OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Impasto

Impasto is a technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the surface thickly, usually thick enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible. Paint can also be mixed right on the canvas. When dry, impasto provides texture; the paint appears to be coming out of the canvas.

## Etymology

The word impasto is Italian in origin; in which it means "dough" or "mixture"; related to the verb impastare, "to knead", or "to paste". Italian usage of impasto includes both a painting and a potting technique. The root noun of impasto is pasta, meaning "paste".

## Media

Oil paint is the traditional medium for impasto painting, due to its thick consistency and slow drying time. Acrylic paint can also be used for impasto by adding heavy body acrylic gels. Impasto is generally not used in watercolor or tempera without the addition of thickening agent due to the inherent thinness of these media. An artist working in pastels can produce a limited impasto effect by pressing a soft pastel firmly against the paper.

## Purposes

The impasto technique serves several purposes. First, it makes the light reflect in a particular way, giving the artist additional control over the play of light in the painting. Second, it can add expressiveness to the painting, with the viewer being able to notice the strength and speed by which the artist applied the paint. Third, impasto can push a piece from a painting to a three-dimensional sculptural rendering. The first objective was originally sought by masters such as Rembrandt, Titian, and Vermeer, to represent folds in clothes or jewels: it was then juxtaposed with a more delicate painting style. Much later, the French Impressionists created pieces covering entire canvases with rich impasto textures. Vincent van Gogh used it frequently for aesthetics and expression. Abstract expressionists such as Hans Hofmann and Willem de Kooning also made extensive use of it, motivated in part by a desire to create paintings which dramatically record the action of painting itself. Still more recently, Frank Auerbach has used such heavy impasto that some of his paintings become nearly three-dimensional.
Impasto gives texture to a painting, meaning that it may be contrasted with more flat, smooth, or blended painting styles.

## Artists

Many artists have used the impasto technique. Some of the more notable ones including: Rembrandt van Rijn, Diego Velázquez, Vincent van Gogh, Jackson Pollock, and Willem de Kooning.
* Selected examples of paintings which make use of the impasto technique
* Crags and Crevices by Jane Frank (1960). As with many abstract expressionist works (and many so-called "action paintings" as well), impasto is a prominent feature.
* Taos Mountain, Trail Home by Cordelia Wilson (1920). A landscape entirely executed with a bold impasto technique.
* Starry Night by van Gogh (1889). The impasto technique and line structure gives his viewers the feeling that the sky is moving.
* Self Portrait by Rembrandt (1660). His use of impasto was surely inspired by Titian, and the addition of impasto showed a new method of illusion in the artist's work.
# Imperia railway station

Imperia railway station (Italian: Stazione di Imperia) is a railway station serving the city of Imperia, in Liguria, northwestern Italy. The station is located on the Genoa–Ventimiglia railway and was opened on 11 December 2016. The train services are operated by Trenitalia and Thello.

## History

Until 2016, the city of Imperia was served by two separate railway stations, Imperia Porto Maurizio and Imperia Oneglia on the single-track Genoa–Ventimiglia railway. As part of the continuing project to increase capacity, a new double-track line has been constructed to run parallel to the old line along a route further inland. The 18 kilometres (11 mi) section of double-track railway between Andora and San Lorenzo opened in 2016, running largely through tunnels, rather than winding along the coast. The new Imperia station replaced the two old stations, which have been closed.
Imperia station is located approximately 880 metres (0.55 mi) north of the old Imperia Oneglia station, on an elevated viaduct over the River Impero.

## Train services

The station is served by the following service(s):
* InterCity services Ventimiglia - Savona - Genoa - La Spezia - Pisa - Livorno - Rome
* InterCity services Ventimiglia - Savona - Genoa - Milan
* Regional services (Treno regionale [it]) Ventimiglia - Savona - Genoa - Sestri Levante - La Spezia - Santo Stefano di Magra
| Preceding station | Trenitalia | Following station |
| Sanremotoward Ventimiglia | InterCity | Dianotoward Roma Termini |
| Taggia Armatoward Ventimiglia | InterCity | Dianotoward Milano Centrale |
| Taggia Armatoward Ventimiglia | Treno regionale | Dianotoward San Stefano di Magra |
# Indaer Peru Chuspi

The Indaer Peru Chuspi is a Peruvian single-engined light aircraft. Twelve aircraft were built between 1987 and 1990.

## Design and development

In 1980, the Peruvian Air Force set up Peru's first aircraft manufacturer, Industria Aeronautica del Peru (Indero Peru), with the intent on building Aermacchi MB.339 jet trainers under licence. High costs caused these plans to be abandoned, and it was eventually decided for the company to move into the General aviation field, negotiating licenses for production of the Aero Boero AB-115, AB-180 and the Pilatus PC-6, as well as a small two-seat lightplane based on popular kit aircraft such as the Denney Kitfox and Avid Flyer, the Indaer Peru Chuspi.
Like the types upon it was based, the Chupsi (Mosquito) is a single-engine monoplane with a braced high wing. The fuselage is of welded steel tube construction with a fabric covering, while the wings are of mixed construction, the aluminium spars and plywood ribs. An enclosed cockpit accommodates two seats side-by-side and can be fitted with dual controls. It is powered by a single Rotax 532 piston engine driving a two-bladed fixed-pitch propeller. Either a tailwheel or nosewheel undercarriage can be fitted.
The prototype made its maiden flight in August 1987, entering production in 1988. Aircraft could be fitted for crop spraying or sport purposes. A total of twelve aircraft were completed by January 1990.

## Specifications

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1990–91
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 5.20 m (17 ft 1 in)
* Wingspan: 9.15 m (30 ft 0 in)
* Height: 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) (tail up)
* Wing area: 11.58 m$^2$ (124.6 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 7.23:1
* Empty weight: 214 kg (472 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 409 kg (902 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 45.4 L (12 US gal, 10 Imp gal)
* Powerplant: 1 × Rotax 532 LC two-cylinder piston engine, 48 kW (64 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 129 km/h (80 mph, 70 kn)
* Stall speed: 40 km/h (25 mph, 22 kn)
* Never exceed speed: 177 km/h (110 mph, 96 kn)
* Range: 441 km (274 mi, 238 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 6,700 m (22,000 ft)
* Rate of climb: 7.1 m/s (1,400 ft/min)
# Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad

The Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad (reporting mark IHB) is a Class III railroad in the United States.

## Ownership

The IHB is jointly owned by Conrail Shared Assets Operations (51%) and Canadian Pacific Kansas City Limited (49%). These shareholders trace their ownership stake in IHB to previous mergers and acquisitions in the railroad industry. Conrail's ownership is traced back to the Penn Central Transportation Company and prior to that, the New York Central Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad. CPKC's ownership is through its subsidiary, the Soo Line, which inherited it from the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (also known as the "Milwaukee Road"). Also, the IHB's northern terminus is the Milwaukee District West Line in Franklin Park, Illinois, which is operated by Metra and CPKC.

## Route and facilities

The line comprises 320 miles (510 km) of track—30 miles (48 km) of single mainline track, 24 miles (39 km) of double-main track and 266 miles (428 km) of additional yard and side track—starting northwest of Chicago in Franklin Park, Illinois at CPKC's Elgin Subdivision, traveling southeast around the city to its headquarters in Hammond, Indiana.
The railroad's largest yard is Blue Island located in Riverdale, Illinois. The Gibson Yard, located in Hammond, Indiana, is arguably the largest automobile traffic switching operation in the United States. Other yards include Burnham, Calumet City, Alsip, Argo, LaGrange, Rose, Norpaul, Whiting, Michigan Avenue, and Lakefront.
Since the 1970s, the IHB has operated an extensive interlocking tower system including: East End, Osbourne, Calumet, State Line, Gibson, Stewart Avenue, Graselli, 55th Street and Argo towers. Switch tenders are located at North Harvey and Columbia Avenue. IHB also took over State Line tower from the Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad.
# Industrial High School (West Palm Beach, Florida)

Industrial High School is a former high school located at 800 11th St., West Palm Beach, Florida. The building is currently used by U. B. Kinsey/Palmview Elementary School. It opened in 1914 as the first high school for African Americans in Palm Beach County; the last class graduated in 1950, when a new school for African Americans, Roosevelt Junior-Senior High School, opened. It was the "center of attention" for the black community "that straddled Tamarind Avenue." (See Northwest Historic District.)
# Alexei Travkin

Alexei Sergeevich Travkin (Russian: Алексей Сергеевич Травкин) (born Moscow, 2 August 1977) is a former Russian rugby union player who played as a prop.
He played for VVA-Podmoskovye Monino, known as VVA Saracens until 2016.
He had 56 caps for Russia, from 2001 to 2011, scoring 1 try, 5 points on aggregate. He was called for the 2011 Rugby World Cup, playing in two games. He left the national team after the competition.
# Institution of Incorporated Engineers

The Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE) was a multidisciplinary engineering institution in the United Kingdom. In 2006 it merged with the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) to form the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). Before the merger the IIE had approximately 40,000 members. The IET is now the second largest engineering society in the world next to the IEEE. The IET has the authority to establish professional registration of engineers (Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer) through the Engineering Council. The IEEE does not have the authority to replicate the registration process in its complementary environment.

## History

The IIE traces its heritage to the Vulcanic Society that was founded in 1884. The Vulcanic Society was formed by a group of apprentices from the works of Maudslay, Son & Field Ltd, in Lambeth, London. This society went through three name changes before it became the Junior Institution of Engineers in 1902, which became the Institution of General Technician Engineers in 1970 and the Institute of Mechanical and General Technician Engineers (IMGTechE) in 1976. In 1982 the IMGTechE and Institution of Technician Engineers in Mechanical Engineering (ITEME) merged to form the Institution of Mechanical Incorporated Engineers (IMechIE).
The Institution of Electrical and Electronic Incorporated Engineers (IEEIE) and the Society of Electronic and Radio Technicians (SERT) merged in 1990 to form the Institution of Electronics and Electrical Incorporated Engineers (IEEIE).
The IIE was formed in April 1998 by the merger of the IMechIE, the IEEIE and The Institute of Engineers and Technicians (IET). In 1999, the Institution of Incorporated Executive Engineers (IIExE) merged with the IIE.
In October 2001, IIE received a Royal Charter in recognition of the significant contribution of its members to the UK economy and society.
In 2005, the Society of Engineers also merged with the IIE.

## Formation of the IET

Discussions started in 2004 between the IEE and the IIE about the formation of a new institution, the Institution of Engineering and Technology. Following members voting in favour of the merger, the IET became operational on 31 March 2006.
# Inter-American Academy of Guayaquil

InterAmerican Academy of Guayaquil (IAA) is an American International school in Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador, serving two years (nursery level) through grade 12.
Students graduating from IAA receive an American High diploma and are able to apply to the best universities in the United States, Canada, and Europe.

## Model United Nation (MUN)

Model United Nations (MUN) emerged as a teaching methodology at the University of Harvard in 1948. It is a simulation system of the United Nations, involving students at a university level.
Students represent various diplomatic countries of the United Nations, for which they are trained in topics such as culture, domestic, foreign policy, economy and society, to discuss real issues of national and international interest in the bodies and committees of the UN. The MUN is an educational and cultural event class, which not only promotes the growth and academic training of students, but also facilitates the development of skills such as public speaking, rhetoric and negotiation, which are useful in the personal and professional lives of those involved.
InterAmerican Academy is the first school in Guayaquil that has implemented this methodology, and has been participating in the MUN international conferences since 1998.

## Stuco

The Academy Student Council (Stuco) includes a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and class representatives from 6-12 grade students. Its purpose is to develop democratic ideals, teach respect for law and order, maintain high standards for cooperation, loyalty and school spirit, prepare for adult life and citizenship, and encourage all worthwhile activities in school. Stuco promotes activities throughout the school year for the middle and high school including a lock-in, prom night, movie night, casino night, pep rallies, and sports day.
# Monique Wilson (Wiccan)

Monique Marie Mauricette Wilson (née Arnoux) also known as Lady Olwen was a prominent Witch and member of Wicca founder Gerald Gardner's inner circle.

## Early life

Wilson was born Monique Marie Mauricette Arnoux in Haiphong, Vietnam in 1923 (or possibly 1928) to French parents. Her father was an officer in the French navy. As a child, she met Wicca founder Gerald Gardner while he was working as a British customs official. The two became close, with Wilson referring to him throughout her life as "Uncle Gerald". In 1939, Wilson's father was killed, and she and her mother fled with other refugees to Hong Kong. There, Wilson would meet her husband, Campbell "Scotty" Wilson, a bomber pilot for the RAF.

## Involvement with Wicca

She became known as Britain's "new "Queen of the Witches." In the 1960s, the Wilsons (now living as pea farmers in Scotland) developed an interest in Wicca. Monique Wilson wrote to her old friend "Uncle Gerald", asking for guidance in establishing a Wiccan presence in Scotland. Gardner referred them to his friend Charles Clark, who initiated the Wilsons and their young daughter into Wicca and gave Wilson the craft name "Lady Olwen". By 1961, the Wilsons had founded their own coven in Perth. She became a high priestess of covens in Scotland. Shortly before his death in 1964, Gerald Gardner named Monique Wilson his heir, bestowing most of his estate and the entire contents of his Museum of Witchcraft and Magic upon her. She and her husband placed the collection on public exhibition at the 17th century "Witches' Mill" on the Isle of Man near the village of Castletown. In 1973, Wilson sold the Museum and its contents (10,000 items) to Ripley's Believe It or Not!, facing much criticism from the Wiccan community for her perceived betrayal.

## Later life

After the backlash from her sale of Gardner's collection, Wilson distanced herself from the Wiccan community. She died in 1982, followed by her husband in the 1990s. Their daughter, Yvette, renounced her association with Witchcraft and the Wicca beliefs and actively avoids discussing her mother's life.
# Rasta militia

The Rastas (French: les Rasta) are an armed criminal group active in Eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, believed to have been founded in 2004. Its members are predominantly Rwandan Hutus and former génocidaires and are believed to have ties to the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) militia active in the same region. The Rastas live as fugitives in the Congolese forest and are heavily armed. They have engaged in acts of violent crime, including kidnapping, rape, burning babies and chopping their foes. Group members have adopted Rastafarian-style dreadlocks and wear Los Angeles Lakers jerseys and tracksuits.
# Hermann Fischer (general)

Hermann Julius Fischer (19 February 1894 – 12 April 1968) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.
Fischer surrendered to the Red Army on 8 May 1945 in the Courland Pocket. Convicted as a war criminal at a show trial in the Soviet Union, he was held until 7 October 1955.

## Awards and decorations

* Iron Cross (1914)
** 2nd Class (14 September 1914)
** 1st Class (22 May 1918)
* Wound Badge (1914)
** in Black (7 November 1918)
* Baltic Cross
** 2nd Class
** 1st Class
* Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (14 February 1935)
* Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th to 1st Class
* Iron Cross (1939)
** 2nd Class (23 April 1940)
** 1st Class (10 May 1940)
* Eastern Front Medal
* Order of the Cross of Liberty 2nd Class with Swords (10 February 1942)
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 May 1940 as Oberst and commander of Infanterie-Regiment 340
* Ärmelband Kurland
# 1992 Likud leadership election

The 1992 Likud leadership election was held on 20 February 1992 to elect the leader of the Likud party. It saw the members of Likud's Central Committee reelect incumbent leader and prime minister Yitzhak Shamir, who defeated challenges from David Levy and Ariel Sharon

## Background

The leadership election took place in advance of the 1992 Knesset election. Earlier on the same day as the Likud leadership election, the unofficial tally of the leadership election of the rival Israeli Labor Party showed Yitzhak Rabin as winning that party's leadership.
Both of Shamir's challengers had previously run against him for leadership (Levy in 1983 and Sharon in 1984).

## Candidates

* David Levy, minister of foreign affairs
* Yitzhak Shamir, incumbent leader and incumbent prime minister
* Ariel Sharon, minister of housing and construction

## Election procedure

The electorate for the leadership election were the 3,000 members of Likud's Central Committee. A week before the vote, the party moved to change the required threshold to avoid a runoff election to 40% from the previous 50%.

## Result

1992 Likud leadership election :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Yitzhak Shamir (incumbent) | Yitzhak Shamir (incumbent) | 1,286 | 46.4 |
| David Levy | David Levy | 865 | 31.2 |
| Ariel Sharon | Ariel Sharon | 618 | 22.3 |
# Desert Places

"Desert Places" is a poem by Robert Frost. It was originally written in 1933 and appeared in The American Mercury in April 1934, before being collected in Frost's 1936 book A Further Range. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1937.

## Background

Frost composed the poem in the winter of 1933 during bouts of illness and depression. It is one of the poems Frost claims to have written "without fumbling a sentence."

## Analysis
### Themes and tone

The poem is considered one of Frost's darker and more somber poems, focusing on the terrifying nature of existence. Additional themes are ones of loneliness, fear, and despair. The poem opens with the speaker passing by an empty field during a snowstorm around dusk. As the field is covered with snow, the speaker contemplates the blankness and the whiteness of the snow, a snow "with no expression, nothing to express." The speaker then turns his contemplation to the night sky "with their empty spaces / Between stars." The poem shares a similar landscape to Frost's poem "Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening." The Irish poet Seamus Heaney notes in his essay "Above the Brim" that the two poems also share a similar rhyme scheme. Heaney also notes that the quick alliteration in the first two lines propel the poem forward.

### Critical interpretation

Critics differ on whether or not the poem expresses an argument for faith and God or an argument for skepticism. Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, in their book Understanding Poetry, interpret the poem to speak on behalf of faith and belief. Other critics believe the poem embodies the skepticism evident within the New England tradition of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Still others view the poem as more modern and ironic in its approach, comparing the poem to the tradition of William Wordsworth. Most critics agree, however, that Frost establishes a mirroring between the exterior landscape and the interior landscape of the speaker. More recent critics have argued that the poem expresses Frost's lack of faith in his own creative abilities, noting that the lonely and barren landscape mirrors the barrenness of creativity, inspiration, and imagination. Critic Judith Oster, for example, correlates the line "nothing to express" with Frost's own fear of a loss of creative output.
# Shahrukh Arjumand

Shahrukh Arjumand (Urdu: شاہ رخ ارجمند) is a Pakistani jurist serving as the Special Judge Central and a nominee for judicial appointment in the Islamabad High Court (IHC).

## Career

Arjumand is a District and Sessions Judge and has held various judicial positions throughout his career.
In September 2024, the IHC nominated him to replace Amjad Iqbal Ranjha as the Special Judge Central to hear the Toshakhana case involving former Prime Minister Imran Khan and his wife, Bushra Bibi. The Ministry of Law and Justice granted final approval for Arjumand's appointment.
In December 2024, Arjumand was among ten candidates nominated for judicial appointments in the IHC. The nominations were made by various stakeholders, including the Chief Justice of the IHC, who proposed Arjumand.
# Statue of Philip Benizi de Damiani, Charles Bridge

The statue of Philip Benizi de Damiani (Czech: Socha svatého Filipa Benicia) is an outdoor sculpture by Michal Bernard Mandel, installed on the north side of the Charles Bridge in Prague, Czech Republic.
# 2010 Zonguldak mine disaster

The 2010 Zonguldak mine disaster occurred in Zonguldak Province, Turkey, on May 17, when 30 miners died in a firedamp explosion at the Karadon coal mine.
The mine is operated by the state-owned Turkish Coal Corporation (Türkiye Taşkömürü Kurumu, TTK). On May 20, 2010, rescuers retrieved the bodies of 28 workers; the bodies of two more were only recovered eight months later. This was the third mining disaster in Turkey in six months: 19 miners were killed in December 2009 in a methane gas explosion in Bursa Province, and in February 2010, 13 miners died after an explosion in a mine in Balıkesir Province.
According to statistics collected by the General Mine Workers Union (Genel Maden İşçileri Sendikası) of Turkey, 25,655 accidents occurred in Turkish Coal Corporation mines during the preceding ten years (2000–2009), in which over 26,000 mine workers were injured, and 63 lost their lives. According to statistics by the Chamber of Mining Engineers (Maden Mühendisleri Odası) of Turkey, a total of 135 miners were killed in mining accidents in general in the years 2008 and 2009.
Prime Minister Erdoğan, visiting the site of Zonguldak in 2010 after the accident, declared that the "people of this region are used to incidents like this", which are "the fate [Turkish: kader] of this profession", while calling protests against the unsafe working conditions in the state mines a "provocation".

## Other mining disasters

Several other mining disasters have occurred in Turkey’s mines:
* 1992: A firedamp explosion killed 270 workers.
* 2008: In a mine collapse, one miner died.
* 2014: Soma mine disaster, at least 302 died and 80 injured, this was Turkey’s worst mining disaster.