OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Umbilicaria mammulata

Umbilicaria mammulata, or smooth rock tripe, is a foliose lichen found on boulders and rock walls.

## Description

Umbilicaria mammulata is among the largest lichens in the world. The thallus of U. mammulata is usually 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 5.9 in) in diameter, but specimens have been known to reach 63-centimetre (2.07 ft) in the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee. The smooth upper surface is a reddish-brown to grayish-brown color and the lower surface is pitch black.

## Ecology

This species is found on boulders and steep rock walls in forests and around lakes. It grows on several types of rock substrate, such as acidic rock, sandstone, quartz, and granitic rock. Like most lichens, U. mammulata is sensitive to air and water quality. If conditions are optimal, seeing rocks or cliffs covered in dinner plate-sized thalli is not unusual. However, it has been suggested that U. mammulata is not as sensitive to pH and water quality as it is to the frequency and duration of precipitation.

## Gallery

* U. mammulata growing on a rock on Pratt Mountain.
* The smooth upper surface of U. mammulata.
* The black bottom surface of U. mammulata.
* U. mammulata on sandstone blocks in Otter Creek Wilderness, West Virginia.
# Christian Metz (theorist)

Christian Metz (French:; December 12, 1931 – September 7, 1993) was a French film theorist, best known for pioneering film semiotics, the application of theories of signification to the cinema. During the 1970s, his work had a major impact on film theory in France, Britain, Latin America, and the United States. As Constance Penley flatly stated in Camera Obscura, "Modern film theory begins with Metz."

## Biography

Metz was born in Béziers.
He lectured at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS).
In 1964, he published the article "Le cinéma : langue ou langage?" ("Cinema: language or language-system?") in the journal Communications, and the following books over the next 25 years: Essays on the Signification of Cinema (1968 and 1973), Language and Cinema (1971), Semiotic Essays (1977), The Imaginary Signifier: Psychoanalysis and the Cinema (1977).
In Film Language: A Semiotics of Cinema, Metz focuses on narrative structure — proposing the "Grand Syntagmatique", a system for categorizing scenes (known as "syntagms") in films.
Metz applied both Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis and Jacques Lacan's mirror theory to the cinema, proposing that the reason film is popular as an art form lies in its ability to be both an imperfect reflection of reality and a method to delve into the unconscious dream state.
His work has been critiqued by Jean Mitry in 1987 in Semiotics and the Analysis of Film, and virulently so by Jean-François Tarnowski in Positif.
In his final work, Impersonal Enunciation, Metz "uses the concept of enunciation to articulate how films 'speak' and explore where this communication occurs, offering critical direction for theorists who struggle with the phenomena of new media." Published in French in 1991, Impersonal Enunciation received little attention in the English-speaking world until it was translated in 2016, an indicator of a resurgence of interest in Metz as a scholar whose work on multi-screen environments was before its time.
Metz died in Paris, aged 61, having taken his own life.

## Select bibliography

* Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema (ISBN 0-226-52130-3)
* The Imaginary Signifier: Psychoanalysis and the Cinema (ISBN 0-253-20380-5)
* Language and Cinema (ISBN 90-279-2682-4)
* Impersonal Enunciation, or the Place of Film (ISBN 0-231-17367-9)
# Martín de Padilla y Manrique, 1st Count of Santa Gadea

Martín de Padilla y Manrique, 1st Count of Santa Gadea, Adelantado of Castile (Calatañazor, present-day Castile and León, 1540 – El Puerto de Santa María, 1602), secretary of state and war of Philip II of Spain, was a Spanish Admiral during the Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604), French Wars of Religion and the Eighty Years' War. His most notable naval engagements included the Spanish Armada, battle with the Counter Armada and the Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591). Padilla commanded a squadron of galleys that sank four cargo vessels from the English Armada off Lisbon in 1589.
# Assembly Bristol

Assembly Bristol is an office block in Bristol, England. It is near the Temple Way dual carriageway and the Floating Harbour.

## History

The site was previously occupied by Temple Way House which contained offices for Clerical Medical. It was demolished in 2008. Construction on Assembly Bristol began in early 2019. In October 2019, BT Group signed an agreement to be the sole occupier of the building for a 20-year lease. On 9 November 2020, BT Group announced that it would be moving into the building.
An official opening was held on 23 February 2023.

## Design

The main contractor was Galliford Try and the architect was Allford Hall Monaghan Morris. The structural engineer was Arup Group and the steelwork contractor was Severfield. It is 120 metres (390 feet) long and 25 metres (82 feet) wide. It has an exposed green steel frame.
# Vecna (disambiguation)

Vecna is a fictional character in Dungeons & Dragons, a role-playing game.
Vecna may also refer to:

## Businesses

* Vecna Technologies, an American healthcare information technology company
* Vecna Robotics, an American industrial robotics and technology company

## Television

* Vecna (Stranger Things), the main antagonist of Stranger Things (season 4)
# Voorslag

Voorslag (Whiplash) was a literary journal published in Durban, South Africa in 1926 and 1927. It was the first modern small magazine in South Africa and was subtitled "A Magazine of South African Life and Art". The magazine was founded by Roy Campbell and William Plomer; Laurens van der Post was invited to become its Afrikaans correspondent. Campbell served as the publication's editor for three issues before resigning due to interference from his proprietor, Lewis Reynolds; Reynolds discouraged Voorslag's criticism of the colonial system.
# Tonkinosoma tiani

Tonkinosoma tiani, is a species of millipede belonging to the family Paradoxosomatidae. It is found from caves in southern China.

## Etymology

The specific name tiani is in honor of Prof. Mingyi Tian, one of collector from South China Agricultural University.

## Description

Body length is 25–27 mm in both sexes. In Head, frons densely pilose and vertex smooth. Antennae slender and long. Body uniformly dark to pale yellow. Body has 20 segments. Epiproct tip is truncated, with four spinnerets. Legs long and slender.
# Mauve (disambiguation)

Mauve is a color.
Mauve may also refer to:
* Perkin's mauve, a dye
* Mauve (test suite), for software
* Mauve (album), by Ringo Deathstarr
* Anton Mauve, a painter
* Mauve (Fabergé egg)
# Transfield

Transfield may refer to:
* Broadspectrum, formerly Transfield Services, Australian company established in 2001
* Transfield Holdings, Australian company established in 1956
# Martín de Telleria

Martín de Telleria (17th century) was a Basque nobleman in the service of the Spanish Crown. He served as navigator, Captain, and as Governor of the Margarita Island, during the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

## Biography

Telleria was born in Guipúzcoa, (Spain), son of Santiago de Telleria. He was appointed on February 19, 1669, as Governor of Isla de Margarita, some sources said who the name Castillo San Carlos de Borromeo was given by the governor of Margarita, Martin de Telleria, in honor of King Carlos II. Telleria remained in office until December 1671.
Martín Telleria had also served for the Viceroyalty of Peru, in July 1659 he had departed from the port of San Sebastián, bound for Buenos Aires. The crew had arrived at the port of the city in 1660, aboard the Ship "Nuestra Señora de Aranzazu". Telleria had been authorized by the King of Spain, to lead arms, ammunition and two companies of infantry to reinforce the Fuerte de Buenos Aires.
# National Radiologic Technology Week

National Radiologic Technology Week® (NRTW®) is an annual event established by the American Society of Radiologic Technologists to celebrate the important role medical imaging and radiation therapy professionals play in patient care and health care safety. The weeklong celebration highlights the radiologic technology profession and raises public awareness about radiologic technologists.
The first National Radiologic Technology Week® was held July 22–29, 1979. The annual celebration was later changed to November to commemorate the anniversary of the x-ray’s discovery by Wilhelm Röntgen on Nov. 8, 1895. It is celebrated on the week of November 8.
# Michael Toner

Michael Toner may refer to:
* Michael E. Toner, American lawyer and political appointee
* Michael Toner (journalist) (born 1944), British journalist and writer
* Mike Toner, American journalist
# Multiprotocol BGP

Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP (MBGP or MP-BGP), sometimes referred to as Multiprotocol BGP or Multicast BGP and defined in IETF RFC 4760, is an extension to Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) that allows different types of addresses (known as address families) to be distributed in parallel. Whereas standard BGP supports only IPv4 unicast addresses, Multiprotocol BGP supports IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and it supports unicast and multicast variants of each. Multiprotocol BGP allows information about the topology of IP multicast-capable routers to be exchanged separately from the topology of normal IPv4 unicast routers. Thus, it allows a multicast routing topology different from the unicast routing topology. Although MBGP enables the exchange of inter-domain multicast routing information, other protocols such as the Protocol Independent Multicast family are needed to build trees and forward multicast traffic.
As an enhancement of BGP-4, MP-BGP provides routing information for various protocols, such as IPv6 (BGP4+) and multicast:
* MP-BGP maintains unicast and multicast routing information, and stores both types in different routing tables to ensure their separation.
* MP-BGP supports unicast and multicast, and constructs different network topologies for each.
* MP-BGP can maintain unicast and multicast routes based on routing policies. The unicast routing policies and configurations supported by BGP-4 can mostly be applied to multicast.
Multiprotocol BGP is also widely deployed in case of MPLS L3 VPN, to exchange VPN labels learned for the routes from the customer sites over the MPLS network, in order to distinguish between different customer sites when the traffic from the other customer sites comes to the provider edge router (PE router) for routing.
# Ngā Oho

Ngā Oho, also known as Ngā Ohomatakamokamo-o-Ohomairangi, is the name of a historical iwi (tribe) of Māori who settled in the Auckland Region. In the 17th century, Ngā Oho and two other tribes of shared heritage, Ngā Riki and Ngā Iwi, formed the Waiohua confederation of tribes.

## History

The name Ngā Oho was one of the earlier tribal names used by Tāmaki Māori people, descended from the legendary Tainui tohunga/navigator Rakatāura (also known as Hape), and Te Arawa. The name predates the migration canoes, and was the shared tribal identity of the members of the Tainui and Arawa canoes. Ngā Oho was used as a unifying name for Tainui peoples in Tāmaki Makaurau. By the 14th century, Ngā Oho had settled in the Waitākere Ranges area. Ngā Oho's rohe once spanned from Cape Rodney/Okakari Point near Leigh to Tauranga.
The iwi is named either after one of two historical rangatira Ohomairangi, or Ohomatakamokamo. Ohomatakamokamo was an ariki who lived at Rarotonga / Mount Smart, conquering the Tāmaki Makaurau area. Ohomatakamokamo's descendants settled on the Tāmaki isthmus, Waitākere Ranges and the southern shores of the Kaipara Harbour.
At a later date, Ngā Oho split into three tribes: Ngā Oho based at Papakura, Ngā Riki based in South Auckland between Papakura and Ōtāhuhu/Ihumātao, and Ngā Iwi, who were based between Ihumātao and from Ōtāhuhu to the North Shore. Within Ngā Oho, there were a number of hapū (sub-tribes), including Ngāti Taihaua, Ngāti Poutukeka and Ngāi Riukiuta.
In the 17th century, Hua Kaiwaka, a member of the Ngati Poutūkeka hapū of Ngā Oho, unified the three tribes of Ngā Oho, Ngā Riki and Ngā Iwi. The confederation began to be known as Waiohua ("The Waters of Huakaiwaka"), and this unification led to one of the most prosperous times for the Tāmaki Makaurau area. During the Waiohua confederation, Ngā Oho, Ngā Riki and Ngā Iwi continued to have distinct identities while being a part of Waiohua as a whole.
The Waiohua confederation ceased being the most powerful influence in the Auckland region in the mid-18th century, after Waiohua paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki was killed while battling Te Taoū and Ngāti Whātua warriors from south Kaipara Harbour.
When Ngāti Whātua settled the Tāmaki isthmus in the mid-18th century, the name Ngā Oho was revived, as a way to describe a group of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei of shared Te Taoū/Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua heritage.

## Descendent iwi and hapū and marae

Many iwi and hapū trace their lineage back to Ngā Oho, including:
* Ngāti Manuhiri
* Ngāti Tamaoho
* Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua
* Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, especially the hapū Ngā Oho and Te Uringutu
* Te Ahiwaru Waiohua
* Te Ākitai Waiohua
* Te Kawerau ā Maki
# USS Natchez

USS Natchez may refer to the following ships operated by the United States Navy:
* USS Natchez (1827), a sloop-of-war launched in 1827.
* USS Natchez (PG-85), the name and designation of USS Oceanographer (AGS-3) from April to May 1942
* USS Natchez (PF-2), an Asheville-class patrol frigate, launched in 1942, served in World War II; sold to Dominican Republic in 1948 and served as Juan Pablo Duarte (F–102) until she sank in 1957.
# James Rooke (British Army general)

James Rooke (c. 28 November 1742 – 4 October 1805) was an English general in the British Army and a politician.

## Early life

He was the only son of Major James Rooke and his wife, Jane, daughter and heiress of Tracy Catchmay of Bigsweir House, Monmouthshire. He inherited large estates in Monmouthshire from his mother.

## Career

Rooke joined the army in 1759, and by 1779 was a Lieutenant-Colonel of the 14th Foot. He was promoted colonel in 1780, major-general in 1787 and served as colonel commandant of the 4th Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot from 1788 to 1796.
In 1796 he was given the colonelcy of the 38th (1st Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot for life and promoted to full General in 1802.
He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Monmouthshire from 1785 until his death.

## Personal life and death

Rooke married Elizabeth Brown of St Briavels on 3 September 1776.
Rooke died at age 63 and was buried in St Briavels, Gloucestershire in 1805.
# Jim Cummins

Jim Cummins may refer to:
* Jim Cummins (photographer) (born 1944), American photographer
* Jim Cummins (reporter) (1945–2007), American television reporter
* Jim Cummins (ice hockey) (born 1970), professional ice hockey player
* Jim Cummins (professor), instructor at the University of Toronto
# K30

K30 may refer to:
* K-30 (Kansas highway)
* K30 Biho, a South Korean self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon
* K-30 truck, an American military truck
* Cat fugue by Domenico Scarlatti
* Pentax K-30, a digital camera
* Redmi K30, a smartphones
* Sonata in F, K. 30, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
# City Pacific

City Pacific is an Australian company established in 1997 by Phil Sullivan as a financial investment manager. It is the holder of Australian Financial Services Licence, and was listed on the ASX in July 2001.

## History

On 14 January 2008, City Pacific launched a $1.4 billion scrip bid for Gold Coast operator MFS Limited (now Octaviar), however the bid failed.
Redemptions and distributions have been frozen since early 2008, and the First Mortgage Fund has been declared illiquid by CP.
The chairman of the board of directors is Phillip Graeme Downie (FCA).

## Recent events

On 3 August 2009, receivers and managers were appointed to the company following a court decision that awarded control of a mortgage fund, the companies principal source of income as its manager, to rival Balmain Trilogy.
This followed City Pacific freezing redemptions on the fund and unitholders voicing their anger at the companies management fees for controlling the fund. In October 2008, Phil Sullivan, a former bankrupt, left the fund partly as a result of death threats made against him.
On 16 June 2018, Mr Sullivan (allegedly) entered into another Bankruptcy agreement with his administrators.

## Business units

* Funds Management
** City Pacific First Mortgage Fund
** City Pacific Income Fund
** City Pacific Managed Fund
** City Pacific Private Fund
** City Pacific Treasury Finance
* Property
** CP1 Limited ASX: CPK
** Indigo Pacific Capital Ltd ASX: IPA
** Grande Pacific
** City Pacific Project Management
* Financial Services
** City Pacific Finance
** CityPac Home Loans
** City Pacific Marina Finance
** Australian Beneficial Finance
# Josh Todd and the Conflict

Josh Todd and the Conflict is an American hard rock band formed by Buckcherry members Josh Todd (vocals) and Stevie D (guitarist). The band released their debut album Year of The Tiger in September 2017. The album was co-produced by Stevie D and Stone Temple Pilots drummer Eric Kretz.

## Band members
### Current members

* Josh Todd – lead vocals
* Stevie D. – guitar, backing vocals
* Gregg Cash – Bass guitar
* Sean Winchester – drums

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Year of The Tiger (2017)
# Nieuwebrug

Nieuwebrug ("New Bridge") is the name of several towns in the Netherlands:
* Nieuwebrug, North Holland in the Haarlemmermeer
* Nieuwebrug, Friesland
* Nieuwebrug, Overijssel
# Modus vivendi of Acroma

The modus vivendi of Acroma was a pair of agreements signed by the Sanūsī Order with Britain and Italy on 16 April 1917 at Acroma (ʿAkrama).
The negotiations that led to the modus vivendi were begun by Idrīs al-Sanūsī soon after he succeeded his uncle at the head of the order in 1917. His cousin, Aḥmad al-Sharīf al-Sanūsī, had instigated an unsuccessful war with Britain with Ottoman and German assistance at the height of the First World War. Idrīs wished to enter into negotiations with Britain, but the British refused to negotiate unless their wartime ally, Italy, was included in the talks. Peace with Italy was more than al-Sharīf could bear and he left Libya for the Ottoman Empire when negotiations were opened.
The Italian and British delegations arrived in Tobruk in late January 1917, while Idrīs stayed in Acroma. Sanūsī and British messengers conveyed the parties' written proposals between the two sites. Italian delegates first visited to Acroma in late March, on which occasion Idrīs released an Italian prisoner-of-war as a sign of good will at the suggestion of the British.
There were four main documents that were the subject of negotiations: Italy's initial list of demands, Idrīs's initial list of demands, an Italian revision to Idrīs's list and Idrīs's comments and revisions to his own original list. The Italians largely accepted Idrīs's demands. The sticking point in negotiations was the Italians' request that he accept their demands in principle. The British backed Idrīs on this point, and the issue was referred back to Tripoli (capital of Italian Libya) and Rome. When it was made explicit that acceptance in principle did not mean acceptance in detail and that further negotiations would be necessary before the implementation of any Italian demand, Idrīs agreed to sign the modus vivendi on 14 April. Two separate agreements with the powers were signed on 16 April.
The modus vivendi was a provisional set of agreements. It called for the Sanūsiyya to cease hostilities and for the Sanūsī army to disband. Italy and the Sanūsī agreed to release all prisoners-of-war. The Sanūsī were to be permitted free trade with the coast and with Egypt, and Idrīs's rule recognized in the oases of Awjila, Jalu, Ajdabiya, Jaghbub and Kufra. The Sanūsī institutes (zawāyā) in Egypt, suppressed by the British, were to remain closed.
At Acroma, the Sanūsī repudiated Ottoman authority as requested by the Italians and the British. Thereafter, Idrīs arrested the Ottoman agents in his territory and placed pickets along the frontier between Cyrenaica and Tripolitania to prevent any from crossing into his territory. There was no official recognition yet of Italian sovereignty by the Sanūsī. Idrīs continued to deal directly with the British, despite Italian objections. In 1918, Italy and Britain even gave Idrīs arms to help him maintain his control over the Sanūsī. The modus vivendi was superseded by the accord of al-Rajima on 25 October 1920, by which Idrīs accepted Italian sovereignty.
# USS Nathan Hale

USS Nathan Hale (SSBN-623) was the sixth Lafayette class nuclear-powered fleet ballistic missile submarine produced. She was named for Captain Nathan Hale (1755–1776), a Connecticut schoolteacher who served in the Continental Army and known most famously for giving his life as a spy during the American Revolutionary War.

## Construction and commissioning

The contract for Nathan Hale's construction was awarded on 3 February 1961. Construction began on 2 October 1961 by the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics in Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 12 January 1963, sponsored by Mary Lee Lamar Anderson, the wife of the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral George Whelan Anderson, Jr., and commissioned on 23 November 1963 in a subdued ceremony due to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy the day before.

## Operational history

Nathan Hale entered service on 21 May 1964 with her home port at Charleston, South Carolina, and performed deterrent patrols as a member of the United States Atlantic Fleet. She was originally outfitted with the Polaris missile system and in the 1970s underwent conversion to the Poseidon missile system. In the period 1967-68 she underwent overhaul and refueling, and was subsequently transferred to the Pacific Fleet, home ported in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and operating out of Agana, Guam. By April 1986 she had completed 69 deterrent patrols in the Atlantic and Pacific.

## Decommissioning and disposal

Nathan Hale was decommissioned on 3 November 1986 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 31 January 1987. Ex-Nathan Hale entered the Navy's Nuclear-Powered Ship-Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington on 2 October 1991. Recycling of Ex-Nathan Hale was completed on 5 April 1994.

## In fiction

Nathan Hale's hull number, "623", was used on the submarine portraying the fictional U.S. Navy nuclear submarine USS Sawfish in the 1959 film On the Beach. However, the U.S. Navy did not cooperate in the making of On the Beach, and the submarine portraying USS Sawfish was in reality the British Royal Navy diesel-electric submarine HMS Andrew (P423), which bore no connection to USS Nathan Hale.
Nathan Hale was the name of the U.S. Navy nuclear submarine in the 1967 novel "Pre-Empt" by John R. Vorhies. Pub Date: 23 Oct. 1967, Publisher: Regnery. The novel involved a U.S. Navy nuclear missile submarine commander who goes rogue and threatens to launch his submarine's missiles unless all the world's nuclear powers surrender their nuclear weapons to an international body.
# Alv Kragerud

Alv Kragerud (20 August 1932 – 21 April 2010) was a Norwegian priest and theologian.
He was born in Høland. He took his cand.theol. degree at the University of Oslo, and took practical-theological education at Uppsala University. He did research while working as a priest, and took his first doctorate with Der Lieblingsjünger im Johannesevangelium in 1958 and the second doctorate with the thesis Die Hymnen der Pistis Sophia in 1967. He was a professor at the University of Bergen, and a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In addition to research in Christianity and the history of religion, he was skilled in the languages Greek, Hebraic, Egyptian, Coptic, Sumerian and Old Norse. He died in April 2010.