OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# All My Friends Are Here

All My Friends Are Here is a studio album by Turkish-American record producer, arranger, and composer Arif Mardin, released on June 15, 2010. It is the album that Arif Mardin referred to as his life's work, featuring performances by artists whom he produced over the years of his career, including Bette Midler, Chaka Khan, David Sanborn, Norah Jones, Carly Simon, Phil Collins among them.
Whereas Arif Mardin's first two albums were instrumental, All My Friends Are Here is an album of his songs. Arif Mardin was a film buff and wrote collages for each song. In the trailer for The Greatest Ears in Town: The Arif Mardin Story, Arif Mardin said the songs were visual, film music in his mind.
Recording sessions of All My Friends Are Here were filmed for the companion documentary The Greatest Ears in Town: The Arif Mardin Story.

## Recording

Recording sessions took place in New York from 2005 to 2006, starting with "So Blue". In producing Chaka Khan's vocal, Khan said "He showed me what it was really like to sing jazz."
# Tracer (Marvel Comics)

Tracer is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man. His first appearance was in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1.

## Fictional character biography

Tracer claims to be a "machine god" that the artificial intelligences of other machines created to worship, alleging that he becomes stronger over time since the more machines worship him the longer he operates. Testing his increasing powers, Tracer robs the Bank of New York, holds off Spider-Man and escapes. Soon after, Tracer takes to the skies in his Flying Wing, claiming he had a bomb he would detonate if New York City fails to pay him a fortune. Spider-Man and Iron Man (Tony Stark) foil his scheme, but Tracer escapes again.
The next night, Tracer infiltrates Stark Tower planning to kill Spider-Man after learning from his machine worshipers that Spider-Man is living there. At the same time, Tracer uses his powers to cause cars to swerve out of control, entire computers grids to crash, and a giant robot to rampage throughout New York as a diversion. Posing as a reserve Avenger named "Tommy" on monitor duty while the other Avengers were busy dealing with Tracer's "machine revolt", Tracer converses with Aunt May until Spider-Man returns and attacks him. During the battle, Tracer analyzes Spider-Man's DNA and determines that Spider-Man is in no condition to fight him. Vowing to rein in his mechanical worshipers and step off the path of divinity for the time being, his skin melts away, revealing his robotic body.

## Powers and abilities

Tracer is a robotic life form capable of controlling virtually any machine. He can metamorphose his hand into a gun which fires homing bullets capable of zeroing in on specified targets and avoiding all other targets in their pursuit.
He is also equipped with telescopic infrared vision and scanners which can estimate the age, weight, power and threat level of his targets. His fingertips contain hypodermic probes which can obtain DNA, tissue, skin and blood samples, instantly analyzed by his internal systems. He masks his true appearance with an unidentified flesh-like material.
# Mammo Wudneh

Mammo Wudneh (Amharic: ማሞ ውድነህ; 22 October 1931 – 2 March 2012) was an Ethiopian writer, playwright, journalist and President of the Ethiopian Writers' Association. He was actively involved as a peacemaker between Ethiopia and Eritrea working on an interfaith committee chaired by Abune Paulos, the Patriarch of the Tewahedo Church.

## Early life

Born in 1931 to a family of humble background. Mammo was left orphaned during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War when the air force of Fascist Italy bombed his tiny village, Bashagia in what was then Wollo Province.

## Career

His writing skill has enabled him to secure journalistic jobs at the United States Information Service, a section of the American Embassy, and the Russian Cultural Center at Addis Ababa.
He also served at the Ethiopian Ministry of Information where he met and befriended authors like Berhanu Zerihun and Mengistu Gedamu. Mammo Wudneh was appointed head of Ethiopian News Agency in Eritrea. Shortly after the outbreak of the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, Mammo became an editorial staffer of the magazine Yekatit.
Mammo authored historical, fictional and dramatic works, as well as translated works of authors into Amharic. His most notable translations are stories of espionage.
He also served a term as Chairman of the Ethiopian Writers Association. Furthermore, he was a recipient of different awards, including an international peace award for life-time achievement. Mammo was also instrumental in the preservation and restoration of Ethiopian historical artifacts and relics.

## Legacy

Fortunately, he later met one of the pilots who took part in the raid that killed his family. In a moving encounter the playwright forgave the pilot. Mammo died of cardiovascular complication on 2 March 2012, at his residence in Addis Ababa.
# Malgocta

Malgocta is a village in Jizan Province, in south-western Saudi Arabia.
# Todarodes

Todarodes is a genus of flying squid from the subfamily Todarodinae, of which it is the type genus. The genus contains five species which are partially allopatric but between them their distributions encompass most of the world's oceans and seas. These squid have a funnel groove with foveola, a hectocotylised fourth arm and tentacular stalks which lack free trabeculae.

## Species

The following species are members of Todarodes, with their vernacular names:
* Todarodes angolensis Adam, 1962 Angolan flying squid
* Todarodes filippovae Adam, 1975 Antarctic flying squid
* Todarodes pacificus (Steenstrup, 1880) Japanese flying squid
* Todarodes pusillus Dunning, 1988 little flying squid
* Todarodes sagittatus (Lamarck, 1798) European flying squid
# 2002–03 Croatian First League

2002–03 Croatian First League was the 12th season of the Croatian handball league since its independence and the second season of the First League format.

## League table

| | Club | P | W | D | L | G+ | G− | Dif | Pts |
| 1. | Zagreb | 30 | 29 | 0 | 1 | 997 | 749 | 248 | 58 |
| 2. | Metković Jambo | 30 | 23 | 0 | 7 | 872 | 799 | 73 | 46 |
| 3. | Medveščak Infosistem Zagreb | 30 | 18 | 2 | 10 | 867 | 792 | 75 | 38 |
| 4. | Bjelovar | 30 | 17 | 2 | 11 | 816 | 792 | 24 | 36 |
| 5. | Zamet Crotek Rijeka | 30 | 16 | 2 | 12 | 805 | 762 | 43 | 34 |
| 6. | Varteks di Caprio Varaždin | 30 | 16 | 1 | 13 | 744 | 727 | 17 | 33 |
| 7. | Umag | 30 | 15 | 1 | 14 | 801 | 782 | 19 | 31 |
| 8. | Moslavina Kutina | 30 | 15 | 1 | 14 | 856 | 847 | 9 | 31 |
| 9. | Perutnina PIPO IPC Čakovec | 30 | 13 | 2 | 15 | 846 | 843 | 23 | 28 |
| 10. | Osijek 2000 | 30 | 12 | 3 | 15 | 758 | 787 | -29 | 27 |
| 11. | Crikvenica | 30 | 13 | 1 | 16 | 778 | 840 | -72 | 27 |
| 12. | Dubrava Zagreb | 30 | 11 | 1 | 18 | 759 | 806 | -47 | 23 |
| 13. | Ekol Ivančica Ivanec | 30 | 11 | 0 | 19 | 719 | 846 | -127 | 22 |
| 14. | Split | 30 | 9 | 2 | 19 | 750 | 811 | -61 | 20 |
| 15. | Karlovac | 30 | 7 | 1 | 22 | 767 | 847 | -80 | 15 |
| 16. | Đakovo | 30 | 5 | 1 | 24 | 759 | 864 | -105 | 11 |

## Relegation play-offs

| | Club | P | W | D | L | G+ | G− | Dif | Pts | |
| 1. | Đakovo | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 177 | 135 | 42 | 10 | First League 2003-04 |
| 2. | Split | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 135 | 126 | 9 | 8 | First League 2003-04 |
| 3. | Karlovac | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 150 | 134 | 16 | 6 | First League 2003-04 |
| 4. | Cetinka Trilj | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 140 | 153 | -13 | 2 | |
| 5. | Prelog | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 139 | 160 | -21 | 2 | |
| 6. | Maksimir Princ Zagreb | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 144 | 175 | -31 | 2 | |
* 2002-03 Croatian First League winners
* Zagreb Twelfth title

## Sources

* Fredi Kramer, Dražen Pinević: Hrvatski rukomet = Croatian handball, Zagreb, 2009.; page 180
* hrt.hr ljestvica i rezultati 2002./03.
# 75th Street station

75th Street station may refer to:
* 75th Street (Grand Crossing) station, a Metra station in Chicago on the Metra Electric Main Line
* 75th Street–Elderts Lane station, a New York City Subway station on the J and ​Z trains
# 2019 İstanbul Cup

The 2019 İstanbul Cup (also known as the TEB BNP Paribas İstanbul Cup for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 12th edition of the İstanbul Cup, and part of the WTA International tournaments of the 2019 WTA Tour. It took place in Istanbul, Turkey, from 22 through 28 April 2019.

## Points and prize money

| Event | W | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 | Q | Q2 | Q1 |
| Singles | 280 | 180 | 110 | 60 | 30 | 1 | 18 | 12 | 1 |
| Doubles | 280 | 180 | 110 | 60 | 1 | — | — | — | — |

### Prize money

| Event | W | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 | Q2 | Q1 |
| Singles | $43,000 | $21,400 | $11,500 | $6,175 | $3,400 | $2,100 | $1,020 | $600 |
| Doubles | $12,300 | $6,400 | $3,435 | $1,820 | $960 | — | — | — |

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| ESP | Carla Suárez Navarro | 27 | 1 |
| ROU | Mihaela Buzărnescu | 30 | 2 |
| ITA | Camila Giorgi | 31 | 3 |
| UKR | Dayana Yastremska | 37 | 4 |
| AUS | Ajla Tomljanović | 39 | 5 |
| CRO | Petra Martić | 40 | 6 |
| CZE | Kateřina Siniaková | 41 | 7 |
| GRE | Maria Sakkari | 44 | 8 |
| SVK | Viktória Kužmová | 45 | 9 |
* Rankings are as of April 15, 2019.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Çağla Büyükakçay
* Svetlana Kuznetsova
* Pemra Özgen
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Irina Bara
* Ana Bogdan
* Ivana Jorović
* Kateryna Kozlova
* Veronika Kudermetova
* Elena Rybakina
The following players received entry as lucky losers:
* Tímea Babos
* Julia Glushko

### Withdrawals
#### Before the tournament

* Irina-Camelia Begu → replaced by Tímea Babos
* Camila Giorgi → replaced by Julia Glushko
* Ons Jabeur → replaced by Margarita Gasparyan
* Tatjana Maria → replaced by Lara Arruabarrena
* Anna Karolína Schmiedlová → replaced by Johanna Larsson

### Retirements

* Kirsten Flipkens (lower right pelvis injury)
* Margarita Gasparyan (dizziness)
* Anastasia Potapova (gastrointestinal)

## Doubles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| HUN | Tímea Babos | FRA | Kristina Mladenovic | 6 | 1 |
| BEL | Kirsten Flipkens | SWE | Johanna Larsson | 74 | 2 |
| ROU | Irina Bara | ROU | Mihaela Buzărnescu | 94 | 3 |
| RUS | Veronika Kudermetova | KAZ | Galina Voskoboeva | 100 | 4 |
* $^1$ Rankings as of April 15, 2019.

### Other entrants

The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
* Çağla Büyükakçay / Pemra Özgen
* Melis Sezer / İpek Soylu

### Withdrawals
#### During the tournament

* Barbora Strýcová (back injury)

## Champions
### Singles

* Petra Martić def. Markéta Vondroušová, 1–6, 6–4, 6–1

### Doubles

* Tímea Babos / Kristina Mladenovic def. Alexa Guarachi / Sabrina Santamaria, 6–1, 6–0
# Almholme

Almholme is a hamlet in South Yorkshire, England. It was in the parish of Arksey, and is now in Bentley with Arksey unparished area.
The term 'holme' relates to the hamlet being located in a low and level pasture near water; the River Don is to the east and to the north is Thorpe Marsh Nature Reserve.
# 2001 UCI Juniors Track World Championships

The 2001 UCI Juniors Track World Championships were the 27th annual Junior World Championships for track cycling held at Trexlertown, Pennsylvania, in the United States, from 25 to 29 July 2001.
The Championships had six events for men (1 kilometre time trial, Points race, Individual pursuit, Team pursuit, Sprint and Team sprint) and four for women (500 metre time trial, Points race, Individual pursuit and Sprint).

## Events

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| Men's Events |||||||
| 1 kilometre time trial details | Theo Bos Netherlands | 1: 05.539 | Mathieu Mandard France | 1:05.563 | Christian Stahl United States | 1:06.061 |
| Points race details | Nikita Eskov Russia | 13 | Jos Pronk Netherlands | 11 | Aaron Kemps Australia | 10 |
| Individual pursuit details | Christoph Meschenmoser Germany | 3:26.9 | Volodymyr Dyudya Ukraine | 3:28.8 | Sven Krauß Germany | 3:30.6 |
| Team pursuit details | France Kevin Gouellain Sebastien Greau Aurelien Mingot Fabien Sanchez | 4.24.995 | Germany Robert Bengsch Henning Bommel Karl-Christian Konig Christoph Meschenmoser | 4.26.247 | Russia Alexei Chmidt Ilya Krestyaninov Roman Paramonov Alexei Tchounossov | 4.27.075 |
| Sprint details | Mark French Australia | | Robert Gerhardt Germany | | Mathieu Mandard France | |
| Team sprint details | Australia Mark French Jason Niblett Kial Stewart | 1.03.6 | France Mickaël Murat Mathieu Mandard François Pervis | 1.03.7 | Germany Robert Gerhardt Michael Seidenbecher Sascha Härtelt | 1.05.0 |
| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| Women's Events |||||||
| 500 metre time trial details | Anna Meares Australia | 36.474 | Christin Muche Germany | 36.733 | Clara Sanchez France | 37.004 |
| Points race details | Giorgia Bronzini Italy | 29 | Diana Elemetaite Lithuania | 25 | Natalia Boyarskaya Russia | 20 |
| Individual pursuit details | Vera Koedooder Netherlands | 2.32.041 | Sarah Hammer United States | 2.33.953 | Charlotte Becker Germany | 2.34.372 |
| Sprint details | Sarah Uhl United States | | Christin Muche Germany | | Valentina Alessio Italy | |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Australia (AUS) | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 2 | Netherlands (NED) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 3 | Germany (GER) | 1 | 4 | 3 | 8 |
| 4 | France (FRA) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 5 | United States (USA) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 6 | Russia (RUS) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 7 | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 8 | Lithuania (LTU) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Ukraine (UKR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (9 entries) | Totals (9 entries) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 30 |
# Maria de Arburu

Maria de Arburu (died in Logrono, Spain, 1 November 1610) was a Spanish alleged witch. She was one of the people charged with sorcery in the Basque witch trials (1609-1614), and one of only six people executed of 7,000 who were accused.
She was the widow of the milner Juanes de Martinena.
She was arrested by the inquisitor Valle Alvarado in 1609. She was charged with witchcraft and participation in the witches' sabbath in Zugarramurdi. She was investigated by the Spanish Inquisition in Logroño.
Of about 7,000 people accused in the Basque witch trials, only six were ultimately executed: Domingo de Subildegui, María de Echachute, Graciana Xarra, Maria Baztan de Borda, Maria de Arburu and Petri de Joangorena. They were condemned to be executed by the Inquisition because they had repeatedly refused to confess, regret and ask for mercy, despite having been accused for a number of sorcery acts by several different people. She was accused of having succeeded Graciana de Barrenechea as the "queen of Aquelarre".
She and five others were burned alive at the stake on an autodafé in Logrono 1 November 1610, alongside the effigies of five other condemned people, who had died in prison prior to the execution.
# The Very Best of Jessi Colter: An Outlaw...a Lady

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
The Very Best of Jessi Colter: An Outlaw, a Lady is a compilation album released by Capitol records; the collection features Country music singer Jessi Colter's biggest hits from the 1970s and 1980s.
The album includes Colter's signature song, the pop-country crossover hit "I'm Not Lisa", plus, its follow-up -- "What's Happened to Blue Eyes"—which reached #5 on the Country charts in 1975. The album includes nine of Colter's ten total charted hits.

## Track listing

* "You Mean to Say" - 2:30
* "Suspicious Minds" (with Waylon Jennings) - 3:57
* "Under Your Spell Again" (with Waylon Jennings) - 2:53
* "I'm Not Lisa" - 3:23
* "What's Happened to Blue Eyes" - 2:22
* "You Ain't Been Loved (Like I'm Gonna Love You)" - 2:59
* "Storms Never Last" (with Waylon Jennings) - 4:16
* "It's Morning (And I Still Love You)" - 2:25
* "Without You" - 3:59
* "Here I Am" - 3:46
* "I Belong to Him" - 4:06
* "New Wine" - 3:50
* "I Thought I Heard You Calling My Name" - 3:57
* "You Hung the Moon (Didn't You Waylon?)" - 3:23
* "Maybe You Should've Been Listening" - 4:39
* "That's the Way a Cowboy Rocks and Rolls" - 3:24
* "Hold Back the Tears" - 3:03
* "The Wild Side of Life/It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" (medley) (with Waylon Jennings) - 3:21
# Imminent Threat

Imminent Threat is a 2015 documentary film about the War on Terror's impact on civil liberties in the US, as well as the potential coalition that may form between the progressive left and libertarian right. The film is directed by Janek Ambros and executive produced by James Cromwell, Jillian Barba, Anthony A. LoPresti, and D.J. Dodd.
Ambros and Cromwell made their follow up, Mondo hollywoodland in 2021.
# James Hackett

James Hackett may refer to:
* James Hackett (businessman) (born 1955), CEO of Ford Motor Company
* James K. Hackett (1869–1926), American actor
* James Hackett (shipbuilder) (1739–1802), American master shipbuilder
* James William Hackett (1929–2015), American haiku poet
* James Henry Hackett (1800–1871), American actor
* James Hackett, American former CEO of Anadarko Petroleum
* Jim Hackett (1877–1961) "Sunny Jim", American baseballer
* Jim Hackett (cricketer) (1917–2004), from Queensland, Australia
# Jean-Claude Kazembe Musonda

Jean-Claude Kazembe Musonda (17 May 1963 – 31 July 2021) was a Congolese politician.

## Biography

He served as the first Governor of Haut-Katanga Province following the 2015 repartitioning.
# Tolna, North Dakota

Tolna is a city in Nelson County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 136 at the 2020 census. Tolna was founded in 1906.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.76 square miles (1.97 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics
### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 166 people, 93 households, and 49 families residing in the city. The population density was 218.4 inhabitants per square mile (84.3/km$^2$). There were 109 housing units at an average density of 143.4 per square mile (55.4/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 97.0% White, 1.8% Native American, and 1.2% from two or more races.
There were 93 households, of which 15.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.3% were non-families. 44.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.78 and the average family size was 2.43.
The median age in the city was 56.3 years. 12.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15% were from 25 to 44; 39.6% were from 45 to 64; and 28.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.6% male and 49.4% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 202 people, 104 households, and 50 families residing in the city. The population density was 260.8 inhabitants per square mile (100.7/km$^2$). There were 118 housing units at an average density of 152.3 per square mile (58.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 99.01% White, 0.50% Native American, and 0.50% from two or more races.
There were 104 households, out of which 22.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.0% were non-families. 47.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 35.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.94 and the average family size was 2.82.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.3% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 20.8% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 29.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 64.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 62.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $23,000, and the median income for a family was $45,000. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $17,188 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,430. None of the families and 11.3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 29.5% of those over 64.
# Niceforo's pintail

Niceforo's pintail (Anas georgica niceforoi) is an extinct subspecies of the yellow-billed pintail (Anas georgica), a duck in the dabbling duck subfamily Anatinae. One of three subspecies, it was found in central Colombia but became extinct in the 1950s, being last seen in 1952.

## Description

Niceforo's pintail was darker and richer in colouration than the nearest other subspecies, the Chilean pintail A. g. spinicauda, with the head and neck more streaked, the crown dark brown and with a less pointed tail.

## Distribution

The former range of included subtropical and temperate zones of north-central Colombia, 1000–3000 m above sea level in the upper Cauca Valley, the central part of the Cordillera Oriental, the Bogota Savannah and Cundinamarca.
# 75th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)

Four regiments of the British Army have been numbered the 75th Regiment of Foot:
* 75th Regiment of Foot (1758), formed 1758 and disbanded 1763
* 75th Regiment of Foot (Invalids), renumbered from the 118th in 1763
* 75th Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Regiment), raised in 1778 and disbanded in 1783
* 75th (Stirlingshire) Regiment of Foot, raised in 1787, later 1st battalion Gordon Highlanders
# Andrea Gemma

Andrea Gemma (7 June 1931 – 2 September 2019) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop.
Gemma was born in Italy and was ordained to the priesthood in 1957. He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Isernia-Venafro, Italy, from 1991 until 2006. Gemma was a prominent exorcist, which is highly unusual for a bishop. He wrote "Confidenze di un esorcista", published by Villadiseriane in 2009.
# Neumair

Neumair is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Peter Neumair (b. 1950), German wrestler who competed in the 1972 and in the 1976 Summer Olympics
* Gottlieb Neumair (b. 1939), German wrestler who competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics
# Tiszabura

Tiszabura is a village in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county, in the Northern Great Plain region of central Hungary.

## Geography

It covers an area of 45.2 km$^2$ (17 sq mi) and has a population of 2972 people (2015).
# Tobias Delbruck

Tobias "Tobi" Delbrück (often written Delbruck) (born 1960, Pasadena, California) is an American neuromorphic engineer at the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland. He was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2014 "for contributions to neuromorphic visual sensors and processing".

## Family and education

Tobi is the son of Mary Adeline Bruce and Max Delbrück, the 1969 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine. Delbrück has a Bachelor's degree in physics and applied mathematics from the University of California, San Diego and obtained a PhD in computation and neural systems at Caltech in 1993 under the guidance of Carver Mead.