OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 403rd Security Division

The 403rd Security Division (403. Sicherungs-Division) was a rear-security division in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany. Throughout the war, the unit was mainly deployed in the Army Group South Rear Area behind the Eastern Front, which was a large, German-occupied area of the Soviet Union. During the whole war, the 403rd Security Division was used throughout the war mainly on the Eastern Front for security tasks in the rear army area, such as capturing scattered Soviet soldiers and commissars. Further anti-Semitic measures, such as confiscations, removal of functions, the formation of "purely" Jewish houses, followed.

## Operational history
### Division z.b.V. 403

The Division z.b.V. 403, alternatively known as Landesschützen-Division 403, was established on 25 October 1939 in Spandau, which was in the III Military District. It was to consist of ten Territorial Guard (Landesschützen) battalions from the III Military District. August 1940 onwards, the division was part of the 6th Army, which was at the time in Brittany. It was renamed to 403rd Security Division in March 1942.

### 403rd Security Division
#### Formation

The division was formed on 15 March 1941 near Neusalz in Silesia, in the VIII Military District, from the staff of Division z.b.V. 403 and elements of the 213th Infantry Division.

#### 1941

In 1941, the division fought in the Battle of Moscow and the Battle of Smolensk as part of the Army Group Reserve. During this period, the division was used against the civilian population and burned down numerous villages.

#### 1942

At the beginning of 1942, the fallback line of the division was broken by the Red Army near Toropets. In the summer of 1942, the division partook in actions against Jews in eastern Ukraine.

#### 1943

At the beginning of 1943 the division was split into parts, with one part being assigned to the XXIVth Army Corps of the 2nd Panzer Army and the other to the XXXXth Army Corps assigned to the 4th Army. On 31 May 1943 in southern Russia, the division was dissolved.
The division staff moved to Bergen in June 1943 and became the staff of the 265th Infantry Division.

## Commanders

Commanding officers
| No. | Portrait | Commander | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
| 1 | | von Ditfurth, WolfgangOberst/Generalmajor/Generalleutnant Wolgang von Ditfurth | 25 October 1939 | May 1942 | 2 years, 188 days |
| 2 | | Rußwurm, WilhelmGeneralleutnant Wilhelm Rußwurm | May 1942 | 31 May 1943 | 1 year, 1 day |
# Rhoda Gumus

Rhoda Gumus is a Nigerian professor of chemical engineering. She is a Commissioner of the Independent National Electoral Commission of Nigeria. She was appointed by President Muhammadu Buhari and confirmed by the Nigerian Senate on 2 February 2022.

## Education

Gumus was born on 21 July 1953 in Koroama town of Bayelsa State. She studied for a Higher National Diploma from the College of Science and Technology, Rivers State and a Master of Technology in Chemical Engineering from the Rivers State University of Science and Technology. She further obtained a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Loughborough University, UK.

## Controversy

Gumus's appointment as a National Electoral commissioner by President Buhari became controversial in 2022 due to allegations that she was a member of the All Progressives Congress. A purported "party membership card" was widely reported and copiously reproduced by newspapers across Nigeria as belonging to Gumus. The main opposition party in Nigeria, the People's Democratic Party rejected her appointment and confirmation by the Senate. Citizens wrote several petitions against her nomination and the senate was criticised for not publicly addressing those petitions before her confirmation. Gumus denied membership of any political party. She threatened legal action against the Concerned Nigerians Group (CNG) a civil rights group and other news sources who had carried the news and demanded a retraction. The CNG however replied that they were willing to meet in court over the allegations.
During the Edo State Governorship election which took place on 21 September 2024, Gumus was reported as saying "I am in charge, I wont take bribes...nobody will try me". The election is keenly contested between All Progressives Congress, the People's Democratic Party and the Labour Party and Gumus' statement comes against the backdrop of perceptions that Nigeria's partisan elections are heavily influenced by corruption.
# GSO projection

The Gliozzi–Scherk–Olive (GSO) projection (named after Ferdinando Gliozzi, Joël Scherk, and David I. Olive) is an ingredient used in constructing a consistent model in superstring theory. The projection is a selection of a subset of possible vertex operators in the worldsheet conformal field theory (CFT)—usually those with specific worldsheet fermion number and periodicity conditions. Such a projection is necessary to obtain a consistent worldsheet CFT. For the projection to be consistent, the set A of operators retained by the projection must satisfy:
* Closure — The operator product expansion (OPE) of any two operators in A contains only operators which are in A.
* Mutual locality — There are no branch cuts in the OPE of any two operators in the set A.
* Modular invariance — The partition function on the two-torus of the theory containing only the operators in A respects modular invariance.
Starting from the same worldsheet CFT, different choices in the GSO projection will lead to string theories with different physical particles and properties in spacetime. For example, the Type II and Type 0 string theories result from different GSO projections on the same worldsheet theory. Furthermore, the two distinct Type II theories, IIA and IIB, differ in their GSO projections. In building models of realistic string vacua (as opposed to toy models), one typically chooses a GSO projection which eliminates the tachyonic ground state of the string and preserves spacetime supersymmetry.
# List of ambassadors of the United States to Mozambique

Mozambique was an overseas possession of Portugal until 1975. On June 25, 1975, Portugal granted independence to Mozambique, much later than other European nations had freed their own African possessions.
The United States immediately recognized the new nation and moved to establish diplomatic relations. An embassy in the capital Maputo (then named Lourenço Marques) was opened November 8, 1975, with Johnnie Carson as chargé d’affaires ad interim. On February 4, 1976, Ambassador Willard Ames De Pree was appointed as the first Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Mozambique.

## Ambassadors

| Name | Title | Appointed | Presented credentials | Terminated mission |
| Willard Ames De Pree – Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | February 4, 1976 | April 16, 1976 | July 7, 1980 |
| William H. Twaddell | Chargé d’Affaires ad interim | July 7, 1980 | - | September 23, 1983 |
| Peter Jon de Vos – Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | September 23, 1983 | November 4, 1983 | February 12, 1987 |
| Melissa Foelsch Wells – Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | September 11, 1987 | September 26, 1987 | October 12, 1990 |
| Townsend B. Friedman, Jr. – Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | August 6, 1990 | November 10, 1990 | September 15, 1993 |
| Dennis C. Jett – Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | July 16, 1993 | November 17, 1993 | July 20, 1996 |
| P. Michael McKinley | Chargé d’Affaires ad interim | July 20, 1996 | - | December 3, 1997 |
| Brian D. Curran – Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | October 24, 1997 | December 3, 1997 | June 21, 2000 |
| Sharon P. Wilkinson – Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | September 15, 2000 | October 25, 2000 | July 21, 2003 |
| Helen R. Meagher La Lime – Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | April 16, 2003 | September 3, 2003 | June 21, 2006 |
| Todd C. Chapman | Chargé d'Affaires ad interim | July 2007 | - | January 2010 |
| Leslie V. Rowe - Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | December 29, 2009 | February 10, 2010 | March 1, 2012 |
| Douglas M. Griffiths - Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | July 5, 2012 | August 8, 2012 | December 28, 2015 |
| H. Dean Pittman - Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | November 23, 2015 | February 18, 2016 | December 21, 2018 |
| Dennis Walter Hearne - Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | January 31, 2019 | April 3, 2019 | January 19, 2022 |
| Peter H. Vrooman - Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | December 18, 2021 | March 3, 2022 | Incumbent |
# Mount Macdonald

Mount Macdonald is a mountain peak located in the Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia, Canada, immediately east of Rogers Pass in Glacier National Park. It is notable as the location of the Canadian Pacific Railway's Connaught and Mount Macdonald Tunnels. At 14.7 km, the Mount Macdonald tunnel is the longest railway tunnel in the western hemisphere.
The original name of the peak was Mount Carroll (for a member of the CPR engineering team under A. B. Rogers), but was renamed to honor the first Prime Minister of Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald, by a Privy Council Order in Council #551 on 4 April 1887.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, this mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Beaver River.

## Gallery

* Mount Macdonald's north face
* North aspect
# Souleimane Konaté

Souleimane Konate (born February 4, 1984) is a French heavyweight kickboxer.

## Biography and career

Souleimane Konate joined Faucon Gym in 2005.
His first success in K-1 came on August 19, 2007 at K-1 2007 Hungary, when he defeated Ferencz József and Jánosi László and reached the tournament finals, where he was stopped by Dániel Török by unanimous decision.
On December 8, 2007 at K-1 World GP Final in Yokohama, Japan, Konaté was scheduled to fight on a Superfight against Musashi but was forced to pull out due to injuries and was replaced by David Dancrade.

## Titles

* 2012 K-1 rules French Cup Heavyweight Champion
* 2012 Kickboxing French Cup Heavyweight Champion
* 2007 K-1 Fighting Network Hungary runner up
* 2006 "Urban Trip" Full Contact tournament Champion, Montelimar, France
* 2006 Heavy Weights Academy “K-1 rules” Champion, Tournai, Belgium
* 2005 French Kickboxing Champion
# Rice Creek (British Columbia)

Rice Creek is a creek located in the Boundary Country region of British Columbia. The creek flows into McKinney Creek from the east. This creek has been mined for gold.
# Woodstock Estate

Woodstock House and Estate is a derelict Georgian house and estate located near Inistioge, County Kilkenny, Ireland, on the west bank of the River Nore. The Ladies of Llangollen story began here and Mary Tighe died here. The house was destroyed by presumed arson after it was used a billet by the British army during Ireland's War of Independence. The house is still a ruin but the gardens are open to the public.

## History

Woodstock House is now a ruin. In 1737, William Fownes's grandfather left him over 21,000 acres. William Fownes father, (also) Sir William Fownes, had been the Mayor of Dublin. When the younger William married Elizabeth Ponsonby he received £4,000 as a dowry. With this money William and Sarah built the six bayed three storey Woodstock House in County Kilkenny in 1745-7. They had a child guest named Sarah Ponsonby who was Elizabeth's cousin. When Sarah's adult friend, Lady Eleanor Butler, ran away from home she was hidden in Sarah's room and the housemaid Mary Carryl smuggled in food for her stowaway. Sarah was receiving unwanted attention from Sir William. but eventually they agreed that they could leave Ireland together. They went to Llangollen in Wales where they set up home in a cottage called Plas Newydd. Eleanor and Sarah became the Ladies of Llangollen with Mary Carryl as their lifelong servant.
Over the next forty-five years, Woodstock was the background to a series of dramas that led to the deaths of William, Elisabeth and their son-in-law William Tighe. The Irish poet Mary Tighe died here of tuberculosis in 1820.
The gardens and walks were laid out between 1840 and 1900 by another William Tighe and his wife Lady Louisa Lennox. The gardens contain many exotic plants from Asia and South America, including the Monkey Puzzle tree and the Noble Fir tree which form two of the walks in the gardens, as well as specimens of the Coast Redwood.
In 1921, the property was occupied by the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries, which caused resentment, and then by troops of the Free State Army, who were withdrawn from the premises during the Irish Civil War, on 1 July 1922. The house, left unguarded, was burnt down the next day, and remains a derelict empty shell, overgrown with vegetation. The grounds are being restored by Kilkenny County Council and are open to the public. In the grounds, near the river, is a shooting lodge called the Red House.
In 1978 the estate hosted the Irish Jamboree, marking seventy years of Scouting in Ireland. The celebrations were attended by almost 10,000 Scouts from around the world and they were opened by President Patrick Hillery.
# Ballindoon Bridge railway station

Ballindoon Bridge halt was a railcar request stop which served the area of Cappry in County Donegal, Ireland.
The halt opened on 1 August 1944 on the Donegal Railway Company line from Glenties to Stranorlar.
It closed on 15 December 1947 when the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee closed the line from Glenties to Stranorlar in an effort to save money.
Freight services on the route continued until 10 March 1952.
# Chumpol Bua-ngam

Chumpol Bua-ngam (Thai: ชุมพล บัวงาม, born September 2, 1986), simply known as Wut (Thai: วุฒิ), is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a centre back or a left back.
# Anisotropy energy

Anisotropic energy is energy that is directionally specific. The word anisotropy means "directionally dependent", hence the definition. The most common form of anisotropic energy is magnetocrystalline anisotropy, which is commonly studied in ferromagnets. In ferromagnets, there are islands or domains of atoms that are all coordinated in a certain direction; this spontaneous positioning is often called the "easy" direction, indicating that this is the lowest energy state for these atoms. In order to study magnetocrystalline anisotropy, energy (usually in the form of an electric current) is applied to the domain, which causes the crystals to deflect from the "easy" to "hard" positions. The energy required to do this is defined as the anisotropic energy. The easy and hard alignments and their relative energies are due to the interaction between spin magnetic moment of each atom and the crystal lattice of the compound being studied.
# Reid W. Barton

Reid William Barton (born May 6, 1983) is a mathematician and also one of the most successful performers in the International Science Olympiads.

## Biography

Barton is the son of two environmental engineers. Barton took part-time classes at Tufts University in chemistry (5th grade), physics (6th grade), and subsequently Swedish, Finnish, French, and Chinese. Since eighth grade he worked part-time with MIT computer scientist Charles E. Leiserson on CilkChess, a computer chess program. Subsequently, he worked at Akamai Technologies with computer scientist Ramesh Sitaraman to build one of the earliest video performance measurement systems that have since become a standard in industry. After Akamai, Barton went to grad school at Harvard to pursue a Ph.D. in mathematics, which he completed in 2019 under the supervision of Michael J. Hopkins. Afterwards, he did research as a post-doctoral fellow at Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University and works on formalizing mathematics with Lean. As of November 2021 he sits on the committee for the International Mathematical Olympiad Grand Challenge

## Mathematical and programming competitions

Barton was the first student to win four gold medals at the International Mathematical Olympiad, culminating in full marks at the 2001 Olympiad held in Washington, D.C., shared with Gabriel Carroll, Xiao Liang and Zhang Zhiqiang.
Barton is one of seven people to have placed among the five top ranked competitors (who are themselves not ranked against each other) in the William Lowell Putnam Competition four times (2001–2004). Barton was a member of the MIT team which finished second in 2001 and first in 2003 and 2004.
Barton has won two gold medals at the International Olympiad in Informatics. In 2001 he finished first with 580 points out of 600, 55 ahead of his nearest competitor, the largest margin in IOI history at the time. Barton was a member of the 2nd and 5th place MIT team at the ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest, and reached the finals in the Topcoder Open (2004), semi-finals (2003, 2006), the TopCoder Collegiate Challenge (2004), semi-finals (2006), TCCC Regional finals (2002), and TopCoder Invitational semi-finalist (2002). He teamed with Tomek Czajka and John Dethridge to win the internet problem solving contest in 2015.

## Other accomplishments

Barton has won the Morgan Prize awarded jointly by the American Mathematical Society and the Mathematical Association of America for his work on packing densities.
Barton has taught at various academic Olympiad training programs for high school students, such as the Mathematical Olympiad Summer Program.

## Selected publications

* ——— (2004-11-12). "Packing densities of patterns" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Combinatorics. 11 (1): R80. doi:10.37236/1833.
* ———; Burns, Keith (2000). "A simple special case of Sharkovskii's theorem". American Mathematical Monthly. 107 (10): 932–933. doi:10.2307/2695586. JSTOR 2695586.
# Ryan Nagode

Ryan Nagode is an automotive designer and chief interior designer at Stellantis. In 2014, he was named to the Automotive News "40 under 40."
A graduate of the Cleveland Institute of Art Industrial Design Program in 2003, Nagode designed the exterior of the Dodge Avenger; the Dodge Journey; the interior of the 2009 Dodge Ram and 2011 Jeep Wrangler; and directed the design studio for the 2013 RAM 1500/2500/3500 interiors, including the Laramie Longhorn and Limited models, as well as the 2013 Dodge Dart and the return of the 2013 SRT Viper.
In a 2007 interview, Nagode said the front end of the Avenger was inspired by a favourite pair of designer Oakley sunglasses and the feeling they give him when he wore them.

## Background

Nagode is the son of Larry and Denise Nagode, grew up in East Aurora, NY and graduated in 1998 from East Aurora High School. Nagode's father was also a graduate of the Cleveland Institute of Art in 1974, and was a student of Viktor Schreckengost and is Senior Designer at Fisher-Price — where Ryan Nagode had also served a summer internship.
Nagode participated in the CIA's 5th annual Automotive Design Symposium, March 2, 2007 at the Cleveland Auto Show as well as the Cleveland Institute of Art's Future center for design and technology transfer, Design Values 2, June 1 through August 3, 2007.

## Gallery

The second generation Dodge Avenger, 2009 Dodge Journey, as well as the 2009 Dodge Ram Interior, styled by Ryan Nagode:
# Enochrus esuriens

Enochrus (Methydrus) esuriens, is a species of water scavenger beetle found in Indochina, Korea, China, Japan, Bhutan, Iran, Iraq, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Sunda Island, Saudi Arabia and Australia.

## Description

Body length is about 2.4 to 2.8 mm. Body oval and convex. Dorsum yellowish brown whereas ventrum blackish. Head dark with preocular spots. Mentum consists with compact long setae on anterior part. Pronotum without a central dark spot. Elytra without stria. Mesoventral process is protruded posteriorly, with characteristic beak-shaped with sparse setae. Abdomen consists with five vetrites and zig-zag shaped maxillary palpi. Sternite VII with emargination visible in between apex and medial part. Median lobe of aedeagus in male is long and triangular along with reversed U-shaped and relatively thick corona.
It is inhabited in both brackish and fresh water.
# List of ambassadors of the United States to North Macedonia

The United States ambassador to North Macedonia is the official representative of the president of the United States to the head of state of North Macedonia.
The Ambassador, based out of Skopje, works with the rest of the embassy - 70 other Americans and 240 locals - to advance bilateral relations.
The United States established a liaison office in what was then the Republic of Macedonia in Skopje on December 3, 1993 with Victor D. Comras appointed soon after as Charge and U.S. chief of Mission with the equivalent rank of Ambassador. The U.S. formally recognized Macedonia as an independent state on February 9, 1994.

## Ambassadors and chiefs of mission

| Name | Presentation of credentials | Termination of mission | Title |
| Victor D. Comras | December 3, 1993 | July 2, 1996 | Chief of Mission |
| Christopher R. Hill | July 29, 1996 | August 2, 1999 | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary |
| M. Michael Einik | September 7, 1999 | November 4, 2001 | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary |
| Lawrence E. Butler | April 22, 2002 | March 26, 2005 | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary |
| Gillian A. Milovanovic | September 6, 2005 | August 30, 2008 | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary |
| Philip T. Reeker | September 29, 2008 | July 15, 2011 | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary |
| Paul D. Wohlers | September 13, 2011 | January 21, 2015 | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary |
| Jess L. Baily | February 12, 2015 | March 1, 2019 | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary |
| Kate Marie Byrnes | July 12, 2019 | September 26, 2022 | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary |
| Angela Aggeler | November 8, 2022 | Incumbent | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary |
# Murder of John Monckton

John Victor Monckton (13 October 1955 – 29 November 2004) was a financier who was killed in his own house in November 2004, by Elliott White and Damien Hanson, while the latter was on probation after serving half of his 12-year sentence for attempted murder.

## Biography

Educated at Downside and Lincoln College, Oxford, he rose to the position of Managing Director of Bonds at Legal & General Group PLC, a large British insurance firm. He was a Roman Catholic, and a distant cousin of Viscount Monckton of Brenchley. He joined the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in 1977.
He was murdered and his wife severely assaulted at their home in Upper Cheyne Row in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, nominally a low-crime area. His nine-year-old daughter called the police, but the killers fled the scene. A suspect, Damien Hanson, was arrested the following day.

## Murder

Hanson was eventually convicted of Monckton's murder and sentenced to serve three life sentences for killing Monckton, and the attempted murder of Monckton's wife Homeyra, in November 2004. His accomplice, Elliot White, is serving 18 years for manslaughter, wounding with intent and robbery.
The trial judge recommended that Hanson should serve a minimum of 36 years in jail before being considered for parole. This is one of the lengthiest minimum terms ever handed out in British legal history.
Hanson had at least one previous conviction for attempted murder when he killed Monckton. Hanson had been released from jail three months before the killing, halfway through his 12-year sentence. In 2006, Hanson's half sister, Laura Campbell, was jailed for four years for providing a fake alibi for the crime.
# Namdeogyusan

Namdeogyusan is a mountain of Jeollabuk-do, western South Korea. It has an elevation of 1,507 metres.
# Pralong Sawandee

Pralong Sawandee (Thai: ประลอง สาวันดี, born June 4, 1987) is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a left back.