OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Balladeer

A Balladeer (styled as a balladeer) is a Dutch band, originating from Amsterdam, founded by singer-songwriter Marinus de Goederen.
In 2002, the band won the 3FM BuZz Award and another award the following year at the final of the annual Dutch musical contest De Grote Prijs van Nederland (The Big Prize of the Netherlands). In 2004, A Balladeer opened up for international acts Saybia and Keane and released their first EP: Rumor Had It. The EP featured 4 songs, including the critically acclaimed "They've Shut Down Marks & Spencer", which resulted in considerable airplay in the Netherlands.
On 5 May 2006, A Balladeer's debut album titled Panama was released by EMI Music. The single "Swim with Sam" was the first single. It became a hit in the Netherlands. The album was recorded in Brussels in 2005 with Bløf producer Ronald Vanhuffel. Robert Kirby (known for his work with Nick Drake) arranged the strings for three songs. In early 2007, the band won a Zilveren Harp (Silver Harp), a supporting prize for promising musical artists. In February 2007, their third single was released, a ballad called "Robin II".
The second album, Where Are You, Bambi Woods?, was released on 29 August 2008. The album is partly about the year the lead singer lived near Dallas, Texas. Its title track is about the disappearance of porn star Bambi Woods (known from her role in Debbie Does Dallas). 'Poster Child' is an ode to the murdered student Matthew Shepard. In 2009 the album got nominated for an Edison, a Dutch Grammy.
The third album, I Can't Keep Track Of Each Fallen Robin, was released on 19 October 2012. The single 'Mob Wife' (2017) features Sam Bettens of K's Choice. The original version of the song is taken from A Wolf at the Door, which was released on 11 March 2016.

## Band line up
### Current members

* Marinus de Goederen – vocals, piano, guitar

### Past members

* Walter Wilhelm – bass guitar (2003–2004)
* Erik Meereboer – guitar, backing vocals (2003–2010)
* Tijs Stehmann – drums (2003–2013)

### Session members

* Peter Slager (Bløf) – bass guitar (studio)
* Bas Kennis (Bløf) – Hammond, accordion (studio)
* Charlie Dée – backing vocals
* Arn Kortooms – bass guitar, vocals (live)

## Discography
### Albums

* Panama (2006)
* Where Are You, Bambi Woods? (2008)
* I Can't Keep Track of Each Fallen Robin (2012)
* A Wolf at the Door (2016)
* December (2017)
* Clutter, Volume 1 (2020)

### EPs

* Rumor Had It (2004)

### Singles

* "Swim with Sam" (2006)
* "Fortune Teller" (2006)
* "Robin II" (2007)
* "Mary Had A Secret" (2008)
* "Superman Can't Move His Legs" (2008)
* "Oh, California" (2010)
* "Karaoke Night" (2012)
* "A Wolf At The Door" (2016)
* "Incompatible" (2016)
* "Mob Wife (Ft. Sam Bettens)" (2017)
* "Not Only During Christmas" (2017)
# List of windmills in Limburg (Belgium)

A list of windmills in the Belgian province of Limburg.
| Location | Name of mill | Type | Built | Notes |
| Achel | De Tomp | Grondzeiler | Early 15th century | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Beringen | Dompas | Grondzeiler | | Onroerend Erfgoed (in Dutch) |
| Bilzen | Moulin de Moppertig | Achtkante molen | | Onroerend Erfgoed (in Dutch) |
| Boorsem | Stormvogel | Bergmolen | 1858 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Dilsen | De Wachter | Bergmolen | 1871 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Eksel | Stermolen | Staakmolen | 1901 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Elen (Belgium) [nl] | De Hoop | Stellingmolen | 1870 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Genk | Galgenmolen | Achtkante Molen | 1954 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Genk | Standerdmolen van Millegem | Staakmolen | 1955 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Hamont | Napoleonsmolen Marthijsemolen Van Breemolen | Stellingmolen | 1804 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Kaulille | Sevensmolen | Grondzeiler | 1891 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Kinrooi | Lemmensmolen | Bergmolen | 1856 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Kortessem | Molen van Vliermaal | Bergmolen | 1857 | Onroerend Erfgoed (in Dutch) |
| Leopoldsburg | Bergmolen Molen van 't Kamp Molen Bermindt | Bergmolen | 1846 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Leut | Nieuw Leven De Wachter | Staakmolen | 1801 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Lommel | Leyssensmolen Kattenbossermolen | Staakmolen | 1963 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Mechelen-aan-de-Maas | Kruiskenmolen Nooit Gedacht | Bergmolen | 1884 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Molenbeersel [nl] | Keijersmolen | Bergmolen | 1869 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Molenbeersel | Zorgvlietmolen Truyensmolen | Beltmolen | 1919 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Ophoven [nl] | Korenbloem | Bergmolen | 1806 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Overpelt | Sevensmolen | Staakmolen | 1853 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Overpelt | Leyssens Molen | Bergmolen | 1899 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Riemst | | Bergmolen | | Onroerend Erfgoed (in Dutch) |
| Sint-Huibrechts-Lille [nl] | De Lilse Molen De Nieuwe Molen | Bergmolen | 1908 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Tessenderlo | Oude Molen | Staakmolen | 1728 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Tessenderlo | Engbergse Molen | Bergmolen | 1826 | Molenechos (in Dutch) |
| Tessenderlo | Schaliënmolen | Achkante molen | 1830 | Onroerend Erfgoed (in Dutch) |
# I-class ferry

BC Ferries operates three Intermediate-class ferries:
MV Queen of Capilano (1991)
* 100 vehicles since Jan 2015 mid-life refit
* 462 passengers
* 96 metre length
* 2,500 gross tons
* 12.5 kts
* 7305 HP
* Route: Horseshoe Bay ↔ Bowen Island
MV Queen of Cumberland (1992)
* 112 vehicles
* 462 passengers
* 96 metre length
* 2,662 gross tons
* 12.5 kts
* 7305 HP
* Route: Swartz Bay ↔ Southern Gulf Islands
MV Malaspina Sky (2008)
* Was renamed from MV Island Sky on October 24, 2019
* 125 vehicles
* 450 passengers
* 102 metres length
* 3,397 gross tons
* 15.5 kts
* 7094 HP
* Route: Earl's Cove ↔ Saltery Bay
All three ferries were built at Vancouver Shipyards of the Washington Marine Group in North Vancouver, British Columbia.
# 1993 Nordic Figure Skating Championships

The 1993 Nordic Figure Skating Championships were held from February 12th through February 14th, 1993 in Aarhus, Denmark. The competition was open to elite figure skaters from Nordic countries. Skaters competed in two disciplines, men's singles and ladies' singles, across two levels: senior (Olympic-level) and junior.

## Senior results
### Men

| Rank | Name | Nation |
| 1 | Henrik Walentin | Denmark |
| 2 | Michael Tyllesen | Denmark |
| 3 | Joel Mangs | Sweden |

### Ladies

| Rank | Name | Nation |
| 1 | Kaisa Kella | Finland |
| 2 | Anisette Torp-Lind | Denmark |
| 3 | Ann-Marie Söderholm | Sweden |
| 4 | Tuire Kuronen | Finland |
| 5 | Helena Grundberg | Sweden |
| 6 | Linda Pramelius | Sweden |
| 7 | Marianne Aarnes | Norway |
| 8 | Mette Andersen | Denmark |
| 9 | Jenni Numminen | Finland |
| 10 | Maria Fuglsang | Denmark |
| 11 | Riikka Vaisala | Finland |
| 12 | Anita Thorenfeldt | Norway |
| 13 | Tiril Edvardsen | Norway |
| 14 | Malin Fors | Sweden |
| 15 | Tina Hestbæk | Denmark |
| WD | Kaia Davis | Norway |

## Junior results
### Men

| Rank | Name | Nation |
| 1 | Veli-Pekka Riihinen | Sweden |
| 2 | Tobias Karlsson | Sweden |
| 3 | Jukka Kalliomäki | Finland |
| 4 | Peter Ruohomäki | Finland |
| 5 | Antti Koskinen | Finland |
| 6 | Pasi Honkanen | Finland |

### Ladies

| Rank | Name | Nation |
| 1 | Piia Porvali | Finland |
| 2 | Klara Bramfeldt | Sweden |
| 3 | Jennifer Molin | Sweden |
| 4 | Jessica Grahn | Finland |
| 5 | Camilla Rismyhr | Norway |
| 6 | Maikki Uotila | Finland |
| 7 | Hanna-Kaisa Piiroinen | Finland |
| 8 | Veronica Gustafsson | Sweden |
| 9 | Mirva Simonen | Finland |
| 10 | Maria Sjödin | Sweden |
| 11 | Julia Sandsten | Denmark |
| 12 | Hege Grønnhaug | Norway |
| 13 | Marie-Louise Deistler | Denmark |
| 14 | Bettina Hansen | Denmark |
| 15 | Ruth Charlotte Wessel | Norway |
| 16 | Christina Rønne Jensen | Denmark |
| 17 | Anne Kragelund | Denmark |
| 18 | Ann-Sofie Kähr | Sweden |
| 19 | Chona Anderl | Norway |
| 20 | Kaja Hanevold | Norway |
# 1993 Nike Tour graduates

This is a list of players who graduated from the Nike Tour in 1993. The top ten players on the Nike Tour's money list in 1993 earned their PGA Tour card for 1994.
| | 1993 Nike Tour | 1993 Nike Tour | 1994 PGA Tour | 1994 PGA Tour | 1994 PGA Tour | 1994 PGA Tour | 1994 PGA Tour |
| Player | Money list rank | Earnings ($) | Starts | Cuts made | Best finish | Money list rank | Earnings ($) |
| Sean Murphy | 1 | 166,293 | 31 | 14 | T8 | 156 | 97,597 |
| Doug Martin | 2 | 147,003 | 33 | 8 | T9 | 168 | 81,201 |
| Stan Utley | 3 | 144,127 | 29 | 9 | T8 | 179 | 63,345 |
| Bob May* | 4 | 132,656 | 31 | 7 | T18 | 209 | 31,079 |
| John Morse* | 5 | 122,627 | 26 | 12 | T6 | 122 | 146,137 |
| Tommy Moore | 6 | 102,004 | 20 | 4 | T37 | 246 | 12,601 |
| Olin Browne | 7 | 100,754 | 31 | 15 | 6 | 154 | 101,580 |
| Larry Silveira | 8 | 93,098 | 28 | 12 | T8 | 155 | 99,671 |
| Chris DiMarco* | 9 | 90,687 | 29 | 16 | T3 | 85 | 216,839 |
| Curt Byrum | 10 | 88,757 | 28 | 13 | T5 | 128 | 137,587 |
*PGA Tour rookie for 1994.
T = Tied Green background indicates the player retained his PGA Tour card for 1995 (finished inside the top 125). Yellow background indicates player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 1995, but retained conditional status (finished between 126–150). Red background indicates the player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 1995 (finished outside the top 150).
# Myco

Myco may refer to:
* relating to fungi
* Myco (singer) (born 1979), Japanese singer
* Richard Mico or Myco (1590–1661), English composer
# Myclobutanil

Myclobutanil is a triazole chemical used as a fungicide. It is a steroid demethylation (CYP51) inhibitor, specifically inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis. Ergosterol is a critical component of fungal cell membranes.

## Stereoisomerism

Myclobutanil (2 stereoisomers) :
| (S)-configuration | (R)-configuration |

## Safety

The Safety Data Sheet indicates the following hazards:
* Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child.
* Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
The first hazard has caused this chemical to be placed on the 1986 California Proposition 65 toxics list.
When heated, myclobutanil decomposes to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes, including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, and nitrogen oxides.

## Banned for cannabis cultivation

Myclobutanil is banned in Canada, Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Oklahoma for the production of medical and recreational cannabis. In 2014, a Canadian news investigation by The Globe and Mail reported the discovery of myclobutanil in medical cannabis produced by at least one government licensed grower. In September 2019, NBC News commissioned CannaSafe to test THC cartridges for heavy metals, pesticides, and residual solvents like Vitamin E; pesticides, including myclobutanil, was found in products from unlicensed dealers. In Michigan, the current state action limit for myclobutanil is 200 ppb in cannabis products.
# Malloy Hoverbike

The Malloy Hoverbike is a single-seater turbo-fan powered, vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) quadcopter developed in 2006 by New Zealand inventor Chris Malloy. The hoverbike has two forward and two aft-mounted vertical propellers each enclosed in a hoop nacelle. The nacelles feature steerable blades beneath which control the direction of flight. Each propeller pair has partial overlap and when not in use they can be folded over each other to further reduce the parking footprint and make packing and transportation easier.
With the production of the Malloy Hoverbike, Chris Malloy set up his aeronautical firm Malloy Aeronautics, based at White Waltham airfield, South-West of London, United Kingdom. The company was responsible for the commercial development and production of the hoverbike. The hoverbike participated in the 2015 Paris Airshow.
Hoverbike is constructed from carbon fibre composite and aluminium and is powered by a petrol engine. It can be piloted with minimum training or fly autonomously and has a "Home" button. It can carry a 130-kilogram (290 lb) payload at a speed of 96 kilometres per hour (60 mph) and has a ceiling of 3,044 meters (9,987 ft).
In support of the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), Malloy Aeronautics has been working collaboratively with SURVICE Engineering Company. Under a contract with the United States Army Research Laboratory Survice and Malloy took part in the Army's Picatinny Pallet Sustainment Aerial Mobility Vehicle (SAMV) programme.
The Malloy Hoverbike has been compared to the speeder bikes seen in George Lucas's popular science fiction saga Star Wars although the input functions of the hoverbikes seen in Star Wars are significantly distinct from the input functions of the Malloy Hoverbike.
Malloy Aeronautics Ltd continues to work in the area of VTOL technology and is currently building heavy lift electric unmanned logistics drones.
In January 2024 the company was acquired by BAE Systems.
# 1994–95 Romanian Hockey League season

The 1994–95 Romanian Hockey League season was the 65th season of the Romanian Hockey League. Five teams participated in the league, and Steaua Bucuresti won the championship.

## Regular season

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| 1. | CSA Steaua Bucuresti | 20 | 17 | 2 | 1 | 146 | 54 | 36 |
| 2. | SC Miercurea Ciuc | 20 | 13 | 2 | 5 | 114 | 64 | 28 |
| 3. | Sportul Studențesc Bucharest | 20 | 8 | 3 | 9 | 68 | 109 | 19 |
| 4. | CSM Dunărea Galați | 20 | 7 | 2 | 11 | 67 | 81 | 16 |
| 5. | Imasa Sfântu Gheorghe | 20 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 31 | 118 | 1 |
# 1994–95 Rugby League Premiership

The 1995 Rugby League Premiership was the 21st end of season Rugby League Premiership competition. Played during the 1994–95 Rugby Football League season, the winners were Wigan. Kris Radlinski was named man-of-the-match so was awarded the Harry Sunderland Trophy.

## First round

| Date | Team one | Team two | Score |
| 5 May 1995 | Leeds | Bradford Northern | 50-30 |
| 7 May 1995 | Castleford | Warrington | 22-30 |
| 7 May 1995 | St Helens | Halifax | 32-16 |
| 7 May 1995 | Wigan | Sheffield Eagles | 48-16 |

## Semi-finals

| Date | Team one | Team two | Score |
| 12 May 1995 | Wigan | Warrington | 50-20 |
| 14 May 1995 | Leeds | St Helens | 30-26 |

## Final

* 21 May 1995
| Wigan | 69 – 12 | Leeds |
| Tries: Connolly (3), Radlinski (3), Betts, Edwards, Hall, Haughton, Paul, Skerrett Goals: Botica (10) Drop goals: Farrell | | Tries: Eyres, Innes Goals: Holroyd (2) |
* Old Trafford, Manchester Attendance: 30,160 Referee: Stuart Cummings (Widnes) Player of the Match: Kris Radlinski
| 1 | Henry Paul |
| 2 | Jason Robinson |
| 3 | Kris Radlinski |
| 4 | Gary Connolly |
| 5 | Martin Offiah |
| 6 | Frano Botica |
| 7 | Shaun Edwards (c) |
| 8 | Kelvin Skerrett | 20' |
| 9 | Martin Hall |
| 10 | Neil Cowie |
| 11 | Denis Betts |
| 12 | Andy Farrell | 49' |
| 13 | Phil Clarke |
| Substitutions: |
| 14 | Mick Cassidy | 20' |
| 15 | Simon Haughton | 49' |
| Coach: |
| Graeme West |
| 1 | Alan Tait |
| 2 | Jim Fallon |
| 3 | Kevin Iro (c) |
| 4 | Phil Hassan | 40' |
| 5 | Francis Cummins |
| 6 | Craig Innes |
| 7 | Graham Holroyd |
| 8 | Harvey Howard | 29' |
| 9 | James Lowes |
| 10 | Esene Faimalo |
| 11 | George Mann |
| 12 | Richard Eyres |
| 13 | Gary Mercer |
| Substitutions: |
| 14 | Marcus Vassilakopoulos | 40' |
| 15 | Neil Harmon | 29' |
| Coach: |
| Doug Laughton |
# 1995 Toray Pan Pacific Open – Doubles

Pam Shriver and Elizabeth Smylie were the defending champions but only Shriver competed that year with Lori McNeil.
McNeil and Shriver lost in the first round to Kristie Boogert and Valda Lake.
Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva won in the final 6–0, 6–3 against Lindsay Davenport and Rennae Stubbs.

## Seeds

Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.
* Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva (champions)
* Lindsay Davenport / Rennae Stubbs (final)
* Lori McNeil / Pam Shriver (first round)
* Patty Fendick / Mary Pierce (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | G Fernández N Zvereva | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | M Endo N Sawamatsu | 0 | 0 | | 1 | G Fernández N Zvereva | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | K Adams Z Garrison-Jackson | 6 | 6 | | | K Adams Z Garrison-Jackson | 2 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | K Nagatsuka A Sugiyama | 0 | 4 | | | | | | | 1 | G Fernández N Zvereva | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| 3 | L McNeil P Shriver | 6 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | Q | Y Kamio N Kijimuta | 4 | 0 | | | | | |
| | K Boogert V Lake | 3 | 7 | 7 | | K Boogert V Lake | 2 | 6 | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| | K-A Guse C Schneider | 2 | 3 | | Q | Y Kamio N Kijimuta | 6 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| Q | Y Kamio N Kijimuta | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | Gigi Fernández Natasha Zvereva | 6 | 6 |
| | D Graham S Stafford | 3 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | Lindsay Davenport Rennae Stubbs | 0 | 3 |
| | Y Basuki N Miyagi | 6 | 6 | | | Y Basuki N Miyagi | 2 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Bollegraf C Martínez | 6 | 2 | 6 | | M Bollegraf C Martínez | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | P Fendick M Pierce | 2 | 6 | 3 | | | | | | | M Bollegraf C Martínez | 1 | 6 | 2 | | | | |
| | I Majoli L Neiland | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | 2 | L Davenport R Stubbs | 6 | 1 | 6 | | | | |
| | P Buehler J Byrne | 5 | 2 | | | I Majoli L Neiland | 3 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Lindström M Strandlund | 3 | 4 | | 2 | L Davenport R Stubbs | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | L Davenport R Stubbs | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# ART Ii Biennale

ART Ii Biennale of Northern Environmental and Sculpture Art produces ecologically sustainable artworks to the cultural tradition areas of Ii, Finland. The biennale is organized by the Art Centre KulttuuriKauppila. The art works of ART Ii Biennale are created in ten days with the assistance of the inhabitants of the small town of Ii, located on the northern coast of Finland. The art works of the Biennale 2008 and 2010 are situated by a riverside path connecting the 700-year-old harbour area of Hamina and KulttuuriKauppila Art Centre. ART Ii Seminar gathers together professional artists, curators, representatives and officers of art and culture organizations and institutions as well as politics to consider and develop together current issues in the field of northern environmental and sculpture art. Curator and researcher Otso Kantokorpi led the seminar in 2010.

## Artists - Biennale 2008

* Alfio Bonanno, Denmark
* Vladimir Zorin, Russia
* Jenni Tieaho, Finland
* Eyglò Hardardòttir, Iceland

## Artists - Biennale 2010

* Lars Vilks, Sweden
* Helena Kaikkonen, Finland
* Egil Martin Kurdøl, Norway
* Maria Panínguak` Kjærulff, Greenland
* Linus Ersson, Sweden
* Maruyama Yoshiko, Japan
# Marger

Marger (Serbian Cyrillic: Mapгep) is a neighborhood of the city of Niš, Serbia. It is located in Niš municipality of Medijana.

## Location

Marger is in the central part of Niš. It is flat and bordered on the north by the neighborhood of Centar, and on the south by neighborhood of Palilula and Staro Groblje.

## History

Marger is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Niš. There was an old café named "Marger" which gave the name to the neighborhood.

## Characteristics

The neighborhood is residential and commercial.

## Future development

There is a plan of construction of new city park in the neighborhood.
# Ittocorre Gambella

Ittocorre Gambella was the regent of the Giudicato of Logudoro between 1127 and sometime before 1140.
When Constantine I died around 1127, he left his young son Gonario II under the regency of Ittocorre. When the Athen family tried to harm the young ruler, Ittocorre whisked him away to Porto Torres and the protection of the Pisans, who took him to Pisa and the house of Ugo da Parlascio Ebriaco.
# A Home on the Mississippi

A Home on the Mississippi is an 1871 rendering commissioned by the United States government as part of a documentary program on the Mississippi River. The scene is an original work by Alfred Waud depicting Woodland Plantation, an antebellum mansion in West Pointe à la Hache, Louisiana.

## History

The image first achieved notability when published as a chromolithograph by Currier and Ives. After the end of Prohibition in 1933, Currier and Ives licensed the image to the makers of Southern Comfort, who continued to use the lithograph on their liqueur labels until 2010. Woodland Plantation, which is registered on the National Register of Historic Places, now provides bed-and-breakfast accommodation.
# Ion-to-photon detector

An ion-to-photon detector (IPD) is a component used for detecting ions in mass spectrometry.

## Operation

In an ion-to-photon detector, a photomultiplier tube is coated with a layer of scintillator compound, such as Rhodamine B or CsI. When the ions pass through the mass analyzer of the spectrometer, they strike the scintillator compound and cause the release of photons. These photons are then detected by the photomultiplier tube. A conversion dynode, such as a microchannel plate can also be used between the ion beam and the scintillator to increase the signal. An MCP, when struck by an ion, will release electrons which then strike the scintillator.

## Applications

The primary application for ion-to-photon detectors is acting as the detector in MALDI mass spectrometry. They could, in theory, be used for other types of mass spectrometry as well.

## Comparison to other detectors

The conversion efficiency of ions to photons by an IPD is as good as, or better than, the conversion efficiency of ions to electrons by a multichannel plate detector. Ion-to-photon detectors may also detect ions with a mass of up to around 20,000 Da, better than microchannel plates. However, the resolution of the mass spectrum from an IPD equipped spectrometer is slightly lower. The noise in the spectrum, which may come from unfocused, slow speed ions, is also slightly higher.
# Torsten Bittermann

Torsten Bittermann (born 3 February 1968) is a German football manager and former football player who played as a defender. Bittermann played for Chemnitzer FC and Dynamo Dresden.
# Lonely Island (disambiguation)

The Lonely Island is an American comedy and music group.
Lonely Island may also refer to:
* "Lonely Island" (Sam Cooke song), 1958
* "Lonely Island" (The Parliaments song), 1960
* Lonely Island (film), a 2014 film
* Uyedineniya Island, an island in northern Russia
* Ensomheden, an island in Greenland