OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Espanola Paper Kings

The Espanola Paper Kings are a Canadian Junior "A" ice hockey team based out of Espanola, Ontario. They are members of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League (NOJHL) and play their home games at the Espanola Regional Recreational Complex.

## History

The Express were one of two expansion teams that entered the league prior to the start of the 2015–16 season. The team hired former NHL forward Tom McCarthy as its first head coach. McCarthy had previously coached the Espanola Rivermen prior to the teams disbandment. The team played its first game on September 11, 2015, losing at home 4-1 to the Rayside-Balfour Canadians before a crowd of 346. After losing the first six games in franchise history, the team picked up its first victory with a 3-2 win against the Blind River Beavers. Espanola made the playoffs in their first season just ahead of the Blind River Beavers. However, they fell to the Soo Eagles in a best-of-three series 2 games to 0. Espanola finished last in the league attendance wise, averaging only 181 fans per game.
In August 2016, coach McCarthy announced he was taking a head coaching position with HSC Csíkszereda in the Romanian Hockey League but would also remain involved with the Express as one of the owners. Co-coach Jason Rapcewicz took over as head coach. However, after one season, McCarthy returned to Espanola and the head coaching position. He left again after one season and was replaced by Dave Clancy from the Rayside-Balfour Canadians.
Prior to the 2019–20 season, Jason Rapcewicz became the sole owner of the team and took over as general manager from former owner Chad Clarke.

## Season-by-season records

| Season | GP | W | L | T | OTL | GF | GA | Pts | Result | Playoffs |
| 2015–16 | 54 | 12 | 39 | 0 | 3 | 132 | 243 | 27 | 5th of 6, West 10th of 12, NOJHL | Lost Div. Play-in Series, 0–2 vs. Soo Eagles |
| 2016–17 | 56 | 9 | 45 | 1 | 1 | 139 | 297 | 20 | 6th of 6, West 11th of 12, NOJHL | Did not qualify |
| 2017–18 | 56 | 2 | 52 | 1 | 1 | 114 | 344 | 6 | 6th of 6, West 12th of 12, NOJHL | Did not qualify |
| 2018–19 | 56 | 10 | 43 | — | 3 | 145 | 291 | 23 | 6th of 6, West 12th of 12, NOJHL | Did not qualify |
| 2019–20 | 56 | 17 | 34 | — | 5 | 167 | 247 | 39 | 5th of 6, West 10th of 12, NOJHL | Lost Div. Quarterfinals, 0–2 vs. Soo Eagles |
| 2020–21 | 12 | 5 | 4 | — | 3 | 46 | 56 | 13 | Withdrew from season due to the COVID-19 pandemic | Withdrew from season due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
| 2021–22 | 48 | 13 | 31 | 4 | 0 | 150 | 217 | 30 | 6th of 6, West 10th of 12, NOJHL | Did not qualify |
| Espanola Paper Kings |||||||||||
| 2022–23 | 58 | 29 | 24 | 2 | 3 | 233 | 218 | 63 | 4th of 6, West 7th of 12, NOJHL | Lost Div. Semifinals, 1-4 vs. Greater Sudbury Cubs |
| 2023–24 | 58 | 34 | 23 | 1 | 0 | 271 | 219 | 69 | 4th of 6, West 7th of 12, NOJHL | Lost Div. Semifinals, 3-4 vs. Blind River Beavers |
# Higher-order volition

Higher-order volitions (or higher-order desire), as opposed to action-determining volitions, are volitions about volitions. Higher-order volitions are potentially more often guided by long-term beliefs and reasoning. A higher-order volition can go unfulfilled due to uncontrolled lower-order volitions.

## History

The concept of higher-order volitions was introduced by Harry Frankfurt, who used it to explain free will independently of determinism, of the thesis that what happens in the world is determined by predictable natural laws, which is however made implausible by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and resulting quantum noise. But even if the world were governed by such laws, one could be free in the sense that higher-order volitions determined the primacy of first-order desires. This view is called compatibilism.
An example for a failure to follow higher-order volitions is the drug addict who takes drugs even though they would like to quit taking drugs. According to Frankfurt, the drug addict has established free will when their higher-order volition to stop wanting drugs determines the precedence of their changing, action-determining desires either to take drugs or not to take drugs.
However, a higher order desire as described by Mark Alfano in his book Moral Psychology: An Introduction is "a desire about another(s) desire". In his example, Mark Alfano visualised a 'friend' whose birthday is coming up, you love her and hence wish to 'please' or 'surprise' her. To be 'motivated' to give your friend a special birthday present, you need to want to do something she wants. That want of yours, in philosophical jargon, this is called a higher order desire.
The philosopher John Locke already claimed that free will was the ability to stop before making a decision, to consider what would be best to do, and the ability to decide and act based on the outcome of that thinking, which could be seen as equivalent to forming a higher-order volition. Locke concludes that when it comes to "chusing a remote [i.e., future] Good as an end to be pursued", agents are "at Liberty in respect of willing" and that "in [the power to suspend the prosecution of one's desires] lies the liberty Man has", that the power to suspend is "the source of all liberty". Locke argues that if the will were determined by the perceived greater good, every agent would be consistently focused on the attainment of "the infinite eternal Joys of Heaven", which consequently would be the topmost higher-order voliton to win Pascal's wager, corresponding to the drug addict's desire to survive his drug addiction.
# Mont-de-Lans

Mont-de-Lans (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Deux Alpes.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1793 | 902 | — |
| 1806 | 1,123 | +24.5% |
| 1821 | 1,254 | +11.7% |
| 1831 | 1,284 | +2.4% |
| 1841 | 1,290 | +0.5% |
| 1851 | 1,347 | +4.4% |
| 1861 | 1,205 | −10.5% |
| 1872 | 1,058 | −12.2% |
| 1881 | 912 | −13.8% |
| 1891 | 794 | −12.9% |
| 1901 | 720 | −9.3% |
| 1911 | 602 | −16.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 481 | −20.1% |
| 1931 | 411 | −14.6% |
| 1946 | 317 | −22.9% |
| 1954 | 302 | −4.7% |
| 1962 | 282 | −6.6% |
| 1968 | 327 | +16.0% |
| 1975 | 501 | +53.2% |
| 1982 | 946 | +88.8% |
| 1990 | 1,020 | +7.8% |
| 1999 | 1,101 | +7.9% |
| 2006 | 1,055 | −4.2% |
| 2011 | 1,245 | +18.0% |
# Hiwi people

The Hiwi people inhabit the vast flatlands between the Meta and Vichada rivers in Colombia. They call themselves the “people of the savannah”. In Venezuela, the Hiwi live in the states of Apure, Guarico, Bolivar, and Amazonas. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century historians described the Hiwi as nomadic hunter-gatherers. Their long history of violent conflict, extending well into the twentieth century, has meant dramatic changes in their way of life. Today, when the Hiwi visit criollo towns, they wear European-style clothing: shirts and pants for the men, and cotton dresses for the women. In their own villages, many continue to wear traditional loincloths made of cloth or of a vegetable bark called marima.

## Culture

Textile crafts are an important part of their material culture. Using looms, the Hiwi weave high-quality hammocks with moriche or cumare fibers. Traditional clothing also includes body ornaments. The Hiwi make necklaces of glass beads as well as shamanic amulet necklaces for ceremonial use, made with animal teeth, hooves, and beaks.
Historically, basketry has been a male occupation among the Hiwi, and the baskets they weave for transporting and storing foodstuffs are decorated with red and black geometric designs. Recently, women have begun to make baskets for commercial sale.
Some Hiwi still make pottery, although far fewer since the introduction of aluminum pots and plastic containers. Traditionally an activity of the dry season, vessels are made by rolling rings of clay over a base. After they dry, they are burned over an open fire and then decorated with vegetable dyes such as cumare and caruto.
Despite a reputation as less than excellent navigators, the Hiwi do make curiaras and oars. The curiaras are made from a tree similar to the cedar. After the bark is removed, they use fire, hatchets, and machetes to shape the wood. From the same wood, they produce oars with round handles and oval paddles. Although made by hand, the completed curiara looks newly manufactured.
The Hiwi make wind and percussion musical instruments for festivities and ceremonial rituals, such as flutes with three holes made from large deer bones. Pan flutes, made with five or six tubes of caña amarga, often are played with another musical instrument made from the skull and antlers of the deer.
The maraca, the shaman’s principal musical instrument, is traditionally used for healing. The body of a maraca is made from a dried gourd, which is then painted with geometric patterns. It is often decorated as well with a tuft of curassow feathers.
# Commelle

Commelle (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Porte-des-Bonnevaux.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1793 | 728 | — |
| 1806 | 758 | +4.1% |
| 1821 | 809 | +6.7% |
| 1831 | 835 | +3.2% |
| 1841 | 800 | −4.2% |
| 1851 | 771 | −3.6% |
| 1861 | 768 | −0.4% |
| 1872 | 737 | −4.0% |
| 1881 | 672 | −8.8% |
| 1891 | 603 | −10.3% |
| 1901 | 583 | −3.3% |
| 1911 | 556 | −4.6% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 515 | −7.4% |
| 1931 | 545 | +5.8% |
| 1946 | 480 | −11.9% |
| 1954 | 423 | −11.9% |
| 1962 | 408 | −3.5% |
| 1968 | 401 | −1.7% |
| 1975 | 436 | +8.7% |
| 1982 | 518 | +18.8% |
| 1990 | 563 | +8.7% |
| 1999 | 598 | +6.2% |
| 2009 | 775 | +29.6% |
| 2022 | 1,023 | +32.0% |
# Méaudre

Méaudre (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Autrans-Méaudre-en-Vercors.
It is located in the valley of the Vercors with ski resorts.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1793 | 906 | — |
| 1806 | 948 | +4.6% |
| 1821 | 869 | −8.3% |
| 1831 | 1,008 | +16.0% |
| 1841 | 1,063 | +5.5% |
| 1851 | 1,283 | +20.7% |
| 1861 | 1,130 | −11.9% |
| 1872 | 978 | −13.5% |
| 1881 | 980 | +0.2% |
| 1891 | 927 | −5.4% |
| 1901 | 838 | −9.6% |
| 1911 | 784 | −6.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 672 | −14.3% |
| 1931 | 659 | −1.9% |
| 1946 | 606 | −8.0% |
| 1954 | 602 | −0.7% |
| 1962 | 549 | −8.8% |
| 1968 | 572 | +4.2% |
| 1975 | 588 | +2.8% |
| 1982 | 667 | +13.4% |
| 1990 | 840 | +25.9% |
| 1999 | 1,039 | +23.7% |
| 2004 | 1,199 | +15.4% |
| 2011 | 1,378 | +14.9% |

## Twin towns

Méaudre is twinned with:
* Locmaria, France
# Vladimir Gomelsky

Vladimir Alexandrovich Gomelsky (Russian: Владимир Александрович Гомельский; born 20 October 1953 in Leningrad) is a Russian TV commentator, journalist, and writer. He is also a former Soviet professional basketball player and coach.

## Basketball career

Gomelsky spent his entire basketball playing career with CSKA. In 1975, he received the title of Master of Sports of the USSR International Class. With CSKA, he was a four-time champion of the USSR Premier League, and also won the USSR Cup.
After he ended his playing career, he worked as a basketball coach. He was named an Honored Coach of the Russian SSR in 1986.

## Personal life

Gomelsky is the son of the late prominent basketball coach Alexander Gomelsky, and the nephew of Evgeny Gomelsky. Since 1989, he has worked as a sports commentator.
His favourite team is the Philadelphia 76ers and player Julius Erving.
# Viktoriia Slanova

Viktoriia Slanova (born 10 March 1997) is a Russian T37 Paralympic sprint runner.

## Career

Slanova represented Neutral Paralympic Athletes at the 2024 Summer Paralympics and won a bronze medal in the 400 metres T37 event.
# Dodge Kahuna

The Dodge Kahuna was a concept car created by Dodge — a minivan variant targeted at the surfer — and introduced at the 2003 Detroit Auto Show with the Dodge Avenger Concept.
The Kahuna featured a Pacific Blue exterior and three rows of flexible seats — a variation of the Stow N' Go seating introduced by Chrysler on its minivans in 2005. It was powered by a turbocharged 2.4 L engine (rated at 215 hp) coupled to a 4-speed automatic transmission. Most components in the Kahuna were based on the company's minivans.
# HMS Monarch (1765)

HMS Monarch was a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built by Adam Hayes and launched on 20 July 1765 at Deptford Dockyard.

## Service history

This huge ship had a complement of 550 men as crew, and had many distinguished commanders.
Monarch had a very active career, fighting in her first battle in 1778 at the First Battle of Ushant and her second under Admiral Rodney at Cape St. Vincent in 1780. She fought in the van of Graves' fleet at the Battle of the Chesapeake in 1781 under Admiral Francis Reynolds. In early 1782 she was actively engaged at the Capture of Sint Eustatius, Action of 4 February 1781, the Battle of Saint Kitts, the Battle of the Saintes and, the Battle of the Mona Passage.
Monarch was at Plymouth on 20 January 1795 and so shared in the proceeds of the detention of the Dutch naval vessels, East Indiamen, and other merchant vessels that were in port on the outbreak of war between Britain and the Netherlands.
Later in 1795 she was part of the small fleet under Admiral George Elphinstone that captured the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch East India Company at the Battle of Muizenberg.
In 1797 Monarch was Vice Admiral Richard Onslow's flagship at the Battle of Camperdown, under Captain Edward O'Bryen
In 1801 Monarch was part of Admiral Nelson's fleet at the Battle of Copenhagen, where her captain, James Robert Mosse was killed early in the action and replaced by Lieutenant John Yelland, the next highest ranking officer. Monarch suffered over 200 casualties including 55 dead, the highest number of casualties of any ship engaged in the battle.
In 1807, Monarch helped escort the Portuguese royal family in its flight from Portugal to Brazil.
Monarch was broken up in 1813.
# Old Radnor

Old Radnor (Welsh: Pencraig) is a village and community in Powys, Wales. The community includes Old Radnor and the villages of Yardro, Dolyhir, Burlingjobb, Evenjobb (Welsh: Einsiob), Kinnerton and Walton. In the 2001 census and the 2011 census the community had a population of 741 (390 male and 351 female) in 323 households. Old Radnor lies on a lane off the A44 to the west of the Wales–England border.
The 15th-century parish church, dedicated to Saint Stephen, is in Perpendicular Gothic style, and is noted for its early organ and organ case, early stained glass, fine rood screen and large pre-Norman font. Adjacent to it are earthworks known as Old Radnor Castle, but it is unclear if this was ever in fact a fortification.
Riddings Brook, a tributary of the River Lugg, starts near Old Radnor. Old Radnor has one pub, the Harp Inn, a 15th-century farm house.
New Radnor, which had replaced Old Radnor as the county town of Radnorshire, is further to the west.

## Governance

The Old Radnor electoral ward covers the communities of Old Radnor, New Radnor and Gladestry. It elects one county councillor to Powys County Council. At the 2011 census this ward had a population of 1,562.
In 2018 a Review of Electoral Arrangements proposed that Old Radnor and Gladestry be included with nearby Painscastle under a new ward with the name Glasbury and Old Radnor. If accepted, the proposed change would take effect from the 2022 election.
At the local level, Old Radnor Community Council represents the community. It comprises up to eleven community councillors representing the community wards of Old Radnor/Walton and Kinnerton/Evenjobb.
# Tolu Odebiyi

Tolulope Odebiyi (born 14 November 1963) is a Nigerian politician from Ogun state, who was elected to the Ogun West senatorial seat in 2019. He previously served as the Chief of staff to Governor Ibikunle Amosun of Ogun state.
Odebiyi is a graduate of Government College, Ibadan and Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2018, he rejected the idea of Governor Amosun to leave his political party, All Progressive Congress for another saying he needed to protect his political pedigree.

## Early life, education and career

Odebiyi is the son of Kemi and Jonathan Odebiyi. Odebiyi's father was a former senator and his mother was a member of the Independent National Electoral Commission. He earned a B.Sc. degree in Building Construction and Engineering Technology from Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston
Odebiyi gained his elementary education at All Saints primary school in Ibadan before attending Government College in Ibadan to acquire his Higher school certificate. He left the shores of Nigeria to further his education in the United States of America.
He later started his professional career in Real Estate and later ventured into politics.

## Career
### Real estate career

After his education, Odebiyi started out in real estate both internationally in the USA and locally in Nigeria. Prior to his political appointment, he served as the managing director of Agbara Estates Limited. He sits on the board of Travant Real Estate, Stururacasa Nigeria Limited, Travfirst Nigeria Limited and others.

### Political career

Odebiyi has a strong politically inclined background. His father, Jonathan Odebiyi, was the minority leader in the second Republic senate on the platform of the defunct Unity Party of Nigeria. He previously served as permanent secretary in the office of chief of staff, Ogun state Governor's office in 2006 before being appointed chief of staff by the Governor Ibikunle Amosun administration. His desire to run for senate in 2015 was suppressed by his political party. He initially decided to run for governor of the state in the 2019 elections but stepped down. He resigned his position as Chief of Staff in 2018 to run for senate representing Ogun West.

### Electoral history

In the 2019 Nigerian general elections, he contested the Ogun West senatorial seat under the All Progressive Congress party and won. He got the highest vote of 58,452 compared to his closest rivals, candidate of the Allied People's Movement who got 48,611 and People's Democratic Party with 43,454 votes.

## Personal life

Odebiyi is a native of Iboro, Ogun state.
# Bertha Swirles

Bertha Swirles, Lady Jeffreys (22 May 1903 – 18 December 1999) was an English physicist, academic and scientific author who carried out research on quantum theory in its early days. She was associated with Girton College, University of Cambridge, as student and Fellow, for over 70 years.

## Biography

Bertha Swirles was born in Northampton in 1903 to Harriett née Blaxley (born around 1873), a primary school teacher, and William Alexander Swirles (b. 1878), a leather salesman. She went to Northampton School for Girls. In 1921, Swirles matriculated at Girton College to read mathematics, taking a first. She became a research student of quantum theory partly under Ralph Fowler at the University of Cambridge, one of a distinguished company of his students that included Paul Dirac and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. She also carried out research at the University of Göttingen under Max Born and Werner Heisenberg.
In 1929, Swirles gained her PhD. By this time, Swirles was an Assistant Lecturer at the University of Manchester. She followed with similar teaching posts at the University of Bristol and then at Imperial College (then the Royal College of Science), London in the 1930s. She returned to Girton College in 1938 as a mathematics lecturer and Fellow of the College. She continued her research into quantum theory, but also expanded her work to include seismology. In 1949 she became Director of Studies for Mathematics at Girton, a position she held until 1969. In this role she supported and developed the teaching of mathematics to women. She held a variety of positions at the College including Vice-Mistress from 1966 to 1969.
In 1940, Swirles married fellow mathematician Harold Jeffreys becoming Lady Jeffreys when he was knighted in 1953.
She enjoyed music and was an accomplished pianist and cellist.
She died in Cambridge on 18 December 1999 of a stroke.

## Recognition

She was president of the Mathematical Association for 1969.
She received honorary degrees from the Open University and the University of Saskatchewan.
In 2016 the Council of the University of Cambridge approved the use of Swirles's name to mark Swirles Court, which consists of 325 graduate student rooms, leased by Girton College, within the North West Cambridge Development.
# History of timekeeping devices in Egypt

The ancient Egyptians were one of the first cultures to widely divide days into generally agreed-upon equal parts, using early timekeeping devices such as sundials, shadow clocks, and merkhets (plumb-lines used by early astronomers). The clock was split into daytime and nighttime, and then into smaller hours.

## Sundials and shadow clocks

Despite Herodotus's attribution of the invention of the sundial to the Babylonians in 430 BCE, the earliest known sundials were simple gnomons of Egyptian origin invented around 3500 BCE. More complex devices were developed over time, the earliest surviving one is a limestone sundial that dates back to 1500 BCE, discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 2013. It was found in a housing area of construction workers and its division of daytime into 12 parts was possibly used to measure work hours.
Shadow clocks were modified sundials that allowed for greater precision in determining the time of day, and were first used around 1500 BCE. Their major innovation was a modified, more precise gnomon that allowed for the division of night time into 50 parts, with an additional two "twilight hours" in the morning and evening. The shadow clock gnomon was made up of a long stem divided into six parts, as well as an elevated crossbar that cast a shadow over the marks. This early clock was positioned eastward in the morning, while at noon it was rotated to face west to measure shadows cast by the setting sun. The concept of measured shadows were adapted into larger, more public designs in the form of obelisks. Markers around the obelisk would indicate units of time, including morning and afternoon as well as the summer and winter solstices for ceremonial purposes.

## Merkhets

Using plumb-lines called merkhets, the Egyptians could calculate time at night, provided the stars were visible. Used since at least 600 BCE, two of these instruments were aligned with Polaris, the North pole star, creating a north–south meridian. By observing certain stars as they crossed the line created with the merkhets, they could accurately gauge time.