OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Great Depression: America, 1929–1941

The Great Depression: America, 1929–1941 (ISBN 978-0-8129-2327-8) is a 1984 history of the Great Depression by acclaimed historian Robert S. McElvaine. In this interpretive history, McElvaine discusses the causes and the results of the worst depression in American history, covering the time from 1929 to 1941. He examines the causes of this cataclysmic event, its impact upon the American people, and the political, governmental, and cultural responses to it. He comes down firmly in favor of the "demand-side" argument that maldistribution of income in the 1920s having left the bulk of potential consumers with too small a share of national income to buy all that mass production was putting on the market was the principal cause of the collapse. Building on his innovative use of letters written by "ordinary" Americans during the Depression that were collected in his first book, Down and Out in the Great Depression, McElvaine takes readers into the experience of Depression victims to an extent never before achieved.

## Literary significance and reception

McElvaine received high praise his work. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. called it "fair-minded, incisive, thoroughly informed, and eminently readable." In The New York Times Book Review, Morris Dickstein wrote "It would be hard to find a fairer or more balanced account of how the American people and their leaders learned to grapple with their greatest economic crisis." “Robert McElvaine's lively account is unique,” said historian William E. Leuchtenburg. "Unlike authors who limit their attention to Roosevelt or the New Deal, McElvaine offers a sweeping view of the Great Depression and its impact—on women as well as men, black as well as white, on popular culture, especially the film, and, most ambitiously, on American values." Business Week called the book "at once a thorough work of scholarship, a lively story, and a highly original feat of analysis that has a good deal of contemporary relevance."
The book was among the first to use popular culture, especially film, as an important resource in understanding the mood of a time. The book has stayed constantly in print since its publication. A second edition was published in 1993, coinciding with the eight-part PBS television series, The Great Depression, for which this book was a major resource. A 25th-anniversary edition, with a comprehensive new introduction comparing the circumstances leading up to the financial collapse of 2008 with those in the 1920s that led to the Great Depression, was published by Three Rivers, an imprint of Crown Publishing, late in 2009.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Dickstein, Morris (1984-01-22). "NYTimes review of The Great Depression". nytimes.com. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
# 543 (disambiguation)

543 was a year.
543 may also refer to:
* 543 (number)
* 543 BC
* List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 543
* List of highways numbered 543
* List of state leaders in 543
* 543 Charlotte
* Unit 543
* Area code 543
* The 5-4-3 rule for configuring Ethernet networks
# Havilland Le Mesurier (civil servant)

Sir Havilland Le Mesurier, KCIE, CSI (22 June 1866 – 7 April 1931) was a British administrator in India.

## Biography

The son of E. A. Le Mesurier of Genoa, Havilland Le Mesurier was educated at Rugby School and Balliol College, Oxford. He entered the Indian Civil Service in 1884 or 1886, and was assistant commissioner in Assam. In 1892, he became assistant magistrate and collector in Bengal, and was promoted to joint magistrate and deputy collector in 1893, and magistrate and collector in 1897.
He was transferred to Eastern Bengal and Assam as Commissioner of the Dacca Division in 1906, and became Chief Secretary to the Government of Eastern Bengal in 1909. In 1912, he became Chief Secretary to the Government of Bihar and Orissa. In 1916, he was promoted to Commissioner of Orissa, and he was a member of the Executive Council from 1917 until 1922, when he retired. He also acted as Governor of Bihar and Orissa Province for a period.
Le Mesurier was appointed CIE in 1903, CSI in 1910, and knighted KCIE on his retirement in 1922.

## Family

Le Mesurier married May Stuart Hopkins, daughter of John Arthur Hopkins, ICS, in 1893; they had three sons, two of whom were killed in the First World War.
# 2023 European Diving Championships – Women's 1 metre springboard

The women's 1 metre springboard event at the 2023 European Diving Championships was held on 28 June 2023.

## Results

The preliminary round was started at 10:00. The final was held at 16:00.
Green denotes finalists
| Rank | Diver | Nation | Preliminary | Preliminary | Final | Final |
| Rank | Diver | Nation | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| | Michelle Heimberg | Switzerland | 253.60 | 4 | 273.25 | 1 |
| | Emilia Nilsson Garip | Sweden | 274.35 | 1 | 273.10 | 2 |
| | Grace Reid | Great Britain | 254.50 | 3 | 266.90 | 3 |
| 4 | Chiara Pellacani | Italy | 255.40 | 2 | 264.35 | 4 |
| 5 | Lena Hentschel | Germany | 253.35 | 5 | 260.75 | 5 |
| 6 | Elena Bertocchi | Italy | 247.70 | 6 | 250.65 | 6 |
| 7 | Jette Müller | Germany | 241.20 | 8 | 248.80 | 7 |
| 8 | Kaja Skrzek | Poland | 242.30 | 7 | 247.70 | 8 |
| 9 | Anna Pysmenska | Ukraine | 228.25 | 10 | 236.80 | 9 |
| 10 | Lauren Hallaselkä | Finland | 223.95 | 12 | 233.50 | 10 |
| 11 | Helle Tuxen | Norway | 235.45 | 9 | 232.65 | 11 |
| 12 | Caroline Kupka | Norway | 225.10 | 11 | 223.90 | 12 |
| 13 | Aleksandra Błażowska | Poland | 222.85 | 13 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 14 | Rocío Velázquez | Spain | 215.55 | 14 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 15 | Madeline Coquoz | Switzerland | 212.60 | 15 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 16 | Holly Prasanto | Great Britain | 208.80 | 16 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 17 | Elna Widerström | Sweden | 204.30 | 17 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 18 | Džeja Delanija Patrika | Latvia | 201.65 | 18 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 19 | Patrícia Kun | Hungary | 201.50 | 19 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 20 | Vita Šlajūtė | Lithuania | 197.50 | 20 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 21 | Amelie Foerster | Romania | 191.05 | 21 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 22 | Clare Cryan | Ireland | 187.85 | 22 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 23 | Estilla Mosena | Hungary | 185.05 | 23 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 24 | Tereza Jelínková | Czech Republic | 167.60 | 24 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| 25 | Urtė Valeišaitė | Lithuania | 159.05 | 25 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
# Mary Digges Lee

Mary Digges Lee (1745 – January 25, 1805) was the "First Lady of Maryland" during portions of the American Revolution, while her husband, Thomas Sim Lee, was the state's governor. Lee was later inducted into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame.

## Biography

Lee's ancestry included prominent politicians such as Dudley Digges, who lived in Britain, and Edward Digges, who immigrated to the United States and was politically involved there. Edward had settled in York County, Virginia in the second half of the 17th century; the family moved to Maryland in the 18th.
Mary Digges was born in 1745 at her family's home of Mellwood Park in Prince George's County, Maryland, to Ignatius Digges and Elizabeth Parnham Craycroft Digges. Elizabeth died early in Lee's life, and Ignatius Digges remarried to Mary Carroll. Mary married Thomas Sim Lee, after overcoming her father's opposition to their marriage because of Thomas's different religion, on October 27, 1771. Ignatius, a practicing Roman Catholic, was reluctant to let his daughter marry Lee, an Anglican. His eventual acquiescence was contingent on their children being raised in the Catholic Church. Thomas Lee later converted to Catholicism, though the date is unclear.
The new couple moved to Thomas Lee's estate, Needwood. They had eight children together.
The couple founded St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Petersville, Maryland. During the American Revolution, the couple were prominent supporters of the revolutionaries. Thomas Sim Lee was elected the Second Governor of Maryland in 1779, a position he held until 1794. In response to a written request for aid from George Washington to her husband, Mary Lee entered the public sphere. She encouraged women in the state to donate goods and time, including 260 shirts in response to a request from the Maryland Regiment Extraordinary. George Washington thanked her in a letter for the "patriotic exertions of the ladies of Maryland in favor of the army." Lee may also have been involved in the publication of an anonymous letter in the Maryland Gazette that encouraged women to aid the Continental Army.
Lee died on January 25, 1805.
She was inducted into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame in 1996.
# Marching On

Marching On may refer to:
* Marching On, a 1927 novel by James Boyd
* Marching On!, a 1943 American race film directed and written by Spencer Williams
* "Marchin On", a 2010 song by One Republic
* "Marching On" (Dami Im song), 2020
* "Marching On", single by The Alarm, MacDonald & Peters from Declaration, 1982
* "Marching On", a 1979 song by BZN
* "Marching On", a 1964 song by The Maytals
# Malesco

Malesco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) northeast of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Verbania, the provincial capital. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,478 and an area of 43.2 square kilometres (16.7 sq mi).
Malesco is the most populous comune in Val Vigezzo and has a station on the Domodossola–Locarno railway which runs along the valley. The neighbouring municipalities are: Cossogno, Craveggia, Re, Santa Maria Maggiore, Trontano, Valle Cannobina, Villette.
# The Libertarian Mind

The Libertarian Mind: A Manifesto for Freedom is a 2015 nonfiction book by David Boaz, who was the executive vice president of the Cato Institute. An update of his 1997 manifesto Libertarianism: A Primer, the book explores libertarianism and advocates for increased economic and personal freedoms.
# Hourglass of Summer

Hourglass of Summer (夏色の砂時計, Natsuiro no Sunadokei) is a Japanese visual novel that was released by Princess Soft. It was brought to the U.S. by the Hirameki International Group. It was one of the first interactive dating games to be translated into English (although there was never an English voice dub for the US release). Originally, it was released exclusively in Japan in a PlayStation 2 format that could only be played on Japanese systems. Later, a PC version, also exclusively Japanese, was released, only this time with erotic content added to it. The U.S. version was released as an interactive DVD that didn't contain sexual content.
Hourglass of Summer also has a 2 episode OVA that was released in Japan. It was animated by Rikuentai and Picture Magic, with direction by Takahiro Okao, scripts by Isao Shizuya, character designs by Yasunari Nitta, and music composed by Yuuichi Oota and Ryou Sakai.

## Plot

The story revolves around a Japanese sophomore named Kotaro Makimura. As the school year ends and summer vacation approaches, he decides to admit his feelings to his crush, the beautiful Kaho Serizawa. As hopeless as the situation looks to his best friends Ai and Takeshi, he is determined to make Kaho his girlfriend by the end of summer vacation. However, on his way home, he has a collision with a mysterious stranger, and ends up getting covered in a strange multi-colored powder. When he wakes up the next day, he finds himself waking up on September 1 - the first day of the next school year. He also learns that Kaho, who had been his girlfriend, had died in a car accident. Eventually, Kotaro discovers that he has begun day-dropping, in which he skips days, and goes back and forth in time through different days of the summer vacation. With the help of Ligene the Time Patroller (also translated as Lee Jane), Kotaro must win Kaho's heart and prevent her death before he runs out of time.
Although Kaho is the girl that Kotaro aspires for at the beginning of the game, the player can choose different decisions that will eventually lead him to relationships with one of the other four girls. Of course, the wrong decisions could result in an ending in which Kotaro wins the affections of none of them. Although the objective of the game is to become the boyfriend of one of the girls, some of these other endings can be the only way to view certain images not found in the other paths.
# Neogrotella confusa

Neogrotella confusa is a moth in the family Noctuidae (the owlet moths). The species was first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1922 and it is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Neogrotella confusa is 11231.
# The Joykiller (album)

The Joykiller is the debut album by the American punk supergroup the Joykiller, released in 1995. The songs were written by Jack Grisham. The cover art is by Frank Kozik. The band supported the album by touring with Pennywise.

## Critical reception

Trouser Press wrote: "A speedy collection of full-bore punkish rock, it wouldn’t have much character if not for Grisham's melodramatic vocals." The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel said that many of the songs examine "the messy consequences of personal need, romantic and otherwise, instead of raging blindly at society."
# List of ship launches in 1697

The list of ship launches in 1697 includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1697.
| Date | Country | Builder | Location | Ship | Class | Notes |
| 1 January | England | Bagwell | Portsmouth Dockyard | Association | Second rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 2 March | England | Robert Lee | Chatham Dockyard | Triumph | Second rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 13 March | England | Frame | Hull | Kingston | Fourth rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 2 May | Republic of Venice | Iseppo di Pieri de Piero | Venice | Amazzone Guerriera | San Lorenzo Zustinian-class ship of the line | For Venetian Navy. |
| 4 May | Republic of Venice | Giacomo de Zorzi Grando | Venice | Rizzo d'Oro | San Lorenzo Zustinian-class ship of the line | For Venetian Navy. |
| 26 May | England | Bagwell | Portsmouth Dockyard | Exeter | Fourth rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 25 June | England | Fisher Harding | Deptford Dockyard | Ranelagh | Third rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 3 August | Kingdom of France | | Le Havre | L'Aurore | Fifth rate frigate | For French Navy. |
| 7 August | England | Robert Lee | Chatham Dockyard | Lowestoffe | Fifth rate frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| 10 August | England | Harding | Deptford Dockyard | Barfleur | Second rate | For Royal Navy. |
| 31 August | Kingdom of France | François Coulomb | Toulon | La Prudent | Fourth rate | For French Navy. |
| 15 October | England | William Bagwell | Portsmouth Dockyard | Seaford | Sixth rate frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| December | Russia | K Kok | Voronezh | Kolokol | Sixth rate | For Imperial Russian Navy. |
| Unknown date | England | Henry Johnson | Blackwall Yard | Anna | East Indiaman | For British East India Company. |
| Unknown date | Republic of Venice | Terzo Rango | Venice | Aquila Volante | Sant'Antonio da Padove-class ship of the line | For Venetian Navy. |
| Unknown date | Dutch Republic | Hendrik Cardinaal | Amsterdam | Beets | Transport ship | For Dutch Navy. |
| Unknown date | Kingdom of France | Laurent Coulomb | Toulon | L'Agréable | Fourth rate | For French Navy. |
| Unknown date | Kingdom of France | François Coulomb | Toulon | L'Assuré | Third rate | For French Navy. |
| Unknown date | England | Lawrence | Woolwich Dockyard | Namur | Second rate | For Royal Navy. |
| Unknown date | Dutch Republic | Adriaan Janszoon de Vriend | Vlissingen | Oranjegalei | Fourth rate | For Dutch Navy. |
| Unknown date | England | Fisher Harding | Deptford Dockyard | Southsea Castle | Fifth rate frigate | For Royal Navy. |
| Unknown date | Dutch Republic | Adriaan Janszoon de Vriend | Vlissingen | Veere | Fourth rate | For Dutch Navy. |
# 2023 European Diving Championships – Mixed synchronized 10 metre platform

The mixed synchronized 10 metre platform event at the 2023 European Diving Championships was held on 24 June 2023.

## Results

The final was held at 15:00.
| Rank | Nation | Divers | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | Total |
| | Ukraine | Kirill Boliukh Kseniya Baylo | 52.80 | 49.80 | 68.40 | 72.00 | 79.68 | 322.68 |
| | Germany | Alexander Lube Elena Wassen | 48.00 | 46.80 | 68.16 | 70.20 | 72.96 | 306.12 |
| | Italy | Eduard Timbretti Gugiu Sarah Jodoin Di Maria | 45.60 | 44.40 | 69.30 | 53.76 | 70.08 | 283.14 |
| 4 | Spain | Carlos Camacho Valeria Antolino | 45.60 | 41.40 | 62.10 | 57.60 | 68.16 | 274.86 |
| 5 | Great Britain | Noah Penman Maisie Bond | 44.40 | 41.40 | 61.20 | 50.88 | 67.20 | 265.08 |
# Mary Dick

Mary Dick (1 June 1791- 14 July 1883) was the sister of William Dick, founder of the Veterinary College in Edinburgh.

## Early life

Mary Dick was born in Whitehorse Close, Canongate (Edinburgh). She was the oldest child of John Dick and Jean Anderson. John, a farrier had a forge in Whitehorse Close and his family also lived there. The family moved to Clyde Street in the New Town in 1815 where the Veterinary College was established.

## Role

Mary was a key figure in supporting her brother William in establishing his Veterinary College. Neither Mary nor William had children - the College was their creation. She kept strict guard over the College accounts, thus preventing any financial problems. Mary Dick, austere and Calvinistic, was also general censor of the manners and morals of the students. Former students were her constant and regular correspondents, and she was held in sincere respect and affectionate regard by all.

## Later life and death

On the death of her brother in 1866, Mary moved to Burntisland, Fife, where they had acquired property. For some years, she expected the Principal and sometimes the stableman to visit to keep her informed of College affairs. On 1 December 1873, she wrote to the Trustees suggesting that the Clyde Street school should in future be known as "The Dick Veterinary College".
Mary Dick died at Burntisland at the age of ninety-two and was buried in the family grave in the New Calton Burial Ground, Edinburgh.

## Her legacy

Mary endowed approximately £11,500 for "The Mary Dick Chair of Physiology" and £13,000 for "The Barclay and Goodsir Chair of Comparative Anatomy" at the University of Edinburgh.
# Abraham Woodhead

Abraham Woodhead (c. March 1609 – 4 May 1678) was an English writer on Catholicism.

## Life

Born at Meltham in the parish of Almondbury, West Yorkshire, he died at Hoxton in Middlesex. He was educated at University College, Oxford, entering in 1624, becoming fellow in 1633, and proctor in 1641. While travelling abroad in 1645, he began to think of joining the Catholic Church, but the exact date of his conversion is not known.
Ejected from his fellowship in 1648, he became tutor to the young Duke of Buckingham, and then lived with the Earl of Essex and other friends till 1654, when he and some other Catholics purchased a house at Hoxton, where they lived a community life, occupying themselves with devotion and study. In 1660, his fellowship was restored, but after a brief residence in Oxford he returned to the more congenial surroundings at Hoxton, where, assured of the income of his fellowship, he lived till his death occupied in literary labours. Thomas Hearne, the antiquarian, declared him to be "one of the greatest men that ever this nation produced".
He is buried in Old St Pancras Churchyard in a large marble sarcophagus, typical of the churchyard, just south of the church itself.

## Works

Among his numerous books the chief original works were:
* "Ancient Church Government", 5 parts (1662–85);
* "Guide in Controversies" (1667), and a long appendix thereto (1675);
* four theological works against Edward Stillingfleet;
* "Life of Christ" (1685);
* "Motives to Holy Living" (1688);
* "Discourse on the Eucharist" (1688);
* "On Images and Idolatry" (1689);
* an incomplete treatise on Antichrist (1689).
He also translated the "Life of St. Teresa" and Augustine's "Confessions", and paraphrased the Epistles of St. Paul (with Walker and Allestree) and the Apocalypse. A large collection of his unpublished manuscripts, with autograph letters and writings relating to him, which was formed in the eighteenth century by Cuthbert Constable, came into the possession of Sir Thomas Brooke, F.S.A., of Armitage Bridge, Huddersfield.
# ATW (album)

ATW is the fifth studio album by American psychedelic rock band All Them Witches. The album was released on September 28, 2018, through New West Records.

## Background and production

In a July 2018 interview with DEAD PRESS!, All Them Witches announced that they had begun writing their new album that January, and were aiming for a release around the end of September.
ATW has been classified as a psychedelic rock and blues rock album. The band self-produced the album at a secluded cabin 20 miles (32 km) outside of their hometown of Nashville, Tennessee. ATW was recorded in five days, with All Them Witches recording each song around five times. Mixing was done at MANT Studios in Los Angeles, California, while mastering took place at Infrasonic Sound in Nashville.

## Release and promotion

An official music video for the track "Diamond" was released on September 12, 2018. Directed by the band's drummer Robby Staebler, the video was shot on 16 mm film, and was meant to "present the song in a cinematic and contemplative way."

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 72/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| American Songwriter | |
| Exclaim! | 7/10 |
| PopMatters | 7/10 |
ATW was met with mostly positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, ATW has an average score of 72 based on five reviews.
Critics largely contrasted ATW with its predecessor, 2017's Sleeping Through the War, and other All Them Witches releases. Paul Carr of PopMatters said that the band "stripped away the more expansive, excess" of the previous album "but retained the same sense of experimentation". Elijah Teed of Exclaim! said that the stoner rock of earlier albums "is not as easy to spot on ATW, which favours reflectiveness over rambunctious riffs".
Reviews also highlighted the natural progression of All Them Witches' sound on their new album. Hal Horowitz of American Songwriter said that there are "plenty of bands trying to capture this distressing atmosphere of dread, uncertainty and slowly enveloping darkness, but few do it with the class, subtlety and controlled intensity of All Them Witches". James Christopher Monger of AllMusic praised ATW as "a product of pure instinct, and while it may take some patience to absorb, there isn't a single note that feels coerced".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by All Them Witches

## Personnel

Information taken from the ATW liner notes.

## Charts

Chart performance for ATW :
| Chart (2016) | Peak position |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 30 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) | 15 |