# 2018 New Zealand census

The 2018 New Zealand census, which took place on Tuesday 6 March 2018, was the thirty-fourth national census in New Zealand. The population of New Zealand was counted as 4,699,755 – an increase of 457,707 (10.79%) over the 2013 census.
Results from the 2018 census were released to the public on 23 September 2019, from the Statistics New Zealand website. The most recent New Zealand census was held in March 2023.

## History
### Background

The Census Act 1877 required censuses to be held every fifth year and is well embedded in legislation and government systems. Since 1881, censuses have been held every five years, with the exceptions of those in 1931 and 1941 and the one in 2011 which was cancelled due to the February 2011 earthquake in Christchurch, which displaced many Canterbury residents from their homes only a few weeks before census day. It was rescheduled for March 2013, so the 2013 census is the previous census completed before this one.

### Issues and controversies

In July 2018, it was estimated that the 2018 census had a "full or partial" response for 90 percent of individuals, down from 94.5 percent in the 2013 census and the planned release date for census information was changed from October of the same year to March 2019. This drop, which already amounted to the lowest census response rate for fifty years, was blamed on a 'digital-first' policy for the census. An independent review was initiated by the Government Statistician in October 2019, and in November Statistics NZ announced that release of census data would be pushed back to at least April 2019 due to "the complex nature of the task".
In early April 2019, the Government Statistician, Liz MacPherson was facing possible charges of contempt of parliament. She had twice refused, on 13 February and in early April, to disclose the number of partially and fully completed responses. On 9 April, she reported that one in seven New Zealanders, 700,000 people, failed to complete the census.
In July 2019 the independent inquiry returned its findings to the Government Statistician, the Minister of Statistics and the State Services Commissioner, reporting that too little attention had been paid to the non-digital aspects of the census, but also blamed operational complexity and flaws in management. Due to a decision to conduct the census primarily online, the census attracted only an 83% response rate, even lower than the 90% earlier reported, and well short of the 94% census percent target and a nine percent drop from the previous 2013 New Zealand census.
On 13 August 2019 the report was released to the public and Liz MacPherson offered her resignation, taking ultimate responsibility for the results, stating "I'm sorry, the buck stops with me." State Services Commissioner Peter Hughes agreed with her assessment, and asked MacPherson to remain in her role until Christmas of 2019, noting that "she is the best person to finish the remediation work".

## Topics

The 2018 census collected data on the following topics:
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Required to be included under the Statistics Act 1975 or the Electoral Act 1993.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Topic not included in 2013 census.

## Projections

Statistics New Zealand annually conducts population projections for New Zealand as a whole, which are based on data from the previous census (in this case, the 2013 census) and calculated using a cohort-component method. Population projections also take into consideration births, deaths, and net migration.
In 2016, New Zealand's population at the time of the 2018 census was projected to be between 4,807,000 and 4,944,000.

## Results

Data uses fixed random rounding to protect confidentiality; each data point is rounded either to the nearest multiple of 3 (2⁄3 chance) or the next-nearest multiple of 3 (1⁄3 chance).
The census usually-resident population count of New Zealand is a count of all people who usually live in and were present in the country on census night (6 March 2018), and excludes overseas visitors and New Zealand residents who are temporarily overseas.
Due to the high rate of non-response in the census, the published results combine answers from census forms with data from the 2013 Census and from government administrative data. Reports from an External Data Quality Review Panel include quality ratings for each variable, taking the added data into account.

### Population and dwellings

Population counts for regions of New Zealand. All figures are for the census usually-resident population count.
| Region | Population | Population | Change | Change |
| Region | 2013 census | 2018 census | Change | pp |
| Northland | 151,689 | 179,076 | 27,387 | 18.05 |
| Auckland | 1,415,550 | 1,571,718 | 156,168 | 11.03 |
| Waikato | 403,638 | 458,202 | 54,564 | 13.52 |
| Bay of Plenty | 267,744 | 308,499 | 40,755 | 15.22 |
| Gisborne | 43,656 | 47,517 | 3,861 | 8.84 |
| Hawke's Bay | 151,179 | 166,368 | 15,189 | 10.05 |
| Taranaki | 109,608 | 117,561 | 7,953 | 7.26 |
| Manawatū-Whanganui | 222,672 | 238,797 | 16,125 | 7.24 |
| Wellington | 471,315 | 506,814 | 35,499 | 7.53 |
| North Island | 3,237,048 | 3,594,552 | 357,504 | 11.0 |
| Tasman | 47,154 | 52,389 | 5,235 | 11.10 |
| Nelson | 46,437 | 50,880 | 4,443 | 9.57 |
| Marlborough | 43,416 | 47,340 | 4,014 | 9.25 |
| West Coast | 32,148 | 31,575 | 573 | 1.78 |
| Canterbury | 539,436 | 599,694 | 60,258 | 11.17 |
| Otago | 202,467 | 225,186 | 22,719 | 11.22 |
| Southland | 93,342 | 97,467 | 4,125 | 4.42 |
| South Island | 1,004,397 | 1,104,537 | 100,140 | 9.97 |
| Area outside region | 600 | 669 | 69 | 11.50 |
| New Zealand | 4,242,048 | 4,699,755 | 457,707 | 10.79 |
* Resident population count was 4,699,755, up 457,707 from the 2013 Census.
** There are 2,319,558 males in New Zealand (49.35% of the population) and 2,380,197 females (50.65% of the population).
* On average, the population grew by around 2.1% per year since the 2013 Census – significantly higher than the annual average growth between 2006 and 2013, which was 0.7%.
** The higher growth rate is consistent with higher net migration of 259,000 in the five years ended 30 June 2018 compared with 59,000 in the seven years ended 30 June 2013.
* Among children (under 15 years), males outnumbered females, with around 105 males for every 100 females. The ratio declined with age: there were 104 males for every 100 females in the age group of 15–29, 95 males for every 100 females at ages 30–64 years, and 87 males for every 100 females at age 65 or above.
* There was a total of 1,855,962 occupied and unoccupied private dwellings, 108,558 more than in 2013.
** Ten percent of private dwellings were unoccupied.

### Birthplace

In 2018, 3,370,122 people (71.7%) were born in New Zealand, with 1,329,633 (28.3%) born overseas.
Data is for the census's usually-resident population.
Birthplace of New Zealanders
| Birthplace | Responses | Responses | Change from 2013 | Change from 2013 |
| Birthplace | Number | % | Number | pp |
| New Zealand | 3,370,122 | 71.71 | 389,298 | 1.44 |
| Overseas | 1,329,633 | 28.29 | 327,846 | 4.68 |
| England | 210,915 | 4.49 | 4,674 | 0.92 |
| China, Mainland | 132,906 | 2.83 | 43,785 | 0.73 |
| India | 117,348 | 2.50 | 50,172 | 0.91 |
| Australia | 75,696 | 1.61 | 12,984 | 0.04 |
| South Africa | 71,382 | 1.52 | 17,104 | 0.61 |
| Philippines | 67,632 | 1.44 | 30,333 | 0.50 |
| Fiji | 62,310 | 1.33 | 9,555 | 0.01 |
| Samoa | 55,512 | 1.18 | 4,851 | 0.09 |
| South Korea | 30,975 | 0.66 | 4,374 | 0.01 |
| United States | 27,678 | 0.59 | 6,216 | 0.05 |
| Tonga | 26,856 | 0.57 | 4,443 | 0.04 |
| Scotland | 26,136 | 0.56 | 183 | 0.09 |
| Total people stated | 4,641,897 | 98.77 | – | – |
| Inadequately described | 432 | 0.01 | – | – |
| Not stated | 57,426 | 1.22 | – | – |
| Total | 4,699,755 | 100 | 457,707 | 9.74 |

### Ethnicity

There was no change in the top five ethnicities between the 2013 and 2018 censuses, which are New Zealand European (64.1%), Māori (16.5%), Chinese (4.9%), Indian (4.7%), and Samoan (3.9%).
Data is for the census usually-resident population count.
Results add up to over 100% due to people declaring multiple ethnicities.
| Ethnic group | Population | % |
| European | 3,372,708 | 71.76 |
| New Zealand European | 3,013,440 | 64.12 |
| English | 72,204 | 1.54 |
| South African European | 37,155 | 0.79 |
| Australian | 29,349 | 0.62 |
| European nfd | 34,632 | 0.74 |
| Dutch | 29,820 | 0.63 |
| Scottish | 18,627 | 0.40 |
| Irish | 17,835 | 0.38 |
| German | 16,818 | 0.36 |
| American European | 16,245 | 0.35 |
| Other European | 86,583 | 1.84 |
| Māori | 775,836 | 16.51 |
| Asian | 718,995 | 15.30 |
| Chinese nfd | 231,387 | 4.92 |
| Indian nfd | 221,916 | 4.72 |
| Filipino | 72,612 | 1.55 |
| Korean | 35,664 | 0.76 |
| Japanese | 18,141 | 0.39 |
| Fijian Indian | 15,132 | 0.32 |
| Asian nfd | 11,811 | 0.25 |
| Thai | 10,623 | 0.23 |
| Vietnamese | 10,086 | 0.21 |
| Other Asian | 91,623 | 1.95 |
| Pasifika | 423,036 | 9.00 |
| Samoan | 182,721 | 3.89 |
| Tongan | 82,389 | 1.75 |
| Cook Islands Maori | 80,532 | 1.71 |
| Niuean | 30,867 | 0.66 |
| Fijian | 19,722 | 0.42 |
| MELAA | 72,231 | 1.54 |
| Latin American | 27,756 | 0.59 |
| Middle Eastern | 28,626 | 0.61 |
| African | 15,849 | 0.34 |
| Other | 58,104 | 1.24 |
| New Zealander nfd | 45,330 | 0.96 |
| Other | 8,757 | 0.19 |
| Not listed | 4,017 | 0.09 |
| Total | 4,699,755 | 100 |

### Religion

Most New Zealanders, 48.5% of the population, identify as being irreligious. Data is for the census usually-resident population count.
| Religious affiliation | Population | % |
| Irreligious | 2,278,185 | 48.47 |
| No Religion nfd | 2,264,601 | 48.19 |
| Atheism | 7,068 | 0.15 |
| Agnosticism | 6,516 | 0.14 |
| Christian | 1,738,638 | 37.00 |
| Anglican | 314,913 | 6.70 |
| Christian nfd | 307,926 | 6.55 |
| Roman Catholic | 295,743 | 6.29 |
| Presbyterian | 221,199 | 4.71 |
| Catholicism nfd | 173,016 | 3.68 |
| Latter-day Saints | 54,123 | 1.15 |
| Methodist nfd | 52,734 | 1.12 |
| Baptist nfd | 35,967 | 0.77 |
| Born Again | 33,486 | 0.71 |
| Pentecostal nfd | 22,296 | 0.47 |
| Jehovah's Witnesses | 20,061 | 0.43 |
| Christian Fellowship | 18,042 | 0.38 |
| Seventh-day Adventist | 17,799 | 0.38 |
| Assemblies of God | 14,883 | 0.32 |
| Tongan Methodist | 11,169 | 0.24 |
| Other Christian | 145,281 | 3.09 |
| Hinduism | 123,504 | 2.63 |
| Hinduism nfd | 121,644 | 2.59 |
| Other Hinduism | 1,890 | 0.04 |
| Islam | 61,455 | 1.31 |
| Islam nfd | 57,276 | 1.22 |
| Sunni | 2,961 | 0.06 |
| Other Islam | 1,218 | 0.03 |
| Buddhism | 52,779 | 1.12 |
| Buddhism nfd | 44,355 | 0.94 |
| Theravada Buddhism | 4,851 | 0.10 |
| Zen Buddhism | 1,401 | 0.03 |
| Mahayana Buddhism | 1,026 | 0.02 |
| Other Buddhism | 1,144 | 0.02 |
| Judaism | 5,274 | 0.11 |
| Judaism nfd | 3,348 | 0.07 |
| Other Judaism | 1,926 | 0.04 |
| Māori Religions | 62,634 | 1.33 |
| Rātana | 43,821 | 0.93 |
| Ringatū | 12,336 | 0.26 |
| Māori Religions, Beliefs and Philosophies nfd/nec | 5,283 | 0.11 |
| Pai Mārire | 1,194 | 0.03 |
| New Age | 19,011 | 0.40 |
| Spiritualist | 8,262 | 0.18 |
| Pagan | 2,730 | 0.06 |
| Rastafari | 1,707 | 0.04 |
| Wiccan | 1,482 | 0.03 |
| Other New Age Religions nec | 1,311 | 0.03 |
| Satanism | 1,149 | 0.02 |
| Other | 91,239 | 1.94 |
| Sikhism | 40,908 | 0.87 |
| Jedi | 20,409 | 0.43 |
| Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster | 4,248 | 0.09 |
| Baháʼí | 2,925 | 0.06 |
| Taoism | 1,098 | 0.02 |
| Zoroastrian | 1,068 | 0.02 |
| Other | 20,583 | 0.44 |
| Object to answering | 312,795 | 6.66 |
| Total people stated | 4,699,755 | 100 |
| Total responses | 4,732,641 | N/A |

### Language

The vast majority of New Zealanders, 95.4%, speak English; in second place is Māori, with 4.0% of the population being able to speak it. Data is for the census usually-resident population count.
| Language | Population | % |
| English | 4,482,135 | 95.37 |
| Māori | 185,955 | 3.96 |
| Samoan | 101,937 | 2.17 |
| No language (e.g., too young to talk) | 101,751 | 2.17 |
| Northern Chinese | 95,253 | 2.03 |
| Hindi | 69,471 | 1.48 |
| French | 55,116 | 1.17 |
| Yue | 52,767 | 1.12 |
| Sinitic (not further defined) | 51,501 | 1.10 |
| Tagalog | 43,278 | 0.92 |
| German | 41,385 | 0.88 |
| Spanish | 38,823 | 0.83 |
| Afrikaans | 36,966 | 0.79 |
| Tongan | 35,820 | 0.76 |
| Panjabi | 34,227 | 0.73 |
| Korean | 31,323 | 0.67 |
| Fiji Hindi | 26,805 | 0.57 |
| Japanese | 24,885 | 0.53 |
| Dutch | 23,343 | 0.50 |
| New Zealand Sign Language | 22,986 | 0.49 |
| Gujarati | 22,200 | 0.47 |
| Other | 256,275 | 5.45 |
| Total people | 4,699,755 | 100 |
| Total responses | 5,834,166 | N/A |

### Māori descent

New Zealanders who declare Māori descent.
18.5% of New Zealanders have at least some Māori descent. Data is for the census usually-resident population count.
| Māori descent indicator | Population | % |
| Māori descent | 869,850 | 18.51 |
| No Māori descent | 3,715,050 | 79.04 |
| Do not know | 114,855 | 2.44 |
| Total | 4,699,755 | 100 |

### Age

The largest age group is people aged 25 to 29, who comprise 7.3% of the population. Data is the census usually-resident population count.
| Ages | Population | % |
| 0–4 | 294,921 | 6.28 |
| 5–9 | 322,632 | 6.86 |
| 10–14 | 305,847 | 6.51 |
| 15–19 | 301,821 | 6.42 |
| 20–24 | 317,400 | 6.75 |
| 25–29 | 344,466 | 7.33 |
| 30–34 | 317,034 | 6.75 |
| 35–39 | 295,395 | 6.29 |
| 40–44 | 291,345 | 6.20 |
| 45–49 | 321,483 | 6.84 |
| 50–54 | 308,589 | 6.57 |
| 55–59 | 302,759 | 6.44 |
| 60–64 | 260,901 | 5.55 |
| 65–69 | 229,032 | 4.87 |
| 70–74 | 183,636 | 3.91 |
| 75–79 | 132,792 | 2.83 |
| 80–89 | 85,362 | 1.82 |
| 85–89 | 53,979 | 1.15 |
| 90–94 | 23,817 | 0.59 |
| 95–99 | 5,910 | 0.13 |
| 100–104 | 606 | 0.01 |
| 105–109 | 39 | 0.00 |
| 110+ | 0 | 0.00 |
| Minors (0–17) | 1,104,240 | 23.50 |
| Working-age adults (18–64) | 2,880,345 | 61.29 |
| Seniors (65+) | 715,173 | 15.22 |
| Total | 4,699,755 | 100 |

### Sex

Data is the census usually-resident population count.
Declared sex of New Zealanders
| Sex | Population |
| Male | 2,319,558 |
| Female | 2,380,197 |

### Income

Data is for the census usually-resident population count of people aged 15 years and over.
| Income (NZD) | Population | % |
| Loss | 20,625 | 0.55 |
| Zero income | 257,310 | 6.81 |
| $1–$5,000 | 210,705 | 5.58 |
| $5,001–$10,000 | 177,423 | 4.70 |
| $10,001–$15,000 | 262,197 | 6.94 |
| $15,001–$20,000 | 375,282 | 9.94 |
| $20,001–$25,000 | 306,639 | 8.12 |
| $25,001–$30,000 | 210,132 | 5.56 |
| $30,001–$35,000 | 186,087 | 4.93 |
| $35,001–$40,000 | 212,724 | 5.63 |
| $40,001–$50,000 | 364,719 | 9.66 |
| $50,001–$60,000 | 309,375 | 8.19 |
| $60,001–$70,000 | 234,606 | 6.21 |
| $70,001–$100,000 | 361,317 | 9.57 |
| $100,001–$150,000 | 176,310 | 4.67 |
| $150,001 or more | 110,910 | 2.94 |
| Total | 3,776,355 | 100 |

### Industry of employment

Data is for the census usually-resident population count of employed people aged 15 years and over.
| Industry (ANZSIC division) | Population | % |
| Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 143,127 | 5.85 |
| Mining | 6,054 | 0.25 |
| Manufacturing | 238,413 | 9.75 |
| Electricity, gas, water and waste services | 18,006 | 0.74 |
| Construction | 226,161 | 9.25 |
| Wholesale trade | 119,928 | 4.90 |
| Retail trade | 219,132 | 8.96 |
| Accommodation and food services | 159,753 | 6.53 |
| Transport, postal and warehousing | 105,150 | 4.30 |
| Information media and telecommunications | 38,889 | 1.59 |
| Financial and insurance services | 64,941 | 2.66 |
| Rental, hiring and real estate services | 49,122 | 2.01 |
| Professional, scientific and technical services | 242,619 | 9.92 |
| Administrative and support services | 111,648 | 4.57 |
| Public administration and safety | 132,279 | 5.41 |
| Education and training | 198,018 | 8.10 |
| Health care and social assistance | 232,119 | 9.49 |
| Arts and recreation services | 44,466 | 1.82 |
| Other services | 95,292 | 3.90 |
| Total | 2,445,141 | 100.00 |

### Home ownership

Home ownership among New Zealanders.
Data is for the census usually-resident population count of people aged 15 years and over.
| Individual home ownership | Population | % |
| Hold in a family trust | 350,136 | 9.27 |
| Own or partly own | 1,310,925 | 34.71 |
| Do not own and do not hold in a family trust | 1,548,078 | 40.99 |
| Other | 567,213 | 15.02 |
| Total | 3,776,355 | 100 |

### Marriage status

Marriage among New Zealanders.
Data is for the census usually-resident population count of people aged 15 years and over.
| Legally-registered relationship status | Population | % |
| Married (not separated) | 1,515,261 | 40.12 |
| Separated | 93,408 | 2.47 |
| Divorced or dissolved | 244,857 | 6.48 |
| Widowed or surviving civil union partner | 166,869 | 4.42 |
| Never married and never in a civil union | 1,099,722 | 29.12 |
| Other | 656,234 | 17.38 |
| Total | 3,776,355 | 100 |