OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# RAF Methwold

Royal Air Force Methwold or more simply RAF Methwold is a former Royal Air Force station located 2.1 miles (3.4 km) north east of Feltwell, Norfolk and 10.9 miles (17.5 km) north west of Thetford, Norfolk, England.

## History

RAF Methwold opened as a dispersal airfield for RAF Feltwell in the winter of 1938. Vickers Wellington bombers from Feltwell continued to use the site as a satellite base until the grass airfield was transferred to No. 2 Group in the exchange of bases with No. 3 Group, in the summer of 1942. Several asphalt hardstandings were put down for aircraft during 1940–1941.
In August 1943, the airfield was closed to flying while it was upgraded to A standard. Three concrete runways were built, the main aligned on 06-24 (2,000 yards), 11-29 (1,600 yards) and 17-35 (1,500 yards). 36 hardstandings were built, 35 of the loop type and a single pan. The original asphalt pans were not retained.
Following this work, RAF Methwold was a higher standard base than its parent at Feltwell. The airfield was returned to No. 3 Group and became a sub-station of RAF Mildenhall.
43 aircraft either failed to return or crashed during the operations from RAF Methwold; 25 Venturas, 6 Stirlings, and 12 Lancasters.

## Units
### Based units

* No. 57 Squadron RAF
* No. 214 Squadron RAF
* No. 21 Squadron RAF
* No. 464 Squadron RAAF
* No. 487 Squadron RNZAF
* No. 149 Squadron RAF
* No. 218 Squadron RAF
* No. 207 Squadron RAF
* No. 320 (Netherlands) Squadron RAF
* No. 3 Flying Training School RAF
* No. 3 Service Flying Training School RAF
* No. 21 Heavy Glider Maintenance Section

## Current use

After closure as an operational airfield in April 1946, the airfield remained under care and maintenance until it was finally sold in the 1960s. Today the majority of the site has been returned to agriculture, with two hangars remaining in use as agricultural grain stores and two others used for packaging Quorn and Cauldron products (Marlow Foods) for sale in supermarkets. To the southern edge of the site a well-preserved battle headquarters and some gunpits along with a number of air raid shelters may be found.
# Alexander Babakov

Alexander Mikhailovich Babakov (Russian: Александр Михайлович Бабаков; 8 February 1963) is a Russian politician and member of the State Duma, the Russian parliament. He was appointed Special Presidential Representative to Russians by Vladimir Putin in 2012.
He has been under EU, Canadian and Swiss sanctions since 2014, as well as US sanctions since 2017.

## Political activity

He is a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee, Deputy Co-chairman of Inter-Parliamentary Group of the Russian Federation, Head of Delegation of the State Duma in the Inter-Parliamentary Union and Chairman of State Duma Commission on legal support to military and defense industrial complex of the Russian Federation. He was appointed Deputy speaker of the Duma in 2010, a position he held until December 2011.
In June 2012 he was appointed as Presidential Envoy for engaging with Russian organizations abroad by President Putin.
He was the leader of Rodina, a political party in Russia, for several months in 2006 and organised the formation of A Just Russia, a merger between Rodina, the Russian Party of Life and the Russian Pensioners' Party, sitting on its governing committee.
Between 2006 and 2007 he led A Just Russia's faction in the State Duma as the party leader, Sergei Mironov, served as speaker of the Federation Council of Russia.
He was elected to the Russian State Duma in 2003 and became party leader of Rodina in March 2006 following the surprise resignation of Dmitry Rogozin.

## Sanctions and legal action

In September 2014, following the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the wider Russo-Ukrainian War, Babakov was subjected to sanctions, including an asset freeze, by the European Union.
He was sanctioned by the UK government in 2014 in relation to the Russo-Ukrainian War.
On 14 April 2022 the United States Department of Justice issued an indictment against Babakov for "conspiring to have US citizens act as an unregistered agent for Russia in the United States, conspiring to violate and evade US sanctions, and conspiring to commit visa fraud."

## Financial interests

According to anti-corruption investigations, including material published by Alexei Navalny, Babakov owns a heritage-listed estate in Saint-Léger-en-Yvelines, France and an apartment on Rue de l'Université in the wealthy 7th arrondissement of Paris.
He was also reported to own a residential flat in Richmond Court, Knightsbridge, London
In 2011 Babakov passed ownership of his British Virgin Islands registered holding company AED International to his daughter.

## Personal life

He is married and has three children.

## Awards

* Order of Friendship (2008)
* Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (2020)
* Order of Honour (2017)
* Sretenje Order (2013)
# Bungonia, New South Wales

Bungonia is a small town in the Southern Tablelands in New South Wales, Australia in Goulburn Mulwaree. At the 2016 census, Bungonia had a population of 367. The name of the town derives from an Aboriginal word meaning 'sandy creek'.

## History

Bungonia was originally called Inverary until it was renamed in 1836. Inverary was the name of the post office which was established as the town was starting to form in 1832.
When the Great South Road (now the Hume Highway) bypassed the town, Bungonia ceased to grow beyond a very small village.

## Heritage listings

Bungonia has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
* Christ Church Anglican Church
* Caarne Historic Site
* Inverary Park
* Long Gully Mining Area
* Lumley Park Homestead
* Spring Creek Bungonia Historic Area

## Local school

The local area school is the Windellama Public School.

## Notable people

* Anne Wiggan – Rewarded with the Order of Australia Medal for contribution to Bungonia and Goulburn Communities
# December 2012 shootings in Northern Nigeria

vteBoko Haram insurgency :
Two shootings in Nigeria occurred on Christmas Day church services in northern Nigeria on 25 December 2012, at churches in Maiduguri and Potiskum. At least twelve casualties were reported. Terror organisation Boko Haram claimed not to be responsible, however is suspected to be.
In the city of Potiskum, Yobe, in the north east of the country armed men shot at least 6 church-goers. Afterwards the church was set in fire. In Maiduguri as well 6 church-goers were killed, including the priest of the church.
Three days later, on 28 December, in the village of Musari another fifteen Christians were killed. Attackers invaded the village and cut their throats while asleep. The victims included a traffic police officer and fourteen civilians.
# Kafr Elle Zayat fuel truck explosion

The Kafr Elle Zayat fuel truck explosion occurred on 10 December 2013 when a truck exploded. The blast killed at least 14 people and another six were wounded in Kafr El Zayat, Egypt.
# 2013 Baghdad Christmas Day bombings

On 25 December 2013, three bombings occurred in two locations in Baghdad, Iraq. They targeted Christians, killing 38 people and wounding 70 others.

## Bombings

Two bombs first exploded simultaneously in an outdoor market in the Christian section of Athorien in Baghdad. The market attack killed 11 people and wounded 14 others.
A few minutes later, about half a mile away, a car bomb went off near St. John's Roman Catholic Church in Baghdad's southern Dora neighborhood. According to officials, "The bomb detonated at the end of Christmas prayers as worshippers were leaving the church." This bombing killed 27 and wounded another 56.
In total, the bombings targeting the two Christian-populated sites killed 38 and wounded 70. No group claimed responsibility for the attacks.

## Reaction

* The United States Embassy in Baghdad condemned the attacks in a statement: "The Christian community in Iraq has suffered deliberate and senseless targeting by terrorists for many years, as have many other innocent Iraqis. The United States abhors all such attacks and is committed to its partnership with the government of Iraq to combat the scourge of terrorism."
# Battle of Araouane (2013)

In early December 2013, the French army launched an operation in the Timbuktu region, where many jihadist movements were reported. One hundred vehicles and helicopters were involved. Neither the Malian forces nor MINUSMA took part in the operation. The French combed an area between the towns of Bouje-Baya and Araouane and attacked a katiba of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. A Malian officer said that "the elements of the terrorist group fought to the end. At least 19 members of the movement were killed. There were no wounded or dead on the French side.
The French took also at least 8 prisoners. The jihadists were lightly armed, some wore explosives belts. On 15 December, the French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius confirmed that 19 men were killed on the side of the jihadists. The French army continued its offensive in the following days further north, into the region Taoudenni. The likely presence of several jihadists in the region, such as Al-Mourabitoun, MUJAO or other groups, was discussed as well as the presence of Mokhtar Belmokhtar. The French army announced that the operation ended on December 23. The result was a score of "terrorists" killed while a jihadist training camp and two supply points were discovered. The camp included a gas station, buried stock mechanical parts, pickup hidden under straw roofs, caches of drugs and firing ranges. It was evacuated three days before the arrival of the French.
# Blu (Italian company)

Blu S.p.A. was an Italian telecommunications company operating in the mobile telephony sector.
It was active between 1999 and 2002.

## History

The company was founded in 1999, through a partnership between Società Autostrade (through Sitec, 32%), British Telecom (20%), Benetton (through the financial Edizione Holding, 9%), Mediaset (9%), Distacom (9%), BNL (7%), Italgas (7%), Caltagirone (7%) and Palatinus. Its slogan was "Il futuro che non c'era" ("The future that was not there").
Its service began on May 15, 2000, using license number 61, issued shortly after the launch by the Italian Ministry of Communications. The services were valid for communications through the GSM system on the 1800 MHz frequency band; the signal with its own network was initially irradiated only in Milan while, in the rest of Italy, the transmission occurred within the GSM network of other operators thanks to national roaming agreements.
With 430,000 users in September 2000, the company exceeded its initial target of 350,000 customers by the end of the year. Also,the disagreement between British Telecom and the other shareholders with regard to distributing shares put the company's participation in the auction for the awarding of UMTS licenses, which were initially confirmed, in question. They were withdrawn on October 23. The case involved judicial trials that ended in January 2001 when the Lazio Regional Administrative Court annulled the government confiscation of the surety of 4 trillion lire.
In December 2000, the company continued its development, launching a GPRS service which exceeded one million users in March 2001. In August of the same year, the company acquired the license for fixed telephony. Despite the continued expansion, with 1,600,000 customers at the end of 2001 and a market share of new activations of 13%, the first defections began among the company's partners. Edition renounced its shares in September 2001 after entry into the Telecom Italia group, and Mediaset followed in when it sold its shares in December 2001 to British Telecom.
The company entered a phase of progressive demobilization. On August 6, 2002, the board of directors gave the go-ahead to the company break-up, opting for the sale of the customer base (4% of the Italian market) and brand to Wind, its mobile telephony systems to TIM, Wind and Vodafone Omnitel, the share capital at TIM and other branches of the company at H3G.
Blu transferred its assets to other companies on October 8, 2002.
# Scott Emerson

Scott Emerson may refer to:
* Scott Shields Emerson, American biostatistician
* Scott Emerson (politician) (born 1964), Australian consultant, radio host, and politician
* Scott Emerson (baseball) (born 1971), American baseball player
# Homolje Mountains

The Homolje Mountains (Serbian: Хомољске планине / Homoljske planine; Romanian: Munții Homolie or Munții Homoliei) is a mountain range in eastern Serbia. The region they are in is also known as Homolje and located between towns of Žagubica in the south and Kučevo in the north.
Their highest peaks are Štubej (940 m) and Vranj (884 m). Hidden in the mountains is the Orthodox monastery of Vitovnica.
The region of Homolje is sparsely populated, with ethnic Vlachs making a majority of residents in some areas thereof, and because of the small population its nature is unspoilt. One of its attractions is a vast forest called Trest.
# Sheila Joan Smith Professor of Immunology

The Sheila Joan Smith Professorship of Tumour Immunology at the University of Cambridge was originally established on 2 November 1977 for the tenure only of Peter Lachmann. It was renamed as the Sheila Joan Smith Professorship of Immunology in 1988 and was re-established on the retirement of Professor Lachmann.

## List of Sheila Joan Smith Professors of Tumour Immunology

* 1977-1988 Peter Julius Lachmann

## List of Sheila Joan Smith Professors of Immunology

* 1988 - 1999 Peter Julius Lachmann
* 2000 - 2010 Douglas Fearon
* 2014 - Paul Lehner
# Černousy

Černousy (German: Tschernhausen) is a municipality and village in Liberec District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Černousy consists of three municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Černousy (160)
* Boleslav (75)
* Ves (77)

## Geography

Černousy is located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Liberec, in a salient region of Frýdlant Hook on the border with Poland. It lies in the Frýdlant Hills. The highest point is the Štemberk hill at 340 m (1,120 ft) above sea level. The Smědá River flows through the municipality.

## History

The first written mention of Černousy is from 1385.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 801 | — |
| 1880 | 811 | +1.2% |
| 1890 | 774 | −4.6% |
| 1900 | 789 | +1.9% |
| 1910 | 845 | +7.1% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 791 | −6.4% |
| 1930 | 723 | −8.6% |
| 1950 | 466 | −35.5% |
| 1961 | 428 | −8.2% |
| 1970 | 386 | −9.8% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 367 | −4.9% |
| 1991 | 327 | −10.9% |
| 2001 | 330 | +0.9% |
| 2011 | 334 | +1.2% |
| 2021 | 312 | −6.6% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

On the Czech-Polish border are two border crossings: the Frýdlant v Čechách / Zawidów railway border crossing and the Černousy – Ves / Zawidów road border crossing.
Černousy is the final station of the railway line Liberec–Černousy.

## Sights

The most notable building is the Church of Saint Lawrence in Ves. It is a late Gothic church, which was first documented in 1346 and rebuilt in 1519.
# SNI

SNI may refer to:

## Science and technology

* Substitution nucleophilic internal, a chemistry reaction mechanism
* Swedish Standard Industrial Classification, a Swedish economic classification system
* Server Name Indication, an extension to the TLS computer networking protocol

## Companies

* Scripps Networks Interactive, a media company
* Showtime Networks Inc., an American cable network company
* Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme, a former computer hardware company
* Société Nationale d'Investissement, a Moroccan conglomerate
* Sports Network Incorporated, a former American media company

## Organizations

* National Information Service (Brazil), or Serviço Nacional de Informações, the former name of the Brazilian Intelligence Agency
* Seicho-no-Ie, a Japanese new religion
* Shelter Now International, a Christian foreign aid organization, based in Germany and historically focused on Pakistan and Afghanistan
* Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, a Mexican government agency
* Soviet Naval Infantry
* Swiss Nanoscience Institute

## Other uses

* Standar Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Standard), formulated by the National Standardization Agency
# Åke Henriksson Tott

Åke Henriksson Tott (or Achatius Tott; 4 June 1598 – 14 July 1640) was a Swedish nobleman, soldier and politician. His estates included Ekolsund in Sweden, Sjundby in Finland, Polchow in Swedish Pomerania and Lihula in Swedish Livonia.
He was born in Lohja to Princess Sigrid of Sweden and nobleman Henrik Klasson Tott. He was appointed Privy Councilor in 1630, and Field Marshal in 1631.
In the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), he commanded troops at the Battle of Grubin, in 1627 and the Battle of Breitenfeld, in 1631. King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden is said to have called him "the snow plow, who is going to clear the path for the rest".
He married Sigrid Bielke, and fathered Clas Åkesson Tott the younger, and Åke Henrik Åkesson Tott.

## Gallery

* Åke Henriksson Tott's tomb in the Cathedral of Turku
# Aleksandr Makas

Aleksandr Ivanovich Makas (Belarusian: Аляксандр Іванавіч Макась; Russian: Александр Иванович Макась; born 8 October 1991) is a Belarusian professional football player currently playing for Minsk.

## Career

Makas made his debut for the senior national side of his country on 30 March 2015, in a friendly match against Gabon.

## Honours

Minsk
* Belarusian Cup winner: 2012–13
Gomel
* Belarusian Cup winner: 2021–22
# Herbert Fischer

Herbert Fischer (born 16 April 1951 in Trebnitz) is a former East German slalom canoeist who competed in the 1970s. He won a gold medal in the C-2 team event at the 1975 in Skopje.
Fischer also finished 18th in the C-2 event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.
# Bob Sang

Bob Sang (27 March 1948 – 5 June 2009) was appointed by London South Bank University as the UK's first professor of patient and public involvement in 2006. He had also been a visiting fellow at CENTRIM.
He was educated at the University of East Anglia but failed his chemistry degree there. He later returned to studying and completed a public administration degree at the University of Sussex.
He was a pioneer of the idea of involving patients, service users and the public in health and social care, describing himself as a 'constructive subversive'.
Sang was a prolific networker and writer, contributing articles to journals including Health Policy Insight, British Journal of Healthcare Management, the Journal of Integrated Care and the Health Service Journal.
Following a career which combined academia, research and working in mental health, he established his own independent consultancy, Sang Jacobsson. His work through Sang Jacobsson included mentoring, training, policy work, facilitation and analysis, and was mainly for clients in the NHS and the UK health economy.
Sang was the co-founder with Jane Keep of the Engaging Communities Learning Network for the National Association of Primary and Care Trusts (NatPaCT), which was part of the now-closed NHS Modernisation Agency. The Engaging Communities Learning Network was designed to help NHS primary care trusts (PCTs) share good practice and learning about patient and public involvement and engagement.
He provided professional supervision to the ground-breaking Health Foundation Leadership Fellows Scheme which over five years directly involved patients and users in the leadership development of 64 NHS clinicians and managers.
He died of acute pancreatitis on 5 June 2009.
# Arcopotamonautes loveridgei

Arcopotamonautes loveridgei is a species of crab in the family Potamonautidae. It is found in the rivers that flow into Lake Tanganyika.
# Per Stålhammar

Per Stålhammar (born Per Jönsson; c. 1612 – January 8, 1701) was a Swedish military officer and soldier under the rule of Gustavus Adolphus, Christina, Charles X, and Charles XI. Stålhammar was born in Angved in Svenarum Parish, Småland, Sweden as Per Jönsson. He grew up on a small farm which his father, Jöns Gudmundsson (died c. 1629), leased from the crown. Stålhammar's mother was Karin Pedersdotter.
During childhood Stålhammar used to put sheep out to pasture on his father's farm, but already in 1626 Stålhammar followed a local captain of German descent, Caspar Witte (later knighted Caspar von Witten af Stensjö), to the war with Poland. At this point the young Stålhammar was not a regular soldier but a trossdräng, a menial position in the supply train organization of the army. After the Truce of Altmark was signed in 1629 Stålhammar returned to Sweden.
In 1633 Stålhammar became a cavalryman at the regiment Smålands ryttare and his name was changed from Per Jönsson to Per Jönsson Hammar (from Swedish hammare, "hammer"). He was known for his excellent bravery and was promoted to quartermaster in 1640. In 1644 he became a corporal and in 1650 a cornet.
Some years earlier, in September 1644, Stålhammar married Caspar Witte's daughter Susanna. She died already on July 7, 1645, and two years later Stålhammar married his second wife Anna Skytte. On August 30, 1650, Stålhammar was knighted and his surname was changed to Stålhammar by adding the Swedish stål, "steel", to his previous surname. In 1656 Stålhammar became a lieutenant, in 1657 a rittmeister, on June 2, 1663, a major, and on March 6, 1677, he became colonel of his regiment. He retired in August 1692.
Stålhammar took part in many wars. As a teenager he followed Smålands ryttare on their military campaign against the Poles in Prussia. Apart from the Thirty Years' War Stålhammar also participated in wars against Poland and Denmark. As a colonel in the 1680s Stålhammar introduced the allotment system at his regiment. Stålhammar was the founder of the Stålhammar family, and the grandfather of Ulrika Eleonora Stålhammar. The Hultsvik mansion which was built by Stålhammar in the 1650s still exists.
# Juan Antonio Larrañaga

Juan Antonio Larrañaga Gurruchaga (alt.spelling Ion Andoni; born 3 July 1958) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a defender.

## Club career

Larrañaga was born in Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country. He started playing as a defensive midfielder, being signed by Real Sociedad in 1977 from local CD Lagun Onak. In January 1980 he made his first-team debut in the Copa del Rey, against Navarre neighbours Peña Sport FC.
Although he featured sparingly in the 1980–81 season, as Real won the first of their two consecutive La Liga titles, Larrañaga did take the field in the decisive draw at Sporting de Gijón in the last round, and featured in all the matches the following campaign whilst adding two goals. From 1986 to 1992, he only missed a total of two games; after manager John Toshack was appointed, he began playing as a sweeper. On 1 October 2021, his record of 202 consecutive Spanish top tier appearances was eclipsed by Athletic Bilbao forward Iñaki Williams in a match against Deportivo Alavés.
Larrañaga retired at 36 at the end of 1993–94, having made 460 top-flight appearances (589 overall, only behind teammate Alberto Górriz in the club's record books). He was the only member of the league-winning sides to have played at both of the club's grounds: Atotxa and Anoeta.

## International career

Larrañaga won one cap for Spain, playing the entire 2–1 friendly defeat to Czechoslovakia on 24 February 1988, in Málaga. He also appeared four times for the under-21 team.

## Post-retirement

After retiring, Larrañaga took up coaching, but only in the lower leagues (for six years). He also appeared as a commentator for ETB 1, which lasted until the end of the 2005–06 season.
From 2006 to 2008, Larrañaga served as the youth coordinator of his only professional club, being fired at the end of the second division campaign.

## Honours

Real Sociedad
* La Liga: 1980–81, 1981–82
* Copa del Rey: 1986–87
* Supercopa de España: 1982
Individual
* Don Balón Award – Best Spanish Player: 1987–88