# Escambia County, Alabama

Escambia County is a county located in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 36,757. Its county seat is Brewton.
Escambia County is coextensive with the Atmore, AL Micropolitan Statistical Area; which is itself a constituent part of the larger Pensacola-Ferry Pass, FL-AL Combined Statistical Area.
The county is the base of the state's only federally recognized Native American tribe, the Poarch Band of Creek Indians. They have developed gaming casinos and a hotel on their reservation here, but also a much larger business extending to locations in other states and the Caribbean.

## Etymology

The name "Escambia" may have been derived from the Creek name Shambia, meaning "clearwater", or the Choctaw word for "cane-brake" or "reed-brake".

## History

Historic American Indian tribes in the area included the Muskogean-speaking Creek, Choctaw, and Alabama, who had inhabited the lands for centuries and had many settlements. The former two tribes were among those in the Southeast whom the European-American settlers called the Five Civilized Tribes, as they adopted some European-American cultural ways. Many of their members had close working relationships with traders and settlers moving into the area in the early 19th century. Most of these nations were forced to cede their lands to the United States and to remove in the 1830s to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.
Escambia County was organized and established after the American Civil War, on December 10, 1868, during the Reconstruction era. The state legislature created it from parts of Baldwin and Conecuh counties, to the west and north, respectively. The area was part of the coastal plain. It was largely agricultural into the 20th century.
The county is subject to heavy winds and rains due to seasonal hurricanes. In September 1979, the county was declared a disaster area due to damage from Hurricane Frederic. It was declared a disaster area again in September 2004 due to damage from Hurricane Ivan.
In the 20th century, the Poarch Band of Creek Indians organized to gain recognition as a tribe, and established a government under a written constitution. It had control of some lands that were taken into trust on their behalf by the federal government as part of the federal recognition process. It is the only federally recognized tribe in the state. Since the late 20th century, they have developed three gaming resorts to generate revenues for tribal health and welfare.
In addition, Alabama has recognized nine tribes, generally descendants of Choctaw, Creek, and Cherokee Native Americans who had historically lived here.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 953 square miles (2,470 km$^2$), of which 945 square miles (2,450 km$^2$) is land and 8.1 square miles (21 km$^2$) (0.8%) is water.

### Major highways

* Interstate 65
* U.S. Highway 29
* U.S. Highway 31
* State Route 21
* State Route 41
* State Route 113

### Adjacent counties

* Conecuh County (north)
* Covington County (east)
* Okaloosa County, Florida (southeast)
* Santa Rosa County, Florida (south)
* Escambia County, Florida (southwest)
* Baldwin County (west)
* Monroe County (northwest)
Escambia County in Alabama and Escambia County in Florida are two of 22 counties or parishes in the United States with the same name to border each other across state lines.

### National protected area

* Conecuh National Forest (part)

## Demographics
### 2020 census

Escambia County, Alabama – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 24,575 | 23,508 | 22,004 | 63.93% | 61.35% | 59.86% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 11,799 | 12,162 | 10,922 | 30.69% | 31.74% | 29.71% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 1,153 | 1,274 | 1,488 | 3.00% | 3.32% | 4.05% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 93 | 86 | 108 | 0.24% | 0.22% | 0.29% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 10 | 12 | 22 | 0.03% | 0.03% | 0.06% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 25 | 20 | 49 | 0.07% | 0.05% | 0.13% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 406 | 539 | 1,413 | 1.06% | 1.41% | 3.84% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 379 | 718 | 751 | 0.99% | 1.87% | 2.04% |
| Total | 38,440 | 38,319 | 36,757 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the census of 2020, there were 36,757 people, 13,089 households, and 8,019 families residing in the county.

### 2010 census

According to the 2010 United States census:
* 62.1% White
* 31.9% Black
* 4.4% Native American
* 0.2% Asian
* 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
* 1.5% Two or more races
* 1.9% Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
As of 2012 the largest self-reported ancestry groups in Escambia County were:
* 30.5% English
* 12.1% "American"
* 9.9% Irish

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 38,440 people, 14,297 households, and 10,093 families residing in the county. The population density was 41 people per square mile (16 people/km$^2$). There were 16,544 housing units at an average density of 18 units per square mile (6.9 units/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 64.40% White, 30.79% Black or African American, 3.01% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.40% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. 0.99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 14,297 households, out of which 32.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.70% were married couples living together, 15.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.40% were non-families. 26.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.10% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 28.90% from 25 to 44, 23.70% from 45 to 64, and 13.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 102.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.70 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $28,319, and the median income for a family was $36,086. Males had a median income of $30,632 versus $18,091 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,396. About 15.20% of families and 20.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.70% of those under age 18 and 17.80% of those age 65 or over.

## Government and infrastructure

The Holman Correctional Facility of the Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) is in Atmore, 9 miles (14 km) north of the Atmore city center. Holman has a male death row and the State of Alabama execution chamber. In addition the ADOC Fountain Correctional Facility is also in Atmore, about 7 miles (11 km) north of the Atmore city center. The city of Atmore annexed both prisons in 2008.
Escambia County is reliably Republican at the presidential level. The last Democrat to win the county in a presidential election is Jimmy Carter, who won it by a majority in 1976.
United States presidential election results for Escambia County, Alabama :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 10,884 | 72.77% | 3,964 | 26.50% | 109 | 0.73% |
| 2020 | 10,869 | 68.32% | 4,918 | 30.91% | 123 | 0.77% |
| 2016 | 9,935 | 66.92% | 4,605 | 31.02% | 305 | 2.05% |
| 2012 | 9,287 | 62.35% | 5,489 | 36.85% | 118 | 0.79% |
| 2008 | 9,375 | 63.89% | 5,188 | 35.36% | 111 | 0.76% |
| 2004 | 8,513 | 68.68% | 3,814 | 30.77% | 68 | 0.55% |
| 2000 | 6,975 | 59.82% | 4,523 | 38.79% | 162 | 1.39% |
| 1996 | 5,214 | 46.96% | 4,651 | 41.89% | 1,239 | 11.16% |
| 1992 | 5,955 | 46.44% | 4,809 | 37.50% | 2,060 | 16.06% |
| 1988 | 6,807 | 62.14% | 4,020 | 36.70% | 127 | 1.16% |
| 1984 | 8,694 | 68.33% | 3,853 | 30.28% | 177 | 1.39% |
| 1980 | 6,513 | 54.04% | 5,148 | 42.71% | 392 | 3.25% |
| 1976 | 4,934 | 44.22% | 5,957 | 53.39% | 266 | 2.38% |
| 1972 | 7,883 | 82.19% | 1,598 | 16.66% | 110 | 1.15% |
| 1968 | 680 | 6.32% | 1,492 | 13.86% | 8,593 | 79.82% |
| 1964 | 5,623 | 74.47% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,928 | 25.53% |
| 1960 | 1,810 | 30.65% | 3,990 | 67.57% | 105 | 1.78% |
| 1956 | 1,529 | 28.85% | 3,437 | 64.86% | 333 | 6.28% |
| 1952 | 1,187 | 25.90% | 3,385 | 73.86% | 11 | 0.24% |
| 1948 | 188 | 9.99% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,694 | 90.01% |
| 1944 | 266 | 11.30% | 2,077 | 88.20% | 12 | 0.51% |
| 1940 | 137 | 4.70% | 2,772 | 95.03% | 8 | 0.27% |
| 1936 | 103 | 3.82% | 2,585 | 95.81% | 10 | 0.37% |
| 1932 | 157 | 7.19% | 2,024 | 92.67% | 3 | 0.14% |
| 1928 | 1,754 | 61.94% | 1,077 | 38.03% | 1 | 0.04% |
| 1924 | 152 | 10.70% | 1,217 | 85.70% | 51 | 3.59% |
| 1920 | 178 | 10.87% | 1,455 | 88.88% | 4 | 0.24% |
| 1916 | 108 | 9.88% | 982 | 89.84% | 3 | 0.27% |
| 1912 | 52 | 5.37% | 829 | 85.64% | 87 | 8.99% |
| 1908 | 113 | 14.27% | 641 | 80.93% | 38 | 4.80% |
| 1904 | 83 | 11.54% | 627 | 87.20% | 9 | 1.25% |

## Communities
### Cities

* Atmore
* Brewton (county seat)
* East Brewton

### Towns

* Flomaton
* Pollard
* Riverview

### Unincorporated communities

* Canoe
* Dixonville
* Foshee
* Freemanville
* Huxford
* McCullough
* Nokomis
* Spring Hill
* Wahl

### Former town

* Alco

### Indian reservation

* Poarch Creek Indian Reservation

## Education

The two school districts are Brewton City School District (City of Brewton) and Escambia County School District (all other locations).

## Historic sites

Escambia County has three sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the Atmore Commercial Historic District the Brewton Historic Commercial District, and the Commercial Hotel-Hart Hotel.

## Notable residents

* Esther Blake (1897–1979), the first woman in the United States Air Force.