OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# João Almino

João Almino is a Brazilian novelist. He is the author of The Brasília Quintet, which consists of the novels Ideas on Where to Spend the End of the World, Samba-Enredo, The Five Seasons of Love (first published in Portuguese by Editora Record; published in Spanish by Alfaguara, México, and by Corregidor, in Argentina; in Italian by Editrice Il Sirente; Casa de las Americas 2003 Literary Award; in English by Host Publications, 2008); The Book of Emotions (shortlisted for the Zaffari & Bourbon Literary Award and the Portugal-Telecom Literary Award; Editora Record, 2008; Dalkey Archive Press, 2012) and Cidade Livre (Free City, Editora Record, 2010; Passo Fundo Zaffari & Bourbon Literary Award for best novel published in Portuguese from May 2009 to May 2011; shortlisted for the Jabuti Award 2011 and for the Portugal-Telecom Literary Award 2011; translated as Free City, it was published by Dalkey Archive Press in 2013). His 2015 novel Enigmas da Primavera (Enigmas of Spring) was published in English in 2016 by Dalkey Archive Press and won the Jabuti Award (second Prize) for Best Brazilian Book in translation. His seventh novel was published in November 2017 in Brazil: Entre facas, algodão (The last twist of the knife, Dalkey Archive Press, 2021). His most recent novel, Homem de Papel, was published in 2022 (shortlisted for the São Paulo Literary Award and among the 10 for best literary novel in the Jabuti Award). He has also authored books of philosophical and literary essays. He taught at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), at the University of Brasília (UnB), the Instituto Rio Branco, Berkeley, Stanford and The University of Chicago. In 2017, he was elected as one of the 40 members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.
# Junk raft

A junk raft is a type of home-built watercraft made of plastic bottles or other recycled materials constructed by artists and community-minded groups organizing recreational flotillas, or by environmentally concerned individuals seeking to draw attention to the problem of floating debris and the need for recycling. It can also be an improvised small, functional watercraft from readily available materials.

## JUNK Raft Project

The JUNK Raft Project was organized by Dr. Marcus Eriksen, Joel Paschal and Anna Cummins in Long Beach, California in 2008, to bring attention to the issue of plastic pollution in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The project was launched with the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, after founder Charles J. Moore encountered the patch in 1997. Organizers hoped to "creatively raise awareness about plastic debris and pollution in the ocean," specifically the Great Pacific Garbage Patch trapped in the North Pacific Gyre, by sailing 2,600 miles across the Pacific Ocean on a 30-foot (9.1 m) raft made from an old Cessna 310 aircraft fuselage and six pontoons filled with 15,000 old plastic bottles. Crewed by Dr. Marcus Eriksen of the Foundation and film-maker Joel Paschal, the raft set off from Long Beach, California on 1 June 2008, arriving in Honolulu, Hawaii on 28 August 2008. On the way, they gave valuable water to record-holding ocean rower Roz Savage, also on an environmental awareness voyage, when her supplies dwindled.
The construction of the JUNK Raft began in April 2008 and was finished the following month. The huge undertaking of constructing a seaworthy raft from "junk" was aided by volunteers from the environmental education programs of Bell Elementary School, Green Ambassadors, Muse Elementary School, Santa Monica High School, and Westbridge School for Girls. The volunteers lent a hand by cleaning bottles, fastening bottle caps, and stuffing them into the recycled fisherman's net pontoon forms.
# Malabari goat

The Malabari or Tellicherry is an Indian breed of domestic goat. It is bred in the Malabar district of Kerala, and are sometimes called '. They are bred mostly for meat, but it also produces milk. Females weigh an average of 30.68kg while males weigh 41.20kg, and their coats are white, black, or piebald. Although they are similar to the Beetal goat, Malabari goats weigh less, have shorter ears and legs, and have larger testicles. There was an effort to crossbreed the Malabari goats with Boer goats, but this practice is controversial.
# Donn W. Parson

Donn W. Parson (Ph.D, University of Minnesota, 1964) is a Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Kansas and the former Director of Forensics at the University of Kansas from 1964 to 1988, during which period he led KU to three national championships.

## Championships

Parson coached KU to National Debate Tournament(NDT) championship in 1970, 1976, and 1983. Under Parson, KU also had five NDT semi-finals appearances. Parson previously coached the University of Minnesota to the finals of the NDT in 1963, losing to Dartmouth College.

## Debate Awards

Parson received the Coach of the Year Award presented by Georgetown University (1971), the Coach of the Year Award presented by the University of Utah (1974), the Distinguished Coaching Award presented by Emory University (1980), and the Coach of the Year Award presented by Baylor University (1981), the Lucy Keele Award for contributions to collegiate forensics by the NDT Board of Trustees (1996), and the George Ziegelmueller Award for Contributions to American Debate (2003). (

## Teaching Awards

He received the Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Teaching (1983), the Kemper Fellowship for Teaching Excellence (1997), and the Outstanding Educator in Argumentation and Debate Award from CSCA (1999). In 2006, Parson received the Chancellor's Club Career Teaching Award. In 2014, Parson won the Wallace A. Bacon Teaching Award from the National Communication Association. The award recognizes a "lifetime of outstanding teaching" and is given to retired educators.

## General Recognition

Parson edited or authored several academic texts on argumentation (such as Process of Social Influence: Readings in Persuasion (1972) and False Metaphor and Presence in Argument (1990)). In 2011 Parson was inducted into the Central States Communication Association’s Hall of Fame.
# Cryptorhopalum triste

Cryptorhopalum triste is a species of carpet beetle in the family Dermestidae. It is found in North America. The species is polyphagous, feeding on plants from over 16 families.
# Subfamily

In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: subfamilia, plural subfamiliae) is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zoological subfamily names with "-inae".
Detarioideae is an example of a botanical subfamily. Detarioideae is a subdivision of the family Fabaceae (legumes), containing 84 genera.
Stevardiinae is an example of a zoological subfamily. Stevardiinae is a large subdivision of the family Characidae, a diverse clade of freshwater fish.
# Juan Javier Estrada

Juan Javier Estrada Ruiz (born 8 August 1981, in Chiclana de la Frontera) is a Spanish former professional road racing cyclist. He rode in the 2008 and 2010 Vuelta a España.
# Cryptoblepharus ochrus

Cryptoblepharus ochrus, also known commonly as the pale snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Australian state of South Australia.
# Gijs van der Leden

Gijsbert Johan ("Gijs") van der Leden (born 11 May 1967) is a retired water polo player from the Netherlands, who finished in ninth place with the Dutch team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
# Lipinia vulcania

Lipinia vulcania, also known as the vulcan lipinia, is a species of skink endemic to the Philippines. It is known from two specimens: the holotype was collected at ca. 1700 m above sea level on Mindanao Island in 1857, and another one in southern Luzon in 1956.
# Al-Samra

Al-Samra (Arabic: السمرا) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Tiberias Subdistrict. It was depopulated on April 21, 1948, during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine. It was located 10 km southeast of Tiberias.

## History

The village had a mosque and several khirbas (ruined sites) including Khirbat al-Tawafiq and Khirbat Duwayraban.

### Late Ottoman period

In the early 19th century, Johann Ludwig Burckhardt noted it as the only village on the eastern shore of Lake Tiberias, and that it had some ancient buildings.
In 1838, Edward Robinson was told that the village, Khurbet es-Sumrah, was on the eastern shore of the lake. The villagers were Muslim.
In 1875, Victor Guérin found here large ruins, which he misidentified as Hippos.
A population list from about 1887 showed es Samr (east shore) to have about 180 inhabitants; 20 Druze and 160 Muslims.
In 1914, an Ottoman airplane, on its way from Istanbul to Cairo, crashed by the village. Two pilots were killed. There is an Ottoman memorial to the event, about 1,5 km east of the village site. Yüzbaşı Fethi Bey, one of the first pilots of the Ottoman Air Force, was one of the pilots killed.

### British Mandate period

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the population of Samra was 157 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 237; 232 Muslims and 5 Baháʼís, in a total of 50 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, Es Samra had a population of 290; 280 Muslims and 10 classified as others, with 6,912 dunams of Arab-owned land. Of this, 30 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 21 for plantations and irrigable land, 6,828 dunams for cereals, while 23 dunams were classified as built-up area.

### 1948, aftermath

The village became depopulated on April 21, 1948.
HaOn was established on village land, north of the village site, in 1949.
In 1992, Walid Khalidi described the village site: "Nothing remains of the village houses. A tourist resort, which consists of a few cabins and small houses, has been established on part of the village site. Other parts of the site are covered with trees. The surrounding land is cultivated by Israelis."
# Lipice, Croatia

Lipice is a village in the Lika-Senj County of Croatia, approximately 35 miles from the county's administrative center of Gospić. According to the 2021 census, Lipice had 98 inhabitants, all Croats.

## History

Lipice was first mentioned in writing in 1638.

## Population

The population of Lipice peaked in the early 20th century.
| Year of counting | Population |
| 1857 | 625 |
| 1869 | 815 |
| 1880 | 846 |
| 1890 | 870 |
| 1900 | 982 |
| 1910 | 1.051 |
| 1921 | 972 |
| 1948 | 1.025 |
| 1953 | 985 |
| 1961 | 898 |
| 1971 | 835 |
| 1981 | 555 |
| 1991 | 417 |
| 2001 | 254 |
# Al-Sindiyana

Al-Sindiyana (Arabic: السنديانة, Es Sindiyâna) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Haifa Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on May 12, 1948. It was located 29 km south of Haifa.

## History
### Antiquity

A Samaritan inscription on a stone lintel was discovered in Al-Sindiyana, featuring 12 lines of Samaritan script, referencing the initial section of the Shema prayer, following the Samaritan version of Deuteronomy 6:4-9, with notable variations from the Masoretic text.
The stone, measuring 25 cm in height and 40 cm in width, was found inserted into a wall above the entrance of a modern house in Al-Sindiyana. The inscription, written in dots-separated words, includes a mention of the city's name "Geva" in Jewish script. The inscription concludes with lines suggesting a possible date, mentioning the "reign of Ishmael" (reference to Arab rule), potentially dating the text to shortly after the Muslim conquest in the seventh century AD.

### Ottoman era

On 16 March 1799, during the Ottoman era, Napoleon had a battle here just north of the village.
In 1859, the population was estimated to be 300, who cultivated 22 feddans of land.
Victor Guérin visited the village in 1863. Transcribing its name as Sendianeh, he notes there are 400 inhabitants and that its name must derive from the Arabic word sendian, meaning "evergreen oak", as these abound on the hills flanking the village.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Sindianeh as a "village of moderate size on high ground, with a spring below it, and a cave; it was here that the tunnel of the Cæsarea aqueduct is said to have broken into by women digging for clay".
A population list from about 1887 showed that Al-Sindiyana had about 520 inhabitants; all Muslims.

### British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al Sendianeh had a population of 576; all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 923; 922 Muslim and 1 Jew, in a total of 217 houses.
Al-Sindiyana had an elementary school for boys, which by 1942-1943 had 200 students. The village had several wells and springs.
In the 1945 statistics it had a population of 1,250 Muslims, with a total of 15,172 dunams of land. Of this, a total of 8,177 dunums of land was allocated to cereals; 225 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, while 24 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
* Al-Sindiyana 1942 1:20,000
* Al-Sindiyana 1945 1:250,000
* Children from Al-Sindiyana and Meir Shfeya (Jewish youth village) playing together, 1931

### Post 1948

In 1992 the village site was described: "The site is fenced in with barbed wire. Scattered piles of stones, the debris of destroyed houses, are visible among thorns, cactuses and fig, olive, and palm trees. The surrounding lands are used by Israelis as a grazing area."
# Al-Tira, Baysan

    See Tira for other sites with similar names.
Al-Tira (Arabic: الطيرة), was a Palestinian Arab village in the District of Baysan. It was depopulated by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on 15 April 1948 as part of Operation Gideon under the command of Yosef Weitz. It was located 17.5 km north of Baysan overlooking Wadi al-Bira. However, 'Ayn al-Bayda' was the main source of drinking water for al-Tira inhabitants.

## History

It has been suggested that this was Atara of the list of Thothmes III.
In 1517 al-Tra was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. During the 16th and 17th centuries, it belonged to the Turabay Emirate (1517-1683), which encompassed also the Jezreel Valley, Haifa, Jenin, Beit She'an Valley, northern Jabal Nablus, Bilad al-Ruha/Ramot Menashe, and the northern part of the Sharon plain.
In 1875, Victor Guérin climbed a small hill to reach the Al-Tira village. It consisted of about a dozen houses, built of adobe or assorted materials. In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as: "A small village, principally of adobe, on a hill-top, above a deep gorge. The water appears to be brought from the springs in the valley."

### British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the Mandatory Palestine authorities, Tireh had a population of 130 Muslims, decreasing in the 1931 census to 108, still all Muslims, in 24 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population of Et Tira and Irgun Borokhov was 200; 150 Arabs and 50 Jews, while the total land area was 10,207 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, Arabs used 54 dunums for plantations and irrigable land, 4,326 for cereals, while 29 dunums were classified as built-up (urban) land.

### 1948, aftermath

In his diary, Weitz wrote of the inhabitants of Qumya and Al-Tira in the Baysan valley on the 26 March 1948:
   "Not taking upon themselves the responsibility of preventing the infiltration of irregulars ... They must be forced to leave their villages until peace comes.
In order to block the return of the villagers, the kibbutz Gazit was established on the land of village land in September 1948, 1.5 km southwest of the village site.
In 1992 the village site was described: "The ruins of stone houses, covered with grass and thorns, are all that remain of al-Tira. The site is fenced in and servers Israeli farmers as pasture land. Cupress trees grow on surrounding land."
# Open texture

Open texture is a term in the philosophy of Friedrich Waismann, first introduced in his paper Verifiability to refer to the universal possibility of vagueness in empirical statements. He had coined the phrase “Die Porosität der Begriffe” ('the porosity of concepts') for this purpose and credits William Kneale for suggesting the English term that he then adopted. It is an application of some of the ideas that would later appear in Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, particularly Section 80. The concept has become important in criticism of verificationism and has also found use in legal philosophy.
In legal philosophy, open texture reinforces the notion that vagueness is an inevitable feature of legal languages. Legal philosophers who subscribe to Waismann's view believe that such "vagueness" solves the conceptual confusions of ordinary language. According to H.L.A. Hart, for instance, language in legal rules has open texture and that recognizing this view would lead to better policy outcomes. Another interpretation also cited that open texture is closely related to the concept of "unforeseen contingencies" in the economic field.
# Mosaic protein

A mosaic protein is a protein that is made up of different protein domains, giving the protein multiple functions. These proteins have quaternary structures, as they are made up of multiple tertiary structured protein domains. Protein domains can combine to form different types of proteins, creating a diversity of proteins. These domains are spread throughout the genome because they are mobile, which is why some domains can be found in a variety of proteins, even though they are seemingly unrelated. This also allows the domains to fold independently, and so they don't become deformed and unfolded in a new environment.
Whereas many proteins are encoded by a single gene, many others get peptide chains from several genes; it is the nature of mosaic proteins that they are always polygenic.

## Development

All proteins are transcribed and produced from blueprints in the cell, called genes. Mosaic proteins can be made when two adjacent genes are transcribed together and are therefore made into the same protein. This can benefit the protein because it makes the protein more stable and gives the protein a more complex function. For example, if the protein is an enzyme, it will be able to act more efficiently with its substrates.
Additionally, these proteins are most utilized outside of the cell membrane or on the outer side of membrane proteins. This suggests that these multifunctional proteins played a part in the development of multicellular organisms.

## Examples

There are many studies comparing different mosaic proteins and their functional domains, trying to understand protein families and the overall functions of different proteins. For example, SpCRL and SpCRS proteins in sea urchins have a variety of functional domains that are also found within other proteins in the animal. By making comparisons, scientists can understand the complex roles these proteins play. Also, scientists are using the concept of mosaic proteins to improve vaccine function. Vaccines are injections of weak germs into the body that stimulate the body to produce antibodies specific to that germ. This ensures that the body will build an immunity, and that next time the germ is introduced, it will be more equipped to fight it off. Mosaic proteins of the germs can be designed in order to maximize antibody production and quality.
# Al-Zanghariyya

This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Al-Zanghariyya was a Palestinian Arab village in the Safad Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on May 4, 1948, under Operation Matateh. It was located 8.5 km southeast of Safad, near Wadi al-Ghara. The village was later burned and destroyed on June 17, 1948.

## History

The village was named after the Arab al-Zanghariyya Bedouin tribe, who settled the area.
In 1838, in the Ottoman era, ez-Zenghariyeh was noted as an Arab tribe, within the Government of Safad.

### British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Zangharia had a population of 374 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 526 Muslims, in a total of 97 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, the village had a total population of 840 Muslims with a total of 27,918 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 7,265 dunums were for cereals; while a total of 20,653 dunams was classified as uncultivable.

### 1948, aftermath

Al-Zanghariyya became depopulated on May 4, 1948, during Operation Matate (lit. "Operation Broom"). On May 5, 1948, the Haganah "blew up most of the houses and burned the tents of Kedar’ between Tabigha and the Buteiha, where the Jordan enters the sea; some 15 Arabs were killed and the rest fled to Syria."
On May 5, 1948, Palmah sappers methodically blew up more than 50 houses in Zanghariya and other villages in the area.
A Catholic priest, in Tabigha noted: "When I just finished blessing the bread there was a terrible explosion in Tabigha. We rushed out and saw pillars of smoke rising skyward. House after house was bombed and torched, then matters proceeded toward the Jordan. All was bombed, the tents and the huts were burned. All day there were explosions, and smoke and fire were visible; in the evening the ‘victors’ returned with trucks loaded with cattle. What they couldn't take they shot . . . The mother of Big Awad and Old Dahan were killed." Some the Zanghariya villagers later returned and were expelled again, apparently in 1949 or early 1950s.
In 1949 the moshav settlement of Elifelet, was established west of the village site on village land. The private farm of Kare Deshe, established in 1954, also lie on the former village grounds.
In 1992 the village site was described: "All that is left are blocks of basalt that once had been parts of twelve houses. Although the houses have been demolished, some of their walls are still standing. Near the remnants of the village houses are stone barriers that form parts of livestock enclosures. The area serves as pasture for the cattle of the nearby Israeli farm, Kare Deshe, to the southwest."
Two books have been published about the village, one in 1999, and one in 2002. In one of them, recalling the history of resistance between 1948 and 2000, the last name of almost all of the 35 men (killed, imprisoned, fighters, and so on) is al-Zanghari, the Nisba of the village.
# Llangammarch Wells

Llangammarch Wells, or simply Llangammarch (Welsh: Llangamarch ), is a village and community in Powys, Wales, lying on the Afon Irfon, and in the historic county of Brecknockshire (Breconshire).
It is the smallest of the four spa villages of mid-Wales, alongside Llandrindod Wells, Builth Wells and Llanwrtyd Wells. The spa was focused on a barium well, which is now closed. The old village is centred on the parish church of St Cadmarch, which is a grade II* listed building.
Llangammarch station is on the Heart of Wales Line with trains provided by Transport for Wales. It lies on Route 43 of the National Cycle Network.
Llangammarch Wells Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1904. The club and course disappeared in the 1950s.
The community includes the small settlements of Tirabad and Cefn Gorwydd, birthplace of John Penry (1563 – 29 May 1593) the martyr, who was born at Cefn Brith farm. The farm is signposted but the old farmhouse is not the original building.

## Governance

For elections to Powys County Council, Llangamarch is covered by the Llanwrtyd Wells electoral ward.

## Notable people

* John Penry (1563–1593), executed for high treason during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, is Wales' most famous Protestant Separatist martyr.
* Thomas Howell (1588–1650), clergyman and Bishop of Bristol from 1644 to 1646.
* T. Harri Jones (1921–1965), a Welsh poet and university lecturer, commemorated by a statue in the town