OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Albert L. Hopkins

Albert L. Hopkins Jr. (1931 - 2016) was an American computer designer. He worked at the US MIT Instrumentation Laboratory (now known as the Draper Lab) during the development of the Apollo Guidance, Navigation, and Control System, or the GN&C. The system was designed in two forms, one for the command module and one for the lunar module. The CM version included an optical system with an integrated scanning telescope and sextant for erecting and correcting the inertial platform. Albert Hopkins received a Ph.D. from Harvard University under Howard Aiken, he then joined the MIT Instrumentation Lab where he was Assistant Director; together with Ramon Alonso, and Hugh Blair-Smith he was a member of the group that designed the computer, designated AGC for Apollo Guidance Computer, identical in the CM and LM.
The AGC was a 15-bit plus parity machine with a 1 MHz clock. It was about one cubic foot in volume and weighed about 80 pounds. It used integrated circuit NOR gates, two to a package, but integrated RAM and ROM devices had not been developed yet. It had 2,000 words of magnetic ferrite core read-write memory and maybe 24 thousand words of read-only memory in the form of magnetic core ropes. These cores used metal tape magnetic cores. With such limited computing resources, the software had to be extremely tightly written in assembly code. These computers were designed with extremely long mean times to failure. Fifty were built by Raytheon, and none failed during several years of life. The human interface was a keyboard with ten digit keys and a few auxiliary keys for such things as "+" and "–" and "enter", and a display with three numbers of 5 decimal/octal digits, a two-digit program number, and a two-digit verb and a two-digit noun. The astronauts used it for all phases of command.
After leaving Draper Labs, Albert Hopkins, with his wife Lynne Zaccaria, opened a pottery and antiques shop in South Danbury, New Hampshire. Laterly they lived in Florida.
He died on May 17, 2016. http://www.chadwickfuneralservice.com/fh/obituaries/obituary.cfm?o_id=3724138&fh_id=12966
# James P. White House

The James P. White House is a historic house at 1 Church Street in Belfast, Maine. Built in 1840, it is one of the city's most elaborate examples of Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and is included in Belfast's Church Street Historic District. In recent years it has served as a bed and breakfast inn but, as of 2015, is a private residence once again.

## Description and history

The White House is located south of Belfast's central business district, at the southern end of Church Street, occupying a triangular lot at the corner of High Street. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof topped by a widow's walk and cupola, and a granite foundation. The front and sides are finished in flushboard siding, with clapboards elsewhere. The building corners have oversides pilasters with Doric capitals, rising to a multi-level entablature that encircles the building. The main facade is three bays wide, the center one projecting and rising to a gabled roof. The main entrance, and a second floor balcony entrance, are both recessed in this projecting, the recessed area articulated by pilasters and fluted columns.
The house was designed by Calvin Ryder, a local architect, for James Patterson White, and was completed in 1840. White, a Belfast native, was a successful businessman who served for two years as mayor. Later owners of the house included James Taliaferro, a Florida Senator who owned it as a summer residence. In the late 20th century the building served as a bed and breakfast inn. By 2015, the White House is a private residence once again.
# Manfred Sakel

Manfred Joshua Sakel (June 6, 1900 – December 2, 1957) was an Austrian-Jewish (later Austrian-American) neurophysiologist and psychiatrist, credited with developing insulin shock therapy in 1927.

## Biography

Sakel was born on June 6, 1900, in Nadvirna (Nadwórna), in the former Austria-Hungary Empire (now Ukraine), which was part of Poland between the world wars. Sakel studied Medicine at the University of Vienna from 1919 to 1925, specializing in neurology and neuropsychiatry. From 1927 until 1933 Sakel worked in hospitals in Berlin. In 1933 he became a researcher for the University of Vienna's Neuropsychiatric Clinic. In 1936, after receiving an invitation from Frederick Parsons, a commissioner of mental hygiene, he chose to emigrate from Austria to the United States of America. In the USA, he became an attending physician and researcher at the Harlem Valley State Hospital.
Dr. Sakel was the developer of insulin shock therapy from 1927 while a young doctor in Vienna, starting to practice it in 1933. It would become used widely for individuals with schizophrenia and other mental patients. He noted that insulin-induced coma and convulsions, due to the low level of glucose attained in the blood (hypoglycemic crisis), had a short-term appearance of changing the mental state of drug addicts and psychotics, sometimes dramatically. He reported that as many as 88% of his patients improved with insulin shock therapy, but most other people reported more mixed results and it was shown eventually that patient selection had been biased and that it didn't really have any specific benefits and had many risks, adverse effects and fatalities. However, his method was used for many years in mental institutions worldwide. In the USA and other countries it was discontinued gradually after the introduction of the electroconvulsive therapy during the 1940s and the first neuroleptic drugs during the 1950s.
Dr. Sakel died from heart failure on December 2, 1957, in New York City, NY, USA.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Bangen, Hans: Geschichte der medikamentösen Therapie der Schizophrenie. Berlin 1992, p. 43-50 ISBN 3-927408-82-4
* ↑ Wortis, J. (1958). "In Memoriam Manfred Sakel". American Journal of Psychiatry. 115: 287–8. doi:10.1176/ajp.115.3.287.
* ↑ Edward Shorter, David Healy. Shock Therapy: A History of Electroconvulsive Treatment in Mental Illness. Rutgers University Press, 2013
* ↑ Time - Milestones, December 16, 1957
# 2016 BRD Năstase Țiriac Trophy – Doubles

Marius Copil and Adrian Ungur were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Chris Guccione and André Sá. Florin Mergea and Horia Tecău won the title, defeating Guccione and Sá in the final, 7–5, 6–4.

## Seeds

* Florin Mergea / Horia Tecău (champions)
* Eric Butorac / Scott Lipsky (quarterfinals)
* Guillermo Durán / Máximo González (first round)
* Jonathan Erlich / Colin Fleming (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | F Mergea H Tecău | 7$^7$ | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Daniell A Sitak | 6$^3$ | 6$^5$ | | 1 | F Mergea H Tecău | w/o | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | G García-López J Knowle | 3 | 3 | | | F Delbonis P Lorenzi | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | F Delbonis P Lorenzi | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 1 | F Mergea H Tecău | 3 | 6 | [10] | | | | |
| 3 | G Durán M González | 1 | 4 | | | | | | | | W Koolhof M Middelkoop | 6 | 2 | [8] | | | | |
| | W Koolhof M Middelkoop | 6 | 6 | | | W Koolhof M Middelkoop | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Fyrstenberg S González | 7 | 6 | | | M Fyrstenberg S González | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Bury N Monroe | 5 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | F Mergea H Tecău | 7 | 6 |
| | G Pella L Rosol | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | C Guccione A Sá | 5 | 4 |
| | M Draganja M Pavić | 3 | 2 | | | G Pella L Rosol | 6 | 4 | [6] | | | | | | | | | |
| | R Haase A-u-H Qureshi | 7$^7$ | 6$^7$ | [6] | 4 | J Erlich C Fleming | 2 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | J Erlich C Fleming | 6$^3$ | 7$^9$ | [10] | | | | | | 4 | J Erlich C Fleming | 4 | 4 | | | | | |
| | C Guccione A Sá | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | C Guccione A Sá | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| WC | M Copil A Ungur | 3 | 4 | | | C Guccione A Sá | 2 | 6 | [18] | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | VV Cornea V Hănescu | 2 | 3 | | 2 | E Butorac S Lipsky | 6 | 2 | [16] | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | E Butorac S Lipsky | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Melamine foam

Melamine foam is a foam-like material consisting of a melamine-formaldehyde condensate. It is the active component of a number of abrasive cleaner sponges, notably the Magic Eraser.
It is also used as thermal insulation and as a soundproofing material.

## Properties

The open-cell foam is microporous and its polymeric substance is very hard, so that when used for cleaning it works like extremely fine sandpaper, getting into tiny grooves and pits in the object being cleaned.
On a larger scale, the material feels soft because the reticulated foam bubbles interconnect. Its structure is a 3D network of very hard strands, when compared to the array of separate bubbles in a material such as styrofoam.
Being microporous, it also effectively absorbs sound waves.
Being open-cell, it entrains countless air bubbles, giving it low thermal conductivity and thereby making it an effective insulator.

## Cleaning

In the early 21st century, it was discovered that melamine foam is an effective abrasive cleaner. Rubbing with a slightly moistened foam may remove otherwise "uncleanable" external markings from surfaces. For example, melamine foam can remove crayon, marker pen, and grease from painted walls and wood finishings, plastic-adhering paints from treated wooden tables, and adhesive residue and grime from hubcaps. If the surface being cleaned is not sufficiently hard, it may be finely scratched by the melamine material. Similarly to a pencil eraser, the foam wears away during use, leaving behind a slight residue which can be rinsed off.

## Other uses

Naturally lightweight, melamine foam is also used as insulation for pipes and ductwork, and as a soundproofing material for studios, sound stages, auditoriums, and the like. One advantage of melamine foam over other soundproofing materials is that it's considered not flammable. Melamine foam’s fire rating is Class A/Class 1 in the United States and ULCS-102 for Canada. If heated to 465 °F (241 °C), the foam shrinks, and collapses. These properties suit it as the main sound and thermal insulation material for Shinkansen bullet trains.

## Environmental impact

Recent research has highlighted that melamine sponges contribute significantly to microplastic pollution. A study published in Environmental Science & Technology found that these sponges release over a trillion microplastic fibers globally each month due to wear and tear. These fibers can contaminate water systems and enter the food chain, posing environmental risks. The study suggests that making denser sponges and using alternative cleaning methods could mitigate this issue.
# James Fred Young

James Fred Young, known as Fred Young, was the seventh president of Elon University, a private liberal arts university located in Elon, North Carolina. Young served as president of Elon from 1973 to 1998. He was succeeded by Leo Lambert.
Young grew up in Burnsville, North Carolina. He attended Mars Hill College and Wake Forest University, received his master's degree in education administration from UNC-Chapel Hill, and received his doctorate from Columbia University. After serving as a principal, assistant superintendent, and superintendent, he was named president of Elon.
Young has been credited with transforming Elon from a regional institution serving average students into a selective institution with a national reputation.
# James Frazier (conductor)

James Frazier (1940 – March 10, 1985) was an American orchestral conductor. Frazier was awarded the Cantelli Award in 1969. He went on to attain several prestigious engagements in Europe, the United States, and South America. He was one of the most successful African American conductors in the 1970s.

## Biography

He was born to a Detroit sanitation worker and at 5 was enrolled in the Detroit Conservatory of Music. By 16, Frazier was conducting from memory in churches, conducting works like Felix Mendelssohn's Elijah and George Frideric Handel's Messiah. He received a degree in chemistry from Wayne State University. During his senior year in college he conducted Elijah with William Warfield as soloist, and was urged to consider a professional career. He attended National Music Camp in Michigan, and eventually was chosen with other three conductors to conduct in public. He then went on to conduct at the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, with encouragement from Eugene Ormandy. He later obtained his master's degree in music from the University of Michigan.
In 1969, he won the Cantelli Award in Italy. This led him to conduct in several prestigious orchestras, including the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra and the Belarusian State Philharmonic. Frazier garnered acclaim from the orchestras of Detroit and Minsk.
Frazier composed King Requiem, a Requiem mass for Martin Luther King Jr., and conducted its premiere in Detroit on May 9, 1969, with Warfield as soloist. He also composed a musical, 12th Street: A Soul Opera, telling about life in his Detroit, and created the special "Soul and Symphony", which was broadcast on NBC, in the anthology series Special Treat. In the 1970s, Frazier was teaching in public schools in Long Island City.
By 1975 he had conducted, among others, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, London's New Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra, the Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra, the Belarusian State Philharmonic and the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra. Later, he also conducted in South America.
In 1981 he was named conductor of the Bogota Symphony. He died in 1985 at the age of 44, after a year of ill health.
# Trechus dulat

Trechus dulat is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov & Kabak in 1992.
# Manitoba Provincial Road 263

Manitoba Provincial Road 263 is a former provincial road in the Canadian province of Manitoba.

## Route description

PR 263 began at a 'T' junction with PR 262 north of Scandinavia. From this junction, it travelled 18 kilometres (11 mi) northwest before meeting PTH 10 in Onanole. The two highways shared a short (~20m) concurrence before PR 263 left the concurrence and continued west for 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to meet southbound PR 270. From PR 270, PR 263 continued north for 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to its northern terminus at the south boundary of Riding Mountain National Park. The road continued into the park past several church camps and public campsites along the southwestern shore of Clear Lake. The route was gravel for most of its length, except for the section of the route between PR 270 and Onanole.
PR 263 was designated as an east-west route except for the section between Riding Mountain National Park and PR 270, which was designated as north-south.

## History

In the early 1990s, the Manitoba government decommissioned a number of provincial secondary roads and returned the maintenance of these roads back to the rural municipalities. PR 263 was one of the roads that was decommissioned entirely.
After PR 263 was decommissioned, PR 262 was rerouted onto the section between its former junction with PR 263 and Onanole. PR 270 was extended on to the paved section to Onanole and maintained that designation until 1997, when the road was redesignated as PR 354, reconfiguring PR 270 to its current northbound terminus. The north-south section between Riding Mountain National Park and the former junction with PR 270 is now maintained by the Municipality of Harrison Park.
# Nina Grieg

Nina Grieg, née Hagerup (24 November 1845 – 9 December 1935) was a Danish–Norwegian lyric soprano.

## Early life and family

Nina Hagerup was born in Bergen, Norway. Her parents were the malt inspector Herman Didrik Hagerup and the actress Luise Adeline Werligh, née Falck. She was the first cousin of composer Edvard Grieg, whom she married in 1867.

## Career

The couple often performed concerts together in Europe; on 6 December 1897, they performed some of his music at a private concert at Windsor Castle for Queen Victoria and her court. Her husband Edvard considered her the best performer of his songs, and her performances usually received rave reviews. However, one of Victoria's courtiers called her singing "passée".
She was featured as a soloist in Felix Mendelssohn's Elijah with Musikselskabet Harmonien (later known as the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra) in 1866.
The English composer Frederick Delius dedicated two sets of songs to her in the years 1888–1890.
Nina Grieg never recorded professionally, but two amateur recordings made on wax cylinders have been preserved (in quite poor condition) and have been issued on the Simax label.

## Personal life and death

She married her first cousin, Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg, on 11 June 1867, in Copenhagen, Denmark. They were Unitarians.
After his death in 1907, she moved to Denmark. In Copenhagen, she attended a Unitarian church. She died in 1935 at the age of 90. She was cremated and her ashes were placed with her husband's ashes in a mountain tomb near Troldhaugen, outside Bergen, where the couple had shared a home for most of their married years.

## Literature

* Haavet, Inger Elisabeth (1998): Nina Grieg. Kunstner og kunstnerhustru. H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), Oslo. ISBN 82-03-22230-7. (Digital copy in Norwegian, available for Norwegian IP addresses only, at the Norwegian National Library's website.)
# Iptycene

An iptycene is an aromatic compound composed of varying number of arene subunits bound to a bridged bicyclo-octatriene core structure. They are formally derivatives of barrelene. The first and simplest iptycene molecule is triptycene.
The first iptycene was reported in 1931 by Erich Clar. Paul Bartlett's research group developed Clar's method and made the first triptycene. Following Bertlett's work on triptycene, Hart et al., with acknowledgement to Professor Joel F. Liebman, proposed the trivial name iptycene for this class of molecules.
# 1985 Mediterranean Grand Prix

The 24th Gran Premio del Mediterraneo (Grand Prix of the Mediterranean), was the eighth round of the 1985 International Formula 3000. This was held on the Isle of Sicily, at the Autodromo di Pergusa, Enna, on 28 July.

## Report
### Entry

A total of just 15 F3000 cars, from 8 teams ventured across the Strait of Messina for the event.

### Qualifying

Mike Thackwell took pole position for Team Ralt, in their Ralt-Cosworth RT20, averaging a speed of 123.768 mph.

### Race

The race was held over 40 laps of the Enna-Pergusa circuit. Mike Thackwell took the winner spoils for works Ralt team, driving their Ralt-Cosworth RT20. The Kiwi won in a time of 1hr 01:58.99mins., averaging a speed of 119.103 mph. Just 0.63 seconds behind, was the second place car of Emanuele Pirro, driving Onyx Racing’s March 85B. The podium was completed by the BS Automotive March of Christian Danner.

## Classification
### Race Result

| Pos. | No. | Driver | Entrant | Car - Engine | Time, Laps | Reason Out |
| 1st | 1 | Mike Thackwell | Team Ralt | Ralt-Cosworth RT20 | 1hr 01:58.99 | |
| 2nd | 9 | Emanuele Pirro | Onyx Racing | March-Cosworth 85B | 1hr 01:59.62 | |
| 3rd | 8 | Christian Danner | BS Automotive | March-Cosworth 85B | 1hr 02:20.10 | |
| 4th | 13 | Gabriele Tarquini | Sanremo Racing Srl | March-Cosworth 85B | 1hr 02:51.85 | |
| 5th | 10 | Mario Hytten | Onyx Racing | March-Cosworth 85B | 1hr 02:52.61 | |
| 6th | 33 | Guido Daccò | Sanremo Racing Srl | March-Cosworth 85B | 1hr 02:53.32 | |
| 7th | 14 | Alessandro Santin | Sanremo Racing Srl | March-Cosworth 85B | 40 | |
| 8th | 4 | Olivier Grouillard | Oreca Motorsport | March-Cosworth 85B | 37 | |
| DNF | 22 | Lamberto Leoni | Corbari Italia | March-Cosworth 85B | 31 | Engine |
| DNF | 34 | Ivan Capelli | Genoa Racing | March-Cosworth 85B | 18 | Engine |
| DNF | 2 | John Nielsen | Team Ralt | Ralt-Cosworth RT20 | 17 | Overheating |
| DNF | 3 | Michel Ferté | Oreca Motorsport | March-Cosworth 85B | 9 | Accident |
| DNF | 7 | Tomas Kaiser | BS Automotive | March-Cosworth 85B | 9 | Accident |
| DNF | 15 | Philippe Streiff | Lola Motorsport | Lola-Cosworth T950 | 6 | Accident |
| DNF | 21 | Juan Manuel Fangio II | Corbari Italia | March-Cosworth 85B | 6 | Accident |
* Fastest lap: Christian Danner, 1:31.29secs. (121.446 mph)
# Jack Cross

Jack Cross was a comic book series written by Warren Ellis and drawn by Gary Erskine. It was first published by DC Comics in 2005.

## Plot

The title character is a gun-for-hire freelance anti-terrorist, who is brought in when things go horribly wrong, and who uses extremely violent methods to achieve his goals. However, he is also an active social liberal who takes part in anti-war demonstrations, and is internally conflicted about the measures he has to take.

## Publication history

Originally solicited as an ongoing series, Jack Cross stalled after the first story arc of four issues. Although a mention of a further eight finished scripts (and plots for twelve more issues) was posted on various forums the scripts were incomplete (requiring further dialoguing), the book was placed on hiatus after the fourth issue. Later on, Ellis posted on his MySpace page that there will be "no more Jack Cross for DC".
Issues #1–4 were published in one volume as DC Comics Presents: Jack Cross #1 in October 2010.
# Lucas L6

The Lucas L6 is a French all-metal monoplane design for homebuilding by Emile Lucas.

## Design and development

The Lucas L6 is a tandem two-seat all-metal low-wing cantilever monoplane with a retractable tricycle landing gear. Two variants were designed: the L-6A long-span motor glider version and the short-span L-6B.

## Variants
### L6A

    Long-span (14 metres (46 ft)) variant with either a Limbach L2000 or Lycoming O-235 engine.

### L6B

    Short-span variant (8.8 metres (29 ft)) which can be fitted with a Lycoming O-235 upwards to the Lycoming O-360.

## Specifications (L6B with Lycoming O-235)

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Wingspan: 8.60 m (28 ft 3 in)
* Wing area: 13 m$^2$ (140 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 480 kg (1,058 lb)
* Gross weight: 760 kg (1,676 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 140 litres (31 imp gal; 37 US gal)
* Powerplant: 1 × Lycoming O-235 , 81 kW (108 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 230 km/h (140 mph, 120 kn)
* Cruise speed: 190 km/h (120 mph, 100 kn)
* Stall speed: 110 km/h (68 mph, 59 kn)
* Rate of climb: 4 m/s (790 ft/min)
* Wing loading: 57.7 kg/m$^2$ (11.8 lb/sq ft)