OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Parasympathomimetic drug

A parasympathomimetic drug, sometimes called a cholinomimetic drug or cholinergic receptor stimulating agent, is a substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). These chemicals are also called cholinergic drugs because acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used by the PSNS. Chemicals in this family can act either directly by stimulating the nicotinic or muscarinic receptors (thus mimicking acetylcholine), or indirectly by inhibiting cholinesterase, promoting acetylcholine release, or other mechanisms. Common uses of parasympathomimetics include glaucoma, Sjögren syndrome and underactive bladder.
Some chemical weapons such as sarin or VX, non-lethal riot control agents such as tear gas, and insecticides such as diazinon fall into this category.

## Structure activity relationships for parasympathomimetic drugs

For a cholinergic agent, the following criteria describe the structure activity relationship:
* Ing's Rule of 5: there should be no more than five atoms between the nitrogen and the terminal hydrogen for muscarinic (or cholinergic) activity;
* the molecule must possess a nitrogen atom capable of bearing a positive charge, preferably a quaternary ammonium salt;
* for maximum potency, the size of the alkyl groups substituted on the nitrogen should not exceed the size of a methyl group;
* the molecule should have an oxygen atom, preferably an ester-like oxygen capable of participating in a hydrogen bond;
* there should be a two-carbon unit between the oxygen atom and the nitrogen atom.

## Pharmaceuticals/Supplements
### Direct-acting

These act by stimulating the nicotinic or muscarinic receptors.
* Choline esters
** Acetylcholine (all acetylcholine receptors)
** Bethanechol (M3 receptors)
** Carbachol (all muscarinic receptors and some nicotinic receptors)
** Methacholine (all muscarinic receptors)
* Plant alkaloids
** Arecoline
** Nicotine
** Muscarine
** Pilocarpine (M3 receptors)

### Indirect-acting

Indirect acting parasympathomimetic substances may be either reversible cholinesterase inhibitors, irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors or substances that promote ACh release or anti-adrenergics. The latter inhibits the antagonistic system, the sympathetic nervous system.
* Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors
** Donepezil
** Edrophonium
** Neostigmine
** Physostigmine
** Pyridostigmine
** Rivastigmine
** Tacrine
** Caffeine (non-competitive)
** Huperzine A
* Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors
** Echothiophate
** Isoflurophate
** Malathion
* ACh release promoters
** Alpha GPC
** Cisapride
** Droperidol
** Domperidone
** Metoclopramide
** Risperidone
** Paliperidone
* Anti-adrenergics: See also alpha blocker and beta blocker
** Clonidine (α-receptor agonist, α$_2$ > α$_1$, giving negative feedback)
** Methyldopa (α$_2$ agonist, giving negative feedback)
** Propranolol (β-receptor antagonist)
** Metoprolol (β-receptor antagonist)
** Atenolol (β$_1$ antagonist)
** Prazosin (α$_1$ antagonist)
** Oxymetazoline (partial α2 adrenergic agonist)
# Chérancé, Mayenne

Chérancé (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

## Geography

The river Oudon forms the commune's south-western border.
# Alfredo Poviña

Alfredo Poviña (1904–1986) was an Argentine sociologist and one of the leading practitioners of academic sociology in Latin America.

## Works

* History of Latin American sociology (1941)
* Sociology Course (1945)
* Ontological Issues Sociology (1949).
* New history of American sociology (1959)
* Treaty of Sociology
* Theory of Folklore
* This biographical article about an Argentine academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This biography of a South American sociologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Utstein Style

The Utstein Style is a set of guidelines for uniform reporting of cardiac arrest. The Utstein Style was first proposed for emergency medical services in 1991. The name derives from a 1990 conference of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Academy of Anesthesiology, the European Society for Intensive Care Medicine, and related national societies, held at the Utstein Abbey on the island of Mosterøy, Norway.
Examples of cardiac arrest registries based on the Utstein Style include the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival, Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium, Save Hearts in Arizona Registry and Education, and the National Registry of CardioPulmonary Resuscitation.
# Malleostemon hursthousei

Malleostemon hursthousei is a plant species of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.
The slender erect shrub typically grows to a height of 0.5 to 2 metres (2 to 7 ft). It blooms between September and November producing pink-white flowers.
It is found on sandplains in the Mid West and Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia between Shark Bay and Moora where it grows in sandy soils.
# John Sears

John Sears may refer to:
* John Sears (salt producer) (1744–1817), founder of salt industry in Cape Cod, Massachusetts
* John Sears (political strategist) (1940–2020), American attorney and Republican political strategist
* John Sears (racing driver) (1936–1999), NASCAR Grand National driver
* John Edward Sears, British Member of Parliament for Cheltenham, 1906–1910
* John George Sears (1870–1916), founder of Sears plc
* John W. Sears (born 1930), former chairman of the Massachusetts Republican party and longtime activist
* John Howell Sears (1823–1907), pioneer of the cities of Searsville and La Honda, California
# Anne Chapman (missionary)

Anne Maria Chapman (13 January 1791 – 12 December 1855) was an English Anglican missionary in New Zealand. She was born in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England on 13 January 1791.
Chapman and her husband gave hospitality to early European explorers passing through on the route between Tauranga and the centre of the North Island. The most notable explorers and botanists who were assisted were John Carne Bidwell, Ernst Dieffenbach, and William Colenso.
In the second volume of J.D. Hooker's Flora Novae-Zelandiae (Flowerless Plants, 1855) there are records of the following seaweeds from "Maketu, Chapman": Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, Champia, Nitophyllum, Plocamium, Gigartina, Ceramium, and Callithamnion. Anne Chapman may have played a part in collecting these.

## Eponymy

* 1855 Gigartina chapmanii. J.D. Hooker & W.H. Harvey in Harvey, W.H. Algae, Flora Novae-Zelandiae 2: 251. Maketu. Chapman.
# Middle Elbe Biosphere Reserve

The Middle Elbe Biosphere Reserve is a Biosphere Reserve in the German Federal state Saxony-Anhalt.
The Middle Elbe reserve is a 430 square kilometre protected reserve, and is the largest protected region in Saxony-Anhalt . It extends along the Elbe river, between Wittenberg in the east, via Dessau-Roßlau, to Gommern in the northwest. This beautiful region of fluvial topography is one of the main attractions for tourism in Saxony-Anhalt, particularly for bicycle tourism.

## History

The history of the Reserve originates with the Anhalt Environmental Protection Law of 1923. Over the next six years, this initial protected reserve was expanded. The "Saalberge" and "Möster Birken" regions were added in 1926. In 1927, conservation areas for the Elbe beaver and the "Wassernuß" plant (Trapa natans) were added. In 1929, areas between Aken and Tochheim were put under protection. These areas were the predecessors of the Steckby-Lödderitzer Forst conservation area.
The Steckby-Lödderitzer Forst was recognized as a Biosphere Reserve by the UNESCO in 1979, and in 1988 it was extended by wide areas around Dessau and Wörlitz. With the addition of further areas of water meadows, it became the Biosphere Reserve Middle Elbe in 1990.

## Features

The Reserve contains the largest interconnected water meadow area of Middle Europe. It involves the Elbe river and Mulde and includes the Elbe floodplains as a unique biotope which serves as shelter for many endangered species. In 2005 Dr. Frank Dziock discovered a new insect species Brachyopa silviae. Of the genus Brachyopa, only 13 species are known in Europe.
The reserve also includes Wörlitz Park, the oldest landscape park on the European Continent .
Since March 20, 2006 the official name is: Biosphere Reserve Middle Elbe.
* area: 430 km²
* biodiversity
** over 1.000 botanical species
** 250 avian species
** 130 bees species
** 50 dragonfly species
# Van Cleave

Nathan Lang Van Cleave (May 8, 1910 – July 3, 1970) was a composer and orchestrator for film, television, and radio. He usually used "Van" as his first name.

## Biography

Born in Bayfield, Wisconsin, he played with big bands, including Doc Fenton and his Sooners and Al Katz and his Kittens. He moved to New York City where he led his own band (the Van Cleave Orchestra) in the early 1930s, then played trumpet and arranged music for Charlie Barnet's orchestra.
In 1933, he married Doris Blumenfeld, a Broadway chorus girl and the child of vaudeville actors of the German Blumenfeld circus family.
He studied music with noted composer and music theorist Joseph Schillinger. He worked in radio, as a staff arranger for Paul Whiteman (1938–39), Andre Kostelanetz, Fred Waring, and for CBS Radio.
He invented new record needles with improved sound, and founded the Duotone company, which manufactured needles.
In 1945, Van Cleave moved to Los Angeles to pursue his musical career. His film credits, as composer and orchestrator, include Cinerama Holiday, The Colossus of New York, Easter Parade, Funny Face, Robinson Crusoe on Mars, In Search of the Castaways and White Christmas. He composed the VistaVision Fanfare to accompany the opening of theatre curtains to the wide screen format. In addition, he worked on many TV episodes of Gunsmoke and The Twilight Zone, where he pioneered the use of the theremin in television scores.
In the Gunsmoke episode "The Quest for Asa Janin," the last episode of season 8, from June 1963, with music by Van Cleave, the five-note main theme used throughout 1964's Robinson Crusoe on Mars can be heard several times.
# Chuda

Chuda may refer to the following places in Gujarat, western India :
* Chuda State, a former princely state
* a town in Surendranagar District, which was the seat of the above state
# Madonna del Ladro Buono

Madonna del Ladro Buono ("Madonna of the Good Thief", in Sicilian Madonna di lu Tribonu or Madonna di lu Latru Bonu) is a Catholic church in Alcamo, in the province of Trapani.

## Description

The little church, with an image of Mary's Pietà with Jesus taken down from the Cross, is located 200 metres (660 ft) above the town waterworks at the same level as the second turn in the road leading to the top of Mount Bonifato.
According to tradition, there was a thief living as a penitent in that place who nurtured veneration for the image. In a letter sent to Don Tommaso Papa in 1931, Francesco Maria Mirabella wrote that the legend of the Good Thief was an invention of Liborio Dia, a poet from Alcamo, and that "Tribonu" is an alteration of "Tribona" in the dialect of Alcamo. "Tribona" is a niche surmounting an altar or an aedicula.
Professor Carlo Cataldo discovered that the word "Tribona" has been in use since at least the 17th century, as a deed dated 1674 mentions an enclosure on the mountain which was called "la Tribona", where there were trees such as sumac and other plants. It is mentioned in other documents dated 1723, 1810, and 1928.

## Tradition

In the early 1930s, locals went on pilgrimage to the church every Friday in March during Lent. The dialectal poet Giuseppe Fulco noted the pilgrimages had become merely an excuse for a trip to the countryside, as he complained in one of his poems:
E ci vannu a bella posta Donni schetti e maritati, Pri ballari senza sosta E piscari quattru ucchiati.
(That is: they go there intentionally, girls and ladies, to dance without a break, and get some looks).
In 1989 the church was restored by the owners, the Mancuso family, including placing the name "Madonna del Ladro Buono" on the façade. They replaced the old print representing Our Lady of Sorrows and Jesus Christ taken down the cross with a painting by Stefano Papa, an artist from Alcamo.
On the right side of the altar is an ancient cistern, the water from which believers drank the water to purify their souls and bodies.
# Moroto–Nakapiripirit Road

Moroto–Nakapiripirit Road is a road in the Northern Region of Uganda. The road connects the towns of Moroto, the largest town in the Karamoja sub-region, and Nakapiripirit in the same sub-region.

## Location

The road starts at Moroto and continues south through Lorengedwat, ending in Nakapiripirit, a distance of approximately 98 kilometres (61 mi). Nakapiripirit lies on the way to Mbale, the nearest large town, approximately 161 kilometres (100 mi) south of Nakapiripirit. The coordinates of the road near Lorengedwat are 2°20'48.0"N, 34°35'27.0"E (Latitude:2.346667; Longitude:34.5908331).

## Upgrading to bitumen

Beginning with the 2011/2012 national budget, road became one of those planned to be upgraded from gravel to bituminous surface. With political pressure from the Karamoja parliamentary caucus, the road was prioritized in the 2013/2014 financial year. On 12 November 2013, President Yoweri Museveni commissioned the start of construction. The China Road and Bridge Construction Corporation, a subsidiary of the China Communications Construction Company, was awarded the contract for the 93.3 kilometres (58 mi) road at a cost of US$80 million (USh:184 billion at that time), fully funded by the Ugandan government. The road is expected to be ready during the first half of 2016.
# Malleostemon nephroideus

Malleostemon nephroideus is a plant species of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.
It is found in a small area in the Mid West region of Western Australia east of Geraldton where it grows in sandy soils.
# John Burrell (theatre director)

John Percy Burrell (6 May 1910–28 September 1972) was an English theatre director.
John Burrell was educated at Shrewsbury School in Shropshire, England and he led a successful theatre career afterwards. He was appointed as a co-director of the Old Vic Theatre in London, England, with Laurence Olivier and Ralph Richardson in 1948.
He later moved to the US and worked on Broadway, New York.
"He was a founder of the American Shakespeare Festival Theatre and Academy at Stratford, Connecticut, where he also taught acting, and which opened its first season in July 1955. He was then executive artistic director for CBS TV in New York, and was credited with revolutionizing design on television.
Burrell's final post was as a drama professor at the University of Illinois." He served as the first director of Krannert Center for the Performing Arts, which a critic for The New York Times called “one of the most ingeniously worked out art complexes anywhere,” until his death in 1972.
# Marsha Waggoner

Marsha Waggoner (born January 11, 1940 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) is an American professional poker player who lives in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Waggoner has finished in the money at 20 World Series of Poker (WSOP) events as of 2010. Her highest WSOP finish was 2nd place in the 23rd Annual WSOP tournament in Limit 7 Card Stud Hi/Lo, for which she won $52,500.

## Poker career
### Background

In 1976, as a casino dealer in Sydney, Waggoner discovered a talent for stud poker, and in 1977, moved to Reno, Nevada to pursue poker professionally.
Most of her experience up until this point was in cash games, however her interest in tournament games was piqued when Amarillo Slim brought the Second Annual Poker Classic to Reno in 1980. Waggoner stayed in Reno until the mid-1980s, at which point she moved to Las Vegas, quickly demonstrating her ability at tournament Texas Hold 'em and Seven-Card Stud events.
In 1987, Waggoner moved to California while continuing to play professionally. It was around this time that Waggoner began to establish herself as "a solid and patient tournament player whose results continually proved she belonged in the game's upper echelons".
In 2008, she was one of four inaugural inductees into the Women in Poker Hall of Fame at Binion's Gambling Hall and Hotel in Las Vegas.
In 2010, she was inducted into the Australian Poker Hall of Fame.

### Results

Waggoner’s best tournament placing was winning the 2003 National Championship of Poker, playing in the Limit 7 Card Stud Hi/Lo event, a low limit buy in at Hollywood Park Casino.
In 2005, Waggoner was invited to play in the World Poker Tour’s third annual Legends of Poker Ladies Night tournament at the Bicycle Casino, and finished third in one event of the 2006 Ultimate Poker Challenge.
As of 2010, her total live tournament winnings exceed $830,000.

## Personal life

Waggoner is currently single; in 2008 she separated from fellow poker professional Kenna James, whom she met at the Hollywood Park Casino in 1997. She has three children from a previous marriage and five grandchildren, and enjoys playing golf and dancing.
Although she has lived in America for more than 30 years, Waggoner still visits her home country regularly to compete in poker tournaments (such as the Aussie Millions) and see her extended family.
Waggoner's brother is the noted former Australian photojournalist Jim Fenwick.
# Nareish Kumar

Nareish Kumar is a Fiji Indian politician who won the Labasa Open Constituency, one of the 25 open seats, for the Fiji Labour Party during the 1999 elections for the House of Representatives.
On 19 May 2000, he was among the 43 members of the People's Coalition Government, led by Mahendra Chaudhry, taken hostage by George Speight and his band of rebel Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) soldiers from the Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit. He was released on 23 May 2000.
Nareish Kumar is now a school teacher in NSW, Australia.
# Verata

Verata may refer to:
* Verata (district), a political division in the province of Tailevu, in Fiji
* Verata (goat breed)
# Virginia Kilborn

Virginia Kilborn is a professor and radio astronomer with the Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing at Swinburne University and is Swinburne's first Chief Scientist. She researches galaxy evolution by studying their gas content and is working on the surveys of the next generation of radio telescopes, including the Australian SKA Pathfinder.

## Career

Kilborn peered through her first telescope in 1986 to watch Halley’s Comet, a once in 75 year event.
She completed her PhD at the University of Melbourne before undertaking post-doctoral research at Jodrell Bank observatory in England.
Kilborn then undertook a ARC-CSIRO linkage fellowship at Swinburne’s Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing (CAS) in Melbourne in 2003. She began teaching the Swinburne Astronomy online program in 2006, lecturing in undergraduate Astronomy. She became Deputy Director from 2011–2013 and Acting Director for CAS in 2013. In 2015 Kilborn became Chair of the Department of Physics and Astronomy before becoming Dean of Science in 2019, remaining in that role until her appointment as Swinburne's first Chief Scientist in May 2021.
Kilborn served as president of the Astronomical Society of Australia from 2015–2017 and, as of October 2022, is chair of the National Committee for Astronomy for the Australian Academy of Science.
Kilborn also leads many gender equity initiatives. She is chair of the CAS equity committee and a leader of university-wide programs to promote academic women and their careers.

## Awards and recognition

* Honorary Fellow, Astronomical Society of Australia, 2022
* Vice-Chancellors Award for Culture and Values, Swinburne, 2015
* Vice-Chancellors Teaching Award (team SAO), Swinburne, 2012
* National, OLT Citation for Outstanding contributions to student learning, SAO core team, Swinburne, 2012
* Vice-Chancellors Early Career Research Award, Swinburne 2006
# Malleostemon roseus

Malleostemon roseus is a plant species of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.
The erect or sometimes prostrate shrub typically grows to a height of 0.3 to 2 metres (1.0 to 6.6 ft) and sometimes as high as 3.5 m (11 ft). It blooms between July and December producing pink-white-yellow flowers.
It is found on undulating plains in an area in the extending from the Gascoyne into the Mid West, Wheatbelt and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy or clay soils.
# Christopher Cerf

Christopher Cerf may refer to:
* Christopher Cerf (producer) (born 1941), American writer, actor, and record and television producer
* Christopher Cerf (school administrator) (born c. 1954), American education administrator and lawyer
# Matteo Egizio

Matteo Egizio (23 January 1674– 29 November 1745) was an Italian historian, librarian, numismatist and scholar.

## Life

He was born in Naples to a family that had originated in Gravina di Puglia. His father worked for the noblewoman Maria Milano, who encouraged Egizio towards studying classics. He then studied law, the subject in which he graduated. From a young age he divided his time between private tuition and attending Giuseppe Valletta's library, editing its catalogue.
He then became tutor to Antonio Carmine Caracciolo, prince of Torella, simultaneously becoming known for his knowledge of antiquities, so much so that he was often called on to interpret ancient coins and inscriptions and compose new inscriptions. He corresponded with Anton Francesco Gori, Scipione Maffei, Apostolo Zeno, Bernard de Montfaucon and other intellectuals of the era as well as joining Naples' Accademia degli Uniti and (with the pseudonym Timaste Pisandeo) Rome's Accademia dell'Arcadia and writing for the 'Giornale dei letterati'.
He moved in libertine and anticurialist circles but supported Naples' Bourbon rulers, leaving Naples after the Austrians' arrival in 1713 and moving to Amalfi. He later returned to live an isolated life in Naples, where he later died.

## Works

* Serie degl'imperadori romani distesa da Matteo Egizio. Per maggior lume della storia ecclesiastica e per servire come di supplemento, o di correzione al mermoriale cronologico di G. Marcello, Nuova stamperia di Francesco Laino, 1713.
* Opusculi volgari, e latini. Naples: A. Vocola. 1751.
# Jeziory

Jeziory may refer to the following places

## Poland

* Jeziory, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
* Jeziory, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Jeziory, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Jeziory, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
* Jeziory, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Jeziory, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)

## Ukraine

* Velyki Ozera, known in Polish as Jeziory (north-west Ukraine)
# Elizabeth Berkeley

Elizabeth Berkeley may refer to:
* Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess of Warwick (1386–1422), née de Berkeley, wife of 13th Earl of Warwick
* Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess Berkeley (c. 1720–1792), British court official
* Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess of Ormond, wife of Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond
* Lady Elizabeth Germain (1680–1769), née Lady Elizabeth Berkeley, daughter of Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley
* Elizabeth Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (c. 1713–1799), née Berkeley, mother of Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort and wife of Charles, 4th Duke of Beaufort
* Elizabeth, Princess Berkeley (1750–1828), daughter of the 4th Earl of Berkeley, wife of Lord Craven and then morganatically, of Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
* Winifred L. Jackson, who collaborated on two stories with H. P. Lovecraft as Elizabeth (Neville) Berkeley