OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nicholas Smith

Nicholas Smith may refer to:
* Nicholas Smith (actor) (1934–2015), English television actor
* Nicholas Smith (cricketer) (born 1946), New Zealand cricketer
* Nick Smith (footballer, born 1984), Australian rules football player for Melbourne
* Nick Smith (footballer, born 1988), Australian rules football player for the Sydney Swans
* Nicholas D. Smith, American philosopher
* Nicholas H. Smith, Australian philosopher (Macquarie University)
* Nicholas J. J. Smith, Australian philosopher (University of Sydney)
* Nicholas G. Smith (1881–1945), American leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
* Nicholas Smith (MP), English politician
* Nicholas M. Smith Jr. (1914–2003), nuclear physicist and research consultant
* Nicholas Smith (Illinois politician), member of the Illinois House of Representatives
* Nicholas Hankey Smith (1771–1837), British diplomat
* Nicholas Michael Smith (born 1967), British conductor and composer
# Niambia capensis

Niambia capensis is a species of woodlouse in the family Platyarthridae. It is found in Africa and North America.
# Niambia

Niambia is a commune in the Cercle of Bafoulabé in the Kayes Region of south-western Mali. The main village (chef-lieu) is Horokoto. In the 2009 census the commune had a population of 7,712.
# Malba

Malba can refer to:
* Malba, Queens, a neighborhood of New York City
* Malba Department, Poni Province, Burkina Faso, a department or commune
* Birifor people, also known as Malba, an ethnic group in West Africa
* Malba Tahan, a fictitious Persian scholar, frequent pen name of Brazilian author Júlio César de Mello e Souza
* MALBA, the Latin American Art Museum of Buenos Aires (Museo de Arte Latinoamericano de Buenos Aires)
# Toto Blanke

Hans Otto Blanke (16 September 1936 - 24 October 2013), better know by his stage name Toto Blanke, was a German jazz guitarist.

## Career

Between 1957 and 1964, Blanke performed with Gunter Hampel and Otto Wolters while studying architecture in Braunschweig. In the early 1960s, he was a member of the City Gents dance band in Paderborn. In 1970, he started working with the rock jazz group Association P. C. In the 1960s he worked with Jeremy Steig, Rolf Kühn, Randy Brecker, Jan Akkerman and Philip Catherine. In 1975, Blanke released his first album “Spiders Dance” with Joachim Kühn, Charlie Mariano, John Lee and Gerry Brown.
In 2011, Blanke received the Culture Prize from his hometown Paderborn for his artistic work.
# Jake Halpern

Jake Halpern (born 1975) is an American writer, commentator, and podcast producer.

## Life and career

He was born in Buffalo, New York, where he attended City Honors School. Halpern later attended Yale University, where he received an undergraduate degree in 1997. He has written for The New York Times Magazine, The Wall Street Journal, The New Yorker, the New Republic, Entertainment Weekly, Slate, Smithsonian, GQ, Sports Illustrated, New York Magazine, and other publications.
Halpern is also a commentator and a freelance producer for National Public Radio's All Things Considered and a contributor to This American Life. Jake's hour-long radio story, "Switched at Birth," was selected by host Ira Glass as one of the eight stories that best represent This American Life to new listeners.
His first book, Braving Home (ISBN 0-618-44662-1), considered the lives of Americans who actively chose to live in or near dangerous places like volcanoes. The book was a main selection for the Book of the Month Club by Bill Bryson. His second book, Fame Junkies (ISBN 0-618-45369-5), considers the psychological underpinnings of celebrity obsession, and was the basis for an original series on National Public Radio's All Things Considered. Jake’s most recent nonfiction book, Bad Paper (2014), was excerpted as a cover story for the New York Times Magazine and was a New York Times best seller.
He co-wrote his first novel, Dormia, with Peter Kujawinski, and it was published in the spring of 2009 to mixed reviews. The two went on to co-write other books, including two Dormia sequels, called World's End and The Shadow Tree. Their other young adult novels include Nightfall and Edgeland.
Halpern also collaborated with illustrator Michael Sloan to create "Welcome to the New World," a true comic about a family of Syrian refugees that ran in the New York Times. In 2018, Halpern and Sloan received the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning.
Halpern is a former Fulbright Scholar and a current fellow of Morse College at Yale, where he teaches a seminar on journalism.
# Malasudis

Malasudis is a genus of mites in the family Diarthrophallidae.
# Torres de la Alameda

Torres de la Alameda (Spanish pronunciation:) is a municipality of the Community of Madrid, Spain.
# Torres de Segre

Torres de Segre (Catalan pronunciation:) is a village in the province of Lleida and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. It is located by the Segre River.

## Notable people

* Montserrat Soliva Torrentó (1943-2019), Catalan professor
# Nicolas-Alexandre, marquis de Ségur

Nicolas-Alexandre, marquis de Ségur (1695–1755) was a Bordeaux wine maker who during his lifetime was known as the "Prince of Vines" due to his ownership of some of the most famous Bordeaux chateaus-including Château Lafite, Château Latour, Château Mouton and Château Calon-Ségur. A hundred years after his death, the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 would designate Lafite and Latour as First Growths, Mouton as a second growth and Calon-Ségur as a third growth.

## Biography
### Family background

Nicolas-Alexandre Ségur was the son of Alexandre de le Meon de Ségur de Francs et Portugaises and Marie-Thérèse de Clausel and paternal grandson of Jean-Isaac, marquis de Ségur (d. 1707), military commander and a descendant of François de Ségur, seigneur de Sainte-Aulaye (d. 1605). His first cousin was Henri François, comte de Ségur. Through his maternal grandfather, he inherited Château Latour.

### Vineyard ownership

In 1716, Alexandre de Ségur bought Château Lafite and, following his death that occurred soon after, the estate passed on to Nicolas-Alexandre. In 1718, Nicolas-Alexandre acquired Château Mouton and Château Calon-Ségur.
At one point, Ségur owned the land that would become the classified estates of Chateau d'Armailhac and Chateau Pontet-Canet.

### Prince des vignes

Under the Marquis' influence, the wines of Chateau Lafite became firmly entrenched in the London market. Prime Minister Robert Walpole was a frequent customer, purchasing a barrel every three months. The Marechal de Richelieu introduced the wines of Chateau Lafite to the royal court of Louis XV and spoke glowingly of the wine's invigorating benefits.
Louis gave Nicolas-Alexandre the nickname "The Prince des vignes" when he visited his court. The king mistook the buttons on the Marquis' coat for diamonds and complemented on their quality. The king was then informed that those stones were actually the cut and polished rocks from the Marquis' famous vineyards.

### Death

Ségur died in 1755 and his estate was divided among four daughters.

## Legacy

Nicolas-Alexandre is credited with drawing the line that divides the neighboring Chateau Lafite and (now) Chateau Mouton-Rothschild and distinguishing the different styles of wine that these two properties produce. While the other properties were sold not long after his death, Chateau Latour stayed within his family till 1963.
# Nicolas-Auguste Leisnier

Nicolas-Auguste Leisnier (1787-1858) was a French engraver specialising in burin.

## Life

Born in Paris, he was a pupil and apprentice of Charles Samuel Girardet and Louis Michel Halbou. He specialised in burin and worked in the midst of the print-shop quarter at 22 rue du Cloître-Saint-Benoît in a shop-studio as (by his own description) a "printer in etching" - the building was demolished in 1855. He was made a chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1834 and died at home at 32 rue de Trozy in Clamart in 1858.

## Engravings

* « Les Monuments de Paris », motifs for canvasses planned by Hippolyte Lebas and produced by Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf, Jouy-en-Josas, 1816-1818.
* Voyage dans le Levant en 1817 et 1818, by M. le Comte de Forbin, Paris, Imprimerie royale, 1819.
* Several plates for Description de l’Égypte, Paris, Panckoucke, 1821-1826 [2nd edition] - after drawings by Edme François Jomard and others.
* Series of engravings of vases commissioned by Frederick William III of Prussia, 1822
* « Rabelais » (collaboration with François Forster after Achille Devéria), Paris, Dalibon/Imprimerie de Jules Didot ainé, 1823.
* La Fornarina, after Raphael, 1846.
* Plates for « Monuments d'Orange » (Chalcographie du Louvre).
* Plates for Histoire des usages funèbres et des sépultures des peuples anciens by Ernest Feydeau, Paris, Gide et J. Baudry, 1856-1858.
# McDavid, Florida

McDavid is an unincorporated community in Escambia County, Florida, United States. The community is part of the Pensacola – Ferry Pass – Brent, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The ZIP Code for McDavid is 32568.

## History

The community was named after Joel McDavid, a founding resident of the community. Before the community was renamed in 1883, it was known as Regia.

## Geography

McDavid is located at 30°51′59″N 87°19′11″W﻿ / ﻿30.866297°N 87.319698°W﻿ / 30.866297; -87.319698. The town lies directly south of Century, Florida and north of Molino, Florida. The main roads within the town are U.S. Route 29 and County Road 164.
The town has a post office that serves the north end of the county.

## Education

The town's children attend schools within the Escambia County School District including Bratt Elementary School, Byrneville Elementary School, Ernest Ward Middle School, and Northview High School.
# McDermitt Caldera

The McDermitt Caldera is a large, oval-shaped caldera west of McDermitt in southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada in the United States. It is about 28 miles (45 km) long north–south and 22 miles (35 km) wide east–west. The western part of the caldera is in the Trout Creek Mountains, and the northern part is in the Oregon Canyon Mountains. The highest point of the McDermitt Caldera is Jordan Meadow Mountain at 6,816 feet (2,078 m), which is part of the Montana Mountains of Humboldt County, Nevada.
McDermitt Caldera is possibly the oldest of a sequence of calderas formed by the Yellowstone hotspot. The caldera was preceded by a lava dome that had been built by volcanic eruptions of rhyolite starting about 19 million years ago. This lava dome collapsed into a caldera in an eruption between 16.37 and 16.41 million years ago. A lake subsequently formed in the caldera, and it deposited varved sediments, diatomite, opal, carbonaceous material, and mafic lavas.
Significant ore deposits are buried in the caldera, including mercury and uranium, which were mined at more than eight sites in the caldera during the 20th century. Mercury at these mines was extracted in large amounts, and it came mostly from cinnabar. The McDermitt Mine, located on the eastern edge of the caldera in Nevada, was the last active mercury mine in the United States before it shut down in 1992. Uranium was discovered in the caldera in 1953, and it was extracted mainly from a rhyolite brecciated fault zone at the Moonlight mine on the caldera's southwestern edge. The uranium ore minerals include uraninite and coffinite. The age of the uranium formation is assumed to be the same as the caldera tuff, which is approximately 16.1 million years. Other deposits in the caldera contain ores of antimony, cesium, and lithium (potentially, one of the biggest mines in the world).
The Thacker Pass lithium deposit, located within the caldera, is a prospect that in 2017 was said to be the most significant lithium-clay resource in the U.S.
* Kleinite, a rare yellow mineral containing mercury (formula: (Hg$_2$N)(Cl,SO$_4$)·nH$_2$O) from the McDermitt Mine
* Location of Aurora uranium deposit at McDermitt caldera margin
* Cross-section showing Aurora uranium deposit in McDermitt caldera
* Schematic cross-section of Aurora uranium deposit ore zones
# Nguyễn Đức Hiền

Nguyễn Đức Hiền (born 14 November 1925) is a Vietnamese cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Touring

Touring may refer to:

## Travel
### Vehicles

* Touring cars, an open car
* "Touring", the estate/wagon version of Ford cars
* Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera, Italian automobile coachbuilder

### Tourism

* Bicycle touring, self-contained cycling trips
* Motorcycle touring, tourism that involves a motorcycle
* Ski touring, skiing in the backcountry on unmarked or unpatrolled areas

### Performance

* Touring (band), travelling bands
* Touring theatre, travelling theatre

## Sports

* Touring car racing, a motorsport road racing competition
* Touring KE, a Spanish football club

## Other uses

* "Touring", a song by the Ramones on Mondo Bizarro
* Touring (card game), a specialty card game
# Toshitada Doi

Toshitada Doi (土井 利忠, Doi Toshitada, born February 2, 1943) is a Japanese electrical engineer, who played a significant role in the digital audio revolution. He received a degree in electrical engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1964, and a PhD from Tohoku University in 1972.
He joined Sony Japan in 1964 and started the first digital audio project within Sony. He was the driving force behind the PCM adaptor, and was a prominent member of the Sony/Philips taskforce responsible for the design of the Compact Disc. He created, among others, the CIRC error correction system. He, with Kees Immink, refutes the myth that the Compact Disc's playing time was determined by Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.
He was the lead engineer of the DASH multi-track digital audio tape recorder. In the 1990s, he headed Sony's Digital Creatures Laboratory, where he was responsible for the Aibo, Sony's robotic dog. In 2003, Doi created the Qrio, a running humanoid robot.

## Awards and honors

* Fellowship, Audio Engineering Society
* Eduard Rhein Prize, 1981
* Silver Medal, Audio Engineering Society
# Malecot's method of coancestry

Malecot's coancestry coefficient, $f$, refers to an indirect measure of genetic similarity of two individuals which was initially devised by the French mathematician Gustave Malécot.
$f$ is defined as the probability that any two alleles, sampled at random (one from each individual), are identical copies of an ancestral allele. In species with well-known lineages (such as domesticated crops), $f$ can be calculated by examining detailed pedigree records. Modernly, $f$ can be estimated using genetic marker data.

## Evolution of inbreeding coefficient in finite size populations

In a finite size population, after some generations, all individuals will have a common ancestor : $f\rightarrow 1$. Consider a non-sexual population of fixed size $N$, and call $f_{i}$ the inbreeding coefficient of generation $i$. Here, $f$ means the probability that two individuals picked at random will have a common ancestor. At each generation, each individual produces a large number $k\gg 1$ of descendants, from the pool of which $N$ individual will be chosen at random to form the new generation.
At generation $n$, the probability that two individuals have a common ancestor is "they have a common parent" OR "they descend from two distinct individuals which have a common ancestor" :
    $f_{n}={\frac {k-1}{kN}}+{\frac {k(N-1)}{kN}}f_{n-1}$
What is the source of the above formula? Is it in a later paper than the 1948 Reference.
    $\approx {\frac {1}{N}}+(1-{\frac {1}{N}})f_{n-1}.$
This is a recurrence relation easily solved. Considering the worst case where at generation zero, no two individuals have a common ancestor,
    $f_{0}=0$, we get
    $f_{n}=1-(1-{\frac {1}{N}})^{n}.$
The scale of the fixation time (average number of generation it takes to homogenize the population) is therefore
    ${\bar {n}}=-1/\log(1-1/N)\approx N.$
This computation trivially extends to the inbreeding coefficients of alleles in a sexual population by changing $N$ to $2N$ (the number of gametes).
# Megachile leucopogon

Megachile leucopogon is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1929.
# Megachile lenticula

Megachile lenticula is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Vachal in 1908.
# Megachile leonum

Megachile leonum is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1930.
# Jalmenus aridus

Jalmenus aridus, the inland hairstreak or desert blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is only known from the area near Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, and is considered to be endangered species
The wingspan is about 25 mm.
The larvae feed on the leaves and flowers of Senna nemophila and Acacia tetragonophylla.
The caterpillars are attended by the ant species Froggattella kirbii.
# James Britten

James Britten (3 May 1846 – 8 October 1924) was an English botanist.

## Biography

Born in Chelsea, London, he moved to High Wycombe in 1865 to begin a medical career. However he became increasingly interested in botany, and began writing papers on the subject. His first publication was probably that published in the Journal of Botany in 1863. He became a Catholic in 1867, and was involved at various times in social work and training choirs in Brentford, Isleworth, and Southwark.
In 1869, he was appointed a junior at the Herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In 1871, he joined the Department of Botany at the British Museum and remained in this position until his retirement in 1909. In 1879, he succeeded Henry Trimen as editor of the Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. He would hold the editorship for around 45 years. Botanist Norman Hall wrote of Britten: "Britten threw himself fully into the editorship, although his pungent remarks on papers submitted were not always appreciated."
Britten was also heavily involved in the Catholic Truth Society. This had lapsed in 1872, but Britten helped revive it in 1884, and dominated the movement for many years. In 1896, during his time as secretary of the Society, they published Protestant Fiction.
This earned him an appointment as Knight and later Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope Leo XIII. He died at age 79.

## Publications

* John Fleming MD, (1747-1829) botanist
# Nicolai Normann Dons

Nicolai Normann Dons (15 June 1798 – 25 June 1891) was a Norwegian merchant and politician.
He was born in Hamnvik as a son of merchant Jens Bing Dons (1771–1823) and Ingeborg Anna née Normann.
Dons took over his father's merchant company. Among several positions in local politics and society, he managed a savings bank and served as mayor of Ibestad Municipality. He was elected a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Finmarkens amt in 1841 and was elected as a representative in 1847 and 1850. He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav.
He married Johanna Ovidia Frederikke Lund. His daughter Ingeborg Anna Dons married Ove Guldberg Høegh.
# Nicolai Niels Nielsen

Nicolai Niels Nielsen (3 March 1777 – 10 July 1854) was a Norwegian priest and politician.
He was born in the village Balbro on Funen, Denmark. He took his Cand.theol. in Copenhagen in 1804, and initially worked as a teacher in Zealand. In 1807 he moved to Norway, becoming a priest in Vardø in Finnmark, serving at Vardø Church. In 1810 he relocated to Holmedal Church in Sunnfjord.
He was a member of the Norwegian Constitutional Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814. Together with Lars Johannes Irgens and Peder Hjermann, he was a representative of Nordre Bergenhuus (now Sogn og Fjordane). He primarily supported the position of the Independence Party (Selvstendighetspartiet)
Nielsen was appointed priest in Eid Church in Nordfjord during 1821, and dean at the Indre Sogn deanery in Borgund Church in Nordre Bergenhus from 1835. While stationed in Eid, he was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1830, representing the constituency of Nordre Bergenhus Amt (now Sogn og Fjordane). His primary interest was education policy.
# McMullen Hockey Arena

The McMullen Hockey Arena is a 600-seat ice hockey rink, located on the campus of the United States Naval Academy (USNA) in Annapolis, Maryland and is named for Dr. John J. McMullen, Naval Academy Class of 1940. It is home to the USNA's 2 Club Men's Hockey teams and one Women's Club Hockey team, currently competing at the ACHA Division I level in the Eastern Collegiate Hockey Association and the Delaware Valley College Hockey Conference.
The arena features a regulation, Olympic-sized ice sheet for ice hockey, seating for around 600 spectators, and room for expansion.
McMullen Hockey Arena was built in 2007 as part of the Thornton D. and Elizabeth S. Hooper Brigade Sports Complex, which also includes the Tose Family Tennis Center, rugby venues, an indoor hitting, chipping and putting facility for the golf team and club members, the pro shop for the golf course, a fitness center, athletic training rooms, locker rooms, office space, meeting rooms, and a restaurant.
# Micropentila ugandae

Micropentila ugandae is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Uele, Tshopa and Lualaba), Uganda and north-western Tanzania. The habitat consists of primary forests.
# Institute of Advanced Communication, Education and Research

IACER - Institute of Advanced Communication, Education and Research is a researched based college situated in Kathmandu, Nepal. It is established in 2001 and it is affiliated to Pokhara University. The aim of this institute is to provide advanced research degrees in the Humanities and Social Sciences, with English Studies at the heart of the academic experience.

## Courses offered

The college offers courses in
* MA and
* M. Phil
# The Hand to Man Band

The Hand to Man Band is an American independent experimental music group formed in 2010. Their music has been described as spanning "psychotropic jazz to konked-out funk to skronked-out dirges to alien transmissions to plaintive nocturnal pleas."

## History

Nicholas Taplin, owner of Post-Consumer Records, invited Thollem McDonas to Austin, Texas to record for him. McDonas invited John Dieterich to join and Dieterich himself invited Tim Barnes. McDonas then asked Mike Watt and the group began improvising. The initial plan was to perform some gigs after recording but Watt's commitments to The Stooges prevented his joining them on the road.
The album, You Are Always On Our Minds, wouldn't be released until 2012. The title came from a fortune cookie Watt once received.

## Discography

* You Are Always On Our Minds (2012)
# Akilia

Akilia Island is an island in southwestern Greenland, about 22 kilometers south of Nuuk. Akilia is the location of a rock formation that has been proposed to contain the oldest known sedimentary rocks on Earth, and perhaps the oldest evidence of life on Earth.

## Geology

The rocks in question are part of a metamorphosed supracrustal sequence located at the south-western tip of the island. The sequence has been dated as no younger than 3.85 billion years old - that is, in the Hadean eon - based on the age of an igneous band that cuts the rock. The supracrustal sequence contains layers rich in iron and silica, which are variously interpreted as banded iron formation, chemical sediments from submarine hot springs, or hydrothermal vein deposits. Carbon in the rock, present as graphite, shows low levels of carbon-13, which may suggest an origin as isotopically light organic matter derived from living organisms.
However, this interpretation is complicated because of high-grade metamorphism that affected the Akilia rocks after their formation. The sedimentary origin, age and the carbon content of the rocks have been questioned.
If the Akilia rocks do show evidence of life by 3.85 Ga, it would challenge models which suggest that Earth would not be hospitable to life at this time.
# 8R

8R may refer to :
* Sol Líneas Aéreas IATA airlines designator
* Guyana aircraft registration code
* A standard consumer print size for photographs. See Standard photographic print sizes.