# Sanandaj

Sanandaj (Persian: سنندج; pronounced ) is a city in the Central District of Sanandaj County, in the Kurdistan province of Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. With a population of 414,069, Sanandaj is the 23rd largest city in Iran and the second largest Kurdish city.

## History

Sanandaj's founding is fairly recent, (about 250 years ago), yet in its short existence it has grown to become one of the centers of Kurdish culture. During the Iran–Iraq War the city was attacked by Iraqi planes and saw disturbances. Since 2019, UNESCO has recognized Sanandaj as Creative City of Music.
The name "Sinna" first appears in records from the 14th century CE. Before this, the main city in the region was Sisar, whose exact location is unknown. Sisar was also called "Sisar of Sadkhaniya", or "Sisar of the hundred springs", and it has been proposed that the current name of "Sinna" is a contracted form of "Sadkhaniya".
The name "Sisar" disappears in the 14th century and the name "Sinna" replaces it, for example in the works of Hamdallah Mustawfi who refers to a mountain and a pass with this name. Then the Kurdish historian Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi mentions that in 1580 an Ardalan ruler named Timur Khan had a land grant including Sinna and the earlier Ardalan capital of Hasanabad. However, the local historian Ali-Akbar Munshi Waqayi-Nigar wrote in 1892/3 that Sinna was founded later, by the ruler Soleyman Khan Ardalan, on the site of an earlier settlement; the chronogram he gives for this event corresponds to 1046 AH, or 1636-7 CE.
Sinna was developed significantly under the reign of Aman Allah "the Great" (from 1797-1825). 19th-century Sinna was "a lively commercial center, exporting oak galls, tragacanth, furs, and carpets". Its population was mostly Kurdish, with a significant Jewish minority and smaller numbers of Armenian and Assyrian Christians (the latter of which are predominantly Chaldean Catholic).

## Demographics
### Ethnicity

The population of Sanandaj is mainly Kurdish. The city also had an Armenian minority who gradually emigrated from the city. Until the Iranian Revolution (1979), the city had a small Aramaic-speaking Jewish community of about 4,000 people. The city boasted a sizable Assyrian community that spoke a unique dialect of Aramaic called Senaya, they are mostly members of the Chaldean Catholic Church.

### Language

The linguistic composition of the city:
Sanandaj linguistic composition
Language
percent
Central Kurdish
86%
Hawrami
7%
New Persian
4.95%
Southern Kurdish
2%
Aramaic
0.05% :

### Religion

Most of the people of Sanandaj follow the Shafi‘i branch of Sunni Islam.

### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 311,446 in 81,380 households. The following census in 2011 counted 373,987 people in 106,771 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 412,767 people in 126,240 households.

## Geography
### Location

The city is between the Qishlaq river, a tributary of the Diyala, and Mount Awidar, which separates it from the old Ardalan capital of Hasanabad. Carpet making is the biggest industry in Sanandaj.

### Climate

Sanandaj has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) according to the Köppen climate classification, bordering a dry-summer continental climate (Dsa), with cold and wet winters and very hot and dry summers.
The synoptic station of Sanandaj started working in the autumn of 1959.
Highest recorded temperature: 44°C on 16 July 1981
Lowest recorded temperature: -31°C on 6 February 1974
Climate data for Sanandaj (1991-2020, extremes 1959-2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.5 (63.5) | 21.4 (70.5) | 27.8 (82.0) | 32.8 (91.0) | 36.6 (97.9) | 41.0 (105.8) | 44.0 (111.2) | 43.0 (109.4) | 39.4 (102.9) | 33.8 (92.8) | 26.0 (78.8) | 22.9 (73.2) | 44.0 (111.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) | 9.7 (49.5) | 15.0 (59.0) | 20.5 (68.9) | 26.4 (79.5) | 33.7 (92.7) | 37.7 (99.9) | 37.5 (99.5) | 32.5 (90.5) | 24.9 (76.8) | 15.3 (59.5) | 9.7 (49.5) | 22.5 (72.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | 7.8 (46.0) | 12.8 (55.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 24.3 (75.7) | 28.4 (83.1) | 27.6 (81.7) | 21.9 (71.4) | 15.4 (59.7) | 7.8 (46.0) | 3.1 (37.6) | 14.2 (57.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.4 (24.1) | −2.7 (27.1) | 1.1 (34.0) | 5.4 (41.7) | 9.1 (48.4) | 13.6 (56.5) | 18.1 (64.6) | 17.1 (62.8) | 11.1 (52.0) | 6.8 (44.2) | 1.8 (35.2) | −2.1 (28.2) | 6.2 (43.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −28.0 (−18.4) | −31.0 (−23.8) | −16.0 (3.2) | −7.0 (19.4) | −2.0 (28.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | 7.0 (44.6) | 5.0 (41.0) | 1.0 (33.8) | −4.6 (23.7) | −14.0 (6.8) | −23.6 (−10.5) | −31.0 (−23.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 44.6 (1.76) | 50.7 (2.00) | 58.0 (2.28) | 65.9 (2.59) | 28.9 (1.14) | 2.2 (0.09) | 1.3 (0.05) | 0.2 (0.01) | 1.0 (0.04) | 28.2 (1.11) | 55.8 (2.20) | 47.4 (1.87) | 384.2 (15.14) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.8 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 3 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 50.5 |
| Average rainy days | 6.9 | 8.8 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 5.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 4.9 | 10.4 | 8.3 | 70.1 |
| Average snowy days | 8.0 | 6.4 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 3.9 | 21.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 70 | 64 | 55 | 53 | 46 | 28 | 24 | 24 | 29 | 43 | 63 | 69 | 47 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | −4.7 (23.5) | −3.9 (25.0) | −2.3 (27.9) | 1.6 (34.9) | 3.7 (38.7) | 2.2 (36.0) | 3.7 (38.7) | 3.0 (37.4) | 0.8 (33.4) | 0.9 (33.6) | 0.1 (32.2) | −2.9 (26.8) | 0.2 (32.3) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 155 | 166 | 211 | 231 | 295 | 356 | 357 | 347 | 313 | 255 | 183 | 152 | 3,021 |
| Source 1: NCEI ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO (extremes, snow/sleet days for 1959-2010) ||||||||||||||

## Economy

The economy of Sanandaj is based upon the production of carpets, processed hides and skins, milled rice, refined sugar, woodworking, cotton weaving, metalware and cutlery.

## Notable people

Zhina Modares Gorji, is a local bookseller and podcaster who was sentenced to over twenty years in Sanandaj prison on several charges. The sentence was reduced on appeal to two years and four months for "propaganda against the state" in 2024.