OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 41st Iowa Infantry Battalion

The 41st Iowa Infantry Battalion was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

## Service

The 41st Iowa Infantry was organized as Companies A, B, and C of the 14th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Davenport, Iowa and mustered in for three years of Federal service on November 6, 1861. These three companies were immediately detached and sent to Fort Randall, Dakota Territory, arriving there on December 5, 1861. One of the companies was later posted north to Fort Pierre. The Battalion was permanently detached from the 14th Iowa on September 18, 1862 for service in the Department of the Northwest, where they remained until May 1863. The battalion was transferred to the 7th Iowa Volunteer Cavalry Regiment in April 1863. The state of Iowa considered using the companies as the nucleus for a 41st Iowa Regiment, but that plan was abandoned.

## Total strength and casualties

A total of 293 men served in the 41st Iowa Battalion at one time or another during its existence. It suffered 2 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 2 fatalities.

## Commanders

* Major John Pattee
# Le Refuge

Le Refuge (trans. The Shelter) is a French association founded in 2003 and whose purpose is to provide temporary shelter and support young adults victims of homophobia and transphobia, especially within their own familial cell.

## Activities

'Le Refuge' is primarily intended to accommodate and offer social, medical, and psychological assistance to young adults from 18 to 25 years old who have been victims of homophobia and transphobia. 'Le Refuge' can also accommodate minors 15 to 18 years placed by the juvenile judge.
The association also offers young people who wish mediation actions to try to reconnect the broken links with the family. 300 children are welcomed each year, in the day-and-relay local apartments.
The association is recognized as a public utility by decree of 16 August 2011, formally recognizing the essential character of 'Le refuge' as providing support to LGBT youth rejected by their family, and approves the national dimension of the fight against homophobia.

## Structure and organisation

The Refuge is an association law 1901, subsidized by the State since 1 January 2007 and helps young people from all over France.
It is governed by a Board of Directors consisting of 12 members who are elected for three years per term. Since its inception in 2003, 'Le Refuge' is chaired by Nicolas Noguier, and its CEO is Frederick Gal.
It also has five operational delegations managers who run temporary accommodation arrangements and psychological and social support to Paris, Montpellier, Lyon, Marseille and Toulouse and Lille four antennas, Nîmes, Saint-Denis-de-la-Reunion and Narbonne.
# French ship Pégase (1781)

Pégase was a 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy, lead ship of her class, launched in 1781.

## Career

Pégase took part in the Battle of Ushant on 21 April 1782. She was captured by HMS Foudroyant, under Captain John Jervis. Jervis was invested Knight of the Order of the Bath for the capture.
Pégase was bought into the Royal Navy and commissioned as the third rate HMS Pegase. She served as a prison ship in Portsmouth from 1799, and was broken up in 1815.
# Viktor Krovopuskov

Viktor Alekseyevich Krovopuskov (Russian: Ви́ктор Алексе́евич Кровопу́сков; born 29 September 1948 in Moscow) is a retired sabre fencer, who competed for the USSR.
Krovopuskov began fencing at age 13 at the Children and Youth Sport School in Moscow, his first trainer being Igor Chernyshev. In 1967, he joined the Armed Forces Sports Society in Moscow. He was a member of the USSR National Team between 1973 and 1986. At the 1976 Olympics he won gold medals in both the individual and team sabre events. He repeated his performance at the 1980 Summer Olympics, where he, again, won gold medals in both events.
Krovopuskov was world champion in individual sabre twice (1978 and 1982), and team sabre five times (1974, 1975, 1979, 1983, and 1985). He also won the World Cup in sabre twice (1976 and 1979). In 1979, he was named the Best Sabre Fencer of the World by the International Fencing Federation.
He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1976 and the Order of Lenin in 1980.
# Nkaya

Nkaya, also known as Nacaia, is a town in Malawi, located in the district of Balaka and in the Southern Region of the country.
In 2022 the local Rivi Rivi River which feeds the Shire River diverted by about 500 metres as the result of rainfall and Tropical Storm Ana. A village called Chipanga and a railway line was under threat. The river was preventing people from using the existing road. The local MP Ireen Mambala organised a negotiation with four local families in Nkaya for a new route to be established across their crops. Mambala made them a present of two bags of maize and some money and thanked them publicly for their munificence.
Its economy is predominantly agricultural, but it has an important logistics sector, as it serves as the junction point of the country's road-rail systems.

## Transport

The city's railway station serves as the junction of the national railway network, between the Sena railway and the Nacala railway.
# Dhania, West Bengal

Dhania is a census town in the Amdanga CD block in the Barasat Sadar subdivision in the North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## Geography
### Location

Dhania is located at 22°54′41″N 88°32′04″E﻿ / ﻿22.911256°N 88.534543°E﻿ / 22.911256; 88.534543.

### Area overview

The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower Ganges Delta. The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels. 54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Dhania had a population of 6659; of this, 3403 are male, 3256 female. Dhania has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 74.04%.

## Transport

National Highway 12 (old numbering NH 34) passes through Dhania.

## Infrastructure

As per District Census Handbook 2011, Dhania covered an area of 3.6511 km$^2$. It had 1 primary school. The nearest hospital was 6 km away, the nearest dispensary/ health centre was 4 km away, the nearest family welfare centre was 6 km away, the nearest maternity and child welfare clinic was 7 km away and the nearest maternity home was 6 km away.

## Healthcare

North 24 Parganas district has been identified as one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination.
# Peter LaTempa

Peter LaTempa (1904 – January 15, 1945) was a New York mobster and associate of the Genovese crime family, who later agreed to become a government witness against Vito Genovese.
A local Brooklyn hoodlum, LaTempa was pressured to support the testimony of hitman Ernest "The Hawk" Rupolo in the government's case against Vito Genovese for the 1934 murder of gambler and Luciano crime family soldier Ferdinand "The Shadow" Boccia. Shortly after Genovese's escape to Sicily, LaTempa reportedly agreed to cooperate with the authorities because he believed that Genovese would never be prosecuted.
However, in 1944, U.S. military police in Sicily arrested Genovese for dealing in black market goods, and his status as a fugitive was uncovered shortly thereafter. On January 8, 1945, federal authorities announced that Genovese had been repatriated to New York. LaTempa immediately went to the Brooklyn district attorney's office and demanded protective custody. As a result, the authorities placed LaTempa in Raymond Street Jail. Less than a week after Genovese's return, LaTempa was found dead in his cell after taking medication for his gallstones. An autopsy allegedly revealed that he had ingested enough poison "..to kill eight horses." Those responsible for arranging LaTempa's murder by tampering with his medication were never apprehended. However, 'authorities were convinced that Genovese was behind the murder', as he was the one who stood most to gain from LaTempa's death. With LaTempa's sudden death, there was no one to corroborate Rupolo's testimony in the Boccia murder case, and the jury was subsequently forced to acquit Genovese.
The presiding judge, Samuel Leibowitz, stated before the court:
    "I cannot speak for the jury, but I believe if there were even a shred of corroborating evidence you would have been condemned to the electric chair. By devious means, among which were the terrorizing of witnesses, kidnapping them, yes, even murdering those who would give evidence against you, you have thwarted justice time and again."
After applying for early release from prison, Rupolo himself would be found dead almost 20 years later, on August 24, 1964. He was recovered from Jamaica Bay, Queens with his hands bound and two concrete blocks attached to his legs. His murder was almost certainly in response to his having testified against Genovese.
# Thorium oxyfluoride

Thorium oxyfluoride is an inorganic compound of thorium metal, fluorine, and oxygen with the chemical formula ThOF $_2$.

## Synthesis

* Thorium oxyfluoride can be prepared from partial hydrolysis of thorium tetrafluoride in moist air at elevated temperatures, about 1000 °C.
       ThF$_4$ + H$_2$O → ThOF$_2$ + 2 HF
* Reaction of thorium tetrafluoride with thorium dioxide at 600 °C:
       ThF$_4$ + ThO$_2$ → 2 ThOF$_2$

## Physical properties

The compound forms white, insoluble amorphous powder.

## Uses

The compound is used as a protective coating on reflective surfaces.
# Siskin

The name siskin when referring to a bird is derived from an adaptation of the German dialect words sisschen, zeischen, which are diminutive forms of Middle High German (zîsec) and Middle Low German (ziseke, sisek) words, with cognates in Slavic languages, cf. Czech čížek; these names are of onomatopoeic origin. The name siskin was first recorded in written English in 1544 in William Turner's Avium praecipuarum, quarum apud Plinium et Aristotelem mentio est, brevis et succincta historia, referring to the Eurasian siskin Spinus spinus.
Spinus
* Andean siskin Spinus spinescens
* Antillean siskin Spinus dominicensis
* Black siskin Spinus atratus
* Black-capped siskin Spinus atriceps
* Black-chinned siskin Spinus barbatus
* Black-headed siskin Spinus notatus
* Eurasian siskin Spinus spinus
* Hooded siskin Spinus magellanicus
* Olivaceous siskin Spinus olivaceus
* Pine siskin Spinus pinus
* Red siskin Spinus cucullatus
* Saffron siskin Spinus siemiradzkii
* Thick-billed siskin Spinus crassirostris
* Yellow-bellied siskin Spinus xanthogastrus
* Yellow-faced siskin Spinus yarrellii
* Yellow-rumped siskin Spinus uropygialis
Crithagra and Serinus
* Cape siskin Crithagra totta
* Drakensberg siskin Crithagra symonsi
* Ethiopian siskin Serinus nigriceps
# Battle of Farimake

The battle of Farimake took place between November 22 and 23, 2018, between French forces of Operation Barkhane and Katibat Macina, a regional variant of Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin. French forces launched an assault on Katiba Macina, claiming to have killed their leader Amadou Koufa.

## Prelude

On November 8 (6p.m.), 2018, Amadou Koufa, the leader of Katiba Macina, released a video alongside Iyad Ag Ghaly and Djamel Okacha, urging Fulani people to launch an insurrection against their governments. Around the end of November 2018, Koufa gathered his forces in the Youwarou Cercle, Mopti Region, while civilians celebrated Mawlid.

## Battle

French forces launched an offensive on Katiba Macina on the night of November 22. Malian media stated that fighting broke out at Kourou and Nanana, two large ponds in the commune of Farimake. The operation was launched after months of joint intelligence gathering by French and Malian forces, but Malian troops did not partake in the battle. French troops first launched airstrikes on three Katiba Macina positions, near Sourango, before launching a helicopter-borne assault.

## Aftermath

The following day, French media stated 30 militants were killed, possibly including Amadou Koufa. Later that day, Le Monde assessed the death toll to be 34 militants killed. On November 24, the Malian Ministry of Defense stated Koufa was killed in the battle, having been seriously injured in the attack and succumbing to his injuries hours later in the Wagadou Forest. The Malian MoD also stated that two other Katiba Macina leaders - Djouretou, the base manager, and Bobala, operations manager - were both killed as well. Malian Prime Minister Maïga later claimed Koufa's body was not in the hands of Malian authorities. French forces later corroborated these statements on November 28, giving a final death toll of 35 killed.
Some sources within JNIM, including Abdelmalek Droukdel, denied accusations of Koufa's death, and stated only 16 militants were killed. On February 28, 2019, a video surfaced showing Koufa alive.
# Setoguchi Station

Setoguchi Station (瀬戸口駅, Setoguchi-eki) is a railway station in the city of Seto, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third sector Aichi Loop Railway Company.

## Lines

Setoguchi Station is served by the Aichi Loop Line, and is located 36.7 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Okazaki.

## Station layout

The station has two elevated opposed side platforms, with the station building located underneath. The station building has automated ticket machines, TOICA automated turnstiles and is staffed.

## Adjacent stations

| « | « | Service | » | » |
| Aichi Loop Line |||||
| Yamaguchi | Yamaguchi | - | Setoshi | Setoshi |

## Station history

Setoguchi Station was opened on January 31, 1988 together with the establishment of the Aichi Loop Railway Company.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 4085 passengers daily.

## Surrounding area

* Seto Nishi High School
# Igor Tikhomirov

For the Soviet former rock band member, see Kino (band).
Igor Tikhomirov (Russian: Игорь Тихомиров) (born 4 May 1963) is a Canadian (formerly Soviet) épée fencer.
He competed for the Soviets at the 1988 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal in the épée team competition. During the Soviet part of his career he trained at Dynamo in Moscow.
Tikhomirov won the bronze medal for Canada at the épée 2006 World Fencing Championships after he lost 15-6 to Wang Lei in the semi-final. Same year he won gold for Canada at Pan American Championships. He also represented Canada at 2008 Beijing Olympic Games where he finished 15.
He lives in Toronto where he runs the Sword Players Fencing Academy.
# May 1946 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo

A constitutional referendum was held in French Gabon and Moyen Congo on 5 May 1946 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. The proposed new constitution was rejected by 64% of voters in the territory, and 53% of voters overall.

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| For | 602 | 36.2 |
| Against | 1,063 | 63.8 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 43 | – |
| Total | 1,708 | 100 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 3,319 | 51.5 |
| Source: Sternberger et al. |||
# Laurent Lefèvre

Laurent Lefèvre (born 2 July 1976) is a French former professional road bicycle racer, last for UCI Professional Continental team Bbox Bouygues Telecom. He is one of only three Festina team riders who was named as being clean in the Festina doping affair in the 1998 Tour de France. He is the brother of racing cyclist David Lefèvre and the cousin of racing cyclists Olivier Bonnaire and Marion Rousse.

## Major results

* Combative rider for Stage 8, 2008 Tour de France
* Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré - 1 stage (2003)
* Bayern-Rundfahrt - 1 stage (2003)
* A Travers le Morbihan (2002)
* GP de Villers Cotterêts (2002)
* Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia (1997)
* Vuelta Ciclista de Chile - 1 stage (1997)
* World U19 Road Race Championship - 2nd (1994)
* World U19 Time Trial Championship - 3rd (1994)
# Shannon Sullivan

Shannon Sullivan is chair and Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. She teaches and writes on feminist philosophy, critical philosophy of race, American pragmatism, and continental philosophy.
Sullivan is the author of Living Across and Through Skins: Transactional Bodies, Pragmatism and Feminism (2001), Revealing Whiteness: The Unconscious Habits of Racial Privilege (2006), Good White People: The problem with middle-class white anti-racism (2014) and White Privilege (2019).
She is co-editor of several books, including Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance (2007).
Sullivan's recent work on the physiology of experience within oppressive structures, for example how racist or sexist encounters affect the physical body, draws on affect theory. She cited Friedrich Nietzsche, whom she called "an affect theorist before affect theory became popular," and his thinking about guilt, as having a large influence on her work. She also counted William James as a significant influence.
# Dieter Bortfeldt

Dieter Bortfeldt FRPSL (20 March 1940 – 21 January 2014) was a graphic designer and award-winning philatelist who was a specialist in the philately of Colombia. He designed the "Famous Colombians" and "Tourism" postage stamps of Colombia issued in 1993.

## Education

Bortfeldt studied at the Offenbacher Werkkunst-Schule in Germany from 1958 to 1961, specialising in graphic design. He then worked as a graphic designer.

## Collecting

Bortfeldt's personal philatelic interests were Colombian Postal History and Papel Sellado (Revenue stamped paper) and he received fifteen gold medals for his displays along with other awards. His display of Official Mail and correspondence with exemption rate frankings received a gold medal at Chicago and was published in book form by COLOMPHIL in 2006.

## Expertisation

Bortfeldt was an Association International Des Experts En Philatelie (A.I.E.P.) expert on Colombian philately and a recognised expertiser in the area who issued his own certificates. He was President of the Fakes and Forgeries Commission of the Federación Interamericana de Filatelia and was a regular contributor to Fakes Forgeries Experts.

## Organised philately and writing

Bortfedt was Fellow of the Royal Philatelic Society, London, and their Overseas Special Representative for Colombia. He was the co-founder and editor of COLOMPHIL, the journal of the Colombian Philatelic Research Society, and a writer for many other philatelic journals. He claimed to have written over 2,000 pages of philatelic works and was instrumental in the production of Alan Anyon's Handbook of Colombian Revenue Stamps, published in 2009.

## Personal life

Bortfeldt was a British citizen who lived and worked in Germany, London and Barcelona before moving to Bogotá, Colombia, in 1988. He died on 21 January 2014.

## Selected publications

* Royal cypher labels 1701–1922: the Dieter Bortfeldt collection. Bogota: Dieter Bortfeldt, 2003.
* Private mail carriers of Colombia. Colombian Philatelic Research Society, 2006. ISBN 978-958-33-9208-5 (Editor with Carlos Valenzuela & Alfredo Frohlich)
* Notes on Colombian classic stamps. Colombian Philatelic Research Society, 2006.
* Colombia correspondencia oficial Franquicias: Official Mail and correspondence with exemption rate frankings. Colombian Philatelic Research Society, 2006.
* Colombian postal history catalogue. Colombian Philatelic Research Society. Three volumes.
# Gustav Hilger

Gustav Arthur Hilger (September 11, 1886 – July 27, 1965) was a German diplomat and expert on the Soviet Union. He was best known for his role in German–Soviet relations during the interwar period as a counselor at the German embassy in Moscow. After World War II, he advised the United States and the West German governments on Soviet issues. Hilger worked under the CIA aliases Stephen H. Holcomb and Arthur T. Latter. Joseph Stalin said of Hilger: "German heads of state and German ambassadors to Moscow came and went - but Gustav Hilger remained".

## Life

Born in Moscow, the son of a German businessman, Hilger spent most of his life in Russia until 1941. After World War I and the Russian Civil War, Hilger advocated German rapprochement with the Soviet Union and helped negotiate closer economic ties and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. In 1941, he warned Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop against invading the Soviet Union but to no effect. After Operation Barbarossa, Hilger was expelled from Russia and returned to Berlin, where he served as a deputy to Ribbentrop in the German Foreign Office. Responsible for advising Ribbentrop on eastern issues, Hilger received activity reports of the Einsatzgruppen from the Reich Security Main Office and was aware of the Holocaust in the East.
In 1945, Hilger surrendered himself to allied occupation officials in Salzburg. He was brought to a secret military interrogation camp in Fort Hunt, Virginia, where US Army Intelligence interrogated him, along with other captured German military and civilian officials.
American intelligence officials considered Hilger's knowledge of the Soviet Union and German wartime activities in Eastern Europe to be valuable. In 1946, Hilger returned to Germany as an analyst for the Gehlen Organization, the intelligence agency of the American occupation zone in Germany. In 1948, with the help of Carmel Offie and George Kennan, Hilger and his wife moved to Washington, DC, where he consulted for the State Department and the Office of Policy Coordination.
In 1953, he published The Incompatible Allies: A Memoir-History of German–Soviet Relations, 1918–1941 with support from the Russian Research Center of Harvard University.
Having acted as an unofficial envoy of Konrad Adenauer in Washington, Hilger returned in 1953 to West Germany, where he was a Counselor at the Foreign Office in Bonn until he retired in 1956. He then received a full pension for continuous civil service from 1923 to 1956. Hilger was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit in 1957, and he continued to provide informal advice to West German and American officials until his death in 1965.
Although Hilger was never prosecuted for war crimes or atrocities committed under the Third Reich, controversy has surrounded his complicity in the activities of the Foreign Office during the Nazi period and his postwar employment by the US and the West German governments.