OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1974 Xerox WCT Tennis Classic

The 1974 Xerox WCT Tennis Classic , also known as the Washington Indoor, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Capital Centre in Landover, Maryland in the United States that was part of the Red Group of the 1974 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from March 11 through March 17, 1974. First-seeded Ilie Năstase won the singles title and earned $10,000 first-prize money after defeating defending champion Tom Okker in the final.

## Finals
### Singles

Ilie Năstase defeated Tom Okker 6–3, 6–3
* It was Năstase's 2nd singles title of the year and the 42nd of his career.

### Doubles

Bob Hewitt / Frew McMillan defeated Tom Okker / Marty Riessen 7–6, 6–3
# Exponential discounting

In economics, exponential discounting is a specific form of the discount function, used in the analysis of choice over time (with or without uncertainty). Formally, exponential discounting occurs when total utility is given by
$U{\Bigl\{c_{t}\}_{t=t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\Bigr )}=\sum _{t=t_{1}}^{t_{2}}\delta ^{t-t_{1}}(u(c_{t}))$
where c$_t$ is consumption at time t, δ is the exponential discount factor, and u is the instantaneous utility function.
In continuous time, exponential discounting is given by
$U{\Bigl\{c(t)\}_{t=t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\Bigl )}=\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}e^{-\rho (t-t_{1})}u(c(t))\,dt$
Exponential discounting implies that the marginal rate of substitution between consumption at any pair of points in time depends only on how far apart those two points are. Exponential discounting is not dynamically inconsistent. A key aspect of the exponential discounting assumption is the property of dynamic consistency— preferences are constant over time. In other words, preferences do not change with the passage of time unless new information is presented. For example, consider an investment opportunity that has the following characteristics: pay a utility cost of C at date t = 2 to earn a utility benefit of B at time t = 3. At date t = 1, this investment opportunity is considered favorable; hence, this function is: −δC + δ^2 B > 0. Now consider from the perspective of date t = 2, this investment opportunity is still viewed as favorable given −C + δB > 0. To view this mathematically, observe that the new expression is the old expression multiplied by 1/δ. Therefore, the preferences at t = 1 is preserved at t = 2; thus, the exponential discount function demonstrates dynamically consistent preferences over time.
For its simplicity, the exponential discounting assumption is the most commonly used in economics. However, alternatives like hyperbolic discounting have more empirical support.
# 2015 Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council election

The 2015 Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council election took place on 7 May 2015 to elect members of the Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council in England. It was held on the same day as other local elections.
# Happy Birthday (Altered Images song)

"Happy Birthday" is a song by Scottish band Altered Images, released as a single from their 1981 album of the same name. The song entered the UK charts in September 1981 and peaked at number two the following month, holding that position for three weeks. It was the 15th-best-selling single in the UK in 1981 and has been certified silver by the BPI for sales in excess of 250,000 copies.
"Happy Birthday" is the only song on the album that was produced by Martin Rushent, who had already scored major success that year producing for the Human League and would win the Producer of the Year award for 1981 at the BPI Awards. Accordingly, the band chose Rushent to produce their next album, Pinky Blue (1982), in its entirety.

## Track listings

7-inch single
    A. "Happy Birthday"
    B. "So We Go Whispering"
12-inch single
    A1. "Happy Birthday"
    B1. "So We Go Whispering"
    B2. "Jeepster"

## Personnel

* Clare Grogan – lead vocals
* Jim McKinven, Tony McDaid – guitars
* Johnny McElhone – bass
* Tich Anderson – drums

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 250,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||

## Cover versions

"Happy Birthday" has been covered by the Ting Tings for the children's television show Yo Gabba Gabba! in 2008, by the Wedding Present for their 1993 compilation album John Peel Sessions 1987–1990, and by Thomas Fagerlund (The Kissaway Trail) with Christian Hjelm (Figurines) for the Danish radio programme Det Elektriske Barometer (The Electric Barometer) in 2010.
# Renan Ferraro

Renan Ferraro (born 22 January 1962) is a Brazilian former professional racing cyclist. He rode in the 1986 Tour de France. He also rode in the team time trial at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# As Salafiyah District

As Salafiyah District is a district of the Raymah Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 82,570 inhabitants.
# Brignogan-Plages

Brignogan-Plages (or simply Brignogan) (French pronunciation:; Breton: Brignogan) is a former commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Plounéour-Brignogan-Plages.
Brignogan is 32 kilometres from Brest. Submarine telegraph cables between Cornwall and France came ashore at Brignogan.

## Climate

Brignogan-Plages has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Brignogan-Plages is 12.1 °C (53.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 908.0 mm (35.75 in) with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 14.1 °C (57.4 °F), and lowest in February, at around 7.9 °C (46.2 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Brignogan-Plages was 32.6 °C (90.7 °F) on 2 August 1990; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) on 12 January 1987.
Climate data for Brignogan-Plages (1981–2010 averages, extremes 1982−2018) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.9 (64.2) | 19.6 (67.3) | 24.0 (75.2) | 24.5 (76.1) | 29.1 (84.4) | 32.0 (89.6) | 30.4 (86.7) | 32.6 (90.7) | 30.3 (86.5) | 29.3 (84.7) | 21.7 (71.1) | 19.0 (66.2) | 32.6 (90.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.1 (50.2) | 10.1 (50.2) | 11.6 (52.9) | 12.7 (54.9) | 15.0 (59.0) | 17.4 (63.3) | 19.2 (66.6) | 19.6 (67.3) | 18.3 (64.9) | 16.0 (60.8) | 12.8 (55.0) | 10.8 (51.4) | 14.5 (58.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.9 (46.2) | 7.9 (46.2) | 9.2 (48.6) | 10.2 (50.4) | 12.6 (54.7) | 14.9 (58.8) | 16.6 (61.9) | 16.9 (62.4) | 15.7 (60.3) | 13.4 (56.1) | 10.5 (50.9) | 8.6 (47.5) | 12.1 (53.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) | 5.6 (42.1) | 6.8 (44.2) | 7.6 (45.7) | 10.2 (50.4) | 12.4 (54.3) | 14.0 (57.2) | 14.1 (57.4) | 13.0 (55.4) | 10.9 (51.6) | 8.3 (46.9) | 6.4 (43.5) | 9.6 (49.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) | −5.0 (23.0) | −1.7 (28.9) | 1.2 (34.2) | 3.1 (37.6) | 5.6 (42.1) | 9.2 (48.6) | 8.8 (47.8) | 7.0 (44.6) | 1.1 (34.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | −3.4 (25.9) | −7.0 (19.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 107.8 (4.24) | 86.1 (3.39) | 69.8 (2.75) | 66.3 (2.61) | 61.4 (2.42) | 43.2 (1.70) | 48.5 (1.91) | 50.8 (2.00) | 56.7 (2.23) | 99.8 (3.93) | 104.2 (4.10) | 113.4 (4.46) | 908.0 (35.75) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 16.7 | 13.3 | 12.4 | 12.0 | 10.1 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 13.6 | 16.1 | 16.4 | 144.2 |
| Source: Météo France ||||||||||||||

## Population

Inhabitants of Brignogan-Plages are called Brignoganais in French.
# Marmashen

40°50′15″N 43°46′19″E﻿ / ﻿40.83750°N 43.77194°E﻿ / 40.83750; 43.77194
Marmashen (Armenian: Մարմաշեն) is a village in the Akhuryan Municipality of the Shirak Province of Armenia.
# James L. Breese House

James L. Breese House, also known as "The Orchard", is a historic home located at Southampton in Suffolk County, New York. It was designed as a summer residence between 1897 and 1906 by the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White in the Colonial Revival style. An 1858 house original to the site was incorporated into the structure. It is two and one half stories high and clad with white painted wood shingles. It features a two-story portico, reminiscent of Mount Vernon.
James Lawrence Breese was a close friend of architect Stanford White, commissioning modifications and additions until the latter's death. The home's spectacular 70-foot "music room" is believed to be White's last completed project.
From 1926 to 1956, it was owned by Charles E. Merrill (1885–1956), who deeded it to Amherst College. Amherst College later sold it to the Nyack School for Boys, which closed in 1977. It is located within the Southampton Village Historic District.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
# Nikolaos Manos

Nikolaos Manos (Greek: Νικόλαος Μάνος) was a significant Greek chieftain of the Macedonian Struggle.

## Biography

Manos was born in the late 19th century in Belkameni (now Drosopigi) of Florina. He acted as a messenger, guide and a soldier in various armed groups operating in the area of Florina, from April 1905 to November 1907. Following the suggestion of Nikolaos Andrianakis, he set up his own armed group and became its leader. His group gave many battles against Bulgarian komitadjis. He also assassinated a high-ranked Ottoman official in Neveska (now Nymfaio), Zenel Bey. He was arrested by the Ottoman authorities in April 1910 and imprisoned in Bodrum. He was released in the same year (even though he was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment), as Mehmed V gave amnesty to those who had been convicted for political crimes. He returned to his home town and continued his armed action. He assassinated Drosopigi's president, S. Mihalalezis as a pro-Romanian agent, spreading propaganda to Greek and Aromanian populations, as well as a partner of the Ottomans in many cases, expelling the Greeks of the village.
In 1912 Manos was forced to flee to Larisa. He returned to the region, with his own armed group during the First Balkan War. His team acted in the regions of Kastoria and Florina throughout the First Balkan War, fighting against the Ottoman troops. He also undertook several missions assigned to him by the 5th Infantry Division.

## Sources

* Αρχείο Διεύθυνσης Εφέδρων Πολεμιστών Αγωνιστών Θυμάτων Αναπήρων (ΔΕΠΑΘΑ), Αρχείο Μακεδονικού Αγώνα, φ. Μ-542
* John S. Koliopoulos (editor), Αφανείς, γηγενείς Μακεδονομάχοι, Εταιρεία Μακεδονικών Σπουδών, University Studio Press, Thessaloniki, 2008, p. 167-168
# Al Abdiyah district

Al Abdiyah District (Arabic: مديرية العبدية) is a district of the Ma'rib Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 13,000 inhabitants.
# Arasada

Arasada may refer to:
* Arasada rishi (moth), a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae
* Arasada, Vizianagaram district, a village in Balijipeta mandal of Vizianagaram district
# Marrs green

Marrs green is a shade of green that in 2017 was named "The World's Favourite Colour" in a major global survey by the British paper merchant G . F Smith. It is a rich teal hue. The colour was submitted by Annie Marrs, a UNESCO worker from Dundee, who was inspired by the River Tay. The survey received 30,000 submissions from over 100 countries via online polling after it was launched in January 2017.
It became the 51st shade of the un-coated paper range Colorplan.
# Christian Thierjung

Christian Thierjung (born January 5, 1995) is an American soccer player who plays for California United Strikers in the National Independent Soccer Association.

## Career
### College career

Thierjung played four years of college soccer at the University of California, Berkeley between 2013 and 2016.
While at college, Thierjung appeared for Premier Development League sides OC Pateadores Blues and Burlingame Dragons.

### Professional career

On January 17, 2017, Thierjung was selected in the third round (50th overall) of the 2017 MLS SuperDraft by San Jose Earthquakes. However, he wasn't signed by the club.
In April 2017, Thierjung signed with National Premier Soccer League side New York Cosmos B. He moved to United Soccer League's Tulsa Roughnecks on July 21, 2017. He made his debut for the Roughnecks on July 22, 2017, as an 80th-minute substitute against Phoenix Rising FC, and scored in the 85th minute to give them a 3–0 victory.
On December 21, 2017, it was announced that Thierjung would move to Reno 1868 FC ahead of their 2018 season.
# Blake Thomson

Blake Thomson (born 9 December 1997) is an Australian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Victoria in the 2017–18 JLT One-Day Cup on 10 October 2017.
# Western Australian Turf Club

The Western Australian Turf Club (WATC), later known as Perth Racing, is a members club in Perth, Western Australia.
It was established in the 19th century during the colonial period, was modelled after Turf Clubs in England, and operated as an elite social club. Since its inception it has been the primary administrator of Western Australia's horse racing sector. The club manages the Ascot Racecourse and Belmont Park Racecourse. Many of its racing-related functions were taken over by the body Racing and Wagering Western Australia in 2003.
The club was one of Perth's two most prominent members clubs in early Western Australia, along with the Weld Club. Many of its members were prominent families in the city's business and agricultural sectors, political or colonial elite, and successful professionals. Premier George Leake was the chairman until his death in 1902. Many parliamentarians around the time of Australia's federation were also members of either the Turf or Weld club.

## Publishing

* The Western Australian racing calendar. Perth, W.A : Western Australian Turf Club, 1890-1985.
* Racing calendar. Perth, W.A : Western Australian Turf Club, 1985-1999.
* Racing Western Australia. Belmont, W.A. : Western Australian Turf Club, 1999-2005.
# Kalsi

Kalsi is a famous Tribe of Tarkhan Sikhs also known as Ramgarhia Sikhs.

## Notable people

Notable people with the surname, who may or may not be affiliated to the religion/clan, include:
* Ajay Kalsi, Indian entrepreneur
* Ankit Kalsi, Indian cricketer
* Harkirat Singh Kalsi, Indian road racing cyclist
* Johnny Kalsi, British musician
* Yashpal Singh Kalsi, Indian martial artist
# 1975 St. Louis Tennis Classic

The 1975 St. Louis Tennis Classic, also known as the St. Louis WCT, was a men's professional tennis tournament that was part of the Blue Group of the 1975 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was played on indoor carpet courts at the Kiel Auditorium in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from April 7 through April 13, 1975. Fourth-seeded Vitas Gerulaitis won the singles title and earned $12,000 first-prize money.

## Finals
### Singles

Vitas Gerulaitis defeated Roscoe Tanner 2–6, 6–2, 6–3
* It was Gerulaitis' 2nd and last singles title of the year and the 3rd of his career.

### Doubles

Colin Dibley / Ray Ruffels defeated Ross Case / Geoff Masters 6–4, 6–4
# Teagan Wy

Teagan Trentina Wy (born July 30, 2004) is an American college soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for the California Golden Bears. She represented the United States at the under-15 and under-20 level, helping win bronze at the 2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.

## Early life and college career

Wy grew up in Rancho Santa Margarita, California, the daughter of Christine and Fred Wy. Her grandfather played professional soccer, and she is a relative of English goalkeeper Carl Muggleton. She attended Santa Margarita Catholic High School and played club soccer OC Surf and So Cal Blues. She committed to the University of California, Berkeley, as a freshman, and was ranked as the No. 18 recruit of the class of 2022. She trained with NWSL club San Diego Wave FC during the summers before and after her first year of college.

### California Golden Bears

Following one year as the backup to Angelina Anderson, Wy became the starting keeper for the California Golden Bears in the 2023 season. She was the fourth-best keeper in the Pac-12 Conference in terms of save percentage and saves per game, earning third-team All-Pac 12 honors.

## International career

Wy trained with the United States youth national team beginning at the under-14 level in 2018. She was the starting keeper at the 2018 CONCACAF Girls' U-15 Championship, which the United States won. After being the backup keeper at the 2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, she started in goal for the under-20 team at the 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship, helping them qualify for the 2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. She played every minute of the 2024 U-20 Women's World Cup, helping the United States finish in third place, the country's best result since 2012. She made multiple key saves late in their 2–2 draw to Germany in the quarterfinals; in the resulting penalty shootout, after one German make and two misses, Wy saved the fourth kick to send the United States to the semifinals, 3–1. She was invited by Emma Hayes as a training player at Futures Camp, practicing alongside the senior national team, in January 2025.
# Andy Gorvin

Andrew William Gorvin (born 10 May 1997) is an English cricketer.

## Career

Gorvin attended Portsmouth Grammar School and was part of the Hampshire academy and played club cricket for Havant, even acting as stand in captain for Havant before relocating to attend Cardiff University. He played a lead role in St Fagans winning the ECB South Wales Premier League title in 2019 and 2021. He also played for Wales in the National Counties Championship and One Day Trophy, as they reached the Semi Finals in 2021. He took 3-35 for Cardiff University against Glamorgan in March 2021.
He made his List A debut on 25 July 2021, for Glamorgan in the 2021 Royal London One-Day Cup. He made his first-class debut on 5 May 2022, for Glamorgan in the 2022 County Championship.
# James Leonard House

The James Leonard House is a historic house at 3 Warren Street in Taunton, Massachusetts. It is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame house, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof, large central chimney, and wood shingle siding. The doors and windows have simple trim, those on the second floor abutting the eave. The house was built circa 1752 for James Leonard, muster master for Bristol County. during the American Revolutionary War, and descendant of the James Leonard who established the Taunton Iron Works in 1652. The house is characteristic of large farmhouses built in the region during the 18th century, and is one of the oldest on Warren Street.
The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
# Siege of Musashi-Matsuyama (1537)

The 1537 siege of Musashi-Matsuyama was the first of several sieges of Matsuyama castle in Japan's Musashi province over the course of the Sengoku period (1467-1603). The Uesugi clan controlled the castle in 1537, but lost it to the Hōjō clan in this siege; they would regain it, and lose it once more in 1563.
The Uesugi sent for help during this siege by hiding a message inside a dog's collar; the tactic was ultimately unsuccessful.
# Emil Nässling

Emil Michael Nässling (1 October 1864 – 20 May 1924) was a Finnish sports shooter who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics and won one Finnish national championship gold.

## Shooting
### Olympics

Emil Nässling at the Olympic Games :
| Games | Event | Rank | Notes |
| 1908 Summer Olympics | 300 metre free rifle, three positions | 41st | Source: |
| 1908 Summer Olympics | Team free rifle | 8th | Source: |

### International

Nässling competed at the 1914 ISSF World Shooting Championships.

### National

He won Finnish national championship gold in free rifle, three positions, in 1911.

## Other

He was among the best cyclists in Finland in the 1890s.
His family name has also appeared as Näsling. Olympic shooter Frans Nässling was his brother.

## Sources

* Siukonen, Markku (2001). Urheilukunniamme puolustajat. Suomen olympiaedustajat 1906–2000. Suuri olympiateos (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Graface. p. 232. ISBN 951-98673-1-7.
# Harib District

Harib District (Arabic: مديرية حريب) is a district of the Ma'rib Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 33,663 inhabitants.
# Martin Pedersen (footballer)

Martin Meldgaard Pedersen (born 9 October 1983) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a left-back. He has played 28 games for the Danish under-21 national team, and was selected for the 2006 European Under-21 Championship.

## Club career

Pedersen made his senior debut for Aalborg BK (AaB) in the 2002–03 Superliga season. At age 21, he had played 39 Superliga matches for AaB. Struggling to capture a first team spot in competition with Danish international defender Allan K. Jepsen, Pedersen was put on loan with Superliga relegation battlers SønderjyskE for the 2005–06 Superliga season. He played 25 games for SønderjyskE, but could not prevent them from being relegated at the end of the season.
Back at AaB, Pedersen was initially competing with Danish under-21 national team defender Michael Jakobsen for the left back. With Jakobsen eventually settling in the central defense, Pedersen played a number of games at left back, as AaB won bronze medals in the 2006–07 Superliga season. Following Aalborg BK's bronze medals they qualified for the UEFA Cup, where a dream came true for Martin Pedersen as he played against his favourite foreign team, Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane.
Pedersen had his best AaB season the following year, when he played 28 of 33 games as the team won the 2007–08 Superliga championship. After the championship, AaB qualified for the 2008–09 Champions League group stage, where Pedersen had a lot of stable performances against Celtic F.C., Villarreal CF and Manchester United. Sir Alex Ferguson even mentioned Pedersen of one of the Aalborg BK profiles in an interview, a few days before AaB entered the Old Trafford to play against Manchester United.
AaB however, did not want to extend his contract, which resulted in a transfer to Superliga relegation battlers Vejle Boldklub in January 2009, six months before his contract ended. Injuries ruined his first time at the club, and he only played five games as Vejle were relegated at the end of the season. In his second season with Vejle, Pedersen fell out with the club. He was loaned out to Icelandic team Valur in March 2010.
After returning to Denmark he settled his contract with Vejle Boldklub and joined FC Hjørring in the same division until the end of 2010/2011 season. In summer of 2011 Pedersen signed a 1,5 years contract for promotion hopeful FC Fredericia and after a great start he unfortunately tore his cruciate ligament against Randers FC in September 2011. The operation went well and Pedersen returned to full training in April 2012.
He finished his active career at Vejgaard BK.

## International career

He has earned 35 caps for various Danish youth team selections, starting with the Under-16s in 1999. He made his debut for the Danish under-21 national team in August 2002, 18 years old. He played a total 28 games for the Under-21s, and was selected for the 2006 European Under-21 Championship in May 2006.
# Bratrušov

Bratrušov (German: Brattersdorf) is a municipality and village in Šumperk District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
Bratrušov lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Šumperk, 52 km (32 mi) north-west of Olomouc, and 182 km (113 mi) east of Prague.

## Administrative division

Bratrušov consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Bratrušov (604)
* Osikov (25)