# Civil parishes in the West Midlands (county)

A civil parish is a subnational entity, forming the lowest unit of local government in England. There are 21 civil parishes in the ceremonial county of West Midlands, most of the county being unparished; Dudley, Sandwell, Walsall and Wolverhampton are completely unparished. At the 2001 census, there were 89,621 people living in the parishes, accounting for 3.5 per cent of the county's population.

## History

Parishes arose from Church of England divisions, and were originally purely ecclesiastical divisions. Over time they acquired civil administration powers.
The Highways Act 1555 made parishes responsible for the upkeep of roads. Every adult inhabitant of the parish was obliged to work four days a year on the roads, providing their own tools, carts and horses; the work was overseen by an unpaid local appointee, the Surveyor of Highways.
The poor were looked after by the monasteries, until their dissolution. In 1572, magistrates were given power to 'survey the poor' and impose taxes for their relief. This system was made more formal by the Poor Law Act 1601, which made parishes responsible for administering the Poor Law; overseers were appointed to charge a rate to support the poor of the parish. The 19th century saw an increase in the responsibility of parishes, although the Poor Law powers were transferred to poor law unions. The Public Health Act 1872 grouped parishes into rural sanitary districts, based on the poor law unions; these subsequently formed the basis for rural districts.
Parishes were run by vestries, meeting annually to appoint officials, and were generally identical to ecclesiastical parishes, although some townships in large parishes administered the Poor Law themselves; under the Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882, all extra-parochial areas and townships that levied a separate rate became independent civil parishes.
Civil parishes in their modern sense date from the Local Government Act 1894 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 73), which abolished vestries; established elected parish councils in all rural parishes with more than 300 electors; grouped rural parishes into rural districts; and aligned parish boundaries with county and borough boundaries. Urban civil parishes continued to exist, and were generally coterminous with the urban district, municipal borough or county borough in which they were situated; many large towns contained a number of parishes, and these were usually merged into one. Parish councils were not formed in urban areas, and the only function of the parish was to elect guardians to poor law unions; with the abolition of the Poor Law system in 1930 the parishes had only a nominal existence.
The Local Government Act 1972 retained civil parishes in rural areas, and many former urban districts and municipal boroughs that were being abolished, were replaced by new successor parishes; urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes became unparished areas.

## The current position

Recent governments have encouraged the formation of town and parish councils in unparished areas, and the Local Government and Rating Act 1997 gave local residents the right to demand the creation of a new civil parish.
A parish council can become a town council unilaterally, simply by resolution; and a civil parish can also gain city status, but only if that is granted by the Crown. The chairman of a town or city council is called a mayor. The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 introduced alternative names: a parish council can now choose to be called a community; village; or neighbourhood council.

## List of civil parishes and unparished areas

| Name | Status | Population | District | Former local authority | Refs |
| Birmingham | Unparished area | 825,177 | Birmingham | Birmingham County Borough | [12] [13] |
| New Frankley in Birmingham | Civil parish | 7,890 | Birmingham | Bromsgrove Rural District | [14] [15] |
| Sutton Coldfield | Town | 144,020 | Birmingham | Sutton Coldfield Municipal Borough | [16] [17] |
| Allesley | Civil parish | 805 | Coventry | Meriden Rural District | [18] [19] |
| Coventry | Unparished area | 299,252 (including Finham) | Coventry | Coventry County Borough | [20] [21] |
| Finham | Civil parish | | Coventry | Coventry County Borough | [20] [21][22] |
| Keresley | Civil parish | 791 | Coventry | Meriden Rural District | [18] [19] |
| Dudley | Unparished area | 194,804 | Dudley | Dudley County Borough | [23] [24] |
| Halesowen | Unparished area | 55,591 | Dudley | Halesowen Municipal Borough | [25] [26] |
| Stourbridge | Unparished area | 54,760 | Dudley | Stourbridge Municipal Borough | [27] [28] |
| Warley | Unparished area | 139,855 | Sandwell | Warley County Borough | [29] [30] |
| West Bromwich | Unparished area | 143,049 | Sandwell | West Bromwich County Borough | [31] [32] |
| Balsall | Civil parish | 6,234 (including Chadwick End) | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33] |
| Barston | Civil parish | 499 | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33] |
| Berkswell | Civil parish | 2,843 | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33] |
| Bickenhill and Marston Green | Civil parish | 6,583 | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33] |
| Castle Bromwich | Civil parish | 11,857 | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33] |
| Chadwick End | Civil parish | | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33][34] |
| Chelmsley Wood | Town | 13,010 | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33] |
| Cheswick Green | Civil parish | | Solihull | Stratford on Avon Rural District | [35] [36] [37] |
| Dickens Heath | Civil parish | | Solihull | Stratford on Avon Rural District | [35] [36] [37] |
| Fordbridge | Town | 8,748 | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33] |
| Hampton in Arden | Civil parish | 1,787 | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33] |
| Hockley Heath | Civil parish | 6,771 | Solihull | Stratford on Avon Rural District | [35] [33][38] |
| Kingshurst | Civil parish | 8,126 | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33] |
| Meriden | Civil parish | 2,734 | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33] |
| Smith's Wood | Civil parish | 10,943 | Solihull | Meriden Rural District | [18] [33] |
| Solihull | Unparished area | 119,382 | Solihull | Solihull County Borough | [39] [40] |
| Tidbury Green | Civil parish | | Solihull | Stratford on Avon Rural District | [35] [36] [37] |
| Aldridge-Brownhills | Unparished area | 83,159 | Walsall | Aldridge-Brownhills Urban District | [41] [42] |
| Walsall | Unparished area | 170,340 | Walsall | Walsall County Borough | [43] [44] |
| Wolverhampton | Unparished area | 236,582 | Wolverhampton | Wolverhampton County Borough | [45] [46] |