# The Duchess (film)

The Duchess is a 2008 historical drama film directed by Saul Dibb, who co-wrote the screenplay with Jeffrey Hatcher and Anders Thomas Jensen, based on the 1998 book Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire by Amanda Foreman, about the late 18th-century English aristocrat Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. She was a distant relation of Diana, Princess of Wales, where the quote "There were three people in her marriage" in the promotional poster comes from. The Duchess was the older sister of Lady Diana's great-great-great-grandfather, George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer.
The Duchess was released on 5 September 2008 in the United Kingdom. The film received generally positive reviews from critics. It won the Best Costume Design and was nominated for Best Art Direction at the 81st Academy Awards.

## Plot

In 1774, the young Georgiana is contracted in marriage to William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire, with the expectation that she produce his male heir. Georgiana is quickly disillusioned by her husband, especially when Charlotte, an illegitimate child fathered by William whose mother has died, comes to live with them while Georgiana is pregnant. William expects Georgiana to tolerate the child's presence. He also suggests that she "practise mothering" on the young girl. When Georgiana gives birth to a girl, William is displeased. In his mind, he has fulfilled his obligations to her as her husband but, by failing to provide him with a legitimate male heir, she has failed in her obligations as his wife.
Georgiana becomes a leading light in fashionable society. She socialises with the young Lady Bess Foster at Bath and invites her to live with them since Bess has nowhere else to go. William has an affair with Bess, causing Georgiana to feel robbed of her only friend and betrayed by Bess. Bess tells Georgiana that her motive is to regain her three sons (whom her husband has taken from her), so she continues to live with them.
Georgiana starts an affair with Charles Grey. William is outraged when Georgiana suggests that since he has Bess, she should be allowed Charles. William rapes Georgiana; a male child is the product. Bess encourages the affair between Georgiana and Charles after the birth of Georgiana's son. Soon, the whole of London society learns of Georgiana's affair. William threatens to end Charles's political career and forbids Georgiana from seeing her children again if she does not end the relationship. After initially refusing, Georgiana ends her relationship with Grey but tells William that she is pregnant with Charles' child. She is sent to the countryside where she gives birth to her daughter with Grey, Eliza Courtney, who is given to the Grey family to raise as Charles' niece.
Georgiana finds comfort in Bess's friendship when she gives birth to Eliza. Georgiana and William come to terms with one another, and along with Bess, continue their lives together.
The after-credits reveal Georgiana secretly visits her daughter Eliza. Eliza goes on to name her own daughter Georgiana, after her mother. Charles later becomes Prime Minister under William IV. Before she dies, Georgiana permits William and Bess to marry.

## Cast

* Keira Knightley as Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire
* Ralph Fiennes as William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire
* Hayley Atwell as Lady Elizabeth 'Bess' Foster
* Charlotte Rampling as Georgiana Spencer, Countess Spencer, Georgiana's mother
* Dominic Cooper as Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
* Aidan McArdle as The Right Honourable Richard Brinsley Sheridan
* Simon McBurney as The Right Honourable Charles James Fox
* Sebastian Applewhite as Sir Augustus Clifford, 1st Baronet
* Calvin Dean as Devonshire House Servant
* Emily Jewell as Nanny
* Richard McCabe as Sir James Hare
* Bruce Mackinnon as actor playing Sir Peter Teazle in The School for Scandal
* Alistair Petrie as Heaton
* Georgia King as actress playing Lady Teazle in The School for Scandal
* Camilla Arfwedson as Lady Charlotte
* Paul Daley as George Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire a.k.a. "the Duke's brother"

## Production

The Duchess was produced by British Qwerty Films and American Magnolia Mae Films, with financial support from BBC Films, French Pathé, and Italian BIM Distribuzione. The film was shot at Twickenham Film Studios and on location at Chatsworth, Bath, Holkham Hall, Clandon Park, Kedleston Hall, Somerset House, King's College London and the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich.
Regarding lead actress Keira Knightley, director Saul Dibb said The Duchess was "a chance to take a character from late childhood – she's married at 17 – into full adulthood, 10 years later." It was also a chance for Knightley to work with Ralph Fiennes, whom she regarded as one of her most accomplished co-stars to date; Dibb said, "When I said, 'We've got Ralph interested in playing the Duke,' we both took a gulp and went, 'F---.' [sic] ... But I didn't for one second feel that she wasn't up to the task." Originally, the film was to be directed by Susanne Bier.

## Release
### Marketing

Studio executives wanted to use digitally altered images of Keira Knightley in promotional materials. The alterations were specifically aimed at enlarging her breasts. Knightley objected to the alterations, and they were not used. Although multiple media reports suggested that the use of parallels between the central character's life and that of Diana, Princess of Wales was being used as a marketing strategy for the project, Knightley denied any such connection.

### Theatrical release

The BBFC has classified the film as a 12A, citing the scene of implied marital rape, which is "delivered through Georgiana's screams of protest, heard from outside the bedroom door." The BBFC's PG rating allows implied sex as long as it is discreet and infrequent; the board decided that the scene in The Duchess is more than "discreet" or "implied". The film had its world premiere on 3 September 2008, in Leicester Square and was released nationwide in the United Kingdom on 5 September.

## Reception
### Critical response

The film received mostly positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 63% based on 171 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "While The Duchess treads the now-familiar terrain of the corset-ripper, the costumes look great and Keira Knightley's performance is stellar in this subtly feminist, period drama." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Most reviewers highly praised Knightley and Fiennes' performances. Time Out London wrote: "[Saul Dibb] is also helped enormously by a mature, restrained portrayal from Knightley, a masterclass in passive aggression from Fiennes and a performance of tender seduction from Atwell." Film Ireland writes "It is a slow movie, but it is well-acted with Knightley and Fiennes suited to their roles, especially Fiennes who gives a formidable and powerful performance." Cameron Bailey, the co-chair of the Toronto International Film Festival comments, "The Duchess Of Devonshire, with Keira Knightley, which is a beautiful film and she gives a really mature performance. You're seeing her really turn into something beyond the kind of pretty face that we've seen her do already so well. But she's actually a very serious actress, and she's turning into a great, great performer."
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that "Dibb's movie looks good" but complained the film was "exasperatingly bland and slow-moving at all times" handing out a 2 of 5-star rating. However, Paul Hurley gave the film 8/10 and called The Duchess "an excellent new film" and states that "The Duchess stands a good chance of taking home some very big prizes at the end of the year".
Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, writing, "I deeply enjoyed the film, but then I am an Anglophile. I imagine the behavior of the characters will seem exceedingly odd to some viewers. Well, it is."

### Accolades

| Awards ceremony | Award Category | Subject | Result |
| Academy Awards | Best Art Direction | Michael Carlin and Rebecca Alleway | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Costume Design | Michael O'Connor | Won |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Costume Design | Michael O'Connor | Won |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Make-Up and Hair | Daniel Phillips and Jan Archibald | Nominated |
| British Independent Film Awards | Best Actress | Keira Knightley | Nominated |
| British Independent Film Awards | Best Supporting Actor | Ralph Fiennes | Nominated |
| British Independent Film Awards | Best Supporting Actress | Hayley Atwell | Nominated |
| British Independent Film Awards | Best Technical Achievement | Michael O'Connor (Costume) | Nominated |
| London Film Critics' Circle | British Actor of the Year | Ralph Fiennes | Nominated |
| London Film Critics' Circle | British Actress in a Supporting Role | Hayley Atwell | Nominated |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Supporting Actor | Ralph Fiennes | Nominated |
| People's Choice Awards | Favorite Actress | Keira Knightley | Nominated |
| People's Choice Awards | Favorite Independent Movie | The Duchess | Nominated |
| Satellite Awards | Best Art Direction and Production Design | Karen Wakefield and Michael Carlin | Nominated |
| Satellite Awards | Best Cinematography | Gyula Pados | Nominated |
| Satellite Awards | Best Costume Design | Michael O'Connor | Won |