OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment

Pennsylvania U.S. Cavalry Infantry Regiments 1861-1865 :
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The 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry (59th Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

## Service

The 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry was organized in Harrisburg and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania beginning in September 1861 as the "59th Volunteers" and mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel Richard Butler Price.
The regiment was attached to Sturgis' Command, Military District of Washington, to August 1862. John Buford's Cavalry Brigade, II Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Price's Cavalry Brigade, Defenses of Washington, to March 1863. 2nd Brigade, Stahel's Cavalry Division, XXII Corps, to June 1863. Provost Guard, Army of the Potomac, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to February 1865. Provost Guard, Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.
The 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry ceased to exist on June 17, 1865, when it was consolidated with the 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry to form the 1st Regiment Pennsylvania Provisional Cavalry.

## Casualties

The regiment lost a total of 253 men during service; 6 officers and 52 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 193 enlisted men died of disease.

## Commanders

* Colonel Richard Butler Price - promoted to brevet brigadier general March 13, 1865
* Colonel William W. Sanders - Transferred to 1st Pro. Cavalry, June 17, 1865
# Bazouges-sur-le-Loir

Bazouges-sur-le-Loir (French pronunciation:, literally Bazouges on the Loir) is a former commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Bazouges Cré sur Loir. Its population was 1,188 in 2022.
# Lucas Werthein

Lucas Werthein (born 6 October 1981) is an Argentine equestrian. He competed in two events at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
# Garde alternée

Garde alternée is a 2017 French comedy film directed by Alexandra Leclère.

## Plot

A woman discovers that her husband has a mistress. She will then propose to the latter to share their life with her husband alternating one week out of two.

## Cast

* Didier Bourdon : Jean
* Valérie Bonneton : Sandrine
* Isabelle Carré : Virginie
* Laurent Stocker : Michel
* Michel Vuillermoz : Félix
* Hélène Vincent : Sandrine's mother
* Jackie Berroyer : Sandrine's father
* Lise Lamétrie : The teacher

## Production

Principal photography on the film began in April 2017 in Paris and ended in June 2017.
# Rice-paddy eel

The rice-paddy eel (Pisodonophis boro; also known commonly as the Bengal's snake-eel, the estuary snake eel, or the snake eel) is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm-snake eels). It was described by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton in 1822, originally in the genus Ophisurus. It is a tropical, marine eel which is known from the Indo-West Pacific, including Somalia, Tanzania, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Polynesia, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Kenya, Madagascar, the Philippines, Malaysia, Mozambique, Seychelles, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, and southern Yemen. It is an anadromous species and spawns in freshwater, often in rice paddies during the rainy season, earning it its common name. It also spends time in lagoons, estuaries and coastal rivers, in which it lives in burrows in the river bottom and bank. Males can reach a maximum total length (TL) of 100 centimetres, but more commonly reach a TL of 70 cm.
The rice-paddy eel is of minor commercial interest to fisheries; it is caught in bag nets and marketed fresh. Its diet consists of bony fish and crabs such as Uca annulipes; as a nocturnal creature it forages actively during the night. Due to its widespread, albeit thinly populated distribution, and lack of major threats, the IUCN redlist currently lists the rice-paddy eel as Least Concern. It notes, however, that the species is subject to agricultural pollution. Pisodonophis boro is an endemic fish in Vietnam's coastal region, it is also found in the paddy fields of the Hải Phòng area of Vietnam, where the small fry are known as "cá nhệch" and "nhệch fish" and are eaten in a local salad, gỏi nhệch.
# Vladimír Bednář

Vladimír Bednář (born 1 October 1948) is a Czech ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Winter Olympics.
# Quentin Delapierre

Quentin Delapierre (born 17 July 1992) is a French sailor. He competed in the Nacra 17 event at the 2020 Summer Olympics. At the 2021–22 SailGP championship, he replaced Billy Besson as the helm of the French SailGP team.
# Thallium(I) sulfide

Thallium(I) sulfide, Tl$_2$S, is a chemical compound of thallium and sulfur.

## Occurrence

Tl$_2$S is found in nature as the mineral carlinite which has the distinction of being the only sulfide mineral of thallium that does not contain at least two metals. Tl$_2$S has a distorted anti-CdI$_2$ structure.

## Synthesis

Tl$_2$S can be prepared from the elements or by precipitating the sulfide from a solution of thallium(I), e.g. the sulfate or nitrate. Thin films have been deposited, produced from a mixture of citratothallium complex and thiourea. Heating the film in nitrogen at 300°C converts all the product into Tl$_2$S

## History and applications

This salt was used in some of the earliest photo-electric detectors by Theodore Case who developed the so-called thalofide (sometimes spelt thallofide) cell, used in early film projectors. Case described the detector material as consisting of thallium, oxygen and sulfur, and this was incorrectly described by others as being thallium oxysulfide, which incidentally is a compound that is not known. Case's work was then built on by R.J. Cashman who recognised that the controlled oxidation of the Tl$_2$S film was key to the operation of the cell. Cashman's work culminated in the development of long wave infrared detectors used during the Second World War. Reliable Tl$_2$S detectors were also developed in Germany at the same time.
# Saint-Rigomer-des-Bois

Saint-Rigomer-des-Bois is a former commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France. In 2015 it became part of Villeneuve-en-Perseigne. Its population was 441 in 2022.
# 2014 Jos bombings

On 20 May 2014, two bombs exploded in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, killing at least 118 people and injuring more than 56 others. The first bombing occurred in a marketplace, and the second near a bus station. Though no group or individual has claimed responsibility, the attacks have been attributed to Boko Haram.

## Background

Christians and Muslims had several confrontations in Jos in years preceding the bombings, and militant group Boko Haram was also active prior to the attack. In 2012, multiple churches were bombed by Boko Haram in order to try to start a religious conflict between Christians and Muslims. In the month prior to the attack, Boko Haram abducted over 200 schoolgirls, though Jos had two significant attacks since 2012. One day after the bombings 27 were killed in village attacks.

## Attack

The twin car blasts were 30 minutes apart, one at 3:00 and the other at 3:30. The first explosion occurred in the Terminus Market, where there were over fifty casualties. In Terminus there was a "teaching hospital, shops, offices and a market" prior to the attack. The second explosion took place near a hospital. The second explosion killed potential rescuers who had gone to assist after the first bomb exploded. A large amount of black smoke was also visible. The bombings were likely designed to inflict the maximum number of casualties. The car bomb caused nearby vehicles to alight.

### Aftermath

Firefighters and rescue workers tried to reach the sites of the bombings, but "thousands" of people were fleeing from the area. The bombs had been positioned to kill as many as possible, indiscriminate of religion using a "back-to-back blast" tactic, whereby a bomb explodes and another that explodes a short time later is designed to kill rescue workers as well as initial casualties. Youths and soldiers created checkpoints in the area, with some carrying out searches of vehicles. The body count is expected to rise, and some bodies were burned beyond recognition. A death count of 46 was rapidly raised to the current figure of 118 as the rubble was cleared. However, some have put the figure as high as 150.

## Reactions
### Domestic

* Nigeria – President Goodluck Jonathan condemned the bombings, and called them a "tragic assault on human freedom", and the bombers "cruel and evil".

### International

* Turkey – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey stated that, "We have learned with deep sorrow these bombings. Turkey strongly condemn these attacks targeting the friendly people of Nigeria, convey our condolences to the Nigerian State and its people and wish a speedy recovery to the injured.
* United Kingdom – UK Foreign Secretary William Hague called the attack in Jos a "cowardly, inhumane crime".
* United States – A US state department spokeswoman said the bombing, and other recent attacks blamed on Boko Haram, were "unconscionable, terrorist acts".
# Adam Green's Aladdin

Adam Green's Aladdin is an independent film written, directed by, and starring Adam Green. It presents a modern take on the Arabian Nights classic tale. The film stars Alia Shawkat, Natasha Lyonne, Jack Dishel, Macaulay Culkin, and Nicole LaLiberte. The film explores themes of technology, government repression, greed, and true love. The film was partially funded through the crowdfunding website Kickstarter, and filmed over the summer of 2014. The film was released on April 15, 2016, through video on demand and on Blu-ray on November 1, 2024.

## Premise

The film revolves around Aladdin's dysfunctional family, who live in an average American city ruled by a corrupt sultan with a decadent socialite daughter.

## Cast

* Adam Green as Aladdin
* Alia Shawkat as Emily
* Natasha Lyonne as Mom
* Jack Dishel as Uncle Gary/The Sultan
* Macaulay Culkin as Ralph
* Nicole LaLiberte as Ms. President
* Francesco Clemente as Mustafa, The Genie
* Bip Ling as Princess Barbara
* Parker Kindred as Genarro Russo
* Har Mar Superstar as British Druggie Guy
* John Wiley as Farmer Dave
* Zoë Kravitz as Miner with Lamp
* Sophia Lamar as The Stripper
* Devendra Banhart as Saucemaker
* Rodrigo Amarante as Mariachi Singer
* Binki Shapiro as Miner
* Andrew VanWyngarden as Guardian of the Lamp
* Penn Badgley as Prince of Monaco
* Leo Fitzpatrick as Bouncer
* Neil Harbisson as Miner

## Production

The film raised money through Kickstarter, with Green admitting that the bulk of the cost was spent on creating the cardboard sets, noting that "Most people did the movie for basically no money". Some of the smaller parts were performed by artists doing residencies at the nearby Pioneer Works studio. Green has stated that falling in love with his wife, Yasmin Green, heavily influenced the plot and that wedding vows that Aladdin gives are nearly identical to his own.
After completing the project, Green said he had some problems distributing it, with most film festivals finding it too "off brand". However, after releasing the trailer online, Green started to get offers for screening the film. Vice Media also got in contact with Green after seeing the trailer, asking him to pitch a TV show for their Viceland channel.
# Internal Revolutionary Organization

The Internal Revolutionary Organisation (IRO; Bulgarian: Вътрешна Революционна Организация (ВРО), romanized: Vătrešna Revoljucionna Organizacija (VRO)) was a Bulgarian revolutionary organisation founded and built up by Bulgarian revolutionary Vasil Levski between 1869 and 1871. The organisation represented a network of regional revolutionary committees which were governed by a Central Committee in the town of Lovech. The foundation of IRO reflected Levski's ideas that the centre of revolutionary activity be transferred from the Bulgarian emigrant circles in Romania to Bulgaria proper. In 1871 Levski prepared the Charter of the organisation in the spirit of his own political views: liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottomans through a nationwide revolution and establishment of the country as a democratic republic with guarantees for the equality of all of its citizens regardless of their ethnicity or religion.
By the end of 1872, both Levski and Lyuben Karavelov, the chairman of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee (BRCC), which was situated in Bucharest, had concluded that the future success of the armed struggle against the Ottomans depended on the co-operation of both: external and internal committees. To this end the two organisations prepared and adopted a joint programme and charter and voted on the merger of the two organisations under the name of BRCK at a general meeting held in Bucharest in May, 1872. The goals and fundamental principles which governed the work of the Internal Revolutionary Organisation influenced the formation and guiding principles of subsequent Bulgarian revolutionary organisations, namely the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (active in the Ottoman Empire from 1893 to 1912), the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (active in Greek and Yugoslav Macedonia from 1919 to 1934), the Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation (active in Western Thrace from 1922 to 1934), the Internal Dobrudjan Revolutionary Organisation (active in Dobruja from 1923 to 1940) and the Internal Western Outland Revolutionary Organisation (active in the Western Outlands from 1921 to 1934).
# Margit Carlqvist

Margit Carlqvist (born 11 February 1932 in Stockholm) is a Swedish actress. In Sweden she starred in many movies during the 1950s. Internationally, she may be best known for her role in Ingmar Bergman's film, Smiles of a Summer Night.

## Selected filmography

* To Joy (Till glädje, 1950)
* Stronger Than the Law (1951)
* Encounter with Life (1952)
* The Clang of the Pick (1952)
* She Came Like the Wind (1952)
* Marianne (1953)
* The Glass Mountain (1953)
* The Road to Klockrike (1953)
* Taxi 13 (1954)
* Dance in the Smoke (1954)
* The Summer Wind Blows (1955)
* The People of Hemsö
* Smiles of a Summer Night (1955)
* My Passionate Longing (1956)
* Stage Entrance (1956)
* A Dreamer's Journey (1957)
* No Tomorrow (1957)
* Line Six (1958)
* Love Mates (Änglar, finns dom?, 1961)
* The Lady in White (1962)
* Hide and Seek (1963)
* Loving Couples (Älskande par, 1964)
* We Are All Demons (1969)
* The Lustful Vicar (Kyrkoherden, 1970)
* The Last Adventure (Det sista äventyret, 1974)
# Eastern European cuisine

Eastern European cuisine encompasses many different cultures, ethnicities, languages, and histories of Eastern Europe.
The cuisine of the region is strongly influenced by its climate and still varies, depending on a country. For example, East Slavic countries of the Sarmatic Plain (Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian cuisine) show many similarities.

## Characteristics

According to the Ethnic Food Lover's Companion, all significant Eastern European cuisines are closely connected with the political, social and economic revival of the region, following the long periods of historical turmoil. "These are substantial cuisines, meaty, rooty, smoky – part comfort food, part extravagance." Their main ingredients include eggs, used most frequently in doughs and pastries; dairy products (with yogurt and cheese among the staples); grains, including rye, barley, wheat, buckwheat and millet used in kashas and in the making of breads; vegetables, in cold storage and in pickling; fish (salmon, pike, carp and herring), birds and poultry (chicken, duck, goose, partridge, quail, turkey); red meats such as veal, beef, pork and mutton; and plentiful fruits including pears, plums, cherries, raspberries, pomegranates, dates, and figs, used for desserts and a variety of liqueurs. The nutritional index of traditional dishes is generally high cholesterol, high sodium, and high fat.
# Sorgenfri railway station

Sorgenfri station is a railway station on the Hillerød radial of the S-train network in Copenhagen, Denmark. It serves Sorgenfri and the southern part of Virum. It is located at Hummeltoftevej 51 and is named for the nearby Sorgenfri palace.

## History

The station was established in 1936 in connection with the conversion of Nordbanen into an S-train line. The station opened on 15 May 1936. It was then located at present-day Lottenborgvej which was then called Hummeltoftevej and crossed the railway on a bridge.
The station was moved 250 metres (820 ft) to the northwest in connection with the construction of the Lyngby Bypass in 1955. Hummeltoftevej was also moved north and the old road was renamed Lottenborgvej after the property Lottenborg.
# HMS Bombay (1828)

HMS Bombay was an 84-gun second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 17 February 1828 at Bombay Dockyard.
She was fitted with screw propulsion in 1861 at Chatham Dockyard. This was a significant modification and involved cutting the ship in half and inserting a section to lengthen her, as well as fitting a Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes steam engine that gave a speed of 10 knots. Under the command of Captain Colin Andrew Campbell, she was sent to South America as the flagship of Rear-Admiral Charles Elliot.
On 8 December 1864, members of the crew fielded a cricket side to play against the Buenos Aires Cricket Club in the opening of the BACC's new game field in Parque Tres de Febrero in Palermo, Buenos Aires, located where the Galileo Galilei planetarium is today. That day the BACC defeated the Bombay team by 85 runs to 31.

## Loss

The ship would be destroyed in a fire on the River Plate, in a freak target practice accident. Her efficient ventilation system spread the fire of unknown origin during the target practice off Uruguay near Isla de Flores near Montevideo in the River Plate on 14 December 1864. destroying her and costing the lives of 93 of her crew of 619.
At the time the ship was under sail, and the engines were not in use. The fire was reported at 3.35pm, having started in the area of the aft-hold. It spread quickly; by 4pm flames were coming out of the hatchways and setting the sails on fire. The ships boats were launched, but many men went into the water; some were killed by the ship's anchors when the cables holding them burnt through and they dropped into the sea. At 8:25pm, the ship's after gunpowder magazine exploded and she quickly sank in shallow water.
Bombay's bowsprit remained visible above the water for some years afterwards, though it had disappeared by 1885.
# Van der Corput's method

In mathematics, van der Corput's method generates estimates for exponential sums. The method applies two processes, the van der Corput processes A and B which relate the sums into simpler sums which are easier to estimate.
The processes apply to exponential sums of the form
    $\sum _{n=a}^{b}e(f(n))\$
where f is a sufficiently smooth function and e(x) denotes exp(2πix).

## Process A

To apply process A, write the first difference f$_h$(x) for f(x+h)−f(x).
Assume there is H ≤ b−a such that
    $\sum _{h=1}^{H}\left\vert {\sum _{n=a}^{b-h}e(f_{h}(n))}\right\vert \leq b-a\ .$
Then
    $\left\vert {\sum _{n=a}^{b}e(f(n))}\right\vert \ll {\frac {b-a}{\sqrt {H}}}\ .$

## Process B

Process B transforms the sum involving f into one involving a function g defined in terms of the derivative of f. Suppose that f' is monotone increasing with f'(a) = α, f'(b) = β. Then f' is invertible on [α,β] with inverse u say. Further suppose f'' ≥ λ > 0. Write
    $g(y)=f(u(y))-yu(y)\ .$
We have
    $\left\vert {\sum _{n=a}^{b}e(f(n))}\right\vert \ll {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}\max _{\alpha \leq \gamma \leq \beta }\left\vert {\sum _{\nu =\alpha }^{\gamma }e(g(\nu ))}\right\vert \ .$
Applying Process B again to the sum involving g returns to the sum over f and so yields no further information.

## Exponent pairs

The method of exponent pairs gives a class of estimates for functions with a particular smoothness property. Fix parameters N,R,T,s,δ. We consider functions f defined on an interval [N,2N] which are R times continuously differentiable, satisfying
    $\left\vert {f^{(r+1)}(x)-(-1)^{r}s(s+1)\cdots (s+r)Tx^{-s-r}}\right\vert \leq \delta s(s+1)\cdots (s+r)Tx^{-s-r}\$
uniformly on [a,b] for 0 ≤ r < R.
We say that a pair of real numbers (k,l) with 0 ≤ k ≤ 1/2 ≤ l ≤ 1 is an exponent pair if for each σ > 0 there exists δ and R depending on k,l,σ such that
    $\left\vert {\sum _{n=a}^{b}e(f(n))}\right\vert \ll \left({\frac {T}{N^{\sigma }}}\right)^{k}N^{l}\$
uniformly in f.
By Process A we find that if (k,l) is an exponent pair then so is $\left({{\frac {k}{2k+2}},{\frac {k+l+1}{2k+2}}}\right)$. By Process B we find that so is $\left({l-1/2,k+1/2}\right)$.
A trivial bound shows that (0,1) is an exponent pair.
The set of exponents pairs is convex.
It is known that if (k,l) is an exponent pair then the Riemann zeta function on the critical line satisfies
$\zeta (1/2+it)\ll t^{\theta }\log t$
where $\theta =(k+l-1/2)/2$.
The exponent pair conjecture states that for all ε > 0, the pair (ε,1/2+ε) is an exponent pair. This conjecture implies the Lindelöf hypothesis.
# Dugan Aycock

Dugan "Doog" Aycock (April 8, 1908 – March 23, 2001) was an American professional golfer and golf course designer. Aycock was a member of the PGA of America for 68 years and served as the Carolinas Section President for more than 15 years and as National Vice President (now known as district director).
Aycock was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1938, Aycock designed the Lexington Country Club and was its head professional there for 38 of the next 40 years.
During World War II, Aycock was the special services director of his Army unit. He smuggled golf equipment into Italy and North Africa in a shipment of kitchen fixtures, helped rebuild golf courses, and even organized an Army tournament. Among the players who participated were Tommy Bolt and Bobby Locke.
To raise money for the March of Dimes campaign against polio in 1947, Aycock came up with the idea of playing golf cross-country from Lexington, North Carolina to the ninth hole at Thomasville Golf Course; a distance of about 10 miles (16 km). Donors were asked to contribute and guess how many strokes it would take Aycock to complete the "hole". He teed off from a square in downtown Lexington and was allowed to tee the ball up on every shot except those that found water or ditches. He had to take penalty shots on those. It took Aycock a total of 114 strokes to go the entire 10 miles. Prior to starting, he wrote on a piece of paper sealed in an envelope that he thought it would take him 115 strokes. The event raised more than $5,000.
In 1957, Aycock was named national PGA Golf Professional of the Year. He was inducted into the Carolinas PGA Hall of Fame in 1981, the Carolinas Golf Hall of Fame in 1982, and the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 1969. In addition to serving several terms as the PGA's vice president, he was a member of its executive committee, served on the PGA's Ryder Cup committee, and officiated at the Matches on multiple occasions.
The Davidson County Amateur Champion is named in his honor.
# Chinese people in Norway

Chinese people in Norway include people born in the People's Republic of China, or have ancestry from there. It may also include people originating from Taiwan and Hong Kong. They form a sizable community and are one of the biggest Asian groups in the country.

## Sources

* Kwan, Yen Yin (2013), A Long Journey: The History of the Chinese Immigration to Oslo
* Skottevik, Henny Sofie Grimshei (2023), Chinese in Norway - Do Chinese people alter their political perceptions about the Chinese government after their relocation to Norway?