OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Auguste Kerckhoffs

Auguste Kerckhoffs (19 January 1835 – 9 August 1903) was a Dutch linguist and cryptographer in the late 19th century.

## Biography

Kerckhoffs was born in Nuth, the Netherlands, as Jean Guillaume Auguste Victor François Hubert Kerckhoffs, son of Jean Guillaume Kerckhoffs, mayor of the village of Nuth, and Jeanette Elisabeth Lintjens. Kerckhoffs studied at the University of Liège. After a period of teaching in schools in the Netherlands and France, he became a professor of German language at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales (Paris) and the École Arago.

## Principles

He is best known today for his two-part paper published in 1883 in Le Journal des Sciences Militaires (Journal of Military Science) entitled La Cryptographie Militaire (Military Cryptography). These articles surveyed the then state-of-the-art in military cryptography, and made a plea for considerable improvements in French practice. They also included many pieces of practical advice and rules of thumb, including six principles of practical cipher design:
* The system should be, if not theoretically unbreakable, unbreakable in practice.
* The design of a system should not require secrecy, and compromise of the system should not inconvenience the correspondents (Kerckhoffs's principle).
* The key should be memorable without notes and should be easily changeable.
* The cryptograms should be transmittable by telegraph.
* The apparatus or documents should be portable and operable by a single person.
* The system should be easy, neither requiring knowledge of a long list of rules nor involving mental strain.
The best-known is the second of his six principles, also known as Kerckhoffs's principle. It can be understood as the idea that the security of a cryptosystem must depend only on the key, and not on the secrecy of the algorithm used for encryption or any other part of the system.

## Volapük

In 1885, Dr. Kerckhoffs became interested in the constructed language Volapük, and for several years was a leading member of the Volapük movement, and Director of the Academy of Volapük. He published several books on the subject and introduced the movement to France, Spain, and Scandinavia through a series of public lectures.
# Kabul (disambiguation)

Kabul is the capital city of Afghanistan.
Kabul may also refer to:

## Afghanistan

* Kabul Subah, a top-level province of the Mughal empire, roughly covering its part of Afghanistan (and Kashmir until that was split-off)
* Kabul Province, the province of modern Afghanistan where the capital city of Kabul is situated
* Kabul River, the main river in the eastern part of Afghanistan

## Israel

* Kabul, Israel, a local council in the North District of Israel
** Cabul, the biblical city thought to be in the vicinity of the modern town
# Christopher and His Kind

Christopher and His Kind is a 1976 memoir by Anglo-American writer Christopher Isherwood, first printed in a 130-copy edition by Sylvester & Orphanos, then in general publication by Farrar, Straus & Giroux. In the text, Isherwood candidly expounds upon events in his life from 1929 to 1939, including his sojourn in Berlin which was the inspiration for his popular 1939 novel Goodbye to Berlin.

## Background

Isherwood decided late in his life that he had a moral obligation to renounce the self-censorship that marked his early novels, specifically the excision of any hint of his homosexuality. Accordingly, in Christopher and His Kind, he recounts his experiences as a young gay expatriate enticed by the liberated atmosphere of Weimar Berlin into a quest for sexual and intellectual emancipation.
To earn a living Christopher offers English lessons. One of his students is Wilfrid Landauer (loosely based on the businessman and philanthropist Wilfrid Israel), the wealthy Jewish owner of a department store. He entreats Christopher to take a political stand against Nazism but Christopher, as an artist, initially demurs. Herr Landauer's home is ransacked by the Nazis and they lead a boycott against his and other Jewish-owned businesses. As portrayed in the 2011 film adaptation, Christopher last sees Wilfrid when their eyes sorrowfully meet over a bonfire of books the Nazis are burning.
Isherwood posits that his homosexuality, far from a marginal private shame to be suppressed, was a central element in his human and creative development, an identity he cherished and shared with many others ("my tribe", "my kind") with whom he felt a special kinship. This candid autobiography was, in Isherwood's view, the way to discharge the obligation he felt due to "his kind", and thus make his own contribution to the cause of gay liberation.

## Reception

In his review of Isherwood's memoir, critic Peter Stansky noted that Christopher and His Kind unmasks Isherwood as "a good deal less dedicated to political passion than the legend has had it." Stansky asserted the memoir revealed Isherwood to be a politically indifferent hedonist whose outlook on life closely resembled his fictional character of Sally Bowles. In particular, Isherwood's "remark that the 'original' of Sally Bowles 'wasn't a victim, wasn't proletarian, was a mere self-indulgent upper middle class foreign tourist who could escape from Berlin when she chose,' comes perilously close to describing his own situation."

## Adaptation

A television film, Christopher and His Kind, directed by Geoffrey Sax, and starring Matt Smith as Isherwood and Imogen Poots as Jean Ross, debuted in 2011.
# Melese hampsoni

Melese hampsoni is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Guyana, Brazil, Suriname, Peru, French Guiana and Ecuador.
# Julia Benites Arriola

Julia Benites Arriola (born 1952) is a Mexican-Mescalero-American sculptor and curator. Born in Tucson, Arizona to a military family, Arriola studied music at the University of Arizona before joining the United States Navy. After leaving the navy she spent several years working in manufacturing, building missiles and other high-technology devices. In 1992 she was awarded a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) by the University of Arizona, and in 1996 a Masters of Fine Arts. In 1994 she was awarded a Graduate Fellowship by the University of Arizona, along with the Rutgers Purchase Award at the Works on Paper Exhibition and a Museum Purchase Award from the Hoyt Institute of Fine Arts.
From 1998 to 2002, Ariola curated the annual Day of the Dead exhibition hosted by the Arizona Historical Society. In 2003, she curated the Soiled Doves exhibit, which examined the lives of workers in Tucson's red light district from the 1890s to the 1920s. In 2004 she was appointed to the Arizona Parkways and Historic and Scenic Roads Advisory Committee by the Governor of Arizona. Arriola's work explores the interaction between symbols from different cultures, and is largely based on copper and other metals, wood, clay, and found objects. It is exhibited at the Hoyt Institute of Fine Arts and the Stedman Art Gallery of Rutgers University.
# Vigilante (disambiguation)

A vigilante is a person who enforces the law without legal authority to do so.
Vigilante may also refer to:

## People

* John Vigilante (born 1985), American ice hockey player
* Konni Zilliacus (1894–1967), UK Labour Party politician who used the pen name Vigilantes
* José Estrada Jr., pro-wrestler who used the ringname "El Vigilante"

### Fictional characters

* Vigilante (Arrowverse), a character from the Arrowverse.
* Vigilante (comics), several fictional DC Comics characters
* The Vigilante, a boss character from the video game Pizza Tower

### Groups

* The Vigilantes, a syndicate of American writers

## Entertainment

* The Vigilante, a 1947 film serial based on the original DC character
* Vigilante (1982 film), a film directed by William Lustig
* Vigilante (1987 film), a Philippine action film
* A Vigilante, a 2018 American film
* Vigilante (TV series), a 2023 South Korean Disney+ webseries

## Albums

* Vigilante (Willie Colón and Héctor Lavoe album), or the title song, 1983
* Vigilante (Magnum album), or the title song, 1986

## Military

* North American A-5 Vigilante, a US Navy supersonic bomber
* VFA-151, a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet squadron nicknamed the Vigilantes
* T249 Vigilante, a prototype US self-propelled anti-aircraft gun

## Other uses

* Vigilante (video game), a 1988 arcade game
* "Vigilante" (Arrow episode), a television episode
* Vigilante (insecticide)
* El Vigilante (sculpture), in Ecatepec, Mexico
# Nelson Maple Leafs

The Nelson Maple Leafs were a senior men's ice hockey team. They won the British Columbia Senior Championship, the Savage Cup, seven times (1937, 1961, 1965, 1967, 1971, 1986, and 1987). They played in, but lost, the 1965 Allan Cup Final.
The Maple Leafs played in the West Kootenay League from 1932-33 through 1940-41 and in 1945-46. They played in the Western International Hockey League from 1946-47 through 1986-87.

## Nelson Maple Leafs who played in the NHL

* Lloyd Ailsby
* Dale Anderson
* Joe Bell
* George Boothman
* Al "Red" Carr
* Ed Cooper
* Denis Dupéré
* Pat Egan
* Dave Gatherum
* John Harms
* Ed Hatoum - later as head coach
* Fred Hergerts
* Ron Homenuke
* Vic Howe
* Buck Jones
* Brad Larsen
* Mike Laughton
* Bryan Lefley
* Norman "Odie" Lowe
* Connie Madigan
* Jack Mann
* Seth Martin
* Rudy Pilous
* Chuck Rayner
* Garth Rizzuto
* Cliff Schmautz
* Glen Smith
* Spence Tatchell
* Sergei Varlamov
* Pete Vipond
* Eddie Wares
# Vevaji

Vevaji is a village in the Palghar district of Maharashtra, India. It is located in the Talasari taluka.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Vevaji has 563 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 66.58%.
Demographics (2011 Census) :
| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 2672 | 1318 | 1354 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 341 | 175 | 166 |
| Scheduled caste | 44 | 21 | 23 |
| Scheduled tribe | 2524 | 1240 | 1284 |
| Literates | 1552 | 884 | 668 |
| Workers (all) | 1267 | 747 | 520 |
| Main workers (total) | 804 | 521 | 283 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 170 | 88 | 82 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 304 | 183 | 121 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 51 | 42 | 9 |
| Main workers: Other | 279 | 208 | 71 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 463 | 226 | 237 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 10 | 6 | 4 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 409 | 186 | 223 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 10 | 6 | 4 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 34 | 28 | 6 |
| Non-workers | 1405 | 571 | 834 |
# Valea Largă (Dâmbovița)

The Valea Largă is a left tributary of the river Dâmbovița in Romania. It flows into the Dâmbovița in Capu Coastei. Its length is 14 km (8.7 mi) and its basin size is 32 km$^2$ (12 sq mi).
# Kalakai Sanctuary

The Kalakai Sanctuary is an ancient structure located on a small plateau in the Biyen River valley of the Dzungar Alatau, near the China–Kazakhstan border.

## Description

The Kalakai Sanctuary was built from boulders of various sizes to form a circle 97 metres (106 yd) in diameter. There is a large boulder in the centre of the sanctuary that is believed to have been deposited when an ancient glacier receded. Within the circle, several large stones have been placed to resemble a sundial, pointing to the four cardinal directions. The monument dates to the first millennium BC. Some suggest it may be older, referencing images painted on the central boulder resembling Bronze Age cave paintings. However, no reliable evidence has been found to support this claim and the paintings, as well as the sanctuary, are believed to have been made by the nomadic Saka peoples. Mounds built by the Saka have also been found nearby, but they are believed to be unrelated.
The paintings on the central boulder feature mountain sheep with curved horns. The development of the sanctuary is believed to coincide with the formation of the Saka tribal unions and their transition to a state with a hereditary ruler.
Scientists believe that the sanctuary may have been used as a clock and calendar, which is why it is referred to as "The Observatory". In ancient times, the sanctuary may have been used to calculate the time of day, equinoxes and the arrival of new seasons.
# Niujiaotuo station

Niujiaotuo is an interchange station between Line 2 and Line 3 of Chongqing Rail Transit in Chongqing Municipality, China, which opened in 2005. It is located in Yuzhong District.

## Station structure
### Line 2

| 2F Concourse | Exits 2-4, Customer service, Vending machines, Transfer passage to Line 3 |
| 1F Platforms | Side platform |
| 1F Platforms | Line 2 to Yudong (Liziba) |
| 1F Platforms | Line 2 to Jiaochangkou (Zengjiayan) |
| Side platform ||

### Line 3

| 3F Platforms | Side platform |
| 3F Platforms | Line 3 to Terminal 2 of Jiangbei Airport (Huaxinjie) |
| 3F Platforms | Line 3 to Yudong (Lianglukou) |
| Side platform ||
| 2F Concourse | Exit 1, Customer service, Vending machines |
| 1F | Transfer passage to Line 2, Toilets |
# Mon amour, mon ami

"Mon amour, mon ami" is a song by French singer and actress Marie Laforêt. It originally appeared on her 1967 EP Marie Laforêt vol. XIII (also known as Mon amour, mon ami).

## Composition

The song was written by André Popp and Eddy Marnay.

## Track listing

7-inch EP Marie Laforêt vol. XIII (1967, Festival FX 1531 M)
    A1. "Mon amour, mon ami"
    A2. "Sébastien"
    B1. "Je suis folle de vous"
    B2. "Mon village au fond de l'eau"

## Charts

"Mon amour, mon ami" / "Je suis folle de vous"
| Chart (1967) | Peak position |
| Argentina | 2 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) | 25 |

## Covers

In 1968 Turkish singer Gönül Yazar covered the song in Turkish as "Çapkın Kız".
The song was notably performed by Virginie Ledoyen in François Ozon's 2002 movie 8 Women and by Swedish symphonic metal band Therion in 2012.
# Monte Pian Falcone

Monte Pian Falcone is a mountain of Marche, Italy.
* This Marche location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# Massilon Township, Wayne County, Illinois

Massilon Township is located in Wayne County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 172 and it contained 83 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 33.48 square miles (86.7 km$^2$), of which 33.44 square miles (86.6 km$^2$) (or 99.88%) is land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km$^2$) (or 0.15%) is water.
# Jan Pol (windmill)

Jan Pol is a smock mill in Dalen, Netherlands. It was built in 1876. The mill is a Rijksmonument, number 44562.

## History

Jan Pol was built in 1876, replacing a mill that had been built in 1820 and burnt down following a lightning strike in 1875. It was built by millwright Schiller from Dalfsen, Overijssel. In operation until 1947, it was stripped of machinery in 1958. Restoration by millwright Huberts of Coevorden began in 1971 and was completed in 1972. Further restoration was undertaken in 1993 by millwrights Doornbosch of Adorp, Groningen. The mill is named for Jan Pol, who owned it from 1942 until his death in 1982. It is the tallest windmill standing today in Drenthe.

## Description

Jan Pol is what the Dutch describe as an "achtkante stellingmolen", a smock mill with a stage. The mill has a three-storey brick base with a three-storey smock. The height of the stage is 9.90 metres (32 ft 6 in) above ground level. The smock and cap are thatched. The four Common sails span 21.60 metres (70 ft 10 in). They are carried on a cast-iron windshaft which was made by the millwrights Prins van Oranje, of The Hague in 1866. The windshaft carries the brake wheel, which has 61 cogs. It drives the wallower at the top of the upright shaft. The wallower has 34 cogs. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel with 115 cogs drives two lantern pinion stone nuts, one with 37 staves and one with 38 staves. The pearl barley stones are driven by a stone nut with 28 cogs.

## Public access

Jan Pol is open on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays from 1 April to 1 November between 13:30 and 16:30. It is also open throughout the year by appointment.
# Aurelio Galfetti

Aurelio Galfetti (2 April 1936 – 5 December 2021) was a Swiss architect.

## Biography

Galfetti was born in Biasca, Ticino, on 2 April 1936. Together with Mario Botta, Luigi Snozzi, and Livio Vacchini, he is one of the foremost 20th-century architects from the Canton of Ticino.
One of his most important works was the renovation of Castelgrande at Bellinzona.
Galfetti died on 5 December 2021, at the age of 85. His nephew is Manuel Valls, former prime minister of France.

## Trivia

Galfetti's sister, the actress Luisangela Galfetti, was married to the Catalan painter Xavier Valls.

## Works

* Casa Rotalinti, 1961, Bellinzona
* Kindergarten in Biasca, 1963–64, Biasca
* Kindergarten, 1966, 1969–70, Lugano
* Städtisches Freibad, 1967–70, Bellinzona
* Kindergarten, 1969–71, Bedano
* School centre, 1972, Riva San Vitale
* School, 1972–75, Ascona
* Main post office, 1981–85, Bellinzona
* House Al Portone, 1984–85, Bellinzona
* Tennis courts, 1985–86, Bellinzona
* Leonardo residential building, 1986, Lugano
* Houses Bianco e Nero, 1986, Bellinzona
* Ferreti House, 1988, Gravesano
* Transformation of Castelgrande, 1983–89, Bellinzona
* Mediatheque, 1989–90, Chambéry
* Bâtiment Ulysse, 1991–94, Lausanne
* Aula polivalente, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), 1999–2002, Lugano
* Net Center, 2006, Padova
# Johnny Sanders

Johnny Sanders (July 22, 1922 – October 26, 1990) was an American professional football executive in the National Football League (NFL). He was the general manager of the San Diego Chargers for 11 seasons from 1976 until 1986, developing them into a Super Bowl contender. He was named the NFL executive of the year by Sporting News in 1979.

## Early life

Sanders was born in San Antonio, Texas, and played football at Van Nuys High School in Los Angeles. He played college football as a halfback at Occidental College. Sanders was a starter on their 1948 squad that went 9–0 and defeated Colorado A&M in the Raisin Bowl.

## Professional career

Sanders joined the Los Angeles Rams as a part-time scout in 1952, and was named director of player personnel in 1964. He became their assistant general manager in 1969, while also continuing as the team's chief scout.
Sanders joined the San Diego Chargers in 1975 as owner Gene Klein's assistant for player personnel. Klein promoted him to general manager in 1976 to replace the fired Harland Svare. Sanders was named the Sporting News NFL Executive of the Year in 1979. He helped assemble Chargers teams, led by coach Don Coryell and his record-setting Air Coryell pass offense, which twice advanced to American Football Conference (AFC) championship games, falling short of the Super Bowl both times in 1980 and 1981. Under Sanders as the general manager, the Chargers won three straight AFC West division titles (1979–1981) and qualified for the NFL playoffs four times. He rarely spoke publicly while working under Klein, who generally spoke for Chargers' management.
Sanders' notable draft picks included Gary Anderson, James Brooks, Gill Byrd, John Jefferson, Jim Lachey, Leslie O'Neal, Ralf Mojsiejenko, Billy Ray Smith, Lee Williams and Kellen Winslow. Other players he acquired include Rolf Benirschke, Charlie Joiner, Chuck Muncie and Wes Chandler. After a 4–12 season in 1986, new Chargers owner Alex Spanos demoted Sanders. The team had not had a winning record since 1982. In his final year with San Diego in 1987, Sanders was the assistant director of football operations.
After leaving the Chargers, Sanders was unsuccessful in bringing an Arena Football League team to San Diego. He was later an administrative consultant for the San Diego Gulls, who were a first-year franchise in the International Hockey League in 1990.

## Personal life

Sanders died of apparent heart failure on October 26, 1990, at Grossmont Hospital in La Mesa, California. He was 68.
# Mike Ford (footballer)

Michael Paul Ford (born 9 February 1966) is an English football manager and former professional player. His father, Tony Ford, was also a professional footballer.

## Playing career

Ford began his career at Leicester City where he became a full-time professional at the age of 18. He was released by the club without making an appearance and moved to non-league side Devizes Town but he was signed a few months later by Cardiff City and quickly made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Leeds United. A mainstay in the side, Ford played in numerous positions for Cardiff in defence and midfield and helped them to promotion in his final year at the club. He signed for Oxford United in 1988 and was eventually made club captain. He spent ten years at the Manor Ground before being released in 1998 and being taken back to Ninian Park by Frank Burrows, who handed him the captaincy; he again helped Cardiff to promotion.

## Managerial career

During the 1999–2000 season he developed a problem with a disc in his back and was forced to retire. After his retirement he was appointed as youth team manager at Oxford and was called back into action for the team in 2000 when the team faced an injury crisis, making one appearance against Bristol City. Ford also took over as caretaker manager on two separate occasions for Oxford when they were between managers and was working as assistant manager at the club when he was fired in 2003, a decision that caused outrage among Oxford fans. After he was sacked Ford had a spell playing for non-league side Thame United.
Ford was the manager of Conference North football team Oxford City, who gained promotion in the 2011–12 season. He was also working as a football coach at the North Oxfordshire Academy teaching football skills and theory to 16- to 21-year-olds at the Academy sixth form, but is now employed by Oxford and Cherwell Valley College coaching students in the 16–19 age bracket. His team produced 3 or 4 players who helped the Oxford City first team to promotion.
On 30 April 2014, Oxford City announced that Ford would no longer be their first-team manager. After a year out of the game, in May 2015 he was appointed manager of Banbury United in the Southern League Division 1 South & West. He earned promotion to the Southern Premier Division in his first season as manager via the playoffs.
On 29 April 2020, Banbury United announced that Ford would cease to manage the club once his contract expired at the end of the month.
In the summer of 2022, he was appointed as manager of Evesham United in the Southern League Division One.
# Nikon FG-20

The Nikon FG-20 is a 35 mm film single-lens reflex (SLR) camera with interchangeable lenses. It was released in 1984 by Nippon Kogaku K. K. (now the Nikon Corporation) as the successor to the earlier EM and FG cameras. It is actually a downgrade from its most direct predecessor, the FG, lacking the FG's program auto exposure mode. It uses the same vertical-travel metal focal-plane shutter as the FG, with electronically timed speeds from 1 to 1/1000 second as well as bulb and a mechanically timed 1/90-second speed.
The FG-20 could be considered a variant of the FG, as the differences between the two are the omission of program mode, exposure compensation dial, and TTL/OTF flash metering from the FG.