acetaldehyde from acetylene:
    C$_2$H$_2$ + H$_2$O → CH$_3$CHO
A related and specialized example is the conversion of 2,5-dimethylhexyne-2,5-diol to 2,2,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran using aqueous mercury sulfate without the addition of acid.

## Health issues

Inhalation of HgSO$_4$ can result in acute poisoning: causing tightness in the chest, difficulties breathing, coughing and pain. Exposure of HgSO$_4$ to the eyes can cause ulceration of conjunctiva and cornea. If mercury sulfate is exposed to the skin it may cause sensitization dermatitis. Lastly, ingestion of mercury sulfate will cause necrosis, pain, vomiting, and severe purging. Ingestion can result in death within a few hours due to peripheral vascular collapse.
It was used in the late 19th century to induce vomiting for medical reasons.
# Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology

The Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology (CPIT), formerly the Christchurch Technical College, was an institute of technology in Christchurch, New Zealand. It merged with Aoraki Polytechnic and became Ara Institute of Canterbury in 2016.
CPIT provided full-time and part-time education in technologies and trades. It was the largest polytechnic and institute of technology in the South Island (25,000 students) and one of the leading institutions of its kind in the country.
In New Zealand's ranking, the Performance Based Research Fund, based on the scientific output of all employees, CPIT ranked 4th among all institutes of technologies in New Zealand. It offered a comprehensive range of programmes, which covered almost all subject areas. CPIT specialised in Music Arts, Visual Art & Design, Nursing, Applied Management (Business), Engineering, Applied Science, Education, Information Technology, and Architecture. CPIT hosted New Zealand's only school for radio journalism and communication, the New Zealand School of Broadcasting. It had a student population from more than 50 countries.

## Campus

CPIT had a centrally located campus within the CBD on Madras Street (Madras Street Campus) just to the south of Cathedral Square in Christchurch, New Zealand. The city campus was located five minutes walk from the city centre. The majority of programmes were taught here. CPIT's Sullivan Avenue campus (CPIT Trades Campus) was on the corner of Sullivan Avenue and Ensors Road Opawa, in southeast Christchurch.

## Alumni

* Jennine Bailey – jazz singer, university music teacher
* Ben Boyce – television personality
* Denise Copland – artist
* Corin Dann – broadcaster
* Guy 'Dcypher' Ellis – graffiti artist
* Naomi Ferguson – singer, actor, composer, teacher
* Amelia Gain – entrepreneur
* Clarke Gayford – broadcaster, partner of Jacinda Ardern, 40th Prime Minister of New Zealand
* Polly Harding – broadcaster
* Sam Harrison – artist and sculptor
* Miriama Kamo – journalist, children's author and television presenter
* Euan Macleod – artist
* Tim Main – artist, designer, sculptor
* Megan Mansell – broadcaster
* Mei Heron – journalist
* Matty McLean – television presenter
* Mike McRoberts – broadcaster
* Fiona Pears – violinist, composer
* Oliver Perkins – artist
* Chris Reddington – sculptor, composer, musician
* Ben Reid – printmaker
* Rebecca Smallridge – artist
* Bevan Smith – chef
* Deon Swiggs – politician
* Jack Tame – broadcaster
* Sam Wills – performing artist
* Wongi "Freak" Wilson – graffiti artist
# Georgiana Bloomfield, Baroness Bloomfield

Georgiana Bloomfield, Baroness Bloomfield (née Liddell; 13 April 1822 – 21 May 1905), was a British courtier and author.

## Life

Georgiana Liddell was born at 51 Portland Place, London, the youngest child of Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth (1775–1855), and his wife, Maria Susannah Simpson (c.1773–1845), who was sister-in-law to the Marquess of Normanby. She was educated at home and in December 1841 became a maid of honour to Queen Victoria She resigned that position in July 1845 and married the diplomat John Bloomfield, 2nd Baron Bloomfield, on 4 September 1845 at St Andrew's, Lamesley, the parish church of her family home. She joined her husband on his diplomatic delegations, to Hamburg and then St Petersburg shortly after her marriage, to Berlin (1851–60), and to Vienna (1861–71). There were no children of the marriage, and after her husband's death at his residence in Newport, County Tipperary, in 1879, Lady Bloomfield settled at Shrivenham, then in Berkshire, to be near her sister, Jane Elizabeth, widow of the sixth Viscount Barrington. When Lady Barrington died in 1883, Lady Bloomfield moved to Bramfield House, about two miles from Hertford. Here she exercised much hospitality and interested herself in the affairs of the village.
In 1883 she published Reminiscences of Court and Diplomatic Life (2 volumes), 'a constant ripple of interesting anecdote,' as Augustus Hare described Lady Bloomfield's conversation (cf. Story of My Life, 1900, vol. vi.). She edited in 1884 a Memoir of Benjamin, Lord Bloomfield, her father-in-law, in 2 volumes. Her last work, Gleanings of a Long Life (1902), collected extracts from her favourite books.
Lady Bloomfield, a 'grand dame' of an old school, kept up her friendship with Queen Victoria and her family, and delighted in social intercourse with all classes. While deeply religious on old, low church lines, she was tolerant and charitable. She founded in 1874 the Trained Nurses' Annuity Fund, and built and endowed almshouses on her husband's estate near Newport. She sketched well in water-colours, and her sketches formed a sort of diary of her journeys. She was an accomplished musician, playing the organ; was a good billiard player, and an excellent gardener.

## Death

She died, after a long illness, at Bramfield House on 21 May 1905, and was buried in the family mausoleum beside her husband in the churchyard of Borrisnafarney, King's County, Ireland.

## Works

* Reminiscences of Court and Diplomatic Life (2 vols.), 1883: record of her career of her life as courtier and as the wife of a diplomat. https://archive.org/stream/reminiscencesofc00blooiala
* Memoir of Benjamin, Lord Bloomfield, (2 vols.), 1884: memoirs of her father-in-law. https://archive.org/details/memoirofbenjamin01bloo/
* Gleanings of a Long Life, 1902: collection of extracts from her favourite books
# Washhah district

Washhah District is a district of the Hajjah Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 62,617 people.
# Ross ter Braak

Ross ter Braak (born 5 June 1997) is a New Zealand cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut on 22 December 2019, for Auckland in the 2019–20 Super Smash. Prior to his T20 debut, he was named in New Zealand's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He made his List A debut on 1 December 2020, for Auckland in the 2020–21 Ford Trophy. He made his first-class debut on 11 March 2021, for Auckland in the 2020–21 Plunket Shield season.
# Siege of Takatō (1545)

The 1545 siege of Takatō castle, Takeda Shingen continuing his sweep through the Ima Valley of Shinano Province, seeking to take control of the entire province, he defeated Takatō Yoritsugu, the castellan.

## History

Takatō had relied on support from his allies, Ogasawara Nagatoki and Tozawa Yorichika, who failed to aid in his defense. This marked the first time Takatō castle had been besieged.
# Ludo Dierckxsens

Ludo Dierckxsens (born 14 October 1964) is a Belgian former racing cyclist. He is best known for winning the 11th stage of the 1999 Tour de France, while competing for Lampre–Daikin.

## 1999 Tour de France

Ludo Dierckxsens won the 11th stage of the 1999 Tour de France. After this stage victory, Dierckxens went to take the obligatory doping tests. When the doctors asked him the routine question if he had taken any products which might cause a positive test result, Dierckxens replied that he had taken tetracosactide (Synacthen) in the Tour of Germany. He claimed to have a prescription for them, but his team Lampre–Daikin did not know about this, and sent him home a few days later. The doping tests returned negative.

## Major results
### 1989

    1st Brussel-Zepperen

### 1994

    1st Izegem

### 1995

    1st Geetbets
    1st Mechelen
    1st Wanzele

### 1996

    1st GP Stad Vilvoorde
    1st Ruddervoorde
    7th Omloop Het Volk

### 1997

    1st Hasselt-Spa-Hasselt
    1st Zellik-Galmaarden
    1st Grand Prix de Denain
    1st Belsele-Puivelde
    1st Izegem

### 1998

    1st Deinze
    1st Paris–Bourges
    4th E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
    2nd GP Ouest France - Plouay

### 1999

    1st Aalst
    1st Profronde van Maastricht
    1st Belgian National Road Race Championships
    1st Stage 11 Tour de France

### 2000

    Deurne

### 2001

    1st Profronde van Almelo
    5th De Brabantse Pijl
    8th Tour of Flanders
    6th Paris–Roubaix
    10th Scheldeprijs
    Deurne

### 2002

    1st Peer

### 2003

    1st Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise
    1st Boom

### 2005

    1st Wilrijk
    1st Tessenderlo
    10th Omloop Het Volk
# Carville Hall (Brentford)

Carville Hall is a large house and estate in Brentford, West London. Today the grounds, now a public park, are divided into two by the elevated section of the M4 motorway.
There are records of the house from 1777, when it was owned by the wealthy distiller and brewer David Roberts (c1733-97). It was extended and re-fronted in the Victorian era, when it was known as Clayponds. From the late 1800s Carville Hall was the home of coal and horse racing magnate William Lancalot Redhead (c1853-1909) and his daughter the philanthropist Margaret Hunnam Redhead (1897-1991), who later married Esmond Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere. Before the war ownership of the house had passed to Thomas William Crowther.
In 1918 the property and grounds were acquired by Middlesex County Council to make room for the building of the Great West Road. Brentford Urban District Council acquired the park as a War Memorial and open public space in an otherwise dense area of industrial buildings and housing. In 1959 the grounds were further divided by the building of the Chiswick Flyover above the Great West Road, now the start of the M4 Motorway.
By the 1950s the house had been converted into flats, but later fell into disrepair. Carville Hall Park South retains a flavour of the original gardens. Carville Hall Park North has open grasslands used for playing fields, a pavilion and a children's playground.
# Tumba railway station

Tumba is a station on the Stockholm commuter rail in Tumba, Botkyrka Municipality, Sweden, approximately 23 km from Stockholm C, between the stations of Tullinge and Rönninge. The first station here was originally built 1860. The station consists of two platforms with a ticket hall with entrance from a pedestrian bridge and was introduced in its present form in the year 1994. In 2019, the number of passengers boarding on an average weekday was estimated at 9,500.
In 1982 the station was the filming location for the ABBA video for their song The Day Before You Came.
# Stella Michaels

Stella Michaels is an American painter and musician, born and raised in New York City who is also a curator at Stray Kat Gallery in New York with principal partners Zane Fix and Kat Dahl.

## Career

Stella Michaels earned her BFA at New York University. She became a pioneer of the “Rolling Thunder” Art gallery, selling her works from Mobile Pop Up Trucks with paintings of all sizes fastidiously displayed both inside and outside.
Her primary medium is enamel, acrylic and gold leaf on canvas, wood and vinyl records. Ms. Michaels is known for her wide array of application techniques, ranging from brightly colored, slick, pop graphics to highly textured "ambient" abstracts, combining paper appliqué with thick layers of paint. Her work has often been described as unique combinations of classic early and mid 20th century groundbreaking Impressionist and Abstract Expressionist painters.
Her 2012 exhibit, entitled, “The Road Less Traveled”, moved her into the spotlight as Stray Kat Gallery’s featured artist in their highly visible, cavernous space in the Chelsea gallery district in New York City. Subsequently, she became a principal partner, as well as a featured artist at Stray Kat Gallery, since 2013. She has headlined many shows over the years, with various themes and titles, such as "Pinups, Parasols, and Pianos", "East Meets West, a Rising Sun", and "House of Pop and Soul".
In April, 2015, Stella's painting, "Houses of the Holy VI" was selected by Saatchi curator Rebecca Wilson in her top 10 choices for works for the Saatchi Art "Big and Bold" collection. Her most recent international exhibit, entitled "7", opened March 19, 2016 at Abbozzo Gallery in Toronto, Ontario.
# Léon Lefèvre

Léon Lefèvre (born 28 November 1904, date of death unknown) was a Luxembourgish footballer. He played in eight matches for the Luxembourg national football team between 1922 and 1927.
# Ex aequo et bono

Ex aequo et bono (Latin for "according to the right and good" or "from equity and conscience") is a Latin phrase that is used as a legal term of art. In the context of arbitration, it refers to the power of arbitrators to dispense with application of the law, if appropriate, and decide solely on what they consider to be fair and equitable in the case at hand. However, a decision ex aequo et bono is distinguished from a decision on the basis of equity (equity intra legem) and even tribunals with ex aequo et bono powers generally consider the law too. "Whereas an authorisation to decide a question ex aequo et bono is an authorisation to decide without deference to the rules of law, an authorisation to decide on a basis of equity does not dispense the judge from giving a decision based upon law, even though the law be modified".
Article 38(2) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) provides that the court may decide cases ex aequo et bono only if the parties agree. In 1984, the ICJ decided a case using "equitable criteria" in creating a boundary in the Gulf of Maine for Canada and the US. This was not, however, in relation to Art. 38(2) which has never been invoked by the parties in a dispute before the ICJ. It was an example of referring to 'equity' as a general principle of law under Art. 38 (1) (c).
Article 33 of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's Arbitration Rules (1976) provides that the arbitrators shall consider only the applicable law unless the arbitral agreement allows the arbitrators to consider ex aequo et bono, or as amiable compositeur, instead. This rule is also expressed in many national and subnational arbitration laws such as section 22 of the Commercial Arbitration Act 1984 (NSW). It is also embodied under Section 28(2) of the Indian arbitration law - Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 ("The arbitral tribunal shall decide ex aequo et bono or as amicable compositeur only if the parties have expressly authorised it to do so")
On the other hand, the constituent treaty of the Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission explicitly forbids the body from interpreting ex aequo et bono.
Ex aequo et bono powers are occasionally granted to investor-state tribunals deciding disputes between states and foreign investors, such as in Benvenuti & Bonfant v Republic of the Congo.

## Ex aequo

The phrase ex aequo (without et bono) is used to mean "equally placed", often in the context of competition winners.
# Nanami Irie

Nanami Irie (入江 ななみ, Irie Nanami, born 8 January 1995) is a Japanese wrestler who competes in the women's freestyle category. She claimed silver medal in the women's 55 kg event during the 2019 World Wrestling Championships.
# Ryan Maiuri

Ryan Maiuri (born c. 1983) is an American football coach. He is the head football coach for the University of Dubuque, a position he has held since 2024. He also coached for Lakeland, Winona State, Adrian, Minnesota, Central (IA), and the La Crosse Spartans of the Indoor Football League (IFL). He played college football for Lakeland as a quarterback and professionally for the Hamburg Blue Devils of the German Football League (GFL), the RiverCity Rage of the United Indoor Football (UIF), and the Milwaukee Bonecrushers of the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL), and the La Crosse Spartans of the IFL.

## Coaching career
### Dubuque

Maiuri was named the program's 21st head football coach on December 28th, 2023, replacing long time head coach Stan Zweifel. He opened his tenure with a loss to #15 Aurora 33-21.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing |
| Dubuque Spartans (American Rivers Conference) (2024–present) ||||||
| 2024 | Dubuque | 5–5 | 5–3 | 4th |
| 2025 | Dubuque | 0–0 | 0–0 | |
| Dubuque: | Dubuque: | 5–5 | 5–3 | |
| Total: | Total: | 5–5 | | |
# Suwayr district

Suwayr District (Arabic: مديرية صوير) is a district of the 'Amran Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 20,854 inhabitants.
# Maatkare Mutemhat

Maatkare (Mutemhat) was an ancient Egyptian high priestess, a God's Wife of Amun during the 21st Dynasty.

## History

Maatkare in hieroglyphs :
Era: 3rd Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC) :
She was the daughter of High Priest of Amun Pinedjem I, who was the de facto ruler of Southern Egypt from 1070 BCE onwards, then proclaimed himself pharaoh in 1054 BCE. Her mother was Duathathor-Henuttawy, a daughter of Ramesses XI, last ruler of the 20th dynasty. Maatkare received the title of 'Divine Adoratrice': God's Wife of Amun during her father's reign; she was the first God's Wife to take on a praenomen which used to be the prerogative of pharaohs. Her siblings held important positions too: a brother of hers became pharaoh, a sister became queen, and three brothers held the title High Priest of Amun in succession. She was followed as God's Wife by her niece Henuttawy D, daughter of her brother, High Priest Menkheperre.
Several of her depictions are known: she was depicted as a young girl in the Luxor temple, along with her sisters Henuttawy B and Mutnedjmet, also, as high priestess on the facade of the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak, and on a statue which is now in Marseille.

## Burial

Her original burial place is unknown; her mummy was found in the DB320 cache along with her coffins, shawabtis and other mummies from her immediate family. A small mummy, originally thought to be a child of hers was later revealed to be that of a pet monkey. (God's Wives were supposed to be celibate.)
# Kněžice (Nymburk District)

Kněžice is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Kněžice consists of three municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Kněžice (403)
* Dubečno (57)
* Osek (49)

## Etymology

The name is derived from the word kněz (meaning 'priest', but in old Czech also 'prince') or from the surname Kněz, meaning "the village of kněz's/Kněz's people".

## Geography

Kněžice is located about 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of Nymburk and 60 km (37 mi) east of Prague. It lies mostly in the Central Elbe Table. The eastern part of the municipal territory lies in the East Elbe Table and includes the highest point of Kněžice, the Na Pískách hill at 292 m (958 ft) above sea level. The stream Záhornický potok originates here and flows across the municipality.

## History

The first written mention of Kněžice is from 1295.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,384 | — |
| 1880 | 1,495 | +8.0% |
| 1890 | 1,495 | +0.0% |
| 1900 | 1,406 | −6.0% |
| 1910 | 1,464 | +4.1% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 1,447 | −1.2% |
| 1930 | 1,356 | −6.3% |
| 1950 | 988 | −27.1% |
| 1961 | 875 | −11.4% |
| 1970 | 706 | −19.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 610 | −13.6% |
| 1991 | 537 | −12.0% |
| 2001 | 485 | −9.7% |
| 2011 | 496 | +2.3% |
| 2021 | 509 | +2.6% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.

## Sights

The main landmark of Kněžice is the Church of Saints Peter and Paul. It was built in the Baroque style in the 1780s.