# Mosan art

Mosan art is a regional style of art from the valley of the Meuse in present-day Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. Although in a broader sense the term applies to art from this region from all periods, it generally refers to Romanesque art, with Mosan Romanesque architecture, stone carving, metalwork, enamelling and manuscript illumination reaching a high level of development during the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries.
The Meuse river valley lay in the heart of the earlier Carolingian Empire and therefore the style draws largely from the heritage of the Carolingian art tradition. Thus, Mosan art contains strong classical elements, which separates it from the international Romanesque style seen elsewhere during the period, for example in France, Germany Spain and Italy. However, it shares with mainstream Romanesque art elements such as the treatment of space. Although the iconography of 11th- and 12th-century Meuse valley art largely draws on Biblical inspiration, some of the elaborately carved capitals in the two main churches in Maastricht depict scenes from many aspects of daily life, as well as images from an intriguing world of fantasy.

## Geographical spread

The Mosan region was formed largely by the boundary of the Bishopric of Liège, which had strong political links to the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as to the bishops of Cologne. The region's main artistic centres were the cities of Liège, Huy, Dinant, Namur, Tongeren, Maastricht, Roermond and Aachen, as well as a number of important monasteries: Sint-Truiden, Aldeneik, Herkenrode, Averbode, Munsterbilzen, Susteren, Sint Odiliënberg, Rolduc, Burtscheid, Kornelimünster, Stavelot, Nivelles, Aulne, Floreffe, Flône, Celles, Gembloux and Lobbes. Mosan art at its peak had a strong influence on bordering regions, notably on Rhineland art (Cologne, Bonn).

## Highlights of Mosan art

Mosan Romanesque art has been described by art historians as the first golden age of Netherlandish art (before early Netherlandish painting and Dutch Golden Age painting). Usually the term Mosan art does not include Medieval literature although Heinrich von Veldeke may be considered the first poet writing in Middle Dutch (as well as Middle High German).

### Architecture

Mosan architecture can be seen as a distinctive branch in Romanesque architecture, a regional style that produced imposing churches in Aachen, Liège and Maastricht, as well as monasteries in rural areas. The fully developed Mosan style of the 12th century is a comprise between the older Meuse valley traditions and foreign influences, mainly coming from the Rhineland and Italy. An outstanding factor in Mosan architecture is the closed west front (westwerk). Unfortunately, some of the largest churches, notably Liège cathedral, and the Stavelot and Sint-Truiden abbeys, were destroyed.
* Former collegiate church St Bartholomew, Liège
* Former collegiate church of St. Denis (Liège)
* Former collegiate church St John, Liège
* Former collegiate church of Our Lady, Huy
* Former collegiate church Saint George and Saint Ode, Amay
* Former collegiate church Saint Étienne, Waha
* Former collegiate church of Fosses-la-Ville
* Former abbey church of Saint Gertrude, Nivelles
* Former abbey church of Saint Ursmer, Lobbes
* Former abbey church of Celles
* Basilica of Saint Servatius, Maastricht
* Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht
* Former abbey church, Aldeneik
* Former abbey church, Rolduc
* Former abbey church, Susteren
* Former abbey church, Sint Odiliënberg
* Munsterkerk, Roermond
* Aachen Cathedral (westwork)
* Liège, St Bartholomew's
* Liège, St Denis, westwork
* Celles, Saint Hadelin's
* Nivelles. Westwork abbey church
* Aldeneik, Westwork
* Maastricht, St Servatius, westwork
* Maastricht, Our Lady's, east front
* Susteren, Westwork
* Rolduc, Interior

### Stone carving

Mosan stone carving reached a peak in the 12th century in Maastricht, Liège and Nivelles. Maastricht 'metsen' (stone carvers) worked on capitals and reliefs as far afield as Utrecht, Bonn and Eisenach.
* Carved capitals in western galleries of Basilica of Saint Servatius, Maastricht (12th century)
* Carved capitals in East choir of Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht (12th century)
* Carved capitals in crypt of abbey church of Rolduc (12th century)
* Vierge de Dom Rupert (12th century), Curtius Museum, Liège
* Pierre Boudon relief (12th century), Curtius Museum, Liège
* Samson Portal, Collegiate Church of Saint Gertrude, Nivelles
* Baptismal font, Furnaux (Namur)
* Oath on the Relics relief (12th century), Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht
* Majestas Domini tympanum (12th century), Basilica of Saint Servatius, Maastricht
* Double relief choir screen (12th century), Basilica of Saint Servatius, Maastricht
* Four-part relief in Saint Peter's Church, Utrecht
* Maastricht, Basilica of Our Lady. Carved 4-fold capital
* Maastricht, St Servatius. Carved capital in westwork
* Liège, Curtius Museum. Carved capital from St Lambert's Cathedral
* Eisenach. Dragon capital in the Wartburg
* Liège, Curtius Museum. 'Vierge de Dom Rupert'
* Maastricht, Church of Our Lady. 'Oath on the Relics'
* Maastricht, St Servatius. 2-part relief
* Utrecht, St Peter's. 4-part relief. Pontius Pilate pointing at Christ

### Metalwork

Metalwork has been considered the high art of the 12th and early 13th-century Meuse region, culminating in the work of Nicholas of Verdun, which is of exceptionally high quality. The Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral, the Anno Shrine in Siegburg and the Shrine of Our Lady in Tournai are among his best work. Other important metalworkers were Renier de Huy and Hugo d'Oignies.
* Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège (early 12th century) by Renier de Huy
* Shrine of Saint Servatius (±1165) in Maastricht
* Shrine of Saint Hadelin (1170, partly 11th century) in Visé
* Shrine of Saint Remacle in Stavelot
* Shrines of Saint Domitian and Saint Mangold (by Godefroid de Huy, ±1172-1189) in Huy
* Shrine of Our Lady (1205) at Tournai Cathedral by Nicholas of Verdun
* Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral (1180) by Nicholas of Verdun
* Shrine of Charlemagne (Karlsschrein, 1215) and Shrine of Mary (Marienschrein, 1238), Aachen Cathedral
* Barbarossa Chandelier (1170), Aachen Cathedral
* Retable of the Pentecost (1160–1170, Cluny Museum, Paris – )
* Stavelot Triptych. Morgan Library, New York City
* Reliquary of St. Maurus, now in Bečov nad Teplou
* Stavelot altar base. Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels
* Reliquary with head of Pope Alexander I, Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels
* The foot of the so-called Cross of Saint Bertin. Museum of Saint-Omer
* Baptismal font. St Bartholomew's, Liège
* Stavelot Triptych, Morgan Library, New York
* Mosan reliquary in the Louvre, Paris
* Book-cover by Hugo d'Oignies
* Barbarossa Chandelier, Aachen Cathedral
* Shrine of Saint Remacle, Stavelot
* Shrine of Saint Hadelin, Visé
* Maastricht. Shrine of Saint Servatius
* Shrine of Charlemagne, Aachen Cathedral
* Shrine of the Three Kings, Cologne Cathedral

### Painting, illumination and other works of art

Very little has come to us from what must have been an impressive body of Mosan murals. Wolfram von Eschenbach, in his Parzival expressed his high regard for Maastricht (and Cologne) painters (Parzival, 158, 13-16). Book illumination, like the rest of the arts, was at its zenith in the second half of the 12th century. The principal centres were the abbey of Saint Laurent in Liège and the abbeys of Stavelot and Lobbes. Another highly developed art was vitreous enameling.
* Mural of the choir vault (heavily restored). Basilica of Saint Servatius, Maastricht
* Stavelot Bible (11th century). British Library
* Floreffe Bible [fr] (12th century). British Library, London
* Evangeliary of Averbode (12th century). University Library, Liège
* Manuscripts from the abbey of Sint-Truiden
* Evangeliary of Notger (10th-12th century)
* Ceiling painting Basilica of Saint Servatius, Maastricht
* Page from Stavelot Bible, British Library
* Page from Floreffe Bible, British Library
* Evangeliary of Notger. Ivory and enamel
* Evangeliary of Averbode, Liège University Library