OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eike Best

Eike Best (born 13 March 1951) is a German computer scientist, best known for his contributions to concurrency theory.

## Early life and education

Eike Best was born in Neustadt an der Weinstraße. During his childhood, he lived in Argentina, Germany, and Turkey, where his father worked as high school teacher. Best received a high school diploma from the German School of Istanbul in 1969, a Diploma in Computer Science from the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe in 1974, and a PhD from Newcastle University in 1981 for a dissertation on semantics, verification, and design of concurrent programs, supervised by Peter Lauer and Brian Randell. He habilitated in 1988 at the University of Bonn with a thesis on causal semantics of non-sequential programs.

## Career and contributions

Best was research assistant in Carl Adam Petri's research group at the Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung near Bonn (1981–1988), and professor in the Computer Science departments at the University of Hildesheim (1989–1996) and the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg (1996–2018), where he headed the Group for Parallel Systems. During his Bonn period he developed Petri's theory of non-sequential processes together with César Fernández, and contributed to the theory of free-choice Petri nets. During his Hildesheim and Oldenburg periods he developed the Petri Box Calculus, a process algebra with a Petri net semantics, together with Raymond Devillers and Maciej Koutny. During the last years of his career in Oldenburg he worked on the automatic synthesis of Petri nets from transition systems.
In the 1990s, Best was one of the founders of CONCUR, the International Conference on Concurrency Theory, together with Jos Baeten, Kim Larsen, Ugo Montanari, and Pierre Wolper. Moreover, Best was coordinator of the DEMON and CALIBAN projects, funded by the European Community. He acted as dean of the Computer Science Faculty from 2000 to 2002 and became director of the Computer Science Department at University of Oldenburg in 2009.

## Selected publications

Eike Best is the author and co-author of multiple books in computer science, including:
* Best, Eike; Devillers, Raymond; Koutny, Maciej (2001), Petri Net Algebra, EATCS Monographs on Theoretical Computer Science Series, Springer, ISBN 3-540-67398-9
* Best, Eike (1996), Semantics of Sequential and Parallel Programs, International Series in Computer Science, Prentice Hall, p. 356, ISBN 0-13-460643-4
* Best, Eike; Fernández, César (1988), Nonsequential Processes: A Petri Net View, EATCS Monographs on Theoretical Computer Science Series, vol. 13, Springer, p. 130, ISBN 0-387-19030-9
# Northern Lights (O'Brien novel)

Northern Lights is the debut novel of Tim O'Brien. The novel, originally published in August of 1975, focuses on the relationship of two brothers. Much of the plot is set during a cross-country ski trip.

## Reception

Initial reviews of Northern Lights were mixed, but many critics noted the heavy influence of Ernest Hemingway upon the style, mood, and tone of the novel. One critic observed that O’Brien’s writing style in this novel is a “deliberate parody” of Hemingway.
Upon its publication in 1975, Kirkus Reviews wrote that:
   ”The very earnestness and clapboard verisimilitude of this first novel, manifested in speech that marks time rather than bringing events and personality to the flood, rescues the heavy-handed symbolism. It's a long, slow trek, but worth going the distance.”
Alasdair Maclean, in the Times Literary Supplement, concluded that "O'Brien's ambition outreaches his gifts."
At the time of its publication, Northern Lights was generally seen as a promising debut novel from a young writer. After a 50 year writing career (as of 2023), it’s now viewed as perhaps O’Brien’s most flawed book.
# Uralsvyazinform

Uralsvyazinform is one of the former 7 RTO's, or regional telecommunications operators, formed by the company Svyazinvest. The company serves the Urals Federal District and the Perm Krai.
Uralsvyazinform's stock was traded on the RTS and MICEX stock exchanges.
Uralsvyazinform became part of Rostelecom on April 1, 2011, together with the seven other Svyazinvest regional telecommunications operators and OJSC Dagsvyazinform.

## Activity

JSC Uralsvyazinform was the largest operator of telecommunication services and a monopolist in the field of telephone communication in the Ural region.
Provided cellular network services, telephony, Internet using ADSL/ADSL2/ADSL2+ technology.
Utel ("U-Tel") is the main brand under which the services were provided.

## Performance indicators

The number of fixed—line subscribers as of June 30, 2009 was 3.7 million, GSM cellular communications — 5.7 million, broadband Internet access — 633.3 thousand.
According to Advanced Communications & Media, as of December 2009, the number of BROADBAND subscribers was 670 thousand (share in the Russian market — 6%, 7th place).
The company's revenue (IFRS) in 2008 was 40.691 billion rubles (an increase of 3.9%, in 2007 — 39.152 billion rubles), net profit — 2.535 billion rubles (an increase of 10.4%, 2.297 billion rubles).
# Murderers & Robbers

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Murderers & Robbers is the first compilation album by American rapper Project Pat. It was released on July 25, 2000, through Project Records with distribution via Street Level LLC. Labeled as an "underground album", it is mainly a compilation of the rapper's mixtape material from the early 1990s before a prison sentence interrupted his career, similar to Three 6 Mafia's Underground series of compilation albums released from 1999 to 2000.

## Track listing

* "Pimptro" - 0:30
* "North, North" - 4:11
* "I Get da Chewin" - 3:24
* "Ridin on Chrome" (featuring T-Rock) - 4:11
* "This Ain't No Game" (featuring S.O.G.) - 4:17
* "Bitch Smackin Killa" (featuring Juicy J) - 4:08
* "Murderers & Robbers" (featuring Lord Infamous and DJ Paul) - 5:05
* "Red Rum" - 3:13
* "Fuck a Bitch" (featuring Juicy J) - 4:35
* "Easily Executed" - 3:14
* "Puttin Hoez on da House" (featuring DJ Paul, Lord Infamous, Lil' Glock, and S.O.G.) - 3:23
* "Outro" - 1:21

## Chart history

| Chart (2000) | Peak position |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) | 45 |
# Common source bias

Common source bias is a type of sampling bias, occurring when both dependent and independent variables are collected from the same group of people. This bias can occur in various forms of research, such as surveys, experiments, and observational studies. Some scholars believe that common source bias is a significant concern for any study as it can lead to unreliable results, and therefore must be controlled. It is most prevalent in the field of public administration research, where performance measures subject to common source bias can produce false positives when organisational performance is evaluated with explanatory and perceptual measures from the same source.

## Occurrence

Common source bias can be categorised into two types: common method bias, also known as common method variance, and common source bias. Common method bias occurs when the same method or instrument is used to collect data from multiple sources, which can lead to an over-representation of certain factors. Common source bias occurs when the information or data collected is influenced by a single source, such as a single individual, group, or organisation.
One of the major causes of common source bias is the influence of the source on the data collected. For example, if a survey is conducted by a single individual, their own beliefs, biases, and perspectives can influence the responses of the participants. This "self reporting" is subjective, and limited because it is based on attitudes, values, and behaviours of the individual.
Common source bias is also present in participant selection. If participants are selected based on their association with the source, then their responses may be biased towards the source’s perspective. If participants are selected based on their willingness to participate, then their responses may not be representative of the population as a whole.

## Remedies
### Ex ante remedies

A recently proposed ex ante remedy for common source bias is the supplementation of survey data with administrative and/or archival data, however the majority of relevant studies seem to present the view that of the proposed statistical remedies for the bias, none appear to reliably counter the issue. This results in a lack of a comprehensive methodology for how to control method biases.
# Jessica L. Wright

Jessica Lynn Wright (née Garfola; born November 2, 1952) was the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness of the United States Department of Defense.
In 2020, she was inducted into the U.S. Army Women's Foundation Hall of Fame.

## Biography

Wright retired at the end of March 2015, and was succeeded by Brad Carson as Acting Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. Laura Junor is the Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness.
Wright previously served as the Adjutant General of Pennsylvania for the Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs.
In 2020, Wright was inducted into the U.S. Army Women's Foundation Hall of Fame.
# Voletivaripalem

Voletivaripalem is a Mandal in Nellore district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the mandal headquarters of Voletivaripalem mandal in Kandukur revenue division.

## Demographics

Total population of Voletivaripalem is 3622. Males are 1,805 and females are 1,817.

## Politics

Voletivaripalem falls under Kandukur assembly constituency and Nellore lok sabha constituency.
# Marigold Southey

Marigold Merlyn Baillieu Southey, Lady Southey AC (née Myer; born 2 May 1928) is an Australian philanthropist who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria from 2001 to 2006.
Lady Southey was born in San Francisco into the Myer family, the youngest of four children of Sidney Myer and Dame Merlyn Myer (née Baillieu). She was educated at St Catherine's School, Toorak and the University of Melbourne.
From the mid-1950s until 1999, she was director of the Myer family companies. In 1996, she succeeded her brother, Sidney, as president of the philanthropic Myer Foundation until she resigned in 2004.
On 1 January 2001, Lady Southey was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria under Governor John Landy.
In 1950, she married Ross Shelmerdine, who died in 1979—they had four children. In 1982, she married businessman and former Liberal Party president Sir Robert Southey, becoming Lady Southey.
# Archaeological Museum of Ioannina

The Archaeological Museum of Ioannina is a museum located in Litharitsa Park in the centre of Ioannina, Greece.
The museum contains many artifacts unearthed in the surrounding area such as Palaeolithic tools, from Kokkinopilos, Asprochaliko and Kastritsa, the ruins of Dodoni and ancient cemeteries such as Vitsa and the Oracle of Acheron. The museum also has many inscriptions, headstones, and a collection of coins.
The building was designed by Greek architect Aris Konstantinidis (1913-1993).
# Crossroad (Masami Okui album)

Crossroad is the eighth album by Masami Okui, released on September 4, 2002.

## Track listing

* Scramble (スクランブル)
** Lyrics, composition: Masami Okui
** Arrangement: Monta
* Love Locket ni Natte (ラブロケットniなって)
** Lyrics, composition: Masami Okui
** Arrangement: Monta
* Kimi to Boku ni Dekiru Koto (君と僕にできること)
** Lyrics, composition: Masami Okui
** Arrangement: Yamachi
* Happy Place
** Lyrics, composition: Masami Okui
** Arrangement: Dry
* Strawberry Fields
** Lyrics, composition: Masami Okui
** Arrangement: Monta
* Stillness
** Lyrics: Jun Ootomo, Masami Okui
** Composition: Jun Ootomo
** Arrangement: Yamachi
* Mission
** Lyrics: Masami Okui
** Composition, Arrangement: Monta
* Necessary
** Lyrics, composition: Masami Okui
** Arrangement: Haya10
* Be Free
** Lyrics: Masami Okui
** Composition: Monta
** Arrangement: Hideyuki Daichi Suzuki
* Bird
** Lyrics: Masami Okui
** Composition: Hiroto Yamada
** Arrangement: Dry
* High High High
** Lyrics: Masami Okui
** Composition, Arrangement: Monta
* Iiwake (いいわけ)
** Lyrics, composition: Masami Okui
** Arrangement: Yamachi
* Nemurenai Yoru ga Kureta Mono (眠れない夜がくれたもの)
** Lyrics, composition: Masami Okui
** Arrangement: Escargo, Monta

## Sources

Official website: Makusonia
# Chruszczyna Wielka

Chruszczyna Wielka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kazimierza Wielka, within Kazimierza County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies about 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Kazimierza Wielka and 73 km (45 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.
# Vinculinula diehli

Vinculinula diehli is a moth in the family Bombycidae. It was described by Wolfgang Dierl in 1978. It is found on Sumatra.
The wingspan is 24–27 mm. The ground colour is violet grey with brown markings.
# Vârvoru de Jos

Vârvoru de Jos is a commune in Dolj County, Oltenia, Romania with a population of 3,408 people. It is composed of eight villages: Bujor, Ciutura, Criva, Dobromira, Drăgoaia, Gabru, Vârvor and Vârvoru de Jos.
# Marigold Sky

Marigold Sky is the fifteenth studio album by American pop music duo Hall & Oates. The album was released on September 30, 1997, by Push Records. It reached #95 on the Billboard 200 and #179 on the UK Albums Chart.
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Chicago Tribune | |
| Entertainment Weekly | C |
| Rolling Stone | |

## Background

The album features their US Adult Contemporary Top Ten hit, "Promise Ain't Enough", which became one of their biggest hits in some continents notably South America and Southeast Asia. This album also marks their first new release of original material since 1990's Change of Season. It was their first album released as independent artists.
In March 2022, Hall and Oates reissued the album on streaming, vinyl, and CD. The reissue includes three previously unissued bonus tracks.
"I look at 'Marigold Sky' as the lost Hall and Oates album", Daryl Hall said on the reason why they rereleased the said album. "The fans have been asking me for years about it. I'm really proud of these songs and happy to see that it's getting a global re-release", he added. John Oates adds, "I am really pleased that 'Marigold Sky' is finally becoming available around the world. It's a very unique and cool album, and I hope old and new fans really enjoy it."

## Production

* Executive Producer – Daryl Hall
* Producers – David Bellochio and Daryl Hall (Tracks 1–12); John Oates (Tracks 2, 9 & 12).
* Additional Production and Pro Tools Editing – Peter Moshay
* Engineers – David Bellochio, Peter Moshay and Steven Remote.
* Recorded at A-Pawling Studios (Pawling, NY) and Marion Recording Studios (Fairview, NJ).
* Strings (Tracks 3, 4 & 7) recorded by Frank Filipino at Edison Studios (New York City, NY).
* Mixing – David Leonard (Tracks 1–8 & 10–12), Mick Guzauski (Tracks 7 & 9) and Peter Moshay (Track 10) at NCP Studios (New York City, NY).
* Re-mixing on "Hold On To Yourself (remix) – Tommy Musto at NCP Studios (New York City, NY).
* Mastered by Bob Ludwig at Gateway Mastering (Portland, ME).
* Package Design – Phillips Design
* Photography – Brad Hitz

## Personnel

* Daryl Hall – vocals, keyboards, acoustic guitars (1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11), electric guitars (4, 8, 10, 11), percussion programming (11)
* John Oates – vocals, electric guitars, acoustic guitars (2, 12)
* David Bellochio – keyboards, percussion programming, acoustic guitars (3, 4)
* Ken Sebesky – acoustic guitars (1), electric guitars (1, 3, 4, 9)
* David A. Stewart – electric guitars (1, 6)
* Paul Pesco – electric guitars (2, 5, 7, 10–12)
* Tom "T-Bone" Wolk – bass (2–4, 6–9, 12), electric guitars (3, 6, 8), acoustic guitars (5)
* Shawn Pelton – drums (1–10, 12), percussion (10)
* Peter Moshay – percussion (10)
* Charles DeChant – saxophone (6, 7)
* Rob Mounsey – string arrangements (3, 4, 7)
# Archeological Site No. 143-52

Archeological Site No. 143-52 is a historic site in Chesuncook, Maine that is part of the Penobscot Headwater Lakes Prehistoric Sites. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 31, 1995.
# Explorers Club (disambiguation)

The Explorers Club is an organization formed to further general exploration.
Explorers Club may also refer to:
* Etheric Explorers Club, fictional London society featured in a series of short stories by Paul Marlowe
* Explorers Club (band), progressive rock band
* Explorers' Club of Bangladesh
* Explorers Club Restaurant, a restaurant located in Disneyland Paris
* The Explorers Club (band), pop rock band
* Underwater Explorers Club
* South American Explorers
* The Explorers Club (play), a 2013 play by Nell Benjamin
# Van Laack

Van Laack is a German fashion company with its headquarters in Mönchengladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, started in the year 1881 in the German capital of Berlin.
In 2002, the shirtmaker was bought by Christoph Neizert, who owns 49 percent of the company, and Christian von Daniels, who owns the majority stake.
# Merton, Devon

Merton is a village, ecclesiastical parish, former manor and civil parish administered by the local government district of Torridge, Devon, England. The parish, which lies about five miles south east of the town of Great Torrington, is surrounded clockwise from the north by the parishes of Little Torrington, Beaford, Dolton, Huish, Petrockstowe and Peters Marland. In 2001 its population was 331, down from the 507 residents it had in 1901. The eastern and northern boundaries of the parish follow the loops of the River Torridge and the other sides are defined by the River Mere. The village forms part of the electoral ward of Clinton. The population at the 2011 census was 1,537.
The village is on the A386 road between Meeth and Great Torrington. The parish church, on the west side of the village, is dedicated to All Saints and dates from around 1400. It suffered a heavy Victorian restoration between 1872 and 1875 by R. M. Fulford, but the east window of the north chapel retains many fragments of late medieval stained glass. Speccot, Dunsbear and Potheridge were estates mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086.

## Merton Moor

Merton Moor on the border between the parishes of Merton and Petrockstowe, has been the site of ball clay extraction for many years, and the North Devon and Cornwall Junction Light Railway ran through the west of the parish between 1925 and 1982 to serve the ball clay industry. Today the former railway line forms part of the Tarka Trail series of footpaths and cycle tracks.

## Historic estates

Various historic estates are situated within the parish including:
* Potheridge, now a farmhouse, long the seat of the Monck family and the birthplace in 1608 of General George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, the main force behind the Restoration of the Monarchy to King Charles II in 1660. General Monck reconstructed the house on a grand scale, presumably after 1660, but much of it was demolished some time after 1734. Surviving features include a late-17th-century grand staircase and part of the great hall with its ornate overmantel.
* Speccot, in the mediaeval age the seat of the prominent de Speccot family.
# Constant maturity credit default swap

A constant maturity credit default swap (CMCDS) is a type of credit derivative product, similar to a standard credit default swap (CDS). Addressing CMCDS typically requires prior understanding of credit default swaps.
In a CMCDS the protection buyer makes periodic payments to the protection seller (these payments constitute the premium leg), and in return receives a payoff (protection or default leg) if an underlying financial instrument defaults. Differently from a standard CDS, the premium leg of a CMCDS does not pay a fixed and pre-agreed amount but a floating spread, using a traded CDS as a reference index. More precisely, given a pre-assigned time-to-maturity, at any payment instant of the premium leg the rate that is offered is indexed at a traded CDS spread on the same reference credit existing in that moment for the pre-assigned time-to-maturity (hence the name "constant maturity" CDS). The default or protection leg is mostly the same as the leg of a standard CDS. Often CMCDS are expressed in terms of participation rate. The participation rate may be defined as the ratio between the present value of the premium leg of a standard CDS with the same final maturity and the present value of the premium leg of the constant maturity CDS. CMCDS may be combined with CDS on the same entity to take only spread risk and not default risk on an entity. Indeed, as the default leg is the same, buying a CDS and selling a CMCDS or vice versa will offset the default legs and leave only the difference in the premium legs, that are driven by spread risk. Valuation of CMCDS has been explored by Damiano Brigo in 2004 and Anlong Li in 2006.
# Michelsdorf

The German name Michelsdorf can refer to:
* Ciceu-Mihăiești in Romania
* Michelsdorf, a district of Cham, Germany
* Miszkowice, Kamienna Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland
* Michałkowa, Wałbrzych County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland
* Michalice, Namysłów County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland
* Veliká Ves (Chomutov District) in Czech Republic
# Vandive family

The Vandive family (/vɒ̃dɪv/; or Van Dievoet called Vandive; in French: Van Dievoet dit Vandive) was a Parisian branch of the Van Dievoet family from Brussels, descended from goldsmith Philippe Van Dievoet, the elder brother of famous Brussels sculptor Peter Van Dievoet. The family were first bourgeois of Paris before becoming part of the French nobility.
This Parisian branch of the Van Dievoet family became extinct in 1802 with the death of François Gilles Vandive.

## Name

Depending on the source, the name of Philippe Van Dievoet was changed to Vandive either by the Dauphin of whom he had been the jeweller, or by his father, King Louis XIV. Before that, it was briefly written as Vandivout, in an attempt to frenchize the name.

## Members

* Philippe van Dievoet called Vandive, écuyer (1654-1738), councillor to the king, goldsmith of King Louis XIV and consul of Paris.
* Guillaume Vandive, (1680-1706), printer of the Dauphin.
* Balthazar Philippe Vandive, goldsmith and consul of Paris
* Nicolas Félix Vandive, écuyer, lawyer at the Parlement of Paris, Clerk of the Hearing at the King's Council, Secretary-Advisor to King House and Crown of France.

## Ennoblements

Two of its members benefitted from personal and/or hereditary ennoblements due to their functions and offices.
* 1680 : personal nobility with the title of écuyer for the goldsmith Philippe van Dievoet called Vandive, councillor to the King, due to his position as an officer of the Garde-Robe of the King from 1680 until 1711.
* 1743 : hereditary nobility for Nicolas Félix Vandive, clerk of the Grand Conseil, sworn in on 26 April 1743, which granted him hereditary nobility as of 1763 after a service of 20 years (principle of nobility of 1743)
* 1771 : the same Nicolas Félix van Dievoet called Vandive also held the ennobling office of advisor-notary-secretary of the king.

## Heraldry

Coat of arms of the Van Dievoet family :
* EscutcheonPer pale Argent and Sable, on a tower embattled of four merlons counterchanged and gated of the field between in chief two mullets of six-points Gules and Or and in base a crescent counterchanged, an escutcheon per pale Or and Gules charged with a dexter human foot sole counterchanged.