OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tim Herbert

Tim Herbert (Herman Timberg, Jr., born Herbert Timberg; June 22, 1914 – June 20, 1986) was an American actor, comedian and vaudevillian.

## Life and career

Tim Herbert was born Herbert Timberg in New York, son of the vaudeville actor and songwriter Herman Timberg, who often appeared on stage with another show-business veteran, dancer Pat Rooney. The elders Timberg and Rooney worked their sons into the act. The younger Timberg and Rooney hit it off personally and professionally, and worked up their own act, incorporating dancing and comedy. To capitalize on their association with their fathers, they billed themselves as "Herman Timberg, Jr. and Pat Rooney, Jr."
Beginning in 1936 Timberg, Jr. and Rooney, Jr. co-starred in 10 musical-comedy short subjects for New York-based Educational Pictures. The series lapsed in 1938 when the financially troubled studio closed its doors. Timberg tried his luck as a producer of a stage revue, but when it closed Timberg returned to vaudeville and personal appearances with Rooney through 1940.
In the 1940s, Timberg adopted the stage name Tim Herbert, which he retained for the rest of his career. He was featured in vaudeville and in Broadway productions, including the revue Follow the Girls. In the 1950s he formed a double act with comedian Don Saxon, and they appeared in nightclubs and on television. During the 1960s Herbert established himself as a character actor in films and television. He appeared on The Dick Van Dyke Show (in the episode "Bupkis," as an anxious songwriter) and on The Addams Family, The Lucy Show, Get Smart, and other high-profile series. He also appeared as "Whiskers" in two episodes of Batman, as well as playing the villain Killer Moth in an unaired short episode in 1967, which was primarily filmed to introduce Batgirl into the series. Herbert also played incidental roles in motion pictures, including Don't Worry, We'll Think of a Title, The Boston Strangler, They Shoot Horses, Don't They?, Duel and Win, Place or Steal, and in television films like Ellery Queen: Don't Look Behind You, Goodnight, My Love, and Terror on the 40th Floor.
Herbert died of a heart attack on June 20, 1986, in Los Angeles, California.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1936-1938 | Short subjects with Pat Rooney, Jr. | Herman | |
| 1966 | Don't Worry, We'll Think of a Title | Seed / Samu | |
| 1967 | A Guide for the Married Man | Shoe Clerk | |
| 1967 | The Ambushers | Gil | Uncredited |
| 1968 | The Boston Strangler | Cedric | |
| 1969 | They Shoot Horses, Don't They ? | Doctor | |
| 1970 | But I Don't Want to Get Married! | Principal | |
| 1971 | Duel | Gas Station Attendant | |
| 1972 | Goodnight, My Love | Sam | |
| 1973 | Soylent Green | Brady | |
| 1973 | The F.B.I. | Sam Lerner | Episode: "The Big Job" |
| 1974 | Terror on the 40th Floor | Building Manager | |
| 1974 | Earthquake | Las Vegas Man | |
| 1974 | Win, Place or Steal | Teller #1 | |
# Petro Zakhvalynsky

Petro Zakhvalynsky (Ukrainian: Петро Захвалинський, Russian: Пётр Захвалынский), also known under pseudonym "Roman", (died 1943) was a Ukrainian nationalist, member of Andriy Melnyk's faction in OUN.
During the Russian Civil War, Zakhvalynsky was an officer in Petlura's army; after its defeat, he emigrated to France where he joined the OUN. After the split of OUN in 1941, he supported Andriy Melnyk's faction. In October 1941, Zakhvalynsky came to Ukraine as a member of OUN groups that cooperated with Germans and were sent to occupied territories in order to establish a Ukrainian presence in the local administration under German occupation.
In September 1941, Kiev was occupied by Germans. Zakhvalynsky was active in establishing, aided Oleh Olzhych and Stepan Sulyatytsky, an auxiliary police force known as the Kiev Kurin, of which he became the commander in November 1941.
The Kiev auxiliary police were later united with Bukovyna Kurin and reformed, and Zakhvalynsky remained its commander. From November 1941, he was chief of police for the Kiev General District). In August 1942, he was removed from both offices (i.e. Chief of police of Kiev City and Kiev General District) and replaced by Anatol Kabaida. He was appointed a Hauptmann of the 2nd company of the 115th battalion of Schutzmannschaft, participated in numerous operations against both partisans and civilians.
In 1943, Zakhvalynsky was secretly executed by Germans for nationalist agitation among his soldiers.

## Literature

* Дерейко І. Діяльність 115/62-го українського батальйону шуцманшафту на теренах Білорусі та Франції в 1942—1944 рр. //Наукові записки НАУКМА. Т.21: Історичні науки. — К., 2003. In Ukrainian.
# Assizes of Capua

The Assizes of Capua were the first of three great legislative acts of the kingdom of Sicily of Frederick II of Sicily, Holy Roman Emperor. They were the first, promulgated at Capua in 1220, before the Assizes of Messina on 1221 and the Constitutions of Melfi of 1231.
The Assizes were promulgated on the mainland of the realm as they were a reform of the Assizes of Ariano, promulgated by Frederick's grandfather Roger II in 1140 at Ariano Irpino, nearby to Capua. The intent was, as in the previous Assizes and his coming Constitutions, the strengthening of the royal power in the kingdom, usually at the expense of the nobility.
# Madeline Linford

Madeline Alberta Linford (16 January 1895–18 June 1975) was the creator of the women's page at the Manchester Guardian and possibly the first woman to become pictures editor of a national newspaper in the United Kingdom.

## Career at the Manchester Guardian

Linford began to work for the Manchester Guardian at 18 years old at its offices on Cross Street, Manchester. She was an assistant to the advertising department, and was later appointed as the only woman in the senior editorial team while in her 20s, and remained the only woman on the team until 1944, when Mary Crozier joined the staff.
From 1917, she wrote theater reviews for the paper; many of these had no byline, and were identified only by her initials ("M.A.L.").
In the aftermath of the First World War, the Manchester Guardian helped raise money for a Quaker mission to help war victims, with whom Linford traveled to see how the money was being spent. Mary Crozier (daughter of C. P. Scott) said that her father was impressed by Linford's articles on the famine and typhus epidemic in Poland, and as a result she was sent on a second chaperoned trip to Germany Austria and Poland, where she was insured £2,000 against catching typhus and paid a secretarial wage. These were seen as the reason why the directors of the Guardian chose her to found a page in May 1922, "aimed at the intelligent woman", defined by C. P. Scott as discussing issues such as "domestic economy, labour-saving, dress, household prices, and the care of children". She encouraged established women writers such as Helena Swanwick, Evelyn Sharp, Leonora Eyles, Winifred Holtby, Vera Brittain and others.
As her page was suspended in 1939 following the onset of the Second World War, she joined the Women's Voluntary Service (WVS); however, she did night work as a picture editor and wrote occasional pieces for women's magazines until the 1950s.

## Novels and other work

In addition to her work on the Manchester Guardian Madeline wrote a biography of Mary Wollstonecraft, published in 1924, and also five novels: Broken Bridges (1923), The Roadside Fire (1924), A Home and Children (1926) Bread and Honey (1928) and Out of the Window (1930).

## Later years

Linford retired early in 1953 to live in Windermere in the Lake District. She is featured as one of six "women who shaped Manchester" at the John Rylands Library.
# Palaemon paludosus

Palaemonetes paludosus, commonly known as ghost shrimp, glass shrimp, and eastern grass shrimp, is a species of freshwater shrimp from the southeastern United States. They can be considered a keystone species based on the services they provide to their habitat. They are also popular in the domestic aquarium business.

## Description

Palaemon paludosus is up to 2.5 cm (1.0 in) long and largely transparent. By manipulating the pigment granules in its body, it can produce effective camouflage against its background. It is very similar to P. kadiakensis, from which it can be distinguished by the arrangement of spines on the telson.

## Distribution

Palaemon paludosus is common in southern states east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is also found in Louisiana, where it may not be native, and there are scattered records from further west, in Texas and California. Their distribution is due to decreased susceptibility to predation because of complexity in higher habitats in Polygonum beds.

## Ecology

Palaemon paludosus lives in fresh water or slightly brackish water, usually in lakes. It is nocturnal, remaining hidden among the vegetation by day, and emerging at night to feed on plankton. It is an important prey item for a number of birds and fishes, such as black bass, and may be considered a keystone species. They reproduce sexually and will die after the spawning season is complete. They are also used as host by a parasitic isopod, Probopyrus pandalicola, that makes the female shrimps sterile and affects the growth of the male's sex characteristics.
Palaemon paludosus reproduces sexually, having gendered individuals. They are a polygynous species, meaning the males will mate with more than one female. There are typically more females than males in wild populations with 0.78 males for every female. Reproduction is the completion of their life cycle with individuals dying after spawning season is complete. Breeding seasons varies depending on the temperature of the water. A female shrimp is able to lay up to 85 eggs per clutch.

## Diet and behavior

Palaemon paludosus are omnivores that mainly consume algae and aquatic insects along with various species of diatoms such as Fragilaria and Nivicula. They do most of their feeding at night as they are nocturnal.

## Economics

Palaemon paludosus is a common aquarium pet due to their unique appearance. They are recommended for those just starting their aquariums since they are relatively easy to take care of and will keep the tank algae free. Along with eating algae they will eat whatever has been fed to the animals kept in the tank as well. For the shrimp's sake it is recommended to keep a group of them, a group of up to 20 individuals can be healthy fit in a 5-gallon tank. Although the ideal ratio of shrimp to tank size in gallons is about 3 shrimps per gallon.
# Lake George

Lake George or George Lake may refer to:

## Inhabited places
### Australia

* Lake George, New South Wales, a locality in the Queanbeyan–Palerang Regional Council and Yass Valley Council

### Canada

* Lake George, Kings County, Nova Scotia
* Lake George, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia
* Lake George, New Brunswick

### United States

* Lake George, Colorado, a town in Park County, Colorado
* Lake George, Michigan, an unincorporated community
* Lake George Township, Hubbard County, Minnesota
** Lake George, Minnesota, an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Lake George Township, Hubbard County
* Lake George Township, Stearns County, Minnesota
* Lake George (town), New York, a town in Warren County, New York
* Lake George (village), New York, a village in the town of Lake George in Warren County, New York

## Lakes
### Australia

* Lake George (New South Wales), a shallow lake in south-eastern New South Wales
* Lake George (South Australia), a hypersaline lake with an outlet to the sea

### Canada

* Lake George (New Brunswick), a lake near Fredericton, New Brunswick
* Lake George (Kings County, Nova Scotia), a lake in Kings County, Nova Scotia
* George Lake (Nunavut), the location of George Lake Aerodrome, Nunavut
* Lake George (Michigan–Ontario), a small lake near Sault Ste. Marie, between Sugar Island and mainland Ontario

### Uganda

* Lake George (Uganda), a major lake that is part of the African Great Lakes system

### United States

* Lake George (Alaska), a United States National Natural Landmark
* Lake George (Arkansas), a lake in Conway County, Arkansas
* Lake George (Colorado), a lake in Colorado
* Lake George (Florida), on the St. Johns River in Volusia County, Florida
* Lake George (Indiana) (disambiguation), several lakes in northern Indiana
* Lake George (Anoka County, Minnesota), a lake in Anoka County, Minnesota
* Lake George (Cass County, Minnesota)
* Lake George (Hubbard County, Minnesota)
* George Lake (Missoula County, Montana), a lake in Missoula County, Montana
* George Lake (Park County, Montana), a lake in Park County, Montana
* Lake George (lake), New York, a major lake in northern New York State, draining into Lake Champlain, and then into the St. Lawrence River, Canada
# Ad vitam

Ad vitam is a Latin phrase meaning "for life"
Ad Vitam may also refer to:
* Ad Vitam (company), a French film company
* Ad Vitam (TV series), a 2018 French TV series
* Ad Vitam (film), a 2025 French film
# Hermann Engelhard

Hermann Engelhard (21 June 1903 – 6 January 1984) was a German middle-distance runner who won two medals at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

## Career

Engelhard finished second behind Douglas Lowe in the 880 yards event at the British 1928 AAA Championships.
Shortly afterwards he represented Germany at the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam, Netherlands, where he won a bronze medal in the 800 meters. He also helped the German team of Otto Neumann, Harry Werner Storz and Richard Krebs to win the silver medal in the 4 × 400 m relay.
After retiring from competitions Engelhard worked as an athletics coach in Württemberg and Hessen, along with his wife. He wrote books Leistungsschulung des Mittelstrecklers (How to coach middle distance runners, 1937) and Der Mittelstreckenlauf (Middle distance running, 1950).

## Family

Engelhard's brother Richard was an elite long-distance runner in the 1920s. In 1932 Engelhard married Ruth Becker, a German runner who set three world records in the 80 m hurdles and 4 × 200 m relay. Their son Bernd and daughter Petra also became short to middle-distance runners.
# Alfred S. Irving

Alfred Sherwood Irving Jr. (born August 7, 1959) is senior judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.

## Education

Irving earned his Bachelor of Arts from Wake Forest University, and his Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1987.
After graduating, he worked in private practice including at LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae. In 1993, he joined the Justice Department as a trial attorney.

## Career
### D.C. superior court

In July 2007, Irving was appointed as a magistrate judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.
President George W. Bush nominated Irving on September 16, 2008, to a 15-year term as an associate judge on the Superior Court of the District of Columbia to the seat vacated by Judge Mary Ann Gooden Terrell. On November 17, 2008, the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs held a hearing on his nomination. On November 20, 2008, the Committee reported his nomination favorably to the senate floor and later that day, the full Senate confirmed his nomination by voice vote. He was sworn in on December 3, 2008.
# 1957 Liverpool Garston by-election

The 1957 Liverpool Garston by-election of 5 December 1957 was held after the resignation of Conservative Party MP Sir Victor Raikes.
The seat was safe for the Conservatives, having been won at the 1955 United Kingdom general election by nearly 12,000 votes.

## Result of the previous general election

General election 1955: Liverpool Garston :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Conservative | Victor Raikes | 28,130 | 63.51 | |
| | Labour | Thomas Edward Nixon | 16,161 | 36.49 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 11,969 | 27.02 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 44,291 | 71.0 | −1.7 |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | -1.7 | |

## Result of the by-election

The Conservative Party held the seat.
By-election 1957: Liverpool Garston :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Conservative | Richard Bingham | 15,521 | 49.20 | −14.31 |
| | Labour | Ian Isidore Levin | 11,217 | 35.56 | −0.93 |
| | Liberal | Arthur Donald Dennis | 4,807 | 15.24 | New |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 3,131 | 13.64 | −13.38 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 31,545 | | |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | -6.7 | |
# Altnaveigh landmine attack

In the Altnaveigh landmine attack of 19 May 1981, five British soldiers were killed and their armoured vehicle destroyed by a Provisional IRA landmine at Altnaveigh, a rural area outside Newry in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The landmine was detonated remotely when the vehicle passed over it. The attack happened during a period of heightened tension over the 1981 Irish hunger strike.

## Background

Since 1970, the IRA had been waging a guerrilla campaign against the British security forces in Northern Ireland. This campaign was particularly intense in the rural south of County Armagh, which borders the Republic of Ireland. The IRA's South Armagh Brigade regularly launched attacks on British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) patrols. In April 1979, four RUC officers were killed and their armoured vehicle destroyed by a roadside bomb in Bessbrook. Later that year, 18 British soldiers were killed by roadside bombs in the Warrenpoint ambush, the deadliest attack on British troops during the conflict.
In March 1981, IRA prisoners began a hunger strike in a bid to have political status reinstated. One of the hunger strikers, Raymond McCreesh, was from Camlough in south County Armagh, the attack occurred two days before McCreesh died on the strike on the 21 May 1981. There were mass protests and an increase in IRA activity during the strike.

## Attack

On 19 May, two British Army Saracen armoured vehicles were travelling along Chancellors Road in the rural area of Altnaveigh, west of Newry. The IRA had planted a 1,000-pound (450 kg) landmine in a culvert underneath the road. When the second vehicle passed the spot, the landmine was detonated by radio remote control. The blast destroyed the vehicle, hurled its wrecked engine over the nearby Belfast–Dublin railway line, and left a large crater in the road.
The five soldiers in the vehicle were killed outright. They were Paul Bulman (19), Michael Bagshaw (25), Andrew Gavin (19), John King (20) and Grenville Winstone (27). All belonged to the Royal Green Jackets, except driver Paul Bulman of the Royal Corps of Transport. It was the deadliest attack on the British Army since the Warrenpoint ambush.
The security forces sealed off the area around the wrecked vehicle and spent several hours searching for possible further bombs before removing the bodies. Helicopters and a spotter plane scoured the countryside for the IRA unit involved.
The IRA's South Armagh Brigade claimed responsibility for the attack. It said: "British soldiers should realize that the English public and the English politicians do not give a damn about their lives. You are fighting a war which you cannot win". It is believed the attack was meant to mark the ongoing hunger strike of Raymond McCreesh, from nearby Camlough. McCreesh died on hunger strike two days later.
# Munkedal railway station

The Munkedal railway station is a Swedish railway station. It is located in Munkedal Municipality, Västra Götaland County, along the Bohus Line. The building was designed by SJ's chief architect Folke Zettervall and was inaugurated in connection with the opening of the Bohus Line in 1903.
# Suzie Faulkner

Suzanne ("Suzie") Margaret Faulkner (born 16 March 1979 in Brisbane, Queensland) is a field hockey striker from Australia, who made her debut for the Australian women's national team in 2002 during a Six Nations International Tournament. Nicknamed Wongy she was a member of the Hockeyroos at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, where the team ended up in fifth place in the overall-rankings.
# Jacob Whetton

Jacob Thomas Whetton (born 15 June 1991) is an Australian field hockey player who plays as a forward for the Australian national team.

## Personal life

Whetton is from Queensland and considers Brisbane his home town. He was born on 15 June 1991. He lives in Perth, Western Australia. His nickname is Whetty.

## Club career

Whetton plays for the Queensland Blades in the Australian Hockey League where he wears number 21. He played three seasons for the Punjab Warriors in the Hockey India League. In the inaugural Hockey One season in 2019 he played for the Brisbane Blaze. In February 2020 he signed a two-year contract at Oranje-Rood in the Dutch Hoofdklasse from the 2020–21 season onwards. After the postponement of the 2020 Summer Olympics to 2021 the transfer was cancelled.

## International career

In December 2011, Whetton was named as one of fourteen players to be on the 2012 Summer Olympics Australian men's national Olympic development squad. While this squad is not in the top twenty-eight and separate from the Olympic training coach, the Australian coach Ric Charlesworth did not rule out selecting from only the training squad, with players from the Olympic development having a chance at possibly being called up to represent Australia at the Olympics. He trained with the team from 18 January to mid-March in Perth, Western Australia. Since his debut in 2011 he has played 209 times for the Kookaburras.
Whetton was selected in the Kookaburras Olympics squad for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. The team reached the final for the first time since 2004 but couldn't achieve gold, beaten by Belgium in a shootout.
# Badr bin Muhammad Al Saud

Badr bin Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Jalawi Al Saud (Arabic: بدر بن محمد بن عبد الله بن جلوي آل سعود; born in Riyadh) is a Saudi prince from the Al Saud family, a descendant of Prince Abdullah bin Jalawi bin Turki Al Saud. He served as the Governor of Al-Ahsa Governorate in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia from December 14, 1997, following a royal decree that appointed him to succeed the late previous governor, Mohammed bin Fahd bin Abdullah bin Jalawi Al Saud, who died on July 4, 1996. He held this position until May 5, 2022.
Badr bin Jalawi also serves as the Chairman of the Board of the Al-Ahsa Charitable Society and previously chaired the High Committee for the Al-Ahsa Investment Forum in its fifth session in 2019, which was organized by the Al-Ahsa Chamber in strategic partnership with Saudi Aramco. He holds a bachelor's degree in political science.
# 2022 in philosophy
## Events

* The annual American Philosophical Association Eastern Division meeting: January 5–8 in Baltimore, Maryland (originally planned for Montreal).

## Publications

* Catia Faria, Animal Ethics in the Wild (Cambridge University Press)

## Deaths

* October 9 – Bruno Latour, French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist (b. 1947)
* September 15 – Saul Kripke, American philosopher and logician (b. 1940)
* Penelope Mackie (1953–2022), British philosopher who specialised in metaphysics and philosophical logic.
# I Am Big Bird: The Caroll Spinney Story

I Am Big Bird: The Caroll Spinney Story is a 2014 American documentary film about Caroll Spinney, the original performer of Sesame Street characters Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch. The film received generally positive reviews. It was shown at many film festivals, including the April 2014 Hot Docs Festival.

## Reception
### Commercial performance

The film grossed $75,156 in box office receipts and $174,553 in DVD sales, bringing the total revenue to $249,709.

### Critical reception

The film has received positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 84% based on 73 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Every bit as good-natured as longtime fans might hope, I Am Big Bird: The Carroll Spinney Story offers heartwarming behind-the-scenes perspective on a cultural icon." On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 71 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".