OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Archaeology of the Holocaust

The archaeology of the Holocaust is the study of material remains linked to the Holocaust. This research was initiated at Nazi extermination camps in Central Europe, but has since been applied across Europe in locations linked to Nazi atrocities and war crimes, as well as in locations where Jewish life and culture was affected during World War II.

## Development

Study of the Holocaust is particular within archaeology as it covers an event of the modern period, and began when persons with direct experience of the events studied were still alive. Although Nazi extermination camps were captured and liberated by the Soviet Red Army in 1943-1945 on the Eastern Front of World War II, the full extent of the Holocaust was obscured by attempts to hide and disguise evidence of mass murder.
Judicial investigations linked to the trials for crimes against humanity of Nazis and collaborators studied material evidence of the Holocaust in the 1940s. However these were not performed using archaeological methods and techniques. While some sites linked to the Holocaust and Nazi war crimes have been designated memorials or museums, Caroline Sturdy Colls estimated in 2011 that "the majority [of sites of the Holocaust] have not been examined archaeologically".
In the late 1980s, archaeological methods were applied at the site of the Chelmno extermination camp by museum curator Pawlicka-Nowak. These studies identified previously unknown human remains of victims which were not cremated during the camp's destruction. These findings led to similar research being performed at other extermination and concentration camps starting in the 1990s, as well as the archaeological study of sites related to Jewish life and culture during World War II.

## Specificities

Study of the Holocaust presents uncommon challenges in archaeology as a recent event with significant historical and judicial record. The erection of memorials or museums without prior archaeological preservation efforts, as well as religious customs, may restrict access to sites of interest and techniques which are considered appropriate to use.
Non-invasive archaeological tools and techniques based on geophysical imaging such as ground-penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography are commonly used to overcome these challenges.
# Naarda ascensalis

Naarda ascensalis is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae first described by Charles Swinhoe.
# Mieszkowo

Mieszkowo may refer to the following places:
* Mieszkowo, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
* Mieszkowo, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Mieszkowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
# Crassispira discors

Crassispira discors is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 35 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs from the Sea of Cortez, Western Mexico to Ecuador
# Ubbelohde viscometer

An Ubbelohde type viscometer or suspended-level viscometer is a measuring instrument which uses a capillary based method of measuring viscosity. It is recommended for higher viscosity cellulosic polymer solutions. The advantage of this instrument is that the values obtained are independent of the total volume. The device was developed by the German chemist Leo Ubbelohde (1877-1964).
ASTM and other test methods are: ISO 3104, ISO 3105, ASTM D445, ASTM D446, ASTM D4020, IP 71, BS 188.
The Ubbelohde viscometer is closely related to the Ostwald viscometer. Both are u-shaped pieces of glassware with a reservoir on one side and a measuring bulb with a capillary on the other. A liquid is introduced into the reservoir then sucked through the capillary and measuring bulb. The liquid is allowed to travel back through the measuring bulb and the time it takes for the liquid to pass through two calibrated marks is a measure for viscosity. The Ubbelohde device has a third arm extending from the end of the capillary and open to the atmosphere. In this way the pressure head only depends on a fixed height and no longer on the total volume of liquid.

## Determination of viscosity

* Dr. Leo Ubbelohde, the inventor of the Ubbelohde viscometer
* Viscosity measurement of polymer solution using Ubbelohde viscometer
The determination of viscosity is based on Poiseuille's law:
    ${\frac {dV}{dt}}=v\pi R^{2}={\frac {\pi R^{4}}{8\eta }}\left({\frac {-\Delta P}{\Delta x}}\right)={\frac {\pi R^{4}}{8\eta }}{\frac {|\Delta P|}{L}},$
where t is the time it takes for a volume V to elute. The ratio ${\frac {dv}{dt}}$ depends on R as the capillary radius, on the average applied pressure P, on its length L and on the dynamic viscosity η.
The average pressure head is given by:
    $\Delta P=\rho g\Delta H\,$
with ρ the density of the liquid, g the Standard gravity and H the average head of the liquid. In this way the viscosity of a fluid can be determined.
Usually the viscosity of a liquid is compared to a liquid with an analyte for example a polymer dissolved in it. The relative viscosity is given by:
    $\eta _{r}={\frac {\eta }{\eta _{0}}}={\frac {t\rho }{t_{0}\rho _{0}}},$
where t$_0$ and ρ$_0$ are the elution time and density of the pure liquid. When the solution is very diluted
    $\rho \simeq \rho _{0}\,$
the so-called specific viscosity becomes:
    $\eta _{sp}=\eta _{r}-1={\frac {t-t_{0}}{t_{0}}}.\,$
This specific viscosity is related to the concentration of the analyte through the Intrinsic viscosity [η] by the power series:
    $\eta _{sp}=[\eta ]c+k[\eta ]^{2}c^{2}+\cdots \,$
or
    ${\frac {\eta _{sp}}{c}}=[\eta ]+k[\eta ]^{2}c+\cdots ,\,$
where ${\frac {\eta _{sp}}{c}}$ is called the viscosity number.
The intrinsic viscosity can be determined experimentally by measuring the viscosity number as function of concentration as the Y-axis intercept.
# Tyro (disambiguation)

Tyro is character in Greek mythology.
Tyro may also refer to:
* Tyro, a pen-name used by H. G. Wells for The Devotee of Art
* Tyro, a beginner or novice

## Places

* Tyro, Kansas, United States
* Tyro, Mississippi, United States
* Tyro, North Carolina, United States
* Tyro, Virginia, United States

## Other uses

* Tyro Payments, an Australian bank specialising in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
* Tyro Stakes, an American Thoroughbred horse race
* Tyro (Final Fantasy), the main character in Final Fantasy Record Keeper
* Theodore Tyro, a Christian saint
# Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

The Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering behavioral and experimental economics. It was established in 1972 as the Journal of Behavioral Economics, and was renamed the Journal of Socio-Economics in 1991. It obtained its current name in 2014. The editor-in-chief is Pablo Branas-Garza. In 2013-2021 its Editor was Ofer Azar (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 1.831.
# Margaret of Bourbon (1438–1483)

Margaret of Bourbon (5 February 1438 – 24 April 1483) was the daughter of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (1401–1456) and Agnes of Burgundy (1407–1476).
On 6 April 1472, she became the first wife of Philip II, Duke of Savoy (1443–1497). Her children from this marriage were:
* Louise (1476–1531), married Charles d'Orléans, Count of Angoulême, had children including:
** Francis I of France whose daughter Margaret of Valois married to Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.
** Marguerite of Navarre (1492–1549); Queen consort of King Henry II of Navarre.
* Girolamo (1478)
* Philibert II (1480–1504)
She died on 24 April 1483 at the Chateau de Pont d'Ain. Her tomb is now in the Royal Monastery of Brou, which her daughter-in-law Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy began in 1506 to house the tombs of Philbert after his early death, as well as Margaret and eventually herself.

## Ancestors

Ancestors of Margaret of Bourbon (1438–1483) :
# Virtue (Emmy the Great album)

Virtue is the second album by London singer-songwriter Emma-Lee Moss–better known by the stage name Emmy the Great—and was released on 13 June 2011. It has been described as "meticulous and atmospheric" and has been praised for its poetic writing style.

## Background

The album mixes themes from myths, fairy tales and saints' lives. Moss initially wanted the album to tell a story entirely from the point of view of various "characters", both fictional and historical, however, while writing the album, Moss' fiancé converted to Christianity and their relationship came to an end. As a result of this, Virtue would become, much like First Love, a very personal album. Moss explains that she "had this really weird period where I was supposed to be getting married... I was actually reading lots about theology because I didn’t understand what had happened." The album was recorded shortly after the summer in which her wedding was cancelled, with Gareth Jones (notable for working with Depeche Mode, Einstürzende Neubauten, Wire and Erasure) given the job to produce the album.
The release of her début album First Love was delayed due to a lack of confidence and Moss' disillusion and frustration with record labels and managers who wished to alter her song writing. As a result, to fund and release her second album, Emmy the Great partnered with Pledgemusic, an online Direct-to-Fan / Fan-funded music platform utilising a Threshold Pledge System / Provision Point Mechanism that facilitates musicians reaching out to their fan-base to financially contribute to upcoming recordings or other musical projects. Moss commented that, "instead of relying entirely on a label to make and tour our record, we can skip the middle man and go directly to you, the fans for support. It makes sense for us, because we’ve always tried to work outside of the traditional record label model.
On 18 April 2011, RCRD LBL released a free download of the track "A Woman, A Woman, A Century of Sleep", while on 29 April 2011, the album's lead single, "Iris" was released.

## Critical response

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Drowned in Sound | link |
| All Music | link |
| Hi-Fi News | (9.4/10) |
| Financial Times | |
| The Fly | |
| Manchester Evening News | |
| MOJO | |
| musicOMH | |
| NME | link |
| The Daily Telegraph | |
| The Times | |
| Uncut | |
| Pitchfork | 6.3/10 |
The album met with generally positive reviews upon release. The BBC gave a favourable review, commenting that, "Resigned but never accusatory, it makes for poignant reassurance that sometimes feeling utterly bewildered and lost is not only natural, but a strange and unmistakeable cause for optimism." The Guardian claimed Moss to be, "One of the boldest young writers in pop today." while the Evening Standard insisted that Virtue is "What folk music has been praying for."
The album entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 84.

## Charts
### Chart positions

| Chart (2011) | Peak position |
| UK Albums Chart | 84 |
# NGC 4307

NGC 4307 is an edge-on spiral galaxy located about 65 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer Christian Peters in 1881 and is a member of the Virgo Cluster. It is also a LINER galaxy.
On March 7, 2019 a supernova of an unknown type known as AT 2019bpt was discovered in NGC 4307.

## H I deficiency

NGC 4307 exhibits a deficiency in neutral hydrogen gas (H I) and contains a truncated gas disk. This suggests it has undergone ram-pressure stripping.
# Naarda albopunctalis

Naarda albopunctalis is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae first described by Rothschild in 1915.
# Murray Smith (writer)

Murray Smith (14 June 1940 – 28 December 2003) was a British film and television writer and producer.
He created/wrote a number of British films and TV shows, including the ITV series The XYY Man, Strangers and Bulman. Smith also wrote scripts for TV series including The Sweeney, Minder, and Dempsey and Makepeace, and wrote two novels.
Smith wrote five screenplays for British exploitation director Pete Walker.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1970 | Cool it Carol! | Writer |
| 1971 | Die Screaming, Marianne | Writer |
| 1972 | Four Dimensions of Greta | Writer |
| 1978 | The Comeback | Co-writer |
| 1979 | Home Before Midnight | Co-writer |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1970 | Confession | Writer | Episode - "Just as the Sun Was Rising" |
| 1975 | The Sweeney | Writer | Episode - "Faces" |
| 1977 | The Mackinnons | Writer | Episode - "Money Matters" |
| 1977 | The XYY Man | Writer | 3 Episodes - "When We Were Very Greedy", "Now We Are Dead", "Whisper Who Dares" |
| 1978–1982 | Strangers | Creator/Writer | Creator/Writer (18 episodes) |
| 1979 | Hazell | Writer | Episode - "Hazell and the Public Enemy" |
| 1979 | Minder | Writer | Episode - "A Tethered Goat" |
| 1980 | Hammer House of Horror | Writer | Screenplay - "Children of the Full Moon" |
| 1980 | Closing Ranks | Writer | TV movie |
| 1983 | Chessgame | Writer | 4 Episodes - "Flying Blind", "Cold Wargame", "Enter Hassan", "The Alamut Ambush" |
| 1984 | Cold Warrior | Writer | 4 Episodes - "Bright Sting", "Dead Wrong", "The Man from Damascus", "Hook, Link and Sinker" |
| 1985–1986 | Dempsey and Makepeace | Writer | 4 Episodes - "Wheelman", "The Hit", "The Prizefighter", "Mantrap" |
| 1985–1987 | Bulman | Writer | 15 Episodes |
| 1986 | Lovejoy | Writer | Episode - "The March of Time" |
| 1986 | Philip Marlowe, Private Eye | Writer | Episode - "Pickup on Noon Street" |
| 1986 | The Alamut Ambush | Writer | TV movie |
| 1986 | Cold War Killers | Writer | TV movie - screenplay |
| 1989–1990 | The Paradise Club | Creator/Writer | Creator/Writer (16 episodes) |
| 1989–1990 | Frederick Forsyth Presents | Writer | Script - "A Casualty of War"/ Writer - "Death Has a Bad Reputation", "The Price of the Bride" |
| 1989 | Just Another Secret | Writer | TV movie |
| 1990 | A Little Piece of Sunshine | Writer | TV movie |
| 1999 | Extremely Dangerous | Writer | 4 Episodes |
# Crassispira daguini

Crassispira daguini is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 22 mm.

## Distribution

Fossils have been found in Oligocene strata of Aquitaine, France.
# Ubbergen

Ubbergen (Dutch pronunciation: ) is a village and former municipality in the eastern Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. On 1 January 2015 it merged into the enlarged municipality of Groesbeek, renamed Berg en Dal from 1 January 2016.

## Notable people

Notable people who were born in Ubbergen include:
* Don Burgers (1932–2006), politician for the KVP and the CDA
* Amber (1970), Dutch-German singer, songwriter and music producer
* Yelmer Buurman (1987), professional racing driver

## Gallery

* Villa 'De Maartenshof' on the Rijkstraatweg
* Statue of Nescio (1991) on the Rijksstraatweg
* The school building of Notre Dame des Anges
* 'De Refter': monumental building complex
* The 'Bronnenbos': a carr in Ubbergen
# Colortrak

Colortrak was a trademark used on several RCA color televisions beginning in the 1970s and lasting into the 1990s. After RCA was acquired by General Electric in 1986, GE began marketing sets identical to those from RCA. GE sold both RCA and GE consumer electronics lines to Thomson SA in 1988. RCA televisions with the Colortrak branding were mid-range models; positioned above the low-end XL-100 series but below the high-end Dimensia and Colortrak 2000 series. RCA discontinued the Colortrak name in the late 1990s, with newer models badged as the Entertainment Series.

## Design quirks

During the early 1980s, RCA responded to increased demand for component televisions with monitor capabilities by adding composite and S-video inputs to the Colortrak lineup. These inputs allowed owners to easily connect a stereo audio/video source, like a Video Cassette Recorder, LaserDisc player, or with use of an RCA SelectaVision CED videodisc player to the television. For example, early composite video-equipped RCA sets were to coincidentally be tuned to Non-broadcast channel 91 to display a composite video signal, if a set was equipped with more than one input, subsequent inputs are designated to channels 92 to 95, which are usually accessed from the remote control. Later models abandoned this design, favoring A/V inputs which were accessible by pressing the channel up/down buttons, or A/V inputs which were controlled by their own button.

### Tuner Issues

After Thomson SA acquired the GE and RCA brand names, they began designing a new chassis for RCA and GE televisions, which debuted in 1993 models. Instead of using a tuner module soldered to the circuit board, Thomson decided to integrate the tuner into the board itself. Due to the heating and cooling cycles of the circuit board and tuner from normal use, the solder connections between the tuner and the board would fail, causing an intermittent picture or no signal from the coaxial connector. This is easily repairable by desoldering the tuner shield and re-flowing new solder to each connection inside.
# Mentawai long-tailed giant rat

The Mentawai long-tailed giant rat (Leopoldamys siporanus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is endemic to the Mentawai Islands archipelago off the west coast of Sumatra, in Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Michael Mongkhol On Prakhongchit

Michael Mongkhol On Prakhongchit (5 August 1905 – 23 January 1958) was a Thai Roman Catholic prelate. He was titular bishop of Blaundus from 1953 until his death and first Thai native Vicar Apostolic of Thare from 1953 until his death.
# Appalachian Incantation

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Dead Rhetoric | 7.5/10 |
| DisAgreement.net | 7/10 |
| MetalReviews.com | 80/100 |
| Metal Temple | 8/10 |
| Sea of Tranquility | |
Appalachian Incantation is the fourth studio album by the stoner rock band Karma to Burn. The album was the band's first studio release after a seven-year hiatus that lasted from 2002–2009. It was released on April 30, 2010, on Napalm Records, and later reissued in 2022 by Heavy Psych Sounds Records.
Like their previous two releases, Appalachian Incantation is largely an instrumental album, although one track features vocals from Daniel Davies of Year Long Disaster. There is also a version with limited edition bonus disc entitled Cat Got Your Tongue EP. The bonus disc includes remastered rarities and re-recordings, one of which is a vocal track featuring John Garcia of Kyuss.

## Background

Karma to Burn dissolved in 2002 due to a confrontation between band members Rich Mullins and William Mecum regarding the former’s heroin addiction. After leaving Karma to Burn, Mullins first joined Speedealer, and then co-founded Year Long Disaster with musician Daniel Davies. During the seven-year break, Mullins hoped for a Karma to Burn reunion, but did nothing to make it happen, ascertaining that the reunion could only happen if he reconciled with Mecum.
In 2009, both Mecum and Mullins reconciled, and reformed the group to record a new album. Mecum and Year Long Disaster frontman Davies had been writing songs together, and wrote one called “Waiting on the Western World”, which was only the second of their collaborations (the first was a song for Year Long Disaster called “Seven of Swords”). Enjoying the writing process for the song, Mecum brought “Waiting on the Western World” to a Karma to Burn rehearsal, and it was decided to use the song on the band’s upcoming record - as well as to eventually make a Karma to Burn album featuring vocals and lyrics on every song, with Mullins stating the band’s hope for it to result in something better than their debut album.

## Track listing
### Standard release

All tracks are written by Karma to Burn

### Cat Got Our Tongue EP (limited edition bonus disc)
## Personnel

* Will Mecum – guitar
* Rich Mullins – bass
* Rob Oswald – drums
* Daniel Davies – vocals ("Waiting on the Western World")
* John Garcia – vocals ("Two Times")
# Evasin

Evasins are a family of salivary proteins produced in parasitic ticks which are capable of shutting off the first steps of an immune response brought about by chemokines. These proteins are injected into a tick's host to prevent a painful inflammation that might otherwise alert the host to the tick's presence. As chemokines have been implicated in a number of inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer, chemokine-binding proteins such as evasins are being researched to assess their therapeutic potential as chemokine-targeting antagonists.
The same term is also used to refer to other proteins.

## Tick evasins

The brown dog tick evasin-4 binds to CCL5 and CCL11, but appears to neutralize even more chemokines. It has an Ig-fold domain. Other evasins in this organism include Evasin-1 (P0C8E7) and Evasin-3 (P0C8E8).

## Other evasins

Evasin is also used to refer to any viral proteins used for the evasion of the immune responses. This usage is rare.
The term is also used to refer to "Endogenous VASopeptidase INhibitors" (Q9PW56), a kind of endogenous brain protein found in snakes.
# Christopher Langhorne

Christopher Langhorne (born 18 September 1940) is a British field hockey player. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Mount Nebo, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania

Mount Nebo is an unincorporated community in Allegheny County, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

## History

The community was named after Mount Nebo, a place mentioned in the Bible.
# Andy Sinclair

Andy Sinclair is a Canadian writer, whose debut novel Breathing Lessons was a shortlisted nominee for the Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction at the 28th Lambda Literary Awards.
Sinclair was born in Cowansville, Quebec and raised in North Bay, Ontario, and is currently based in Toronto. Breathing Lessons was published by Véhicule Press in 2015.
He has also published short stories in fab, Plenitude, Dragnet and The Moose & Pussy.
# Vietnam at the 1997 SEA Games

Vietnam competed in the 1997 Southeast Asian Games held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 11 to 19 December 1997.
# Normandie Stud

Normandie Stud was a successful British breeder of thoroughbred racehorses owned by Philippa Cooper. They bred Group 1 winners Fallen For You, Duncan and Sultanina.